Artificial coral reef module and method

Abstract

An artificial reef module for marine ecosystem restoration comprises a base having a lattice configuration and one or more poles projecting upwardly from the base and configured to support one or more artificial inhabitation units e.g., made by 3D printing, extrusion, pultrusion, or mold specific clay. The module can be configured with one or more of the artificial inhabitation units mounted on the poles, where each inhabitation unit may comprise a plurality of holes formed therein.

Description

[0001] ARTIFICIAL CORAL REEF MODULE AND METHOD

[0002] TECHNOLOGICAL FIELD

[0003] The present disclosure relates generally to the field of restoration of marine ecological environments, and particularly to artificial reef assemblies designed to facilitate coral reef rehabilitation and marine biodiversity enhancement.

[0004] BACKGROUND ART

[0005] [1] A. Oren et al "Three-Dimensional-Printed Coral-like Structures as a Habitat for Reef Fish" , J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2023, 11, 882. https: / / doi.org / 10.3390 / jmsell040882.

[0006] [2] O. Berman et al "Design and application of a novel 3D printing method for bioinspired artificial reefs", https: / / doi.Org / 10.1016 / j.ecoleng.2023.106892, Elsevier B.V. 2023.

[0007] [3] N. Levy "Evaluating biodiversity for coral reef reformation and monitoring on complex 3D structures using environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding" , Science of the Total Environment 856, 2023, http: / / dx.doi.Org / 10.1016 / j.scitotenv.2022.159051.

[0008] [4] N. Levy "Emerging 3D technologies for future reformation of coral reefs: Enhancing biodiversity using biomimetic structures based on designs by nature" , http: / / dx.doi.Org / 10.1016 / j.scitotenv.2022.154749, Science of the Total Environment 830 (2022).

[0009] [5] O. Berman " Exploring New Frontiers in Coral Nurseries: Leveraging 3D

[0010] Printing Technology to Benefit Coral Growth and Survival", J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2023, 11, 1695, https: / / doi.org / 10.3390 / jmsell091695.

[0011] [6] E. Tarazi "Nature-centered design: how design can support science to explore ways to restore coral reefs" The Design Journal 22.supl (2019): 1619-1628.

[0012] BACKGROUND

[0013] Coral reefs are underwater ecosystems characterized by reef-building structures that provide habitation for corals and support a complex ecosystem including diverse flora and fauna. Reefs are formed of colonies of coral polyps held together by calcium carbonate. Most coral reefs are built from stony corals, whose polyps cluster in groups. Coral reefs provide habitat for a large variety of marine life, including inter alia various sponges, oysters, clams, crabs, sea stars, sea urchins, and numerous species of fish, but also provide vital links in the food chain such as crustaceans, sponges, and invertebrates.

[0014] Beyond their ecological importance, coral reefs provide valuable services to human communities including nutritional resources through fishing, tourism opportunities, economic security, materials for pharmaceutical development, and natural protection against disasters such as storms and tsunamis.

[0015] Unfortunately, many of Earth's coral reefs face severe threat of injury or destruction due to anthropogenic activities. Water pollution, global warming including, increasing sea water temperatures, and direct mechanical stress from boat anchors and recreational divers, are among many of the causes of this deterioration. This degradation compromises not only the marine biological diversity but also affects human communities reliant on these ecosystems for food, livelihood, and coastal protection from natural disasters like storms and tsunamis.

[0016] The depletion of natural coral reefs poses a significant threat to marine biodiversity, where approximately 25% of all marine species lives in and around the coral reefs, despite these ecosystems occupying less than 0.1% of the oceans' surface area.

[0017] Artificial reefs (AR) have emerged as an attempt to offer multifaceted solutions aimed at addressing the severe and increasing problems facing marine ecosystems. Their design, material selection, and implementation require interdisciplinary expertise to ensure both ecological viability and desirability and socio-economic benefits. Artificial reefs can facilitate enhancement of marine biodiversity in the coral reef ecosystems by providing new habitats, mitigate the impact of human activities and climate change on marine ecosystems, support local economies through sustainable tourism and fisheries and provide opportunities for scientific research on marine ecosystems and climate change adaptation strategies.

[0018] However, existing artificial reefs suffer from several drawbacks:

[0019] (i) Traditional materials like concrete and certain metal configurations can have varying long-term environmental effects, including pH alterations.

[0020] (ii) Some materials may degrade over time, causing structural failure and potential harm to marine ecosystems.

[0021] (iii) The physical structure of many reefs lacks customization to suit the specific needs of local marine species. (iv) Some existing designs inadvertently alter current and sediment patterns, affecting local ecology and potentially contributing to erosion.

[0022] (v) Many artificial reef designs are ineffective in promoting a balanced range of biodiversity, and some may even favor invasive over native species. Moreover, some existing artificial reefs draw marine life away from natural reefs, exacerbating the problems the artificial reefs are intended to solve.

[0023] (vi) High-quality, environmentally friendly materials and advanced design principles can be expensive. Additionally, regular monitoring is required to assess the reefs condition and its ecological impact, adding to long-term costs.

[0024] Several patent documents from the patent literature have disclosed artificial reef structures. For example:

[0025] Chinese Patent Publication No. CN308055536 discloses submersible modular reef used for water treatment of microbial carrier filler, multi-biotic habitat composite structure, aquatic plant cultivation fixed structure.

[0026] Spanish Patent Publication No. ES2014659 discloses a reef formed by means of a plurality of modules located on the seabed and separated from one another, each one of which forms a pyramid, the levels of which are determined by the collateral arrangement of various blocks of reinforced cement and concrete, said blocks having a parallelepipedal configuration, quadrangular bases and being open both on their lateral faces and on said bases, defining openings in all directions for the circulation of seawater. These modules are protected by means of cube-shaped blocks of smaller size which are located in an equidistant manner from the said modules and reinforced by means of beams which emerge perpendicularly from the centre of each one of the faces of said protective block, except for one of them which constitutes the means of support on the seabed. The group of modules and blocks is arranged with a separation between the modules and blocks, together covering an area and constituting an artificial reef for attracting and concentrating certain marine species.

[0027] Chinese Patent publication No. CN106614203 discloses a combined artificial fish reef. The combined artificial fish reef comprises a halfpace-shaped reef body, middlelayer floating reef bodies and an upper-layer floating reef body. The halfpace-shaped reef body comprises a base, a halfpace reef fixed to the base, and an adhering substance. The adhering substance is arranged on the side face of the halfpace reef, and bottom anchor rings are embedded into the positions, close to the four corners of the bottom of the halfpace reef, of the base. The middle-layer floating reef bodies comprise floating rope frames, floating balls fixed to the four comers of the floating rope frames, and seedling ropes. The seedling ropes are arranged in the floating rope frames, and the four corners of the floating rope frames are connected with the corresponding bottom anchor rings through floating rope frame fixing ropes. The upper-layer floating reef body comprises a floating pipe frame and a top web curtain. The top web curtain is arranged in the floating pipe frame, and the four comers of the floating pipe frame are connected with the corresponding bottom anchor rings through top frame fixing ropes. The stereoscopic hierarchical structure can create a full-water-layer algae growth environment and provide places for life and inhabiting of fishes on different water layers; the halfpace reef can form upward flow, bottom nutritional substances are conveyed to the middle layer and the upper layer, and bait is provided for fishes on the middle layer and the upper layer.

[0028] GENERAL DESCRIPTION

[0029] In view of the limitations of existing artificial reef systems, there is a need in the art for versatile, cost-effective artificial reef configurations for promoting and attracting proper marine growth and marine life to facilitate regrowth of damaged corals and possibly growth of new corals.

[0030] Embodiments herein disclose an artificial reef module configured for coral reef inhabitation, utilizing 3D printed rock-like sub-reef units to foster marine biodiversity and aid in the restoration of degraded marine ecosystems. In some embodiments, the artificial reef module has a structural framework comprised of interconnected elements such as planar / curved elements (e.g., laser-cut metal, rebar rods, or other suitable structural materials), assembled into a base structure having a lattice configuration having e.g., triangular, or any other symmetrical shape, such as pentagonal or hexagonal) desired shape spaces. This skeletal structure provides both structural integrity and modularity, which are essential for efficient assembly and adaptation to various seafloor topographies and enables habitat complexity.

[0031] The base structure elements can be interconnected to assemble an elaborate lattice base structure of the artificial reef module, which may define triangular-shaped spaces, or any other geometric shape such as pentagon or hexagon, conducive to structural integrity and modular assembly. The design facilitates robustness and stability while providing a high degree of modularity, allowing for efficient assembly and deployment of the artificial reef on diverse seafloor environments.

[0032] The base structure can include one or more units having (e.g., equilateral triangular) a desired geometric shape, openings / spaces, optionally with edges of equal dimensions / length. This uniformity can enable the artificial reefs modularity and provides that the modules can be easily interconnected and arranged on the seafloor. The geometric precision of the lattice design underpins the system's ease of assembly and the potential for creating expansive reef structures tailored to specific environmental conditions. The modularity of the base structure enables mixing between artificial reef modules that are singular, double, triple, and quadruple pole installed, contributing to a wide variety and complexity of the total reef morphology.

[0033] The base structure may have a plurality of support units projecting upwardly therefrom. In some embodiments, the support units are coupled to the base structure at intersection points of the lattice. Each support unit can be configured with a connecting arrangement (e.g., socket or projection) formed therein and configured for attaching a pole / rod thereto. The poles / rods can be of uniform height or of variable / random heights, to thereby form a more naturalistic reef structure.

[0034] These poles fulfill a dual function: (i) they provide additional stability to the framework; and (ii) they serve as anchor points for the attachment of growth modules (e.g., 3D-printed clay) modules. The variability in poles' height introduces a naturalistic undulation to the ree s topography, enhancing its aesthetic resemblance to natural reef formations and promoting ecological diversity across different reef installations. The variable-height poles can be attached to support units of varying diameters / sizes to facilitate ease of installation. The modular design concept of embodiments hereof enables creation of a variety of reef configurations, using the same system, without duplicating the same form, size or shape. Optionally, one or more of the poles / rods are telescopic allowing to adjust their heights during installation to achieve a desired configuration of the artificial reef e.g., having variable heights.

[0035] The rods extending from the structure can also serve as anchors, that can be further used to equalize / level the height of the entire foundation on sloping seabed. In possible embodiments the rods are configured to extend downwardly towards the ground / seabed e.g., onto the lower side of the seabed slope, to provide additional stabilization. In some embodiments, the artificial reef module may be provided with inhabitation units (e.g., 3D printed rock-like sub-reef units) mountable on one or more of the poles. In other embodiments, the inhabitation units are integral with the one or more poles. The inhabitation units (e.g., ceramic reef modules) can be assembled directly on the rods. Alternatively, or additionally, in possible embodiments the inhabitation units can be mounted on a sub-assembly unit comprising a support member (e.g., metal sheet) and auxiliary -rods mounted thereto e.g., a diameter of the subassembly's auxiliary -rods may be larger than the diameter of the structure rods, and thus can be telescopically mounted on the rods of the artificial reef module structure. This configuration helps to secure the ceramic components from accumulating vertical stress load.

[0036] After printing the 3D rock-like sub-reef units they can be fired in any suitable pottery kiln or open fire at firing temperatures of about 600°C to 1400°C (e.g., using standard cone-fire programs).

[0037] In some embodiments, the inhabitation units of the artificial reef module may be implemented as 3D-printed hybrid clay units, which are precision-engineered using a composite material that blends natural clay with calcium compounds, e.g., calcium carbonate. This unique material choice is selected for its ecological ability to mimic natural substrates found in marine environments, particularly those conducive to the settlement and proliferation of coral larvae and other marine organisms. The calcium component of the inhabitation units emulates the calcareous nature of real coral skeletons, thus providing an ideal surface for coral adhesion and growth.

[0038] Each inhabitation unit comprises, in some embodiments, a varying number of holes / openings (e.g., having a diameter in the range of 10 mm to 100 mm (e.g., according to the pole size), such that when the inhabitation units are mounted on the poles, the holes / openings form cavities or "crevices" that serve as habitats for marine organisms. These inhabitation units can be specifically designed to support coral larvae, which can be introduced into designated holes to facilitate the growth of coral nurseries. The use of a clay-calcium composite material in these inhabitation units mimics the natural substratum favored by marine life, promoting ecological integration and sustainability.

[0039] An algorithmic Al generative design can be used in some embodiments to support the unfitness of each inhabitation unit (e.g., 3D printed reef-rock or clay extrusion), which can thus enhance variety and complexity, with the natural aesthetic. In nature, no two reef rocks or stones are identical. Replicating exact copies of the same inhabitation unit would lead to a design that negates natural diversity. To embrace natural design is to enhance the beauty of variety and complexity.

[0040] By employing algorithmic generative Al, each inhabitation unit (e.g., ceramic 3D- printed module) may have a distinct and unique design / structure. This approach increases complexity as the spaces, holes, dents, and bumps of each inhabitation unit design generated by the algorithmic generative Al will vary in size and shape. The resulting reef, assembled from these diverse inhabitation units, will accommodate various sizes and species of marine life, thereby enhancing biodiversity.

[0041] Yet, for large-scale projects, the inhabitation units can be made using multiple clay molds, that are made using 3D printed reef-rock forms utilizing any state-of-the-art ceramic / clay 3D printer / extruder, and hence, can support large-scale manufacturing. The inhabitation units (e.g., clay-calcium modules) are designed in some embodiments to include variable numbers of vertical holes, ranging from one to four, that fit the modular pole system, once toped. When stacked on each other, these units create cavities or "crevices" that serve as habitats for a diverse array of marine life.

[0042] The artificial reef module configuration provides modularity and adaptability through the use of uniformly dimensioned lattice units and stackable inhabitation units (e.g., clay modules). This approach allows for the artificial reef to be easily expanded, repaired, or reconfigured according to evolving ecological requirements or specific conservation goals. The modular nature of the design facilitates logistical efficiency in transport and assembly, enabling scalable solutions to reef restoration.

[0043] By incorporating poles of varying heights and hybrid inhabitation units with multiple cavities, the modular artificial reef system creates a complex spatial environment conducive to supporting a diverse range of marine species. This habitat complexity is essential for fostering rich biodiversity, offering numerous niches for shelter, feeding, and breeding. The design thus serves not only as a structural innovation but also as a means to enhance marine ecosystem resilience and biodiversity.

[0044] In some embodiments, the artificial reef module can include one or more sensors which may be disposed on the lattice base, and / or on the poles, and / or the inhabitation units. The one or more sensors are configured for (e.g., real-time) monitoring of water conditions and quality, light levels, coral health, and fish population dynamics, providing valuable data for adaptive management. The artificial reef module can enable the use of big data to inform generative Al for designing improved future modules. The artificial reef module of the present disclosure is adaptable and scalable, designed to meet specific ecological needs by providing easy installation, expansion, repair, or reconfiguration thereof. In one aspect, a method of creating clay-calcium composite material inhabitation modules is provided, optimized for durability in marine environments while ensuring environmental sustainability in its sourcing and manufacturing processes.

[0045] As will be explained hereinbelow, the method for creating clay-calcium composite material inhabitation modules, according to possible embodiments, involves several key steps. This method is particularly designed for artificial reef modules that are adaptable and scalable, intended to meet specific ecological needs, while ensuring durability in marine environments and environmental sustainability in sourcing and manufacturing. The method may comprise:

[0046] 1. Material Preparation: Begin by sourcing environmentally sustainable clay and calcium materials. These materials should be chosen based on their low environmental impact and suitability for use in marine environments. One of the key preferences in material preparation will be using local clay for local manufacturing to reduce environmental footprint.

[0047] 2. Composite Formulation: Mix the clay and calcium materials to create a composite. The proportions and mixing technique should be optimized to achieve the desired mechanical properties and durability, ensuring the composite is suitable for 3D printing and for long-term underwater use.

[0048] 3. 3D Printing of Modules or Molds : The present invention leverages advanced 3D printing technology for the fabrication of modules or molds designed to emulate natural reef structures, enhancing ecological compatibility. This method incorporates Al-driven algorithmic design techniques to develop complex and unique 3D models of the molds. These models are subsequently printed using a ceramic or clay 3D printer capable of handling a specialized clay-calcium composite material tailored for marine durability and environmental sustainability. In the manufacturing process, individual modules are produced with unique characteristics to ensure variation in form and function, mimicking natural diversity. Additionally, a significant range of mold designs, exceeding 30 to 50 or more distinct types, can be utilized. This diversity in mold types is critical to prevent the repetition that typically characterizes artificial structures, thereby preserving the complexity and variety essential to natural reef ecosystems. The use of diverse molds for cast or extrusion and unique module production not only replicates the structural and aesthetic qualities of natural reefs but also supports biodiversity by accommodating various marine species. This is particularly beneficial for ecological restoration projects and artificial reef creation, providing enhanced environmental integration and sustainability. Molding Process: If the process includes molds, the process continues with pouring of the clay-calcium composite into the 3D printed molds. The composite should be allowed to set and cure properly, forming the basic shape of the inhabitation modules. In an extrusion clay process, few types of shapes, such as a pipe and a rectangular wall in deferent sizes, can be implemented. Module Assembly: After the individual modules are cured and burned e.g., fired in a kiln or open fire through a suitable temperature program, they are assembled into larger structures. The assembly method preferably allows easy installation, expansion, repair, or reconfiguration to adapt to changing ecological needs or specific project requirements. The assembly process can be done in the factory or on-site in the marine environment. Surface Treatment: Optionally, the process includes treating the surfaces of the modules to enhance their durability and compatibility with marine life. This might involve applying a bio-friendly coating that promotes coral adhesion and growth. Quality Control and Testing: The process may further include conducting thorough testing of the modules in controlled environments to ensure they meet required specifications for mechanical strength and environmental resistance. Deployment: Deploy the modules in the designated marine environment. This step preferably involves careful planning to ensure that the installation minimally impacts both the ceramic structure and the existing marine ecosystem. A special soft coating or wrapping can be applied to the poles in order to prevent friction and cracking of the ceramic units during storms, strong waves, or currents. Natural materials such as sisal rope or tubing made from soft natural substances like sponge can help protect the ceramic units in turbulent conditions. Planting Fragments of Corals: After installation, fragments of corals taken from the local reef can be planted onto the ceramic units and modules to accelerate reef development. The fragments can be attached using adhesives suitable for the underwater environment such as commonly used in reef restoration practices.

[0049] 10. Monitoring and Maintenance: After installation, the process may include regularly monitoring the conditions of the artificial reef and its impact on the local ecosystem. Maintenance and adjustments can be then made as necessary to support ecological goals such as biodiversity enhancement or habitat restoration.

[0050] 11. Feedback Loop: Use observations and data collected from the monitoring can be used to refine and improve the module design and manufacturing process, thus enhancing future iterations of the reef modules.

[0051] Electrified reefs are biorock / limestone-based artificial reef structures formed on metal frameworks in seawater from dissolved minerals due to the application of low electrical DC voltages (e.g., 1 to 12 volts) to induce electrical currents through the seawater within the structure. Electrified artificial reefs can play a pivotal role in restoration and conservation efforts by providing essential support structures that aid in the recovery of damaged natural reefs where natural processes are slow or compromised. This accelerated growth and stable environment are crucial for the rejuvenation of coral populations, enabling these ecosystems to better withstand environmental stresses such as climate change and coral bleaching. As such, electrified reefs are invaluable in marine conservation, helping to restore biodiversity and ecosystem services in degraded or destroyed reef areas.

[0052] Moreover, the controlled growth facilitated by electrified reefs represents a sustainable approach to marine habitat creation. By adjusting the electrical voltage and current, the development of the reef can be carefully monitored and managed, ensuring optimal conditions for coral and marine life. Utilizing renewable energy sources, such as solar panels placed on / above the sea surface, to power these systems further reduces the ecological footprint of maintaining these artificial structures. This integration of technology and natural processes not only supports marine life but also promotes the health and longevity of reef ecosystems, making it an environmentally responsible solution in marine conservation efforts.

[0053] Embodiments hereof can be configured to enhance artificial reef structures by integrating a metal skeleton that can be electrically stimulated to promote calcification and coral growth. Such artificial reef structures can be connected to a low electric current supplied by a solar panel, e.g. , mounted on a buoy. This metal skeleton, constructed within or attached to the inhabitation units (e.g., clay-calcium composite modules), can be made from materials like titanium, reinforcement bars (rebar rods), or coated steel alloy for optimal conductivity and corrosion resistance in marine environments.

[0054] A buoy equipped with solar panels is positioned in some embodiments above the artificial reef structure to convert solar energy into electrical power, with durability designed to withstand marine conditions. The electrical power can be supplied to the skeleton of the artificial reef structure via an insulated subsea cable, allowing the low electrical current to induce electrolytic mineral deposition, facilitating coral attachment and growth by mimicking natural bioelectric fields.

[0055] A control system, e.g., provided on the buoy, can be used to monitor and adjust the electrical voltage and current supplied to the skeleton, for ensuring safety for marine life and effectiveness in promoting calcification. Additionally, the buoy can be equipped with sensors (e.g., optical / light intensity, sea currents, inertial measurement unit (IMU), turbidity, nutrients, chlorophyll, fluorometer, acoustic, hydrocarbon, GPS, wave height, direction and period, data logger) configured to monitor performance and the surrounding environmental conditions, and with circuitry for data transmission (e.g., RF cellular and / or satellite communication) for real-time monitoring, analysis, and adjustment. This innovative system not only supports coral growth but also enhances environmental sustainability by utilizing solar energy, thereby minimizing the ecological footprint of the reef installation. Designed for easy maintenance and scalability, the system allows for the expansion of the reef structure or adaptation to various marine environments.

[0056] The artificial reef module of the present disclosure provides a significant advancement in marine restoration technology, offering a scalable, ecologically beneficial solution to the challenges facing today's marine ecosystems. Its novel use of materials, including the option for locally available rebar rods in regions with less advanced industrial infrastructure, and modular design principles can make a substantial contribution to the field of environmental engineering and marine biology, providing a practical tool for enhancing marine biodiversity and ecosystem resilience.

[0057] The modular artificial reef system can be used for various commercial applications, for example:

[0058] • The artificial reef module can serve as a platform for coral transplantation, providing a structured base for coral fragments to grow and eventually become self-sustaining coral colonies. • By providing complex, spatially heterogeneous inhabitation units, these artificial reef modules can attract a diverse set of marine organisms, thus aiding in reestablishing the trophic structure of degraded reef ecosystems.

[0059] • The artificial reef module can act as nurseries for juvenile fish, mollusks, and crustaceans, thereby accelerating natural population recovery processes.

[0060] • The modularity of the artificial reef module allows for incremental expansion, meaning restoration efforts can be scaled up as required, making it adaptable to different budget constraints. Further, the design can be easily reconfigured to adapt to new scientific insights into reef ecology or to respond to changing environmental conditions.

[0061] The specific composition of embodiments using clay mixed with calcium can be sourced from multiple origins such as recycled oyster shells and old corals, which are rich in calcium carbonate, that are preferred for their natural marine compatibility and sustainability. Each natural source is selected based on factors such as environmental impact, cost, and specific project requirements, ensuring optimal performance and sustainability. It can offer distinct advantages in terms of biocompatibility, durability, or effectiveness in promoting marine life growth. The specific proportions, processing methods, or any other parameters that make this mix uniquely suited for marine habitat creation can be crucial for the reef attractiveness.

[0062] The application of a clay-calcium mix, in the inhabitation units, from ancient dead reef in creating artificial reef modules might demonstrate superior compatibility with marine ecosystems, facilitating faster coral colonization or attracting a diverse range of marine life. This enhanced ecosystem compatibility could be due to the specific mineral composition that closely mimics natural reef materials, providing a novel solution that addresses current limitations in artificial reef materials.

[0063] The sustainability aspect of using such materials, especially if the extraction and processing methods minimize environmental impact, could be a novel contribution to the field. This includes demonstrating how the use of ancient reef materials in new reef creation aligns with environmental conservation goals, reduces carbon footprint, or offers a circular economy approach to material use in marine coral reef restoration projects.

[0064] In some embodiments, the clay-calcium mix can include calcium carbonate concentration in the range of 10% to 80% in the ceramic mix. The optimal mix of calcium carbonate with clay for creating artificial reefs or 3D-printed structures designed for marine environments depends on several factors, including the desired physical properties of the final product, biocompatibility, environmental impact, and the specific application or marine organisms aim to be supported. The inventors of the present disclosure have found that a 30%-50% mix of calcium in the clay may be optimal for coral recruitment, though each installation should consider the entire applicable range based on local conditions.

[0065] The clay-calcium mix should provide sufficient mechanical strength to withstand marine conditions, including currents, wave action, and potential impacts. It should also have the porosity and surface texture conducive to marine life colonization. A higher proportion of calcium carbonate might be preferred for its hardness and structural integrity, while clay can offer elasticity, flexibility, and workability, especially in 3D printing applications.

[0066] In some embodiments, the material(s) of the artificial reef modules are biocompatible, designed not to harm marine life and ideally to promote the growth of microorganisms, corals, and other marine species. Calcium carbonate is already a major component of natural coral reefs, making it inherently suitable. The type and amount of clay should be selected based on its natural properties, ensuring it does not leach harmful substances into the marine environment.

[0067] The extraction and processing of both calcium carbonate and clay can be environmentally sustainable. Preferably, sources of calcium carbonate that minimize environmental disruption are used, such as sustainable local mining or the use of byproducts from other processes (such as coffee waste). The environmental impact of clay extraction and the overall carbon footprint of material production are also critical considerations that the hybrid material combination can address.

[0068] Different marine organisms and applications might require specific material properties. For instance, projects aimed at fostering coral polyp attachment and growth might benefit from a different mix ratio compared to those designed for general biodiversity enhancement or erosion control. The mix can be tailored to the local ecosystem, taking into account various ecological variables and material workability for 3D printing or casting.

[0069] Other organic compounds may also be included in the material composition of the inhabitation units, including for example: • Alginate: Derived from seaweed, alginate can improve the biocompatibility of the mix and is often used in biodegradable materials. Its natural origin makes it a promising additive for encouraging marine life colonization.

[0070] • Chitin / Chitosan: Found in the shells of crustaceans and insects, these compounds can add strength and biodegradability. They may also promote the attachment and growth of certain marine organisms due to their biological origin.

[0071] • Cellulose: As a natural polymer, cellulose can be used to modify the mechanical properties of the mix and is biodegradable. Cellulose derivatives could be particularly useful in 3D printing applications for their gel-like properties, enhancing printability without compromising marine safety.

[0072] • Magnesium: Adding magnesium compounds can improve the mechanical properties of the structure and potentially influence the local marine chemistry in a way that benefits calcifying organisms like corals.

[0073] • Iron: In small quantities, iron can act as a micronutrient for phytoplankton and other marine life, potentially enhancing the ecosystem around the artificial reef. However, care must be taken to avoid concentrations that could be harmful.

[0074] • Zinc: Similar to iron, zinc is a trace mineral important for the growth of many marine organisms. Its inclusion should be carefully controlled to prevent toxic effects.

[0075] • Coral Sand: Incorporating coral sand into the mix can provide a source of calcium carbonate that is already in a form familiar to marine organisms, potentially accelerating colonization.

[0076] • Volcanic Rock: Volcanic rocks like basalt have been used in reef restoration for their porous nature and mineral content, which can support a wide range of marine life.

[0077] • Aragonite: This form of calcium carbonate, often found in marine shells and corals, can be added to adjust the mix's pH and provide a more biologically relevant material for marine organisms.

[0078] • Coffee Waste: Utilizing coffee waste contributes to circular economy principles by repurposing a ubiquitous and often discarded material. This approach not only diverts waste from landfills but also reduces the environmental impact associated with the production and disposal of traditional materials. In the process of firing the clay mix in the kiln, the coffee waste is burned and influences the physical properties of the mix, such as porosity and surface texture, potentially improving the structure's suitability for colonization by marine life.

[0079] The base of the reef module can be formed from various materials, including lasercut or plasma-cut metal sheets, or alternatively, rebar rods which are both cost-effective and widely available even in regions with less developed industrial infrastructure. Many vulnerable reef systems are located in such regions, making the use of locally available materials particularly advantageous. The base structure is prepared in possible embodiments to ensure precision and uniformity, offering a high level of structural integrity compared to traditional construction methods.

[0080] The use of standardized geometric shapes in the base structure ensures modularity, allowing for scalable and customizable deployments. Employing variable-height poles adds a layer of adaptability to the artificial reefs. By varying the height of the poles, the design can accommodate different seafloor topographies and create a more complex spatial environment. The use of 3D-printed or extrusion clay in the inhabitation units, as opposed to traditional materials such as concrete, offers potential environmental benefits, including biodegradability and lower ecological impact. In some embodiments, specific clay formulations are developed for reef construction to ensure compliance with environmental conditions / constraints.

[0081] In some embodiments, the reef modules comprise a varying number of holes (e.g., from one to four), which adds structural complexity and enhances habitat diversity. This feature offers marine species more options for shelter, feeding, and breeding. In some embodiments the modular reef design allows for stacking hybrid clay modules on poles, creating an unparalleled level of habitat complexity beneficial for nurturing a wide array of marine species.

[0082] Optionally, interchangeable components may be utilized. The modularity extends to the hybrid clay modules, which can be interchanged to suit specific ecological needs, providing unprecedented adaptability for targeted ecological restoration. In possible embodiments, one or more sensors are installed in the reef module(s) for monitoring the conditions and / or state thereof. This system configuration enables to predict and measure complexity and customize the complexity to the local flora and fauna according to environmental variables.

[0083] In one aspect, there is provided an artificial reef module comprising a base having a lattice configuration formed by interconnected structural elements (e.g., intersecting laser-cut or plasma-cut metal sheets, rebar rods, or combinations thereof) and the poles projecting upwardly from the base and configured to support one or more artificial inhabitation units.

[0084] The base structure comprises in some embodiments one or more spaced-apart support units (e.g., at distances of about 100 to 5000 mm) projecting upwardly from the base. Each support unit is configured to support a respective pole (e.g., having a height in the range of 500 to 5000 mm). The artificial reef module comprises, in some embodiments, one or more artificial inhabitation units (e.g., made from clay modules having a diameter of about 200 to 1200 mm) mountable on one or more of said poles. Optionally, but in some embodiments preferably, one or more of the inhabitation units comprise a plurality of holes (e.g., of about 10 to 50 mm) formed therein.

[0085] The one or more spaced-apart support units, and / or the one or more spaced-apart poles, can be coupled to the base at intersections of the lattice. The artificial reef module may comprise a plurality of reinforcement members configured to reinforce at least some of the one or more spaced-apart poles to the base. Optionally, the lattice defines geometric openings selected from the group consisting of triangular, pentagonal, hexagonal, or other geometric shape, openings. The artificial reef module comprises, in some embodiments, one or more sensing elements. The base can be connectable to at least one other base of an artificial reef module.

[0086] In some embodiments, one or more of the inhabitation units are made from clay mixed with calcium, e.g., from recycled natural materials or removed old reef structures. Alternatively, one or more of the inhabitation units are made from a clay-calcium mixture (e.g., using calcium carbonate concentration in the range of 10% to 80%). The one or more inhabitation units can comprise at least one of the following: Alginate, Chitin / Chitosan, Cellulose, Magnesium, Iron, Zinc, Coral Sand, Volcanic Rock, Aragonite, Coffee Waste.

[0087] Optionally, at least some of the one or more spaced-apart support units, and / or the one or more spaced-apart poles, project downwardly to support and / or level the base over the seabed. In some embodiments, the artificial reef module comprises a sub-assembly having one or more inhabitation units mounted thereto, wherein the sub-assembly is configured for mounting on / over one or more of the poles of the reef module.

[0088] The artificial reef module can be configured for connection to a power source for passing low electric current through the seawater. The artificial reef module can thus comprise a buoy and a power source mounted on the buoy and electrically coupled to the artificial reef module by an electric cable. Optionally, but in some embodiments preferably, a renewable power source is mounted on the buoy for supplying at least partially the electric current. The renewable power source comprises, in possible embodiments, at least one of the following: a solar panel, wind turbine, and / or wave energy conversion units.

[0089] In another aspect, there is provided a reef inhabitation control system comprising one or more processors and memories configured to acquire measurement data from sensors provided in one or more artificial reef modules of any of the embodiments disclosed herein, process the acquired measurement data, and generate indications / alerts indicative of the status and / or condition of the one or more artificial reef modules.

[0090] In yet another aspect, there is provided a method for assembling an artificial reef structure on a seabed of a marine environment. The method comprises connecting one or more poles to a base structure, where the base structure has a lattice configuration, and anchoring the base structure on the seabed of the marine environment. The method can comprise preparing one or more artificial inhabitation units and mounting them on one or more of the poles.

[0091] Optionally, the method comprises extruding, pultruding, or form-molding the one or more artificial inhabitation units from clay-based materials. Alternatively, or additionally, the method comprises 3D printing one or more of the artificial inhabitation units. The method may comprise firing the one or more artificial inhabitation units at a temperature range of 600°C to 1400°C.

[0092] In possible embodiments the method comprises mounting on / over one or more of the poles of the reef module a sub-assembly having one or more inhabitation units mounted thereto.

[0093] The method can comprise passing electrical current through seawater within the artificial reef structure. The method thus comprises, in some embodiments, electrically coupling the artificial reef structure to a power source mounted on a buoy. Optionally, the method comprises generating the electrical current utilizing a renewable power source e.g., mounted on the buoy.

[0094] The forming of the base structure may comprise interconnecting rebar rods to create the lattice configuration. The connecting of the one or more poles to the base structure can comprise welding rebar poles to vertices of the base structure. The method can comprise reinforcing at least some of the one or more poles to the base structure by reinforcing elements.

[0095] BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0096] In order to better understand the subject matter that is disclosed herein and to exemplify how it may be carried out in practice, embodiments will now be described, by way of non-limiting example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:

[0097] Figs. 1A and IB schematically illustrate, respectively, perspective views of a coral reef module and a base of the coral reef module;

[0098] Fig- 2 is a block diagram schematically illustrating a reef monitoring system according to some possible embodiments;

[0099] Fig. 3 schematically illustrates a sub-reef unit according to possible embodiments; and

[0100] Figs. 4A to 4C schematically illustrate, respectively, perspective, side and top, views of a coral reef module implemented according to some possible embodiments utilizing rebars.

[0101] DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0102] One or more specific and / or alternative embodiments of the present disclosure will be described below with reference to the drawings, which are to be considered in all aspects as illustrative only and not restrictive in any manner. It shall be apparent to one skilled in the art that these embodiments may be practiced without such specific details. In an effort to provide a concise description of these embodiments, not all features or details of an actual implementation are described at length in the specification. Elements illustrated in the drawings are not necessarily to scale or in correct proportional relationships, which are not critical. Emphasis instead being placed upon clearly illustrating the principles of the invention such that persons skilled in the art will be able to make and use the coral reef module once they understand its features. This invention may be provided in other specific forms and embodiments without departing from the essential characteristics described herein.

[0103] Reference is now made to Figs. 1A and IB, schematically illustrating, respectively, a coral reef module 10 and a base structure 10b of the coral reef module 10, according to some possible embodiments of the present disclosure. As better seen in Fig. IB, the base 10b can be in the form of a lattice (e.g., made of laser-cut or plasma-cut metal sheets) defining a plurality (generally one or more) of spaces / openings 10c. In this non-limiting example, the spaces / openings 10c have a triangular geometry; however, these spaces / openings 10c can have any other suitable geometry such as pentagonal or hexagonal shapes.

[0104] The base structure 10b can be provided with a plurality of spaced-apart support units 10s, which in some embodiments have a cylindrical shape. The support units 10s are coupled to the base 10b, or form an integral portion thereof, and project upwardly therefrom. Optionally, each support unit 10s has a respective bore lOr configured to receive a respective rod / pole (lOp in Fig. 1A) there inside. As shown in Fig. 1A, the rods lOp can be of different heights but can also be of the same height.

[0105] As seen in Fig. 1A, in some embodiments, the coral reef module 10 includes a plurality of inhabitation units lOi configured for facilitating coral colonization thereon / in. In possible embodiments, one or more of the inhabitation units lOi has one or more holes / openings 10k, e.g., unit lOii with two holes 10k, or unit lOiii with three holes 10k, formed therein adapted to support coral larvae, which can be introduced into the holes to facilitate the growth of coral nurseries.

[0106] In some embodiments, the coral reef module 10 includes one or more sensor elements 12 and / or cameras thereon which may be positioned at different locations, e.g., on the base 10b, and / or on the poles lOp, and / or the inhabitation units lOi. The sensors 12 are configured for measuring different parameters associated with the coral reef module 10 and / or its environment. For example, such sensing elements may include a flowmeter for current direction and speed, and / or a light / optical sensor for measuring the light intensity to which the coral reef module 10 is exposed, temperature sensors and / or water condition measuring sensors e.g., for detection of water variables or pollutants presence, sound sensors, movement sensors, and electromagnetic changes.

[0107] Referring now to Fig. 2, schematically illustrating reef monitoring system 20 according to possible embodiments. The monitoring system 20 includes a control center 15 in data / signal communication 15c with the sensing elements 12 of one or more artificial reef modules 10 for monitoring the state / condition parameters thereof. The control center 15 includes, in some embodiments, one or more processors 25 and memories 27 configured for storing and executing program code configured to orchestrate the operation of the control center 15, and a communication interface 22 configured to communicate control / measurement data / signals between the sensors 12 of the one or more artificial reefs 10 and the control center 15.

[0108] The control center 15 comprises a monitoring module 17 configured for receiving and / or processing the measurement data from the sensors 12 of the one or more artificial reefs 10 for continuous assessment of the progression / evolution of inhabitation thereof. A prediction module 18 may also be provided in the control center 15 and configured to generate prediction data for each of the one or more artificial reef modules 10 based on the measurement data from the sensors 12 and / or data stored on a repository / storage 16.

[0109] The control center 15 can be configured to exchange data with a repository / storage 16, configured to store data associated with measurements from the sensors 12 and / or state / condition parameters of the one or more artificial reef modules 10 (e.g., acquired / determined daily, weekly and / or monthly). The repository / storage 16 may be external / remote to the control center 15, or at least partially an integral part thereof, and in possible embodiments accessible by an artificial intelligence (Al) module 23 configured for carrying out statistical analysis about the status / condition of the artificial reef 10 and its evolution. Possibly, the Al module 23 is configured for generating feedback data indicative of possible operations that may be performed to improve functionality / inhabitation of the one or more artificial reef modules 10.

[0110] The control center 15 can be further configured with an alert module 19 configured to process the measurement data and / or data stored in the repository / storage 16 and issue alerts whenever abnormal or disruption conditions are identified / occur in the one or more artificial reef modules 10.

[0111] In some embodiments, the artificial reef modules 10 include an intervention unit 21 for controlling, regulating and / or affecting state / condition parameters of the artificial reef modules 10. Such intervention unit 21 may include, for example, a heater, an oxygen / air enrichment utility, a light source, or any other equipment that can be controllably activated to facilitate inhabitation of the artificial reefs 10.

[0112] In other embodiments, the artificial reef module 10 may have circuitry (e.g., utilizing a local memory) unit lOu in data / signal communication with the sensor elements 12 for storing measurement data acquired thereby. The memory can be accessible to maintenance personnel (e.g., divers, unmanned submarine) which can be used to periodically monitor the artificial reef modules 10. Optionally, but in some embodiments preferably, the artificial reef 10 is configured as an electrified reef configured to pass a low electric field supplied by power source 24 through the seawater. In possible embodiments, the electrical energy of the power source 24 is supplied by a self-sealed, waterproof (e.g., rechargeable) battery, which can be replaced underwater if necessary. Additionally or alternatively, the system comprises a buoy 24b equipped with a solar panel 24p, configured to provide electrical energy during daylight hours via electrical wires / cable 24c. Alternative, or additionally, the electric power is supplied utilizing other renewable power sources, such as wave movement and / or wind energy conversion devices 24v.

[0113] Optionally, the electric power generation and / or supply is monitored and / or regulated using control signals / data 24s exchanged with the control center 15. The control center 15 can accordingly further comprise an electricity management module 28 configured to monitor and / or regulate the power source 24 and / or the electric currents thereby supplied to the artificial reef module 10.

[0114] Fig. 3 schematically illustrates a sub-assembly 37 according to possible embodiments. The sub-assembly 37 includes a support pipes 37r having one or more inhabitation units lOi mounted thereon. The sub-assembly 37 is configured for mounting on poles 37p (which can correspond to poles lOp in Fig. 1A). This configuration allows for pre-assembly of complex arrangements of inhabitation units that can then be easily installed on the base structure in the marine environment. As exemplified, the subassembly 37 can be configured for mounting of poles lOp of the artificial reef module 10 e.g., by telescopically receiving some portion of one or more of the poles lOp inside the pipes.

[0115] Figs. 4A to 4C schematically illustrate a coral reef module 10’ and a base structure 10b’ of the coral reef module 10’, according to some possible embodiments of the present disclosure. In this non-limiting example, the base structure 10b’ forms a lattice constructed from rebars defining a plurality (generally one or more) of spaces / openings 10c’ (e.g., having a triangular geometry). The coral reef module 10’ includes a plurality of bars / rebars 10p’, each configured for supporting one or more inhabitation units (lOi in Figs. 1A and IB). The bars 10p’ are connected (e.g., welded) in some embodiments to the base structure 10b’ at intersections of the lattice. The bars 10p’ can be implemented by standard reinforcing steel bars (commonly referred to as rebars) of sizes #3 or #4 (approximately 10 mm or 12 mm in diameter, respectively) or larger. In some embodiments, the bars 10p’ are connected to the base structure 10b’ such that they (e.g., vertically) traverse the base structure 10b’ (z.e., extending downwardly and upwardly from the lattice). Each bar 10p’ can be connected to the lattice the base structure 10b’ at an intermediate point along the bar's length. This way, the bars 10p’ can extend below-seabed level to provide below-seabed anchoring of the coral reef module 10’

[0116] In some embodiments, the coral reef module 10’ includes a plurality of curved reinforcement members lOe e.g., V-shaped members, each configured to connect a respective bar 10p’ to the base structure 10b’. The reinforcement members lOe can be fabricated as rebar segments / portions. As shown, each reinforcement member lOe accommodates a respective bar 10p’, and it is connected (e.g., by welding) to the respective bar 10p’ at the inner apex / bent portion of the V-shaped reinforcement members lOe. Each reinforcement member lOe is connected to the base structure 10b’ by its free ends (e.g., by welding).

[0117] This configuration is particularly, but not exclusively, suited for deployment in economically developing regions where access to advanced manufacturing facilities — such as laser cutting equipment or precision metal fabrication plants — is limited or nonexistent.

[0118] In such scenarios, rebars are among the most commonly available construction materials and can be locally sourced at low cost. This design of the coral reef module 10’ leverages widely accessible fabrication techniques — manual cutting, cold or hot bending, and welding — allowing for local production and assembly using relatively simple tools and semi-skilled labor.

[0119] The structural framework of the coral reef module 10’ maintains the modularity principle, allowing for the secure attachment of 3D-printed inhabitation units (lOi in Figs. 1A and IB) onto the rebar skeleton, z.e., the bars 10p’ As described above, the system is based in some embodiments on a triangular geometric configuration of the base structure 10b’ that stabilizes the vertical bars 10p’ and enables scalable construction of reef modules of various heights. The bars 10p’ can extend below the sea floor to provide anchoring and structural integrity.

[0120] At the base of the structure, near the sea floor level, additional bent reinforcement members lOe / rebar extensions (not shown) can be welded to each corner of the base structure 10b’ of the reef module 10'. These reinforcement members lOe serve as attachment points for anchors of various types e.g., enabling firm and adaptable fixation of the entire structure to the seabed, even in challenging underwater conditions.

[0121] The exemplified triangular arrangement can be achieved by welding bent rebar segments below forming a rigid base 10b' that locks the bars 10p’ in parallel alignment. The welding can be consistently performed on designated sides of the bars 10p' to ensure accurate spacing between them, which is critical for aligning and for stacking the inhabitation (e.g., ceramic) units (lOi).

[0122] The inherent flexibility of the rebars 10p’ accommodates slight dimensional tolerances in the inhabitation units, allowing for secure and adaptive connections. The overall dimensions and structural scale of the rebar framework can be adjusted according to the intended size of the reef installation, offering a scalable, low-cost, and locally manufacturable solution for coral restoration efforts in regions with limited infrastructures.

[0123] Relative terms such as "lower," "upper," "horizontal," "vertical," "above," "below," "up," "down," "top" and "bottom," as well as derivatives thereof (e.g., "horizontally," "downwardly," "upwardly," etc.), and similar adjectives in relation to orientation of the described elements / components refer to the manner in which the illustrations are positioned on the paper, not as any limitation to the orientations in which these elements / components can be used in actual applications.

[0124] It should also be understood that throughout this disclosure, where a process or method is shown or described, the steps / acts of the method may be performed in any order and / or simultaneously, and / or with other steps / acts not illustrated / described herein, unless it is clear from the context that one step depends on another being performed first. In possible embodiments, not all of the illustrated / described steps / acts are required to carry out the method.

[0125] While particular embodiments of the invention have been described, it will be understood, however, that the invention is not limited thereto, since modifications may be made by those skilled in the art, particularly in light of the foregoing teachings. As will be appreciated by the skilled person, the invention can be carried out in a great variety of ways, employing more than one technique from those described above, all without exceeding the scope of the claims.

Claims

CLAIMS:

1. An artificial reef module comprising: a base having a lattice configuration; and one or more spaced-apart poles projecting upwardly from said base and configured to support one or more artificial inhabitation units.

2. The artificial reef module of claim 1, comprising support units projecting upwardly from the base, wherein one of said each support units being configured to support a respective one of the one or more poles.

3. The artificial reef module of claim 1 or 2, comprising one or more artificial inhabitation units mountable on one or more of said poles.

4. The artificial reef module of claim 3, wherein each inhabitation unit comprises a plurality of holes formed therein.

5. The artificial reef module of any one of the preceding claims wherein one or more of the inhabitation units are made from clay by 3D printing, extrusion, pultrusion, or mold.

6. The artificial reef module of any one of the preceding claims wherein one or more of the inhabitation units are made from clay mixed with calcium.

7. The artificial reef module of claim 6 wherein the calcium is at least partially obtained from a removed reef structure.

8. The artificial reef module of claim 6 or 7 wherein the clay-calcium mix includes calcium carbonate concentration in the range of 10% to 80%.

9. The artificial reef module of any one of the preceding claims wherein one or more of the inhabitation units comprises at least one of the following: Alginate, Chitin / Chitosan, Cellulose, Magnesium, Iron, Zinc, Coral Sand, Volcanic Rock, Aragonite, Coffee Waste.

10. The artificial reef module of any one of the preceding claims wherein at least some of the one or more spaced-apart support units, and / or the one or more spaced- apart poles, are projecting downwardly for support and / or level the base over seabed.

11. The artificial reef module of any one of the preceding claims comprising a subassembly having one or more inhabitation units mounted thereto, said sub-assembly configured for mounting on / over one or more of the poles of the reef module.

12. The artificial reef module of any one of the preceding claims configured for connection to a power source for passing low electric current through the seawater.

13. The artificial reef module of claim 12 comprising a buoy, and wherein the power source is mounted on said buoy and electrically coupled to the artificial reef module by an electric cable.

14. The artificial reef module of claim 11 or 12 comprising a renewable power source for supplying at least partially the electric current.

15. The artificial reef module of claim 14 wherein the renewable power source comprises at least one of the following: a solar panel, wind and / or wave energy conversion units.

16. The artificial reef module of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the one or more spaced-apart support units, and / or the one or more spaced-apart poles, are coupled to the base at intersections of the lattice.

17. The artificial reef module of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the lattice defines geometric openings selected from the group consisting of triangular, pentagonal, and hexagonal openings.

18. The artificial reef module of any one of the preceding claims, comprising one or more sensing elements.

19. The artificial reef module of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the lattice is formed by at least one of (ii) intersecting laser-cut or plasma-cut metal sheets; and (ii) interconnected rebar rods.

20. The artificial reef module of any one of the preceding claims comprising a plurality of reinforcement members configured to reinforce at least some of the one or more spaced-apart poles to the base.

21. The artificial reef module of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the base is connectable to at least one other base of an artificial reef module.

22. A reef inhabitation control system comprising one or more processors and memories configured to acquire measurement data from sensors provided in one or more artificial reef modules of any one of the preceding claims, process said measurement data and generate indications / alerts indicative of the status and / or condition of said one or more artificial reef modules.

23. A method for assembling an artificial reef structure on a seabed of a marine environment, the method comprising: connecting one or more poles to a base structure, said base structure having a lattice configuration; andanchoring said base structure on a seabed of said marine environment.

24. The method of claim 23, comprising preparing one or more artificial inhabitation units and mounting them on one or more of the poles.

25. The method of claim 24 comprising extruding, pultruding, or form-molding the one or more artificial inhabitation units.

26. The method of any one of claims 23 to 25 comprising 3D printing the one or more artificial inhabitation units.

27. The method of any one of claims 23 to 26 , wherein the one or more artificial inhabitation units are prepared from claim, and wherein the method comprises firing the one or more artificial inhabitation units at a temperature range of 600°C to 1400°C.

28. The method of any one of claims 23 to 27 comprising mounting on / over one or more of the poles of the reef module a sub-assembly having one or more inhabitation units mounted thereto.

29. The method of any one of claims 23 to 28 comprising passing electrical current through seawater within the artificial reef structure.

30. The method of claim 29 comprising electrically coupling the artificial reef structure to a power source.

31. The method of claim 30 comprising generating the electrical current utilizing a renewable power source.

32. The method of any one of claims 23 to 31, wherein forming the base structure comprises interconnecting rebar rods to create a lattice configuration.

33. The method of claim 32, wherein connecting the one or more poles to the base structure comprise welding rebar poles to vertices of the base structure.

34. The method of claim 32 comprising reinforcing at least some of the one or more poles to the base structure by reinforcing elements.

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