System and method for rendering text having defined structural units

Abstract

A rendering engine designed to enhance the structural comprehension of bilingual texts. Using natural language processing (NLP) algorithms, the rendering engine can identify structural units within the first text string. Demarcations, in combination with other visual techniques such as spacing or position adjustments, are used to define the structural units, improving readability. The system can also optimize text layout based on container width and text ordering, ensuring clarity. Multiple demarcation sets can be used to represent different structural levels, visually linking related elements. The invention can be implemented as software or a non-transitory computer-readable medium for translation interfaces, multilingual documents, and structured text rendering.

Description

TITLE OF THE INVENTIONSYSTEM AND METHOD FOR RENDERING TEXT HAVING DEFINED STRUCTURAL UNITSTECHNICAL FIELDThe present invention relates generally to rendering text, and, in particular, to rendering text having defined structural units.BACKGROUND ARTOne of the best ways to learn a new language is through reading a foreign text. However, a reader may not understand every word in the foreign text. Thus, to aid readers, language learning programs often display a native language translation of the foreign text immediately above or below the foreign text. For example, as shown in FIG. 1 A, an English translation is placed immediately below a Danish foreign text. The proximity of these texts improves a reader’ s learning experience as he or she may quickly reference the English text to improve his or her understanding of the Danish text. However, the structural composition of the Danish text foreign text is not immediately obvious.In FIG. 1 B, English substrings are placed immediately belowtheir corresponding Hebrew substrings to form translated pairs. Demarcations (the arrows) are positioned entirely in between adjacent English substrings. However, this demarcation placement does not result in a visual association between the English substrings and their corresponding Hebrew substrings.DISCLOSURE OF INVENTIONAn aspect of the present invention is directed at a rendering engine configured to render translated pairs having improved structure comprehension. The system includes a processing device executing stored instructions to render translated pairs such that the demarcations define substructures and / or superstructures within the first text string. These demarcations facilitate the structured display of tire first and second text strings, enhancing readability and comprehension.A second aspect of the present invention is directed at a method to render translated pairs having improved structure comprehension. The method can start with receiving a first text string comprised of a plurality of first substrings where a structure of the first substring includes at least two superstructures, at least one of the superstructures including at least one substructure. In an embodiment, the structure of the first text string is determined using natural language processing (NLP).Additionally, a second text string is received, where each second substring is a translation of its corresponding first substring. Demarcations can then be received or generated. The first substrings, second substrings, and demarcations are rendered such that the substructures and superstructures of the first text string are defined via the demarcations and various visual techniques such as spacing schemes, placement schemes, or ordinary punctuation.In some embodiments, the rendering engine optimizes text layout by adjusting row placements based on the width of the text container and the ordering of tire text pairs. Demarcations may include multiple sets, each corresponding to different structural levels of the text, and these demarcations can be visually linked for improved readability. The invention can be implemented as a non- transitory computer-readable medium containing executable instructions for displaying structured text translationsBy providing a systematic approach to structuring and displaying bilingual text, this invention reduces visual clutter while defining structural relationships at a glance It is particularly useful for translation interfaces, multilingual document rendering, and applications requiring clear differentiation of linguistic structures.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGSThe foregoing summary, as well as the following detailed description of preferred variations of the invention, will be better understood when read in conjunction with the appended drawings For the purpose of illustrating the invention, there is shown in the drawings variations that are presently preferred It should be understood, however, that the invention is not limited to the precise arrangements shown. In the drawings, where:FIGs 1 A-1B show examples of prior artFIGs. 2A-2U show-' definitions used throughout tire disclosure.FIG 3A shows two sets of demarcations, according to an embodimentFIG. 3B shows a demarcated Spanish text string with defined substructures and superstructures, according to an embodiment.FIG. 3C shows two sets of demarcations (top) and a demarcated Spanish text string (bottom) where adjacent demarcations belonging to the same set of demarcations are not discrete.FIG. 3D shows two sets of demarcations (top) and a demarcated Spanish text string (bottom) where adjacent demarcations belonging to the same set of demarcations are not visually linked.FIG. 3E shows two sets of demarcations (top) and a demarcated Spanish text string (bottom) where adjacent demarcations belonging to the same set of demarcations are visually linked.FIGs. 3F-3Y show sets of demarcations (.top) and demarcated text strings (bottom) with defined substructures and superstructures, according to various embodiments.FIGs. 4A-4E show sets of demarcations (top) and demarcated text strings (bottom) with defined associations among text substrings, according to various embodiments.FIGs. 5A-5C show translated pairs, according to various embodiments.FIG . 6 shows a block diagram illustrating example physical components of a rendering engine with which aspects of the disclosure may be practiced.FIG. 7 shows a method of rendering translated pairs and demarcations, where the translated pairs have improved structure comprehension, according to an embodiment.FIGs. 8A-8F show the method of FIG. 7, according to an embodiment.FIGs. 9A-9P show translated pairs displayed on an electronic display, according to various embodiments.FIGs. 10A-10E show translated pairs, according to various embodiments.FIGs. 11 A- 11 B show translated pairs, according to various embodiments.FIGs. 12A-12C show a text display, according to various embodiments.FIGs. 13A-13B show substring pairs visually demarcated in multiple formats / modes, according to various nonlimiting embodiments.FIG. 14 is a flowchart showing steps of an exemplary method for the simultaneous display of a primary text string comprised of primary substrings and a secondary text string comprised of secondary substrings.FIGs. 15-31 show substring pairs in multiple formats / configurations, according to various non-limiting embodiments.FIG. 32A shows a set of demarcations, according to an embodiment.FIG. 32B shows a demarcated text string, according to an embodiment.FIG. 33 shows a method for displaying, on an electronic display, a demarcated text string, according to an embodiment.FIGs. 34A-34B show the method of FIG. 33 as applied to an electronic device, according to an embodiment.FIG. 35 shows a comparative-text display format (CTDF) that can employ a related text layout, according to an embodiment.FIG. 36 is a sample augmented reality screen with the original spoken words and translated words superimposed on the image.FIG. 37 shows demarcated substring pairs, according to an embodiment.FIG. 38 shows two text strings, according to an embodiment.FIGs 39A-39J illustrate various exemplary layouts of paired textual contents, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.FIG 40 is a flowchart illustrating a method for displaying paired textual content, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.FIG 41 A shows a text string overlapping the airspace of another text stringFIG. 41B shows a text string overlapping the body of another text string.FIG 41C shows a text string overlapping an object in an imageFIG. 42 is a flowchart showing steps of displaying a text string and associated content, according to an embodimentFIG 43A to FIG 43P show various adaptations to the text, according to an embodimentFIG. 44A to FIG. 44B shows a designated area around a selected text and its associated content.FIG 45 is a flowchart showing steps of displaying a text string and associated content, according to an embodimentFIG. 46A to FIG. 46B show a size-increasing adaptation to the selected text string and a size-reducing adaption to other text, according to an embodimentFIG. 47A to FIG. 47C show size-reducing adaptations applied to other text in designated areas of the electronic display.FIG. 48 shows demarcated substring pairs, according to an embodiment.FIG. 49 shows demarcated substring pairs, according to an embodiment.FIG. 50 shows demarcated substring pairs, according to an embodiment.FIG. 51 shows demarcated substring pairs, according to an embodiment.FIG. 52A to FIG. 52B show demarcated substring pairs, according to an embodiment.FIG. 53 shows substring pairs, according to an embodiment.FIG. 54 shows substring pairs, according to an embodiment.FIG. 55 is a flowchart showing steps of displaying text strings, according to an embodiment.FIG. 56 is a flowchart showing steps of displaying text strings received by a computing device, according to an embodiment.FIG . 19 shows substring pairs, according to an embodiment.MODE(S) FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTIONImplementations of the present technology will now be described in detail with reference to the drawings, which are provided as illustrative examples so as to enable those skilled in the art to practice the technology. Notably, the figures and examples below are not meant to limit the scope of the present disclosure to any single implementation or implementations. Wherever convenient, the same reference numbers will be used throughout the drawings to refer to same or like parts.Moreover, while variations described herein are primarily discussed in the context of rendering text, it will be recognized by those of ordinary skill that the present disclosure is not so limited. In fact, the principles of the present disclosure described herein may be readily applied to prevent the rendering of other objects.In the present specification, an implementation showing a singular component should not be considered limiting; rather, the disclosure is intended to encompass other implementations including a plurality of the same component, and vice-versa, unless explicitly stated otherwise herein. Further, the present disclosure encompasses present and future known equivalents to the components referred to herein by way of illustration.It will be recognized that while certain aspects of the technology are described in terms of a specific sequence of steps of a method, these descriptions are only illustrative of the broader methods of tire disclosure and may be modified as required by the particular application. Certain steps may be rendered unnecessary or optional under certain circumstances. Additionally, certain steps or functionality may be added to the disclosed implementations, or the order of performance of two or more steps permuted. All such variations are considered to be encompassed within the disclosure disclosed and claimed herein.For the sake of convenience, tire terms used to describe the prior art and various embodiments of the present invention are defined below. Some terms are illustrated in FIGs. 2A-2N for further clarification.Display (verb): The verb “display,” unless specified otherwise, refers to the act of presenting texts and / or content strings in any format that may be perceived by a reader of the texts and / or content strings, for example, but not limited to, presenting the texts and / or content strings on digital screens, printed medium, as holographs, and the likeDisplay (noun): The noun “display,” unless specified otherwise, refers to any sort of presentation of texts and / or content strings that may be perceived by a reader of the texts and / or content strings, for example, but not limited to, a presentation of the texts and / or content strings on digital screens, printed medium, as holographs, and the like.Bordering: A text or object borders another text or object when an edge of the text or object is flush with the edge of another text or object.Overlapping: A text or object overlaps another text or object when the body of the text or object occupies the same space as the body of another text or object.Superimposing: A first text or object superimposes another text or object when only one of the texts or objects is visible in any overlapping portions.Text string: A string of at least one characterFirst text string (202): In FIG. 2A, the Danish text string is the first text string. It should be appreciated that while the ‘string’ has been exemplified in the instant disclosure in the form of a text, it could be any other form / representationof a string, for instance, of one or more numbers, alphanumeric representations, codes, written expressions, graphical symbols, or a combination thereof This non-limiting definition of ‘text’ and scope thereof is therefore applicable to all the below texts. It should be appreciated that the first text string can be a primary text string. For example, for a reader learning Danish, the Danish text string is the primary text string (the Danish text string is the primary’ focus of the reader).Second text string (201): In FIG 2 A, the English text string is the second text string. It should be appreciated that the second text string can be a secondary' text string. For example, for a reader learning Danish, the English text string is the secondary text string (the English text string is the secondary focus of the reader).Substrings (203, 204, 205): Unique portions of a text string. In FIG. 2A, the first and second text strings have been split into three first substrings and three second substrings.Substring pair: A second substring placed proximate to its corresponding first substring, indicating a correspondence and / or association and / or mapping of any desired / defined nature between the two substrings. In FIG. 2A, the English substring “I’m studying” and its corresponding Danish substring “Jeg studerer” form a translated substring pair, where the English substring is a translation of its corresponding Danish substring. In some embodiments, each second substring can be a translation, a transliteration, or a transliteral translation (a transliteration of a translation) of its corresponding first substring.Upper substring: The higher of the first substring and the second substring in a substring pair. For example, in FIG. 2A, the second substring of “I am from New York” is tire upper substring of the substring pair.Lower substring: The lower of the first substring and the second substring in a substring pair. For example, in FIG. 2A, the first substring of “Jeg studerer” is the lower substring of the substring pair.Substructure: Substructures may be any smaller portion of a text string, including, but not limited to, a word, a group of words, or a phrase. Substructures are a type of structural unit. One or more text string substructures can comprise a text string superstructure.Superstructure: Superstructures can be any larger portion of a text string including, but not limited to, a group of words, a phrase, a sentence, or a group of sentences. Superstructures are a type of structural unit. Text string superstructures can be comprised of one or more text string substructures.Structural Unit: A structural unit can be any portion of a text string or the entirety of the text string. For example, letters, words, phrases, sentences, paragraphs, etc, are all types of structural units that can comprise a text string.Correspondence area (206): A rectangular area containing a single substring pair where the top edge of the correspondence area extends to, but does not border, an immediately above text or object, the bottom edge of the correspondence area extends to, but does not border, an immediately below text or object, the right edge of the correspondence area extends to, but does not border, an immediately right text or object, and the left edge of the correspondence area extends to, but does not border, an immediately left text or object. In FIG. 2 A, a grey reference box 206 outlines the correspondence area of the substring pair comprised of the English substring “and I’m very lucky to enjoy” and its corresponding Danish substring “og foler mig heldig at kunne nyde.” It would be appreciated that the visual demarcation can be of any desired shape, size, dimension or any other graphic representation that can encompass or create a boundary including dotted lines or dots or any other representation to help demarcate and separately display / identify Hie substring pair. It would further be appreciated that correspondence area may not be displayed per se to the reader, and can be computed for placement of demarcations using the instant method(s)Reduced correspondence area (207): A rectangular area containing a single substring pair where the top edge of the reduced correspondence area extends halfway to an immediately above text or object, the bottom edge of the correspondence area extends halfway to an immediately below text or object, the right edge of the correspondence area extends halfway to an immediately right text or object, and the left edge of the correspondence area extends halfway to an immediately left text or object. In FIG. 2B, a grey reference box 207 outlines the reduced correspondence area of the substring pair comprised of the English substring “and I’m verv lucky to enjoy” and its corresponding Danish substring “og foler mig heldig at kunne nyde.” Alternatively, the reduced correspondence area is a rectangular area containing a single substring pair where the top edge of the reduced correspondence area extends less than halfway to an immediately above text or object, the bottom edge of the correspondence area extends less than halfway to an immediately below text or object, the right edge of the correspondence area extends less than halfway to an immediately right text or object, and the left edge of tire correspondence area extends less than halfway to animmediately left text or object Such reduced correspondence areas have an empty space in between adjacent substring pairs.Ascender height 250: The height of the ascenders, considered characteristic of a given typeface, font, or script. As illustrated in FIG. 2C, the ascender height of “Chunky” would be the height of the topmost points of the “h” and “k.” The ascender height is sometimes referred to throughout the detailed description as the topmost point of a text in cases where the ascender height of a text is greater than or equal to the cap height of a text.Ascender line: A horizontal line at the ascender height of a given typeface, font, or script.Cap height 252 : The height of capital letters, considered characteristic of a given typeface, font, or script. As illustrated in FIG. 2C, the cap height of “Chunky” would be the height of the topmost point of the “C.” The cap height is sometimes referred to throughout the detailed description as the topmost point of a text in cases where the cap height of a text is greater than or equal to the ascender height of a text.Cap line: A horizontal line at the cap height of a given typeface, font, or script.X-height 254: The height of a lower-case x, considered characteristic of a given typeface, font, or script. As illustrated in FIG. 2C, the x-height of “Chunky” would be the height of the topmost points of the “u,” “n,” and “y.” It shall be appreciated that for typefaces that do not employ Latin characters, such as Hebrew, an equivalent mean-height concept is applicable.X-height line: A horizonal line at the x-height of a given typeface, font, or script. It shall be appreciated that for typefaces that do not employ Latin characters, such as Hebrew, an equivalent mean-line concept is applicable.Base height 256: The height of the base of most letters of a given typeface, font, or script, typically set to 0. As illustrated in FIG. 2C, the base height of “Chunky” would be the height of the bottommost points of the “C,” “h,” “u,” “n,” and “k.”Base line: A horizonal line at the base height of a given typeface, font, or script.Descender height 258: The height of the descenders, considered characteristic of a given typeface, font, or script. As illustrated in FIG. 2C, the descender height of “Chunky” would be tire height of the bottommost point of the “y.” The descender height is sometimes referred to throughout the description as the bottommost point of a text.Descender line: A horizontal line at the descender height of a given ty peface, font, or script.Text ceiling 260: The typical position of the topmost points of a text, considered characteristic of a given typeface, font, or script. As illustrated in FIG. 2D, the text ceiling of the characters in “Chunky” is the position of topmost points of the “h,” and “k.”Text x-height 262: The typical position of the x-height line of a text, considered characteristic of a given typeface, font, or script As illustrated in FIG. 2D, the text x-height of the characters in “Chunky” is near the topmost points of the “u,” “n,” and “y .” It shall be appreciated that for typefaces that do not employ Latin characters, such as Hebrew, an equivalent text mean-height concept is applicable.Text base line 264: The typical position of Hie base line of a text, considered characteristic of a given typeface, font, or script. As illustrated in FIG. 2D, the text base line the characters in “Chunky ” is near the bottommost points of the “C,” “h," “u,” “n,” “k”, and “y.”Text floor 266: The typical position of the bottommost points of a text, considered characteristic of a given typeface, font, or script As illustrated in FIG. 2D, the text floor of the characters in “Chunky” is the position of the bottommost point of the “y ”Text height 268: The typical distance from tire text floor to the text ceiling, considered characteristic of a given typeface, font, or script As illustrated in FIG 2D, the text height of the characters in “Chunky” is the distance from the bottommost point of “y” to the topmost points of “h” and “k.”Footprint 270: A rectangular area for each character, the bottom edge of the footprint bounded by a horizontal line at the text floor, the top edge of tire footprint bounded by a horizontal line at tire text ceiling, the left edge of the footprint bounded by a vertical line at the leftmost point of the character, and the right edge of the footprint bounded by a vertical line at the rightmost point of the character. As illustrated in FIG. 2E, the footprint of the “h” in “Chunky” is highlighted with a grey reference box behind the “h.” The bottom edge of the footprint is bounded by a horizontal line at the text floor, the top edge of the footprint is bounded by a horizontal line at the text ceiling, the left edge of the footprint is bounded by a vertical line at the leftmost point of “k”, and the right edge of the footprint is bounded by a vertical line at the rightmost point of “k”.3Inner airspace 222: A rectangular area for each character, the bottom edge of the airspace bounded by the text base line, the top edge of the airspace bounded by the text x-height line, the left edge of the airspace bounded by a vertical line at the leftmost point of the character, and the right edge of the airspace bounded by a vertical line at the rightmost point of the character. As illustrated in FIG. 2E, the inner airspace of the “k” in “Chunky’’ is highlighted with a grey reference box behind the “k.” The bottom edge of the airspace is bounded by the text base line of “k”, the top edge of the airspace is bounded by the text x-height line of “k”, the left edge of the airspace is bounded by a vertical line at the leftmost point of “k”, and the right edge of the airspace is bounded by a vertical line at the rightmost point of “k”. Upper airspace 274: A rectangular area for each character, the bottom edge of the airspace bounded by the text x- height line, the top edge of the airspace bounded by a horizontal line at the text ceiling, the left edge of the airspace bounded by a vertical line at the leftmost point of the character, and the right edge of the airspace bounded by a vertical line at the rightmost point of tire character. As illustrated in FIG. 2E, the upper airspace of the of the “n” in “Chunky” is highlighted with a grey reference box. The bottom edge of the airspace bounded by the text x-height line of “n”, the top edge of the airspace is bounded by a horizonal line at the text ceiling, the left edge of the airspace is bounded by a vertical line at the leftmost point of “n”, and the right edge of the airspace bounded by a vertical line at the rightmost point of “n”.Lower airspace 276: A rectangular area for each character, the bottom edge of the airspace bounded by a horizontal line at the text floor, the top edge of the airspace bounded by a horizontal line at the text base line, the left edge of the airspace bounded by a vertical line at the leftmost point of the character, and the right edge of the airspace bounded by a vertical line at the rightmost point of the character. As illustrated in FIG. 2E, the lower airspace of tire of the “y” in “Chunky” is highlighted with a grey reference box. The bottom edge of the airspace is bounded by a horizontal line at the text floor, the top edge of the airspace is bounded by the text base line of “n”, the left edge of the airspace is bounded by a vertical line at the leftmost point of “n”, and the right edge of the airspace bounded by a vertical line at the rightmost point of “n”.Outer airspace 278: The combination of the upper airspace and the lower airspace of each character As illustrated in FIG. 2E, the outer airspace of the “u” in “Chunky” is highlighted with grey reference boxes.Character height 280: The distance from the bottommost point of the outer airspace to the topmost point of the outer airspace of a character. As illustrated in FIG. 2E, the character height of the “u” in “Chunky” would be the distance from the bottommost point of the outer airspace to the topmost point of the outer airspace of the “u.”Internal airspace 232: An area for each character, the area defined by the set of points that are surrounded by the character on at least three sides. As illustrated in FIG. 2F (left), point “a” falls within the internal airspace of the character “d” while point “b” falls outside of the internal airspace of the character “d”. The internal airspace of the character “d” is highlighted in grey shading in FIG 2D (right).Gap: a whitespace or space-like region between adjacent demarcations. Gaps serve as visual separators that help delineate substructures or mark structural transitions such as sentence boundaries. In some cases, punctuation symbols (e g., comma, period, asterisk) may be rendered within gaps to reinforce linguistic segmentation.Encapsulation: tire visual enclosure of one or more substructures and / or substrings by a demarcation. Encapsulation may be complete, where all associated text is fully enclosed, or partial, where only a portion of the substructure or substring lies within the demarcation while the remainder may appear within a gap. Grouped encapsulation applies to multiple contiguous substructure-substring pairs enclosed as a single blockFocus: which of the two text strings (first or second) is visually prioritized in a given layout Focus may be determined dynamically based on the user’s reading goal (e g , language learning vs text simplification), display size, or interaction context. The focused text string may be positioned more prominently or styled more distinctly.Layout template: a predefined configuration used by the rendering engine 600 to position and align the first and second text strings, their substructures and substrings, and associated demarcations. Layout templates 664 may specify horizontal, vertical, diagonal, or multi-row arrangements and govern behavior under different screen constraints or directionality settings.Horizontal offset: A second substring is horizontally offset from a first substring if 1 ) the rightmost point of the second substring is to the right of the rightmost point of the first substring and 2) tire leftmost point of the second substring is to the right of the leftmost point of the first substring or 1 ) the rightmost point of the second substring is to the left of the rightmost point of the first substring and 2) the leftmost point of the second substring is to the left of the leftmost point of the first substring For example, in FIG 2G, the second substring “Hola soy George” is horizontally offset tothe right of the first substring “Hello I’m George” where the leftmost point of “Hola soy George” is distance DI to right of the leftmost point of “Hello I’m George” and the rightmost point of “Hola soy George” is distance D2 to the right of the rightmost point of “Hello I’m George. Likewise, in FIG. 2H, the second substring “Hola soy George” is horizontally offset to the left of the first substring “Hello I’m George” where the leftmost point of “Hola soy George” is distance DI to left of the leftmost point of “Hello I’m George” and the rightmost point of “Hola soy George” is distance D2 to the left of the rightmost point of “Hello I’m George.A second substring is also horizontally offset from a first substring if, when the reading direction of the first substring is left to right, the 1) the leftmost point of the second substring is to the right of the leftmost point of the first substring and 2) the majority of the width of the second substring is in between the center point of the first substring and the rightmost point of the first substring.A second substring is also horizontally offset from a first substring if, when the reading direction of the first substring is right to left, the 1 ) the rightmost point of the second substring is to the left of the rightmost point of the first substring and 2) the majority of the width of the second substring is in between the center point of the first substring and the leftmost point of the first substring.A second substring is also horizontally offset from a first substring if, when the reading direction of the first substring is left to right, the 1) the leftmost point of the second substring is to the right of the leftmost point of the first substring and 2) at least two thirds of the width of the second substring is in between the center point of the first substring and the rightmost point of the first substring.A second substring is also horizontally offset from a first substring if, when the reading direction of the first substring is right to left, the 1 ) the rightmost point of the second substring is to the left of the rightmost point of the first substring and 2) at least two thirds of the width of the second substring is in betw een the center point of the first substring and the leftmost point of the first substring.Vertical offset: A second substring is vertically offset from a first substring if 1) the topmost point of the second substring is above the topmost point of tire first substring and 2) the bottommost point of the second substring is above the bottommost point of the first substring or 1) the topmost point of the second substring is below the topmost point of the first substring and 2) the bottommost point of the second substring is below the bottommost point of tire first substring. For example, in FIG. 21, the second substring “Hola soy George” is vertically offset above the first substring “Hello I’m George” where the topmost point of “Hola soy George” is distance DI above the topmost point of “Hello I’m George” and the bottommost point of “Hola soy George” is distance D2 above the bottommost point of “Hello I’m George. Likewise, in FIG. 2j, the second substring “Hola soy George” is vertically offset below the first substring “Hello I’m George” where the topmost point of “Hola soy George” is distance DI below tire topmost point of “Hello I’m George” and the bottommost point of “Hola soy George” is distance D2 below tire bottommost point of “Hello I’m George.Horizontal indent: A second substring is horizontally indented from a first substring if 1) the rightmost point of the second substring is to the left of the rightmost point of the first substring or 2) the leftmost point of the second substring is to the right of tire leftmost point of the first substring. For example, in FIG. 2K, the second substring “deber” is horizontally indented to the right of the first substring “responsibility” w here the leftmost point of “deber” is distance DI to right of the leftmost point of “responsibility”. Likewise, the second substring “deber” is also horizontally indented to the left of the first substring “responsibility” where the rightmost point of “deber” is distance D2 to the left of the rightmost point of “responsibility”.Vertical indent: A second substring is vertically indented from a first substring if I ) the topmost point of the second substring is below the topmost point of the first substring or 2) the bottommost point of the second substring is above the bottommost point of the first substring For example, in FIG 2L, the second substring “deber” is vertically indented below the first substring “responsibility” where the topmostpoint of “deber” is distance DI below the topmost point of “responsibility” Likewise, the second substring “deber” is also vertically indented above the first substring “responsibility” where the bottommost point of “deber” is distance D2 above the bottommost point of “responsibility”. Horizontal overlap: A first substring and a second substring horizontally overlap if 1 ) the width of the second substring is in the same column as tire width of the first substring. For example, in FIG. 2M, the second substring “Hola” horizontally overlaps the first substring “Hello” where the grey line below “Hola” demarcates the width of “Hola”, the grey line above “Hello” demarcates the width of “Hello” and the black line in between “Hola” and “Hello”demarcates the width of tire horizontal overlap of “Hola” and “Hello”. In contrast, the “Hola” and “Hello” of FIG. 2N do not horizontally overlap.Vertical overlap: A first substring and a second substring vertically overlap if 1) the height of the second substring is in the same row as the height of the first substring For example, in FIG. 20, the second substring “Hola” vertically overlaps the first substring “Hello” where the grey line to the left of “Hola” demarcates the height of “Hola”, the grey line to the right of “Hello” demarcates the height of “Hello” and the black line in between “Hola” and “Hello” demarcates the height of the horizontal overlap of “Hola” and “Hello”. In contrast, the “Hola” and “Hello” of FIG. 2P do not vertically overlap.The definitions for horizontal offset, vertical offset, horizontal indent, vertical indent, horizontal overlap, and vertical overlap are provided for texts strings with a generally left-to-right or right-to-left reading directionality. However, for these definitions to be applicable to text strings with a top-to-bottom or bottom- to-top reading directionality, positional terms in these definitions should be consistently rotated by 90 degrees. For example, the positional term “rightmost” should be replaced with “bottommost”, the positional term “leftmost” should be replaced with “topmost”, and so on. Alternatively, for these definitions to be application to text strings with a non-standard reading direction (e.g , any non-horizontal reading direction), the frame of reference needs to be adjusted such that the reading directionality of the text string becomes left-to-right or right-to-left. For example, if a reading directionality of the text string is bottomleft to top-right, the frame of reference is rotated 45 degrees such that the reading directionality of the text string becomes left-to-right. Such measures ensure that the methods described herein are applicable to text strings with any reading directionality.Visual demarcation (herein referred to as a demarcation): A continuous non-background text or object. While the instant specification focuses on rectangular demarcations, demarcations can be of any shape, color, contour, boundary, or a combination thereof. For example, demarcations can be any marking such as numbers, letters, shapes, lines, pictures, symbols, emojis, underlining, words, etc. Demarcations do not include punctuation marks used according to their typical usage However, any punctuation marks (e.g., periods (.), commas (,), semicolons (;), colons (:), question marks (?), exclamation points (! ), apostrophes ('), quotation marks (“ ” and ‘ ’), hyphens (-), en dashes (-), em dashes ( — ), parentheses (()), brackets ([]), braces ({ }) , ellipsis (... ), slashes ( / ), bullet points (•), asterisks (*), number signs (Octothorpes) (#), ampersands (&), carets (A), tildes (~), pipes (|), and the like) not used according to their typical usage are considered demarcations. It should be appreciated that demarcations can be received as part of tire first or second text string. The demarcations can be kept consistent in terms of its position and representation for each pair of substrings with other demarcations to enable smoother reading for the user.Deemphasis: Any modification to text that makes the deemphasized text less prominent than nearby text. For example, deemphasizing a portion of a character or substring makes the deemphasized portion of the character or substring less prominent than a remainder of the character or substring. Types of deemphasis may include, but are not limited to, scaling down (e.g., reducing a width or height of text), shading (e.g., making text lighter), gradual shading (e.g., making text have a shading gradient), hollowing-out (e.g., removing an inside of a text, leaving only the edges of the text outlined), truncation (e g, removing character strokes of a text), etc.Emphasis: Any modification to text that makes the emphasized text more prominent than nearby text. For example, emphasizing a portion of a character or substring makes the emphasized portion of the character or substring stand out compared to the remainder of the character or substring Types of emphasis may include, but are not limited to, scaling up (e.g., increasing the width or height of text), bolding (e.g., making text darker or thicker), color enhancement (e g., applying vibrant colors to text), highlighting (e g , adding a background color or underlining the text), shadow ing (e g., creating a shadow effect to add depth), embossing (e.g., making text appear raised), or applying animations (e.g., making text blink or change dynamically) These techniques draw' attention to specific portions of the text, making them visually distinct and prominentThe “Style” of a character or text includes, but is not limited to, its font, weight, thickness, size, spacing, alignment, color, pattern, highlights, emphasis, emphasized elements, deemphasis, deemphasized elements, and other typographic parameters that dictate the appearance of the character or textThe "Style" of an object (e.g., a demarcation) refers to the set of visual attributes and parameters that define its appearance, including, but not limited to, its shape, dimensions, texture, pattern, color, opacity, alignment, rotation, emphasis, deemphasis, highlighted elements, shadows, gradients, borders, fills, and other design elements. Styleencompasses all modifications and adjustments that influence the object's aesthetic and functional presentation, whether applied individually or in combination, to create a desired visual effect.Receiving: Any method of capturing, obtaining, or extracting a text string or object from any source such that it can be used for further processing via a rendering engine 600 (or other rendering engines) For example, the rendering engine 600 can receive character data from a user input (e.g., using a keyboard), from internal memory (e.g., a hard drive), from external memory' (e.g., a database), from data generation (e.g., a translation module 617 generates a translation of another text), and so on.The right edge of a substring pair is defined by vertical lines and / or horizontal lines as follows:For the vertical lines that define the right edge of a substring pair: Each substring or sub-substring in a substring pair is associated with a vertical line placed flush with the rightmost point of that substring or sub- sub string.When a substring or sub-substring is the topmost string in the substring pair, the topmost point of its associated vertical line is at the same height as an immediately above obstacle (e.g., another text string, picture, or a top edge of the container). When a substring or sub-substring is the topmost string in the substring pair and the rightmost point of that substring or sub-substring is further left than a rightmost point of an immediately below substring or sub-substring, the bottommost point of its associated vertical line is at the same height as the topmost point of that immediately below substring or sub- substring. When a substring or sub-substring is the topmost string in the substring pair and the rightmost point of that substring or sub-substring is as far right as a rightmost point of an immediately below substring or sub-substring, the bottommost point of its associated vertical line is at the same height as the topmost point of that immediately below substring or sub-substring. When a substring or sub- substring is the topmost string in the substring pair and the rightmost point of that substring or sub-substring is further right than a rightmost point of an immediately below substring or sub-substring, the bottommost point of its associated vertical line is at the same height as the bottommost point of that substring or sub-substring.When a substring or sub-substring is neither the topmost string nor the bottommost string in the substring pair and the rightmost point of that substring or sub-substring is further left than a rightmost point of an immediately above substring or sub-substring, the topmost point of its associated vertical line is at the same height as the bottommost point of that immediately above substring or sub-substring. When a substring or sub-substring is neither the topmost string nor the bottommost string in the substring pair and the rightmost point of that substring or sub-substring is as far right as a rightmost point of an immediately above substring or sub-substring, the topmost point of its associated vertical line is at the same height as the bottommost point of that immediately above substring or sub-substring. When a substring or sub-substring is neither the topmost string nor the bottommost string in tire substring pail and the rightmost point of that substring or sub-substring is further right than a rightmost point of an immediately above substring or sub-substring, the topmost point of its associated vertical line is at the same height as tire topmost point of that substring or sub- sub string.When a substring or sub-substring is neither the topmost string nor the bottommost string in the substring pair and the rightmost point of that substring or sub-substring is further left than a rightmost point of an immediately above substring or sub-substring, the bottommost point of its associated vertical line is at tire same height as the topmost point of that immediately below substring or sub-substring. When a substring or sub-substring is neither the topmost string nor the bottommost string in the substring pair and the rightmost point of that substring or sub-substring is as far right as a rightmost point of an immediately' below substring or sub- sub string, the bottommost point of its associated vertical line is at the same height as the topmost point of that immediately below substring or sub-substring. When a substring or sub-substring is neither the topmost string nor the bottommost string in the substring pair and the rightmost point of that substring or sub-substring is further right than a rightmost point of an immediately below substring or sub-substring, the bottommost point of its associated vertical line is at the same height as the bottommost point of that substring or sub-substring.When a substring or sub-substring is the bottommost string in the substring pair, the bottommost point of its associated vertical line is at the same height as an immediately below obstacle (e.g , another text string, picture, or a top edge of the container) When a substring or sub- substring is the bottommost string in the substring pair and the rightmost point of that substring or sub-substring is further left than a rightmost point of an immediately above substring or subsubstring, the topmost point of its associated vertical line is at the same height as the bottommost point of that immediately above substring or sub- sub string. When a substring or sub-substring is tire bottommost string in the substring pair and the rightmost point of that substring or sub-substring is as far right as a rightmost point of animmediately above substring or sub-substring, the topmost point of its associated vertical line is at the same height as the bottommost point of that immediately above substring or sub-substring. When a substring or sub-substring is the bottommost string in the substring pair and the rightmost point of that substring or sub-substring is further right than a rightmost point of an immediately above substring or sub-substring, the topmost point of its associated vertical line is at the same height as the topmost point of that substring or sub-substring.When a leftmost point of a substring or a sub-substring is further right than a rightmost point of all other substrings or sub-substrings in the same substring pair, the topmost point of its associated vertical line is at the same height as an immediately above obstacle (e.g , another text string, picture, or a top edge of the container) and the bottommost point of its associated vertical line is at the same height as an immediately below obstacle (e.g., another text string, picture, or a bottom edge of the container). In some embodiments, this limitation only applies when a substring or sub- substring is on the same line as all other substrings or sub-substrings in the same substring pair.For the horizontal lines that define the right edge of a substring pair: Horizontal lines connect the bottommost point of a vertical line and the topmost point of an immediately below vertical line. When a vertical line is further right than an immediately below vertical line, the leftmost point of a horizontal line is at the topmost point of the immediately below vertical line and the rightmost point of the horizontal line is at the bottommost point of the vertical line. When a vertical line is as far right as an immediately below vertical line, there is no horizontal line connecting the bottommost point of the vertical line and the topmost point of the immediately below vertical line. When a vertical line is further left than an immediately below vertical line, the leftmost point of a horizontal line is at the bottommost point of the vertical line and the rightmost point of the horizontal line is at the topmost point of the immediately below vertical line.The left edge of a substring pair is defined by vertical lines and / or horizontal lines as follows:For the vertical lines that define the left edge of a substring pair: Each substring or sub-substring in a substring pair is associated with a vertical line placed flush with the leftmost point of that substring or sub- sub string.When a substring or sub-substring is tire topmost string in the substring pair, the topmost point of its associated vertical line is at the same height as an immediately above obstacle (e.g., another text string, picture, or a top edge of the container). When a substring or sub-substring is the topmost string in the substring pair and the leftmost point of that substring or sub-substring is further right than a leftmost point of an immediately below substring or sub-substring, the bottommost point of its associated vertical line is at the same height as the topmost point of that immediately below substring or sub- substring. When a substring or sub-substring is the topmost string in the substring pair and the leftmost point of that substring or sub-substring is as far left as a leftmost point of an immediately below substring or sub-substring, the bottommost point of its associated vertical line is at the same height as the topmost point of that immediately below substring or sub-substring. When a substring or sub-substring is the topmost string in the substring pair and the leftmost point of that substring or sub-substring is further left than a leftmost point of an immediately below substring or sub-substring, the bottommost point of its associated vertical line is at the same height as the bottommost point of that substring or sub-substring.When a substring or sub-substring is neither the topmost string nor the bottommost string in the substring pair and the leftmost point of that substring or sub-substring is further right than a leftmost point of an immediately above substring or sub-substring, tire topmost point of its associated vertical line is at the same height as the bottommost point of that immediately above substring or sub- substring When a substring or sub-substring is neither the topmost string nor the bottommost string in tire substring pair and tire leftmost point of that substring or sub-substring is as far left as a leftmost point of an immediately above substring or sub-substring, the topmost point of its associated vertical line is at the same height as the bottommost point of that immediately above substring or sub- sub string. When a substring or sub-substring is neither the topmost string nor the bottommost string in the substring pair and the leftmost point of that substring or sub- substring is further left than a leftmost point of an immediately above substring or sub-substring, the topmost point of its associated vertical line is at the same height as the topmost point of that substring or subsubstring.When a substring or sub-substring is neither the topmost string nor the bottommost string in the substring pair and the leftmost point of that substring or sub- substring is further right than a leftmost point of an immediately below substring or sub-substring, the bottommost point of its associated vertical line is at the same height as the topmost point of that immediately below substring or sub-substring. When a substring or sub-substring is neither the topmost string nor the bottommost string in the substring pair and the leftmost point of that substring or sub-substring is as far left as aleftmost point of an immediately below substring or sub-substring, the bottommost point of its associated vertical line is at the same height as the topmost point of that immediately below substring or sub- substring. When a substring or sub-substring is neither the topmost string nor the bottommost string in the substring pair and the leftmost point of that substring or sub- substring is further left than a leftmost point of an immediately below substring or sub-substring, the bottommost point of its associated vertical line is at the same height as the bottommost point of that substring or sub-substringWhen a substring or sub-substring is the bottommost string in the substring pair, the bottommost point of its associated vertical line is at the same height as an immediately below obstacle (e.g , another text string, picture, or a top edge of the container). When a substring or sub-substring is the bottommost string in the substring pair and the leftmost point of that substring or sub-substring is further right than a leftmost point of an immediately above substring or subsubstring, the topmost point of its associated vertical line is at the same height as the bottommost point of that immediately above substring or sub- sub string. When a substring or sub-substring is the bottommost string in the substring pair and the leftmost point of that substring or sub-substring is as far left as a leftmost point of an immediately above substring or sub-substring, the topmost point of its associated vertical line is at the same height as the bottommost point of that immediately above substring or sub-substring. When a substring or sub-substring is the bottommost string in tire substring pair and the leftmost point of that substring or sub-substring is further left than a leftmost point of an immediately above substring or sub-substring, the topmost point of its associated vertical line is at the same height as the topmost point of that substring or sub- sub string.When a rightmost point of a substring or a sub-substring is further left than a leftmost point of all other substrings or sub-substrings in the same substring pair, the topmost point of its associated vertical line is at the same height as an immediately above obstacle (e.g , another text string, picture, or a top edge of the container) and the bottommost point of its associated vertical line is at the same height as an immediately below obstacle (e.g., another text string, picture, or a bottom edge of the container). In some embodiments, this limitation only applies when a substring or subsubstring is on the same line as all other substrings or sub-substrings in the same substring pair.For the horizontal lines that define the left edge of a substring pair: Horizontal lines connect the bottommost point of a vertical line and tire topmost point of an immediately below vertical line When a vertical line is further left than an immediately below vertical line, the rightmost point of a horizontal line is at the topmost point of the immediately below vertical line and the leftmost point of the horizontal line is at the bottommost point of tire vertical line. When a vertical line is as far left as an immediately below vertical line, there is no horizontal line connecting the bottommost point of tire vertical line and tire topmost point of the immediately below vertical line. When a vertical line is further right than an immediately below vertical line, the rightmost point of a horizontal line is at the bottommost point of the vertical line and the leftmost point of the horizontal line is at the topmost point of the immediately below vertical line. FIGs. 2Q-2U show the left and right edges of various substring pairs, where tire left and right edges are highlighted with a gray line. In FIG. 2Q, the upper substring is horizontally offset to the right of tire lower substring. In FIG. 2R, the upper substring is horizontally offset to the left of the lower substring. In FIG. 2S, the upper substring is centered above the lower substring, where the upper substring has the same width as the lower substring. In FIG. 2T, tire second substring is placed to the right of the first substring in FIG. 2U, where the second substring has the same height as the first substring. In FIG. 2U, the upper substring is horizontally offset to the right of tire upper lower sub-substring and the lower low er sub-substring is horizontally offset to the right of the upper lower sub-substringIt shall be noted that, unless specified otherwise, the following exemplary methods can be applied to characters and texts of any typeface, font, and size For example, the methods can be applied to characters displayed in 12-point Times New Roman typeface as well as to characters displayed in 10-point Calibri typeface. These examples, as well as all other illustrated and described typefaces, font sizes, and fonts, are not inclusive and shall not be interpreted in any way to limit the scope of the present invention.FIG 3 A show's tw'o sets of demarcations, according to an embodiment The first set of demarcations 350 is comprised of the visually linked first 340 and second 342 demarcations while the second set of demarcations 352 is comprised of visually linked third 344, fourth 346, and fifth 348 demarcations Visually linked demarcations are discrete such that, when placed proximate to a text string, a reader can differentiate between adjacent demarcations belonging to the same set Here, the demarcations are hollow' enclosing structuresAdjacent demarcations belonging to the same set are visually linked such that, when the visually linked demarcations are placed proximate to a text string, a reader can see which demarcations belong to the same set For example, thefirst set of demarcations 350 are visually linked through the slopes of their top edges 360, 362 and the second set of demarcations 352 arc visually linked through the slopes of their top edges 364, 366, 368.FIG. 3B shows a demarcated Spanish text string, according to an embodiment. The substructures are the phrases of "(.Para que alinear” “traducciones contexto?” “Para facilitar” “la comparacion” and “entre los dos.” The substructures are defined by demarcations via a demarcation placed around each substructure. The edges of each demarcation form vertical lines in between adjacent demarcation, where the vertical lines indicate the start of a new substructure. The superstructures are sentences of ' , Para que alinear traducciones con texto?” and “Para facilitar la comparacion entre los dos.” The superstructures are defined via a set of demarcations placed around each superstructure. Adjacent demarcations that are not visually linked (e.g., the second demarcation 342 is not visually linked to the third demarcation 344 because there is no continuity between the slope of the top edge 362 of the second demarcation 342 and the slope of the top edge 364 of the third demarcation 344) indicate the start of a new superstructureThus, a preferred method of using demarcations to define substructures and superstructures of a text string requires demarcating the text string with two or more sets of demarcations such that 1 ) adjacent demarcations belonging to the same superstructure are visually linked and 2) adjacent demarcation belonging to different superstructures are not visually linked. It shall be appreciated that text string substructures may be any smaller portion of a text string, including, but not limited to, words, groups of words, or phrases while text string super structures may be any larger portion of a text string, including, but not limited to, groups of words, phrases, or sentences where at least one of the text string superstructures is comprised of a plurality of text string substructures.FIG. 3C shows two sets of demarcations (top) and a demarcated Spanish text string (bottom) where related demarcations are not discrete. Here, unlike in FIG. 3B, a reader cannot differentiate one demarcation from an adjacent demarcation belonging to the same set of demarcations, and, thus, substructures of the text string are not defined. Adjacent demarcations belonging to the same demarcations must be discrete to allow readers to differentiate one demarcation from adjacent demarcations belonging to the same set of demarcations.FIG. 3D shows two sets of demarcations (top) and a demarcated Spanish text string (bottom) where adjacent demarcations belonging to the same set of demarcations are not visually linked. Here, unlike in FIG. 3B, a reader cannot see which demarcations belong to the same set of demarcations, and, thus, tire super structures of the text string are not defined. Adjacent demarcations that belong to the same set of demarcations must be visually linked to allow readers to see which demarcations belong to the same set of demarcations.FIG. 3E shows two sets of demarcations (top) and a demarcated Spanish text string (bottom) where adjacent demarcations belonging to the same set of demarcations are visually linked. Here, unlike in FIG. 3B, adjacent demarcations that belong to different sets of demarcations are visually linked such that a reader cannot differentiate between sets of demarcations, and, thus, the superstructures of the text string are not defined. Thus, adjacent demarcations that belong to different sets of demarcations should not be visually linked.FIGs. 3F-3Y show sets of demarcations where a given demarcation is visually linked to adjacent demarcations belonging to the same set of demarcations and not visually linked to adjacent demarcations belonging to a different set of demarcations. The demarcations define substructures and superstructures of tire text string. Such demarcations embody a significant advance over traditional demarcations that cannot define substructures and superstructures of a text string.FIG 3F show s two sets of demarcations (top), an equivalent single demarcation (middle), and a demarcated Spanish text string (bottom), according to an embodiment. Here, tire demarcations are hollow enclosing structures Adjacent demarcations belonging to the same set of demarcations are visually linked through the slopes of their top edges, such that, for each set of demarcations, each of the demarcations has a top edge with a non-horizonal slope Alternatively, for each set of demarcations, at least one of the demarcations has a top edge with a non-horizontal slope The defined substructures are phrases and the defined superstructures are sentences.It should be appreciated that receiving and rendering a single demarcation may be considered equivalent to receiving and rendering a plurality of demarcations, so long as the single demarcation, when positioned near one or more text strings (e g , translated pairs), produces the same display as the plurality of demarcations would when similarly positioned (e.g., the rendered translated pairs and the single demarcation have the same appearance as the rendered translated pairs and the plurality of demarcations)It should be appreciated that receiving and rendering a single demarcation may be considered equivalent to receiving and rendering a plurality of demarcations, so long as the single demarcation, when positioned near one or more textstrings (e.g., translated pairs'), produces the same result as the plurality of demarcations would when similarly positioned (c.g., both the single demarcation and the plurality of demarcations, when placed proximate to the translated pairs, define the substructures and superstructures of the first text string).FIG. 3G shows two sets of demarcations (top) and a demarcated Spanish text string (bottom), according to an embodiment. Here, the demarcations are rectangular enclosing structures. Adjacent demarcations belonging to the same set of demarcations arc visually linked through a gradual shading gradient such that, for each set of demarcations, each of the demarcations includes a portion of a gradual shading gradient. Alternatively, for each set of demarcations, at least one of the demarcations includes a portion of a gradual shading gradient The defined substructures are phrases and the defined superstructures are sentences.FIG. 311 shows two sets of demarcations (top) and a demarcated Spanish text string (bottom), according to an embodiment. Here, the demarcations are rectangular enclosing structures. Adjacent demarcations belonging to the same set of demarcations are visually linked through a gradual shading gradient such that, for each set of demarcations, each of the demarcations includes a portion of a gradual shading gradient. Alternatively, for each set of demarcations, at least one of the demarcations includes a portion of a gradual shading gradient. The defined substructures are words and the defined superstructures are sentences.FIG. 31 shows two sets of demarcations (top) and a demarcated Spanish text string (bottom), according to an embodiment. Here, the demarcations are rectangular enclosing structures. Adjacent demarcations belonging to the same set of demarcations are visually linked through a gradual shading gradient such that, for each set of demarcations, each of the demarcations includes a portion of a gradual shading gradient. Alternatively, for each set of demarcations, at least one of the demarcations includes a portion of a gradual shading gradient. The defined substructures are words and the defined superstructures are sentences.FIG. 3 J shows five sets of demarcations (top) and a demarcated Spanish text string (bottom), according to an embodiment. Here, the demarcations are rectangular enclosing structures. Adjacent demarcations belonging to the same set of demarcations are visually linked through a gradual shading gradient such that, for each set of demarcations, each of the demarcations includes a portion of a gradual shading gradient. Alternatively, for each set of demarcations, at least one of the demarcations includes a portion of a gradual shading gradient. The defined substructures are words and the defined superstructures are phrases.FIG. 3K shows two sets of demarcations (top) and a demarcated Spanish text string (bottom), according to an embodiment. Here, the demarcations are rectangular enclosing structures. Adjacent demarcations belonging to the same set of demarcations are visually linked through a gradual shading gradient such that, for each set of demarcations, each of the demarcations includes a portion of a gradual shading gradient. Alternatively, for each set of demarcations, at least one of the demarcations includes a portion of a gradual shading gradient The defined substructures are phrases and the defined superstructures are sentences.FIG. 3L shows two sets of demarcations (top) and a demarcated Spanish text string (bottom), according to an embodiment. Adjacent demarcations belonging to the same set of demarcations are visually linked through a distinct shading gradient such that, for each set of demarcations, each of the demarcations includes a portion of a distinct shading gradient. Alternatively, for each set of demarcations, at least one of the demarcations includes a portion of a distinct shading gradient. The defined substructures are words and the defined superstructures are sentences.FIG 3M shows two sets of demarcations (top) and a demarcated Spanish text string (bottom), according to an embodiment. Here, the demarcations are descending lines. Adjacent demarcations belonging to the same set of demarcations are visually linked through the slopes of their top edges, such that, for each set of demarcations, each of the demarcations has a top edge with a non-horizonal slope. Alternatively, for each set of demarcations, at least one of the demarcations has a top edge with a non-horizontal slope The defined substructures are phrases and the defined superstructures are sentences.FIG 3N shows two sets of demarcations (top) and a demarcated Spanish text string (bottom), according to an embodiment. Adjacent demarcations belonging to the same set of demarcations are visually linked through the positions of their top edges, such that, for each set of demarcations, each of the demarcations has a top edge at a different position. Alternatively, for each set of demarcations, at least one of the demarcations has a top edge at a different position The defined substructures are words and the defined superstructures are sentencesFIG. 30 shows two sets of demarcations (top) and a demarcated Spanish text string (bottom), according to an embodiment Here, the demarcations are incrementally narrower arrows Adjacent demarcations belonging to the sameset of demarcations are visually linked through a change in the height of the demarcations, such that, for each set of demarcations, each of the demarcations has a different height. Alternatively, for each set of demarcations, at least one of the demarcations has a different height. The defined substructures are phrases and the defined superstructures are sentences.FIG. 3P shows two sets of demarcations (top) and a demarcated Spanish text string (bottom), according to an embodiment. Here, the demarcations are shaded words of tire Spanish text string. Adjacent demarcations belonging to the same set of demarcations are visually linked through a distinct shading gradient such that, for each set of demarcations, each of the demarcations includes a portion of a distinct shading gradient. Alternatively, for each set of demarcations, at least one of the demarcations includes a portion of a distinct shading gradient. The defined substructures are words and the defined superstructures are sentences. Alternatively, distinct color gradients can be any recognizable color gradient including, but not limited to, a rainbow where the demarcations are distinctly red, orange, yellow, green, blue, violet, etc.FIG. 3Q shows two sets of demarcations (top) and a demarcated Spanish text string (bottom), according to an embodiment. Here, the demarcations are rectangular enclosing structures. Adjacent demarcations belonging to the same set of demarcations are visually linked through a gradual shading gradient such that for each set of demarcations, each of the demarcations includes a portion of a gradual shading gradient. Alternatively, for each set of demarcations, at least one of the demarcations includes a portion of a gradual shading gradient Furthermore, each demarcation is placed such that the entire demarcation is between the text string descender line and the text string ascender line. Such demarcation placements allow text strings to be demarcated without interfering with adjacent text strings. The defined substructures are phrases and the defined superstructures are sentences.FIG. 3R shows two sets of demarcations (top) and a demarcated Spanish text string (bottom), according to an embodiment. Here, tire demarcations are rectangular structures. Adjacent demarcations belonging to the same set of demarcations are visually linked through a gradual shading gradient such that, for each set of demarcations, each of the demarcations includes a portion of a gradual shading gradient. Alternatively, for each set of demarcations, at least one of the demarcations includes a portion of a gradual shading gradient. Furthermore, each demarcation is placed such that tire entire demarcation is between the text string x-height line and tire text string ascender line. Such demarcation placements allow text strings to be demarcated without interfering with adjacent text strings, and with minimal harm to the readability of the text string. The defined substructures are phrases and the defined superstructures are sentences.FIG. 3S shows two sets of demarcations (top) and a demarcated Spanish text string (bottom), according to an embodiment. Here, the demarcations are rectangular structures. Adjacent demarcations belonging to the same set of demarcations are visually linked through a gradual shading gradient such that, for each set of demarcations, each of the demarcations includes a portion of a gradual shading gradient. Alternatively, for each set of demarcations, at least one of the demarcations includes a portion of a gradual shading gradient. Furthermore, each demarcation is placed such that the entire demarcation is between the text string descender line and the text string base line. Such demarcation placements allow text strings to be demarcated without interfering with adjacent text strings, and with minimal harm to the readability of the text string. The defined substructures are phrases and the defined superstructures are sentences. FIG. 3T shows two sets of demarcations (top) and demarcated Spanish and English text strings (bottom), according to an embodiment Here, the demarcations are rectangular enclosing structures Adjacent demarcations belonging to the same set of demarcations are visually linked through a gradual shading gradient such that, for each set of demarcations, each of the demarcations includes a portion of a gradual shading gradient Alternatively, for each set of demarcations, at least one of the demarcations includes a portion of a gradual shading gradient. For both text strings, the defined substructures are phrases and the defined superstructures are sentences Demarcating two text substrings with the same demarcation strengthens a visual association among text substrings within that demarcation. For example, here, the demarcations strengthen a visual association between “Para que alinear” and “For what line up”, “traducciones con texto?” and “translations with text?,” etc.FIG 3U shows two sets of demarcations (top) and demarcated Spanish and English text strings (bottom), according to an embodiment. Here, the demarcations are rectangular structures Adjacent demarcations belonging to the same set of demarcations are visually linked through a gradual shading gradient such that, for each set of demarcations, each of the demarcations includes a portion of a gradual shading gradient. Alternatively, for each set of demarcations, at least one of the demarcations includes a portion of a gradual shading gradient Each demarcation is placed such thatthe entire demarcation is in between the descender line of the lower text string and the ascender line of the upper text string (c.g, in between the bottommost point of the lower substring and the topmost point of the upper substring). Such demarcation placement allows text strings to be demarcated without interfering with adjacent text strings, and with minimal harm to the readability of the text strings. Furthermore, demarcating two text substrings with the same demarcation strengthens a visual association among text substrings within that demarcation. For both text strings, the defined substructures arc phrases and the defined superstructures arc sentences.FIG. 3V shows two sets of demarcations (top) and demarcated Spanish and English text strings (bottom), according to an embodiment. Here, the demarcations are rectangular structures Adjacent demarcations belonging to tire same set of demarcations are visually linked through a gradual shading gradient such that, for each set of demarcations, each of the demarcations includes a portion of a gradual shading gradient. Alternatively, for each set of demarcations, at least one of the demarcations includes a portion of a gradual shading gradient. Each demarcation is placed such that the entire demarcation is in between the base line of the lower text string and the x-height line of the upper text string. Such demarcation placement allows text strings to be demarcated without interfering with adjacent text strings, and with minimal harm to the readability of the text string. Furthermore, demarcating two text substrings with tire same demarcation strengthens a visual association among text substrings within that demarcation. For both text strings, the defined substructures are phrases and the defined superstructures are sentences.FIG. 3W shows two sets of demarcations (top) and demarcated Spanish and English text strings (bottom), according to an embodiment. Here, the demarcations are rectangular structures Adjacent demarcations belonging to tire same set of demarcations are visually linked through a gradual shading gradient such that, for each set of demarcations, each of the demarcations includes a portion of a gradual shading gradient. Alternatively, for each set of demarcations, at least one of the demarcations includes a portion of a gradual shading gradient. Each demarcation is placed such that the entire demarcation is in between the mean line of the lower text string and the base line of the upper text string. Such demarcation placement allows text strings to be demarcated without interfering with adjacent text strings, and with minimal harm to the readability of the text string. Furthermore, demarcating two text substrings with the same demarcation strengthens a visual association among text substrings within that demarcation. For both text strings, the defined substructures are phrases and the defined superstructures are sentences.FIG. 3X shows two sets of demarcations (top) and demarcated Spanish and English text strings (bottom), according to an embodiment. Here, the demarcations are rectangular structures Adjacent demarcations belonging to the same set of demarcations are visually linked through a gradual shading gradient such that, for each set of demarcations, each of the demarcations includes a portion of a gradual shading gradient. Alternatively, for each set of demarcations, at least one of the demarcations includes a portion of a gradual shading gradient. Each demarcation is placed such that the entire demarcation is in between tire ascender line of the lower text string and the descender line of the upper text string (e.g., in between the topmost point of the lower substring and the bottommost point of tire upper substring). Such demarcation placement allows text strings to be demarcated without interfering with any text strings, and with no hann to the readability of the text string. Furthermore, demarcating two text substrings with the same demarcation strengthens a visual association among text substrings within that demarcation. For both text strings, the defined substructures are phrases and the defined superstructures are sentences.FIG. 3Y shoes two sets of demarcations (top) and a demarcated Spanish text string (bottom), according to an embodiment Here, the demarcations are hollow enclosing structures Adjacent demarcations belonging to the same set of demarcations are visually linked through the slopes of their top edges, such that, for each set of demarcations, each of the demarcations has a top edge with a non-horizonal slope Alternatively, for each set of demarcations, at least one of the demarcations has a top edge with a non-horizontal slope. The defined substructures are phrases and the defined superstructures are sentences Demarcations are placed on the first and last substructure of every superstructure, as well as on every other substructure. Such demarcation placement allows fewer demarcations to be used to define substructures and superstructures of the text string, potentially reducing clutterIt should be appreciated that adjacent demarcations belonging to the same set of demarcations can be visually linked through any change in appearance, such that, when the demarcations are positioned proximate to the text string, the reader can understand which demarcations belong to which set of demarcations and the reader can differentiate between adjacent demarcations belonging to the same set The change in appearance can be gradual or distinctFIG. 4 A shows two sets of demarcations (top) and a demarcated Spanish and English text string (bottom), according to an embodiment The first set of demarcations 450 is comprised of the first 440 and second 442 demarcations whilethe second set of demarcations 452 is comprised of the third 444, fourth 446, and fifth 448 demarcations. The demarcations arc discrete such that, when placed proximate to a text string, a reader can differentiate one demarcation from adjacent demarcations belonging to the same set of demarcations. Here, the demarcations are hollow structures.

[0138] When the demarcations are placed proximate to a text string, each demarcation interacts with one or more substrings, defining associations among those text substrings. For example, the first demarcation 440 interacts with the text substrings of ",,Para. ’ “que,” “alincar,’' “For,” “what,” and “line up,” defining an association among those six text substrings. Here the demarcations define a Spanish phrase and its English translation Each demarcation is placed such that the entire demarcation is in between the descender line of the lower text string and the ascender line of the upper text string. Such demarcation placement allows text strings to be demarcated without interfering with any text strings, and with no harm to the readability of the text string.Thus, a preferred method of using sets of demarcations to define an association between text substrings requires each demarcation to 1) be discrete and 2) to interact with one or more text substrings. The demarcations define an association between text substrings. Such demarcations embody a significant advance over traditional demarcations that cannot define an association among text substrings.FIGs. 4B-4D show sets of demarcations where each of the demarcations is discrete and interacts with one or more text substrings. The demarcations define associations among the text substrings. Such demarcations embody a significant advance over traditional demarcations that do not define associations without harming the readability of the text strings.FIG. 4B shows two sets of demarcations (top) and demarcated Spanish and English text strings (bottom), according to an embodiment. Here, the demarcations are hollow structures that define associations between the Spanish phrases and their English translations. Each demarcation is placed such that the bottom edge of the demarcation is at the base line of lower substring and the top edge of the demarcation is at the base line of the upper substring. Such demarcation placement, where the demarcations do not interact with an inner airspace of the text substrings, allows text strings to be demarcated without interfering with any text strings, and with no hann to the readability of the text string.FIG. 4C shows two sets of demarcations (top) and demarcated Spanish and English text strings (bottom), according to an embodiment. Here, the demarcations are hollow arrow-like structures that define associations between tire Spanish phrases and their English translations.FIG. 4D shows two sets of demarcations (top) and demarcated Spanish and English text string (bottom), according to an embodiment Here, the demarcations are arrow-like structures with a gradual gradient that define associations between tire Spanish phrases and their English translations.FIG. 5A shows translated pairs, according to an embodiment. Here, each translated pair includes one of the English second substrings centered above its corresponding Spanish first substring The arrows (the demarcations) are positioned in between edges of adjacent translated pairs. The height of each demarcation is the same or greater than the height of a nearby substring. Alternatively, for at least half of the demarcations, the height of each demarcation is the same or greater than the height of a nearby substring. Yet alternatively, for at least one demarcation, the height of each demarcation is the same or greater than the height of a nearby substring. In some embodiments, demarcations that define the superstructures of the first text string are more emphasized than demarcations that define the substructures of the first text string. In some embodiments, demarcations positioned in between edges of adjacent translated pairs belonging to different superstructures have a different color, design, or pattern than demarcations positioned in between edges of adjacent translated pairs belonging to the same superstructure. In some embodiments, the demarcations can include two sets of demarcations such as those described in this disclosure and illustrated in FIGs. 3G-3Y.FIG 5B shows translated pairs, according to an embodiment Here, each translated pair includes one of the English second substrings centered above its corresponding Spanish first substring The arrows (the demarcations) are positioned in between edges of adjacent translated pairs Each demarcation vertically overlaps the first and second substrings in a nearby translated pair Alternatively, for at least half of tire demarcations, each demarcation vertically ox erlaps the first and second substrings in a nearby translated pair Yet alternatively, for at least one demarcation, each demarcation vertically overlaps the first and second substrings in a nearby translated pair.FIG 5C shows translated pairs, according to an embodiment Here, each translated pair includes one of the English second substrings centered above its corresponding Spanish first substring. The grid (the demarcation) encloses thetranslated pairs such that the substructures (phrases) and the superstructures (sentences) of the first substring are defined by the demarcation. The grid’s vertical lines arc darker than the grid’s horizontal lines.According to an embodiment, at least one of the demarcations is positioned in between adjacent translated pairs such that the demarcation does not horizontally overlap those adjacent translated pairs. Alternatively, at least half of the demarcations are positioned in between adjacent translated pairs such that the demarcations do not horizontally overlap their respective adjacent translated pairs. Yet alternatively, most of the demarcations arc positioned in between adjacent translated pairs such that the demarcations do not horizontally overlap their respective adjacent translated pairs. Yet alternatively, each of the demarcations are positioned in between adjacent translated pairs such that each demarcation does not horizontally overlap its respective adjacent translated pairs.FIG. 6 is a block diagram illustrating example physical components (e.g. hardware) of a rendering engine 600 with which aspects of the disclosure may be practiced, the rendering engine 600 comprising at least one processing unit 602 and memory 610. The rendering engine 600 may be referred to as the system.The processing unit 602 executes commands to perform the functions specified in flowcharts and / or block diagram blocks throughout this disclosure. It should be appreciated that processing may be implemented either locally via the processing unit 602 or remotely via various forms of wireless or wired networking technologies or a combination of both.The term computer readable media as used herein may include computer storage media. Computer storage media may include volatile and nonvolatile, removable and non-removable media implemented in any method or technology for storage of information, such as computer readable instructions, data structures, or program modules. The memory 610, the removable storage device 635, and the non-removable storage device 636 are all computer storage media examples (e.g., memory storage). Computer storage media may include RAM, ROM, electrically erasable read-only memory (EEPROM), flash memory or other memory technology, CD-ROM, digital versatile disks (DVD) or other optical storage, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other article of manufacture which can be used to store infonnation and which can be accessed by the rendering engine 600. In some embodiments, such computer storage media may be part of the rendering engine 600. Computer storage media does not include a carrier wave or other propagated or modulated data signalCommunication media may be embodied by computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules, or other data 668 in a modulated data signal, such as a carrier wave or other transport mechanism, and includes any information delivery media. The term “modulated data signal” may describe a signal that has one or more characteristics set or changed in such a manner as to encode infonnation in the signal. By way of example, and not limitation, communication media may include wired media such as a wired network or direct-wired connection, and wireless media such as acoustic, radio frequency (RF), infrared, and other wireless media.Memory 610 may include various types of short and long-term memory as is known in the art. Memory 610 may be loaded with various applications 612 in the form of computer readable program instructions. These computer readable program instructions for carrying out operations of the present invention may be assembler instructions, instruction- set-architecture (ISA) instructions, machine instructions, machine dependent instructions, microcode, firmware instructions, state-setting data, configuration data for integrated circuitry', or either source code or object code written in any combination of one or more programming languages, including an object oriented programming language such as Smalltalk, C++, or the like, and procedural programming languages, such as the "C" programming language or similar programming languages. In some embodiments, electronic circuitry including, for example, programmable logic circuitry, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGA), or programmable logic arrays (PLA) may execute the computer readable program instructions by utilizing state infonnation of the computer readable program instructions to personalize the electronic circuitry, in order to perform aspects of the present inventionApplications 612 may include a digital recognition module 614, a parsing module 616, a translation module 617, a calculation module 618, a text string module 620, a demarcation module 621, a placement module 622, and a Tenderer 624 as will be further discussed. Accordingly, memory 610 includes all necessary applications 612 per each embodimentThe digital character recognition module 614 identifies, on display screens, text strings and associated text string meta data According to an embodiment, the digital character recognition module 614 scans displayed content and uses known character recognition software to identify text strings and associated text string metadata. Metadata (identity,position, typeface, font, size, etc) of each text string may be saved to first text string data 628 or second text string data 630.The parsing module 616 identifies text strings and associated text string metadata by parsing the tags of HTML content and associated Cascading Style Sheet CSS) files. According to an embodiment, the parsing module 616 parses the tags of the HTML content to identify text strings as well as associated Cascading Style Sheet (CSS) files to identify associated text string metadata. The parsing module 616 may take HTML content, CSS files, XML content, DOCX- encoded content, PDF-encoded content, simple ASCII strings, or similar. This module could use traditional parsing techniques of searching for delimiters such as spaces, periods, tabs, commas, and other punctuation types. The words in the table may next be analyzed to convert the word into its stem by removing parts of speech that are attached to the word, such as plurality. Some descriptions call finding this process lemmatization - figuring out the most basic form or lemma of each word in the sentence. For some models, the word is categorized as a noun, verb, adverb, adjective, etc. The lemmas are then combined into clauses. This is often referred to as natural language processing In other embodiments, other machine learning techniques are used to separate pluralities of words into strings of clauses. The clusters of clauses may be stored in a source clause table. Metadata (identity, position, typeface, font, size, etc) of each text string may be saved to first text string data 628 or second text string data 630.The translation module 617 translates various foreign languages into either English or other chosen languages. According to an embodiment, the translation module 617 uses known translation software to perform translations of text strings The translation module 617 translates the clauses, as stored in the table, from one human language into another. For instance, the translation of the clause could be from English to Hebrew, or back. In some embodiments, the clause clusters from the source string are run through a look-up table that returns the destination string in the second language. In some embodiments, the clause clusters are processed through a rules engine to return the translated clause. Other embodiments use neural networks or other machine learning techniques to convert the clauses into the second language. The translated clauses may be stored in a translation table. The translation module 617 may also create a translated string.The calculation module 618 defines airspaces of text strings such as airspaces of entire text strings, airspaces of text string substructures, or airspaces of text string superstructures. Defined text string airspaces may be used for the generation and placement of demarcations, as will be later described. According to an embodiment, the calculation module 618 defines the upper airspace of the text string as the area bounded by the text x-height line, the text ceiling, the leftmost point of the text string, and the rightmost point of the text string. The calculation module 618 defines the inner airspace of the text string as the area bounded by the text base line, the text x-height line, the leftmost point of the text string, and the rightmost point of the text string. The calculation module 618 defines the lower airspace of the text string as the area bounded by the text floor, the text base line, the leftmost point of the string, and the rightmost point of the text string. The calculation module 618 defines the airspace of the text string as the area bounded by the text floor, tire text ceiling, the leftmost point of the string, and tire rightmost point of the text string.Alternatively, based on an text string’s metadata, the calculation module 618 generates, with the same attributes as the unmodified character, an “x" as well as an exemplary text string of characters with ascenders and descenders such as “pd.” The text ceiling is set to the position of the topmost point of the exemplar}' string, the text floor is set to the position of the bottommost point of the exemplary string, the text base-line is set to the position of the bottommost point of the “x,” and the text x-height line is set to the position of the topmost point of the “x ” The calculation module 618 defines the upper airspace of the text string as the area bounded by the text x-height line, Hie text ceiling, the leftmost point of the text string, and the rightmost point of the text string The calculation module 618 defines the inner airspace of the text string as the area bounded by the text base line, the text x-height line, the leftmost point of the text string, and the rightmost point of the text string The calculation module 618 defines the lower airspace of the text string as tire area bounded by the text floor, the text base line, the leftmost point of tire text string, and the rightmost point of the text string The calculation module 618 defines the airspace of the text string as the area bounded by the text floor, tire text ceiling, the leftmost point of the string, and the rightmost point of the text string.The calculation module 618 can further define the correspondence area or the reduced correspondence area of substring pairs.The calculation module 618 can further tokenize text strings to identify the structure of a text string (e g , the substructures and superstructures of the text string). The structure of the text string can be used for the generation and placement of demarcations, as will be later described According to an embodiment, the calculation module 618tokenizes a text string to identify substructures such as words or phrases and superstructures such as phrases or sentences.For example, tools like spaCy (doc.sents), NLTK (sent tokenize), and Stanford NLP are commonly used for breaking down paragraphs into manageable units. To identify multi-word expressions, phrase extraction algorithms can be used to detect meaningful phrases such as noun phrases (e.g., "big pine tree") or verb phrases (e.g., "is flying fast"). For example, tools like TcxtBlob (tcxt.noun_phrascs), spaCy (doc.noun_chunks), and NLTK's RcgcxpParser can be used to extract phrases based on linguistic patterns and part-of-speech tagging.Alternatively, tire tokenization of text strings to identify the structure of a text string can be performed using constituency parsing algorithms to break down a sentence into a hierarchical structure, identifying components like noun phrases (NP), verb phrases (VP), and prepositional phrases (PP). For example, tools such as Benepar (Berkeley Parser for spaCy), Stanford Parser, and Berkeley Neural Parser can be used for grammar correction and machine translation. To identify how text elements are connected grammatically, dependency parsing algorithms can be used to map text elements their relationships in a dependency tree. For example, tools like spaCy (token dep_) and Stanford NLP (CoreNLPClient) can be used to provide a detailed syntactic analysis of a text string.

[0162] Alternatively, the tokenization of text strings to identify the structure of a text string can be performed using Named Entity Recognition (NER) algorithms to identify key named phrases such as people, locations, and organizations This method classifies proper nouns using pre-trained models such as spaCy (doc.ents) and Stanford NER. NER is particularly useful for extracting company names or locations from news articles.The tokenization of text strings to identify the structure of a text string can be performed using sentence segmentation algorithms to identify phrases, sentences, and other structures using punctuation and statistical models.The text string module 620 receives text strings. According to an embodiment, text strings are received from first text string data 628 or second text string data 630. Alternatively, when there are no text strings with the desired attributes in first text string data 628 or second text string data 630, new text strings may be received when they are input by a user User preferences for received text strings may be stored in user preference data 634. A Second text string can be received when the translation module 617 translates the first text string.The demarcation module 621 receives demarcations. According to an embodiment, demarcations are received from demarcation data 632. The received demarcations may, when placed proximate to the text string, define substructures and / or superstructures of the text string. The received demarcations may, when placed proximate to the text string, define associations among text substrings. When there are no demarcations with the desired properties in demarcation data 632, new demarcations may be received when they are generated by tire demarcation modules 621 or input by a user Demarcation generation may comprise steps of 1 ) selecting a type of demarcation and 2) scaling the demarcations if necessary (e.g., increasing a width of a demarcation), and 3) visually modifying the demarcations if necessary (e.g., changing a color of a demarcation) The generated demarcations may, when placed proximate to the text string, define substructures and superstructures of the text string. The received demarcations may, when placed proximate to the text string, define associations among text substrings. The type of demarcation selected may be based on user preferences stored in user preference data 634. Demarcation scaling may be performed automatically by the calculation module 618 and / or the Tenderer 624. Demarcation visual modifications may be performed automatically by calculation module 618 and / or the Tenderer 624.The placement module 622 is configured to place, move, and / or superimposes text strings, substrings, and demarcations during the rendering processes. The placement module 622 is further configured arrange first substrings and second substrings into substring pairs, where the second substrings are placed proximate to their corresponding first substrings.The Tenderer 624 is configured to draw the text strings, substrings, substring pairs, and demarcations to be displayed on a display scheme. According to an embodiment, the Tenderer 624, in conjunction with the placement module 622, draws the text strings, substrings, substring pairs, and / or demarcations to be displayed on the display screen In some embodiments, the Tenderer 624 takes the substring pairs and assembles HTML code around each of the substring pairs to create an image on a display device similar to those examples shown in the Figures In some embodiments, an HTML template is input with the substring pairs, and the Tenderer 624 inserts the substrings into tire HTML template to create an HTML string This HTML string may then be sent to the display device In other embodiments, XML and an XML template may be generated. In still other embodiments, bitmap structures or other screen encoding instructions may be generatedMemory 610 may also include an operating system 625 and a database 626. The database 626 may include first text string data 628, second text string data 630, demarcation data 632, and user preference data 634 as will be further discussed. Accordingly, memory' 610 includes all necessary applications 612 per each embodiment.The operating system 625 is suitable for controlling the operation of the rendering engine 600.First text string data 628 may include all metadata associated with first text strings including, but not limited to, text string typefaces, fonts, point sizes, dimensions, etc. Second text string data 630 may include metadata of second text strings including, but not limited to, text string typefaces, fonts, point sizes, dimensions, etc. Demarcation data 632 may include all metadata associated with demarcations including, but not limited to, demarcation designs, color, dimensions, etc. User preference data 634 may include all data associated with user preferences. In certain embodiments, the database 626 may be implemented locally, whereas in other embodiments, the database 626 may be implemented remotely.Text string specific values that depend on text string properties including, but not limited to, text ceiling, text floor, text x-height, and text base line, may be stored as part of first text string data 628 or second text string data 630. Accordingly, the database 626 includes all necessary content per each embodiment.The rendering engine 600 may further comprise an input device 604, and output device 606, and a network interface 608.The input device 604 is used to interact with the rendering engine 600. According to an embodiment, the input device 604 may be a touchscreen or keypad. Alternatively, the input device 604 may be a microphone 640 for speech capture, a camera for visual text or motion capture, a keyboard, or any other device or method of receiving user inputs and / or commands.The output device 606 is used by the rendering engine 600 to interact with a user. According to an embodiment, the output device 606 may be an electronic display screen in any of the various forms associated with smart devices.To enable the aforementioned functionality, the rendering engine 600 is operative to employ various Natural Language Processing technologies such as Datasaur OCR labeling tool, Google Cloud Natural Language API, and Apache OpenNLP to perform text string tokenization. Furthermore, the rendering engine 600 is operative to employ various font technologies like variable fonts, raster, vector, TrueType, and Microsoft OpenType and the database 626 also includes associated font- resource files.In an embodiment, the rendering engine 600 is further configured to dynamically adjust rendering based on linguistic complexity. Linguistic complexity refers to structural or semantic differences between the source and target languages that make comprehension difficult. These complexities may arise from sentence constructions such as compound clauses, nested syntax, idiomatic expressions, or grammatical disparities — such as when a source language omits explicit grammatical components (e.g., subjects, objects) that must be present in the target language.The rendering engine 600 analyzes the received text strings to detect linguistic mismatches or ambiguities and adjusts the rendering accordingly to maintain structural clarity. For example, where the first text string is written in classical Chinese — a language known for omitting explicit grammatical subjects — the second text string may require the insertion of implied subjects or conjunctions to satisfy the grammar rules of English. In such scenarios, the rendering engine 600 dynamically performs one or more of the following:Inserts typographical indicators, such as brackets, around inferred or implied components in the second text string (e g, “[it]”, “[when]”) to visually distinguish them as grammatical insertions rather than direct translationsGenerates and positions visual demarcations proximate to one or more translated pairs to highlight or segment structural units in a manner that aids comprehension of the underlying syntaxApplies stylized cues, such as overlays, tooltips, font color, or shading, to emphasize portions of the first or second text string where meaning is context-dependent rather than explicitly statedFor example, when rendering the following classical Chinese sentence:(literal: army defeated like mountain collapse)The corresponding English translation might be:“[When] the army is defeated, [it] collapses like a mountain."In this case, the rendering engine 600 identifies that “when” and “it” are not present in the Chinese sentence but are necessary- for grammatical cohesion in English. The engine then renders brackets around these inferred elements andmay position demarcations to clarify their relationship with the adjacent Chinese text. This enhances the structural alignment between the two languages and improves the interpretability of the translated pair.Through such dynamic adjustments, the rendering engine 600 enables a more faithful, structurally-aware presentation of translated content. This feature is particularly useful in translation interfaces, language education tools, or linguistic analysis platforms where maintaining structural fidelity between languages of differing complexity is criticalIn some embodiments, the rendering engine 600 is operatively coupled to an eye tracking system and an artificial intelligence (Al) module configured to optimize the placement and appearance of demarcations based on user reading behavior The eye tracking system may include one or more cameras, image sensors, infrared detectors, or wearable devices configured to capture real-time gaze data while the user interacts with the rendered translated pairs and associated demarcations.The eye tracking system may detect a variety of gaze-related metrics, including but not limited to: gaze position, fixation durations, pupil dilation, blink rates, and saccadic movements. As tire user reads the rendered text, this gaze data provides insights into cognitive processing, such as which substrings the user fixates on, how often regressions occur, and which areas are skipped or reread.The Al module may receive the gaze data in real time and analyze it to identify signals indicative of reduced reading fluency or comprehension difficulty. In a real-time feedback configuration, the Al module processes the incoming eye tracking data during the reading session and dynamically adjusts one or more demarcations. For example, if a user demonstrates prolonged fixations at a boundary between translated pairs, the rendering engine 600 may respond by modifying the placement, size, or visual characteristics of a nearby demarcation to enhance structural clarity. In some embodiments, demarcations may be repositioned, visually softened, or styled differently based on real-time user interaction.In other embodiments, the rendering engine 600 operates in a batch improvement mode. In this configuration, eye tracking data is collected over time from one or more users and analyzed asynchronously. The Al module performs aggregate analysis to identify general patterns in gaze behavior that correlate with effective or ineffective demarcation strategies. For instance, the Al module may identify specific demarcation styles or positions that consistently lead to smooth, uninterrupted gaze flow versus those that lead to frequent regressions or user confusion.Using this batch analysis, the Al module may generate improved demarcation rules, segmentation heuristics, or visual formatting guidelines that can be applied to subsequent rendering operations. These optimized demarcation strategies may be stored in memory and used by the rendering engine 600 to enhance future renderings, even in the absence of live gaze data.In some implementations, a hybrid approach may be employed. In such embodiments, the rendering engine 600 initializes with demarcation strategies informed by batch-trained models and refines them during active use by applying real-time adjustments based on the current user’s eye tracking behavior. This allows the system to benefit from both population-level insights and individualized adaptation, thereby improving structural comprehension across a wide range of users and content types.By integrating real-time and / or batch-driven feedback mechanisms into the rendering process, the system can intelligently optimize demarcation placement and appearance to better reflect the structural features of the first and second text strings, ultimately facilitating improved user comprehension of translated pairs.Methods in this document are illustrated as blocks in a logical flow graph Note that the order in which the processes are described is not intended to be construed as a limitation, and any number of the described method blocks can be combined in any order to implement the illustrated method, or alternate methods Additionally, individual blocks may be deleted from the methods without departing from the spirit and scope of the subject matter described herein. All method steps described within this document may be performed automatically in real-time or near-real-time by a processing unit 602 or processing units 602 of the rendering engine 600In some embodiments, the rendering engine 600 includes an eye tracking device 644 configured to monitor a user's gaze behavior in real time by capturing video streams of the user's eyes and corresponding points of visual focus. It may include one or more video cameras that analyze either the retinal image directly or coordinate betw een multiple cameras to determine tire user's point of gaze on a display. The captured gaze data can be used to trigger interface actions, such as automatically advancing to the next line or page of translated text once the user has finished readingIn some embodiments, the rendering engine 600 includes a microphone 640 operatively connected to the rendering engine 600 and configured to capture spoken language input. This spoken input may be processed and translated into written or visual output by the system, enabling hands-free interaction or speech-to-text translation in real-time.In some embodiments, the rendering engine 600 includes an augmented reality device 642 electrically connected to the computing system and configured to overlay translated text or other visual indicators onto the user’s physical environment. By integrating with the translation and rendering modules, the augmented reality device 642 allows the user to view translated text superimposed on their surroundings, enhancing contextual understanding during live conversations or immersive language learning experiences.In some embodiments, the rendering engine 600 includes a receiver module 650 configured to receive paired textual input from one or more sources, either local or network-based. This input may include a first text string and a second text string, which are intended to be visually rendered in relation to each other within a structured layout. The text strings may be sourced from a document repository', user-uploaded files, language learning systems, content management systems, machine translation engines, or any third-party API delivering semantically linked content. The receiver module 650 may accept content in a variety of formats including plaintext, rich text, XML, JSON, or document markup, and may optionally parse incoming metadata related to structural segmentation, language identifiers, directional cues, or formatting hints In some embodiments, the receiver module 110 may also receive user-specific input such as reading focus preference (e.g., source-language-first, simplified-English-first), device display constraints, or content-specific rendering instructions, all of which are passed to downstream modules for layout adaptation.In some embodiments, the rendering engine 600 includes a segmentation module 652 configured to process the first text string into two or more substructures, and in some cases, segment the second text string into corresponding substrings. A substructure may include one or more words that form a grammatically or semantically meaningful unit (e g., a noun phrase, verb phrase, or sentence fragment). The segmentation logic may rely on linguistic models, natural language processing techniques, punctuation analysis, rule-based parsers, or heuristic rules based on script and character patterns. The segmentation module 652 may optionally identify superstructures, groupings of two or more substructures that together form a sentence or higher-level structure, and tag them accordingly. The segmentation may be dynamic or retriev ed from pre-tagged metadata included in the text pairing data 662. The output of the segmentation module 652 may form the structural backbone upon which the layout and rendering operations rely, and the identified substructures may be passed with unique identifiers or visual alignment constraints for precise downstream processing. In some embodiments, the rendering engine 600 includes a mapping module 654 configured to establish the semantic or linguistic correspondence between each substructure in the first text string and its respective substring in the second text string. This correspondence may be one-to-one, one-to-many, or hierarchical depending on the linguistic relationship. In an embodiment, the mapping is driven by alignment metadata retrieved from the text pairing data 662 or derived dynamically based on string similarity measures, part-of- speech tagging, or statistical alignment models. The mapping module 654 may ensure that each substructure-substring pair is linked with sufficient granularity for downstream demarcation and rendering. In grouped configurations, tire mapping module 654 may additionally map superstructures across both text strings, allowing the system to encapsulate higher-order relationships during rendering. The mapping module 654 may output a mapping table or object graph that associates each element of the first text string with a counterpart in the second text string, supporting alignment logic even when language directionality or word order differs.In some embodiments, the rendering engine 600 includes a layout module 656 configured to select a layout template from the layout templates 664 based on system parameters, user settings, or display constraints. The layout templates 664 may include various forms such as vertically stacked, left-right, diagonal, zigzag, or ribbon-style interlinear formats. The layout module 656 may evaluate attributes such as script directionality (e.g., Hebrew right-to-left with English left-to-right), substructure complexity, dev ice screen size, and user reading mode preferences For example, when the first text string is in a left-to-right language and the second in a right-to-left language, a diagonal layout template may be selected to visually guide the reader’s eye across the differing reading flows In another case, where the device screen size is constrained, such as on a mobile device, a vertically stacked layout template may be selected to reduce horizontal scrolling Alternatively, if the reading mode prioritizes fluid continuity and fast scanning, a ribbon-style layout with partial encapsulation may be chosen to balance linkage and readability. In some embodiments, the layout module 656 may support row-adaptive rendering, allowing different rows to follow' different layout patterns(e.g., second text string on top in some rows and below in others). It may also determine the visual priority or focus designation, selecting whether the first or second text string should be rendered in a dominant position based on usage scenarios (e.g., translation vs. simplification). The selected layout configuration is passed to the rendering module and interpreted in conjunction with positioning constraints from the demarcation module and the encapsulation module 122.In some embodiments, the rendering engine 600 includes an encapsulation module 658 configured to determine whether any substructure-substring pairs or groups thereof, should be partially or fully encapsulated within a demarcation container. The decision between partial and full encapsulation may be based on factors such as display constraints, sentence continuity, user preference, and the visual density of the layout. In a complete encapsulation, the encapsulation module 658 may ensure that both the substructure and its corresponding substring are fully enclosed by a demarcation, forming a unified visual block, as reflected in layouts such as 200B and 200D, where each pair is fully bounded to present clean, unit-level segmentation. In a partial encapsulation, the encapsulation module 658 may intentionally allow part of the substructure to remain outside the demarcation, potentially falling into a gap between adjacent demarcations. This feature supports sentence continuity, where the visual flow between encapsulated and unencapsulated content enhances readability , as shown in layout 200F, where a portion of the English phrase appears outside the demarcation to preserve a natural reading rhythm. The encapsulation module 658 may also detect superstructures, collections of substructure-substring pairs that form a cohesive grammatical unit, and encapsulate them within a single grouped demarcation Such grouping may apply to contiguous elements only and may be rendered with or without internal visual divisions. The encapsulation module 658 may interact with the layout module 656 and the demarcation module to ensure consistent rendering of encapsulated content based on template rules and user- defined behavior.In some embodiments, the rendering engine 600 includes other modules 660. For example, any supplemental or auxiliary modules that enhance the functionality of the rendering engine 600. These may include user interface modules for managing interaction (e.g., hover-over translations, toggling between source and target strings), accessibility modules to support screen readers, large-font modes, or dyslexia-friendly spacing, export modules to generate downloadable formats, feedback tracking modules for logging reading behavior, or Al-driven enhancement modules for automatic segmentation refinement or suggestion of optimal layout based on usage patterns. The other modules 660 may also facilitate server-side processing, batch rendering pipelines, and integration with external APIs for live content updates, adaptive educational content, or integration with collaborative learning platforms. These modules draw from or contribute to tire data stored in the text pairing data 662, layout templates 664, rendering data 666, and other data 668.FIG. 45 shows a method 700 of rendering translated pairs and demarcations, where tire translated pairs have enhanced structural comprehension, according to an embodiment.In optional step 702, a container is defined. This container sets boundaries for rendered text and demarcations, ensuring that the rendered text and demarcations fit within a specified area The container can further handle issues like wrapping, clipping, and alignment.In step 704, a first text string is received According to an embodiment, the text string is received when the digital character recognition module 614 scans content on an electronic display to identify the first text string. Alternatively, the first text string is received when the parsing module 616 parses HTME content and associated CSS files to identify the first text string. Yet alternatively, the first text string is received when a user inputs a first text string. It should be appreciated that receiving the first text string includes any method of capturing, obtaining, or extracting the first text string from any source such that it can be used for further processing via a rendering engine 600.The first text string can be comprised of a plurality of first substrings The first substrings can be identified using the calculation module 618. Alternatively, the first substrings can be defined by the user.The structure of the first text string can be comprised of two or more superstructures where at least one of superstructures is comprised of two or more substructures For example, tire first text string is comprised of two sentences where one of the sentences is comprised of two phrases Alternatively, the structure of the first text string is comprised of two or more superstructures where each superstructure is comprised of two or more substructures. For example, the second text string is comprised of two sentences where each of the sentences is comprised of two phrases Structural units of the first text string can be defined using the calculation module 618. Alternatively, structural units of the first text string can be defined by the userIn step 706, a second text string is received. According to an embodiment, the second text string is received when the digital character recognition module 614 scans content on an electronic display to identify the second text string. Alternatively, the second text string is received when the parsing module 616 parses HTML content and associated CSS files to identify the second text string. Yet alternatively, the second text string is received when a user inputs a second text string. Yet alternatively, the second text string is received when the translation module 617 generates the second text string as a translation of the first text string. It should be appreciated that receiving the second text string includes any method of capturing, obtaining, or extracting the second text string from any source such that it can be used for further processing via a rendering engine 600.The second text string can be comprised of a plurality of second substrings. The second substrings can be identified using the calculation module 618. Alternatively, the second substrings can be generated as translations of the first substrings. Yet alternatively, the second substrings can be defined by the user.The structure of the second text string is comprised of two or more superstructures where at least one of superstructures is comprised of two or more substructures. For example, the second text string is comprised of two sentences where one of the sentences is comprised of two phrases. Alternatively, the structure of the second text string is comprised of two or more superstructures where each superstructure is comprised of two or more substructures. For example, the second text string is comprised of two sentences where each sentence is comprised of two phrases. Structural units of the second text string can be defined using the calculation module 618. Alternatively, structural units of the first text string can be defined by the user.At step 708, the demarcations are received According to an embodiment, the demarcations are received when the demarcation module 621 retrieves demarcations from demarcation data 632.Alternatively, the demarcations are received when the demarcation module 621 generates the demarcations.Yet alternatively, the demarcations are received as part of the first or second text string. For example, the first text string is comprised of underlined phrases, where the underlines are the demarcations. Strikethroughs can be used as demarcations such as in “My name is Bob and I live in Boston’' These strikethroughs can be positioned behind the substrings and can have a lighter shade than the substrings.The properties of the received demarcations (e.g., type, width, height, proportions, color, shade, gradient, etc.) can be based on user preference. Alternatively, the properties of the received demarcations can be based on formatting requirements.At step 710, the first substrings, the second substrings, and the demarcations are rendered using the Tenderer 624 to form demarcated translated pairs.According to an embodiment, each of the first and second substrings are placed to form translated pairs, where each of the translated pairs include one of the second substrings placed next to its corresponding first substring It should be appreciated that the received first and second substrings can inherently possess the necessary properties (e.g. font, size, position) to form translated pairs when rendered according to their inherent properties.According to an embodiment, each of the demarcations is placed proximate to one or more translated pairs. It should be appreciated that the received demarcations can inherently possess the necessary properties (e.g., shape, size, position) to define the substructures and / or superstructures of the first text string when placed proximate to the translated pairs.The received demarcations can inherently possess the necessary properties to define the substructures and / or superstructures of the first text string when the translated pairs and the demarcations are rendered. If the received demarcations do not inherently possess these properties, one or more properties of the received first substrings, the received second substrings, and / or the received demarcations can be adjusted such that the received demarcations define the substructures and / or superstructures of the first text string when the translated pairs and the demarcations are rendered. For example, the received demarcations are all rectangular enclosing structures, where each rectangular closing structure is placed around one of the substructures of the first text string The received demarcations do not define the superstructures of the first text string when the translated pairs and the demarcations are rendered. To address this issue, the widths of the rectangular enclosing structures are adjusted such that a spacing in between the rectangular enclosing structures defines the superstructures of the first text string.According to an embodiment, when the substructures of the first text string are not defined by the demarcations, the substructures of the first text string are defined by a first-substring spacing scheme, a second- substring spacing scheme, a translated pair spacing scheme, ordinary punctuation, or any other method of defining substructures Whenthe superstructures of the first text string are not defined by the demarcations, the superstructures of the first text string arc defined by a first substring spacing scheme, a second substring spacing scheme, a translated pair spacing scheme, ordinary punctuation, or any other method of defining superstructures. Alternatively, the substructures and superstructures of the first text string are both defined by the demarcations.According to an embodiment, at least one demarcation is partially or entirely in between the left and right edges of its nearest translated pair. Alternatively, at least half of the demarcations arc partially or entirely in between the left and right edges of their respective nearest translated pairs. Yet alternatively, most of the demarcations are partially or entirely in between the left and right edges of their respective nearest translated pairs. Yet alternatively, each of the demarcations is partially or entirely in between the left and right edges of its respective nearest translated pair. If a given demarcation is equidistant, or approximately equidistant, to two translated pairs (e.g., centered in between two adjacent translated pairs), either of the two translated pairs may be considered its nearest translated pair. If a given demarcation overlaps the airspace of two or more translated pairs, any of those two or more translated pairs may be considered its nearest translated pair.According to an embodiment, at least one demarcation is entirely above tire topmost point of a lower substring in its nearest translated pair and horizontally overlaps at least two consecutive characters of the lower substring in its nearest translated pair. Alternatively, at least half of the demarcations are entirely above the topmost point of a lower substring in their respective nearest translated pairs and horizontally overlap at least two consecutive characters of the lower substring in their respective nearest translated pairs. Yet alternatively, most of the demarcations are entirely above the topmost point of a lower substring in their respective nearest translated pairs and horizontally overlaps at least two consecutive characters of the lower substring in their respective nearest translated pairs. Yet alternatively, each of the demarcations is entirely above the topmost point of a lower substring in its respective nearest translated pair and horizontally overlaps at least two consecutive characters of the lower substring in its respective nearest translated pair. It should be appreciated that in some embodiments, a demarcation must horizontally overlap at least one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, or eight or more consecutive characters in a lower substring of its nearest translated pair.According to an embodiment, at least one demarcation is entirely below the bottommost point of an upper substring in its nearest translated pair and horizontally overlaps at least two consecutive characters of the upper substring in its nearest translated pair. Alternatively, at least half of the demarcations are entirely below the bottommost point of an upper substring in their respective nearest translated pairs and horizontally overlap at least two consecutive characters of the upper substring in their respective nearest translated pairs. Yet alternatively, most of the demarcations are entirely below the bottommost point of an upper substring in their respective nearest translated pair s and horizontally overlaps at least two consecutive characters of the upper substring in their respective nearest translated pairs. Yet alternatively, each of the demarcations is entirely below tire bottommost point of an upper substring in its respective nearest translated pair and horizontally overlaps at least two consecutiv e characters of the upper substring in its respective nearest translated pair. It should be appreciated that in some embodiments, a demarcation must horizontally overlap at least one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, or eight or more consecutive characters in an upper substring of its nearest translated pair.It should be appreciated that any claim limitation requiring “at least one of A and B” should be interpreted to mean that satisfaction of any one of the listed elements — A or B — is sufficient. Such limitations do not require that all two elements be met, nor that more than one be present Rather, the presence of any single one of the listed alternatives fulfills the requirement of the limitation.It should be appreciated that any claim limitation requiring “at least one of A, B, and C” should be interpreted to mean that satisfaction of any one of the listed elements — A, B, or C — is sufficient. Such limitations do not require that all three elements be met, nor that more than one be present Rather, the presence of any single one of the listed alternatives fulfills the requirement of the limitation. For example, claim limitation reciting that “the plurality of translated pairs and the plurality of demarcations are rendered such that at least one of the plurality of demarcations is at least one of. .” does not require that one or more demarcations satisfy all three of tire subsequently recited positional conditions Rather, in accordance with various embodiments, it is sufficient that one or more demarcations satisfy any one of the following conditions: (i) the demarcation is partially or entirely between the left and right edges of its nearest translated pair; (ii) the demarcation is entirely abov e a topmost point of a lower substring in its nearest translated pair and horizontally overlaps at least two consecutive characters of the lower substring; or (iii) thedemarcation is entirely below a bottommost point of an upper substring in its nearest translated pair and horizontally overlaps at least two consecutive characters of the upper substring.According to an embodiment, the received demarcations define the substructures of the first text string and the superstructures of the second text string when the translated pairs and the demarcations are rendered. Alternatively, the received demarcations define the substructures of the second text string and the superstructures of the first text string when the translated pairs and the demarcations arc rendered.According to an embodiment, the substructures of the first text string and the superstructures of the second text string are defined when the translated pairs and the demarcations are rendered. Alternatively, the substructures of the second text string and the superstructures of the first text string are defined when the translated pairs and the demarcations are rendered.Preferably, all of the translated pairs and the demarcations are rendered together at the same time or approximately the same time. Alternatively, a first portion of the translated pairs and demarcations are rendered at a first time (e.g., the translated pairs and demarcations associated with a first superstructure are rendered at a first time) and a second portion of the translated pairs and demarcations are rendered at a second time (e.g., the translated pairs and demarcations associated with a second superstructure are rendered at a second time after the first time). It should be appreciated that the translated pairs and demarcations can be rendered as needed. Rendering the translated pairs and demarcations as needed offers several practical advantages. It improves efficiency by processing and displaying only the necessary data at any given time, reducing the overall computational load. This approach also enables faster initial rendering, as the system does not need to wait for all elements to be rendered before displaying content. Additionally, it minimizes memory' usage by avoiding the simultaneous rendering of all translated pairs and demarcations. From a user perspective, rendering content progressively enhances responsiveness and interactivity, especially in applications involving complex or layered structures. Finally, this method supports better scalability, allowing the system to handle increasing volumes of data more effectively over time.At step 712, the rendered translated pairs and demarcations are displayed on an electronic display. Preferably, all of the rendered translated pairs and the demarcations are displayed together at the same time. Alternatively, a first portion of the rendered translated pairs and demarcations are displayed at a first time (e.g., the rendered translated pairs and demarcations associated with a first superstructure are displayed at a first time) and a second portion of the rendered translated pairs and demarcations are rendered at a second time (e.g., the rendered translated pairs and demarcations associated with a second superstructure are displayed at a second time after the first time). It should be appreciated that the rendered translated pairs and demarcations can be displayed as needed. For example, if an electronic display can only display one superstructure at a time, then only the rendered translated pairs and demarcations associated with a first superstructure are displayed on the electronic display. When the user indicates that they want to see tire second superstructure (e.g., by scrolling down or tapping the screen of a smartphone), the rendered translated pairs and demarcations associated with the first superstructure are removed and the rendered translated pairs and demarcations associated with the second superstructure are displayed on the electronic display.FIGs. 8A-8F show the method of FIG. 45, according to an embodiment.FIG. 8A shows step 702 in which a container is defined. Here, the container 803 (outlined with a dashed line) is a portion of the electronic display 805.FIG SB shows step 704 in which the first text string is received Here, the first text string of “Para que alinear traducciones con texto? Para facilitar la comparacion entre los dos.” is received from first text string data 628. The first text string has phrases (substructures) of "(.Para que alinear,” “traducciones con texto?” “Para facilitar,” “la comparacion,” and “entre los dos,” and sentences (superstructures) of (.Para que alinear traducciones con texto?” and “Para facilitar la comparaci n entre los dos ”FIG. 8C shows step 706 in which tire second text string is received. Here, the second text string of “Why align translations with text? To facilitate comparison between the two ” is received from second text string data 630 The second text string has phrases (substructures) of “Why align,” “translations with text?” “To facilitate,” “comparison,” and “between the two,” and sentences (superstructures) of “Why align translations with text?” and “To facilitate comparison between the two.”FIG 8D shows step 708 in which the demarcations are received Here, the demarcations are hollow rectangles received from demarcation data 362.FIG. 8E shows step 710 in which the first substrings, the second substrings, and the demarcations are rendered to form demarcated translated pairs.. Here, each translated pair includes one of the second substrings centered above its corresponding first substring. The translated pairs are demarcated by the demarcations such that the substructures and superstructures of the first text string are defined by the demarcations. Specifically, the phrases (substructures) of the first text string are defined by the demarcations via a demarcation placed around each phrase. The edges of each demarcation form one or more vertical lines in between each phrase, where tire vertical lines indicate the start of a new phrase. The sentences (superstructures) are defined by the demarcations via a demarcation spacing scheme. The spacing ‘a’ in between adjacent demarcations associated with adjacent translated pairs belonging to different sentences is greater than the spacing ‘b’ in between adjacent demarcations associated with adjacent translated pairs belonging to the same sentence, where the increased spacing indicates the start of a new sentence.FIG . 8F shows step 712 in which the rendered translated pairs and demarcations are displayed on an electronic display . FIG. 9 A shows translated pairs displayed on an electronic display, according to an embodiment. Here, each translated pair includes one of the English second substrings centered above its corresponding Spanish first substring. The translated pairs are demarcated by the demarcations such that the substructures of the first text string are defined by the demarcations and the superstructures of the first text string are defined by ordinary punctuation. Specifically, the phrases (substructures) of the first text string are defined by the demarcations via a demarcation placed above one or more first substrings belonging to the same phrase. The width of each demarcation visually indicates the extent of each phrase with a new demarcation marking the start of a new phrase. The sentences (superstructures) are defined by the question marks and periods of the first text string. The appearance of question marks and periods indicates the end of a sentence and the start of a new sentence.Further, in FIG. 9A, the translated pairs are demarcated by the demarcations such that the substructures of the first text string are defined by the demarcations and the superstructures of the first text string are defined by ordinary capitalization Specifically, the phrases (substructures) of the first text string are defined by the demarcations via a demarcation placed above one or more first substrings belonging to the same phrase. The width of each demarcation visually indicates the extent of each phrase with a new demarcation marking the start of a new phrase. The sentences (superstructures) are defined by using a capital letter for the first character of each sentence of the first text string. The appearance of a capital letter indicates the start of a new sentence.FIG. 9B shows translated pairs displayed on an electronic display, according to another embodiment. Here, each translated pair includes one of the English second substrings placed over its corresponding Spanish first substring. The translated pairs are demarcated by the demarcations such that the substructures of the first text string are defined by ordinary punctuation and the superstructures of the first text string are defined by the demarcations. Specifically, the phrases (substructures) of the first text string are defined by the commas of tire first text string. The commas indicate the start of a new phrase. The sentences (superstructures) are defined by the demarcations via a demarcation placed above one or more first substrings belonging to the same sentence. The width of each demarcation visually indicates the extent of each sentence with a new demarcation marking the start of a new phraseFIG. 9C shows translated pairs displayed on an electronic display, according to another embodiment. Here, each translated pair includes one of the English second substrings centered above its corresponding Spanish first substring. The translated pairs are demarcated by the demarcations such that the substructures of the first text string are defined by the demarcations and the superstructures of the first text string are defined by a first substring spacing scheme Specifically, the phrases (substructures) of the first text string are defined by tire demarcations via a demarcation placed above one or more first substrings belonging to the same phrase The width of each demarcation visually indicates the extent of each phrase with a new demarcation marking the start of a new phrase. The sentences (superstructures) are defined via a first substring spacing scheme In the translated pairs, the spacing ‘b’ in between adjacent first substrings belonging to different sentences is greater than the spacing ‘a’ in between adjacent first substrings belonging to the same sentence, where the increased spacing indicates the start of a new sentenceFIG. 9D shows translated pairs displayed on an electronic display, according to another embodiment. Here, each translated pair includes one of the English second substrings placed above its corresponding Spanish first substring The translated pairs are demarcated by the demarcations such that the substructures of the first text string are defined by a first substring spacing scheme and the superstructures of the first text string are defined by the demarcations Specifically, the phrases (substructures) are defined via a first substring spacing scheme. In the translated pairs, the spacing ‘b’ in between adjacent first substrings is greater than the spacing ‘a’ in between the words within each firstT1substring, where the increased spacing indicates the start of a new phrase. The sentences (superstructures) are defined by the demarcations via a demarcation placed above one or more first substrings belonging to the same sentence. The width of each demarcation visually indicates the extent of each sentence with a new demarcation marking the start of a new sentence.FIG. 9E shows translated pairs displayed on an electronic display, according to an embodiment. Here, each translated pair includes one of the second substrings placed above its corresponding first substring. The translated pairs arc demarcated by the demarcations such that the substructures of the first text string are defined by the demarcations and the superstructures of the first text string are defined by a translated pair placement scheme. Specifically, the phrases (substructures) of the first text string are defined by the demarcations via a demarcation placed above one or more first substrings belonging to the same phrase. The width of each demarcation visually indicates the extent of each phrase with a new demarcation marking the start of a new phrase. The sentences (superstructures) are defined via a translated pair placement scheme. The last translated pair in each sentence is positioned higher than the immediately previous translated pair, where the higher placement of the last translated pair in each sentence indicates the end of that sentence and the start of a new sentence.FIG. 9F shows translated pairs displayed on an electronic display, according to an embodiment. Here, each translated pair includes one of the second English substrings centered above its corresponding Spanish first substring. The translated pairs are demarcated by the demarcations such that the substructures of the first text string are defined by a translated pair placement scheme and the superstructures of the first text string are defined by the demarcations. Specifically, the phrases (substructures) of the first text string are defined via a translated pair placement scheme. For each translated pair, the first word in the first substring is positioned lower than the next word in that first substring and the first word in the second substring is positioned higher than the next word in that second substring, where the higher and lower placements of the first words indicate the start of a new phrase. The sentences (superstructures) are defined by the demarcations via a demarcation placed above one or more first substrings belonging to the same sentence. The width of each demarcation visually indicates the extent of each sentence with a new demarcation marking the start of a new sentence.FIG. 9G shows translated pairs displayed on an electronic display, according to another embodiment. Here, each translated pair includes one of the second English substrings centered abov e its corresponding Spanish first substring. The translated pairs are demarcated by the demarcations such that the substructures of the first text string are defined by the demarcations and the superstructures of the first text string are defined by a superstructure line placement scheme. Specifically, the phrases (substructures) of tire first text string are defined by the demarcations via a demarcation placed above one or more first substrings belonging to the same phrase. The width of each demarcation visually indicates the extent of each phrase with a new demarcation marking the start of a new phrase. The sentences (superstructures) are defined via a line placement scheme. In the translated pairs, first substrings belonging to different sentences are placed on different lines (e.g., each line within the container includes only one sentence of the first text string), where the placement of first substrings on a new line indicates the start of a new sentence.FIG. 9H shows translated pairs displayed on an electronic display, according to another embodiment. Here, each translated pair includes one of the English second substrings placed above its corresponding Spanish first substring. The translated pairs are demarcated by the demarcations such that the substructures of the first text string are defined by a line placement scheme and the superstructures of the first text string are defined by the demarcations Specifically, the phrases (substructures) are defined via a substructure line placement scheme. In tire translated pairs, first substrings belonging to different phrases are placed on different lines (e g , each line within the container includes only one phrase of the first text string), where the placement of first substrings on a new line indicates tire start of a new phrase. The sentences (superstructures) are defined by the demarcations via a demarcation placed above one or more first substrings belonging to the same sentence. The width of each demarcation visually indicates the extent of each sentence with a new demarcation marking the start of a new sentenceFIG. 91 shows translated pairs displayed on an electronic display, according to another embodiment Here, each translated pair includes one of the English second substrings centered above its corresponding Spanish first substring The translated pairs are demarcated by the demarcations such that the substructures and superstructures of the first text string are defined by the demarcations Specifically, the phrases (substructures) of the first text string are defined by the demarcations via a demarcation (an underline) placed below one or more second substrings belonging to the same phrase The width of each demarcation visually indicates the extent of each phrase with a new demarcation (anew underline) marking the start of a new phrase. It should be appreciated that the demarcations (the underlines) are received as part of the second text string. The sentences (superstructures) of the first text string arc defined by the demarcations via a demarcation (an underline) placed below one or more first substrings belonging to the same sentence. The width of each demarcation visually indicates tire extent of each sentence with a new demarcation (a new underline) marking the start of a new sentence. It should be appreciated that the demarcations (the underlines) are received as part of the first text string.FIG. 9J shows translated pairs displayed on an electronic display, according to another embodiment Here, each translated pair includes one of the English second substrings centered above its corresponding Spanish first substring. The translated pairs are demarcated by the demarcations such that the substructures and superstructures of the first text string are defined by the demarcations. Specifically, the phrases (substructures) of the first text string are defined by the demarcations via a demarcation (a smile emoji) placed in between adjacent first substrings belonging to different phrases (substructures). Demarcations (the smile emojis) do not have to be placed in between adjacent first substrings belonging to different sentences (superstructures). The appearance of each demarcation visually indicates the start of a new phrase. It should be appreciated that the demarcations (the smile emojis) are received as part of the first text string The sentences (superstructures) of the first text string are defined by the demarcations via a demarcation (a laugh emoji) placed in between adjacent first substrings belonging to different sentences (superstructures). The appearance of each demarcation visually indicates the start of a new sentence. It should be appreciated that the demarcations (the laugh emojis) are received as part of the first text string.FIG. 9K shows translated pairs displayed on an electronic display, according to another embodiment. Here, each translated pair includes one of the English second substrings centered above its corresponding Spanish first substring. The translated pairs are demarcated by the demarcations such that the substructures and superstructures of the first text string are defined by the demarcations. Specifically, tire phrases (substructures) of the first text string are defined by the demarcations via demarcations (tildes) placed inbetween adjacent first substrings belonging to different phrases (substructures). Demarcations (tire tildes) do not have to be placed in between adjacent first substrings belonging to different sentences (superstructures). The appearance of the demarcations visually indicates the start of a new phrase. It should be appreciated that tire demarcations (the tildes) are received as part of tire first text string. The sentences (superstructures) of the first text string are defined by the demarcations via demarcations (three exclamation marks) placed in between adjacent first substrings belonging to different sentences (superstructures). The appearance of the demarcations visually indicates the start of a new sentence. It should be appreciated that the demarcations (the explanation points) are received as part of the first text string.FIG. 9L shows translated pairs displayed on an electronic display, according to another embodiment. Here, each translated pair includes one of the English second substrings centered above its corresponding Spanish first substring. The translated pairs are demarcated by the demarcations such that the substructures and superstructures of the first text string are defined by the demarcations. Specifically, tire phrases (substructures) of the first text string are defined by the demarcations via the use of grey shaded letters for the last letter of each phrase. Demarcations (the grey shaded letters) do not have to be used for tire last letter of each sentence. The appearance of such demarcations visually indicates the end of a phrase and the start of a new phrase. It should be appreciated that the demarcations (the grey shaded letters) are received as part of tire first text string. The sentences (superstructures) of the first text string are defined by the demarcations via the use of hollowed-out letters for the last letter of each sentence The appearance of such demarcations visually indicates the end of a sentence and the start of a new sentence. It should be appreciated that the demarcations (the hollowed-out letters) are received as part of the first text stringFIG. 9M shows translated pairs displayed on an electronic display, according to another embodiment. Here, each translated pair includes one of the English second substrings centered above its corresponding Spanish first substring The translated pairs are demarcated by the demarcations such that the substructures of the first text string are defined by a first substring spacing scheme and the superstructures of the first text string are defined by the demarcations Specifically, the phrases (substructures) are defined via a first substring spacing scheme. In the translated pairs, the spacing ‘b’ in between adjacent first substrings is greater than the spacing ‘a’ in between the words within each first substring, where the increased spacing indicates the start of a new phrase. The sentences (superstructures) of the first text string are defined by the demarcations via the use of modified questions marks and periods (e g , the question marks and periods are large and gray). The appearance of such demarcations visually indicates the end of a sentence and the start of a new sentence It should be appreciated that such demarcations can be received as part of the first orsecond text string. It should be appreciated that demarcations include punctuation marks that have a different style than the style of the words in first text string. For example, if the words in the first text string arc written in 12-point Times New Roman, a question mark written in 20-point Times New Roman is considered a demarcation.FIG. 9N shows translated pairs displayed on an electronic display, according to another embodiment. Here, each translated pair includes one of the English second substrings centered above its corresponding Spanish first substring. The translated pairs arc demarcated by the demarcations such that the substructures and superstructures of the first text string are defined by the demarcations.FIG. 90 shows translated pairs displayed on an electronic display, according to an embodiment. Here, each translated pair includes one of the English second substrings centered above its corresponding Spanish first substring. The translated pairs are demarcated by the demarcations such that the substructures of the first text string are defined by the demarcations and the superstructures of the first text string are defined by a time-based display scheme. Specifically, the phrases (substructures) of the first text string are defined by the demarcations via a demarcation placed above one or more first substrings belonging to the same phrase. The width of each demarcation visually indicates the extent of each phrase with a new demarcation marking the start of a new phrase. The sentences (superstructures) are defined by displaying only one superstructure at a time. The disappearance of a sentence indicates the end of the sentence and the appearance of a new sentence indicates the start of a new sentence. It should be appreciated that the translated pairs and the demarcations associated with a first sentence (a first superstructure) are rendered at a first time and tire translated pairs and the demarcations associated with a second sentence (a second superstructure) are rendered at a second time after the first time. Alternatively, the translated pairs and the demarcations associated with the first sentence (a first superstructure) are rendered at the same time as the translated pairs and the demarcations associated with the second sentence (a second superstructure).FIG. 9P shows translated pairs displayed on an electronic display, according to an embodiment. Here, each translated pair includes one of the English second substrings above its corresponding Spanish first substring, where each English second substring is horizontally offset to tire right of its corresponding Spanish first substring. Grey lines are used to highlight the left edge 902 and right edge 904 of a translated pair (“Why align” and “Para que alinear”). A first demarcation (the black bar 906) is partially in between the left edge 902 and right edge 904 of the nearest translated pair (“Why align” and “Para que alinear”). A second demarcation (the black bar 908) is not in between the left edge 902 and right edge 904 of the nearest translated pair (“Why align” and “Para que alinear”). A third demarcation (the black bar 910) is entirely in between the left edge 902 and right edge 904 of the nearest translated pair (“Why align” and “Para que alinear”). A fourth demarcation (the black bar 912) is entirely below a bottommost point of an upper substring (“translations with text?”) in the nearest translated pair (“translations with text?” and “traducciones con texto?”) where the demarcation (the black bar 912) horizontally overlaps at least two consecutive characters (“h text”) of the upper substring (“translations with text?”) in the nearest translated pair (“translations with text?” and “traducciones con texto?”). A fifth demarcation (the black bar 914) is entirely above a topmost point of a lower substring (“la comparicion”) in the nearest translated pair (“comparison” and “la comparacion”) where the demarcation (the black bar 914) horizontally overlaps at least two consecutive characters (“la”) of the lower substring (“la comparacion”) in the nearest translated pair (“comparison” and “la comparacion”).According to an embodiment, a portion of the first superstructure is on the same line as a portion of tire second superstructure For example, in FIG 8F, the phrase “traducciones con texto?” is on the same line as phrase “Para facilitar”, where both phrases are parts of different sentences.According to an embodiment, for at least one demarcation, a portion of each demarcation is below the topmost point of its respective nearest substring pair and above the bottommost point of its respective nearest substring pair. For example, in FIG 8F, a portion of the third hollow enclosing structure is below the topmost point of “To facilitate” and above the bottommost point of “Para facilitar”. Alternatively, for at least half of the demarcations, a portion of each demarcation is below the topmost point of its respective nearest substring pair and above the bottommost point of its respective nearest substring pair. Yet alternatively, for each demarcation, a portion of the demarcation is below the topmost point of its respective nearest substring pair and above the bottommost point of its respective nearest substring pair.According to an embodiment, for at least one demarcation, each demarcation is entirely below the topmost point of its respective nearest substring pair and entirely above the bottommost point of its nearest respective substring pair. For example, in FIG 9A, the third hollow bar demarcation is entirely below' the topmost point of “To facilitate” andentirely above the bottommost point of "Para facilitar”. Alternatively, for at least half of the demarcations, each demarcation is entirely below the topmost point of its respective nearest substring pair and entirely above the bottommost point of its respective nearest substring pair. Yet alternatively, for each demarcation, the demarcation is entirely below tire topmost point of its respective nearest substring pair and entirely above the bottommost point of its respective nearest substring pairAccording to an embodiment, each of the demarcations is associated with one of the substructures of the first text string. For example, in FIG. 9A, each of the hollow bar demarcations is associated with the Spanish phrase below it. Alternatively, each of the demarcations is associated with one of the translated pairs.According to an embodiment, each demarcation is associated with one of the substructures of the first text string where the first set of demarcations is associated with the first superstructure of the first text string and the second set of demarcations is associated with a second superstructure of the first text string. For example, in FIG. 3T, each rectangular enclosing structure is associated with one of the Spanish phrases where the first set of demarcations (the first two rectangular enclosing structures) is associated with the first Spanish sentence and the second set of demarcations (the last three rectangular enclosing structures) is associated with the second Spanish sentence.According to an embodiment, each of the first set of demarcations are laterally adjoined and each of the second set of demarcations are laterally adjoined. For example, in FIG. 8F, the first two hollow enclosing structures (tire first set of demarcations) are laterally adjoined and the last three hollow enclosing structures (the second set of demarcations) are laterally adjoined.According to an embodiment, for a given line of translated pairs, each demarcation is laterally adjoined. For example, in FIG. 9N, each quadrilateral enclosing structure is laterally adjoined.According to an embodiment, each of the demarcations is associated with one of the first substrings of the first text string and spaces in between adjacent demarcations associated with adjacent first substrings belonging to different superstructures are greater than spaces in between adjacent demarcations associated with adjacent first substrings belonging to the same superstructure. For example, in FIG. 8F, each hollow enclosing structure is associated with one of the Spanish substrings where the space in between the second and third hollow enclosing structure is greater than the space in between the first and second hollow enclosing structures, the space in between third and fourth hollow enclosing structures, and the space in between the fourth and fifth hollow enclosing structures.According to an embodiment, at least one of the first substrings is split between two lines or at least one of tire second substrings is split between two lines.According to an embodiment, no demarcation is vertically adjoined to another demarcation. Alternatively, the demarcations that define the substructures and / or superstructures of the first text string are not vertically adjoined to each other.According to an embodiment, for a given first substring, there is no transliteration, translation, and / or commentary of the given first substring, except for its corresponding second substring, in the container and for a given second substring, there is no transliteration, translation, and / or commentary of the given second substring, except for its corresponding first substring, in the container. Reducing the amount of displayed text reduces visual clutter.According to an embodiment, each of the demarcations is associated with one of the first substrings of the first text string and each of the demarcations is at least as wide as the narrower substring in its associated substring pair. For example, in FIG 9G, each of the hollow bar demarcations is at least as wide as the narrower substring in its associated substring pair.According to an embodiment, each of the demarcations is associated with one of the first substrings of the first text string and each of the demarcations is at least as wide as the narrower substring in its associated substring pair. For example, in FIG 9G, each of the hollow bar demarcations is at least as wide as the wide substring in its associated substring pair.According to an embodiment, each of the demarcations is associated with one of the first substrings of the first text string, the leftmost point of each demarcation is at or to the left of the leftmost point of its associated substring pair, the rightmost point of each demarcation is at or to the right of the rightmost point of its associated substring pairAccording to an embodiment, the demarcations include first-type demarcations and second-type demarcations where the substructures of the first text string are defined by first-type demarcations and the superstructures of the first text string are defined by the second-type demarcations. For example, in FIG. 91, the substructures of the first text string are defined by narrower underlines positioned under each second substring and the superstructures of the first textstring are defined by wider underlines positioned under groups of first substrings The second-type demarcations can be generally wider than the first-type demarcations.According to an embodiment, for at least one of the demarcations, each demarcation is a lighter shade than the first substring and / or the second substring in its respective nearest translated pair For example, in FIG. 9M, the modified question mark is a lighter shade than the Spanish phrase “traducciones con texto”. Alternatively, for at least half of the demarcations, each demarcation is a lighter shade than the first substring and / or the second substring in the nearest translated pair. Yet alternatively, each demarcation is a lighter shade than the first substring and / or the second substring in its respective nearest translated pair. Yet alternatively, for at least one of the demarcations, each demarcation is a lighter shade than both the first and second text substrings in its respective nearest translated pair. Yet alternatively, for at least half of the demarcations, each demarcation is a lighter shade than both the first and second substrings in its respective nearest translated pair. Yet alternatively, each demarcation is a lighter shade than both the first and second substrings in its respective nearest translated pair.According to an embodiment, for each demarcation having a horizontal portion (a portion with a width greater than its height), the height (vertical thickness) of the horizontal portion is greater than one-fifth of the shorter of the height of the first substring in its respective nearest translated pair and the height of the second substring in its respective nearest translated pair. For example, in FIG. 9G, the height of the horizontal portion (the entirety) of each rectangular enclosing structure is greater than one-fifth of the height of any substring, so the demarcations meet this limitation. Alternatively, in FIG. 91, the height of the horizontal portion (the entirety) of each rectangular enclosing structure is less than one-fifth the height of any substring so the demarcations do not meet this limitation. Alternatively, the height of the horizontal portion is greater than one-fourth, one-third, one-half, or two-thirds of tire shorter of the height of the first substring in the nearest translated pair and the height of the second substring in the nearest translated pair. Yet alternatively, the height of the horizontal portion is greater than one-fifth, one-fourth, one-third, one-half, or two- thirds of the taller of the height of the first substring in the nearest translated pair and the height of the second substring in the nearest translated pair. In some embodiments, these limitations can apply to at least one of the demarcations having a horizontal portion or at least half of the demarcations having a horizontal portion.According to an embodiment, tire height (vertical thickness) of each demarcation is greater than one-fifth of tire shorter of the height of the first substring in its respective nearest translated pair and the height of the second substring in its respective nearest translated pair. For example, in FIG. 9G, the height of each rectangular enclosing structure is greater than one-fifth of the height of any substring, so the demarcations meet this limitation. Alternativelv. in FIG 91, the height of the horizontal portion (the entirety ) of each rectangular enclosing structure is less than one-fifth the height of any substring so the demarcations do not meet this limitation. Alternatively, the height of each demarcation is greater than one-fourth, one-third, one-half, or two-thirds of the shorter of the height of the first substring in tire nearest translated pair and the height of the second substring in the nearest translated pair. Yet alternatively, the height of each demarcation is greater than one-fifth, one-fourth, one-third, one-half, or two-thirds of the taller of the height of the first substring in its respective nearest translated pair and the height of the second substring in its respective nearest translated pair. In some embodiments, these limitations can apply to at least one of the demarcations or at least half of the demarcations.According to an embodiment, the height (vertical thickness) of each demarcation is greater than one- fifth of the height of its respective nearest translated pair Alternatively, the height of each demarcation is greater than one-fourth, one- third, one-half, or two-thirds of the shorter of the height of its respective nearest translated pair. Yet alternatively, the height of each demarcation is greater than one-fifth, one-fourth, one-third, one-half, or two-thirds of the taller of the height of its respective nearest translated pair. In some embodiments, these limitations can apply to at least one of the demarcations or at least half of the demarcationsAccording to an embodiment, the majority of the bottom edge of each demarcation is below the topmost point of its respective nearest substring pair and the majority of the top edge of each demarcation is above the bottommost point of its respective nearest substring pair. Alternatively, for at least half of the demarcations, the bottom edge of each demarcation is below the topmost point of its respective nearest substring pair and the majority of the top edge of each demarcation is above tire bottommost point of its respective nearest substring pair. Alternatively, for at least one of the demarcations, the bottom edge of each demarcation is below the topmost point of its respective nearest substring pair and the majority of the top edge of each demarcation is above the bottommost point of its respective nearest substring pairAccording to an embodiment, each demarcation is positioned entirely below the bottommost point of the upper substring in its respective nearest substring pair and entirely above the topmost point of the lower substring in its respective nearest substring pair. Alternatively, for at least half of the demarcations, each demarcation is positioned entirely below the bottommost point of the upper substring in its respective nearest substring pair and entirely above the topmost point of the lower substring in its respective nearest substring pair. Alternatively, for at least one of the demarcations, each demarcation is positioned entirely below the bottommost point of the upper substring in its respective nearest substring pair and entirely above tire topmost point of the lower substring in its respective nearest substring pair.According to an embodiment, each demarcation is entirely above the majority of the letters of the lower substring in its respective nearest substring pair. Alternatively, for at least half of the demarcations, each demarcation is entirely above the majority of the letters of the lower substring in its respective nearest substring pair. Yet alternatively. for at least one of the demarcations, each demarcation is entirely above the majority of the letters of the lower substring in its respective nearest substring pair.According to an embodiment, each demarcation is at least as wide as three letters of a substring in its respective nearest substring pair. Alternatively, each demarcation is at least as wide as one, two, four, five, or six letters of a substring in its respective nearest substring pair. Yet alternatively, for at least half of the demarcations, each demarcation is at least as wide as one, two, four, five, or six letters of a substring in its respective nearest substring pair. Yet alternatively, for at least one of the demarcations, each demarcation is at least as wide as one, two, four, five, or six letters of a substring in its respective nearest substring pair.According to an embodiment, the demarcations that define the superstructures of the first text string are at least 10% wider than the demarcations that define the substructures of the first text string. Alternatively, the demarcations that define the superstructures of the first text string are at least 25%, 50%, 75%, 100%, and 150% wider than tire demarcations that define the substructures of the first text string.According to an embodiment, for a line of translated pairs, the sum of the widths of tire demarcations positioned along the line is at least 1 / 3 of the horizontal distance between the leftmost point of the leftmost translated pair positioned along tire line and the rightmost point of tire rightmost translated pair on positioned along the line. Alternatively, tire sum of the widths of the demarcations positioned along the line is at least 1 / 2, 2 / 3, or 3 / 4 of the horizontal distance between the leftmost point of the leftmost translated pair positioned along the line and the rightmost point of the rightmost translated pair on positioned along the line.According to an embodiment, a portion of each demarcation is above tire ascender line of the lower substring in its respective nearest substring pair or below the descender line of the lower substring in its respective nearest substring pair. Alternatively, for at least half of the demarcations, a portion of each demarcation is above the ascender line of the lower substring in its respective nearest substring pair or below the descender line of the lower substring in its respective nearest substring pair Yet alternatively, for at least one of tire demarcations, a portion of each demarcation is above the ascender line of the lower substring in its respective nearest substring pair or below the descender line of the lower substring in its respective nearest substring pair.According to an embodiment, each demarcation is positioned in between the edges of adjacent substring pairs and does not horizontally overlap any substring pairs on tire same line as the demarcation. Alternatively, for at least half of the demarcations, each demarcation is positioned in between the edges of adjacent substring pairs and does not horizontally overlap any substring pairs on the same line as the demarcation Yet alternatively, for at least one of the demarcations, each demarcation is positioned in between the edges of adjacent substring pairs and does not horizontally overlap any substring pairs on the same line as the demarcation.According to an embodiment, each demarcation is positioned equidistant in between the edges of adjacent substring pairs. Alternatively, for at least half of the demarcations, each demarcation is positioned equidistant in between the edges of adjacent substring pairs Yet alternatively, for at least one of the demarcations, each demarcation is positioned equidistant in between the edges of adjacent substring pairs.According to an embodiment, each demarcation is positioned equidistant in between the first substrings of adjacent substring pairs. Alternatively, for at least half of the demarcations, each demarcation is positioned equidistant in between the first substrings of adjacent substring pairs Yet alternatively, for at least one of the demarcations, each demarcation is positioned equidistant in between the first substrings of adjacent substring pairs.According to an embodiment, each demarcation is positioned equidistant in between the second substrings of adjacent substring pairs. Alternatively, for at least half of the demarcations, each demarcation is positioned equidistant in between the second substrings of adjacent substring pairs. Yet alternatively, for at least one of the demarcations, each demarcation is positioned equidistant in between the second substrings of adjacent substring pairs.According to an embodiment, in the first substring pair of a sentence, the second substring is horizontally offset to the left of its corresponding first substring, in a middle substring pair of the sentence, the second substring is not horizontally offset from its corresponding first substring, and in the last substring pair of the sentence, the second substring is horizontally offset to the right of its corresponding first substring.According to an embodiment, articles or other common words in the second text string are deemphasized relative to the remainder of words in the second text string. This allows the uncommon words to be more visible, improving readability. For example, common words such as “was, is, he, what, I, the, and, then, etc” are deemphasized.According to an embodiment, uncommon words or verbs in the second text string are emphasized relative to the remainder of words in the second text string (e g., articles or other common words). This allows the uncommon words or verbs to be more visible, improving readability.FIGs. 10A-10E show translated pairs, according to various embodiments. Here, each demarcation (grey parallelogram) associated with the last translated pair in each superstructure (sentence) has a different appearance. Namely, in FIGs. 10A-10C, their left edges are darkened such that the appearance of a darkened left edge indicates that the next translated pair belongs to a new superstructure (sentence). In FIG. 10D, the Hebrew first substrings are right-aligned with the bottom right corner of the demarcations (grey parallelograms), the English lower second subsubstrings are right-aligned with the top right comer of the demarcations (grey parallelograms), and the English upper second sub- sub strin s are left-aligned with the English lower second sub-substrings.In FIG. 10E, the top of each demarcation is approximately flush with the baseline of the upper substring of its associated translated pair and the bottom of each demarcation is approximately flush with the x-height line of the lower substring of its associated translated pair. Alternatively, the top of each demarcation is flush with the x-height line of the upper substring of its associated translated pair, in between the x-height line and base line of the upper substring of its associated translated pair, in between the base line and descender line of the upper substring of its associated translated pair, flush with the descender line of the upper substring of its associated translated pair, or below the descender line of the upper substring of its associated translated pair. Alternatively, the bottom of each demarcation is flush with the base line of the lower substring of its associated translated pair, in between the base line and x-height line of the lower substring of its associated translated pair, in between the x-height line and ascender line of the lower substring of its associated translated pair, flush with the ascender line of the upper substring of its associated translated pair, or above the ascender line of the upper substring of its associated translated pair.According to an embodiment, second substrings are positioned below their corresponding first substrings. When a width of a second substring exceeds a predetermined width, the second substring can be split into two or more second sub-substrings, where each of the second sub-substrings is positioned on a different line. Each of the second subsubstrings can be positioned such that the majority of the width of each second sub-substring horizontally overlaps a left half or right half of its corresponding first substring. Alternatively, at least 2 / 3, 3 / 4, or 4 / 5 of the width of each second sub-substring horizontally overlaps a left half or right half of its corresponding first substring. Yet alternatively, each second sub-substring is horizontally offset from its corresponding first substringAccording to an embodiment, a first second sub-substring is positioned above its corresponding first substring and a second sub-substring is positioned below' its corresponding first substring (e g , FIG 11 A shows English substrings positioned above and below their corresponding Hebrew substrings).According to an embodiment, the second sub-substrings are positioned to the right of their corresponding first substring or to the left of their corresponding first substring (e.g., FIG. 1 IB shows English substrings positioned to the right of their corresponding Hebrew' substrings)According to an embodiment, three types of structures are defined for a first text string. For example, substructures, superstructures, and super-superstructures (e g , the super-superstructures comprising two or more superstructures) are defined for tire first text string by any combination of demarcations, ordinary punctuation, capitalization, spacing schemes, placement schemes, etcAccording to an embodiment, a method of rendering translated pairs and demarcations includes steps of: defining a container; receiving a first text string comprised of a plurality of first substrings; appending the first substrings to thecontainer where the first substrings are placed along one or more lines; receiving a second text string comprised of a plurality of second substrings, where each second substring is a translation of one of the first text substrings; appending the second substrings to the container, where each of the second substrings is placed next to its corresponding first substring to create translated pairs; receiving a plurality of demarcations; appending the demarcations to the container, where each demarcation is placed proximate to one or more of the translated pairs; determining if the substructures and / or the superstructures of the first text string arc defined by the demarcations; if the that the substructures and / or the superstructures of the first text string are not defined by the demarcations: adjusting properties of the first substrings, the second substrings, and / or the demarcations such that the substructures and / or the superstructures of the first text string are defined by the demarcations.Adjusting properties of the first substrings, the second substrings, and / or tire demarcations such that the substructures and / or the superstructures of the first text string are defined by the demarcations includes steps of: identifying a structure (e.g., superstructures and substructures) of the first text string; and adjusting an appearance of one or more demarcations such that adjacent translated pairs belonging to the same superstructure are visually linked and adjacent translated pairs belonging to different superstructures are not visually linkedAlternatively, adjusting properties of the first substrings, the second substrings, and / or the demarcations such that the substructures and / or the superstructures of the first text string are defined by the demarcations includes steps of: identifying a structure (e.g., superstructures and substructures) of the first text string; identifying which demarcation is associated with which translated pair; and adjusting the position and / or width of one or more of the demarcations such that the substructures and / or superstructures are defined by a demarcation spacing scheme.Alternatively, adjusting properties of the first substrings, the second substrings, and / or the demarcations such that the substructures and / or the superstructures of the first text string are defined by the demarcations includes steps of: identifying a structure (e.g., superstructures and substructures) of the first text string; if the superstructures of tire first text string are defined by the demarcations: adjusting the position and / or width of one or more first substrings such that substructures of the first text string are identified by a first substring spacing scheme; if the substructures of the first text string are defined by the demarcations: adjusting the position and / or width of one or more first substrings such that superstructures of the first text string are identified by a first substring spacing scheme.In FIG. 12A, a sample text document is shown, with comments from various editors. The comments are displayed in smaller text, perhaps in a different color, with the editor’s initials in a circle. The comments alternate above and below the primary text string of the original document In some embodiments, the primary text upon which the comment relates is highlighted. In other embodiments, the primary text related to tire comment could be in a different color, underlined, bolded, set in italics, or formatted differently to indicate that the text relates to the comment. In some embodiments, a comment may run from above the primary text and continue below the primary text.In some situations, the comments may exceed the space above or below the primary text available to display the entire comment. In some embodiments, only the first few words of tire comment are displayed, with a symbolic indication that there is more to the comment. The user may click on the comment to expand the comment to see the additional text. When the user expands an alternating note, the software determines which side of tire page to place the note and the note expands in the margin on that side of the page. In some embodiments, this determination is made be determining which margin is proximate to the partial comment. In other embodiments, one margin or the other is chosen for all expanded comments Tn still another embodiment, the space in the margins is managed by an algorithm that evaluates other comments in each of the margin and places the expanded comment in a location closest to the partial comment This situation occurs when one comment is extensive and consumes much space in one of the margins.In some embodiments, the software constantly decides (as comments are added, subtracted, etc ) which comment should be above and which should be below depending on whether the comment interferes with comments from the text above and / or below (and even the comments on the same row)Color can also be used in some embodiments to coordinate tire comments and avoid interference or clutter with other comments In some embodiments, the primary text related to the comment is highlighted in the same color as the comment in order to allow tire user to easily match the comment with the primary text.FIG 12B shows a primary document with edits and markups The first line of markups in this document is shown below the primary text, and the second line is shown above the next line of primary text, with the markup text alternating above and below the primary text linesIn one embodiment, when the final drafts of a document are assembled, instead of having two separate documents to view on a screen, one clean copy and one marked up, both the clean copy and the markup copy may be displayed on a single screen (or window) with one line having the strikethroughs and the line below it having the clean copy. For the next line of strikethroughs, the clean copy may be above the clean copy. The screen will contain two lines of clean copy, one above the other which is much easier to read, followed by two lines of markup. Translations can be displayed in a similar fashion, as seen in FIG. 12C. This technique could also be used for grammar correction. According to an embodiment, the rendering engine 600 is configured to process a text string and modify the visual presentation of punctuation marks to increase their prominence relative to the surrounding textual content. The rendering engine 600 can parse the text string to identify punctuation characters (e.g., periods, commas, semicolons, colons, exclamation points, question marks, quotation marks, parentheses, etc.) and applies one or more visual modifications to these characters to distinguish them from the non-punctuation characters.Distinguishing the punctuation characters can involve increasing the font size of the punctuation characters relative to the surrounding text. In other embodiments, the rendering engine 600 may also or alternatively apply other forms of emphasis, such as bolding, color changes, outline effects, or spacing adjustments, to draw attention to the punctuation. These modifications can be applied dynamically during rendering, allowing the rendering engine 600 to maintain the original semantic content and character sequence of the text while enhancing the perceptual impact of tire punctuation. The rendering engine 600 may operate in real-time or near real-time, such as in a web browser, mobile app, or text editor. It can be configured to selectively emphasize only certain types of punctuation or to apply different levels or styles of emphasis based on punctuation type, position, or frequency.FIG . 13 A shows English substrings of “I am learning”, “Spanish”, “before I travel”, and “to Spain” horizontally offset to the right of their corresponding Spanish substrings of “Estoy aprendiendo”, “espanol”, “antes de viajar” and “a Espana”. Each substring pair is demarcated with a light grey rectangle. There is a first spacing ‘a’ in between adjacent demarcations corresponding to the primary substrings belonging to the same structural unit (e.g., Here, the Spanish substrings of “Estoy aprendiendo” and “espanol” are part of a same structural unit. Their corresponding demarcations are separated by a first spacing ‘a’). There is a second spacing ‘b’ in between adjacent demarcations corresponding to the secondary substring belonging to a different structural unit (e.g., Here, the Spanish substrings of “espanol” and “antes de viajar” are part of different structural units. Their corresponding demarcations are separated by a second spacing ‘b’). Preferably, ‘b’ is wider than ‘a’. Alternatively, a width of the first spacing ‘a’ is not equal to a width of the second spacing ‘b’. Such a spacing between demarcations defines substructures and superstructures of substring pairs. No matter how far the English is horizontally offset, there is a consistent break between demarcations that reinforces the correspondence between substrings. Furthermore, a small spacing creates an illusion of closeness among adjacent demarcated substring pairs.FIG. 13B shows English substrings of “I am learning”, “Spanish”, “before I travel”, and “to Spain” horizontally offset to the right of their corresponding Spanish substrings of “Estoy aprendiendo”, “espanol”, “antes de viajar” and “a Espana”. Each substring pair is demarcated with a light grey rectangle. The rightmost point of each demarcation is in between rightmost points of the substrings comprising the corresponding substring pair. Likewise, the leftmost point of each demarcation is in between leftmost point of the substrings comprising the corresponding substring pair.At step 5604, a secondary text string composed of secondary substrings is received. Each of tire secondary substrings may uniquely correspond to one of the primary substrings For example, each of the secondary substrings may be a translation of its corresponding primary substring. In an aspect, tire secondary text string may either be machinegenerated directly based on the primary text string or can be generated manually or through manual intervention As mentioned above, the primary and secondary text strings need not necessarily be translations of each other, but can be associated in any other way, for instance the primary text string can be “One Two Three” and the secondary text string can be “1 2 3”. Alternatively, the primary and secondary text strings can both the graphical symbols / representations or can be any combination of the aboveAccording to an embodiment, the secondary text string is received when a user inputs the secondary string using an input device 604 The user may manually indicate the substrings that make up the text string Alternatively, a native language processing engine can identify substrings within a string. For instance, exemplary rules can be based on punctuation, where periods indicate the start of a new text string and commas indicate the start of a new' substring within that text string.According to another embodiment, the secondary text string is received when the digital character recognition module 614 scans the content of an electronic display to identify a secondary text string. The entirety of the content may be scanned. Alternatively, a user may select a portion of the content to be scanned. Data (identity) and metadata (position, typeface, font, etc.) of each character in the secondary text string may be saved to secondary text string data. Identified substrings may be received as an automatic output from a native language processing service.According to yet another embodiment, the secondary’ text string is received when the parsing module 616 parses HTML content and associated CSS files. The entirety of the HTML content and associated CSS files may be parsed. Alternatively, a user may select a portion of the HTML content and associated CSS files to be parsed. The parsing module 616 parses the tags of the HTML content to identify characters in a secondary text string as well as associated Cascading Style Sheet (CSS) files to identify associated character metadata. Metadata (identity, position, typeface, font, size, etc) of each character in the secondary text string may be saved to secondary text string data. Identified substrings may be received as an automatic output from a native language processing service.Alternatively, a native language processing service (e.g., a native language processing engine) can automatically output identified substrings within a text string. For instance, exemplary rules can be based on, for example, grammar (e g., a sentence must start with an uppercase character (e.g. Noun, I, We, He, etc.), followed by lowercase characters), (there must be spaces between words and the sentence must end with a period), or (after a word, two continuous spaces are not allowed, and two continuous upper case characters are not allowed).Alternatively, text strings can be divided into an array of substrings, and a computed implemented function can return a temporary' array of the substrings. The function can be used in calculation statements wherever an array can be used, wherein a first operand can be the string to be split which can be alphanumeric, graphic, or UCS-2. The second operand can be the list of characters that indicate the end of each substring, can have same type and CCSID as the first operand. If it is not specified, the function can default to splitting at blanks. If the length of the second operand is greater than 1, any of the characters in the second operand indicate the end of each substring.Another exemplary implementation to automatically find / form substrings from a text string can be based on rules associated with parts of speech including nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections. Breaking a sentence down into its parts of speech requires knowledge of the word's meaning and how it relates to other words in the sentence. In an implementation, the substring formation can be based on identification of verbs, followed by identification of adverbs, followed by nouns, pronouns, and adjectives, followed by propositions and conjunctions and interjections, and then logically' groping them together in parts based on defined set of rules.In an embodiment, each of the secondary substrings preferably contains six or fewer words, more preferably five or fewer words, even more preferably four or fewer words, and most preferably three or fewer words.In an embodiment, most of the secondary substrings preferably contains six or fewer words, more preferably five or fewer words, even more preferably four or fewer words, and most preferably three or fewer words.According to an embodiment, secondary substrings are received when they are identified having a correspondence to the primary substrings. For example, the system parses through a substring database and identifies a first secondary substring corresponding to the first primary substring, a second secondary substring corresponding to the second primary substring, and a third secondary substring corresponding to the third primary substring.At step 5606, the placement module 622 arranges the primary substrings and the secondary substrings into substring pairsAccording to an embodiment, the placement module 622 places each of the secondary substrings adjacent to its corresponding primary' substring, creating substring pairs such that each of the secondary substrings is horizontally offset from its corresponding primary substring.In a preferred embodiment, each of the secondary substrings are vertically indented from their corresponding primary substrings. Alternatively, each of the secondary substrings are vertically offset from their corresponding primary substringsIn an embodiment, the secondary substrings are vertically offset above or below their corresponding primary substring. In an embodiment, the secondary substrings are vertically' offset no more than half a line away from their corresponding primary substring, where one line is the distance between the baseline of a primary substring in a first line and the baseline of another primary substring in a second lineIn an embodiment, the secondary substrings are vertically offset no more than one line away from their corresponding primary’ substring, where one line is the distance between the baseline of a primary’ substring in a first line and the baseline of another primary substring in a second line.In an embodiment, the secondary substrings are vertically’ offset no more than two lines away’ from their corresponding primary substring, where two lines is the distance between the baseline of a primary substring in a first line and the baseline of another primary substring in a third line.In an embodiment, each of the secondary substrings is horizontally offset from its corresponding primary substring by at least the first two characters of the corresponding primary' substring.In an embodiment, each of the secondary substrings is horizontally offset from its corresponding primary substring by at least two average character widths of the characters comprising the corresponding primary substring.In an embodiment, each of the secondary substrings is horizontally offset from its corresponding primary substring by at least the first syllable of the corresponding primary' substring.In an embodiment, the top substring in each substring pair is in English. Alternatively. the bottom substring in each substring pair is in English. Yet alternatively, the top substring in each substring pair is not in English. Yet alternatively, the bottom substring in each substring pair is in Hebrew.At step 5608, the placement module 622 positions the substring pairs into their final positions.According to an embodiment, the placement module 622 places each of the primary and secondary substring pairs such that, when each of the secondary substrings is not vertically indented from its corresponding primary substring, a given primary' substring, less the first primary substring, is horizontally indented from an immediately previous primary substring or a given secondary substring, less the first secondary substring, is horizontally indented from an immediately previous secondary' substring.Alternatively, the placement module 622 places each of the primary and secondary substring pairs such that, when each of the secondary substrings is not vertically' indented from its corresponding primary substring, a given primary substring, less the first primary substring, is horizontally offset from an immediately previous primary substring or a given secondary' substring, less the first secondary substring, is horizontally offset from an immediately previous secondary substring.Alternatively, the placement module 622 places each of the primary and secondary substring pairs such that, when each of the secondary substrings is not vertically offset from its corresponding primary substring, a given primary substring, less the first primary substring, is horizontally indented from an immediately previous primary' substring or a given secondary substring, less the first secondary substring, is horizontally indented from an immediately previous secondary substring.Alternatively, the placement module 622 places each of the primary and secondary substring pairs such that, when each of the secondary substrings is not vertically offset from its corresponding primary substring, a given primary substring, less the first primary substring, is horizontally offset from an immediately previous primary substring or a given secondary' substring, less the first secondary substring, is horizontally offset from an immediately previous secondary substring.Alternatively, the placement module 622 places each of the primary and secondary substrings according to a preferred or predetermined "layout" or "formatting. " For example, the primary and secondary substrings are arranged according to a preferred alignment, spacing, line spacing, and overall text structure within a document or display screen Eayout helps in organizing tire text to make it more readable and visually appealing.In an embodiment, there are at least five substring pairs and each of the substring pairs are arranged verticallyIn an embodiment, there are at least five substring pairs and each of the substring pairs, less the first substring pair, are vertically indented from the immediately previous substring pairIn an embodiment, there are at least five substring pairs and each of the substring pairs, less the first substring pair, are vertically offset from the immediately' previous substring pairAt step 5610, the substring pairs are rendered, by the tenderer 624, and displayed on an electronic display.In a preferred embodiment, the system is further configured to monitor for update conditions where the electronic display is updated in real time when an update condition is met. Update conditions can be monitored by polling: The system periodically checks the state of relev ant variables, sensors, or data sources to see if a condition has been met Although simple, this method can be inefficient as it may consume resources by checking repeatedly; Event-driven Programming: In this approach, an event loop waits for events or triggers from user input, sensors, timers, or othersources. When an event that requires an update is detected, the display can be refreshed. This is often used in graphical user interfaces (GUIs) and embedded systems; Interrupts: An interrupt-driven system can update the display based on external or internal signals that are handled by interrupt service routines (ISRs). For instance, an external sensor might send a signal when a certain threshold is reached, prompting an immediate display update; Observer Pattern (Software Design Pattern): In this pattern, the display is an observer that listens for changes in the subject. When the subject's state changes (c.g., data values), it notifies all observers to update accordingly; Timers: Scheduled tasks can be executed periodically using timers, which may prompt tire display to update regularly even if no other events are detected; State Change Detection: Some systems keep track of previous states and only update the display when a significant change is detected: or any combination thereof.Update conditions include, but are not limited to, a change in the appearance of one of the primary substrings (e.g., someone changed a color of one of the primary substrings), a change in the appearance of one of the secondary substrings (e.g., someone changed a font of one of the secondary substrings), a change in the placement of one of the primary substrings (e.g., someone spaces apart the primary substrings), and a change in the placement of one of the secondary substrings (e.g., someone moves the first secondary substrings down by an inch). Update conditions can farther include any conditions that would require the electronic display to be updated in order to reflect a new desired appearance.Alternatively, the electronic display is updated when an update condition is met and the user has approved the update. For example, a user increases the font size of the primary substrings (e.g., selects a larger size for the first primary substring). The rendering engine 600 prompts the user if he wants the electronic display to be updated to reflect the increased font size (e.g., a new window opens asking the user if he or she wants to continue). The user responds affirmatively and the electronic display is updated (e.g., the user clicks continue on the new window).FIG. 15 shows an alternative electronic display Here, the English secondary substrings are directly to the right of their corresponding Spanish primary substrings. The Spanish primary substrings are vertically stacked and each of the English primary substrings, less the first English primary substring, is indented to the right of the previous English primary substring.FIG. 16 shows an alternative electronic display Here, the English secondary substrings are directly to the right of their corresponding Spanish primary substrings. The Spanish primary substrings are vertically stacked and each of the English primary substrings, less the first English primary substring, is horizontally offset to the right of the previous English primary substring.FIG. 17 shows an alternative electronic display. Here, the English secondary substrings are placed above their corresponding Spanish primary substrings such that a rightmost point of each of the English secondary substrings is at or to the left of the rightmost point of its corresponding Spanish primary substring and a leftmost point of each of the English secondary substrings is at or to the right of the center point of its corresponding Spanish primary substring. FIG. 18 shows an alternative electronic display. Here, the English secondary substrings are placed above their corresponding Spanish primary substrings such that a leftmost point of each of the English secondary substrings is at or to the right of the leftmost point of its corresponding Spanish primary substring and a rightmost point of each of the secondary English substrings is at or to the left of the center point of its corresponding Spanish primary substring. Alternatively, the English secondary substrings are placed above their corresponding Spanish primary substrings such that the majority of the width a given secondary substring horizontally ox erlaps a left half of its corresponding primary substring. Alternatively, the English secondary substrings are placed above their corresponding Spanish primary substrings such that at least t\\ o thirds of the width a given secondary substring horizontally overlaps a left half of its corresponding primary substring. Alternatively, when the reading direction of the primary text string is right to left, the secondary substring can be placed above their corresponding primary substrings such that the majority of the width a given secondary substring horizontally overlaps a right half of its corresponding primary substring. Alternatively, w hen the reading direction of the primary text string is right to left, the secondary' substring can be placed above their corresponding primary substrings such that at least two thirds of the width a given secondary substring horizontally overlaps a right half of its corresponding primary substringFIG. 57 shows an alternative electronic display. Here, there are at least four substring pairs, where the first two substrings are displayed on the first line and the next two substrings are displayed on the second line Alternatively, there can be at least nine substring pairs, where at least three substrings are displayed on a first line, at least three substring pairs are displayed on a second line, and at least three substring pairs are displayed on a third lineFIG. 20 shows an alternative electronic display. Here, the position of the English secondary substrings alternate from above to below their corresponding Spanish primary’ substrings from substring pair to substring pair.FIG. 21 shows an alternative electronic display. Here, for English secondary substrings positioned above their corresponding Spanish primary’ substring, a descender line of the English secondary’ substring is below the ascender line of its corresponding Spanish primary substring and for English secondary substrings positioned below their corresponding Spanish primary’ substrings, an ascender line of the English secondary' substring is above the descender line of the corresponding Spanish primary substring.According to an embodiment, when substring pairs are displayed on the electronic display, other text related to the substring pairs is not displayed on the electronic display. For example, in the display of FIG. 22, a French translation of the English / Spanish substring pairs is displayed next to tire English / Spanish substring pairs, distracting the reader by diverting their focus.According to an embodiment, when a given line on tire electronic display contains at least one of the primary or secondary substrings, the given line does not contain textual content that is not part of the primary or secondary text string. For example, in FIG. 23, the first line contains the Spanish primary substring “Estoy aprendeindo’’, the English secondary substring “I am learning”, and the text “Chapter 1”. The text “Chapter 1” distracts the reader from the primary or secondary substrings in the same line.FIG. 24 shows a text string of “I am studying Spanish before I travel to Spain My trip is in February.” divided into substrings of “I am studying”, “Spanish”, “before I travel to Spain.”, “My trip”, and “is in February.” The superstructures of the text string are the sentences of “I am studying Spanish before I travel to Spain.” and “My trip is in February.” The substructures of the text string are the phrases of “I am studying”, “Spanish”, “before I travel to Spain.”, “My trip”, and “is in February.” Here, there is a consistent spacing having a width ‘a’ in between adjacent substrings belonging to tire same superstructure and a consistent spacing having a width ‘b’ in between adjacent substrings belonging to different superstructures. Preferably the spacing in between adjacent substrings belonging to different superstructures is greater than a spacing in between adjacent substrings belonging to the same superstructures such that spacing having a width ‘b’ clearly defines the start of a new superstructures (sentence) while spacing having a width ‘a’ clearly defines the start of a new substructure (phrase) within the same superstructure (sentence). The width of a spacing can be measured as the horizontal distance between the rightmost point of an immediately left substring and the leftmost point of an immediately right substring.In another embodiment, the width of ‘a’ and ‘b’ are two different greater than zero values. Alternatively, the width of ‘a’ is zero while the width of ‘b’ is greater than zero.In another embodiment, the width of ‘a’ is equal to the width of ‘b’. Instead, a visual demarcation placed in between adjacent substrings belonging to different superstructures defines the start of a new substructure. Said spacing can be used with any of the display schemes in this disclosure (e.g., between primary substrings, between secondary substrings, between substring pairs).FIG. 25 shows an alternative electronic display. Here, one of the English secondary substrings (“I am learning”) horizontally overlaps its corresponding Spanish primary substring (“Estoy aprendiendo”) and the Spanish primary substring of an adjacent substring pair (“Espanol”) such that the width of the horizontal overlap between “I am learning” and “Estoy aprendiendo”, demarcated w-ith a dark grey line, is greater than the width of the horizontal overlap between “I am learning” and “Espanol”, demarcated with a light grey line As there is more horizontal overlap betw een “I am learning” and “Estoy aprendiendo” than between “I am learning” and “Espanol”, the reader can identify that the secondary substring “I am learning” corresponds to the primary substring “Estoy aprendiendo” instead of to the primary substring “Espanol”. This display scheme advantageously allow-s substring pairs to be displayed closer together without confusing the readerFIG. 25 shows an optional step in the method of FIG. 14. After tire placement module 622 places the substring pairs into their final positions, the calculation module 618 determines the width of any horizontal overlap between each of the secondary substrings and any adjacent primary substrings. When a given secondary substring is positioned such that the horizontal overlap between the given secondary substring and its corresponding primary substring is greater than a the horizontal overlap between the given secondary substring and an adjacent primary substring belonging to an adjacent substring pair, the system divides the given secondary substring among two lines For example, in stage 4, the horizontal overlap between the secondary substring “I am learning” and the primary substring “Espanol antes de” is greater than the horizontal overlap between the secondary substring “I am learning” and its correspondingprimary substring of “Estoy aprendeindo” Likewise, the horizontal overlap between the secondary substring “Spanish before" and the primary substring ‘ iajar a Espana" is greater than the horizontal overlap between the secondary' substring “Spanish before" and its corresponding primary substring of “Espanol antes de”. As shown in stage 4.5, the system automatically divides “I am learning” and “Spanish before” among two lines such that the horizontal overlap between the secondary substrings and their corresponding primary substrings is greater than a the horizontal overlap between the secondary' substrings and their adjacent primary substrings belonging to adjacent substring pairs. Alternatively, the system can reduce the width of “I am learning” and “Spanish before” by automatically selecting a smaller font for “I am learning” and “Spanish before" or by reducing the actual width of these secondary substrings. Distinguishing a portion of a secondary substring from the remainder of the secondary substring and distinguishing a portion of the corresponding primary substring hints a connection between the distinguished portions. For example, in FIG. 27, the “previo” portion of the secondary substring “requisite previo” and the “pre” portion of the primary substring “prerequisite” are deemphasized through shading. A reader would understand that the Spanish prefix of “previo” corresponds to the English prefix of “pre”. Other forms of distinguishment can include appearance changes (e.g., to the color, font size, font), position changes (e.g., moving the distinguished portion up or down by a few pixels; moving the distinguished portion to a different line), and effects (e.g., the distinguished portion flashes).When substring pairs are arranged vertically, for a given first substring pair in a first line and a given second substring pair in a second line, the second line being the line immediately below the first line: a first vertical distance in between the baseline of a topmost substring in the first given substring pair and the baseline of a bottommost substring in the given first substring pair is less than a second vertical distance in between a baseline of the bottommost substring in the given first substring pair and the baseline of the topmost substring in the given second substring pair. Such display schemes hint at which substrings belong to which substring pair. For example, in FIG. 28, the distance ‘a’ between the baseline of tire secondary substring(,l lav algun” and tire baseline of its primary substring “Are there any” is less than the distance ‘b’ between the baseline of the primary substring “Are there any” and the secondary substring of the immediately below substring pair “requisite previo?”When substring pairs are arranged horizontally, as shown in FIG. 29, when a given substring pair has an immediately right substring pair, the immediately right substring pair is positioned such that a horizontal distance in between tire rightmost point of the given substring pair and the leftmost point of the immediately right substring pair is zero. Alternatively, when a given substring pair has an immediately left substring pair, the immediately left substring pair is positioned such that a horizontal distance in between the leftmost point of the given substring pair and the rightmost point of the immediately left substring pair is zero.FIG. 30 shows an alternative electronic display. Here, there leftmost substring in each line is left aligned (e.g., the leftmost point of the leftmost substring in each line sits on a vertical line) and right rightmost substring in each pair is right aligned (e.g., the rightmost point of the rightmost substring in each line sits on a vertical line).FIG. 31 shows a further non-limiting example of demarcations.In an embodiment, a primary substring and its corresponding secondary substring have a same appearance characteristic that hints at a correspondence between tire primary substring and its corresponding secondary substring. For example, the primary substring and its corresponding substring are both bolded, the primary substring and its corresponding substring are have a left to right shading, the primary substring and its corresponding substring are both displayed in a larger font than other substrings in adjacent substring pairs, etcWhat is further disclosed is a rendering engine 600 to display a primary text string and a secondary text string in a clutter-reducing manner, the system comprising: memory storing executable instructions; a processing device executing tire instructions, wherein the instructions cause the system to: receive a primary text string comprised of a plurality of primary substrings; receive a secondary text string comprised of a plurality of secondary substrings, wherein each of the secondary substrings is one of a translation and transliteration of its corresponding primary substring; receive a plurality of demarcations; render, in real-time, substring pairs for display, wherein each of the rendered substring pairs comprises one of the secondary substrings placed next to its corresponding primary substring; display, on an electronic display, the substring pairs; wherein: a structure of the primary text string includes at least a first superstructure and a second superstructure; each of the first and second superstructures is comprised of a plurality of substructures; the substring pairs are demarcated by the plurality of demarcations such that the demarcations define at least one of the substructures and the substructures of the primary text string; the substructures and the superstructures of the primary text string are defined;when, for each of the substring pairs, a given secondary substring is not horizontally offset from its corresponding primary’ substring: rectangular primary intcr-airspaccs laterally border primary substrings, wherein the left edge of a given rectangular primary inter-airspace is defined by a first vertical line flush with the rightmost point of an immediately left primary substring or the left edge of a page; the right edge of the given rectangular primary interairspace is defined by a second vertical line flush with the leftmost point of an immediately right primary substring or the right edge of the page; the bottom edge of the given rectangular primary inter-airspace is defined by a first horizontal line flush with a descender line of immediately adjacent primary substrings; the top edge of the given rectangular primary’ inter-airspace is defined by' a second horizontal line flush with an ascender line of the immediately' adjacent primary substrings; rectangular secondary inter-airspaces laterally border secondary' substrings, wherein the left edge of a given rectangular secondary inter-airspace is defined by a first vertical line flush with the rightmost point of an immediately left secondary substring or the left edge of the page; the right edge of the given rectangular secondary' inter-airspace is defined by a second vertical line flush with the leftmost point of an immediately right secondary substring or the right edge of the page; the bottom edge of the given rectangular secondary inter-airspace is defined by a first horizontal line flush with a descender line of immediately adjacent secondary substrings; and the top edge of the given rectangular secondary inter-airspace is defined by a second horizontal line flush with an ascender line of the immediately adjacent secondary substrings; a given demarcation is not entirely within one of the rectangular primary inter-airspace or one of the rectangular secondary inter-airspace, wherein the given demarcation is not entirely in between adjacent substring pairs, wherein when the leftmost point of tire given demarcation is in between the rightmost point of the immediately left substring pair and the leftmost point of the immediately right substring pair, the rightmost point of the given demarcation is not in between the rightmost point of the immediately left substring pair and the leftmost point of the immediately right substring pair; adjoining demarcations form groups of adjoined demarcations, wherein a given group of adjoined demarcations or the given demarcation does not fully enclose a first substring pair and a second substring pair, wherein the first substring pair is positioned on a first line and the second substring pair is positioned on a second line; a substring in the second substring pair is a translation or a transliteration of a substring of the first substring pair.In an embodiment, for the rendering engine 600, a first portion of the first superstructure is on a same line as a second portion of the second superstructure.In an embodiment, for the rendering engine 600, when the demarcations only define tire substructures of the primary text string: the superstructures of the primary text string are defined by at least one of: an increased spacing between substrings of different superstructures; punctuation between the substrings of different superstructures; when the demarcations only' define the superstructures of the primary text string: the substructures of the primary text string are defined by at least one of: an increased spacing between substrings of the same superstructure; and punctuation between the substrings of the same superstructure.In an embodiment, for tire rendering engine 600, at least one of the substructures and the superstructures of the primary text string are further defined by' an increased spacing in between the substring pairs.In an embodiment, for the rendering engine 600, each of the substring pairs has a rectangular substring airspace, wherein the left edge of a given rectangular substring airspace is defined by' a fifth vertical line flush with the rightmost point the immediately left substring pair or the left edge of the page; the right edge of a given rectangular substring airspace is defined by a sixth vertical line flush with the leftmost point of the immediately’ right substring pair of the right edge of the page; and tire bottom edge of the given rectangular substring airspace is defined by a fifth horizontal line flush with the topmost point of the immediately below substring pair or the bottom edge of the page; the top edge of the given rectangular substring airspace is defined by a sixth horizontal line flush with the bottommost point of the immediately above substring pair or the top edge of the page; a sum of widths of the demarcations that enter a given substring airspace is equal to or greater than two average character widths of characters in tire primary substring, wherein a character width is defined by a horizontal distance between the leftmost point of a character and the rightmost point of a character; and a width of a given demarcation is defined by a horizontal distance between the leftmost point of the given demarcation and the rightmost point of the given demarcationIn an embodiment, for the rendering engine 600, the demarcations are not textual commentary, wherein textual commentary includes at least punctuation, tropes, and accentsIn an embodiment, for the rendering engine 600, the substructures and the superstructures of the primary text string are defined by' the demarcationsIn an embodiment, for the rendering engine 600, none of the demarcations is adjoined to another demarcation.In an embodiment, for the rendering engine 600, the demarcations within the given group of adjoined demarcations are laterally joined.In an embodiment, for the rendering engine 600, each of the substring pairs has a rectangular substring airspace, wherein the left edge of a given rectangular substring airspace is defined by a fifth vertical line flush with the rightmost point the immediately left substring pair or the left edge of the page; the right edge of a given rectangular substring airspace is defined by a sixth vertical line flush with the leftmost point of the immediately right substring pair of the right edge of the page; and the bottom edge of the given rectangular substring airspace is defined by a fifth horizontal line flush with the topmost point of the immediately below substring pair or the bottom edge of the page; the top edge of the given rectangular substring airspace is defined by a sixth horizontal line flush with the bottommost point of the immediately above substring pair or the top edge of the page; for each of the demarcations within the given rectangular substring airspace: the topmost point of the demarcation is at or below the topmost point of a corresponding substring pair and the bottommost point of the given demarcation is at or above the bottommost point of the corresponding substring pair.In an embodiment, for the rendering engine 600, each of the substring pairs has a rectangular substring airspace, wherein the left edge of a given rectangular substring airspace is defined by a fifth vertical line flush with the rightmost point the immediately left substring pair or the left edge of the page; the right edge of a given rectangular substring airspace is defined by a sixth vertical line flush with the leftmost point of the immediately right substring pair of the right edge of the page; and the bottom edge of the given rectangular substring airspace is defined by a fifth horizontal line flush with tire topmost point of the immediately below substring pair or the bottom edge of the page; the top edge of the given rectangular substring airspace is defined by a sixth horizontal line flush with the bottommost point of the immediately above substring pair or the top edge of the page; for each of the demarcations within the given rectangular substring airspace: the topmost point of the demarcation is at or below the x-height line of an upper substring the corresponding substring pair and the bottommost point of the given demarcation is at or above the baseline of a lower substring in the corresponding substring pair.In an embodiment, for tire rendering engine 600, for each of the substring pairs, a given secondary substring is horizontally offset from the corresponding primary substring.In an embodiment, for the rendering engine 600, each of tire primary substrings, less a first primary substring, is vertically and horizontally offset from an immediately previous primary' substring.In an embodiment, for the rendering engine 600, the instructions further cause the system to: set, based on user preference, a first type of grammatical unit for the substructures and a second type of grammatical unit for the superstructures; define structures of the primary text string, wherein the defined structures include at least the substructures and the superstructures of the primary text string; tire structures are defined via operations of a natural language processing service; tire natural language processing service defines the structures as output from at least one automated parser.In an embodiment, for the rendering engine 600, when the first type of grammatical unit is a word, the second type of grammatical unit is a phrase; when the first type of grammatical unit is a phrase, the second type of grammatical unit is a sentence; and when the first typic of grammatical unit is a sentence, the second type of grammatical unit is a plurality of sentencesIn an embodiment, for the rendering engine 600, at least one of the demarcations enters one of the primary interairspaces and one of the secondary' inter-airspaces; and the at least one of the of demarcations that enters one of the primary inter-airspaces and one of the secondary inter-airspaces defines the superstructures of the primary text string. In an embodiment, for the rendering engine 600, the demarcations comprise at least a first set of demarcations and a second set of demarcations; the first set of demarcations, when viewed individually, defines the substructures of the first superstructure, and, when viewed together, defines the first superstructure; the second set of demarcations, when viewed individually, defines the substructures of the second superstructure, and, when viewed together, defines the second superstructure; wherein a first visual property of each of the demarcations in the first set of demarcations varies in the reading direction of the primary text string; a second visual property of each of the demarcations in the second set of demarcations varies in the reading direction of the primary text string; and the v ariance of the second visual property is not a continuation of tire variance of the first visual property such that, when the demarcated substring pairs are displayed, the first set of demarcations is distinguishable from the second set of demarcationsIn an embodiment, for the rendering engine 600, the variance of the first and second visual properties is gradual or discrete.In an embodiment, for the rendering engine 600, the first visual property is the color of the demarcations in the first set of demarcations; the second visual property is the color of the demarcations in the second set of demarcations; and the variance of the first and second visual properties is a color variance.In an embodiment, for the rendering engine 600, the first visual property is the color of the demarcations in the first set of demarcations; the second visual property is the color of the demarcations in the second set of demarcations; and the variance of the first and second visual properties is a shading variance.In an embodiment, for the rendering engine 600, each of the substring pairs has a rectangular substring airspace, wherein the left edge of a given rectangular substring airspace is defined by a fifth vertical line flush with the rightmost point the immediately left substring pair or the left edge of the page; the right edge of a given rectangular substring airspace is defined by a sixth vertical line flush with the leftmost point of the immediately right substring pair of the right edge of the page; and the bottom edge of the given rectangular substring airspace is defined by a fifth horizontal line flush with tire topmost point of the immediately below substring pair or the bottom edge of the page; the top edge of the given rectangular substring airspace is defined by a sixth horizontal line flush with the bottommost point of the immediately above substring pair or the top edge of the page; the demarcations includes a plurality of narrow demarcations and a plurality of wide demarcations, wherein a given narrow demarcation is mostly within the rectangular airspace of only one of the substring pairs such that the narrow demarcations define the substructures of the primary' text string; and a given wide demarcation is within the rectangular airspace of at least two of the substring pairs such that the wide demarcations define the superstructures of the primary substring.In an embodiment, for the rendering engine 600, each of the substring pairs has a rectangular substring airspace, wherein the left edge of a given rectangular substring airspace is defined by a fifth vertical line flush with the rightmost point the immediately left substring pair or the left edge of the page; the right edge of a given rectangular substring airspace is defined by a sixth vertical line flush with tire leftmost point of the immediately right substring pair of tire right edge of the page; and the bottom edge of the given rectangular substring airspace is defined by a fifth horizontal line flush with the topmost point of the immediately below substring pair or the bottom edge of tire page; the top edge of the given rectangular substring airspace is defined by a sixth horizontal line flush with the bottommost point of the immediately above substring pair or the top edge of the page; each of tire rectangular airspaces contains at least one of the demarcations.In an embodiment, for tire rendering engine 600, a given demarcation comprises a shape that causes one of the secondary substrings to appear on a separate perspective plane relative to the corresponding primary substring, conveying a visual appearance of depth for the secondary substring.In an embodiment, for the rendering engine 600, the demarcations are a lighter shade than the primary and secondary text strings; or a majority of a page, on which the substring pairs are rendered, is mono-colored.In an embodiment, for the rendering engine 600, for each of the substring pairs, the rightmost point of the secondary substring is at or to the left of the rightmost point of its corresponding primary substring and the leftmost point of the secondary substring is at or to the right of the center point of its corresponding primary' substring; or the leftmost point of the secondary substring is at or to tire right of the leftmost point of its corresponding primary substring and the rightmost point of the secondary substring is at or to the left of the center point of its corresponding primary substring In an embodiment, for the rendering engine 600, when the primary text string has a same reading direction as the secondary text string, for each of the substring pairs, the leftmost point of the secondary substring is aligned with the leftmost point of its corresponding primary substring when the same reading direction is left to right; and tire rightmost point of the secondary substring is aligned with the rightmost point of its corresponding primary substring when the same reading direction is right to left.In an embodiment, for the rendering engine 600, the instructions further cause the processing device to: receive torah- related commentary; display, on the electronic display, the torah-related commentary next to its corresponding substring pair, wherein the torah-related commentary elaborates on the meaning or intended purpose of the corresponding substring pair.In an embodiment, for the rendering engine 600, for the given group of adjoined demarcations, a width of the given group of adjoined demarcations is greater than or equal to a height of the given group of adjoined demarcations, wherein the width of the given group of adjoined demarcations is defined by the horizontal distance between theleftmost point of the given group of adjoined demarcations and the rightmost point of the given group of adjoined demarcations; and the height of the given group of adjoined demarcations is defined by the vertical distance between the bottommost point of the given group of adjoined demarcations and the topmostpoint of the given group of adjoined demarcations.In an embodiment, for the rendering engine 600, a given substring pair has an upper substring and a lower substring, the upper substring positioned above the lower substring; and the upper substring in the given substring pair is in English.In an embodiment, text strings are rendered for display according to the following method steps:1) Conditions to render new content for display are checked once per predetermined interval (e.g., every 10ms). These conditions can include: text input into a predetermined text area on the display screen; changes in parameters such as font size, position, spacing, color, etc; direct clicks on ‘redraw’ and ‘separate window’ interface buttons; direct sliding of parameter interface sliders. When a condition is met, the program proceeds to render the new content2) The first step in rendering the new content is identifying the target portion of the electronic display (container) where the results of the program will be displayed. The size and location of the container depends on factors such as the desired text layout, text characteristics, and demarcation characteristics. Any existing content within this container is cleared.3) The second step in rendering the new content is processing the input text. The text input is split into lines (e g., based on newline characters (\n) or other identifiers). Each line of text is then processed individually.4) The third step in rendering the new content is line processing. Each line of text is further split into substrings (e g., based on the backslash (\) character). If the split results in exactly two parts, additional processing can occur (e g., The first character of the second substring is checked to determine a stop parameter based on certain characters (, . : ;). Tliis character helps dictate specific behaviors or styles that are applied later.5) The fourth step in rendering the new content is creating substring pairs. For lines of text that meet the parsing conditions, the substring pairs are created with parameters derived from tire parsed text. Parameters can include the ‘target’ (the container where the unit will be placed), ‘triml ’ (the first part of the split line, trimmed of whitespace), ‘trini2’ (tire adjusted second substring of the split line, also trimmed and possibly modified by removing the first character), ‘stop’ (the behavior / style indicator derived from the first character of the second substring), ‘justify’ (a fixed value provided for layout purposes)6) The fifth step in rendering the new content is appending it to the container7) The sixth step in rendering the new content is updating the parameters. After all lines have been processed and the respective units created and appended, a series of updates are performed to ensure the newly added elements are styled and positioned according to the current settings of various parameters. These updates adjust the layout and appearance of the elements within container and example based on updated or existing parameters.These steps are part of a dynamic update process that ensures the layout and styling of elements (e.g., substring pairs, substrings, demarcations) within the container on the display screen match the updated parameters dictated by user inputs, maintaining consistency and applying new styles as needed.In some embodiments, the method may further include steps of:1) Iterating through child elements for steps 4-7. For each substring pair, the method checks for the presence of other elements such as demarcations (indicating the substring pair is a composite element) If the substring pair is determined to be a composite element, steps 4-7 are iterated to update deeper aspects of each element based on the latest parameters2) Adjusting positioning. As steps 4-7 are iterated, the method includes managing tire positioning of elements by comparing the right boundary of each element to a tracked maximum (left variable) If the current element extends further right than any previous ones, it adjusts the margin left of the previously handled element to 0, effectively tightening the layout3) Final margin adjustment. Once the loop completes, if there is a previous element handled in the loop) it ensures this element's left margin is set to 0, finalizing the adjustments for the last element in the sequenceThese steps finalize tire layout and appearance of the elements within container, ensuring a more aesthetic appearance. FIG 32A shows a set of demarcations 20950 comprised of the related first 20940 and second 942 demarcationsFIG. 32B shows a demarcated Spanish text string, according to an embodiment. One of the phrases, “traducciones con texto?” is split between two lines The first demarcation 20940 is in placed in proximity to “traducciones con” and thesecond demarcation is placed in proximity to '‘texto?” creating a visual association between “traducciones con” and “texto?” Such phrase demarcations allow a reader to effortlessly continue reading from one line to the next. This reduction in mental strain allows the reader focus on the substance of the text rather than looking ahead. It should be appreciated that such demarcations can be placed in proximity to portions of any sentence structure that is split between two lines, including, but not limited to, sentences, words, and groups of words.FIG. 33 shows a method 201000 for displaying, on an electronic display, a demarcated text string, according to an embodiment.In step 1 201002, a text string is received.According to an embodiment, the text string is received when the digital character recognition module 614 scans the content to identify the text string. Alternatively, the text string is received when the parsing module 616 parses HTML content and associated CSS files. Yet alternatively, the text string is received when a user inputs a text string. The text string may be tokenized into substructures and superstructures The airspaces of those substructures and superstructures may be defined. The text string may be tokenized into associated substrings. The airspaces of associated text substrings may be definedIn step 2 201004, a text string structure that is split between two lines of text is identified.According to an embodiment, the calculation module 618 identifies a text string structure that is split between two lines of text.In step 3 201006, a plurality of demarcations are received.According to an embodiment, the demarcations are received when the demarcations module retrieves demarcations from demarcation data 632. Alternatively, the demarcations are received when the demarcation module generates demarcations. The type of demarcation generated may be selected based on user preferences and the demarcations may be scaled automatically.In step 4 201008, the demarcations and the text string are rendered to create a demarcated text string.According to one embodiment, the Tenderer 624, in conjunction with the placement module 622, draws tire demarcated text string to be displayed on the display screen. The demarcated text string may have a demarcated text string structure, where the text string structure is split between two lines.In step 5 201010, the demarcated text string is displayed on an electronic display.FIGs. 34A-34B show the method of FIG. 33 as applied to an electronic device, according to an embodiment.Stage 1 201100 shows step 1 , in which the text string is received. Here, the text string is identified as '‘Para que alinear traducciones con texto? Para facilitar la comparacion entre los dos.” The text string is tokenized into phrases (substructures') of '(',Para que alinear,” “traducciones con texto?” “Para facilitar,” 'Ta comparacion,” and “entre los dos,’’ and sentences (superstructures) of “ .Para que alinear traducciones con texto?” and “Para facilitar la comparacion entre los dos.” Furthermore, phrase (text string substructure) airspaces have been defined.Stage 2 201102 shows step 2, in which a text string structure that is split between two lines of text is identified. Here, the phrase “traducciones con texto?” is identified as a text string structure that is split between the first and second lines of text.Stage 3 201104 shows step 3, in which the demarcations are received when they are generated. The first step of generating demarcations is selecting a type of demarcation (top). Here, the selected demarcation type is brackets. The second step of generating demarcations is scaling the demarcations (bottom) Here, the demarcations are scaled such that, when placed proximate to a text string, the demarcations surround portions of the text string structure.Stage 4 201106 shows step 4, in which the demarcations and the text string are rendered to create a demarcated text string. Here, tire demarcated text string may have a demarcated text string structure, where the text string structure is split between two linesStage 5 201108 shows step 5, in which the demarcated text string is displayed on an electronic display.The system embodies a significant advance over existing systems that cannot display text strings in a manner where text string structures that are split among two lines are demarcated.FIG 35 shows a comparative-text display format (CTDF) 201200 that can employ a related text layout 201202 The text layout 201202 for the CTDF 201200 can include arranging the primary 201203 and secondary 201204 text segments such that 1 ) the primary text segments are split between a first and second line 2) the secondary text segments corresponding to the primary text segments in the first line are placed above their respective primary text segments and 3) the secondary text segments corresponding to the primary text segments in the second line are placed belowtheir respective primary text segments. Such an arrangement can be used where a display screen has limited width, necessitating the division of a text string into two lines of text.This arrangement of primary and secondary text segments reduces interference from the secondary text segments when attempting to read the primary’ text segments uninterrupted. However, the secondary’ text segments remain close to their corresponding primary text segments in case the reader has to reference the secondary text segments For example, here, a Spanish language learner can read the first and second lines of “Para quo alincar traduccioncs con texto?” Para facilitar la comparacion entre los dos.” without encountering any of the secondary text segments in between both lines.FIG. 36 shows an augmented reality screen with the words heard by the microphone 640 displayed along with a translation of the words, overlaying the real-world video image. In this specific example, three people are talking, with the woman speaking at tire specific time of this display. The woman has just said “I am learning Hebrew”, and these words, along with the translation in Hebrew, are placed in the word balloon with the indication that she said these words. The words and the translation could be any of the display techniques and formats described above. In one embodiment, the eye tracking device 644 is used to identify a person who is talking in a room. The eye-tracking information is then used to focus the microphone 640 (perhaps using a directional microphone 640 that is controlled robotically by the rendering engine 600) on the specific person who is talking, and the spoken words from that person are filtered out of the noise. These spoken words are then processed by a voice-to-text module 646 to generate computer-readable text. This computer- readable text is then sent to the parsing module 616 and the translation module 617, as described above. After the text is processed by the calculation module 618, the placement module 622, and the operations module 623, the translation and the text are sent to the Tenderer 624 to format for interlinear display on the augmented reality display 342. In some embodiments, the text and the translation are jointly displayed on the augmented reality display 342 in a transparent or translucent word balloon that indicates who said the words. The indication of the speaker with the word balloon is helpful if there is a delay between the speaking and the display of the interlinear translation on the screen. In other embodiments, the words and the translation are displayed in a separate window on one side or another of the augmented reality display 342. In another embodiment, the words and the translation are displayed at the top or the bottom of the augmented reality display 342As the words are spoken, the translation may be done in real-time (or close to real-time), allowing the user to hear and see the foreign language conversation as well as to see tire translation (silently) in the augmented reality screen 342.In another embodiment, a virtual reality screen is used in place of the augmented reality display 342. The virtual reality screen could be used to teach a foreign language, with an avatar conducting an audio conversation while the written words and the translation are displayed interlinearly in a word balloon using one or more of the formats described above. This allows the user to hear the foreign language word, see the foreign language word, and see the avatar act out the word, providing three methods of learning the foreign language at the same time.FIG. 37 shows demarcated substring pairs English substrings are horizontally offset from their corresponding Hebrew substrings. Sets of demarcations (the gray rectangles) define phrases of the Hebrew’ text string An appearance or shape of the end of a given demarcation can be used to indicate whether or not the adjacent demarcation is related. For example, if an end 3002 is square, the reader will know that the demarcated substring pair to the left of the end 3002 is unrelated. If an end is rounded 3004, tire reader will know that the demarcated substring pair to tire left of the end 3004 is related Thus, using different appearances or shapes for the ends of demarcations helps define substructures and / or superstructures of a text string.FIG 38 (top) shows substring pairs The width of ‘a’ is defined as the horizontal distance between the rightmost point of a comma (or any other punctuation mark used to separate elements within a sentence (e.g., for separating items in a series, setting off introductory elements, and separating clauses)) and the leftmost point of the next primary substring The width of ‘b’ is defined as the horizontal distance between rightmost points of and leftmost points of adjacent words in the primary substrings In a preferred embodiment, ‘a’ is at least tw ice as wide as ‘b’. Alternatively, ‘a’ is at least one and a half times as wide as ‘b'. When substrings pairs are displayed such that "a’ is wider than ‘b', a reader is better able to visualize pauses in the text after each comma (or any other punctuation mark used to separate elements within a sentence)FIG 38 (bottom) shows substring pairs The width of ‘a’ is defined as the horizontal distance between the rightmost point of a primary substring and the leftmost point of tire next primary substring. The width of ‘b’ is defined as the horizontal distance between rightmost points of and leftmost points of adjacent words in the primary substrings In apreferred embodiment, ‘a’ is at least twice as wide as ‘b’. Alternatively, ‘a’ is at least one and a half times as wide as ‘b’. When substrings pairs arc displayed such that ‘a’ is wider than ‘b’, a reader is better able to visualize pauses in the text, even if there is no comma (or any other punctuation mark used to separate elements within a sentence)In an embodiment, a layout structure is provided for displaying paired textual content. The layout comprises a first text string segmented into two or more substructures, where at least two consecutive substructures may be grammatically linked to form a superstructure. A corresponding second text string is also provided, which is linguistically and grammatically linked to the first text string. This second text string comprises two or more substrings, each of which corresponds to one of the substructures of the first text string. In some embodiments, the substructure may consist of one or more words, and the superstructure may correspond to a sentence or other grammatically complete unit. The second text string may be a translation, transliteration, or interpretation of the first text string and may appear in the same language or a different language.In an embodiment, tire visual demarcation is a central structural component of the layout. One or more demarcations are provided to (a) link each substructure of the first text string with its corresponding substring in the second text string by spatially extending between the two, encompassing or overlapping portions of both, or being directionally oriented to bridge their relative positions., and (b) delineate at least one of the substructures in the first text string by visually separating it from adjacent substructures through bounding shape, spacing, or contrast.Each demarcation may take the form of a geometric shape, including but not limited to a bar, line, rectangle, parallelogram, trapezoid, circle, triangle, or chevron The positioning of the demarcation is flexible; it may appear above, below, or between the first and second text strings. In certain embodiments, the demarcation may overlap either or both of the text strings When overlapping is used, the demarcation typically acts as a co-positioned background element (e g., a shaded shape rendered behind the text) and may be either opaque or semi-transparent. To avoid confusion with underlining, especially when applied to the text strings, the bar-type demarcation may be rendered with a thickness proportionally greater than the font size to ensure distinctiveness.In an embodiment, a gap is defined as the white space or visual separation between adjacent demarcations. The layout may include one or more such gaps, each configured to delineate a boundary between neighboring substructures. Gaps may be uniform or varied in width, with wider gaps, as shown by ‘A,’ ‘B,’ and 'C' in FIG. 39A. potentially used to indicate higher-order separations such as sentence breaks, and narrower gaps for intra-sentence boundaries such as commas or conjunctions. In some embodiments, the gap may contain additional demarcation elements, such as commas, periods, asterisks, or other punctuation marks, which either replicate the punctuation from the original text or represent equivalent structural divisions These visual cues reinforce the segmentation implied by the gap and improve the reader’s ability to interpret the text.In an embodiment, tire encapsulation behavior of the demarcation is configurable. In a complete encapsulation, the demarcation fully encloses the associated substructure or substring. In a partial encapsulation, only a portion of the substructure or substring lies within the demarcation, while the remaining part may appear outside, within the gap between adjacent demarcations. In some implementations, this technique supports visual continuity, wherein a part of a substructure left outside one demarcation may appear adjacent to a substructure in the next demarcation, allowing the sentence to flow more naturally for the reader.In an embodiment, the layout structure may also support grouped encapsulations, in which two or more contiguous substructure-substring pairs are collectively bounded by a single demarcation This grouping typically corresponds to a higher-order linguistic structure such as a phrase, clause, or idiomatic expression. Within the grouped demarcation, the internal alignment between individual pairs may be visually preserved through sub-spacing or light dividers, or the group may be rendered as a single undivided unit, depending on layout preferences.In some embodiments, alignment variations are supported For instance, the layout may include horizontal offsets, in which a substructure and its substring are not vertically stacked but slightly staggered to create a flowing visual effect. Alternatively, vertical centering may be used, where the substructure and substring are precisely aligned on a vertical axis. Some variants may employ diagonal alignments, in which the demarcation itself is shaped (e.g., slanted or beveled) to visually direct the reader’s eye between the two paired elements In more advanced layouts, row-spanning demarcations may be used to link corresponding pairs that appear on non-adjacent rows, supporting line-wrapped content without losing the structural associationIn an embodiment, the layout structure may adapt the relative positioning of the two text strings. In some embodiments, the second text string may appear above the first in certain rows, and below in others This behav iormay be driven by display constraints, such as screen width, line wrapping, or responsive layout settings Alternatively, this positioning may depend on focus preference, wherein the visually emphasized (or semantically prioritized) text string is given a more prominent position. This allows the layout to support a wide variety of reading and learning scenarios, such as source-language-first or interpretation-first modes.FIGURES 2A-2J illustrate various exemplary layouts 200A-200J of paired textual contents, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.In an embodiment, FIG. 39A illustrates an exemplary layout 200A of paired textual content with adaptive visual demarcations, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. The layout 200A shows a visual representation of a paired rendering between a first text string and a second text string, where the first text string is presented in English and the second text string is presented in Hebrew. Each English phrase or clause is positioned above its corresponding Hebrew translation, and both are visually connected through a directionally inclined demarcation. The connection may be established by the spatial placement and geometric orientation of the demarcation, which, for example, may begin proximate to the English substructure and extends downward at an angle toward tire corresponding Hebrew substring. The demarcation may either partially overlap both text elements or terminate in alignment with their respective horizontal centres. This directional alignment creates a clear visual cue linking the two substrings and signalling to the reader that the text elements are semantically or grammatically related. In an embodiment, each demarcation in the layout 200A is rendered as a slanted parallelogram, positioned between the English and Hebrew text elements. These parallelograms are directionally shaped, with their angled edges inclined from left-to-right, guiding the reader visually from the English phrase to its Hebrew counterpart This shaping enables directional flow and visual correspondence between text units, especially helpful when displaying languages with differing directionalities (left-to-right English and right-to-left Hebrew).In an embodiment, the demarcations in FIG. 39A serve a dual function. First, they link each substructure of the first text string with its corresponding substring of the second text string, enabling the reader to understand how each unit of meaning is translated or rephrased. Second, they act as delimiters, visually separating one substructure-substring pair from the next. These delimiters are rendered with consistent geometry but are spaced apart to allow the presence of visual gaps between them. These gaps, the white spaces between adjacent parallelograms, are variable in width, depending on the segmentation of the original sentence structure. For instance, narrower gaps may separate phrases within a clause, while wider gaps appear at sentence boundaries or punctuation breaks. In the layout 200A, the variation in gap width provides an intuitive segmentation of the overall textual flow, simulating semantic pauses in reading. The entire layout preserves the horizontal alignment, allowing for multi- row wrapping while maintaining alignment and linkage integrity.In several instances, the parallelogram demarcations partially overlap the tails of English descender letters (e.g., “g”, “y”, “p”), demonstrating partial encapsulation behavior. The substructure and substring are not fully enclosed, but instead, the demarcation clips a small portion of the text while maintaining visual continuity. This type of partial overlap supports compact design and sentence continuity, particularly in dense or multi-line renderings. Importantly, each substructure-substring pair in tire layout 200A is treated as an individually demarcated unit, allowing precise correspondence between source and target content No grouping or higher-level encapsulation is used in this layout, though such features may appear in other layout types. The layout 200A reflects an implementation in which readability, directionality, and alignment are visually enhanced through shaped and spaced demarcations, without obscuring the text or requiring interaction. Such layout 200A is especially useful in language learning environments, scriptural or historical text presentations, and contextual translation aids, where the reader benefits from seeing both the original and interpreted forms aligned with precise visual correspondence. The layout template used in the layout 200A may be dynamically selected by the layout module 656 and generated by the demarcation module and the rendering module 120 based on screen constraints, language pairing directionality, and user interface configuration settings stored in the layout templates 664 and rendering data 666In an embodiment, FIG. 39B illustrates an exemplary layout 200B of paired textual content with adaptive visual demarcations, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure The layout 200B demonstrates a configuration in which the first text string (in English) is positioned beneath the second text string (in Hebrew), and each corresponding substructure- substring pair is enclosed w ithin a visual demarcation rendered as a shaded geometric container. The layout 200B may reflect a presentation model where the second text string is emphasized by positional priority, either due to a linguistic focus or content-specific reading preference Each demarcation in the layout 200Bis rendered as a parallelogram-shaped container that spans both the Hebrew substring and the English substructure. Unlike the layout 200A, which employed directionally inclined markers between the text strings, the demarcations in layout 200B perform a complete encapsulation, fully enclosing both the upper and lower text elements of the first text string (i.e., English substructure) within the boundaries of the demarcation. This form of demarcation enables a strong visual grouping effect and is particularly effective in scenarios where spatial cohesion between translation units is more important than directional cuesIn an embodiment, the layout 200B may retain row-based alignment, where each horizontal row contains a sequence of one or more encapsulated substructure-substring pairs. These encapsulated units are separated by gaps, represented as visible white spaces between adjacent demarcations. The width of the gap varies throughout the layout 200B to reflect structural breaks, such as clause or sentence boundaries. For instance, wider gaps can be seen at locations corresponding to sentence-ending punctuation, while narrower gaps appear between shorter phrase-level segments. The demarcations themselves are lightly shaded parallelograms, with clear boundary edges that may optionally include beveled or angled edges. Their consistent styling across rows ensures that each encapsulated block is visually distinct yet aesthetically integrated with the overall layout. The demarcation shape covers the full vertical span from the Hebrew substring to its corresponding English phrase, forming a unified encapsulated visual block. This approach minimizes ambiguity about pairing, particularly in longer multi-line texts or language pairs with non-parallel syntax In this embodiment, the demarcation module is responsible for rendering the full demarcation containers, and the encapsulation module 658 designates that all pairs should be completely enclosed. No substructure or substring falls outside the bounds of its associated demarcation. This is distinct from the partial encapsulation behavior seen in layout 200A. Such complete encapsulation is beneficial in educational or document comparison scenarios where the user must clearly distinguish each translation unit as a self-contained reference. Additionally, the layout module 656 may have selected this configuration based on a system-determined display preference, such as maximizing spatial economy or enforcing top-down flow when the second text string is the primary focus. This arrangement also enables natural reading when dealing with non-Latin character systems such as Hebrew, where the visual weight and directionality may influence placement priority. Overall, the layout 200B presents an embodiment where demarcations are not only visual linkers but also active encapsulators, forming self-contained content blocks that reinforce both semantic grouping and visual clarity. The layout 200B may be generated dynamically by the rendering module using templates stored in the layout templates 664 and informed by data in the text pairing data 662 and rendering data 666. The design enables intuitive navigation across paired content while supporting robust segmentation and display consistency.In an embodiment, FIG. 39C illustrates an exemplary layout 200C of paired textual content with adaptive visual demarcations, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. The layout 200C provides a refined interlinear configuration for displaying paired textual content, where the first text string (English) is rendered above the second text string (Hebrew) Each substructure-substring pair is visually connected using a sequence of directionally inclined visual demarcations, rendered as slanted parallelograms, similar in geometric form to those seen in the layout 200A. However, the layout 200C introduces nuanced distinctions in both alignment precision and demarcation behavior that make it functionally and structurally distinct. Each demarcation in the layout 200C links a substructure of the first text string with its corresponding substring in the second text string. These demarcations are placed between the two strings and extend diagonally, forming clear visual bridges that suggest a reading direction from the English to the Hebrew segment This inclination guides the reader’s eye, effectively synchronizing cross- linguistic pairings even when the syntactic order between the two languages differsIn an embodiment, a key distinguishing aspect of the layout 200C is its handling of partial encapsulation. The slanted demarcations partially overlap the descenders of the English text (e g , the tails of ‘"g,” “y,” or “p”) and may slightly encroach upon the top portions of the Hebrew text, without fully enclosing either. This behavior results in a visually bound pairing while preserving open spacing, which is advantageous in densely packed rows Such partial overlap may be dynamically adjusted by the encapsulation module 658 based on character geometry and layout tightness, allowing flexibility in responsive display environments In an embodiment, the gaps between adjacent demarcations are clearly maintained throughout the layout 200C and are visually proportional to the structural weight of the paired segments Wider gaps are placed between demarcations that represent sentence boundaries, while narrower gaps are used to separate intra-clause elements. This spacing strategy, governed by the demarcation module, supports intuitiveparsing of multi-part sentences without the need for explicit punctuation, though punctuation symbols may optionally appear in the gaps in alternate embodiments.Unlike the layout 200B, the layout 200C avoids full encapsulation and instead preserves open spacing above and below the text strings. This allows better vertical breathing room, enabling complex sentence layouts to wrap across multiple rows without sacrificing alignment clarity. Each row in the layout 200C represents a cohesive line in which substructure-substring pairs are horizontally sequenced in a left-to-right visual progression, despite the right-to-lcft script of the Hebrew text. This horizontal consistency is achieved by the layout module 656, which aligns both strings within uniform vertical columns and applies micro-adjustments to maintain centering within each demarcated unit. Layout 200C is particularly well-suited for content in which the reader’s focus is on the first text string, such as use cases involving English- to-IIebrew translation learning, religious study with commentary', or literary comparison. The visual focus designation can be optionally toggled by user input or system configuration, and the rendering behavior adjusted accordingly by the rendering module.In an embodiment, the structured appearance and inclination of the demarcations in FIG. 39C are consistent with layout templates 664 stored in the system and may be dynamically applied based on-screen width, font size, or linguistic preferences. The text pairing data 662 provides the segmented content and semantic alignments used by the mapping module 654 and the segmentation module 652, ensuring that each rendered pair in layout 200C is grounded in a valid linguistic correspondence. In summary', layout 200C illustrates an embodiment where adaptive visual demarcations, gap-based segmentation, and partial encapsulation are harmonized to create an intuitive and readable interlinear text display, especially beneficial for dual-language readers and users engaged in translation comprehension or comparative study.In an embodiment, FIG. 39D illustrates an exemplary layout 200D of paired textual content with adaptive visual demarcations, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. The layout 200D presents a structurally cohesive embodiment of the paired text rendering engine 600 wherein each substructure from the first text string (English) is paired with a corresponding substring in tire second text string (Hebrew). Both text strings are displayed in a top-bottom interlinear format, and the paired elements are visually grouped using complete encapsulation within shaded parallelogram-shaped demarcations. This layout 200D closely resembles layout 200B in its use of fully encapsulating demarcations, but differs in its directional styling and visual hierarchy. In the layout 200D, the demarcation shapes are rendered with flat horizontal bases and pointed beveled ends, emphasizing structural separation and directional flow while maintaining a unified container. Each such demarcation encompasses a pair of semantically linked segments, fully enclosing the English phrase and its Hebrew equivalent within a single visual block. This strategy supports reading continuity while ensuring that each translation unit remains clearly distinguishable.In an embodiment, the visual demarcations in the layout 200D are styled in a consistent light grey shade that contrasts with both text strings but avoids overpowering the textual content. This demarcation style is selected and dynamically applied by the demarcation module based on rendering rules stored in the layout templates 664 and influenced by language directionality, text density, and user interface constraints. Each row in the layout 200D includes multiple encapsulated units, separated by distinct gaps, unshaded spaces between adjacent demarcation containers. These gaps serve both an aesthetic and structural function. Their variable width reflects linguistic boundaries: narrow gaps are used for phrase-level separations, while wider gaps are placed at sentence boundaries or natural pauses in the source language. This configuration enables a reader to perceive not only the individual pairings but also the larger sentencelevel compositionUnlike layouts 200A and 200C, where partial encapsulation or angled demarcations were used for visual linking without full containment, layout 200D prioritizes full bounding to create self-contained reading units This is especially effective in formal educational settings, translation annotation systems, or printed reference material where clarity and strict pairwise segmentation are paramount The encapsulation behavior in layout 200D is managed by the encapsulation module 658, which determines that all sub structure- sub string pairs should be completely enclosed. Each pair forms a standalone block, eliminating ambiguity about which elements are linked This configuration is also beneficial in scenarios where users may switch between translation-first and interpretation-first views, as the unified encapsulation allows for consistent horizontal alignment and visual tracing regardless of the focus directionIn an embodiment, the overall row structure in layout 200D maintains uniform vertical stacking, with the second text string consistently appearing above the first This layout decision may reflect a reading preference, a learning modeconfiguration, or a content-specific focus (e.g., presenting scripture in Hebrew as primary with explanatory English below). The layout module 656 may select and enforce this top-down order in coordination with the rendering module. In summary, layout 200D illustrates an embodiment in which fully encapsulated substructure-substring pairs, shaped through clean parallelogram containers and divided by variable-width gaps, form a highly legible, structurally segmented presentation of bilingual or dual-register textual content. This layout 200D may support applications in academic, linguistic, and interpretive settings where precision and readability must be simultaneously preserved.In an embodiment, FIG. 39E illustrates an exemplary layout 200E of paired textual content with adaptive visual demarcations, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. The layout 200E may present a hybridized rendering approach for paired text, where the first text string (English) is displayed above the second text string (Hebrew), and both are visually linked through angled visual demarcations exhibiting partial encapsulation behavior. The layout 200E may blend the diagonal visual flow of earlier layouts such as 200A and 200C with the tight pairwise grouping and consistent row' alignment seen in fully encapsulated layouts such as 200B and 200D.In layout 200E, each visual demarcation takes the form of a slanted parallelogram, inclined directionally from top-left to bottom-right, suggesting the visual progression from the English substructure to the corresponding Hebrew substring. Each parallelogram extends between the two strings and overlays a portion of both, forming a directional bridge while leaving significant parts of the substructure and substring uncovered. This results in a partial encapsulation, where the edges of the text, especially longer descenders or ascenders, remain outside the visual marker, contributing to both legibility and visual flexibility. In an embodiment, the demarcation module may dynamically determine the position, shape, and size of each parallelogram based on the length of the substructure-substring pair, font characteristics, and layout preferences retrieved from layout templates 664. The encapsulation module 658, in turn, applies a policy of partial demarcation, allowing the text to flow naturally into the gaps between adjacent demarcations, rather than confining it strictly within each container. These gaps are purposefully spaced to reflect semantic segmentation Wider gaps are placed at sentence or clause-level breaks, while narrower gaps occur between short linked phrases. Some gaps may include overhanging portions of text characters, particularly when partial encapsulation causes the text to extend slightly outside the boundaries of the parallelogram. This design supports sentence continuity, enabling tire reader to perceive adjacent segments as part of a coherent linguistic flow, rather than disjoint blocks.In an embodiment, a notable visual trait of the layout 200E is that in some cases, parts of a substructure may protrude into the gap between adjacent demarcations. This is especially useful in implementations where textual continuity is desired, for example, where one segment ends and the next begins in a way that appears grammatically fluid. In such instances, the layout 200E minimizes visual interruption while preserving semantic alignment through slanted connectors. Each horizontal row contains multiple demarcation-pair units, and the alignment of substructures and substrings within each pair is generally centered The diagonal nature of the demarcation preserves the reading direction flow', while the uniform width of the parallelograms contributes to layout consistency across the page. Unlike layout 200B or 200D, the layout 200E does not rely on full geometric containment but instead emphasizes spatial linking over strict enclosure. This makes layout 200E especially suitable for dynamic or responsive rendering contexts, such as tablet or mobile views, where space constraints, line-wrapping, or user interface adaptation may necessitate lighter visual treatment without sacrificing structural clarity. The rendering module may process the visual output by applying the pairing logic from the mapping module 654, segmentation from the segmentation module 652, and demarcation layout from the demarcation module, the rendering the pairwise elements in alignment with user focus configuration, system-level preferences, or educational goals All rendered pairings conform to the mapping and layout logic derived from data stored in the text pairing data 662, rendering data 666, and associated rule sets. In summary, the layout 200E illustrates a nuanced embodiment where directionally inclined demarcations, partial encapsulation, and adaptive spacing combine to deliver a layout that balances clarity with continuity. It is especially effective for users who benefit from visually guided structural cues while preserving the natural flow of reading, such as language learners, scripture readers, or comparative linguists.In an embodiment, FIG 39F illustrates an exemplary layout 200F of paired textual content with adaptive visual demarcations, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. The layout 200F depicts a specialized structural arrangement in which one or more substructures of a first text string and their corresponding substrings of a second text string are rendered in visually distinct segments using adaptive visual demarcations, while also intentionally placing a portion of a text string within a gap between adjacent demarcations This layout 200F isdesigned to preserve reading continuity across multiple pairings, and offers an elegant visual solution for linking translation units without disrupting the semantic flow.In the layout 200F, the text is divided into multiple substructure-substring pairs, each connected by a slanted demarcation rendered in a light-shaded parallelogram. These demarcations serve the standard function of visually linking semantically related text segments across the English (first text string) and Hebrew (second text string) lines. However, unlike previously illustrated layouts, the layout 200F incorporates partial encapsulation in tandem with visual spillover, wherein part of a text segment is intentionally positioned within the gap between adjacent demarcations. Specifically, the English substructure “and also wept,’' appears partly inside the gap between the demarcation that links “there we sat” with its Hebrew substring, and the preceding demarcation for “By the rivers of Babylon.” This partial placement is not accidental, but rather a feature of the rendering engine 600 governed by a continuity- aware demarcation policy. Such a policy, implemented by the encapsulation module 658 in coordination with the demarcation module, identifies cases where breaking tire content across separate demarcations would visually or grammatically fragment the sentence in an undesirable way.In an embodiment, the presence of a text portion in the gap achieves two functions: (1) it preserves the continuity of reading by allowing the sentence to “flow through” the demarcated segments without hard breaks, and (2) it avoids overwhelming the demarcation itself with long or multi-clause segments that might reduce legibility if overly enclosed. This allows the layout 200F to be especially effective in dense narrative passages, multi-clause sentences, or text requiring fluid comprehension, such as scripture or literary commentary. The demarcations in the layout 200F continue to exhibit directional inclination (e.g., slanted left-to-right), guiding the reader’s eyes from English to Hebrew. These visual bridges span the vertical axis between the two strings, but selectively avoid covering the entire phrase, giving the text room to “breathe” and remain visually separated, especially where portions of the sentence are semantically lightweight or syntactically trailing. Additionally, the second row in the layout 200F demonstrates a similar application of text-in-gap placement. The English phrase “Upon the willows in its midst” is encapsulated within a demarcation, but the adjacent phrase “when we remembered Zion” is positioned such that it straddles the space between two demarcations, visually suggesting a continuation or unfolding of the prior clause. The gaps themselves in the layout 200F are purposefully wide and clean, reinforcing the distinction between adjacent translation pairs while permitting select spillover where warranted.In an embodiment, this form of intentional demarcation discontinuity is a unique feature of the layout 200F and distinguishes it from prior layouts. It supports advanced adaptive rendering behaviors, particularly where user readability is enhanced by soft segmentation, and where the meaning is best preserved not through rigid pairwise bounding, but by flexible semantic grouping with soft visual continuity. The logic underpinning the layout 200F is implemented through the collaborative operation of the layout module 656, the mapping module 654, and the rendering module, based on dynamic evaluation of the text pairing data 662 and rendering rules encoded in the rendering data 666. The layout 200F may be generated in response to specific continuity Hags, readability scores, or user focus configurations, ensuring that gap-based rendering is applied judiciously and only where it adds semantic clarity In summary, the layout 200F illustrates a specialized embodiment in which textual flow and comprehension are prioritized by allowing portions of a text string to appear within the visual gaps betw een demarcations, thereby achieving a fluid, reader-friendly interlinear presentation while maintaining the structural discipline of visual alignmentIn an embodiment, FIG. 39G illustrates an exemplary layout 200G of paired textual content with adaptive visual demarcations, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure The layout 200G demonstrates a specialized structural configuration in which not only are corresponding substructures and substrings of the first and second text strings encapsulated within shaped demarcations, but also, the visual space between these demarcations, referred to as gaps, contains additional demarcation elements such as punctuation marks. In this example, the first text string appears in English, and the second text string appears in Hebrew, with each pair visually linked using horizontally aligned, light-shaded parallelogram demarcations. Each demarcation fully encapsulates both the English and the Hebrew^ pair, reflecting a complete encapsulation design, similar in principle to the layout 200DWhat distinguishes layout 200G is the presence of punctuation symbols such as commas and periods placed independently within the gaps between the demarcations These symbols are not part of the substructure or substring content enclosed within the demarcations, but are instead rendered intentionally in the intervening white space to reinforce the syntactic and semantic flow of the content For example, a comma is placed in the gap following thesubstructure-substring pair '‘and we also wept,” suggesting a continuation of the sentence. Similarly, a period is positioned at the end of the layout, following the segment “when we remembered Zion,” denoting the conclusion of a sentence. In an embodiment, such additional demarcations are rendered by the system based on either punctuation present in the source text, or determined programmatically through grammar-aware processing or stylistic configuration rules. In certain advanced rendering configurations, punctuation within the text may influence peripheral or symbolic visual cues, for example, a comma may trigger the rendering of two directional arrows, whereas a period may be rendered as two bold directional arrows to guide user perception or rhythm. Their placement and appearance are controlled by the demarcation module and rendered in coordination with the encapsulation and rendering modules. The system may dynamically choose whether to present punctuation within the encapsulated region or externally in the gap, and in this layout, it strategically opts for the latter to avoid crowding the encapsulated block and to preserve visual clarity.In an embodiment, the visual appearance of the inserted punctuation remains distinct from the encapsulated text and is typically centered or directionally offset depending on the reading orientation of the document. This mechanism enhances reader comprehension, particularly in use cases where accurate reflection of sentence boundaries and natural reading rhythm is critical, such as in scripture visualization, bilingual document interpretation, or language pedagogy tools. Furthermore, by externalizing the punctuation into the gap, the layout avoids redundancy or typographic confusion that might arise if the punctuation were duplicated inside the demarcated unit. The layout 200G thereby illustrates an intelligent pairing of structural encapsulation with semantic continuity, integrating the functional precision of visual demarcation with the fluidity of natural punctuation. This arrangement preserves the semantic fidelity of the original text while leveraging gaps not merely as spatial dividers, but as zones of enhanced contextual signaling. The layout 200G thus elevates the functionality of gaps from being passive separators to becoming active visual elements in the overall rendering strategy. The outcome is a layout structure that is both visually clean and syntactically expressive, particularly suitable for pedagogical, interpretive, and annotated bilingual applications.In an embodiment, FIG. 39H illustrates an exemplary layout 200H of paired textual content with adaptive visual demarcations, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. The layout 200H is structurally similar to the layout 200F, but introduces a key refinement in tire rendering strategy by adjusting the size and position of each visual demarcation such that the demarcation length aligns more precisely with the corresponding Hebrew substructure. This results in the Hebrew (second text string) appearing more sentence-like and visually continuous, rather than being broken into discrete or overly segmented blocks.In the layout 200H, tire first text string (English) is rendered above the second text string (Hebrew), with each English phrase or clause aligned with its corresponding Hebrew translation. A directionally inclined demarcation connects the pair, but unlike previous layouts where demarcations spanned a larger or uniform width, in tire layout 200H each demarcation is tailored in length to match the visual span of the Hebrew text, that is, the substructure in the second text string. This adaptive sizing has tire effect of visually minimizing segmentation in the Hebrew line, allowing the entire row to be read more naturally and fluently by a Hebrew reader. The resulting visual structure closely resembles a standard Hebrew sentence, while still retaining the demarcation-based linkage from the English substructures above. This layout 200H may be particularly beneficial in use cases involving language instruction, scriptural study, or right- to-left reading environments, where preserving native reading flow is essentialIn the illustrated layout 200H, the Hebrew text string is longer than its corresponding English translation in terms of visual span, and thus serves as the reference point for sizing the demarcation. Each demarcation is rendered to match or align with the length of the Hebrew substructure, thereby maintaining visual continuity and a sentence- like flow in the second text string. However, this referencing approach is not fixed to tire Hebrew language or to any specific text directionality Tn alternative embodiments, where the English substructure is longer, for example, due to expanded phrasing, interpretive detail, or a structural emphasis, the demarcation may be sized relative to the English text instead. The demarcation may, in such cases, be longer than, equal to, or shorter than the reference string, depending on the rendering objective and layout constraints. The essential principle is that the longer of the two substructure-substring pairs is treated as the visual anchor, providing a consistent and readable linking experience, without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. Accordingly, the layout 200H may demonstrate how the rendering engine 600 can dynamically calibrate demarcation geometry not only to link paired content, but to do so in a way that supports cognitive continuity in the target language by suppressing unnecessary visual interruptions. As such, it offers a refinedbalance between structural pairing and immersive readability, especially optimized for readers whose focus is on the second text string.In an embodiment, FIG. 391 illustrates an exemplary layout 2001 of paired textual content with adaptive visual demarcations, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. The layout 2001 demonstrates a variation in rendering strategy where the first text string (English) is not split across multiple vertically stacked levels, as seen in earlier layouts such as 200A - 200H. Instead, each English substring appears in a single straight line, positioned directly above its corresponding Hebrew substructure. This configuration results in a compact and readable pairing structure where each demarcated unit maintains a clean top-down alignment without additional row splitting for the first text string.In an embodiment, each English substring is visually linked to its corresponding Hebrew substructure via a shaped demarcation, such as a parallelogram or inclined bar, that either encapsulates or overlaps both segments to form a unified visual pair. The layout 2001 maintains consistent horizontal rhythm, avoiding the vertical staggering of English phrases that was used in earlier layouts to handle long substrings or sentence-level groupings. In this embodiment, the first text string is structured with relatively short, word-level or phrase-level elements, allowing a single-line English representation to effectively maintain semantic clarity while reducing vertical space usage.In an embodiment, the layout module 656 may choose this configuration when the content structure of the first text string supports linear alignment or when display constraints favor minimal vertical expansion, such as on narrow screens or in booklet formatting. Moreover, layout 2001 preserves uniform demarcation length proportional to the longer of each pair, maintaining consistent visual segmentation without overcomplicating the structure. This makes it particularly suitable for use cases where clarity and compactness are prioritized over directional emphasis or layered annotation. Thus, the layout 2001 accommodates single-line English rendering for the first text string without departing from tire scope of visual- semantic pairing. It provides a streamlined and coherent layout alternative, particularly effective for balanced bilingual formats, liturgical presentations, or educational materials where compactness and symmetry are desired.In an embodiment, FIG. 39J illustrates an exemplary layout 200 J of paired textual content with adaptive visual demarcations, in accordance with an embodiment of tire present disclosure. The layout 200J showcases a refined bartype demarcation strategy, where each demarcation is rendered as a horizontal bar positioned between a first text string (English) and a second text string (Hebrew). Unlike prior layouts that used inclined, angled, or encapsulating demarcations, the layout 200.T emphasizes uniform horizontal spacing for the second text string to promote a smoother and more continuous reading experience for readers familiar with the Hebrew script. In the layout 200J, the spacing between the Hebrew words (substructures) is kept visually consistent throughout the line, so that the Hebrew line retains a natural sentence-like cadence and does not appear overly fragmented. This consistent spacing is particularly useful in contexts such as religious, poetic, or liturgical texts where rhythm and flow are important. Above each Hebrew word, a corresponding English substring is rendered, and the horizontal bar-type demarcation visually links each substructure-substring pair while preserving the readability of both text strings.Crucially, the layout 200J introduces an intelligent adaptation mechanism for handling punctuation marks, such as commas or periods, within or between substructures. When such punctuation is encountered, the demarcation bar is visually shortened, either to suggest a natural pause in reading or to visually distinguish the transition between clauses or thoughts This shortening of the demarcation can be applied on either the preceding word, the succeeding word, or be split equally across both, depending on the punctuation’s grammatical positioning and the layout constraints. The result is that the demarcation no longer spans the entire substructure width in those cases, but instead leaves visible gaps that subtly correspond to punctuation. For example, in cases where a comma follows a Hebrew word, the demarcation bar may appear shorter and terminate slightly before the end of the substructure This creates a visual signal to the reader that a structural or semantic boundary is present, enhancing both interpretive clarity and visual rhythm Thereby, the layout 200J demonstrates that demarcations can serve not only as linkages between paired substrings, but also as carriers of secondary semantic cues, such as punctuation mapping, sentence rhythm, and visual segmentation Such layout 200.T is particularly suitable for use cases requiring high typographic control and sentencelevel fluidity for Hebrew readers, while still maintaining the structural linkage with the translated or interpreted English contentFIG. 40 is a flowchart 3001 illustrating a method for displaying paired textual content, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure The method starts at step 3021At step 3041, the method includes the steps of storing a first text string and a second text string. The first text string may correspond to a base language or a primary text, and the second text string may represent a linguistically or semantically linked translation, interpretation, or explanation of the first. These text strings may be retrieved from a local data repository, remote server, or user input, and are stored in a structured format, such as the text pairing data 662, within the data storage unit of the rendering engine 600.At step 3061 , the method includes the steps of associating each substructure of the first text string with a corresponding substring of the second text string. A substructure may represent a phrase, clause, or grammatical unit, and the corresponding substring may be a semantic equivalent in the second text string. This association is performed by the mapping module 654 and may be informed by linguistic alignment metadata or computationally derived using similarity algorithms or parsing techniques.At step 3081 , the method includes the steps of analyzing the structure of the first text string in conjunction with factors such as reading directionality and the available display space. This analysis is performed by the layout module 656 and may include determining sentence boundaries, syntactic complexity, visual flow patterns, and screen constraints. The module evaluates whether tire first text string reads left-to-right or right-to-left, the overall length of the sentence structures, and available real estate on the user interface.At step 3101, the method includes the steps of selecting a suitable layout template from a plurality of available layout templates 664 based on the preceding analysis. The selected template governs the relative positioning of the first and second text strings, the structure of rows, the shape and alignment of demarcations, and the placement of visual separators such as gaps or punctuation indicators. The selection is made dynamically to optimize readability, structural clarity, and user preference.At step 3121 , the method includes the steps of rendering the first and second text strings on the display device according to the selected layout template. The rendering module processes the spatial arrangement, font styling, alignment logic, and visual composition to generate a layout that adheres to the structural guidance of the template while maintaining pairing fidelity between tire two text strings. This step ensures that each substructure-substring pair is visually positioned in proximity and alignment.At step 3141, the method includes the steps of rendering one or more visual demarcations to link each substructure of the first text string...

Claims

CLAIMS1. A rendering engine configured to render a text string having defined structural units, the rendering engine comprising: memory storing executable instructions; and a processing device executing the executable instructions, wherein the executable instructions, when executed by the processing device, configure the rendering engine to: receive a text string comprised of a plurality of substrings, wherein a structure of the text string includes a plurality of superstructures; each of the plurality of superstructures is a sentence of the first text string; at least one of the plurality of superstructures comprises a plurality of substructures; each of the plurality of substructures is a word or phrase of the text string; receive a plurality of demarcations; render a demarcated text string; wherein the demarcated text string is rendered such that each of the plurality' of demarcations is placed proximate to one or more of the substrings; the demarcated text string is rendered such that the plurality of substructures and / or the plurality of superstructures of the text string are defined by tire plurality of demarcations; the demarcated text string is rendered such that the substructures and the superstructures of the text string are defined; the demarcated text string is rendered such at least one of the plurality' of demarcations is at least one of: partially or entirely in between left and right edges of a nearest substring in the plurality of substrings.

2. The rendering engine of claim 1, wherein the demarcated text string is rendered such that a first portion of a first superstructure in the plurality of superstructures is on a same line as a second portion of a second superstructure in the plurality of superstructures.

3. The rendering engine of claim 1, wherein the demarcated text string is rendered such that the plurality of substructures of the first text string are defined by the plurality' of demarcations; tire demarcated text string is rendered such that the plurality of superstructures of the first text string are defined by at least one of: an increased spacing in between adjacent substrings belonging to different superstructures, wherein a first spacing in bet een the adjacent substrings belonging to different superstructures is greater than a second spacing in between adjacent substrings belonging to a same superstructure; punctuation in between the adjacent substrings belonging to the different superstructures; and punctuation in between the adjacent substrings belonging to the different superstructures4. The rendering engine of claim 1, wherein the demarcated text string is rendered such that the plurality of substructures of the text string are defined by at least one of: an increased spacing in between adjacent first substrings belonging to a same superstructure, wherein a first spacing in between the adjacent substrings belonging to a same superstructure is greater than a second spacing in between words of each substring: punctuation in between the adjacent substrings belonging to the same superstructure; the demarcated text string is rendered such that the plurality of superstructures of the text string are defined by the plurality of demarcations5. The rendering engine of claim 1, wherein the demarcated text string is rendered such that the plurality of substructures of the text string are defined by the plurality of demarcations; and the demarcated text string is rendered such that the plurality of superstructures of the text string are defined by the plurality of demarcations.

6. The rendering engine of claim 1, wherein the demarcated text string is rendered such that the plurality of substructures and the plurality of superstructures of the text string are defined by tire plurality of demarcations; the plurality of demarcations includes at least a first set of demarcations and a second set of demarcations, wherein at least one of the first set of demarcations and the second set of demarcations comprises a plurality of demarcations; wherein the demarcated text string is rendered such that adjacent demarcations belonging to a same set of demarcations are visually linked; and the demarcated text string is rendered such that adjacent demarcations belonging to different sets of demarcations are not visually linked.

7. The rendering engine of claim 7, wherein tire demarcated text string is rendered such that each of the plurality demarcations is associated with one of the substructures of the text string; tire demarcated text string is rendered such that the first set of demarcations is associated with a first superstructure of the text string; and tire demarcated text string is rendered such that the second set of demarcations is associated with a second superstructure of the text string.

8. The rendering engine of claim 1 , wherein the demarcated text string is rendered such that each of the plurality of demarcations is associated with one of the substrings of the text string; and tire demarcated text string is rendered such that spaces in between adjacent demarcations associated with adjacent substrings belonging to different superstructures are greater than spaces in between adjacent demarcations associated with adjacent substrings belonging to a same superstructure.

9. The rendering engine of claim 1, wherein the substrings and demarcations associated with a first superstructure of the plurality of superstructures are rendered at a first time and the substrings and demarcations associated with a second superstructure of the plurality of superstructures are rendered at a second time10 The rendering engine of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of demarcations include first-type demarcations and second-type demarcations; the demarcated text string is rendered such that the plurality of substructures of the text string are defined by first-type demarcations; and the demarcated text string is rendered such that the plurality of superstructures of the text string are defined by the second- type demarcations.

11. The rendering engine of claim 1 , wherein the demarcated text string is rendered such that each of the plurality' of demarcations is a lighter shade than a nearest substring.

12. The rendering engine of claim 1 , wherein receiving the plurality of demarcations includes steps of: receiving a set of the substructures and / or superstructures of the first text string to be defined by the plurality of demarcations; receiving, based on the set of the substructures and / or superstructures of the first text string to be defined by the demarcations, tire plurality of demarcations; rendering the demarcated text string includes steps of: adjusting one or more properties of at least one of tire demarcations and the substrings such that the plurality demarcations define each of the substructures and / or superstructures in the set of the substructures and / or superstructures.

13. The rendering engine of claim 1 , wherein rendering the demarcated text string includes steps of: appending the substrings to a container; appending the plurality of demarcations to the container; adjusting one or more properties of at least one of tire demarcations and / or at least one of the substrings such that the plurality demarcations define each of the substructures and / or superstructures; wherein a determination for a row placement for each of the plurality of substrings is based on an order of the plurality of substring, widths of the substrings, and a width of the container.

14. The rendering engine of claim 1 , wherein at least one of demarcations has an appearance of a modified punctuation mark15. A method of rendering a text string having defined structural units, tire method comprising: receiving a text string comprised of a plurality of substrings, wherein a structure of tire text string includes a plurality of superstructures; each of the plurality of superstructures is a sentence of the first text string; at least one of the plurality of superstructures comprises a plurality of substructures; each of the plurality of substructures is a word or phrase of the text string; receiving a plurality of demarcations; rendering a demarcated text string; wherein the demarcated text string is rendered such that each of the plurality of demarcations is placed proximate to one or more of the substrings; the demarcated text string is rendered such that the plurality of substructures and / or the plurality of superstructures of Hie text string are defined by the plurality of demarcations; the demarcated text string is rendered such that the substructures and the superstructures of the text string are defined; the demarcated text string is rendered such at least one of the plurality of demarcations is at least one of: partially or entirely in between left and right edges of a nearest substring in the plurality of substrings.

16. A rendering engine configured to render translated pairs having defined structural units, tire rendering engine comprising: memory storing executable instructions; and a processing device executing the executable instructions, wherein the executable instructions, when executed by the processing device, configure tire rendering engine to: receive a first text string comprised of a plurality of first substrings, wherein a structure of the first text string includes a plurality of superstructures; each of the plurality of superstructures is a sentence of the first text string;at least one of the plurality of superstructures comprises a plurality of substructures; each of the plurality of substructures is a word or phrase of the first text string; receive a second text string comprised of a plurality of second substrings, wherein each of the plurality of second substrings is a translation of one of the plurality of first substrings; receive a plurality of demarcations; render a plurality of translated pairs and the plurality of demarcations; wherein the plurality of translated pairs and the plurality of demarcations are rendered such that each of the translated pairs in the plurality of translated pairs comprises one of the plurality of second substrings placed next to its corresponding first substring; the plurality of translated pairs and the plurality of demarcations are rendered such that each of the plurality of demarcations is placed proximate to one or more translated pairs in the plurality of translated pairs; and the plurality of translated pairs and the plurality of demarcations are rendered such that the plurality of substructures and / or the plurality of superstructures of the first text string are defined by the plurality of demarcations.

17. The rendering engine of claim 16, wherein the plurality of translated pairs is rendered such that a first portion of a first superstructure in the plurality of superstructures is on a same line as a second portion of a second superstructure in tire plurality of superstructures.

18. The rendering engine of claim 16, wherein tire plurality of translated pairs and the plurality of demarcations are rendered such that the plurality of substructures of the first text string are defined by the plurality of demarcations; tire plurality of translated pairs and the plurality of demarcations are rendered such that the plurality of superstructures of the first text string are defined by at least one of: an increased spacing in between adjacent first substrings belonging to different superstructures, wherein a first spacing in between the adjacent first substrings belonging to different superstructures is greater than a second spacing in between adjacent first substrings belonging to a same superstructure; an increased spacing in between adjacent second substrings belonging to different superstructures, wherein a third spacing in between the adjacent second substrings belonging to different superstructures is greater than a fourth spacing in between adjacent first substrings belonging to a same superstructure; punctuation in between the adjacent first substrings belonging to the different superstructures; and punctuation in between the adjacent second substrings belonging to the different superstructures19 The rendering engine of claim 16, wherein the plurality of translated pairs is rendered such that the plurality of substructures of the first text string are defined by at least one of: an increased spacing in between adjacent first substrings belonging to a same superstructure, wherein a first spacing in between the adjacent first substrings belonging to a same superstructure is greater than a second spacing in between words of each first substring; an increased spacing in between adjacent second substrings belonging to a same superstructure, wherein a third spacing in between the adjacent second substrings belonging to a same superstructure is greater than a fourth spacing in between words of each second substring;adjacent first substrings belonging to a same superstructure; punctuation in betw een the adjacent first substrings belonging to the same superstructure; punctuation in between the adjacent second substrings belonging the same superstructure; the plurality of translated pairs and the plurality of demarcations are rendered such that the plurality of superstructures of the first text string are defined by the plurality of demarcations20. The rendering engine of claim 16, wherein the plurality of translated pairs and the plurality of demarcations are rendered such that the plurality of substructures of the first text string are defined by the plurality of demarcations; and the plurality of translated pairs and the plurality of demarcations are rendered such that the plurality of superstructures of the first text string are defined by the plurality of demarcations

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