Compounds and compositions
Novel LPA1 antagonist compounds with low bioavailability are designed for local administration, addressing systemic absorption issues and enhancing treatment efficacy for fibrosis and inflammatory disorders by minimizing side effects.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2025/104188
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2024-06-28
- Filing Date
- 2025-06-27
- Publication Date
- 2026-01-02
AI Technical Summary
Existing LPA1 antagonists exhibit systemic absorption upon oral administration, leading to potential side effects due to widespread distribution in the body, limiting their use in treating conditions like fibrosis and other disorders.
Development of novel LPA1 antagonist compounds with low bioavailability and minimal systemic absorption, designed for local administration, such as pulmonary or topical delivery, to minimize systemic exposure and side effects.
The compounds effectively target LPA1 receptors locally, reducing systemic exposure and associated side effects while providing therapeutic benefits for conditions like fibrosis and inflammatory disorders.
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Figure CN2025104188_02012026_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
COMPOUNDS AND COMPOSITIONS
[0001] This application claims priority to International application No. PCT / CN2024 / 102177, filed June 28, 2024, the content of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.
[0002] In various embodiments, the present disclosure generally relates to novel compounds, pharmaceutical compositions, and methods of using the same, such as for treating fibrosis.BACKGROUND
[0003] Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is produced during cell membrane synthesis in all eukaryotic tissues and blood plasma. It is a bioactive phospholipid that evokes robust extracellular signaling involved both in development and pathological conditions. Cellular responses of LPA are mediated by many types of G protein-coupled receptors, LPA1 -6, GPR87, and P2Y10. LPA1 (lysophosphatidic acid receptor 1) is widely expressed in many organs, including brain, lung, stomach, small intestine, skeletal muscle, testis, uterus, etc. LPA1 activation leads to recruitment of Gαi, Gαq, and Gα12 / 13, which promotes the process of normal wound healing and collagen deposition, including fibroblast activation, proliferation, and migration. It is reported that LPA administration in mice induced LPA1-mediated immune responses including histamine release, airway hyperresponsiveness, eosinophils and neutrophils infiltration and activation. Autotaxin, a key enzyme in the production of LPA via lysophospholipase, is reported to be upregulated in many tumor types. The concentrations of LPAs have been reported to be elevated in human plasma and serum as well as human bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Increased LPA and activation of LPA1 can also promote fibrogenesis and are implicated in the pathogenesis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) . Expression of LPA1 receptor is reported to be increased in IPF patients. LPA1 deficiency in mice can protect animals from developing bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis. LPA1 antagonist is now being developed for treatment of fibrosis including pulmonary fibrosis, renal fibrosis, liver fibrosis, cardiac fibrosis, and systemic sclerosis. LPA1 antagonist can be combined with lysophospholipase inhibitor to achieve synergistic efficacy on lung inflammation and fibrosis. BRIEF SUMMARY
[0004] Provided herein are compounds, pharmaceutical compositions, and methods of use related to LPA, in particular to LPA1. The compounds herein are typically LPA1 antagonists, which can be used for treating a number of diseases or disorders, such as those described herein, e.g., fibrosis, transplant rejection, cancer, osteoporosis, or inflammatory disorders.
[0005] The present disclosure is based in part on the discovery of novel compounds that are LPA1 antagonists and in some cases can have low bioavailability, with minimal or no absorption of the compounds for systemic circulation upon oral administration or local administration. Without wishing to be bound by theories, it is believed that these characteristics can provide a beneficial option to limit the action of some of the compounds herein locally without causing potential side effects due to systemic exposure of the LPA1 antagonists.
[0006] Some embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to compounds of Formula X, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts or esters thereof: D-Q1- (Spacer) -Q2- (Core) -Q3- (Tail) Formula X, wherein the variables are defined herein.
[0007] Some embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to compounds of Formula I, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts or esters thereof: wherein the variables are defined herein. In some embodiments, the compound of Formula I can have a structure according to a subformula chosen from Formula I-E1, I-1a, I-1a-1, I-1a-2, I-1a-3, I-1a-3a, I-1a-3b, I-1a-3c, I-1a-4, or I-1b, as defined herein.
[0008] Some embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to compounds of Formula II, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts or esters thereof: wherein the variables are defined herein. In some embodiments, the compound of Formula II can have a structure according to a subformula Formula II-1, as defined herein.
[0009] Some embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to compounds of Formula D-3 or D-4, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts or esters thereof: wherein the variables are defined herein. In some embodiments, the compound of Formula D-4 can have a structure according to a subformula chosen from Formula D-4a, D-4b, D-4c, D-4a-1, D-4b-1, D-4c-1, D-4d-1, or D-4d-2, as defined herein.
[0010] In some embodiments, the present disclosure also provides a compound selected from Table A herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof.
[0011] In some embodiments, the present disclosure also provides a compound selected from Table B herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof.
[0012] In some embodiments, the present disclosure also provides a compound selected from Examples 1-75 herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof.
[0013] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising one or more compounds of the present disclosure and optionally a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprises a compound of Formula I (e.g., Formula I-E1, I-1a, I-1a-1, I-1a-2, I-1a-3, I-1a-3a, I-1a-3b, I-1a-3c, I-1a-4, or I-1b) , Formula II (e.g., II-1) , Formula D-3, Formula D-4 (e.g., D-4a, D-4b, D-4c, D-4a-1, D-4b-1, D-4c-1, D-4d-1, or D-4d-2) , Formula X, or any of the compounds listed in Table A herein, any of the compounds listed in Table B herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. The pharmaceutical composition can be typically formulated for oral administration, topical administration, or parenteral administration. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is administered to a subject in need to deliver an effective amount of LPA1 antagonist locally, e.g., in the lung, with minimal or no absorption of LPA1 antagonist in systemic circulation. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition can be formulated for pulmonary delivery, for example, as a dry powder formulation or a formulation suitable for use with a metered-dose inhaler or nebulizer. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition can be formulated for topical administration. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition can be formulated for ocular delivery, such as eye drops, or a formulation suitable for intraocular or periocular delivery.
[0014] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method of treating or preventing a disorder, condition or disease that may be responsive to the antagonism of LPA1 in a subject in need thereof. In some embodiments, the method comprises administering to the subject an effective amount of one or more compounds of the present disclosure or the pharmaceutical composition herein. In some embodiments, the method comprises administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound of Formula I (e.g., Formula I-E1, I-1a, I-1a-1, I-1a-2, I-1a-3, I-1a-3a, I-1a-3b, I-1a-3c, I-1a-4, or I-1b) , Formula II (e.g., II-1) , Formula D-3, Formula D-4 (e.g., D-4a, D-4b, D-4c, D-4a-1, D-4b-1, D-4c-1, D-4d-1, or D-4d-2) , Formula X, or any of the compounds listed in Table A herein, any of the compounds listed in Table B herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition comprising the same. In some embodiments, the disorder, condition or disease is one or more diseases selected from the group consisting of: fibrosis, transplant rejection, cancer, osteoporosis, and inflammatory disorders. In some embodiments, the administering is an oral administration. In some embodiments, the administering is through a subcutaneous route. In some embodiments, the administering is through pulmonary delivery, for example, through inhalation, such as using a metered dose inhaler, dry powder inhaler, or nebulizer, etc. In some embodiments, the administering is topically. In some embodiments, the administering is through ocular delivery, such as eye drops, intraocular or periocular delivery.
[0015] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method of treating or preventing fibrosis in a subject in need thereof. In some embodiments, the method comprises administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of one or more compounds of the present disclosure or the pharmaceutical composition herein. In some embodiments, the method comprises administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I (e.g., Formula I-E1, I-1a, I-1a-1, I-1a-2, I-1a-3, I-1a-3a, I-1a-3b, I-1a-3c, I-1a-4, or I-1b) , Formula II (e.g., II-1) , Formula D-3, Formula D-4 (e.g., D-4a, D-4b, D-4c, D-4a-1, D-4b-1, D-4c-1, D-4d-1, or D-4d-2) , Formula X, or any of the compounds listed in Table A herein, any of the compounds listed in Table B herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition comprising the same. In some embodiments, the administering is an oral administration. In some embodiments, the administering is through a subcutaneous route. In some embodiments, the administering is through pulmonary delivery, for example, through inhalation, such as using a metered dose inhaler, dry powder inhaler, or nebulizer, etc.
[0016] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method of treating or preventing a disease or disorder in a subject in need thereof, wherein the disease or disorder is selected from idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) , COPD, progressive pulmonary fibrosis, progressive fibrotic interstitial lung disease (PF-ILD) , chronic allergic rhinitis, allergy, asthma, acute and chronic rhinosinusitis, and allergy related complications (e.g., sneeze, itchy eye or nose, etc. ) . In some embodiments, the method comprises administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of one or more compounds of the present disclosure or the pharmaceutical composition herein. In some embodiments, the method comprises administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I (e.g., Formula I-E1, I-1a, I-1a-1, I-1a-2, I-1a-3, I-1a-3a, I-1a-3b, I-1a-3c, I-1a-4, or I-1b) , Formula II (e.g., II-1) , Formula D-3, Formula D-4 (e.g., D-4a, D-4b, D-4c, D-4a-1, D-4b-1, D-4c-1, D-4d-1, or D-4d-2) , Formula X, or any of the compounds listed in Table A herein, any of the compounds listed in Table B herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition comprising the same. In some embodiments, the administering is an oral administration. In some embodiments, the administering is through a subcutaneous route. In some embodiments, the administering is through pulmonary delivery, for example, through inhalation, such as using a metered dose inhaler, dry powder inhaler, or nebulizer, etc. In some embodiments, the administering is topically. In some embodiments, the administering is through ocular delivery, such as eye drops, intraocular or periocular delivery. In some embodiments, the administering is through inhalation.
[0017] In some embodiments, the method herein further comprises administering to the subject an additional therapeutic agent. In some embodiments, the additional therapeutic agent can be selected from pirfenidone, nintedanib, lysophospholipase inhibitor, autotaxin (ATX) inhibitor, PDE4 inhibitor, TYK2 inhibitor, JAK inhibitor, integrins inhibitor, DPP4 inhibitor, transglutaminase-2 (TG2) inhibitor, or CB1 antagonist or inverse agonist.
[0018] It is to be understood that both the foregoing summary and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory only, and are not restrictive of the invention herein.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0019] FIG. 1 shows the plasma concentration over time profile of one representative compound following intravenous and oral administration to mice.
[0020] FIG. 2 shows the plasma concentration over time profile of another representative compound following intravenous and oral administration to mice.
[0021] FIG. 3 shows the plasma concentration of histamine in mice following different treatments as detailed in Biological Example 3.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0022] In various embodiments, the present disclosure provides compounds that are useful for antagonizing LPA1. In some embodiments, the compounds herein can have no or reduced systemic exposure and therefore are expected to have reduced side effects due to such systemic exposure that are associated with an orally bioavailable LPA1 antagonist. In some embodiments, the present disclosure also provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising the compound (s) and methods of using the same, such as in treating one or more diseases or disorders herein, e.g., fibrosis. Compounds
[0023] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a compound of Formula X, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, D-Q1- (Spacer) -Q2- (Core) -Q3- (Tail) Formula X, wherein: Core is null or a hydrophilic moiety; Spacer is a hydrophilic chain or ring / chain structure; wherein the Spacer and / or Core optionally includes one or more chargeable or charged group; Tail is hydrogen or a hydrophobic chain or ring / chain structure; Q1 is null or a linker that connects the Spacer to D; Q2 is null or a linker that connects the Spacer and Core; Q3 is null or a linker that connects the Core and Tail; and D is characterized in that the corresponding compound D-H is an antagonist of LPA1.
[0024] Antagonists of LPA1 are known in the art. For example, non-limiting LPA1 antagonists include those described in WO2022 / 083703, CN116583501, US7875745, Luiz Henrique Medeiros Geraldo et al. Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy (2021) 6: 45, doi. org / 10.1038 / s41392-020-00367-5; Ahmed F. Abdel-Magid, ACS Med. Chem. Lett. 2019, 10, 1378-1379, the content of each of which is incorporated herein by reference. In some embodiments, D in Formula X is characterized in that the corresponding compound D-H is any of the LPA1 antagonists described in the foregoing references.
[0025] In some embodiments, D is characterized in that the corresponding compound D-H is a compound having a Formula D-1: wherein the variables in Formula D-1, Z, R1, R2, R3, L1, L2, j1, j2, j3, Ring A, Ring B, and Ring C can have any of the definitions for the respective variables as described herein in connection with Formula I. Note that in Formula D-1, Ring C will not be attached to Q1 as would be in Formula I, but to a hydrogen atom, which is not drawn in Formula D-1.
[0026] In some embodiments, D is characterized in that the corresponding compound D-H is a compound having a Formula D-2: wherein the variables in Formula D-2, Z, R1, R2, R3, L1, L2, j1, j2, j3, Ring A, Ring B, and Ring C can have any of the definitions for the respective variables as described herein in connection with Formula II.
[0027] In some embodiments, D is characterized in that the corresponding compound D-H is a compound having a Formula D-3, as defined herein.
[0028] In some embodiments, D is characterized in that the corresponding compound D-H is a compound having a Formula D-4, as defined herein.
[0029] In some embodiments, D is characterized in that the corresponding compound D-H is a compound selected from the following: In some preferred embodiments, in Formula X, D attaches to Q1 through an alpha, beta, or gamma carbon of the COOH group shown in the above compounds. For example, in some embodiments, D in Formula X can have a structure according to: where the attaching point is the alpha carbon of the COOH group; etc., where the attaching point is a beta carbon of the COOH group; or where the attaching point is a gamma carbon of the COOH group.
[0030] In some embodiments, D is characterized in that the corresponding compound D-H is a compound selected from the following: In some preferred embodiments, in Formula X, D attaches to Q1 through an alpha, beta, or gamma carbon of the COOH group shown in the above compounds. For example, in some embodiments, D in Formula X can have a structure according to: In some embodiments, D in Formula X can have a structure according to
[0031] In some embodiments, D in Formula X is such that the compound of Formula X can be characterized as having a structure according to Formula I or II described herein.
[0032] Further definitions of the Core, Spacer, Q1, Q2, Q3, and Tail suitable for Formula X also include any of the respective definitions described herein for Formula I, II, and its subformulae herein. Without wishing to be bound by theories, it is believed that to achieve the beneficial pharmacokinetic and / or pharmacodynamic results observed herein, the Core and Spacer should preferably be hydrophilic whereas the Tail should preferably be hydrophobic such that the compound overall can be anchored on a cell membrane with a favorable orientation for the D moiety to interact with the membrane bound LPA1, and the compound overall is not readily absorbed for systemic circulation thereby acting primarily locally. Formula I
[0033] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof: wherein: Core is null or a hydrophilic moiety; Spacer is a hydrophilic chain or ring / chain structure; wherein the Spacer and / or Core optionally includes one or more chargeable or charged group; Tail is hydrogen or a hydrophobic chain or ring / chain structure; Q1 is null or a linker that connects the Spacer to Ring C shown in Formula I; Q2 is null or a linker that connects the Spacer and Core; Q3 is null or a linker that connects the Core and Tail; Ring A is a 5-10 membered aromatic ring optionally having 1-3 ring heteroatoms, preferably a phenyl ring; j1 is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4, as valency permits; and R1 at each occurrence is independently halogen, CN, OH, R1a, OR1a, SR1a, SO2R1a, or C (O) -R1a, wherein R1a at each occurrence is independently a C1-4 alkyl, C2-4 alkenyl, C2-4 alkynyl, or a 3-6 membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring, wherein the C1-4 alkyl, C2-4 alkenyl, or C2-4 alkynyl is optionally substituted with 1-3 F, and the 3-6 membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring is optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents each independently halogen, OH, C1-3 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 F, or C1-3 alkoxy optionally substituted with 1-3 F; L1 is O, C1-6 alkylene, or O-C1-6 alkylene, wherein the C1-6 alkylene is optionally substituted with 1-3 F; Ring B is a 3-10 membered ring selected from carbocyclic, heterocyclic, aryl, or heteroaryl ring; j2 is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4, as valency permits; and R2 at each occurrence is independently halogen, CN, OH, C1-4 alkyl, C2-4 alkenyl, C2-4 alkynyl, C1-4 alkoxy, or a 3-6 membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring, wherein the C1-4 alkyl, C2-4 alkenyl, C2-4 alkynyl or C1-4 alkoxy, is optionally substituted with 1-3 F, and the 3-6 membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring is optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents each independently halogen, OH, C1-3 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 F, or C1-3 alkoxy optionally substituted with 1-3 F; Ring C is a 5-membered heteroaryl, 6-membered heteroaryl, phenyl, or a fused bicyclic heteroaryl, j3 is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4, as valency permits; and R3 at each occurrence is independently halogen, CN, OH, NH2, COOH, CONH2, SO2NH2, R3a, OR3a, SR3a, NHR3a, NR3aR3a, SO2R3a, C (O) -R3a, C (O) -O-R3a, C (O) -NHR3a, C (O) -NR3aR3a, SO2NHR3a, SO2NR3aR3a, wherein R3a at each occurrence is independently a C1-4 alkyl, C2-4 alkenyl, C2-4 alkynyl, or a 3-6 membered ring, wherein the C1-4 alkyl, C2-4 alkenyl, or C2-4 alkynyl is optionally substituted with 1-3 F, and the 3-6 membered ring is optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents each independently halogen, CN, OH, C1-3 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 F, or C1-3 alkoxy optionally substituted with 1-3 F; L2 is null, an optionally substituted C1-4 alkylene, or an optionally substituted C1-4 heteroalkylene; and Z is an acidic functional group, preferably COOH, CONHSO2-Za, or a 5-membered heteroaryl or heterocyclic ring having an acidic OH or NH group, wherein Za is an optionally substituted C1-4 alkyl or an optionally substituted phenyl.
[0034] To be clear, the dissection of the structure in Formula I as Q1- (Spacer) -Q2- (Core) -Q3- (Tail) is merely for convenience of discussions herein, not to limit the compounds herein in any way. For example, for the same compound, there may be different ways to attribute certain structural fragments to be part of the Q1, Spacer, Q2, Core, Q3, or Tail. For the purposes herein, in such situations, if under one of the ways of attribution, the Q1, Spacer, Q2, Core, Q3, or Tail of the compound are all within a respective definition of a genus of compounds herein, then the compound can be said to be within the scope of that genus, assuming other conditions are met. The Core
[0035] Typically, in Formula I, the Core is a hydrophilic moiety. As it is apparent, the Core in Formula I is a divalent moiety which connects to Q2 and Q3. The Core may connect to Q2 and Q3 through a single atom of the Core, such as a nitrogen atom, or through two different atoms, such as one nitrogen and one oxygen atom or two nitrogen atoms, etc., each of the atom (s) of the Core that connects to Q2 or Q3 may be alternatively referred to as a terminal atom of the Core. The hydrophilicity of the Core can be typically characterized in that the corresponding molecule H-Core-H has a cLogP of less than 1, preferably, less than 0, for example, less than -0.5, less than -1, less than -2, less than -3, less than -4, or even lower, wherein both hydrogens are bonded to the terminal atom (s) of the Core. In some embodiments, the Core has one or two terminal atoms that connects to the remainder of the molecule through a charged nitrogen or quaternary nitrogen, in such cases, the Core can be typically characterized in that the corresponding molecule Me-Core-H or Me-Core-Me has a cLogP of less than 1, preferably, less than 0, for example, less than -0.5, less than -1, less than -2, less than -3, less than -4, or even lower, wherein the terminal atom (s) that is charged or quaternary nitrogen is bonded with methyl and any remaining terminal atom is bonded with hydrogen. For example, in the exemplified compounds herein, under one attribution, the corresponding molecule H-Core-H, Me-Core-H, or Me-Core-Me typically has a cLogP of -0.9 -2.6 -3.9 -4.3 etc. For example, when the Core is it may be said that the Core is characterized by the cLogP of the corresponding molecule Me-Core-Me, which is -2.6. When the Core is it may be said that the Core is characterized by the cLogP of the corresponding molecule Me-Core-Me, which is -3.9, in this case, both nitrogen are considered charged nitrogen.
[0036] As would be apparent to those skilled in the art, the term cLogP (or CLogP) refers to calculated LogP. For the purpose of this application, the cLogP value can be obtained using PerkinElmer's ChemDraw Professional software, version 20.0.0.41 or equivalent software using the same calculation method. The following shows exemplary cLogP values of a few compounds using the ChemDraw Professional software above: Thus, a compound having a cLogP of at least 3 should be about the same or more hydrophobic than octanoic acid. A compound having a cLogP of at least 4 should be about the same or more hydrophobic than decanoic acid. A compound having a cLogP of at least 5 should be about the same or more hydrophobic than lauric acid. A compound having a cLogP of less than 0 should be about the same or more hydrophilic than trimethyl amine, which has a cLogP of 0.018. A compound having a cLogP of less than 1 should be about the same or more hydrophilic than piperidine, which has a cLogP of 0.935.
[0037] In some preferred embodiments, the Core comprises one or more chargeable or charged groups. A chargeable group should be understood as a group that exists predominantly (greater than 50%, preferably, at least 80%) in the form of a charged species in an aqueous solution at pH of 7. A charged group refers to a group that contains a cation or an anion, or both, in an aqueous solution independent of pH from 0-14. Suitable chargeable or charged groups are not particularly limited, which include for example, charged amine groups such as quaternary amine groups, chargeable amine groups, including primary, secondary, or tertiary amine groups, COOH, SO3H, and PO3H2. In some embodiments, the Core comprises one or more basic nitrogen atom, and / or one or more quaternary nitrogen atom. In some embodiments, the Core can also comprise one or more acidic groups, such as acidic OH and / or acidic NH group. A basic group should be understood as a group whose conjugate acid has an aqueous pKa of greater than 8, preferably, greater than 10. An acidic group should be understood as a group having an aqueous pKa of less than 6, preferably, less than 4.
[0038] The Core in Formula I typically has 1-30 (e.g., 3-25, 4-20, 5-15, 6-10, etc. ) non-hydrogen and non-halogen atoms.
[0039] In some embodiments, the Core can have one non-hydrogen and non-halogen atom, such as -NH-.
[0040] In some preferred embodiments, the Core is a hydrophilic organic group including carbon atom (s) and heteroatom (s) . As used herein, unless otherwise contrary from context, a heteroatom refers to boron (B) , nitrogen (N) , phosphorus (P) , sulfur (S) , oxygen (O) , or silicon (Si) . More preferably, as used herein, a heteroatom refers to N, P, S, or O. In some embodiments, the Core can have 2-30 (e.g., 3-25, 4-20, 5-15, 6-10, etc. ) non-hydrogen and non-halogen atoms, and has a ratio of the number of heteroatoms to the number of carbon atoms of at least 1: 6, more preferably, at least 1: 5, such as 1: 4, 1: 3, 1: 2, 1: 1, 2: 1, or 3: 1, or any values or ranges between the recited values, such as 2: 3, 3: 2, from 1: 4 to 2: 1, etc.
[0041] In any of the embodiments herein, unless otherwise specified or contrary from context, the Core can have 3-25, 4-20, 5-15, or 6-10 non-hydrogen and non-halogen atoms. In any of the embodiments herein, unless otherwise specified or contrary from context, the Core can have a ratio of the number of heteroatoms to the number of carbon atoms of at least 1: 5, more preferably, at least 1: 4. In any of the embodiments herein, unless otherwise specified or contrary from context, the Core can have a ratio of the number of heteroatoms to the number of carbon atoms of 1: 4, 1: 3, 1: 2, 1: 1, 2: 1, 2: 3, 3: 2, or 3: 1. In any of the embodiments herein, unless otherwise specified or contrary from context, the Core can have a ratio of the number of heteroatoms to the number of carbon atoms of between 1: 4 to 2: 1, preferably, between 1: 3 to 2: 3.
[0042] In some embodiments, the Core in Formula I has 2-30 (e.g., 3-25, 4-20, 5-15, 6-10, etc. ) non-hydrogen atoms, wherein the non-hydrogen atoms consist of (i) one or more carbon atoms and (ii) one or more heteroatoms each independently selected from N, O, S, and P, and the core has a ratio of the number of heteroatoms to the number of carbon atoms of at least 1: 6, more preferably, at least 1: 5, such as 1: 4, 1: 3, 1: 2, 1: 1, 2: 1, or 3: 1, or any values or ranges between the recited values, such as 2: 3, 3: 2, from 1: 4 to 2: 1, etc. For example, in some embodiments, the ratio of the number of heteroatom (s) to the number of carbon atom (s) in the Core can be 1: 1, such as 1: 2, such as in or other ratios. In some embodiments, the Core does not contain any double or triple bonds, in other words, all carbon atoms and heteroatoms are bonded through single bonds. In such embodiments, the heteroatoms are typically independently selected from N or O. In some embodiments, the Core contains one or more double bonds, such as one or more double bonds independently selected from carbon carbon double bond, carbon oxygen double bond (C (=O) ) , carbon nitrogen double bond (C (=NR) ) , sulfur oxygen double bond (S (=O) ) , or phosphorous oxygen double bond P (=O) . To be clear, a sulfur dioxide group, -SO2-, should be understood as having two sulfur oxygen double bonds. For example, in some embodiments, the Core contains one or more double bond containing acidic groups independently selected from In some embodiments, the Core contains one or more double bond containing basic groups such as wherein each R is independently selected from hydrogen or a nitrogen substituent, or two R can be joined to form a ring structure together with the nitrogen atom (s) they are attached to and any intervening atoms, or three or four R can be joined to form a ring structure together with the nitrogen atom (s) they are attached to and any intervening atoms, such as a bicyclic ring.
[0043] In some embodiments, the Core in Formula I has 2-30 (e.g., 3-25, 4-20, 5-15, 6-10, etc. ) non-hydrogen atoms, wherein the non-hydrogen atoms consist of (i) one or more carbon atoms and (ii) one or more heteroatoms each independently selected from N and O, and the Core has a ratio of the number of heteroatoms to the number of carbon atoms of preferably at least 1: 6, more preferably, at least 1: 5, such as 1: 4, 1: 3, 1: 2, 1: 1, 2: 1, or 3: 1, or any values or ranges between the recited values, such as 2: 3, 3: 2, from 1: 4 to 2: 1, etc. For example, in some embodiments, the ratio of the number of nitrogen and oxygen atoms to the number of carbon atoms in the Core can be 1: 2, such as in In some embodiments, the ratio of the number of nitrogen and oxygen atoms to the number of carbon atoms in the Core can be between 1: 4 to 2: 1, such as in which has a ratio of 4:9. In some embodiments, the Core does not contain any double or triple bonds, in other words, all carbon atoms and heteroatoms are bonded through single bonds. In some embodiments, the Core contains one or more double bonds, such as one or more double bonds independently selected from carbon carbon double bond, carbon oxygen double bond (C (=O) ) , or carbon nitrogen double bond (C (=NR) ) . For example, in some embodiments, the Core contains one or more double bond containing basic groups such as wherein each R is independently selected from hydrogen, a connecting point to Q2 or Q3, or a nitrogen substituent, or two R can be joined to form a ring structure together with the nitrogen atom (s) they are attached to and any intervening atoms, or three or four R can be joined to form a ring structure together with the nitrogen atom (s) they are attached to and any intervening atoms, such as a bicyclic ring.
[0044] In some embodiments, the Core in Formula I has 2-30 (e.g., 3-25, 4-20, 5-15, 6-10, etc. ) non-hydrogen atoms, wherein the non-hydrogen atoms consist of (i) one or more carbon atoms and (ii) one or more nitrogen atoms, and the Core has a ratio of the number of nitrogen atoms to the number of carbon atoms preferably at least 1: 6, more preferably, at least 1: 5, such as 1: 4, 1: 3, 1: 2, 1: 1, 2: 1, or 3: 1, or any values or ranges between the recited values, such as 2: 3, 3: 2, from 1: 4 to 2: 1, etc. For example, in some embodiments, the ratio of the number of nitrogen atoms to the number of carbon atoms in the Core can be1: 2, such as in 1: 3, such as in 1: 4, such as in 1: 5, such as in 2: 1, such as in 3: 1, such as in or any ranges in between, such as between 1: 4 to 2: 1, such as in which has a ratio of 3: 8, or which has a ratio of 2: 7. In some embodiments, the Core does not contain any double or triple bonds, in other words, all carbon atoms and nitrogen atoms are bonded through single bonds. In some embodiments, the Core contains one or more double bonds, such as one or more double bonds independently selected from carbon carbon double bond, or carbon nitrogen double bond (C (=NR) ) . For example, in some embodiments, the Core contains one or more double bond containing basic groups such as wherein each R is independently selected from hydrogen or a nitrogen substituent, or two R can be joined to form a ring structure together with the nitrogen atom (s) they are attached to and any intervening atoms, or three or four R can be joined to form a ring structure together with the nitrogen atom (s) they are attached to and any intervening atoms, such as a bicyclic ring.
[0045] Typically, the Core does not include any triple bond.
[0046] In some embodiments, the Core is a chain structure, which can connect to Q2 and Q3 through a single atom or two different atoms. For the avoidance of doubt, when the Core is a chain structure, it only requires that the Core contains no rings, for example, it includes a structure when the Core is -NH-.
[0047] In some embodiments, the Core is a ring structure, which connects to Q2 and Q3 through a single ring atom or two different ring atoms, wherein the ring structure is optionally substituted. For example, in some embodiments, the Core is a 3-14 (e.g., 4-10, 5-8, etc. ) membered ring structure. For example, in some embodiments, the Core can be a 4-6 membered nitrogen containing heterocycle, such as
[0048] In some embodiments, the Core is a ring / chain structure, which can include one or more chains and one or more rings, which can connect to Q2 and Q3 through a single atom or two different atoms and through one ring atom, two ring atoms, one chain atom, two chain atoms, or one ring atom and one chain atom. For example, in some embodiments, the Core can contain a ring structure and a chain, in which a single chain atom is bonded to Q2 and Q3, such as
[0049] In some embodiments, the Core can be a dendrimer or a partial structure of a dendrimer. For example, in some embodiments, the Core is derived from a poly (amide amine) dendrimer, a poly (propylene amine) dendrimer, or a poly (amide amine) -poly (propylene amine) dendrimer. Dendrimers having various core structures may be used for forming the Core in Formula I. For example, in some embodiments, the Core can be derived from a dendrimer which has a core of a diamine or polyamine (e.g., triamine, tetraamine, etc. ) , such as a C2-8 alkylene diamine, C2-8 heteroalkylene diamine, C3-6 cycloalkylene diamine, 3-8 membered heterocyclylene diamine, C2-8 alkylene-C3-6 cycloalkylene diamine, C2-8 alkylene-3-8 membered heterocyclylene diamine, C2-8 heteroalkylene-C3-6 cycloalkylene diamine, C2-8 heteroalkylene-3-8 membered heterocyclylene diamine, C2-8 alkylene-C3-6 cycloalkylene-C2-8 alkylene diamine, C2-8 alkylene-3-8 membered heterocyclylene-C2-8 alkylene diamine, C2-8 heteroalkylene-C3-6 cycloalkylene-C2-8 heteroalkylene diamine, C2-8 heteroalkylene-3-8 membered heterocyclylene-C2-8 heteroalkylene diamine, etc., wherein each of the alkylene, heteroalkylene, cycloalkylene, cycloalkylene, heterocyclylene is optionally substituted, for example, with C1-4 alkyl, hydroxyl, and / or amine groups. In some embodiments, the Core is derived from a dendrimer which has a core of ethylene diamine, propylene diamine, butylene diamine, pentylene diamine, cyclohexylene diamine, cyclobutylene diamine, NH2-CH2CH2-piperizine-CH2CH2-NH2, etc. The dendrimers can have any suitable branches and termini (e.g., described herein) . For example, in some embodiments, the dendrimer has one or more terminus, with each terminus having a hydroxyl, amine, or carbonyl moiety, such as OH, NH2, or COOH.
[0050] In some specific embodiments, the Core in Formula I is -NH-.
[0051] In some embodiments, the Core in Formula I can be characterized as having a structure according to Core-1: wherein: G1 is a C1-6 alkylene, C (O) - (C1-6 alkylene) , or C (O) NH- (C1-6 alkylene) , wherein each of the C1-6 alkylene is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from OH, COOH, SO3H, PO3H2, NH2, NH (C1-3 alkyl) , N (C1-3 alkyl) (C1-3 alkyl) , and [N (C1-3 alkyl) (C1-3 alkyl) (C1-3 alkyl) ] +, and G2 is hydrogen, OH, COOH, SO3H, PO3H2, NH2, NH (C1-3 alkyl) , N (C1-3 alkyl) (C1-3 alkyl) , [N (C1-3 alkyl) (C1-3 alkyl) (C1-3 alkyl) ] +, or a 4-10 membered heteroaryl or heterocyclic ring, preferably having 1-4 ring nitrogen atoms, wherein the 4-10 membered heteroaryl or heterocyclic ring is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently G1A, OH, COOH, SO3H, PO3H2, NH2, NH (C1-3 alkyl) , N (C1-3 alkyl) (C1-3 alkyl) , or [N (C1-3 alkyl) (C1-3 alkyl) (C1-3 alkyl) ] +, and when applicable, one or more ring nitrogen atoms of the 4-10 membered heteroaryl or heterocyclic ring is optionally quaternized or oxidized, wherein G1A at each occurrence is independently C1-6 alkyl, C (O) - (C1-6 alkyl) , or C (O) NH- (C1-6 alkyl) , wherein each of the C1-6 alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from OH, COOH, SO3H, PO3H2, NH2, NH (C1-3 alkyl) , N (C1-3 alkyl) (C1-3 alkyl) , and [N (C1-3 alkyl) (C1-3 alkyl) (C1-3 alkyl) ] +.
[0052] In some embodiments, in Core-1, G2 is OH, COOH, SO3H, PO3H2, NH2, NH (C1-3 alkyl) , N (C1-3 alkyl) (C1-3 alkyl) , [N (C1-3 alkyl) (C1-3 alkyl) (C1-3 alkyl) ] +, or a 4-10 membered heteroaryl or heterocyclic ring having 1-4 ring nitrogen atoms, wherein the 4-10 membered heteroaryl or heterocyclic ring is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently G1A, OH, COOH, SO3H, PO3H2, NH2, NH (C1-3 alkyl) , N (C1-3 alkyl) (C1-3 alkyl) , or [N (C1-3 alkyl) (C1-3 alkyl) (C1-3 alkyl) ] +, and when applicable, one or more ring nitrogen atoms of the 4-10 membered heteroaryl or heterocyclic ring is optionally quaternized or oxidized, wherein G1A is defined herein. To be clear, as used herein, in formula such as N (C1-3 alkyl) (C1-3 alkyl) , or [N (C1-3 alkyl) (C1-3 alkyl) (C1-3 alkyl) ] +, each of the C1-3 alkyl is independently selected, i.e., the C1-3 alkyls can be the same or different. Other similar expressions herein should be understood similarly.
[0053] In some embodiments, in Core-1, G2 is OH. For example, in some embodiments, the Core can be
[0054] In some embodiments, in Core-1, G2 is a 4-10 membered heterocyclic ring having 1-4 ring heteroatoms, such as 1-4 ring nitrogen atoms, for example, G2 can be a 4-8 membered heterocyclic ring having 1 or 2 ring nitrogen atoms, which is optionally substituted as described herein.
[0055] In some preferred embodiments, the Core having the structure of Core-1 can be characterized as having a formula according to Core-2a: wherein G1 is defined herein.
[0056] In some embodiments, in Core-1, G2 is a 5-10 membered heteroaryl ring having 1-4 ring heteroatoms, for example, in some embodiments, G2 can be a monocyclic 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl ring having 1-3 ring heteroatoms independently selected from oxygen, nitrogen or sulfur, which is optionally substituted as described herein. In some embodiments, G2 can be a bicyclic heteroaryl ring having 1-4 ring heteroatoms independently selected from oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur, which is optionally substituted as described herein.
[0057] In some preferred embodiments, the Core having the structure of Core-1 can be characterized as having a formula according to Core-2b, Core-2c, Core-2d, Core-2e, or Core-2f: wherein: G1 is defined herein and G1B is C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from OH, COOH, SO3H, PO3H2, NH2, NH (C1-3 alkyl) , N (C1-3 alkyl) (C1-3 alkyl) , and [N (C1-3 alkyl) (C1-3 alkyl) (C1-3 alkyl) ] +.
[0058] In some embodiments, in Core-1 or Core-2a, 2b, 2c, 2d, 2e, or 2f, G1 is a C2-6 alkylene or C (O) - (C1-6 alkylene) , wherein when G1 is C (O) - (C1-6 alkylene) , the C (O) end of G1 is bonded to the nitrogen that connects to Q2 and Q3. In some embodiments, G1B is C1-4 alkyl. In some specific embodiments, G1B is methyl.
[0059] In some embodiments, G1 in Core-1 or Core-2a, 2b, 2c, 2d, 2e, or 2f, can be a C2-6 alkylene, such as a C2-4 alkylene, e.g., a linear C2-4 alkylene (i.e., (CH2) 2-4) , such as CH2CH2CH2. For example, in some embodiments, the Core can be In some embodiments, the Core can be In some embodiments, the Core can be In some embodiments, the Core can be
[0060] In some embodiments, the Core can be selected from
[0061] In some embodiments, the Core in Formula I can be characterized as having a structure according to Core-3: wherein: G3 and G4 are each independently a C1-6 alkyl or a 3-8 membered nonaromatic ring, wherein the C1-6 alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from GA, COOH, SO3H, PO3H2, C (O) NH- (C1-4 alkylene) -GA, GB, COGB, and C (O) NH- (C1-4 alkylene) -GB, and the 3-8 membered nonaromatic ring is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from (1) GA, (2) C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from GA, COOH, SO3H, PO3H2, C (O) NH- (C1-4 alkylene) -GA, GB, COGB, C (O) NH- (C1-4 alkylene) -GB, and (C1-4 alkylene) -GB; and (3) COOH, SO3H, PO3H2, C (O) NH- (C1-4 alkylene) -GA, GB, COGB, C (O) NH- (C1-4 alkylene) -GB, or (C1-4 alkylene) -GB; or G3 and G4, together with the nitrogen atom to which they are both attached, are joined to form a 4-8 membered heterocyclic ring, which is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from GA, C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more GA, GB, and (C1-4 alkylene) -GB; wherein GB at each occurrence is independently a 4-10 membered heterocyclic ring, preferably having 1-4 ring nitrogen atoms, which is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently GA or C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more GA; wherein GA at each occurrence is independently selected from OH, NH2, NH (C1-3 alkyl) , N (C1-3 alkyl) (C1-3 alkyl) , and [N (C1-3 alkyl) (C1-3 alkyl) (C1-3 alkyl) ] +; wherein one or more ring nitrogen atoms of the 3-8 membered nonaromatic ring, 4-8 membered heterocyclic ring, or 4-10 membered heterocyclic ring, if present, is optionally quaternized or oxidized. To be clear, as used herein, when a ring nitrogen atom is said to be quaternized, it is preferably referring to the situation where an alkyl group (such as a C1-3 alkyl, preferably, methyl) is attached to an otherwise tertiary ring nitrogen atom, which results a quaternized ring nitrogen atom which is positively charged.
[0062] In some embodiments, in Core-3, G3 and G4, together with the nitrogen atom to which they are both attached, are joined to form a 4-8 membered heterocyclic ring, which optionally contains one or more ring heteroatoms in addition to the nitrogen atom as drawn, wherein the 4-8 membered heterocyclic ring is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from GA, C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more GA, GB, and (C1-4 alkylene) -GB, wherein GA and GB are defined herein.
[0063] For example, in some embodiments, the Core in Formula I can be characterized as having a structure according to Core-4: wherein ring D is a 4-8 membered heterocyclic ring, preferably having 1 or 2 ring heteroatoms, which is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from GA, C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more GA, GB, and (C1-4 alkylene) -GB, wherein GA and GB are as defined herein. In some embodiments, ring D has only one ring heteroatom, which is the ring nitrogen atom as drawn. In some embodiments, ring D has two ring heteroatoms, which for example can have a ring nitrogen atom in addition to the ring nitrogen atom as drawn. In some embodiments, the 4-8 membered heterocyclic ring is a saturated heterocyclic ring, i.e., the heterocyclic ring does not include any ring atoms that forms a double bond or triple bond with another atom. For example, in some specific embodiments, the Core in Formula I can be wherein, m is 0, 1, or 2; and R100 at each occurrence is independently C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more GA, or (C1-4 alkylene) -GB, wherein GA and GB are as defined herein. To be clear, when m is not 0, a R100 may be attached to the NH group of the piperazine ring. In some embodiments, m is 0. In some specific embodiments, the Core in Formula I can be In some specific embodiments, the Core in Formula I can be
[0064] In some embodiments, the Core in Formula I can be characterized as having a structure according to Core-5: wherein: G3A and G4A are each independently a C1-6 alkylene; G3B and G4B are each independently a C1-6 alkylene; and G3C and G4C are each independently GA or GB, wherein GA and GB are as defined herein. Preferably, G3A, G4A, G3B and G4B are each independently a linear C1-6 alkylene, such as a linear C1-4 alkylene. In some embodiments, (i) G3A and G4A are the same; (ii) G3B and G4B are the same; and / or (iii) G3C and G4C are the same, for example, both are NH2. In some embodiments, G3A and G4A are the same, for example, both are CH2. In some embodiments, G3B and G4B are the same, for example, both are CH2CH2, CH2CH2CH2, or CH2CH2CH2CH2. In some embodiments, G3C and G4C are the same, for example, both are NH2. Preferably, (i) G3A and G4A are the same; (ii) G3B and G4B are the same; and (iii) G3C and G4C are the same. In some specific embodiments, the Core can be
[0065] In some embodiments, the Core in Formula I can be characterized as having a structure according to Core-6: wherein: G5A and G5B are each independently null or a C1-6 alkylene, Ring E is a 3-14 membered ring, preferably, having 1-4 ring nitrogen atoms, more preferably, at least one of the ring nitrogen atoms is chargeable or charged, wherein the 3-14 membered ring is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from GA, C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more GA, GB, and (C1-4 alkylene) -GB, wherein GB at each occurrence is independently a 4-10 membered heterocyclic ring, preferably having 1-4 ring nitrogen atoms, which is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently GA or C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more GA; wherein GA at each occurrence is independently selected from OH, NH2, NH (C1-3 alkyl) , N (C1-3 alkyl) (C1-3 alkyl) , and [N (C1-3 alkyl) (C1-3 alkyl) (C1-3 alkyl) ] +; wherein one or more ring nitrogen atoms, if present, is optionally quaternized or oxidized. Core-6 can connect with Q2 through either G5A or G5B, in other words, there is no specific direction of attachment implicated by the structure of Core-6.
[0066] In some embodiments, ring E in Core-6 can be a positively charged heteroaryl ring, such as an imidazolium structure, benzimidazolium structure, etc. For example, in some preferred embodiments, Core-6 can have a structure according to Core-7a, 7b, or 7c: wherein: G5A and G5B are each independently null or a C1-6 alkylene, wherein G5A is attached to Q2 and G5B is attached to Q3; or G5A is attached to Q3 and G5B is attached to Q2. In some embodiments, G5A is null. In some embodiments, G5A is a C1-6 alkylene, such as a linear C1-6 alkylene (i.e., (CH2) 1-6) . In some embodiments, G5B is null. In some embodiments, G5B is a C1-6 alkylene, such as a linear C1-6 alkylene (i.e., (CH2) 1-6) . In some embodiments, both G5A and G5B are null, and the Core has a structure of
[0067] In some embodiments, ring E in Core-6 can be a positively charged heterocyclic ring, such as a piperazinium structure. For example, in some preferred embodiments, Core-6 can have a structure according to Core-8: wherein: G5A and G5B are each independently null or a C1-6 alkylene, G5C is C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from OH, COOH, SO3H, PO3H2, NH2, NH (C1-3 alkyl) , N (C1-3 alkyl) (C1-3 alkyl) , and [N (C1-3 alkyl) (C1-3 alkyl) (C1-3 alkyl) ] +, wherein G5A is attached to Q2 and G5B is attached to Q3; or G5A is attached to Q3 and G5B is attached to Q2. In some embodiments, G5A is null. In some embodiments, G5A is a C1-6 alkylene, such as a linear C1-6 alkylene (i.e., (CH2) 1-6) . In some embodiments, G5B is null. In some embodiments, G5B is a C1-6 alkylene, such as a linear C1-6 alkylene (i.e., (CH2) 1-6) . In some preferred embodiments, G5C is C1-6 alkyl, such as methyl. In some embodiments, both G5A and G5B are null, and the Core has a structure of For example, in some embodiments, the Core has a structure of In some embodiments, the positively charged nitrogen is attached to Q2 and the other nitrogen is attached to Q3.
[0068] Q2 in Formula I is typically null or a C1-10 alkylene. For example, in some embodiments, Q2 in Formula I can be a linear C2-8 alkylene.
[0069] In some embodiments, Q2 in Formula I is null, i.e., the Core is directly bonded to the Spacer. The Spacer
[0070] The Spacer in Formula I is typically also a hydrophilic structure. As it is apparent, the Spacer in Formula I is a divalent moiety which connects to Q1 and Q2. The Spacer typically connects to Q1 and Q2 through two different atoms, such as one nitrogen and one oxygen atom or two oxygen atoms, etc., each of the atoms of the Spacer that connects to Q1 or Q2 may be alternatively referred to herein as a terminal atom of the Spacer. The hydrophilicity of the Spacer can be typically characterized in that the corresponding compound, H-Spacer-H, has a cLogP of less than 1, such as 0 to 1, -1 to 1, etc., or less than 0, wherein each hydrogen is bonded to a terminal atom of the Spacer. For example, in the exemplified compounds herein, under one attribution, the corresponding compound, H-Spacer-H, can have a cLogP of -0.2 0 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.9 etc. Obviously, in the exemplified compounds, if one or more of oxygen or nitrogen atom that connects the ethylene oxide chain to the remainder of the molecule is attributed to be part of the Spacer, the cLogP value would be lower, for example, the cLogP of is -0.2, which is about 1 unit lower than that of
[0071] In some preferred embodiments, the Spacer is a hydrophilic organic group including carbon atom (s) and heteroatom (s) . The Spacer typically has at least 6 non-hydrogen and non-halogen atoms, preferably, at least 10 (e.g., at least 12, at least 14, at least 16, at least 18, at least 20, at least 24, or at least 30) non-hydrogen and non-halogen atoms. Typically, the total number of non-hydrogen and non-halogen atoms in the Spacer is less than 50, preferably, less than 40, more preferably, less than 30. In any of the embodiments herein, unless otherwise specified or contrary from context, the Spacer can have 10-30, 12-28, 14-26, or 16-24 non-hydrogen and non-halogen atoms.
[0072] In some embodiments, the Spacer has at least 10 non-hydrogen and non-halogen atoms, e.g., at least 12, at least 14, at least 16, at least 18, at least 20, at least 24, or at least 30 non-hydrogen and non-halogen atoms, wherein the Spacer includes one or more carbon atoms and one or more heteroatoms, and has a ratio of the number of heteroatom (s) to the number of carbon atom (s) of at least 1: 5, such as 1: 4, 1: 3, or 1: 2, or any values or ranges between the recited values, such as 2: 3, 3: 4, or 1: 4 to 1: 2, etc. In any of the embodiments herein, unless otherwise specified or contrary from context, the Spacer can have a ratio of the number of heteroatom (s) to the number of carbon atom (s) of 1: 4, 1: 3, or 1: 2. In any of the embodiments herein, unless otherwise specified or contrary from context, the Spacer can have a ratio of the number of heteroatom (s) to the number of carbon atom (s) of 1: 4 to 1: 2. In any of the embodiments herein, unless otherwise specified or contrary from context, the Spacer can have a ratio of the number of heteroatom (s) to the number of carbon atom (s) of 1: 3 to 3: 4. In any of the embodiments herein, unless otherwise specified or contrary from context, the Spacer can have a ratio of the number of heteroatom (s) to the number of carbon atom (s) of 1: 3 to 1: 2.
[0073] In some embodiments, the Spacer has at least 10 (e.g., 10-30, 12-28, 14-26, 16-24, etc. ) non-hydrogen atoms, wherein the non-hydrogen atoms consist of (i) one or more carbon atoms and (ii) one or more heteroatoms each independently selected from N, O, S, and P, and the Spacer has a ratio of the number of heteroatoms to the number of carbon atoms of preferably at least 1: 5, such as 1: 4, 1: 3, or 1: 2, or any values or ranges between the recited values, such as 2: 3, 3: 4, or 1: 4 to 1: 2, etc.
[0074] In some embodiments, the Spacer has at least 10 (e.g., 10-30, 12-28, 14-26, 16-24, etc. ) non-hydrogen atoms, wherein the non-hydrogen atoms consist of (i) one or more carbon atoms and (ii) one or more heteroatoms each independently selected from N, O, and S, and the Spacer has a ratio of the number of heteroatoms to the number of carbon atoms of preferably at least 1: 5, such as 1: 4, 1: 3, or 1: 2, or any values or ranges between the recited values, such as 2: 3, 3: 4, or 1: 4 to 1: 2, etc.
[0075] In some embodiments, the Spacer has at least 10 (e.g., 10-30, 12-28, 14-26, 16-24, etc. ) non-hydrogen atoms, wherein the non-hydrogen atoms consist of (i) one or more carbon atoms and (ii) one or more heteroatoms each independently selected from N and O, and the Spacer has a ratio of the number of heteroatoms to the number of carbon atoms of preferably at least 1: 5, such as 1: 4, 1: 3, or 1: 2, or any values or ranges between the recited values, such as 2: 3, 3: 4, or 1: 4 to 1: 2, etc.
[0076] In some embodiments, the Spacer has at least 10 (e.g., 10-30, 12-28, 14-26, 16-24, etc. ) non-hydrogen atoms, wherein the non-hydrogen atoms consist of (i) one or more carbon atoms and (ii) one or more heteroatoms each independently selected from S and O, and the Spacer has a ratio of the number of heteroatoms to the number of carbon atoms of preferably at least 1: 5, such as 1: 4, 1: 3, or 1: 2, or any values or ranges between the recited values, such as 2: 3, 3: 4, or 1: 4 to 1: 2, etc.
[0077] In some embodiments, the Spacer has at least 10 (e.g., 10-30, 12-28, 14-26, 16-24, etc. ) non-hydrogen atoms, wherein the non-hydrogen atoms consist of (i) one or more carbon atoms and (ii) one or more oxygen atoms, and the Spacer has a ratio of the number of oxygen atoms to the number of carbon atoms of preferably at least 1: 5, such as 1: 4, 1: 3, or 1: 2, or any values or ranges between the recited values, such as 2: 3, 3: 4, or 1: 4 to 1: 2, etc.
[0078] In some embodiments, the Spacer in Formula I does not contain any double or triple bonds, in other words, all carbon atoms and heteroatoms are bonded through single bonds. In some embodiments, the Spacer contains one or more double bonds, such as one or more double bonds independently selected from carbon carbon double bond, carbon oxygen double bond (C (=O) ) , carbon nitrogen double bond (C (=NR) ) , sulfur oxygen double bond (S (=O) ) , or phosphorous oxygen double bond P (=O) . For example, in some embodiments, the Spacer contains one or more double bond containing acidic groups independently selected from In some embodiments, the Spacer contains one or more double bond containing linkers independently selected from for example, the Spacer may include one or more groups selected from esters, amides, sulfonamides, urea, carbamates, carbonates, etc.
[0079] In some embodiments, the Spacer in Formula I comprises one or more chargeable or charged group, such as basic amines (including NH2, NHR, or NR2, wherein R is a nitrogen substituent which does not render the nitrogen non-basic, e.g., R is an alkyl, cycloalkyl, etc. ) , quaternary amines, carboxylic acids, SO3H, PO3H2, etc.
[0080] In some embodiments, the Spacer in Formula I does not comprise a chargeable or charged group.
[0081] Typically, in Formula I, the Spacer is a hydrophilic chain structure, i.e., the Spacer does not include any ring. In some embodiments, the hydrophilic chain structure does not include any double or triple bonds. For example, in some embodiments, the hydrophilic chain structure is a polyethylene glycol chain. Typically, the chain structure connects to Q1 and Q2 through two terminal atoms of the chain, wherein the two terminal atoms are at least 8 atoms apart. In some embodiments, the two terminal atoms of the chain can be less than 8 atoms apart, such as 6 atoms apart. An example of such embodiments is when the Spacer is Preferably, the two terminal atoms are at least 10 atoms apart, at least 12 atoms apart, at least 14 atoms apart, at least 20 atoms apart, or at least 30 atoms apart. For example, in some embodiments, the two terminal atoms are 10-20 atoms apart or 12-24 atoms apart, 14-26 atoms apart, 16-20 atoms apart, etc. To explain how to decide the number of atoms apart between the two terminal atoms, the following example is illustrative. For example, when it is said that the two terminal atoms are 8 atoms apart, it should be understood that the least number of atoms travelled from one terminal atom to reach the other terminal atom is 8. For example, each of the following four structures would satisfy the condition that the two terminal atoms 1 and 2 are 8 atoms apart: To be clear, when it is said that the two terminal atoms are at least 8 atoms apart, it should be understood that the least number of atoms travelled from one terminal atom to reach the other terminal atom is at least 8 (e.g., 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 24, 26, 28, or any range or value between the recited numbers) .
[0082] In some embodiments, the Spacer can also be a hydrophilic ring / chain structure, which includes one or more chains and one or more rings, wherein the Spacer connects to Q1 and Q2 through (a) one chain atom and one ring atom, (b) two chain atoms, or (c) two ring atoms; wherein the two atoms connecting to Q1 and Q2 are at least 8 atoms apart. Preferably, the Spacer connects to Q1 and Q2 through (a) one chain atom and one ring atom or (b) two chain atoms. In some preferred embodiments, the two atoms connecting to Q1 and Q2 are at least 10 atoms apart, at least 12 atoms apart, at least 14 atoms apart, at least 20 atoms apart, or at least 30 atoms apart. For example, in some embodiments, the two atoms connecting to Q1 and Q2 are 10-20 atoms apart or 12-24 atoms apart, 14-26 atoms apart, 16-20 atoms apart, etc. In some embodiments, the Spacer in Formula I can contain 1-3 (e.g., 1) 3-14 membered ring, e.g., a 3-6 membered carbocyclic ring, a 4-8 membered monocyclic heterocyclic ring, or a 5-10 membered bicyclic carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring, or a 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl ring.
[0083] In some preferred embodiments, the Spacer in Formula I has a structure according to Spacer-1: wherein: U1 and U3 are each independently null, O, S, NH, C (O) , C (O) O, C (O) NH, OC (O) NH, NHC (O) NH, SO2, SO2NH, or C1-6 heteroalkylene, wherein one or two carbons of the C1-6 heteroalkylene are optionally substituted with an oxo, U2 is O, NH, or N (C1-4 alkyl) ; e1 is an integer of 2-8, preferably, 2 or 3; e2 is an integer of 1-20, e.g., 2-18, 4-16, 6-12, 1-10, etc.; and e3 is an integer of 0-8, preferably, 2 or 3.
[0084] For example, in some embodiments, in Spacer-1, U1 is null, O, S, NH, C (O) O, C (O) NH, or C1-6 heteroalkylene; U2 is O, NH, or N (C1-4 alkyl) ; U3 is null, C (O) , C (O) O, C (O) NH, or C1-6 heteroalkylene; e1 is an integer of 2-8, preferably, 2 or 3; e2 is an integer of 1-20, e.g., 2-18, 4-16, 6-12, 1-10, etc.; and e3 is an integer of 0-8, preferably, 2 or 3, wherein one or two carbons of the C1-6 heteroalkylene are optionally substituted with an oxo, and when applicable, the bond between U3 and an N atom is a carbon-nitrogen bond or a sulfonamide bond.
[0085] In some embodiments, U1 is O.
[0086] In some embodiments, U1 is S, NH, C (O) O, or C (O) NH. When U1 is C (O) O, or C (O) NH, the C (O) is preferably bonded to a (CH2) e1 in Spacer-1.
[0087] Typically, U2 in Spacer-1 is O. In some embodiments, U2 in Spacer-1 can be NH or N (C1-4 alkyl) .
[0088] To be clear, in Spacer-1, each of the repeating unit - (CH2) e1-U2 is the same. In some embodiments, the Spacer can also be a structure resulting from inserting one or more different units of - (CH2) e1-U2 randomly into the repeating units in Spacer-1. For example, in some embodiments, the Spacer can be -O- (CH2CH2O) 1-4- (CH2CH2CH2O) 1-2- (CH2CH2O) 1-4-CH2CH2-or -O- (CH2CH2O) 1-4- (CH2CH2NH) - (CH2CH2O) 1-4-CH2CH2-, etc.
[0089] In some embodiments, the Spacer has a structure according to Spacer-2: wherein e1, e2, e3, U1, and U3 are defined herein. For example, in some embodiments, U1 is null. In some embodiments, U1 is O. U1 is null. In some embodiments, U1 is NH.
[0090] In Spacer-1 or Spacer-2, e1 is typically 2 or 3, preferably, 2.
[0091] In Spacer-1 or Spacer-2, e2 is typically 2-12, such as 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.
[0092] In Spacer-1 or Spacer-2, e3 is typically 2 or 3.
[0093] In Spacer-1 or Spacer-2, U3 is typically null or O.
[0094] For example, in some specific embodiments, the Spacer in Formula I is selected from -O- (CH2CH2O) 1-8-CH2CH2O-. For example, in some embodiments, the Spacer in Formula I is: In such embodiments, when the atom of the Core that connects to Q2- (Spacer) is a heteroatom, such as a nitrogen atom, then Q2 is not null, and typically a C2-6 alkylene, such as a linear C2-6 alkylene.
[0095] In some specific embodiments, the Spacer in Formula I is selected from -NH- (CH2CH2O) 1-8-CH2CH2O-. For example, in some embodiments, the Spacer in Formula I is:
[0096] In some embodiments, the Spacer in Formula I is -O- (CH2CH2O) 1-8-CH2CH2-, -O- (CH2CH2O) 1-8-CH2CH2CH2-, -O- (CH2CH2CH2O) 1-4-CH2CH2CH2-, or -O- (CH2CH2CH2O) 1-4-CH2CH2-, preferably, -O- (CH2CH2O) 1-8-CH2CH2-or -O- (CH2CH2O) 1-8-CH2CH2CH2-. In such embodiments, typically, the O end is bonded to Q1.
[0097] In some embodiments, the Spacer in Formula I is -NH- (CH2CH2O) 1-8-CH2CH2-or -NH- (CH2CH2O) 1-8-CH2CH2CH2-. In such embodiments, typically, the NH end is bonded to Q1.
[0098] In some embodiments, the Spacer in Formula I is selected from -O- (CH2CH2CH2O) 1-4-CH2CH2CH2O-, such as: In such embodiments, when the atom of the Core that connects to Q2- (Spacer) is a heteroatom, such as a nitrogen atom, then Q2 is not null, and typically a C2-6 alkylene, such as a linear C2-6 alkylene.
[0099] In some embodiments, the Spacer in Formula I is selected from: In such embodiments, when the atom of the Core that connects to Q2- (Spacer) is a heteroatom, such as a nitrogen atom, then Q2 is not null, and typically a C2-6 alkylene, such as a linear C2-6 alkylene.
[0100] In some embodiments, the Spacer in Formula I is selected from: -O- (CH2CH2O) 1-8-CH2CH2-, -O- (CH2CH2O) 1-8-CH2CH2CH2-, -O- (CH2CH2CH2O) 1-4-CH2CH2CH2-, -O- (CH2CH2CH2O) 1-4-CH2CH2-, - (CH2CH2O) 1-8-CH2CH2-, - (CH2CH2O) 1-8-CH2CH2CH2-, - (CH2CH2CH2O) 1-4-CH2CH2CH2-, - (CH2CH2CH2O) 1-4-CH2CH2-, -NH- (CH2CH2O) 1-8-CH2CH2-, -NH- (CH2CH2O) 1-8-CH2CH2CH2-, -NH- (CH2CH2CH2O) 1-4-CH2CH2CH2-, or -NH- (CH2CH2CH2O) 1-4-CH2CH2-, preferably, when applicable, the oxygen or NH end of these Spacer is bonded to Q1.
[0101] Q1 in Formula I is typically null, C (O) , C1-6 alkylene, C1-6 heteroalkylene, C0-6 alkylene- (5 or 6-membered heteroarylene) -C0-6 alkylene, C0-6 heteroalkylene- (5 or 6-membered heteroarylene) -C0-6 alkylene, or C0-6 heteroalkylene- (5 or 6-membered heteroarylene) -C0-6 heteroalkylene, wherein one or two carbon atoms of the alkylene or heteroalkylene is optionally substituted with oxo, and the alkylene or heteroalkylene is optionally further substituted, and wherein the 5 or 6-membered heteroarylene is optionally substituted, e.g., with methyl. To be clear, when the C0-6 alkylene is C0, it should be understood that the C0-6 alkylene does not exist. For example, C0-6 alkylene- (5 or 6-membered heteroarylene) -C0-6 alkylene can be a 5 or 6-membered heteroarylene when both C0-6 alkylene are C0. On the other hand, when the C0-6 heteroalkylene is C0, it should be understood that the C0 heteroalkylene represents a moiety having 1-3 heteroatom (s) but no carbon atoms, such as O, NH, SO2NH, etc. In some embodiments, Q1 in Formula I is null, C1-6 alkylene, or C1-6 heteroalkylene, wherein one or two carbon atoms of the C1-6 alkylene or C1-6 heteroalkylene is optionally substituted with oxo, and the C1-6 alkylene or C1-6 heteroalkylene is optionally further substituted. In some embodiments, for Q1, the 5 or 6-membered heteroarylene, if present, is a triazole, such as for example, Q1 can be (Formula Q-1) wherein Ra is H, or C1-4 alkyl, or Ra is a 3-10 membered ring (e.g., a cycloalkyl, heterocyclic ring, or heteroaryl ring) or C1-4 alkyl substituted with a 3-10 membered ring, wherein each of the 3-10 membered ring is optionally substituted. It should be clear that Formula Q-1 is an example of C0-6 heteroalkylene- (5 or 6-membered heteroarylene) -C0-6 alkylene, in which the C0-6 heteroalkylene is a C2-6 heteroalkylene containing one N, with one of the carbon atoms substituted with oxo and the C2-6 heteroalkylene is optionally further substituted, e.g., Ra is hydrogen or C1-4 alkyl, that is the C2-6 heteroalkylene is not further substituted, or Ra is another group as defined where the C2-6 heteroalkylene is further substituted, and the C0-6 alkylene is a C0, i.e., non-existing.
[0102] In some preferred embodiments, Q1 is null, i.e., the Spacer is directly bonded to ring C in Formula I.
[0103] In some preferred embodiments, Q1 has a structure according to Formula Q-1 as defined herein.
[0104] In some embodiments, Q1 is C1-6 alkylene. In some embodiments, Q1 is C (O) .
[0105] In some embodiments, Q1 is C1-6 heteroalkylene.
[0106] In some embodiments, Q1 is 5 or 6-membered heteroarylene, such as a 5-membered heteroarylene, e.g., those having 2-3 ring heteroatoms, such as a triazole, wherein the 5 or 6-membered heteroarylene is optionally substituted, e.g., with methyl.
[0107] In some embodiments, Q1 is C1-6 alkylene- (5 or 6-membered heteroarylene) , for example, a C1-6 alkylene- (5-membered heteroarylene) . In some embodiments, the 5-membered heteroarylene has 2-3 ring heteroatoms, such as a triazole. It should be noted in such embodiments, Q1 can attach to the Spacer through the alkylene or the 5 or 6-membered heteroarylene. In some embodiments, the 5 or 6-membered heteroarylene is optionally substituted, e.g., with methyl.
[0108] In some embodiments, Q1 is C1-6 alkylene- (5 or 6-membered heteroarylene) -C1-6 alkylene. In some embodiments, the 5 or 6-membered heteroarylene has 2-3 ring heteroatoms, such as a triazole. It should be noted in such embodiments, Q1 can attach to the Spacer through either of the alkylenes. In some embodiments, each C1-6 alkylene is independently a C1-4 alkylene, such as a linear C1-4 alkylene. In some embodiments, one or two carbon atoms of any of the C1-6 alkylene is optionally substituted with oxo, and the alkylene is optionally further substituted. In some embodiments, the 5 or 6-membered heteroarylene is optionally substituted, e.g., with methyl.
[0109] In some embodiments, Q1 is C1-6 heteroalkylene- (5 or 6-membered heteroarylene) -C1-6 alkylene. In some embodiments, the 5 or 6-membered heteroarylene has 2-3 ring heteroatoms, such as a triazole. It should be noted in such embodiments, Q1 can attach to the Spacer through either the alkylene or the heteroalkylene. In some embodiments, (i) the C1-6 alkylene is a C1-4 alkylene, such as a linear C1-4 alkylene; and / or (ii) the C1-6 heteroalkylene is selected from -O- (C1-4 alkylene) or -O- (C1-4 alkylene) -O- (C1-4 alkylene) . In some embodiments, one or two carbon atoms of any of the C1-6 alkylene or C1-6 heteroalkylene is optionally substituted with oxo, and the alkylene or heteroalkylene is optionally further substituted. In some embodiments, the 5 or 6-membered heteroarylene is optionally substituted, e.g., with methyl.
[0110] In some embodiments, Q1 is C1-6 heteroalkylene- (5 or 6-membered heteroarylene) -C1-6 heteroalkylene. In some embodiments, the 5 or 6-membered heteroarylene has 2-3 ring heteroatoms, such as a triazole. It should be noted in such embodiments, Q1 can attach to the Spacer through either of the heteroalkylenes. In some embodiments, the C1-6 heteroalkylene is selected from -O- (C1-4 alkylene) or -O- (C1-4 alkylene) -O- (C1-4 alkylene) . In some embodiments, one or two carbon atoms of the C1-6 heteroalkylene is optionally substituted with oxo, and the heteroalkylene is optionally further substituted. In some embodiments, the 5 or 6-membered heteroarylene is optionally substituted, e.g., with methyl.
[0111] In some embodiments, Q1 is C1-6 heteroalkylene- (5 or 6-membered heteroarylene) , for example, a C1-6 heteroalkylene- (5-membered heteroarylene) . In some embodiments, the 5-membered heteroarylene has 2-3 ring heteroatoms, such as a triazole. It should be noted in such embodiments, Q1 can attach to the Spacer through the heteroalkylene or the 5 or 6-membered heteroarylene. In some embodiments, one or two carbon atoms of the C1-6 heteroalkylene is optionally substituted with oxo, and the heteroalkylene is optionally further substituted. In some embodiments, the 5 or 6-membered heteroarylene is optionally substituted, e.g., with methyl.
[0112] In some embodiments, Q1 can also be C1-6 alkylene- (5 or 6-membered heteroarylene) -C1-6 alkylene, C1-6 alkylene- (5 or 6-membered heteroarylene) -C1-6 heteroalkylene, or C1-6 heteroalkylene- (5 or 6-membered heteroarylene) -C1-6 heteroalkylene.
[0113] Q3 in Formula I is typically null, C (O) , (C1-6 alkylene) -C (O) , or C1-10 heteroalkylene, wherein one or two carbon atoms of the C1-6 alkylene or C1-10 heteroalkylene is optionally substituted with oxo.
[0114] In some embodiments, Q3 is null, i.e., the Tail is directly bonded to the Core.
[0115] In some embodiments, Q3 is C (O) .
[0116] In some embodiments, Q3 is a C1-6 heteroalkylene, wherein one or two carbon atoms of the C1-6 heteroalkylene is optionally substituted with oxo. For example, in some embodiments, Q3 is a C1-6 heteroalkylene having a formula of [- (C0-6 alkylene) -M1- (C0-6 alkylene) -M2- (C0-6 alkylene) -] , wherein M1 and M2 are independently absent, S, O, NH, N (C1-3 alkyl) , C (O) NH, C (O) N (C1-3 alkyl) , SO2, SO2NH, or SO2N (C1-3 alkyl) , provided that the total number of carbon atoms are 1-6 and at least one of M1 and M2 is not absent, and it should be understood that a C0 means that the unit does not exist, and when M1 and M2 are both selected from S, O, NH, or N (C1-3 alkyl) , then the alkylene linkage between M1 and M2 is a C2-4 alkylene. For example, in some embodiments, Q3 is a C1-6 heteroalkylene having a formula of [- (C0-6 alkylene) -M1- (C0-6 alkylene) -M2-] , wherein M1 and M2 are independently S, O, NH, N (C1-3 alkyl) , C (O) NH, C (O) N (C1-3 alkyl) , SO2, SO2NH, or SO2N (C1-3 alkyl) , provided that the total number of carbon atoms are 1-6. In some embodiments, M2 is absent and Q3 is a C1-6 heteroalkylene having a formula of [- (C1-5 alkylene) -M1-] , wherein M1 is O, NH, N (C1-3 alkyl) , C (O) NH, C (O) N (C1-3 alkyl) , SO2, SO2NH, or SO2N (C1-3 alkyl) , provided that the total number of carbon atoms are 1-6. In some preferred embodiments, Q3 is selected from - (C1-5 alkylene) -NH-, - (C1-5 alkylene) -NH-C (O) -, or - (C1-5 alkylene) -C (O) -NH-, wherein Q3 is bonded to the Tail through the NH or C (O) . The Tail
[0117] The Tail in Formula I is typically a hydrophobic hydrocarbon group. Typically, the Tail contains only hydrogen and carbon atoms. In some embodiments, the hydrophobicity of the Tail is characterized in that the corresponding structure of Tail-COOH has a cLogP of at least 3, such as between 3-15, preferably, at least 4 or the corresponding structure of Tail-H has a cLogP of at least 5, such as between 5-15, preferably at least 7.
[0118] The Tail in Formula I is typically a hydrocarbon chain having at least 8 carbon atoms, preferably, at least 12 carbon atoms, such as at least 14, at least 16, at least 18, at least 20, or at least 24 carbon atoms. Typically, the total number of carbon atoms in the Tail is less than 40, preferably, less than 30. In any of the embodiments herein, unless otherwise specified or contrary from context, the Tail in Formula I can have 12-24, 14-20, 16-18, 16-26, 14-30, or 18-24 carbon atoms. In some embodiments, the Tail in Formula I can have less than 12 carbon atoms. For example, in some embodiments, the Tail can have 8, 10, or 12 carbon atoms.
[0119] In some embodiments, the Tail in Formula I is a saturated hydrocarbon chain having at least 8 carbon atoms, preferably, at least 12 carbon atoms, such as at least 14, at least 16, at least 18, at least 20, or at least 24 carbon atoms. For example, in some embodiments, the Tail is a saturated hydrocarbon chain having 12-30 carbon atoms, such as 12-24, 14-20, 16-18, 16-26, 14-30, or 18-24 carbon atoms. In some embodiments, the saturated hydrocarbon chain is a linear hydrocarbon chain.
[0120] In some embodiments, the Tail in Formula I is an unsaturated hydrocarbon chain having at least 8 carbon atoms preferably, at least 12 carbon atoms, such as at least 14, at least 16, at least 18, at least 20, or at least 24 carbon atoms, wherein the unsaturated hydrocarbon chain has (i) 1-6 double bond; (ii) 1-3 triple bond; or (iii) a combination of (i) and (ii) . For example, in some embodiments, the Tail is an unsaturated hydrocarbon chain having 12-30 carbon atoms, such as 12-24, 14-20, 16-18, 16-26, 14-30, or 18-24 carbon atoms. In some embodiments, the unsaturated hydrocarbon chain is a linear hydrocarbon chain.
[0121] In some embodiments, the Tail in Formula I is a hydrocarbon ring / chain structure, having one or more chains and one or more rings, wherein the total number of carbon atoms is at least 8 preferably, at least 12, such as at least 14, at least 16, at least 18, at least 20, or at least 24 carbon atoms. For example, in some embodiments, the Tail has 1-3 hydrocarbon rings with a ring size of 3-10. In some embodiments, the Tail has one ring, such as a C3-8 carbocyclic ring or a phenyl ring.
[0122] In some embodiments, the Tail in Formula I can be a ring / chain structure, having one or more chains and one or more rings, wherein the total number of carbon atoms is at least 8 preferably, at least 12, such as at least 14, at least 16, at least 18, at least 20, or at least 24 carbon atoms, and wherein the Tail optionally includes one or more heteroatoms. For example, in some embodiments, the Tail can have one or more rings which optionally includes heteroatoms, such as N, O, or S. The hydrophobicity of the Tail is typically characterized in that the corresponding compound Tail-COOH is at least 3, such as between 3-15, preferably, at least 4.
[0123] In some specific embodiments, the Tail in Formula I can have a formula of CH3 (CH2) 6-24-, such as CH3 (CH2) 10-24-, CH3 (CH2) 12-18-, etc. As shown herein, changing the Tail structure from a C12 alkyl to a C10 alkyl leads to a significant drop in potency, compare examples 71 and 72. Thus, in some preferred embodiments, the Tail in Formula I can be an alkyl having more than 10 carbons, preferably, at least 12 carbons. For example, in some specific embodiments, the Tail in Formula I can have a formula of CH3 (CH2) 10-24-, more preferably, CH3 (CH2) 11-24-. In some specific embodiments, the Tail in Formula I can have a formula of CH3 (CH2) 12-18-.
[0124] In some specific embodiments, the Tail in Formula I can be
[0125] In some exemplary embodiments, the moiety of Q1- (Spacer) -Q2- (Core) -Q3- (Tail) in Formula I can be wherein the variables are defined and preferred herein, except that U3 is not a heteroatom and does not attach to the nitrogen atom through a heteroatom, and when U3 is null, e3 is 2 or greater.
[0126] In some embodiments, the moiety of Q1- (Spacer) -Q2- (Core) -Q3- (Tail) in Formula I can be wherein the variables are defined and preferred herein, except that U3 is not a heteroatom and does not attach to the nitrogen atom through a heteroatom, and when U3 is null, e3 is 2 or greater.
[0127] In some embodiments, the moiety of Q1- (Spacer) -Q2- (Core) -Q3- (Tail) in Formula I can be wherein the variables are defined and preferred herein, except that U3 is not a heteroatom and does not attach to the nitrogen atom through a heteroatom, and when U3 is null, e3 is 2 or greater.
[0128] In some embodiments, the moiety of Q1- (Spacer) -Q2- (Core) -Q3- (Tail) in Formula I can be wherein the variables are defined and preferred herein, except that U3 is not a heteroatom and does not attach to the nitrogen atom through a heteroatom, and when U3 is null, e3 is 2 or greater.
[0129] In some embodiments, the moiety of Q1- (Spacer) -Q2- (Core) -Q3- (Tail) in Formula I can be wherein the variables are defined and preferred herein, except that U3 is not a heteroatom and does not attach to the nitrogen atom through a heteroatom, and when U3 is null, e3 is 2 or greater.
[0130] In some embodiments, the moiety of Q1- (Spacer) -Q2- (Core) -Q3- (Tail) in Formula I can be wherein the variables are defined and preferred herein, except that U3 is not a heteroatom and does not attach to the nitrogen atom through a heteroatom, and when U3 is null, e3 is 2 or greater.
[0131] In some embodiments, the moiety of Q1- (Spacer) -Q2- (Core) -Q3- (Tail) in Formula I can be wherein the variables are defined and preferred herein, except that U3 is not a heteroatom and does not attach to the nitrogen atom through a heteroatom, and when U3 is null, e3 is 2 or greater.
[0132] In some embodiments, the moiety of Q1- (Spacer) -Q2- (Core) -Q3- (Tail) in Formula I can be wherein the variables are defined and preferred herein, except that U3 is not a heteroatom and does not attach to the nitrogen atom through a heteroatom, and when U3 is null, e3 is 2 or greater.
[0133] In some embodiments, G1 in M-1 or M-6 is a C2-4 alkylene, such as a linear C2-4 alkylene, e.g., CH2CH2CH2.
[0134] In some embodiments, Tail in M-1, M-2, M-3, M-4, M-5, M-6, M-7, or M-8 is a formula of CH3 (CH2) 6-24-, such as CH3 (CH2) 10-24-, CH3 (CH2) 12-18-, etc. In some embodiments, Tail is CH3 (CH2) 10-24-or CH3 (CH2) 11-24-.
[0135] In some embodiments, Tail in M-1, M-2, M-3, M-4, M-5, M-6, M-7, or M-8 has a formula of
[0136] In some embodiments, in M-1, M-2, M-3, M-4, M-5, M-6, M-7, or M-8, (i) e1 is 2 or 3, preferably e1 is 2, (ii) e2 is 2-12, such as 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6; and / or (iii) e3 is 2 or 3.
[0137] In some embodiments, in M-1, M-2, M-3, M-4, M-5, M-6, M-7, or M-8, Q1 is null, and U1 is O, NH, or N (C1-4 alkyl) . In some embodiments, Q1 is C (O) , and U1 is O, NH, or N (C1-4 alkyl) . In some embodiments, Q1 is C1-4 alkylene, such as CH2, and U1 is O, NH, or N (C1-4 alkyl) . In some embodiments, Q1 is wherein Ra is defined herein, such as H or C1-4 alkyl, and U1 is null, wherein the triazole end is attached to the alkylene oxide units in M-1 to M-8.
[0138] Exemplary moieties of Q1- (Spacer) -Q2- (Core) -Q3- (Tail) for Formula I also include those shown in the compounds listed in Table A or the Examples section herein.
[0139] The compound of Formula I is typically characterized as having certain stereochemistry. For example, in some preferred embodiments, the compound of Formula I can have a structure according to Formula I-E1: wherein R1, j1, ring A, L1, ring B, R2, j2, ring C, R3, j3, L2, Z, Q1, Spacer, Q2, Core, Q3, and Tail are as defined herein.
[0140] Typically, in Formula I (e.g., I-E1) , ring C is a 5-membered heteroaryl ring having 1-3 ring heteroatoms. For example, in some embodiments, ring C is selected from pyrrole, pyrazole, thiazole, oxazole, oxadiazole, thiadiazole, and triazole.
[0141] In some embodiments, Ring C can also be a 5, 6 fused bicyclic heteroaryl ring having 1-4 ring heteroatoms each independently O, N, or S. For example, in some embodiments, Ring C can be a 5, 6 fused bicyclic heteroaryl in which the 5-membered ring of the fused ring can be pyrrole, pyrazole, thiazole, or triazole, and the 6-membered ring can be benzene, pyridine, pyrazine, pyrimidine, or pyridazine, the fusion can occur any at two available atoms. For example, the 5, 6 fused bicyclic heteroaryl in which the 5-membered ring of the fused ring is pyrrole and the 6-membered ring of the fused ring is pyridine can have a structure of any of the following: attaching points to the remainder of the molecule can be at any available ring atoms, which are not shown.
[0142] Ring C in Formula I is optionally substituted with R3 groups. Typically, when ring C is a 5-membered heteroaryl ring, it is not further substituted with R3 groups, in other words, j3 is 0. In some embodiments, j3 can also be 1 or 2. When j3 is not 0, typically, R3 at each occurrence is independently halogen, CN, C1-4 alkyl optionally substituted with F, C1-4 alkoxy optionally substituted with F, or cyclopropyl.
[0143] L2 in Formula I (e.g., I-E1) is typically null or a C1-4 alkylene.
[0144] In some preferred embodiments, L2 is null, CH2, CH (CH3) , or CH2CH2.
[0145] Z in Formula I (e.g., I-E1) is typically COOH.
[0146] In some preferred embodiments, the compound of Formula I can have a structure of Formula I-1a: wherein: E1 is N or C; E2 is N, O, S, or CH; E3 is N or C; E4 is N or C; E5 is N, O, S, or CH; provided that the ring containing E1, E2, E3, E4, and E5 is a 5-membered heteroaryl ring, and R1, j1, ring A, L1, ring B, R2, j2, Q1, Spacer, Q2, Core, Q3, and Tail are as defined herein.
[0147] In some embodiments, in Formula I-1a, E1 is N.
[0148] In some embodiments, in Formula I-1a, E2 is N or CH.
[0149] In some embodiments, in Formula I-1a, E3 is C.
[0150] In some embodiments, in Formula I-1a, E4 is C.
[0151] In some embodiments, in Formula I-1a, E5 is CH.
[0152] In some embodiments, in Formula I-1a, the ring containing E1, E2, E3, E4, and E5 is a pyrrole ring. In some embodiments, in Formula I-1a, the ring containing E1, E2, E3, E4, and E5 is a pyrazole ring, preferably, with E1 and E2 being N.
[0153] For example, in some embodiments, the compound of Formula I-1a can be characterized as having a structure according to Formula I-1a-1: wherein R1, j1, ring A, L1, ring B, R2, j2, Q1, Spacer, Q2, Core, Q3, and Tail are as defined herein.
[0154] In some preferred embodiments, the compound of Formula I can have a structure of Formula I-1b: wherein: E1 is N or C; E2 is N, O, S, or CH; E3 is N, O, S, or CH; E4 is N or C; E5 is N or C; provided that the ring containing E1, E2, E3, E4, and E5 is a 5-membered heteroaryl ring, and R1, j1, ring A, L1, ring B, R2, j2, Q1, Spacer, Q2, Core, Q3, and Tail are as defined herein.
[0155] In some embodiments, in Formula I-1b, E1 is N.
[0156] In some embodiments, in Formula I-1b, E2 is N or CH.
[0157] In some embodiments, in Formula I-1b, E3 is CH or N.
[0158] In some embodiments, in Formula I-1b, E4 is C.
[0159] In some embodiments, in Formula I-1b, E5 is C.
[0160] In some embodiments, in Formula I-1b, the ring containing E1, E2, E3, E4, and E5 is a pyrrole ring. In some embodiments, in Formula I-1b, the ring containing E1, E2, E3, E4, and E5 is a pyrazole ring, preferably, with E1 and E2 being N. In some embodiments, in Formula I-1b, the ring containing E1, E2, E3, E4, and E5 is a triazole ring, preferably, with E1, E2, and E3 being N.
[0161] Ring A in Formula I (e.g., I-E1, I-1a, I-1b, I-1a-1) is typically a phenyl ring. For example, in some embodiments, the compound of Formula I can have a structure according to Formula I-1a-2: wherein R1, j1, L1, ring B, Q1, Spacer, Q2, Core, Q3, and Tail are as defined herein.
[0162] In some preferred embodiments, in Formula I (e.g., I-E1, I-1a, I-1b, I-1a-1, I-1a-2) , j1 is 1, 2, or 3, i.e., Ring A is substituted with 1-3 R1 groups.
[0163] Typically, in Formula I (e.g., I-E1, I-1a, I-1b, I-1a-1, I-1a-2) , R1 at each occurrence is independently halogen, CN, C1-4 alkyl optionally substituted with F, C1-4 alkoxy optionally substituted with F, or cyclopropyl. For example, in some preferred embodiments, in Formula I (e.g., I-E1, I-1a, I-1b, I-1a-1) , the moiety of is
[0164] In some embodiments, in Formula I (e.g., I-E1, I-1a, I-1b, I-1a-1, I-1a-2) , L1 is O, C1-4 alkylene (e.g., CH2, CH2CH2, or CH2CH2CH2) , or O-C1-4 alkylene (e.g., OCH2, OCH2CH2, or OCH2CH2CH2) , wherein the alkylene end is attached to Ring B.
[0165] In some preferred embodiments, in Formula I (e.g., I-E1, I-1a, I-1b, I-1a-1, I-1a-2) , L1 is C1-4 alkylene, for example, a linear C1-4 alkylene, e.g., CH2, CH2CH2, or CH2CH2CH2. In some preferred embodiments, L1 is CH2.
[0166] Ring B in Formula I (e.g., I-E1, I-1a, I-1b, I-1a-1, I-1a-2) is typically a phenyl ring or a C3-10 membered carbocyclic ring, e.g., a monocyclic C3-6 cycloalkyl or 9-10 membered bicyclic carbocyclic ring.
[0167] In some preferred embodiments, Ring B is an indane ring.
[0168] Ring B in Formula I can be optionally substituted with R2 groups. In some embodiments, ring B is not substituted with R2, i.e., j2 is 0.
[0169] In some embodiments, j2 is 1, 2, or 3.
[0170] Typically, when present, R2 at each occurrence is independently halogen, CN, C1-4 alkyl optionally substituted with F, C1-4 alkoxy optionally substituted with F, or cyclopropyl.
[0171] In some preferred embodiments, in Formula I (e.g., I-E1, I-1a, I-1b, I-1a-1, I-1a-2) , the moiety of is
[0172] For example, in some embodiments, the compound of Formula I can have a structure according to Formula I-1a-3: wherein R1, j1, Q1, Spacer, Q2, Core, Q3, and Tail are as defined herein.
[0173] In some embodiments, the compound of Formula I can have a structure according to Formula I-1a-4: wherein R1, j1, L1, R2, j2, Q1, Spacer, Q2, Core, Q3, and Tail are as defined herein.
[0174] For example, in some embodiments, the moiety of Q1- (Spacer) -Q2- (Core) -Q3-(Tail) in any of Formula I-E1, I-1a, I-1b, I-1a-1, I-1a-2, I-1a-3, or I-1a-4 can have a structure according to any of M-1, M-2, M-3, M-4, M-5, M-6, M-7, or M-8 as defined herein.
[0175] In some preferred embodiments, the compound of Formula I-1a-3 can have a structure according to Formula I-1a-3a: wherein R1, j1, Q2, Core, Q3, and Tail are as defined herein. In some embodiments, the ethylene oxide repeating units in Formula I-1a-3a are 2-8, such as 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7.
[0176] In some preferred embodiments, the compound of Formula I-1a-3 can have a structure according to Formula I-1a-3b: wherein R1, j1, Q2, Core, Q3, and Tail are as defined herein. In some embodiments, the ethylene oxide repeating units in Formula I-1a-3b are 2-8, such as 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7.
[0177] In some preferred embodiments, the compound of Formula I-1a-3 can have a structure according to Formula I-1a-3c: wherein R1, j1, Q2, Core, Q3, and Tail are as defined herein. In some embodiments, the ethylene oxide repeating units in Formula I-1a-3c are 2-8, such as 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7.
[0178] In embodiments, to the extent not contradictory, the variables in Formula I (e.g., I-E1, I-1a, I-1b, I-1a-1, I-1a-2, I-1a-3, I-1a-4) , R1, j1, ring A, L1, ring B, R2, j2, ring C, R3, j3, L2, Z, Q1, Spacer, Q2, Core, Q3, and Tail, can each independently have a corresponding definition in any of the specific examples in the Examples section. Formula II
[0179] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a compound of Formula II, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof: wherein: Core is null or a hydrophilic moiety; Spacer is a hydrophilic chain or ring / chain structure; wherein the Spacer and / or Core optionally includes one or more chargeable or charged group; Tail is hydrogen or a hydrophobic chain or ring / chain structure; Q1 is null or a linker that connects the Spacer to L3; Q2 is null or a linker that connects the Spacer and Core; Q3 is null or a linker that connects the Core and Tail; Ring A is a 5-10 membered aromatic ring optionally having 1-3 ring heteroatoms, preferably a phenyl ring; j1 is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4, as valency permits; and R1 at each occurrence is independently halogen, CN, OH, R1a, OR1a, SR1a, SO2R1a, or C (O) -R1a, wherein R1a at each occurrence is independently a C1-4 alkyl, C2-4 alkenyl, C2-4 alkynyl, or a 3-6 membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring, wherein the C1-4 alkyl, C2-4 alkenyl, or C2-4 alkynyl is optionally substituted with 1-3 F, and the 3-6 membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring is optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents each independently halogen, OH, C1-3 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 F, or C1-3 alkoxy optionally substituted with 1-3 F; L1 is O, C1-6 alkylene, or O-C1-6 alkylene, wherein the C1-6 alkylene is optionally substituted with 1-3 F; Ring B is a 3-10 membered ring selected from carbocyclic, heterocyclic, aryl, or heteroaryl ring; j2 is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4, as valency permits; and R2 at each occurrence is independently halogen, CN, OH, C1-4 alkyl, C2-4 alkenyl, C2-4 alkynyl, C1-4 alkoxy, or a 3-6 membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring, wherein the C1-4 alkyl, C2-4 alkenyl, C2-4 alkynyl or C1-4 alkoxy, is optionally substituted with 1-3 F, and the 3-6 membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring is optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents each independently halogen, OH, C1-3 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 F, or C1-3 alkoxy optionally substituted with 1-3 F; Ring C is a 5-membered heteroaryl, 6-membered heteroaryl, phenyl, or a fused bicyclic heteroaryl, j3 is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4, as valency permits; and R3 at each occurrence is independently halogen, CN, OH, NH2, COOH, CONH2, SO2NH2, R3a, OR3a, SR3a, NHR3a, NR3aR3a, SO2R3a, C (O) -R3a, C (O) -O-R3a, C (O) -NHR3a, C (O) -NR3aR3a, SO2NHR3a, SO2NR3aR3a, wherein R3a at each occurrence is independently a C1-4 alkyl, C2-4 alkenyl, C2-4 alkynyl, or a 3-6 membered ring, wherein the C1-4 alkyl, C2-4 alkenyl, or C2-4 alkynyl is optionally substituted with 1-3 F, and the 3-6 membered ring is optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents each independently halogen, CN, OH, C1-3 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 F, or C1-3 alkoxy optionally substituted with 1-3 F; L2 is null, an optionally substituted C1-4 alkylene, or an optionally substituted C1-4 heteroalkylene; L3 is N or C (L3a) , wherein L3a is hydrogen or an optionally substituted C1-4 alkyl; or L3 is wherein k is 1, 2, or 3, preferably, the C (L3b) (L3c) end is attached to Z, wherein L3b, L3c, and L3d are each independently hydrogen, halogen, CN, OH, NH2, L3e, OL3e, SL3e, NHL3e, NL3eL3e, SO2L3e, C (O) -L3e, C (O) -O-L3e, C (O) -NHL3e, C (O) -NL3eL3e, SO2NHL3e, SO2NL3eL3e, wherein L3e at each occurrence is independently an optionally substituted C1-4 alkyl, an optionally substituted C2-4 alkenyl, an optionally substituted C2-4 alkynyl, an optionally substituted C1-4 heteroalkyl, or an optionally substituted 3-6 membered ring; preferably, k is 1, i.e., L3 is and at least one or two of L3b, L3c, and L3d are hydrogen; and Z is an acidic functional group, preferably, COOH, CONHSO2-Za, or a 5-membered heteroaryl or heterocyclic ring having an acidic OH or NH group, wherein Za is an optionally substituted C1-4 alkyl or an optionally substituted phenyl.
[0180] To the extent not contrary, the variables R1, j1, ring A, L1, ring B, R2, j2, ring C, R3, j3, L2, Z, Q1, Spacer, Q2, Core, Q3, and Tail in Formula II can have any of the respective definitions defined for the variables in connection with Formula I and its subformulae.
[0181] For example, in some specific embodiments, the compound of Formula II can be characterized as having a structure according to Formula II-1: wherein the variables R1, j1, Q1, Spacer, Q2, Core, Q3, and Tail are defined herein. Formulae D-3 and D-4
[0182] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a compound of Formula D-3 or D-4, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof: wherein: Ring A is a 5-10 membered aromatic ring optionally having 1-3 ring heteroatoms, preferably a phenyl ring; j1 is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4, as valency permits; and R1 at each occurrence is independently halogen, CN, OH, R1a, OR1a, SR1a, SO2R1a, or C (O) -R1a, wherein R1a at each occurrence is independently a C1-4 alkyl, C2-4 alkenyl, C2-4 alkynyl, or a 3-6 membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring, wherein the C1-4 alkyl, C2-4 alkenyl, or C2-4 alkynyl is optionally substituted with 1-3 F, and the 3-6 membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring is optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents each independently halogen, OH, C1-3 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 F, or C1-3 alkoxy optionally substituted with 1-3 F; L1 is O, C1-6 alkylene, or O-C1-6 alkylene, wherein the C1-6 alkylene is optionally substituted with 1-3 F; Ring B is a 3-10 membered ring selected from carbocyclic, heterocyclic, aryl, or heteroaryl ring; j2 is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4, as valency permits; and R2 at each occurrence is independently halogen, CN, OH, C1-4 alkyl, C2-4 alkenyl, C2-4 alkynyl, C1-4 alkoxy, or a 3-6 membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring, wherein the C1-4 alkyl, C2-4 alkenyl, C2-4 alkynyl or C1-4 alkoxy, is optionally substituted with 1-3 F, and the 3-6 membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring is optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents each independently halogen, OH, C1-3 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 F, or C1-3 alkoxy optionally substituted with 1-3 F; Ea is N or CR10; Eb is N or CR10; Ec is N or CR10; R10 at each occurrence is independently hydrogen, halogen, CN, OH, NH2, COOH, CONH2, SO2NH2, R3a, OR3a, SR3a, NHR3a, NR3aR3a, SO2R3a, C (O) -R3a, C (O) -O-R3a, C (O) -NHR3a, C (O) -NR3aR3a, SO2NHR3a, SO2NR3aR3a, wherein R3a at each occurrence is independently a C1-4 alkyl, C2-4 alkenyl, C2-4 alkynyl, - (C1-4 alkylene) - (OCH2CH2) 1-10-OH, - (C1-4 alkylene) - (OCH2CH2) 1-10-O- (C1-4 alkyl) , or a 3-6 membered ring, wherein the C1-4 alkyl, C2-4 alkenyl, or C2-4 alkynyl is optionally substituted with 1-3 F, and the 3-6 membered ring is optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents each independently halogen, CN, OH, C1-3 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 F, or C1-3 alkoxy optionally substituted with 1-3 F; L2 is null, an optionally substituted C1-4 alkylene, or an optionally substituted C1-4 heteroalkylene; and Z is an acidic functional group, preferably, COOH, CONHSO2-Za, or a 5-membered heteroaryl or heterocyclic ring having an acidic OH or NH group, wherein Za is an optionally substituted C1-4 alkyl or an optionally substituted phenyl.
[0183] To the extent not contrary, the variables R1, j1, ring A, L1, ring B, R2, j2, L2, and Z, in Formula D-3 or D-4 can have any of the respective definitions defined for the variables in connection with Formula I and its subformulae.
[0184] In some embodiments, in Formula D-3 or D-4, L2 is null or a C1-3 alkylene (e.g., CH2, CH (CH3) , or CH2CH2) , wherein the C1-3 alkylene is optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents each independently F, OH, NH2, C1-20 heteroalkyl, or C (O) -C1-20 heteroalkyl, wherein the C1-20 heteroalkyl has 1-10 heteroatoms on the longest chain, each independently O, N, or S, wherein the S is optionally in the form of SO2, wherein one or two carbons of the C1-20 heteroalkyl is optionally substituted with oxo, and the C1-20 heteroalkyl is optionally further substituted with one or more substituents each independently F or OH.
[0185] In one specific embodiment, in Formula D-3 or D-4, L2 is CH2.
[0186] In another specific embodiment, in Formula D-3 or D-4, L2 is CH2CH2.
[0187] In another specific embodiment, in Formula D-3 or D-4, L2 is CH2CH (RS1) , wherein RS1 is OH, methoxy, NH2, - (OCH2CH2) 1-10-OH, - (OCH2CH2) 1-10-OCH3, or NH-C (O) -C1-4 alkyl, wherein the CH (RS1) end is bonded with Z.
[0188] Typically, in Formula D-3 or D-4, Z is COOH.
[0189] In some embodiments, in Formula D-3 or D-4, Ea is CH.
[0190] In some embodiments, in Formula D-3 or D-4, Eb is CR10, wherein R10 is defined herein. For example, in some embodiments, R10 is independently hydrogen, halogen, CN, COOH, CONH2, SO2NH2, C (O) -O-R3a, C (O) -NHR3a, C (O) -NR3aR3a, SO2NHR3a, or SO2NR3aR3a, wherein R3a at each occurrence is independently a C1-4 alkyl, - (C1-4 alkylene) - (OCH2CH2) 1-10-OH, - (C1-4 alkylene) - (OCH2CH2) 1-10-O- (C1-4 alkyl) , or a 3-6 membered ring, wherein the C1-4 alkyl is optionally substituted with 1-3 F, and the 3-6 membered ring is optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents each independently halogen, CN, OH, C1-3 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 F, or C1-3 alkoxy optionally substituted with 1-3 F. In some embodiments, Eb is CR10, and R10 is COOH, COO- (C1-4 alkyl) , COO- (C1-4 alkylene) - (OCH2CH2) 1-10-OH, or COO- (C1-4 alkylene) - (OCH2CH2) 1-10-O- (C1-4 alkyl) .
[0191] In some embodiments, in Formula D-3, Ea is N.
[0192] In some embodiments, in Formula D-3, Eb is N.
[0193] In some embodiments, in Formula D-3, both Ea and Eb are N.
[0194] In some embodiments, in Formula D-4, Ea is N.
[0195] In some embodiments, in Formula D-4, Eb is N.
[0196] In some embodiments, in Formula D-4, both Ea and Eb are N.
[0197] In some embodiments, in Formula D-4, Ec is CR10, wherein R10 is defined herein. For example, in some embodiments, R10 is independently hydrogen, halogen, CN, COOH, CONH2, SO2NH2, C (O) -O-R3a, C (O) -NHR3a, C (O) -NR3aR3a, SO2NHR3a, or SO2NR3aR3a, wherein R3a at each occurrence is independently a C1-4 alkyl, - (C1-4 alkylene) - (OCH2CH2) 1-10-OH, - (C1-4 alkylene) - (OCH2CH2) 1-10-O- (C1-4 alkyl) , or a 3-6 membered ring, wherein the C1-4 alkyl is optionally substituted with 1-3 F, and the 3-6 membered ring is optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents each independently halogen, CN, OH, C1-3 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 F, or C1-3 alkoxy optionally substituted with 1-3 F. In some embodiments, Ec is CR10, and R10 is COOH, COO- (C1-4 alkyl) , COO- (C1-4 alkylene) - (OCH2CH2) 1-10-OH, or COO- (C1-4 alkylene) - (OCH2CH2) 1-10-O- (C1-4 alkyl) .
[0198] In some embodiments, in Formula D-4, Ec is N.
[0199] In some embodiments, in Formula D-4, Ea is CH; Eb is CR10, and Ec is N.
[0200] In some embodiments, in Formula D-4, Ea is CR10 (preferably CH) , Eb is N, and Ec is N. In some embodiments, in Formula D-4, Ea is CR10 (preferably CH) , Eb is CR10, and Ec is CR10 (preferably CH) .
[0201] In some embodiments, the compound of Formula D-4 can be characterized as having a structure according to Formula D-4a, D-4b, or D-4c: wherein R1, j1, ring A, L1, ring B, R2, j2, R10, L2, and Z, are defined herein.
[0202] In some embodiments, the compound of Formula D-4 can be characterized as having a structure according to Formula D-4a-1, D-4b-1, or D-4c-1: wherein R1, j1, ring A, L1, ring B, R2, j2, and L2 are defined herein. In some embodiments, in Formula D-4a-1, D-4b-1, or D-4c-1, L2 is CH2. In some embodiments, in Formula D-4a-1, D-4b-1, or D-4c-1, L2 is CH2CH2. In some embodiments, in Formula D-4a-1, D-4b-1, or D-4c-1, L2 is CH2CH (RS1) , wherein RS1 is OH, methoxy, NH2, - (OCH2CH2) 1-10-OH, - (OCH2CH2) 1-10-OCH3, or NH-C (O) -C1-4 alkyl, wherein the CH (RS1) end is bonded with COOH.
[0203] In some embodiments, the compound of Formula D-4 can be characterized as having a structure according to Formula D-4d-1 or D-4d-2: wherein R1, j1, ring A, L1, ring B, R2, j2, and L2 are defined herein, and R20 is hydrogen, an optionally substituted C1-4 alkyl, or an oxygen protecting group. In some embodiments, in Formula D-4d-1 or D-4d-2, L2 is CH2. In some embodiments, in Formula D-4d-1 or D-4d-2, L2 is CH2CH2.
[0204] In some embodiments, in Formula D-3 or D-4 (e.g., D-4a, D-4b, D-4c, D-4a-1, D-4b-1, D-4c-1, D-4d-1, or D-4d-2) , Ring A is a phenyl ring. In some embodiments, the phenyl ring is substituted with 1-3 R1, i.e., j1 is 1, 2, or 3. In some embodiments, R1 at each occurrence is independently halogen, CN, C1-4 alkyl optionally substituted with F, C1-4 alkoxy optionally substituted with F, or cyclopropyl.
[0205] In some specific embodiments, in Formula D-3 or D-4 (e.g., D-4a, D-4b, D-4c, D-4a-1, D-4b-1, D-4c-1, D-4d-1, or D-4d-2) , the moiety of is
[0206] In some embodiments, in Formula D-3 or D-4 (e.g., D-4a, D-4b, D-4c, D-4a-1, D-4b-1, D-4c-1, D-4d-1, or D-4d-2) , L1 is O, C1-4 alkylene (e.g., CH2, CH2CH2, or CH2CH2CH2) , or O-C1-4 alkylene (e.g., OCH2, OCH2CH2, or OCH2CH2CH2) , wherein the alkylene end is attached to Ring B.
[0207] In some specific embodiments, in Formula D-3 or D-4 (e.g., D-4a, D-4b, D-4c, D-4a-1, D-4b-1, D-4c-1, D-4d-1, or D-4d-2) , L1 is CH2.
[0208] In some embodiments, in Formula D-3 or D-4 (e.g., D-4a, D-4b, D-4c, D-4a-1, D-4b-1, D-4c-1, D-4d-1, or D-4d-2) , Ring B is a phenyl ring or a C3-10 membered carbocyclic ring, e.g., a monocyclic C3-6 cycloalkyl or 9-10 membered bicyclic carbocyclic ring. In some embodiments, Ring B is an indane ring. Ring B can be optionally substituted with R2 groups. In some embodiments, Ring B is not substituted with R2 groups, i.e., j2 is 0. In some embodiments, Ring B is substituted with 1-3 R2 groups, i.e., j2 is 1, 2, or 3. In some embodiments, R2 at each occurrence is independently halogen, CN, C1-4 alkyl optionally substituted with F, C1-4 alkoxy optionally substituted with F, or cyclopropyl.
[0209] In some specific embodiments, in Formula D-3 or D-4 (e.g., D-4a, D-4b, D-4c, D-4a-1, D-4b-1, D-4c-1, D-4d-1, or D-4d-2) , the moiety of is
[0210] In some embodiments, the compound according to Formula I is provided. In some embodiments, the compound according to Formula II is provided. In some embodiments, the compound according to Formula D-3 is provided. In some embodiments, the compound according to Formula D-4 is provided. In some embodiments, the compound according to Formula X is provided. In some embodiments, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound according to Formula I is provided. In some embodiments, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound according to Formula II is provided. In some embodiments, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound according to Formula D-3 is provided. In some embodiments, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound according to Formula D-4 is provided. In some embodiments, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound according to Formula X is provided. In some embodiments, a pharmaceutically acceptable ester of the compound according to Formula I is provided. In some embodiments, a pharmaceutically acceptable ester of the compound according to Formula II is provided. In some embodiments, a pharmaceutically acceptable ester of the compound according to Formula D-3 is provided. In some embodiments, a pharmaceutically acceptable ester of the compound according to Formula D-4 is provided. In some embodiments, a pharmaceutically acceptable ester of the compound according to Formula X is provided.
[0211] In some embodiments, the present disclosure also provides a compound selected from Table A below. The compounds shown in Table A have a positive charge, the counterion (s) are omitted from the structure. A person of ordinary skill in the art would understand that these compounds in electronically neutral form are counterbalanced with a counterion (or ) , which is preferably a pharmaceutically acceptable anion, i.e., those derived from pharmaceutically acceptable acid, such as Cl-, etc. To be clear, it should be noted that the suitable counterions can be derived from multivalent anions, such as PO43-, oxalate, etc., so long as the overall compound is electronically neutral. Using PO43-as an example, one PO43-may counterbalance three molecules of a mono-cation according to Formula I or a subformula or specific compound herein to keep the compound electronically neutral, in other words, the counterion is 1 / 3 of PO43-; alternatively, one PO43-may counterbalance (i) one or two molecules of a mono-cation according to Formula I or a subformula or specific compound herein and (ii) one or two additional cation (e.g., Na+, K+, etc. ) such that the compound is electronically neutral. The exact nature or structure of the counterion (s) is not important for the invention herein.
[0212] It should be understood that the “H / C ratio” in Table A1 refers to the ratio of the number of heteroatoms to the number of carbons. Further, “H-Core-H” , “Me-Core-H” , “Me-Core-Me” , “H-Spacer-H” , “Tail-H” or “Tail-COOH” refers to the corresponding Core, Spacer, or Tail in the compound under one attribution, which is bonded with hydrogen atom (s) , methyl, or COOH, at the terminal atom (s) of the Core, Spacer, or Tail, respectively. For the Core attribution, when the terminal atom (s) is bonded with the remaining portion of the molecule through a quaternary or charged nitrogen, then for Table A1, a methyl group (s) is attached to the Core for cLogP calculation. When calculating the H / C ratio, these added methyl group is not considered. For the Tail attribution, if the Tail is connected directly to the Core, then Tail-H is used for the cLogP calculation. On the other hand, if Tail is connected to the Core through a C (O) , then Tail-COOH is used.
[0213] In some embodiments, provided is a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound of any one of the compounds in Table A.
[0214] In some embodiments, a pharmaceutically acceptable ester of the compound of any one of the compounds in Table A, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is provided. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable ester is an ester formed from a COOH group of the compound in Table A with an alcohol, such as a C1-10 aliphatic alcohol (e.g., methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, etc. ) or an amino alcohol derived from a natural amino acid (such as a natural proteinogenic amino acid) . In some embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable ester is an ester formed from a OH group of the compound in Table A with a carboxylic acid, such as an aliphatic carboxylic acid (e.g., a saturated aliphatic acid such as acetic acid, a short or medium chain fatty acid, or a long chain fatty acid, etc. ) or an amino acid such as a natural amino acid (such as a natural proteinogenic amino acid) .
[0215] In some embodiments, the present disclosure also provides a compound selected from Table B below. For the compounds shown in Table B that have a positive charge, the counterion (s) are not shown. A person of ordinary skill in the art would understand that such compounds in electronically neutral form are counterbalanced with a counterion (or ) , which is preferably a pharmaceutically acceptable anion, i.e., those derived from pharmaceutically acceptable acid, such as Cl-, etc.Table B. List of Exemplary Compounds
[0216] In some embodiments, provided is a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound of any one of the compounds in Table B.
[0217] In some embodiments, a pharmaceutically acceptable ester of the compound of any one of the compounds in Table B, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is provided. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable ester is an ester formed from a COOH group of the compound in Table B with an alcohol, such as a C1-10 aliphatic alcohol (e.g., methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, etc. ) or an amino alcohol derived from a natural amino acid (such as a natural proteinogenic amino acid) . In some embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable ester is an ester formed from a OH group of the compound in Table B with a carboxylic acid, such as an aliphatic carboxylic acid (e.g., a saturated aliphatic acid such as acetic acid, a short or medium chain fatty acid, or a long chain fatty acid, etc. ) or an amino acid such as a natural amino acid (such as a natural proteinogenic amino acid) .
[0218] In some embodiments, the present disclosure also provides a compound according to any of Examples 1-75, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. A compound according to any of Examples 1-75 should be understood as the same compound as drawn in Examples 1-75 without considering its salt form and / or any counterion (s) ; the compound may exist in a different salt form and / or containing a different counterion (s) .
[0219] The compounds herein can be prepared by those skilled in the art in view of the present disclosure. Exemplary syntheses are shown in the Examples section, such as those shown in the schemes in the Examples section, which can be adopted by those skilled in the art to synthesize other compounds of the present disclosure.
[0220] In some embodiments, the present disclosure also provides a compound selected from any of the novel intermediates herein, e.g., any of such intermediates shown in the Synthesis of Intermediate Compounds section herein, including such intermediates according to Intermediates 1-9, or any of the intermediates shown in the Examples section.
[0221] As will be apparent to those skilled in the art, conventional protecting groups may be necessary to prevent certain functional groups from undergoing undesired reactions. Suitable protecting groups for various functional groups as well as suitable conditions for protecting and deprotecting particular functional groups are well known in the art. For example, numerous protecting groups are described in “Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis” , 4th ed. P.G.M. Wuts; T.W. Greene, John Wiley, 2007, and references cited therein. The reagents for the reactions described herein are generally known compounds or can be prepared by known procedures or obvious modifications thereof. For example, many of the reagents are available from commercial suppliers such as Aldrich Chemical Co. (Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA) , Sigma (St. Louis, Missouri, USA) . Others may be prepared by procedures, or obvious modifications thereof, described in standard reference texts such as Fieser and Fieser's Reagents for Organic Synthesis, Volumes 1-15 (John Wiley and Sons, 1991) , Rodd's Chemistry of Carbon Compounds, Volumes 1-5 and Supplemental (Elsevier Science Publishers, 1989) , Organic Reactions, Volumes 1-40 (John Wiley and Sons, 1991) , March's Advanced Organic Chemistry, (Wiley, 7th Edition) , and Larock's Comprehensive Organic Transformations (Wiley-VCH, 1999) , and any of available updates as of this filing. Pharmaceutical Compositions
[0222] Certain embodiments are directed to a pharmaceutical composition comprising one or more compounds of the present disclosure.
[0223] The pharmaceutical composition can optionally contain a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprises a compound of the present disclosure (e.g., a compound of Formula I (e.g., Formula I-E1, I-1a, I-1a-1, I-1a-2, I-1a-3, I-1a-3a, I-1a-3b, I-1a-3c, I-1a-4, or I-1b) , Formula II (e.g., II-1) , Formula D-3, Formula D-4 (e.g., D-4a, D-4b, D-4c, D-4a-1, D-4b-1, D-4c-1, D-4d-1, or D-4d-2) , Formula X, or any of the compounds listed in Table A herein, any of the compounds listed in Table B herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof) and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. Pharmaceutically acceptable excipients are known in the art. Non-limiting suitable excipients include, for example, encapsulating materials or additives such as antioxidants, binders, buffers, carriers, coating agents, coloring agents, diluents, disintegrating agents, emulsifiers, extenders, fillers, flavoring agents, humectants, lubricants, perfumes, preservatives, propellants, releasing agents, sterilizing agents, sweeteners, solubilizers, wetting agents and mixtures thereof. See also Remington's The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 21st Edition, A. R. Gennaro (Lippincott, Williams &Wilkins, Baltimore, Md., 2005; incorporated herein by reference) , which discloses various excipients used in formulating pharmaceutical compositions and known techniques for the preparation thereof.
[0224] The pharmaceutical composition can include any one or more of the compounds of the present disclosure. For example, in some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprises a compound of Formula I (e.g., Formula I-E1, I-1a, I-1a-1, I-1a-2, I-1a-3, I-1a-3a, I-1a-3b, I-1a-3c, I-1a-4, or I-1b) , Formula II (e.g., II-1) , Formula D-3, Formula D-4 (e.g., D-4a, D-4b, D-4c, D-4a-1, D-4b-1, D-4c-1, D-4d-1, or D-4d-2) , Formula X, or any of the compounds listed in Table A herein, any of the compounds listed in Table B herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, e.g., in a therapeutically effective amount. In any of the embodiments described herein, the pharmaceutical composition can comprise a therapeutically effective amount of a compound selected from the compounds listed in Table A herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In any of the embodiments described herein, the pharmaceutical composition can comprise a therapeutically effective amount of a compound selected from the compounds listed in Table B herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In any of the embodiments described herein, the pharmaceutical composition can comprise a therapeutically effective amount of a compound according to Examples 1-75 herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
[0225] The pharmaceutical composition herein can be formulated for delivery via any of the known routes of delivery, which include but not limited to administering orally, topically, through ocular delivery, such as eye drops, intraocular or periocular delivery, nasally, transdermally, pulmonary, inhalationally, buccally, sublingually, intraperintoneally, subcutaneously, intramuscularly, intravenously, rectally, intrapleurally, intrathecally or parenterally.
[0226] In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition can be formulated for oral administration. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is administered to a subject in need to deliver an effective amount of LPA1 antagonist in the gastrointestinal tract with minimal or no absorption of LPA1 antagonist in systemic circulation, for example, with an oral bioavailability of less than 5%, more preferably, less than 2%, such as less than 1%or less than 0.5%. Minimal or no absorption of LPA1 antagonist in systemic circulation from other non-systemic routes of administration herein, including pulmonary, ocular, topical, local administrations, etc., should be similarly understood such that the administration of the LPA1 antagonist results in a bioavailability of less than 5%, more preferably, less than 2%, such as less than 1%or less than 0.5%. The oral formulations can be presented in discrete units, such as capsules, pills, cachets, lozenges, or tablets, each containing a predetermined amount of the active compound; as a powder or granules; as a solution or a suspension in an aqueous or non-aqueous liquid; or as an oil-in-water or water-in-oil emulsion. Excipients for the preparation of compositions for oral administration are known in the art. Non-limiting suitable excipients include, for example, agar, alginic acid, aluminum hydroxide, benzyl alcohol, benzyl benzoate, 1, 3-butylene glycol, carbomers, castor oil, cellulose, cellulose acetate, cocoa butter, corn starch, corn oil, cottonseed oil, cross-povidone, diglycerides, ethanol, ethyl cellulose, ethyl laureate, ethyl oleate, fatty acid esters, gelatin, germ oil, glucose, glycerol, groundnut oil, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose, isopropanol, isotonic saline, lactose, magnesium hydroxide, magnesium stearate, malt, mannitol, monoglycerides, olive oil, peanut oil, potassium phosphate salts, potato starch, povidone, propylene glycol, Ringer's solution, safflower oil, sesame oil, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, sodium phosphate salts, sodium lauryl sulfate, sodium sorbitol, soybean oil, stearic acids, stearyl fumarate, sucrose, surfactants, talc, tragacanth, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, triglycerides, water, and mixtures thereof.
[0227] In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition can be formulated for parenteral administration, such as a subcutaneous injection, intramuscular injection, etc. The parenteral formulation can be, for example, an aqueous solution, a suspension, or an emulsion. Excipients for the preparation of parenteral formulations are known in the art. Non-limiting suitable excipients include, for example, 1, 3-butanediol, castor oil, corn oil, cottonseed oil, dextrose, germ oil, groundnut oil, liposomes, oleic acid, olive oil, peanut oil, Ringer's solution, safflower oil, sesame oil, soybean oil, U.S.P. or isotonic sodium chloride solution, water and mixtures thereof.
[0228] In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is administered to a subject in need to deliver an effective amount of LPA1 antagonist locally, e.g., in the lung, with minimal or no absorption of LPA1 antagonist in systemic circulation. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition can be formulated for pulmonary delivery, for example, as a dry powder formulation or a formulation suitable for use with a metered-dose inhaler or nebulizer. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is formulated for inhalation. The inhalable formulations can be, for example, formulated as a nasal spray, dry powder, or an aerosol administrable through a metered-dose inhaler or nebulizer, etc. Excipients for preparing formulations for inhalation are known in the art. Non-limiting suitable excipients include, for example, lactose, talc, silicic acid, aluminum hydroxide, calcium silicates and polyamide powder, and mixtures of these substances. Sprays can additionally contain propellants, such as chlorofluorohydrocarbons and volatile unsubstituted hydrocarbons, such as butane and propane.
[0229] In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition can be formulated for topical administration. The topical formulations can be, for example, in the form of a topical solution, lotion, shampoo, transdermal spray, topical film, foam, powder, paste, sponge, transdermal patch, tincture, tape, cream, gel, or ointment. Excipients for preparing topical formulations are known in the art. Non-limiting suitable excipients include, for example, animal and vegetable fats, oils, waxes, paraffins, starch, tragacanth, cellulose derivatives, polyethylene glycols, silicones, bentonites, silicic acid, talc and zinc oxide, and mixtures thereof.
[0230] In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition can be formulated for ocular delivery, such as eye drops, or a formulation suitable for intraocular or periocular delivery. Excipients for preparing eye drops are known in the art. Non-limiting suitable excipients include, for example, polyethylene glycol, polyvinyl alcohol, propylene glycol, carboxymethylcellulose, povidone, glycerine, mineral oil, buffers, preservatives, antioxidants, etc.
[0231] Compounds of the present disclosure can be used alone, in combination with each other, or in combination with one or more additional therapeutic agents, e.g., pirfenidone, nintedanib, lysophospholipase inhibitor, autotaxin (ATX) inhibitor, PDE4 inhibitor, TYK2 inhibitor, JAK inhibitor, integrins inhibitor, DPP4 inhibitor, transglutaminase-2 (TG2) inhibitor, or CB1 antagonist or inverse agonist. These additional therapeutic agents are known in the art.
[0232] When used in combination with one or more additional therapeutic agents, compounds of the present disclosure or pharmaceutical compositions herein can be administered to the subject either concurrently or sequentially in any order with such additional therapeutic agents. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition can comprise one or more compounds of the present disclosure and the one or more additional therapeutic agents in a single composition. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprising one or more compounds of the present disclosure can be included in a kit which also comprises a separate pharmaceutical composition comprising the one or more additional therapeutic agents.
[0233] The pharmaceutical composition can include various amounts of the compounds of the present disclosure, depending on various factors such as the intended use and potency and selectivity of the compounds. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprises a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprises a therapeutically effective amount of the compound of the present disclosure and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. As used herein, a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the present disclosure is an amount effective to treat a disorder, condition or disease as described herein, such as fibrosis, which can depend on the recipient of the treatment, the disorder, condition or disease being treated and the severity thereof, the composition containing the compound, the time of administration, the route of administration, the duration of treatment, the compound potency, its rate of clearance and whether or not another drug is co-administered. Method of Treatment / Use
[0234] Compounds of the present disclosure have various utilities. For example, compounds of the present disclosure can be used as therapeutic active substances for the treatment and / or prophylaxis of disorders, conditions or diseases that are associated with LPA receptors, in particular, LPA1, e.g., those that may be responsive to antagonism of LPA1. Accordingly, some embodiments of the present disclosure are also directed to methods of using one or more compounds of the present disclosure or pharmaceutical compositions herein for treating or preventing a disorder, condition or disease that is associated with LPA1 in a subject in need thereof, such as for treating fibrosis, transplant rejection, cancer, osteoporosis, or inflammatory disorder, in a subject in need thereof.
[0235] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method of treating or preventing a disorder, condition or disease that is associated with LPA1 in a subject in need thereof in a subject in need thereof. In some embodiments, the method comprises administering an effective amount of a compound of the present disclosure (e.g., a compound of Formula I (e.g., Formula I-E1, I-1a, I-1a-1, I-1a-2, I-1a-3, I-1a-3a, I-1a-3b, I-1a-3c, I-1a-4, or I-1b) , Formula II (e.g., II-1) , Formula D-3, Formula D-4 (e.g., D-4a, D-4b, D-4c, D-4a-1, D-4b-1, D-4c-1, D-4d-1, or D-4d-2) , Formula X, or any of the compounds listed in Table A herein, any of the compounds listed in Table B herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof) or an effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition described herein. In some embodiments, the disorder, condition or disease is one or more diseases selected from the group consisting of: fibrosis, transplant rejection, cancer, osteoporosis, and inflammatory disorders.
[0236] In some embodiments, the disorder, condition or disease is fibrosis. In some embodiments, the fibrosis is pulmonary, liver, renal, cardiac, dermal, ocular, or pancreatic fibrosis.
[0237] In some embodiments, the disorder, condition or disease is selected from the group consisting of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) , COPD, progressive pulmonary fibrosis, progressive fibrotic interstitial lung disease (PF-ILD) , chronic allergic rhinitis, allergy, asthma, acute and chronic rhinosinusitis, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) , non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) , chronic kidney disease, diabetic kidney disease, and systemic sclerosis.
[0238] In some embodiments, the disorder, condition or disease is cancer. In some embodiments, the cancer is of the bladder, blood, bone, brain, breast, central nervous system, cervix, colon, endometrium, esophagus, gall bladder, genitalia, genitourinary tract, head, kidney, larynx, liver, lung, muscle tissue, neck, oral or nasal mucosa, ovary, pancreas, prostate, skin, spleen, small intestine, large intestine, stomach, testicle, or thyroid.
[0239] Additional disorder, condition or disease that may be responsive to antagonism of LPA1 may be found in any of the following: WO2022 / 083703, CN116583501, US7875745, Luiz Henrique Medeiros Geraldo et al. Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy (2021) 6: 45, doi. org / 10.1038 / s41392-020-00367-5; Ahmed F. Abdel-Magid, ACS Med. Chem. Lett. 2019, 10, 1378-1379; Yu-Hsuan Lin et al. Cells 2021, 10, 1629.
[0240] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method of treating or preventing fibrosis in a subject in need thereof. In some embodiments, the method comprises administering an effective amount of a compound of the present disclosure (e.g., a compound of Formula I (e.g., Formula I-E1, I-1a, I-1a-1, I-1a-2, I-1a-3, I-1a-3a, I-1a-3b, I-1a-3c, I-1a-4, or I-1b) , Formula II (e.g., II-1) , Formula D-3, Formula D-4 (e.g., D-4a, D-4b, D-4c, D-4a-1, D-4b-1, D-4c-1, D-4d-1, or D-4d-2) , Formula X, or any of the compounds listed in Table A herein, any of the compounds listed in Table B herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof) or an effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition described herein. In some embodiments, the fibrosis is idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) .
[0241] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method of treating or preventing a disease or disorder in a subject in need thereof, wherein the disease or disorder is selected from idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) , COPD, progressive pulmonary fibrosis, progressive fibrotic interstitial lung disease (PF-ILD) , chronic allergic rhinitis, allergy, asthma, acute and chronic rhinosinusitis, and allergy related complications (e.g., sneeze, itchy eye or nose, etc. ) . In some embodiments, the method comprises administering an effective amount of a compound of the present disclosure (e.g., a compound of Formula I (e.g., Formula I-E1, I-1a, I-1a-1, I-1a-2, I-1a-3, I-1a-3a, I-1a-3b, I-1a-3c, I-1a-4, or I-1b) , Formula II (e.g., II-1) , Formula D-3, Formula D-4 (e.g., D-4a, D-4b, D-4c, D-4a-1, D-4b-1, D-4c-1, D-4d-1, or D-4d-2) , Formula X, or any of the compounds listed in Table A herein, any of the compounds listed in Table B herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof) or an effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition described herein. In some embodiments, the disease or disorder is IPF, COPD, or progressive pulmonary fibrosis. In some embodiments, the disease or disorder is progressive fibrotic interstitial lung disease (PF-ILD) . In some embodiments, the disease or disorder is chronic allergic rhinitis, allergy, asthma, acute or chronic rhinosinusitis, or allergy related complications.
[0242] The administering in the methods herein is not limited and include any of the known routes of delivery. For example, in some embodiments, the administering in the methods herein is administering orally, topically, through ocular delivery, such as eye drops, intraocular or periocular delivery, nasally, transdermally, pulmonary, inhalationally, buccally, sublingually, intraperintoneally, subcutaneously, intramuscularly, intravenously, rectally, intrapleurally, intrathecally or parenterally. In some embodiments, the administering is orally. In some embodiments, the administering is subcutaneously. In some embodiments, the administering is through pulmonary delivery, for example, through inhalation, such as using a metered dose inhaler, dry powder inhaler, or nebulizer, etc. Without wishing to be bound by theories, it is believed that in some cases, it would be advantageous to administer the compound (s) herein locally, such as to the lung, with minimal or reduced systemic absorption of the compound (s) to avoid or reduce any potential side effects associated with systemic exposure. For example, in some embodiments, such local pulmonary delivery can be especially suited for treating a lung disease or disorder herein, such as lung fibrosis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) , COPD, progressive pulmonary fibrosis, or progressive fibrotic interstitial lung disease (PF-ILD) . In some embodiments, the administering is topically. In some embodiments, the administering is through ocular delivery, such as eye drops, for example, for treating allergies, etc.
[0243] As discussed herein, compounds of the present disclosure can be used as a monotherapy or in a combination therapy. In some embodiments according to the methods described herein, compounds of the present disclosure can be administered as the only active ingredient (s) .
[0244] In some embodiments according to the methods described herein, compounds of the present disclosure can also be co-administered with an additional therapeutic agent, either concurrently or sequentially in any order, to the subject in need thereof. In some embodiments, the additional therapeutic agent can be selected from pirfenidone, nintedanib, lysophospholipase inhibitor, autotaxin (ATX) inhibitor, PDE4 inhibitor, TYK2 inhibitor, JAK inhibitor, integrins inhibitor, DPP4 inhibitor, transglutaminase-2 (TG2) inhibitor, or CB1 antagonist or inverse agonist.
[0245] Dosing regimen including doses for the methods described herein can vary and be adjusted, which can depend on the recipient of the treatment, the disorder, condition or disease being treated and the severity thereof, the composition containing the compound, the time of administration, the route of administration, the duration of treatment, the compound potency, its rate of clearance and whether or not another drug is co-administered. Definitions
[0246] It is meant to be understood that proper valences are maintained for all moieties and combinations thereof.
[0247] When a variable or structure herein defined as containing a charged group, such as those containing a quaternary nitrogen atom, it should be understood that the compound containing such variable or structure is overall neutral; in other words, any charge associated with the variable or structure is balanced with a counterion as necessary to maintain the compound's overall electronic neutrality, whether or not the counterion is explicitly drawn or described. Further, when the charge of a variable or structure is balanced through an internal salt (or zwitterion structure) such that the variable or structure is overall neutral, it should be understood that a counterion is not necessary to maintain electronic neutrality; in such cases, even if a counterion is explicitly drawn or described, such counterion should be understood as non-existent.
[0248] Suitable counterions are not particularly limited, however, preferably, the counterion herein is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, such as a pharmaceutically acceptable anion, which may be monovalent (e.g., including one formal negative charge) or multivalent (e.g., including more than one formal negative charge) , such as divalent or trivalent. Non-limiting exemplary suitable counterions include halide ions (e.g., F-, Cl-, Br-, I-) , NO3-, ClO4-, OH-, H2PO4-, HSO4-, sulfonate ions (e.g., methansulfonate, trifluoromethanesulfonate, p-toluenesulfonate, benzenesulfonate, 10-camphor sulfonate, naphthalene-2-sulfonate, naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid-5-sulfonate, ethan-1-sulfonic acid-2-sulfonate, and the like) , carboxylate ions (e.g., acetate, propanoate, benzoate, glycerate, lactate, tartrate, glycolate, gluconate, tartrate, citrate, fumarate, maleate, malate, malonate, gluconate, succinate, glutarate, adipate, pimelate, suberate, azelate, sebacate, Salicylate, phthalates, aspartate, glutamate, and the like) , BF4-, PF4-, PF6-, AsF6-, SbF6-, B [3, 5- (CF3) 2C6H3] 4] -, BPh4-, Al (OC (CF3) 3) 4-, carborane anions (e.g., CB11H12-or (HCB11Me5Br6) -) , CO32-, HPO42-, PO43-, B4O72-, SO42-, S2O32-, etc.
[0249] It is also meant to be understood that a specific embodiment of a variable moiety herein can be the same or different as another specific embodiment having the same identifier.
[0250] Suitable groups for use in compounds of Formula I, II, X, D-3, D-4 or a subformula thereof, as applicable, are independently selected. The described embodiments of the present disclosure can be combined. Such combination is contemplated and within the scope of the present disclosure. For example, using Formula I as an illustration, it is contemplated that the definition (s) of any one or more of R1, j1, ring A, L1, ring B, R2, j2, ring C, R3, j3, L2, Z, Q1, Spacer, Q2, Core, Q3, and Tail of Formula I can be combined with the definition of any one or more of the other (s) of R1, j1, ring A, L1, ring B, R2, j2, ring C, R3, j3, L2, Z, Q1, Spacer, Q2, Core, Q3, and Tail as applicable, and the resulting compounds from the combination are contemplated and within the scope of the present disclosure. Combinations of other variables for other Formulae should be understood similarly. To be clear, it should be understood that with respect to any formula herein, unless specified or contrary from context, the definition and preferred definition of a variable appearing in a formula can be any of those respective definition and preferred definition shown herein for the variable in connection with a parent formula (or any of the sub-formulae of the parent formula) or any other formula that is indicated as applicable. For example, unless specified or contrary from context, a variable appearing in Formula I-1a can have a definition as defined for the variable in connection with Formula I or any of its other sub-formulae (e.g., I-E1, I-1a, I-1a-1, I-1a-2, I-1a-3, I-1a-3a, I-1a-3b, I-1a-3c, I-1a-4, or I-1b, etc. ) . As a further example, unless specified or contrary from context, the definition and preferred definition of Core, Spacer, Tail, Q1, Q2, and / or Q3, in connection with any formula herein is generally applicable to all other formulae herein. Preferred definition of Core, Spacer, Tail, Q1, Q2, and / or Q3, in connection with any formula herein also includes those shown in the specific compounds prepared herein, such as in Table A or Examples 1-75.
[0251] The symbol, displayed perpendicular to (or otherwise crossing) a bond, indicates the point at which the displayed moiety is attached to the remainder of the molecule. It should be noted that in some chemical drawings herein, the immediately connected group or groups are shown beyond the symbol, to indicate direction of attachment, as would be understood by those skilled in the art.
[0252] Definitions of specific functional groups and chemical terms are described in more detail below. The chemical elements are identified in accordance with the Periodic Table of the Elements, CAS version, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 75th Ed., inside cover, and specific functional groups are generally defined as described therein. Additionally, general principles of organic chemistry, as well as specific functional moieties and reactivity, are described in Thomas Sorrell, Organic Chemistry, University Science Books, Sausalito, 1999; Smith and March, March’s Advanced Organic Chemistry, 5th Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 2001; Larock, Comprehensive Organic Transformations, VCH Publishers, Inc., New York, 1989; and Carruthers, Some Modern Methods of Organic Synthesis, 3rd Edition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1987. The disclosure is not intended to be limited in any manner by the exemplary listing of substituents described herein.
[0253] Compounds described herein can comprise one or more asymmetric centers, and thus can exist in various isomeric forms, e.g., enantiomers and / or diastereomers. For example, the compounds described herein can be in the form of an individual enantiomer, diastereomer or geometric isomer, or can be in the form of a mixture of stereoisomers, including racemic mixtures and mixtures enriched in one or more stereoisomer. Isomers can be isolated from mixtures by methods known to those skilled in the art, including chiral high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and the formation and crystallization of chiral salts; or preferred isomers can be prepared by asymmetric syntheses. See, for example, Jacques et al., Enantiomers, Racemates and Resolutions (Wiley Interscience, New York, 1981) ; Wilen et al., Tetrahedron 33: 2725 (1977) ; Eliel, Stereochemistry of Carbon Compounds (McGraw-Hill, NY, 1962) ; and Wilen, Tables of Resolving Agents and Optical Resolutions p. 268 (E. L. Eliel, Ed., Univ. of Notre Dame Press, Notre Dame, IN 1972) . The disclosure additionally encompasses compounds described herein as individual isomers substantially free of other isomers, and alternatively, as mixtures of various isomers including racemic mixtures. When a stereochemistry is specifically drawn, unless otherwise contradictory from context, it should be understood that with respect to that particular chiral center or axial chirality, the compound can exist predominantly as the as-drawn stereoisomer, such as with less than 20%, less than 10%, less than 5%, less than 1%, by weight, by HPLC area, or both, or with a non-detectable amount of the other stereoisomer (s) . In some preferred embodiments, when applicable, the compound herein can exist predominantly as the as-drawn stereoisomer, with an enantiomeric excess ( "ee" ) of at least 70%, for example, with an ee of at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or at least 99%, or the other enantiomer is non-detectable. The presence and / or amounts of stereoisomers can be determined by those skilled in the art in view of the present disclosure, including through the use of chiral HPLC or other methods.
[0254] When a range of values is listed, it is intended to encompass each value and sub-range within the range. For example “C1-6” is intended to encompass, C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C1-6, C1-5, C1-4, C1-3, C1-2, C2-6, C2-5, C2-4, C2-3, C3-6, C3-5, C3-4, C4-6, C4-5, and C5-6.
[0255] As used herein, the term “compound (s) of the present disclosure” refers to any of the compounds described herein according to Formula I (e.g., Formula I-E1, I-1a, I-1a-1, I-1a-2, I-1a-3, I-1a-3a, I-1a-3b, I-1a-3c, I-1a-4, or I-1b) , Formula II (e.g., II-1) , Formula D-3, Formula D-4 (e.g., D-4a, D-4b, D-4c, D-4a-1, D-4b-1, D-4c-1, D-4d-1, or D-4d-2) , Formula X, or any of the compounds listed in Table A herein, any of the compounds listed in Table B herein, any of the compound according to Examples 1-75 herein, isotopically labeled compound (s) thereof (such as a deuterated analog wherein at least one of the hydrogen atoms is substituted with a deuterium atom with an abundance above its natural abundance) , possible regioisomers, possible stereoisomers thereof (including diastereoisomers, enantiomers, and racemic mixtures) , tautomers thereof, conformational isomers thereof, pharmaceutically acceptable esters thereof, a zwitterion structure thereof, and / or possible pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof (e.g., acid addition salt such as HCl salt or base addition salt such as Na salt) . Hydrates and solvates of the compounds of the present disclosure are considered compositions of the present disclosure, wherein the compound (s) is in association with water or solvent, respectively. To be clear, as used herein, a compound according to Examples 1-75 herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof should be understood as encompassing any compound, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, having the structure of any of Examples 1-75 as shown in the Examples section herein, except that the counterion and / or salt form may be different.
[0256] Compounds of the present disclosure can exist in isotope-labeled or -enriched form containing one or more atoms having an atomic mass or mass number different from the atomic mass or mass number most abundantly found in nature. Isotopes can be radioactive or non-radioactive isotopes. Isotopes of atoms such as hydrogen, carbon, phosphorous, sulfur, fluorine, chlorine, and iodine include, but are not limited to 2H, 3H, 13C, 14C, 15N, 18O, 32P, 35S, 18F, 36Cl, and 125I. Compounds that contain other isotopes of these and / or other atoms are within the scope of this invention.
[0257] As used herein, the phrase “administration” of a compound, “administering” a compound, or other variants thereof means providing the compound or a prodrug of the compound to the individual in need of treatment.
[0258] As used herein, the term “alkyl” as used by itself or as part of another group refers to a straight-or branched-chain aliphatic saturated hydrocarbon. In some embodiments, the alkyl which can include one to twelve carbon atoms (i.e., C1-12 alkyl) or the number of carbon atoms designated. In one embodiment, the alkyl group is a straight chain C1-10 alkyl group (alternatively referred to as linear C1-10 alkyl) . In another embodiment, the alkyl group is a branched chain C3-10 alkyl group. In another embodiment, the alkyl group is a straight chain C1-6 alkyl group. In another embodiment, the alkyl group is a branched chain C3-6 alkyl group. In another embodiment, the alkyl group is a straight chain C1-4 alkyl group. For example, a C1-4 alkyl group includes methyl, ethyl, propyl (n-propyl) , isopropyl, butyl (n-butyl) , sec-butyl, tert-butyl, and iso-butyl. As used herein, the term “alkylene” as used by itself or as part of another group refers to a divalent radical derived from an alkyl group. For example, non-limiting straight chain alkylene groups (alternatively referred to as linear alkylene herein) include -CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-, -CH2-CH2-CH2-, -CH2-CH2-, and the like. In some embodiments, unless specified or otherwise contrary from context, an alkylene herein can be a linear alkylene, i.e., (CH2) x.
[0259] As used herein, the term “alkenyl” as used by itself or as part of another group refers to a straight-or branched-chain aliphatic hydrocarbon containing one or more, for example, one, two or three carbon-to-carbon double bonds. In one embodiment, the alkenyl group is a C2-6 alkenyl group. In another embodiment, the alkenyl group is a C2-4 alkenyl group. Non-limiting exemplary alkenyl groups include ethenyl, propenyl, isopropenyl, butenyl, sec-butenyl, pentenyl, and hexenyl.
[0260] As used herein, the term “alkynyl” as used by itself or as part of another group refers to a straight-or branched-chain aliphatic hydrocarbon containing one or more, for example, one to three carbon-to-carbon triple bonds. In one embodiment, the alkynyl has one carbon-carbon triple bond. In one embodiment, the alkynyl group is a C2-6 alkynyl group. In another embodiment, the alkynyl group is a C2-4 alkynyl group. Non-limiting exemplary alkynyl groups include ethynyl, propynyl, butynyl, 2-butynyl, pentynyl, and hexynyl groups.
[0261] As used herein, the term “alkoxy” as used by itself or as part of another group refers to a radical of the formula ORa1, wherein Ra1 is an alkyl.
[0262] As used herein, the term “cycloalkoxy” as used by itself or as part of another group refers to a radical of the formula ORa1, wherein Ra1 is a cycloalkyl.
[0263] As used herein, the term “haloalkyl” as used by itself or as part of another group refers to an alkyl substituted with one or more fluorine, chlorine, bromine and / or iodine atoms. In preferred embodiments, the haloalkyl is an alkyl group substituted with one, two, or three fluorine atoms. In one embodiment, the haloalkyl group is a C1-10 haloalkyl group. In one embodiment, the haloalkyl group is a C1-6 haloalkyl group. In one embodiment, the haloalkyl group is a C1-4 haloalkyl group.
[0264] As used herein, the term “heteroalkyl, ” by itself or in combination with another term, means, unless otherwise stated, a stable straight or branched-chain alkyl group, e.g., having from 2 to 14 carbons, such as 2 to 10 carbons in the chain, one or more of which has been replaced by a heteroatom selected from S, O, P and N, and wherein the nitrogen, phosphine, and sulfur atoms can optionally be oxidized and the nitrogen heteroatom can optionally be quaternized. The heteroatom (s) S, O, P and N may be placed at any interior position of the heteroalkyl group or at the position at which the alkyl group is attached to the remainder of the molecule. For example, C1-4 heteroalkyl include but not limited to, C4 heteroalkyl such as -CH2-CH2-N (CH3) -CH3, C3 heteroalkyl such as -CH2-CH2-O-CH3, -CH2-CH2-NH-CH3, -CH2-S-CH2-CH3, -CH2-CH2-S (O) -CH3, and -CH2-CH2-S (O) 2-CH3, C2 heteroalkyl such as -O-CH2-CH3 and C1 heteroalkyl such as O-CH3, etc. To be clear, when the heteroalkyl is referred to as xx-membered, the number of carbon and heteroatoms forming the heteroalkyl should be counted together, but not the potential oxidation, for example, sulfur oxide or N-oxide is counted as one member. For example, -CH2-CH2-N (CH3) -CH3 or -CH2- [N (CH3) 3] + may be considered a five-membered heteroalkyl. Additionally, as an example, a four-membered heteroalkyl includes -CH2-CH2-O-CH3, -CH2-CH2-NH-CH3, -CH2-S-CH2-CH3, -CH2-CH2-S (O) -CH3, and -CH2-CH2-S (O) 2-CH3, a three-membered heteroalkyl includes -O-CH2-CH3, and a two-membered heteroalkyl includes O-CH3. Similarly, for the purposes herein, when counting the number of heteroatoms in a heteroalkyl group, the oxygen atom from potential oxidation is not counted, thus, -CH2-S-CH2-CH3, -CH2-CH2-S (O) -CH3, and -CH2-CH2-S (O) 2-CH3 should all be considered as a 4-membered, C3 heteroalkyl having one heteroatom, S, in which the S is optionally oxidized. Similarly, the term “heteroalkylene” by itself or as part of another substituent means a divalent radical derived from heteroalkyl, as exemplified, but not limited by, -CH2-CH2-O-CH2-CH2-and -O-CH2-CH2-NH-CH2-. For heteroalkylene groups, heteroatoms can also occupy either or both of the chain termini (e.g., alkyleneoxy, alkylenedioxy, alkyleneamino, alkylenediamino, and the like) . Still further, for alkylene and heteroalkylene linking groups, no orientation of the linking group is implied by the direction in which the formula of the linking group is written. Where “heteroalkyl” is recited, followed by recitations of specific heteroalkyl groups, such as -NR’R” or the like, it will be understood that the terms heteroalkyl and -NR’R” are not redundant or mutually exclusive. Rather, the specific heteroalkyl groups are recited to add clarity. Thus, the term “heteroalkyl” should not be interpreted herein as excluding specific heteroalkyl groups, such as -NR’R” or the like.
[0265] Unless otherwise specified or contrary from context, a C1-6 heteroalkylene herein can have a general formula of - (C0-6 alkylene) -Ma- (C0-6 alkylene) -Mb- (C0-6 alkylene) -Mc- (C0-6 alkylene) -, provided that the total number of carbons is 1-6, wherein Ma, Mb, and Mc are each independently null, O, S, S (O) , SO2, NH, N (C1-3 alkyl) , P (=O) (OH) , P (=O) , P (=O) (C1-3 alkyl) , P (=O) (OC1-3 alkyl) , SO2NH, or SO2N (C1-3 alkyl) , provided that at least one of Ma, Mb, and Mc is not null. To be clear, when any of the C0-6 alkylene is a C0, it should be understood that such C0-6 alkylene does not exist. And when Ma, Mb, or Mc represent a linkage having two attaching points, such as SO2NH, it should be understood that either direction of attachment is allowed. In some preferred embodiments, Ma is null. When substituted, the C1-6 heteroalkylene can be substituted at any available position with one or more suitable substituents described herein. For example, in some embodiments, the C1-6 heteroalkylene may have one or two carbon atoms substituted with oxo. Unless otherwise specified or contrary from context, a C1-6 heteroalkyl herein can be the foregoing defined C1-6 heteroalkylene, with one of the attaching points bonded to hydrogen.
[0266] Unless otherwise specified or contrary from context, a C1-4 heteroalkylene herein can have a general formula of - (C0-4 alkylene) -Ma- (C0-4 alkylene) -Mb- (C0-4 alkylene) -Mc- (C0-4 alkylene) -, provided that the total number of carbons is 1-4, wherein Ma, Mb, and Mc are each independently null, O, S, S (O) , SO2, NH, N (C1-3 alkyl) , P (=O) (OH) , P (=O) , P (=O) (C1-3 alkyl) , P (=O) (OC1-3 alkyl) , SO2NH, or SO2N (C1-3 alkyl) , provided that at least one of Ma, Mb, and Mc is not null. To be clear, when any of the C0-4 alkylene is a C0, it should be understood that such C0-4 alkylene does not exist. And when Ma, Mb, or Mc represent a linkage having two attaching points, such as SO2NH, it should be understood that either direction of attachment is allowed. In some preferred embodiments, Ma is null. When substituted, the C1-4 heteroalkylene can be substituted at any available position with one or more suitable substituents described herein. For example, in some embodiments, the C1-4 heteroalkylene may have one carbon atom substituted with oxo. Unless otherwise specified or contrary from context, a C1-4 heteroalkyl herein can be the foregoing defined C1-4 heteroalkylene, with one of the attaching points bonded to hydrogen.
[0267] “Carbocyclyl” or “carbocyclic” as used by itself or as part of another group refers to a radical of a non-aromatic cyclic hydrocarbon group having at least 3 carbon atoms, e.g., from 3 to 10 ring carbon atoms ( “C3-10 carbocyclyl” ) , and zero heteroatoms in the non-aromatic ring system. The carbocyclyl group can be either monocyclic ( “monocyclic carbocyclyl” ) or contain a fused, bridged or spiro ring system such as a bicyclic system ( “bicyclic carbocyclyl” ) and can be saturated or can be partially unsaturated. Non-limiting exemplary carbocyclyl groups include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, norbornyl, decalin, adamantyl, cyclopentenyl, and cyclohexenyl. As used herein, the term “carbocyclylene” as used by itself or as part of another group refers to a divalent radical derived from the carbocyclyl group defined herein.
[0268] In some embodiments, “carbocyclyl” is fully saturated, which is also referred to as cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, the cycloalkyl can have from 3 to 10 ring carbon atoms ( “C3-10 cycloalkyl” ) . In preferred embodiments, the cycloalkyl is a monocyclic ring. As used herein, the term “cycloalkylene” as used by itself or as part of another group refers to a divalent radical derived from a cycloalkyl group, for example, etc.
[0269] “Heterocyclyl” or “heterocyclic” as used by itself or as part of another group refers to a radical of a 3-membered or greater, such as 3-to 14-membered, non-aromatic ring system having ring carbon atoms and at least one ring heteroatom, such as 1 to 4 ring heteroatoms, wherein each heteroatom is independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, boron, phosphorus, and silicon. In heterocyclyl groups that contain one or more nitrogen atoms, the point of attachment can be a carbon or nitrogen atom, as valency permits. A heterocyclyl group can either be monocyclic ( “monocyclic heterocyclyl” ) or a fused, bridged, or spiro ring system, such as a bicyclic system ( “bicyclic heterocyclyl” ) , and can be saturated or can be partially unsaturated. Heterocyclyl bicyclic ring systems can include one or more heteroatoms in one or both rings. As used herein, the term “heterocyclylene” as used by itself or as part of another group refers to a divalent radical derived from the heterocyclyl group defined herein. For example, a piperidinylene group includes two attaching points from the piperidine ring: The heterocyclyl or heterocylylene can be optionally linked to the rest of the molecule through a carbon or nitrogen atom.
[0270] Exemplary 3-membered heterocyclyl groups containing one heteroatom include, without limitation, azirdinyl, oxiranyl, thiiranyl. Exemplary 4-membered heterocyclyl groups containing one heteroatom include, without limitation, azetidinyl, oxetanyl and thietanyl. Exemplary 5-membered heterocyclyl groups containing one heteroatom include, without limitation, tetrahydrofuranyl, dihydrofuranyl, tetrahydrothiophenyl, dihydrothiophenyl, pyrrolidinyl, dihydropyrrolyl, and pyrrolyl-2, 5-dione. Exemplary 5-membered heterocyclyl groups containing two heteroatoms include, without limitation, dioxolanyl, oxasulfuranyl, disulfuranyl, and oxazolidin-2-one. Exemplary 5-membered heterocyclyl groups containing three heteroatoms include, without limitation, triazolinyl, oxadiazolinyl, and thiadiazolinyl. Exemplary 6-membered heterocyclyl groups containing one heteroatom include, without limitation, piperidinyl, tetrahydropyranyl, dihydropyridinyl, and thianyl. Exemplary 6-membered heterocyclyl groups containing two heteroatoms include, without limitation, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, dithianyl, and dioxanyl. Exemplary 6-membered heterocyclyl groups containing two heteroatoms include, without limitation, triazinanyl. Exemplary 7-membered heterocyclyl groups containing one heteroatom include, without limitation, azepanyl, oxepanyl and thiepanyl. Exemplary 8-membered heterocyclyl groups containing one heteroatom include, without limitation, azocanyl, oxecanyl and thiocanyl. Exemplary 5-membered heterocyclyl groups fused to a C6 aryl ring (also referred to herein as a 5, 6-bicyclic heterocyclic ring) include, without limitation, indolinyl, isoindolinyl, dihydrobenzofuranyl, dihydrobenzothienyl, benzoxazolinonyl, and the like. Exemplary 6-membered heterocyclyl groups fused to an aryl ring (also referred to herein as a 6, 6-bicyclic heterocyclic ring) include, without limitation, tetrahydroquinolinyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, and the like.
[0271] “Aryl” as used by itself or as part of another group refers to a radical of a monocyclic or polycyclic (e.g., bicyclic or tricyclic) 4n+2 aromatic ring system (e.g., having 6, 10, or 14 pi electrons shared in a cyclic array) having 6-14 ring carbon atoms and zero heteroatoms provided in the aromatic ring system ( “C6-14 aryl” ) . In some embodiments, an aryl group has six ring carbon atoms ( “C6 aryl” ; e.g., phenyl) . In some embodiments, an aryl group has ten ring carbon atoms ( “C10 aryl” ; e.g., naphthyl such as 1-naphthyl and 2-naphthyl) . In some embodiments, an aryl group has fourteen ring carbon atoms ( “C14 aryl” ; e.g., anthracyl) . As used herein, the term “arylene” as used by itself or as part of another group refers to a divalent radical derived from the aryl group defined herein. For example, a phenylene group includes two attaching points from the benzene ring, for example, 1, 3-phenylene, 1, 4-phenylene: etc.
[0272] “Aralkyl” as used by itself or as part of another group refers to an alkyl substituted with one or more aryl groups, preferably, substituted with one aryl group. Examples of aralkyl include benzyl, phenethyl, etc. When an aralkyl is said to be optionally substituted, either the alkyl portion or the aryl portion of the aralkyl can be optionally substituted.
[0273] “Heteroaryl” as used by itself or as part of another group refers to a radical of a 5-14 membered monocyclic, bicyclic, or tricyclic 4n+2 aromatic ring system (e.g., having 6 or 10 pi electrons shared in a cyclic array) having ring carbon atoms and at least one, preferably, 1-4, ring heteroatoms provided in the aromatic ring system, wherein each heteroatom is independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur ( “5-14 membered heteroaryl” ) . In heteroaryl groups that contain one or more nitrogen atoms, the point of attachment can be a carbon or nitrogen atom, as valency permits. Heteroaryl bicyclic ring systems can include one or more heteroatoms in one or both rings. Bicyclic heteroaryl groups wherein one ring does not contain a heteroatom (e.g., indolyl, quinolinyl, and the like) the point of attachment can be on either ring, i.e., either the ring bearing a heteroatom (e.g., 2-indolyl) or the ring that does not contain a heteroatom (e.g., 5-indolyl) . As used herein, the term “heteroarylene” as used by itself or as part of another group refers to a divalent radical derived from the heteroaryl group defined herein. For example, a pyridinylene group includes two attaching points from the pyridine ring, for example, 2, 4-pyridinylene, 2, 5-pyridinylene: etc.
[0274] Exemplary 5-membered heteroaryl groups containing one heteroatom include, without limitation, pyrrolyl, furanyl, and thiophenyl. Exemplary 5-membered heteroaryl groups containing two heteroatoms include, without limitation, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, and isothiazolyl. Exemplary 5-membered heteroaryl groups containing three heteroatoms include, without limitation, triazolyl, oxadiazolyl, and thiadiazolyl. Exemplary 5-membered heteroaryl groups containing four heteroatoms include, without limitation, tetrazolyl. Exemplary 6-membered heteroaryl groups containing one heteroatom include, without limitation, pyridinyl. Exemplary 6-membered heteroaryl groups containing two heteroatoms include, without limitation, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, and pyrazinyl. Exemplary 6-membered heteroaryl groups containing three or four heteroatoms include, without limitation, triazinyl and tetrazinyl, respectively. Exemplary 7-membered heteroaryl groups containing one heteroatom include, without limitation, azepinyl, oxepinyl, and thiepinyl. Exemplary 5, 6-bicyclic heteroaryl groups include, without limitation, indolyl, isoindolyl, indazolyl, benzotriazolyl, benzothiophenyl, isobenzothiophenyl, benzofuranyl, benzoisofuranyl, benzimidazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzoxadiazolyl, benzthiazolyl, benzisothiazolyl, benzthiadiazolyl, indolizinyl, and purinyl. Exemplary 6, 6-bicyclic heteroaryl groups include, without limitation, naphthyridinyl, pteridinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, cinnolinyl, quinoxalinyl, phthalazinyl, and quinazolinyl.
[0275] “Heteroaralkyl” as used by itself or as part of another group refers to an alkyl substituted with one or more heteroaryl groups, preferably, substituted with one heteroaryl group. When a heteroaralkyl is said to be optionally substituted, either the alkyl portion or the heteroaryl portion of the heteroaralkyl can be optionally substituted.
[0276] An “optionally substituted” group, such as an optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, and optionally substituted heteroaryl groups, refers to the respective group that is unsubstituted or substituted. In general, the term “substituted” , whether preceded by the term “optionally” or not, means that at least one hydrogen present on a group (e.g., a carbon or nitrogen atom) is replaced with a permissible substituent, e.g., a substituent which upon substitution results in a stable compound, e.g., a compound which does not spontaneously undergo transformation such as by rearrangement, cyclization, elimination, or other reaction. Unless otherwise indicated, a “substituted” group has a substituent at one or more substitutable positions of the group, and when more than one position in any given structure is substituted, the substituent can be the same or different at each position. Typically, when substituted, the optionally substituted groups herein can be substituted with 1-5 substituents. Substituents can be a carbon atom substituent, a nitrogen atom substituent, an oxygen atom substituent or a sulfur atom substituent, as applicable. Two of the optional substituents can join to form an optionally substituted cycloalkyl, heterocylyl, aryl, or heteroaryl ring. Substitution can occur on any available carbon, oxygen, or nitrogen atom, and can form a spirocycle. Typically, substitution herein does not result in an O-O, O-N, S-S, S-N (except SO2-N bond) , heteroatom-halogen, or -C (O) -Sbond or three or more consecutive heteroatoms, with the exception of O-SO2-O, O-SO2-N, and N-SO2-N, except that some of such bonds or connections may be allowed if in a stable aromatic system.
[0277] In a broad aspect, the permissible substituents herein include acyclic and cyclic, branched and unbranched, carbocyclic and heterocyclic, aromatic and non-aromatic substituents of organic compounds. The permissible substituents can be one or more and the same or different for appropriate organic compounds. For purposes of this disclosure, the heteroatoms such as nitrogen may have hydrogen substituents and / or any permissible substituents of organic compounds described herein which satisfy the valences of the heteroatoms. Substituents can include any substituents described herein, for example, an alkyl, a halogen, a hydroxyl, a carbonyl (such as a carboxyl, an alkoxycarbonyl, a formyl, or an acyl) , a thiocarbonyl (such as a thioester, a thioacetate, or a thioformate) , an alkoxy, a cycloalkoxy, a phosphoryl, a phosphate, a phosphonate, a phosphinate, an amino, an amido, an amidine, an imine, a cyano, a nitro, an azido, a sulfhydryl, an alkylthio, a sulfate, a sulfonate, a sulfamoyl, a sulfonamido, a sulfonyl, a heterocyclyl, an aralkyl, an aryl, or a heteroaryl, each of which can be substituted, if appropriate.
[0278] Exemplary substituents include, but not limited to, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, -alkylene-aryl, -arylene-alkyl, -alkylene-heteroaryl, -alkenylene-heteroaryl, -alkynylene-heteroaryl, -OH, hydroxyalkyl, haloalkyl, -O-alkyl, -O-haloalkyl, -alkylene-O-alkyl, -O-aryl, -O-alkylene-aryl, acyl, -C (O) -aryl, halo, -NO2, -CN, -SF5, -C (O) OH, -C (O) O-alkyl, -C (O) O-aryl, -C (O) O-alkylene-aryl, -S (O) -alkyl, -S (O) 2-alkyl, -S (O) -aryl, -S (O) 2-aryl, -S (O) -heteroaryl, -S (O) 2-heteroaryl, -S-alkyl, -S-aryl, -S-heteroaryl, -S-alkylene-aryl, -S-alkylene-heteroaryl, -S (O) 2-alkylene-aryl, -S (O) 2-alkylene-heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, -O-C (O) -alkyl, -O-C (O) -aryl, -O-C (O) -cycloalkyl, -C (═N-CN) -NH2, -C (═NH) -NH2, -C (═NH) -NH (alkyl) , -N (Y1) (Y2) , -alkylene-N (Y1) (Y2) , -C (O) N (Y1) (Y2) and -S (O) 2N (Y1) (Y2) , wherein Y1 and Y2 can be the same or different and are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, and -alkylene-aryl.
[0279] Some examples of suitable substituents include, but not limited to, (C1-C8) alkyl groups, (C2-C8) alkenyl groups, (C2-C8) alkynyl groups, (C3-C10) cycloalkyl groups, halogen (F, Cl, Br or I) , halogenated (C1-C8) alkyl groups (for example but not limited to -CF3) , -O- (C1-C8) alkyl groups, -OH, -S- (C1-C8) alkyl groups, -SH, -NH (C1-C8) alkyl groups, -N ( (C1-C8) alkyl) 2 groups, -NH2, -C (O) NH2, -C (O) NH (C1-C8) alkyl groups, -C (O) N ( (C1-C8) alkyl) 2, -NHC (O) H, -NHC (O) (C1-C8) alkyl groups, -NHC (O) (C3-C8) cycloalkyl groups, -N ( (C1-C8) alkyl) C (O) H, -N ( (C1-C8) alkyl) C (O) (C1-C8) alkyl groups, -NHC (O) NH2, -NHC (O) NH (C1-C8) alkyl groups, -N ( (C1-C8) alkyl) C (O) NH2 groups, -NHC (O) N ( (C1-C8) alkyl) 2 groups, -N ( (C1-C8) alkyl) C (O) N ( (C1-C8) alkyl) 2 groups, -N ( (C1-C8)alkyl) C (O) NH ( (C1-C8) alkyl) , -C (O) H, -C (O) (C1-C8) alkyl groups, -CN, -NO2, -S (O) (C1-C8) alkyl groups, -S (O) 2 (C1-C8) alkyl groups, -S (O) 2N ( (C1-C8) alkyl) 2 groups, -S (O) 2NH (C1-C8) alkyl groups, -S (O) 2NH (C3-C8) cycloalkyl groups, -S (O) 2NH2 groups, -NHS (O) 2 (C1-C8) alkyl groups, -N ( (C1-C8) alkyl) S (O) 2 (C1-C8) alkyl groups, - (C1-C8) alkyl-O- (C1-C8) alkyl groups, -O- (C1-C8) alkyl-O- (C1-C8) alkyl groups, -C (O) OH, -C (O) O (C1-C8) alkyl groups, NHOH, NHO (C1-C8) alkyl groups, -O-halogenated (C1-C8) alkyl groups (for example but not limited to -OCF3) , -S (O) 2-halogenated (C1-C8) alkyl groups (for example but not limited to -S (O) 2CF3) , -S-halogenated (C1-C8) alkyl groups (for example but not limited to -SCF3) , - (C1-C6) heterocycle (for example but not limited to pyrrolidine, tetrahydrofuran, pyran or morpholine) , - (C1-C6) heteroaryl (for example but not limited to tetrazole, imidazole, furan, pyrazine or pyrazole) , -phenyl, -NHC (O) O- (C1-C6)alkyl groups, -N ( (C1-C6) alkyl) C (O) O- (C1-C6) alkyl groups, -C (═NH) - (C1-C6) alkyl groups, -C (═NOH) - (C1-C6) alkyl groups, or -C (═N-O- (C1-C6) alkyl) - (C1-C6) alkyl groups.
[0280] Exemplary carbon atom substituents include, but are not limited to, halogen, -CN, -NO2, -N3, hydroxyl, alkoxy, cycloalkoxy, aryloxy, amino, monoalkyl amino, dialkyl amino, amide, sulfonamide, thiol, acyl, carboxylic acid, ester, sulfone, sulfoxide, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, C3-10 carbocyclyl, C6-10 aryl, 3-10 membered heterocyclyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, etc. For example, exemplary carbon atom substituents can include F, Cl, -CN, -SO2H, -SO3H, -OH, -OC1-6 alkyl, -NH2, -N (C1-6 alkyl) 2, -NH (C1-6 alkyl) , -SH, -SC1-6 alkyl, -C (=O) (C1-6 alkyl) , -CO2H, -CO2 (C1-6 alkyl) , -OC (=O) (C1-6 alkyl) , -OCO2 (C1-6 alkyl) , -C (=O) NH2, -C (=O) N (C1-6 alkyl) 2, -OC (=O) NH (C1-6 alkyl) , -NHC (=O) (C1-6 alkyl) , -N (C1-6 alkyl) C (=O) (C1-6 alkyl) , -NHCO2 (C1-6 alkyl) , -NHC (=O) N (C1-6 alkyl) 2, -NHC (=O) NH (C1-6 alkyl) , -NHC (=O) NH2, -NHSO2 (C1-6 alkyl) , -SO2N (C1-6 alkyl) 2, -SO2NH (C1-6 alkyl) , -SO2NH2, -SO2C1-6 alkyl, -SO2OC1-6 alkyl, -OSO2C1-6 alkyl, -SOC1-6 alkyl, C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 haloalkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C3-10 carbocyclyl, C6-10 aryl, 3-10 membered heterocyclyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl; or two geminal substituents can be joined to form =O.
[0281] Nitrogen atoms can be substituted or unsubstituted as valency permits, and include primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary nitrogen atoms. Exemplary nitrogen atom substituents include, but are not limited to, hydrogen, acyl groups, esters, sulfone, sulfoxide, C1-10 alkyl, C1-10 haloalkyl, C2-10 alkenyl, C2-10 alkynyl, C3-10 carbocyclyl, 3-14 membered heterocyclyl, C6-14 aryl, and 5-14 membered heteroaryl, or two substituent groups attached to a nitrogen atom are joined to form a 3-14 membered heterocyclyl or 5-14 membered heteroaryl ring, wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl can be further substituted as defined herein. In certain embodiments, the substituent present on a nitrogen atom is a nitrogen protecting group (also referred to as an amino protecting group) . Nitrogen protecting groups are well known in the art and include those described in detail in Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, T.W. Greene and P.G. M. Wuts, 3rd edition, John Wiley &Sons, 1999, incorporated by reference herein. Exemplary nitrogen protecting groups include, but not limited to, those forming carbamates, such as Carbobenzyloxy (Cbz) group, p-Methoxybenzyl carbonyl (Moz or MeOZ) group, tert-Butyloxycarbonyl (BOC) group, Troc, 9-Fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl (Fmoc) group, etc., those forming an amide, such as acetyl, benzoyl, etc., those forming a benzylic amine, such as benzyl, p-methoxybenzyl, 3, 4-dimethoxybenzyl, etc., those forming a sulfonamide, such as tosyl, Nosyl, etc., and others such as p-methoxyphenyl.
[0282] Exemplary oxygen atom substituents include, but are not limited to, acyl groups, esters, sulfonates, C1-10 alkyl, C1-10 haloalkyl, C2-10 alkenyl, C2-10 alkynyl, C3-10 carbocyclyl, 3-14 membered heterocyclyl, C6-14 aryl, and 5-14 membered heteroaryl, wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl can be further substituted as defined herein. In certain embodiments, the oxygen atom substituent present on an oxygen atom is an oxygen protecting group (also referred to as a hydroxyl protecting group) . Oxygen protecting groups are well known in the art and include those described in detail in Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, T.W. Greene and P.G.M. Wuts, 3rd edition, John Wiley &Sons, 1999, incorporated herein by reference. Exemplary oxygen protecting groups include, but are not limited to, those forming alkyl ethers or substituted alkyl ethers, such as methyl, allyl, benzyl, substituted benzyls such as 4-methoxybenzyl, methoxylmethyl (MOM) , benzyloxymethyl (BOM) , 2-methoxyethoxymethyl (MEM) , etc., those forming silyl ethers, such as trimethylsilyl (TMS) , triethylsilyl (TES) , triisopropylsilyl (TIPS) , t-butyldimethylsilyl (TBDMS) , etc., those forming acetals or ketals, such as tetrahydropyranyl (THP) , those forming esters such as formate, acetate, chloroacetate, dichloroacetate, trichloroacetate, trifluoroacetate, methoxyacetate, etc., those forming carbonates or sulfonates such as methanesulfonate (mesylate) , benzylsulfonate, and tosylate (Ts) , etc.
[0283] Unless expressly stated to the contrary, combinations of substituents and / or variables are allowable only if such combinations are chemically allowed and result in a stable compound. A “stable” compound is a compound that can be prepared and isolated and whose structure and properties remain or can be caused to remain essentially unchanged for a period of time sufficient to allow use of the compound for the purposes described herein (e.g., therapeutic administration to a subject) .
[0284] Unless otherwise specified or contrary from context, as applicable, the “optionally substituted” alkyl, alkylene, heteroalkyl, heteroalkylene, alkenyl, alkynyl, carbocyclic, carbocyclylene, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylene, alkoxy, cycloalkoxy, heterocyclyl, or heterocyclylene herein can each be independently unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from F, Cl, -OH, protected hydroxyl, oxo (as applicable) , NH2, protected amino, NH (C1-4 alkyl) or a protected derivative thereof, N (C1-4 alkyl ( (C1-4 alkyl) , C1-4 alkyl, C2-4 alkenyl, C2-4 alkynyl, C1-4 alkoxy, C3-6 cycloalkyl, C3-6 cycloalkoxy, phenyl, 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl containing 1, 2, or 3 ring heteroatoms independently selected from O, S, and N, 3-7 membered heterocyclyl containing 1 or 2 ring heteroatoms independently selected from O, S, and N, wherein each of the alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, cycloalkyl, cycloalkoxy phenyl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclyl, is optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituents independently selected from F, -OH, oxo (as applicable) , C1-4 alkyl, fluoro-substituted C1-4 alkyl (e.g., CF3) , C1-4 alkoxy and fluoro-substituted C1-4 alkoxy.
[0285] Unless otherwise specified or contrary from context, as applicable, the “optionally substituted” aryl, arylene, heteroaryl or heteroarylene group herein can each be independently unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from F, Cl, -OH, -CN, NH2, protected amino, NH (C1-4 alkyl) or a protected derivative thereof, N (C1-4 alkyl) (C1-4 alkyl) , -S (=O) (C1-4 alkyl) , -SO2 (C1-4 alkyl) , C1-4 alkyl, C2-4 alkenyl, C2-4 alkynyl, C1-4 alkoxy, C3-6 cycloalkyl, C3-6 cycloalkoxy, phenyl, 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl containing 1, 2 or 3 ring heteroatoms independently selected from O, S, and N, 3-7 membered heterocyclyl containing 1 or 2 ring heteroatoms independently selected from O, S, and N, wherein each of the alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, cycloalkyl, cycloalkoxy, phenyl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclyl, is optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituents independently selected from F, -OH, oxo (as applicable) , C1-4 alkyl, fluoro-substituted C1-4 alkyl, C1-4 alkoxy and fluoro-substituted C1-4 alkoxy.
[0286] “Halo” or “halogen” refers to fluorine (fluoro, -F) , chlorine (chloro, -Cl) , bromine (bromo, -Br) , or iodine (iodo, -I) .
[0287] The term “leaving group” is given its ordinary meaning in the art of synthetic organic chemistry and refers to an atom or a group capable of being displaced by a nucleophile. See, for example, Smith, March Advanced Organic Chemistry 6th ed. (501-502) . Examples of suitable leaving groups include, but are not limited to, halogen (such as F, Cl, Br, or I (iodine) ) , alkoxycarbonyloxy, aryloxycarbonyloxy, alkanesulfonyloxy, arenesulfonyloxy, alkyl-carbonyloxy (e.g., acetoxy) , arylcarbonyloxy, aryloxy, methoxy, N, O-dimethylhydroxylamino, pixyl, and haloformates.
[0288] The term “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” , “pharmaceutically acceptable anion” or “pharmaceutically acceptable cation” refers to those salts, anions or cations, which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of humans and lower animals without undue toxicity, irritation, allergic response, and the like, and are commensurate with a reasonable benefit / risk ratio. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts, anions, or cations are well known in the art.
[0289] The term “pharmaceutically acceptable ester” refers to those esters which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of humans and lower animals without undue toxicity, irritation, allergic response, and the like, and are commensurate with a reasonable benefit / risk ratio. Pharmaceutically acceptable esters are well known in the art, for example, a C1-4 alkyl ester, such as ethyl ester.
[0290] The term “tautomers” or “tautomeric” refers to two or more interconvertible compounds resulting from at least one formal migration of a hydrogen atom and at least one change in valency (e.g., a single bond to a double bond, a triple bond to a single bond, or vice versa) . The exact ratio of the tautomers depends on several factors, including temperature, solvent, and pH. Tautomerizations (i.e., the reaction providing a tautomeric pair) may catalyzed by acid or base. Exemplary tautomerizations include keto-to-enol, amide-to-imide, lactam-to-lactim, enamine-to-imine, and enamine-to- (adifferent enamine) tautomerizations.
[0291] The term “subject” (alternatively referred to herein as “patient” ) as used herein, refers to an animal, preferably a mammal, most preferably a human, who has been the object of treatment, observation or experiment.
[0292] As used herein, the terms “treat, ” “treating, ” “treatment, ” and the like refer to eliminating, reducing, or ameliorating a disease or condition, and / or symptoms associated therewith. Although not precluded, treating a disease or condition does not require that the disease, condition, or symptoms associated therewith be completely eliminated. As used herein, the terms “treat, ” “treating, ” “treatment, ” and the like may include “prophylactic treatment, ” which refers to reducing the probability of redeveloping a disease or condition, or of a recurrence of a previously-controlled disease or condition, in a subject who does not have, but is at risk of or is susceptible to, redeveloping a disease or condition or a recurrence of the disease or condition. The term “treat” and synonyms contemplate administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound described herein to a subject in need of such treatment.
[0293] As used herein, the singular form “a” , “an” , and “the” , includes plural references unless it is expressly stated or is unambiguously clear from the context that such is not intended.
[0294] The term “and / or” as used in a phrase such as “A and / or B” herein is intended to include both A and B; A or B; A (alone) ; and B (alone) . Likewise, the term “and / or” as used in a phrase such as “A, B, and / or C” is intended to encompass each of the following embodiments: A, B, and C; A, B, or C; A or C; A or B; B or C; A and C; A and B; B and C; A (alone) ; B (alone) ; and C (alone) .
[0295] Headings and subheadings are used for convenience and / or formal compliance only, do not limit the subject technology, and are not referred to in connection with the interpretation of the description of the subject technology. Features described under one heading or one subheading of the subject disclosure may be combined, in various embodiments, with features described under other headings or subheadings. Further it is not necessarily the case that all features under a single heading or a single subheading are used together in embodiments. Examples General Method
[0296] All chemicals were purchased from commercial sources, unless otherwise noted. Reactions sensitive to moisture or air were performed under nitrogen or argon using anhydrous solvents and reagents. The progress of reactions was monitored by analytical thin layer chromatography (TLC) , high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) , or ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) . 'H-NMR spectra were acquired at 400 MHz (or otherwise specified) spectrometers in deuterated solvents noted. Chemical shifts were reported in parts per million (ppm) . Tetramethylsilane (TMS) or residual proton peak of deuterated solvents was used as an internal reference. Coupling constants (J) were reported in hertz (Hz) .
[0297] The abbreviations used in the Intermediates and Examples section should be understood as having their ordinary meanings in the art unless specifically indicated otherwise or obviously contrary from context. The following shows a list of some of the abbreviations used in the Intermediates and Examples section and their ordinary meanings in the art: acetic acid (AcOH) , acetonitrile (ACN or AcCN) , ammonia hydroxide (NH3·H2O) , aqueous (aq) , tert-butoxycarbonyl protecting group (Boc) , O- (7-azabenzotriazol-1-yI) -N, N, N', N'-tetramethyluronium hexafluoro phosphate) (HATU) , cesium carbonate (Cs2CO3) , dichloroethane (DCE) , dichloromethane (DCM) , N, N-diisopropylethylamine or Hünig's base (DIPEA) , (4-dimethylamino) pyridine (DMAP) , N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF) , dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) , ethyl acetate (EtOAc) , ethanol (EtOH) , N- (3-dimethylaminopropyl-N'-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) , gram (s) (g) , hour (s) (h or hr) , liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) , mass spectrum (ms or MS) , N-methylmorpholine (NMM) , microliter (s) (μL) , milligram (s) (mg) , milliliter (s) (mL) , millimole (mmol) , minute (s) (min) , tert-butyl ester (OtBu) , petroleum ether (PE) , room temperature (rt) , saturated (sat. ) , sat. aq. sodium chloride solution (brine) , tetrabutylammonium fluoride (TBAF) , triethylamine (TEA) , trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) , tetrahydrofuran (THF) , and weight (wt) . Synthesis of Intermediate Compounds Intermediate 1
[0298] Step 1. To a mixture of 1- (isocyanomethane) sulfonyl-4-methylbenzene (22.23 g, 0.114 mol) in THF (500 mL) under N2 at -78 ℃ was added LiHMDS (1.0 M in THF, 114 mL, 0.114 mol) dropwise over 20 min. After addition completed, the resulting mixture was stirred at -78 ℃ for 0.5 hr, and then a solution of 1, 5-dimethyl (2E) -pent-2-enedioate (20 g, 0.126 mol) in THF (10 mL) was added dropwise at -78 ℃ under N2. After stirring at -78 ℃for 14 hr, the reaction mixture was allowed to gradually warm up to rt. The resulting mixture was quenched with H2O (1000 mL) at 0 ℃ and extracted with EtOAc (500 mL x 3) . The organic layers were combined and dried with Na2SO4, filtrated and concentrated to give a residue, which was purified by silica gel column chromatography (PE / EtOAc, v / v = 4 / 1) to give methyl 4- (2-methoxy-2-oxoethyl) -1H-pyrrole-3-carboxylate, Int 1-1, (18 g, yield 72 %) as a yellow solid. LCMS: m / z 198.1 [M+H] +. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) : δ = 11.28 (brs, 1H) , 7.36 (s, 1H) , 6.72 (s, 1H) , 3.65-3.63 (m, 5H) , 3.34 (s, 3H) .
[0299] Step 2. To a solution of Int 1-1 (18 g, 0.091 mol) in DMF (100 mL) at 0 ℃ was added NaH (4.38 g, 60%, 0.109 mol) in portions under N2 atmosphere, and stirred at 0 ℃ for 0.5 hr . The resulting mixture was added to [2- (chloromethoxy) ethyl] trimethylsilane (22.83 g, 0.137 mol) dropwise at 0 ℃, and stirred at this temperature for 1 hr. The reaction mixture was then quenched with aq. NH4Cl (500 mL) dropwise at 0 ℃ and extracted with EtOAc (200 mL x 3) . The organic layers were combined, dried with Na2SO4, and filtrated. The filtrate was concentrated to give a residue, which was purified by silica gel column chromatography (PE / EA, v / v = 5 / 1) to give methyl 4- (2-methoxy-2-oxoethyl) -1- ( (2- (trimethylsilyl) ethoxy) methyl) -1H-pyrrole-3-car-boxylate, Int 1-2, (25 g, yield 83 %) as a yellow solid. LCMS: m / z 328.1 [M+H] +. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) : δ = 7.53 (s, 1H) , 6.86 (s, 1H) , 5.22 (s, 2H) , 3.65-3.64 (m, 5H) , 3.53 (s, 3H) , 3.44 (t, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H) , 0.82 (t, J= 8.0 Hz, 2H) , -0.02 (s, 9H) .
[0300] Step 3. A mixture of Int 1-2 (20 g, 0.061 mol) and NaOH (12.22 g, 0.305 mol) in MeOH / H2O (v / v = 1 / 3, 200 mL) was stirred at 25 ℃ for 2 hr. The mixture was acidified with 2 M HCl until pH ~ 3 and extracted with EtOAc (200 mL x 3) . The organic layers were combined, dried with Na2SO4, and filtrated. The filtrate was concentrated to give 4-(carboxymethyl) -1- ( (2- (trimethylsilyl) ethoxy) methyl) -1H-pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid, Int 1-3, (18 g, yield 98 %) as a yellow oil, which was directly used in the next step. LCMS: m / z 322.1 [M+Na] +.
[0301] Step 4. A mixture of Int 1-3 (7.6 g, 0.025mol) , benzyl bromide (13.04 g, 0.076 mol) and K2CO3 (8.69 g, 0.063 mol) in DMF (100 mL) was stirred at 80 ℃ for 14 hr. The reaction mixture was cooled to rt, poured into water (200 mL) , and extracted with EtOAc (150 mL x3) . The organic layers were combined, dried with Na2SO4, and filtrated. The filtrate was concentrated to give a residue, which was purified by silica gel column chromatography (PE / EtOAc v / v = 5 / 1) to give benzyl 4- (2- (benzyloxy) -2-oxoethyl) -1- ( (2- (trimethylsilyl) ethoxy) methyl) -1H-pyrrole-3-carboxylate, Int 1-4, (4.06 g, yield 34 %) as a yellow solid. LCMS: m / z 480.3 [M+H] +.
[0302] Step 5. To a solution of Int 1-4 (4.06 g, 8.47 mmol) in MeOH (50 mL) was added NaOH (100 mg, 2.5 mmol) . After stirring for 2 hr at rt, the reaction mixture was neutralized with 1M HCl until pH ~ 6 and concentrated. The residue was partitioned between EtOAc (100 mL) and water (50 mL) . The organic layers were separated, combined, washed with brine, dried over Na2SO4 and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated to give crude benzyl 4-(2-methoxy-2-oxoethyl) -1- ( (2- (trimethylsilyl) ethoxy) methyl) -1H-pyrrole-3-carboxylate, Int 1-5, (3.5 g crude, yield: 100%) as a yellow solid, which was used in the next step without further purification. LCMS: m / z 404.2 [M+H] +.
[0303] Step 6. A mixture of Int 1-5 (3.5 g crude, 8.47 mmol) , Pd / C and TEA (860 mg, 8.47 mmol) in MeOH (30 mL) and THF (30 mL) was stirred under a balloon of H2 for 14 hr at rt. The reaction mixture was filtered through a pad of filter reagent diatomaceous earth which was subsequently washed with EtOAc (30 mL x 3) . The filtrates were combined, dried over Na2SO4 and concentrated to give a residue, which was purified by silica gel column chromatography to give 4- (2-methoxy-2-oxoethyl) -1- ( (2- (trimethylsilyl) ethoxy) methyl) -1H-pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid, Int 1-6, (1.05 g, yield: 39.6%over 2 steps) as white solid. LCMS: m / z 314.2 [M+H] +. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) : δ = 11.77 (brs, 1H) , 7.45 (d, J = 2.8 Hz, 1H) , 6.83 (d, J = 2.8 Hz, 1H) , 5.21 (s, 2H) , 3.65 (s, 2H) , 3.56 (s, 3H) , 3.44 (t, J= 6.8 Hz, 2H) , 0.83 (t, J = 6.8 Hz, 2H) , -0.02 (s, 9H) .
[0304] Step 7. To a solution of Int 1-6 (250 mg, 0.798 mmol) in dry DCM (6 mL) was added (COCl) 2 (132 mg, 1.038 mmol) and DMF (half drop) at 0 ℃ under N2 atmosphere. The resulting mixture was then stirred for 2 h at r.t. The mixture was concentrated and n-BuOH (300 mg, 4.01 mmol) in dry DCM (5 mL) was added. The resulting mixture was stirred for additional 4 h at r.t. Solvent was removed to give crude 4-methoxycarbonylmethyl-1- (2-trimethylsilanyl-ethoxy methyl) -1H-pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid butyl ester, Int 1-7, (300 mg crude, yield: ~100%) as a yellow gum which was directly used in the next step. MS (ESI) m / z 370.2 [M+H] +.
[0305] Step 8. A mixture of Int 1-7 (300 mg crude, 0.798 mmol) in TFA (3 mL) and DCM (10 mL) was stirred for 3 h at r.t. TLC (PE / EA = 1: 1) indicated that SM was completely consumed. The reaction mixture was concentrated and the residue was treated with MeOH (10 mL) and NH3·H2O (3 mL) , and stirred at 50 ℃ for 6 h. Solvent was removed and the residue was partitioned between EA (20 mL) and water (10 mL) , separated, dried and concentrated. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (PE / EA = 1 / 1) to give 4-methoxy carbonylmethyl-1H-pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid butyl ester, Intermediate 1, (112 mg, yield: 58.7%over 2 steps) MS (ESI) m / z 240.2 [M+H] +.
[0306] Intermediates 2 and 3, as listed in the following Table, were prepared according to procedures similar to those described for Intermediate 1, substituting appropriate alcohol for ethanol in Step 7. Intermediate 4
[0307] Step 1. A mixture of Int 1-3 (17.9 g, 59.8 mmol) , 3-bromoprop-1-ene (18.09 g, 149.5 mmol) , K2CO3 (16.53 g, 119.6 mmol) and KI (3.97 g, 23.9 mmol) in DMF (180 mL) was stirred at 50℃ for 3 hr. The reaction mixture was cooled down to rt, diluted with H2O (200 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (300 mL x3) . The organic layers were combined, dried over Na2SO4, and concentrated. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (PE / EtOAc v / v = 4 / 1) to afford allyl 4- (2- (allyloxy) -2-oxoethyl) -1- ( (2- (trimethylsilyl) ethoxy) methyl) -1H-pyrrole-3-carboxylate, Int 4-1, (20 g, yield 88 %) as a yellow solid. LCMS: m / z 380.2 [M+H] +.
[0308] Step 2. A mixture of Int 4-1 (22 g, 0.058 mol) and NaOH (700 mg, 17.4 mmol) in MeOH (200 mL) stirred at 25℃ for 4 hr. The mixture was acidified with TFA until the pH ~ 3 and concentrated to give allyl 4- (2-methoxy-2-oxoethyl) -1- ( (2- (trimethylsilyl) ethoxy) methyl) -1H-pyrrole-3-carboxylate, Int 4-2, (18 g, yield 88 %) as a yellow oil which was directly used in the next step without further purification. LCMS: m / z 354.2 [M+H] +.
[0309] Step 3. A mixture of Int 4-2 (18 g, 50.9 mmol) in TFA (50 mL) was stirred at rt for 2 hr. The reaction mixture was concentrated. The resulting residue was re-dissolved in MeOH (200 mL) and basified with NH3·H2O until pH ~ 10. After stirring at 50 ℃ for 6 hr, the resulting mixture was concentrated. The residue was then partitioned between EtOAc (200 mL) and water (200 mL) , and extracted with EtOAc (100 mL x 3) . The combined organic layers were dried over Na2SO4 and concentrated. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (PE / EtOAc v / v = 2 / 1) to give allyl 4- (2-methoxy-2-oxoethyl) -1H-pyrrole-3-carboxylate, Int 4-3, (9 g, yield 79 %) as a yellow solid. LCMS: m / z 246.1 [M+Na] +. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) : δ = 8.46 (br, 1H) , 7.43 (s, 1H) , 6.91 (s, 1H) , 6.03-5.94 (m, 1H) , 5.37-5.21 (m, 2H) , 4.71 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 2H) , 3.80 (s, 2H) , 3.70 (s, 3H) .
[0310] Step 4. To a solution of Intermediate 7 (1.4 g, 2.244 mmol, Cell 2015, 161, 1633-1643) in DMF (10 mL) was added Int 4-3 (0.60 g, 2.692 mmol) and Cs2CO3 (2.19 g, 6.732 mmol) . After stirring at 80 ℃ for 1 hr, the reaction mixture was quenched with water (100 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (200 mL) . The organic phase was washed with brine, dried with Na2SO4, and concentrated. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (PE / EtOAc v / v = 10 / 1) to give allyl 1- ( (2S, 3S) -3- ( (tert-butyldimethylsilyl) oxy) -2- ( (2, 3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-yl) methyl) -3- (3, 5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl) propyl) -4- (2-methoxy-2-oxoethyl) -1H-pyrrole-3-carboxylate, Int 4-4, (1.50 g, yield: 99.3 %) as a yellow gum. LCMS: m / z 698.4 [M+Na] +.
[0311] Step 5. To a solution of Int 4-4 (1.5 g, 2.22 mmol) in THF (15 mL) was added Pd (PPh3) 4 (0.26 g, 0.222 mmol) and morpholine (1.93 g, 22.22 mmol) . After stirring at rt for 2 hr, the mixture was diluted with 0.5 M HCl (50 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (200 mL) . The organic phase was separate, washed with brine, dried with Na2SO4, and concentrated. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography to give 1- ( (2S, 3S) -3- ( (tert-butyldimethylsilyl) oxy) -2- ( (2, 3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-yl) methyl) -3- (3, 5-dimethoxy-4-methyl-phenyl) propyl) -4- (2-methoxy-2-oxoethyl) -1H-pyrrole-3-carboxylicacid, Intermediate 4, (1.30 g, yield: 92.2 %) as a yellow gum. LCMS: m / z 658.3 [M+Na] +. Intermediate 5
[0312] Step 1. To a solution of Int 4-4 (430 mg, 0.6370 mmol) in THF (4 mL) and MeOH (4 mL) was added NaOH aqueous solution (2 M, 1.9 mL) . After stirring at rt for 12 hr, the reaction mixture was acidified with 0.5 M HCl until pH ~ 4 and extracted with EtOAc (30 mL x 3) . The organic layers were combined, washed with brine, dried with Na2SO4, and concentrated to give 2- (4- ( (allyloxy) carbonyl) -1- ( (2S, 3S) -3- ( (tert-butyldimethylsilyl) oxy) -2- ( (2, 3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-yl) methyl) -3- (3, 5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl) propyl) -1H-pyrrol-3-yl) acetic acid, Int 5-1, (410 mg, yield: 97.4 %) as a colorless oil, which was directly used in the next step without further purification.
[0313] Step 2. To a solution of Int 5-1 (200 mg, 0.3026 mmol) in DCM (5 mL) was added (COCl) 2 (50 mg, 0.3933 mmol) and DMF (1 drop) . After stirring at rt for 2 hr, the mixture was concentrated. The residue was dissolved in DCM (5 mL) and added dropwise to a stirred solution of 2- (trimethylsilyl) ethan-1-ol in DCM (5 mL) . After stirring at rt for 16 hr, the reaction mixture was concentrated and the residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (EtOAc / PE v / v = 10 / 1) to give allyl 1- ( (2S, 3S) -3- ( (tert-butyldimethylsilyl) oxy) -2- ( (2, 3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-yl) methyl) -3- (3, 5-dimethoxy-4-methyl-phenyl) propyl) -4- (2-oxo-2- (2- (trimethylsilyl) ethoxy) ethyl) -1H-pyrrole-3-carboxylate, Int 5-2, (60 mg, yield: 26.1 %) as a yellow oil. LCMS: m / z 784.4 [M+Na] +.
[0314] Step 3. To a solution of Int 5-2 (60 mg, 0.0788 mmol) in THF (2 mL) was added Pd (PPh3) 4 (18.2 mg, 0.0158 mmol) and morpholine (68.6 mg, 0.788 mmol) . After stirring at rt for 2 hr, the reaction mixture was diluted with 0.5 M HCl (2 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (10 mL) . The organic phase was washed with brine, dried with Na2SO4, and concentrated. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (PE / EtOAc v / v = 2 / 1) to give 1- ( (2S, 3S) -3- ( (tert-butyldimethylsilyl) oxy) -2- ( (2, 3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-yl) methyl) -3- (3, 5-dimethoxy-4-methyl-phenyl) propyl) -4- (2-oxo-2- (2- (trimethylsilyl) ethoxy) ethyl) -1H-pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid, Intermediate 5, (30 mg, yield: 52.8 %) as a colorless oil. LCMS: m / z 744.4 [M+Na] +. Intermediate 6
[0315] Step 1. To a solution of Intermediate 7 (500 mg, 0.800 mmol) in DMF (5 mL) was added diethyl 1H-pyrrole-3, 4-dicarboxylate, Int 6-1, (253 mg, 1.200 mmol) and Cs2CO3 (782 mg, 2.400 mmol) . The mixture was stirred at 80 ℃ for 1 h. The reaction mixture was quenched with water (30 mL) and extracted with EA (40 mL x 2) . The organic phase was combined, washed with brine, dried with Na2SO4, and concentrated. The residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (EA / PE = 4 / 1) to give diethyl 1- ( (2S, 3S) -3- ( (tert-butyl dimethyl silyl) oxy) -2- ( (2, 3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-yl) methyl) -3- (3, 5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl) propyl) -1H-pyrrole-3, 4-dicarboxylate, Int 6-2, (504 mg, yield: 84.7 %) as a yellow oil. MS (ESI) m / z 664.4 [M+H] +.
[0316] Step 2. To a solution of Int 6-2 (450 mg, 0.708 mmol) in THF (10 mL) was added LAH (59 mg, 1.557 mmol) in small portions at 0 ℃ under N2 atmosphere. Then the mixture was stirred at 0 ℃ for 1 h. The reaction mixture was quenched with water (0.06 mL) at 0 ℃. Then NaOH (2 N, 0.06 mL) and H2O (0.18 mL) were added. The resulting mixture was dried with MgSO4, filtered, washed with EA (30 mL x 3) , and concentrated. The residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (PE / EA = 1 / 1) to give (1- ( (2S, 3S) -3- ( (tert-butyldimethyl silyl) oxy) -2- ( (2, 3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-yl) methyl) -3- (3, 5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl) propyl) -1H-pyrrole-3, 4-diyl) dimethanol, Intermediate 6, (385 mg, yield: 74.1 %) as a yellow oil. MS (ESI) m / z 602.4 [M+Na] +. Intermediate 7
[0317] Step 1. To a solution of 2, 3-dihydro-1H-indene-2-carboxylic acid, Int 7-1, (19.3 g, 0.1191 mol) in THF (300 mL) was added LAH (5.89 g, 0.1549 mol) in small portions over 30 min at 0 ℃ under N2 atmosphere. Then the mixture was stirred at 0 ℃ for 1 h. The reaction mixture was quenched with water (6 mL) at 0 ℃ for 20 min. Then NaOH (2 N, 6 mL) and H2O (18 mL) were added. The resulting mixture was dried with MgSO4, filtered, washed with EA (50 mL x 3) , and concentrated. The residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (PE / EA = 2 / 1) to give (2, 3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-yl) methanol, Int 7-2, (17.5 g, yield: 99.3 %) as a yellow oil. MS (ESI) m / z 166.1 [M+18] +.
[0318] Step 2. To a Int 7-2 (17.5 g, 0.1182 mol) and TEA (35.81 g, 0.3546 mol) in DCM (150 mL) was added TsCl (27.06 g, 0.1419 mol) in DCM (100 mL) dropwise at 0 ℃, and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 4 h. The reaction mixture was quenched with water (100 mL) and extracted with DCM (80 mL x3) . The organic phase was combined, washed with brine, dried with Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated. The residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (EA / PE = 4 / 1) to give (2, 3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-yl) methyl 4-methylbenzenesulfonate, Int 7-3, (31.0 g, yield: 86.8 %) as a white solid. MS (ESI) m / z 325.1 [M+Na] +.
[0319] Step 3. To a mixture of NaH (6.36 g, 0.1589 mol) in DMSO (100 mL) cooled at 0 ℃ was added dimethyl malonate (21.85 g, 0.1656 mol) dropwise over 30 min and the mixture was stirred at 60 ℃ for 1 h. Then Int 7-3 (20 g, 0.0662 mol) in DMSO (150 mL) was added at 0 ℃ and the mixture was stirred at 100 ℃ for 4 h. The reaction mixture was quenched with ice-water and extracted with EA (x 3) . The organic phase was combined, washed with brine, dried with Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated. The residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (EA / PE = 5 / 1) to give dimethyl 2- ( (2, 3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-yl) methyl) malonate, Int 7-4, (17.2 g, yield: 98 %) as a colorless oil. MS (ESI) m / z 263.1 [M+H] +.
[0320] Step 4. A mixture of Int A-4 (40 g, 0.1527 mol) in HCl (6 N, 400 mL) was heated and stirred at 100 ℃ for 48 h. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and filtered. The solid collected was dried over vacuum to give 2- ( (2, 3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-yl) methyl) malonic acid, Int 7-5, (29.5 g, yield: 82.6 %) as a yellow solid, which was directly used in the next step.
[0321] Step 5. To a solution of Int 7-5 (29.5 g, 0.1261 mol) in dioxane (150 mL) and H2O (150 mL) was added H2SO4 (200 mL) at 0 ℃ over 30 min. The mixture was stirred at 100 ℃ for 48 h. The reaction mixture was diluted with ice-water and filtered. The solid collected was dried over vacuum to give 3- (2, 3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-yl) propanoic acid, Int 7-6, (19.5 g, yield: 81.4 %) as a white solid. MS (ESI) m / z 173.1 [M-18+H] +. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) : δ = 12.05 (s, 1H) , 7.18-7.16 (m, 2H) , 7.09-7.07 (m, 2H) , 3.01-2.95 (m, 2H) , 2.56-2.50 (m, 2H) , 2.38-2.34 (m, 1H) , 2.30-2.27 (m, 2H) , 1.72-1.67 (m, 2H) .
[0322] Step 6. To a solution of Int 7-6 (19.8 g, 0.1042 mol) in DCM (200 mL) was added oxalyl chloride (17.21 g, 0.1355 mol) and DMF (1 drop) dropwise at 0 ℃. After addition the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h. Solvent was removed and the residue was dissolved in THF (150 mL) . To another solution of (S) -4-benzyloxazolidin-2-one (26.74 g, 0.1511 mol) in THF (250 mL) under N2 was added n-BuLi (64.1 mL, 0.1410 mol) dropwise at -70 ℃ and the mixture was stirred at same temperature for 1 h. Then to this mixture was added dropwise the above THF solution at -70 ℃ for 15 min. After addition the resulting mixture was stirred for 4 h, left the temperature slowly warm to r.t. And the reaction mixture was heated at 55 ℃ for another 36 h. The reaction mixture was quenched with ice-water and extracted with EA (100 ml x 3) . The organic phase was combined, washed with brine, dried with Na2SO4, and concentrated. The residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (EA / PE = 5 / 1) to give (S) -4-benzyl-3- (3- (2, 3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-yl) propanoyl) oxazolidin-2-one, Int 7-7, (15.9 g, yield: 45.2 %) as a yellow oil. MS (ESI) m / z 350.2 [M+H] +. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) : δ = 7.33-7.26 (m, 3H) , 7.25-7.17 (m, 4H) , 7.12-7.09 (m, 2H) , 4.68-4.63 (m, 1H) , 4.32 (t, J = 8.6 Hz, 1H) , 4.20-4.17 (m, 1H) , 3.04-2.84 (m, 6H) , 2.60-2.54 (m, 2H) , 2.47-2.39 (m, 1H) , 1.81-1.74 (m, 2H) .
[0323] Step 7. To a solution of Int 7-7 (8.08 g, 0.0231 mol) in EA (24 mL) was added MgCl2 (2.19 g, 0.0231 mol) and dry TEA (4.67 g, 0.0462 mol) at room temperature. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 h. Then 3, 5-dimethoxy-4-methylbenzaldehyde, Int 7-8, (5 g, 0.0278 mol) and TMSCl (3.76 g, 0.0347 mol) were added, and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 16 h. The reaction mixture was quenched with water (100 mL) and extracted with EA (50 ml x 3) . The organic phase was combined, washed with brine, dried with Na2SO4, and concentrated. The residue was treated with MeOH (24 mL) and 1 M HCl (2.4 mL) and stirred for 10 min at r.t. Then the resulting mixture was concentrated and the residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel to give (S) -4-benzyl-3- ( (2R, 3S) -2- ( (2, 3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-yl) methyl) -3- (3, 5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl) -3-hydroxypropanoyl) oxazolidin-2-one, Int 7-9, (10.4 g, yield: 84.9 %) as a white solid. MS (ESI) m / z 553.3 [M+Na] +.
[0324] Step 8. To a solution of Int 7-9 (8.2 g, 0.0155 mol) and lutidine (3.32 g, 0.0310 mol) in DCM (100 mL) was added TBSOTf (6.14 g, 0.0233 mol) in DCM (100 mL) at 0 ℃, and the mixture was stirred at 0 ℃ for 4 h. The reaction mixture was poured into 0.5 M HCl (100 mL) and extracted with DCM (80 mL x 2) . The organic phase was combined, washed with brine, dried with Na2SO4, and concentrated. The residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (EA / PE = 4 / 1) to give (2, 3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-yl) methyl 4-methylbenzenesulfonate, Int 7-10, (8.7 g, yield: 87.3%) as a yellow gum. MS (ESI) m / z 666.3 [M+Na] +.
[0325] Step 9. To a suspension of LiBH4 (2.37 g, 0.1089 mol) in THF (10 mL) was added H2O (0.45 mL) at 0 ℃ under N2, and the mixture was stirred at 0 ℃ for 30 min. Then Int 7-10 (7 g, 0.0109 mol) in THF (35 mL) was added at 0 ℃, and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 16 h. The reaction mixture was quenched with 0.5 M HCl (~ 20 mL) at 0 ℃ slowly. And the resulting mixture was extracted with EA (30 mL x3) . The organic phase was combined, washed with brine, dried with Na2SO4, and concentrated. The residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (EA / PE = 10 / 1) to give (2S, 3S) -3- ( (tert-butyldimethylsilyl) oxy) -2- ( (2, 3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-yl) methyl) -3- (3, 5-dimethoxy-4-methyl phenyl) propan-1-ol, Int 7-11, (3.5 g, yield: 68.4%) as a white solid. MS (ESI) m / z 493.3 [M+Na] +. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) : δ = 7.18-7.09 (m, 4H) , 6.48 (s, 2H) , 4.73 (d, J = 4.4 Hz, 1H) , 3.87-3.81 (m, 1H) , 3.79 (s, 6H) , 3.60-3.57 (m, 1H) , 3.08-2.96 (m, 3H) , 2.60-2.54 (m, 2H) , 2.48-2.42 (m, 1H) , 2.07 (s, 3H) , 1.76-1.71 (m, 2H) , 0.96 (s, 9H) , 0.08 (s, 3H) , -0.16 (s, 3H) .
[0326] Step 10. To a solution of Int 7-11 (3 g, 0.0064 mol) and TEA (1.93 g, 0.0191 mol) in DCM (30 mL) was added TsCl (1.83 g, 0.0096 mol) and DMAP (0.39 g, 0.0032 mol) at 0 ℃. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 5 h. The reaction mixture was quenched with water (50 mL) and extracted with DCM (30 mL x 3) . The organic phase was combined, washed with brine, dried with Na2SO4, and concentrated. The residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (EA / PE = 10 / 1) to give (2S, 3S) -3- ( (tert-butyldimethylsilyl) oxy) -2- ( (2, 3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-yl) methyl) -3- (3, 5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl) propyl 4-methyl-benzenesulfonate, Intermediate 7, (3.5 g, yield: 87.9 %) as a colorless gum. MS (ESI) m / z 648.3 [M+Na] +. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) : δ = 7.72 (d, J =8.0 Hz, 2H) , 7.28-7.26 (m, 3H) , 7.10-7.07 (m, 4H) , 6.39 (s, 2H) , 4.59 (d, J = 6.4 Hz, 1H) , 4.25-4.21 (m, 1H) , 4.15-4.08 (m, 1H) , 3.77 (s, 6H) , 2.87-2.81 (m, 2H) , 2.43-2.21 (m, 6H) , 2.05 (s, 3H) , 1.19-1.90 (m, 1H) , 1.42-1.35 (m, 2H) , 0.84 (s, 9H) , 0.0 (s, 3H) , -0.22 (s, 3H) . Intermediates 8 and 9
[0327] Step 1. To a mixture of Intermediate 7 (6 g, 9.6014 mmol) in DMF (50 mL) was added NaN3 (1.872 g, 28.8041 mmol) . The reaction mixture was stirred at 60 ℃ for 4 hrs. The reaction mixture was detected completed by LCMS. The mixture was diluted with water (100 mL) , extracted with EA (50 mL x 3) . The combined organic layers were washed with saturated brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to afford the crude product. The crude product was purified by silica-gel column chromatography column eluting with 1%EA in PE to afford ( (1S, 2S) -3-azido-2- ( (2, 3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-yl) methyl) -1- (3, 5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl) propoxy) (tert-butyl) dimethyl-silane, Intermediate 8, (4.578 g, yield: 96.1%) as a colorless oil. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) : 7.16-7.09 (m, 4H) , 6.45 (s, 2H) , 4.63 (d, J = 6.0 Hz, 1H) , 3.80 (s, 6H) , 3.58-3.53 (m, 1H) , 3.44-3.40 (m, 1H) , 3.04-2.94 (m, 2H) , 2.54-2.40 (m, 3H) , 2.06 (s, 3H) , 1.91-1.87 (m, 1H) , 1.54-1.46 (m, 2H) , 0.91 (s, 9H) , 0.06 (s, 3H) , -0.17 (s, 3H) . 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) : 7.15-7.05 (m, 4H) , 6.56 (s, 2H) , 4.68 (d, J = 6.0 Hz, 1H) , 3.74 (s, 6H) , 3.51 (d, J = 4.8 Hz, 2H) , 3.02-2.91 (m, 2H) , 2.45-2.32 (m, 2H) , 1.95 (s, 3H) , 1.92-1.87 (m, 1H) , 1.49-1.33 (m, 2H) , 0.88 (s, 9H) , 0.06 (s, 3H) , -0.20 (s, 3H) . MS (ESI) m / z 336.2 [M-OTBS-N2] +
[0328] Step 2. To a mixture of Intermediate 8 (1.5 g, 3.0258 mmol) in THF (30 mL) stirred at 25 ℃ was added a solution of TBAF (15.2 mL, 15.1289 mmol, 1 N in THF) dropwise. The reaction mixture was stirred at 25 ℃ for 16h. The reaction mixture was detected completed by TLC. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure to afford the crude product. The crude product was purified by silica-gel column chromatography column to afford (1S, 2S) -3-azido-2- ( (2, 3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-yl) methyl) -1- (3, 5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl) propan-1-ol, Intermediate 9, (1.1 g, yield: 95.3%) as a white solid. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) : 7.16-7.08 (m, 4H) , 6.50 (s, 2H) , 4.64 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 1H) , 3.82 (s, 6H) , 3.72 (dd, J1=4.4, J2=12.4, 1H) , 3.47 (dd, J1=4.4, J2=12.4, 1H) , 3.05-2.95 (m, 2H) , 2.56-2.38 (m, 3H) , 2.06 (s, 3H) , 2.03-1.98 (m, 1H) , 1.65-1.58 (m, 1H) , 1.47-1.40 (m, 1H) . 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) : 7.15-7.04 (m, 4H) , 6.59 (s, 2H) , 5.38 (d, J = 4.4 Hz, 1H) , 4.49 (t, J = 6.0 Hz, 1H) , 3.75 (s, 6H) , 3.56-3.42 (m, 2H) , 3.03-2.91 (m, 2H) , 2.47-2.32 (m, 3H) , 1.95 (s, 3H) , 1.93-1.90 (m, 1H) , 1.51-1.34 (m, 2H) . MS (ESI) m / z 404.4 [M+Na] +. Synthesis of Examples Example 1
[0329] Step 1. To a solution of Intermediate 7 (100 mg, 0.160 mmol) in DMF (2.5 mL) was added Intermediate 1 (57.5 mg, 0.241 mmol) and Cs2CO3 (156.7 mg, 0.481 mmol) . The mixture was stirred at 80 ℃ for 1 h under N2 atmosphere. The reaction mixture was quenched with water (10 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (15 mL x 3) . The organic layers were combined, washed with brine, dried over Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated. The residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (EtOAc / PE v / v = 5 / 1) to give butyl 1- ( (2S, 3S) -3- ( (tert-butyldimethylsilyl) oxy) -2- ( (2, 3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-yl) methyl) -3-(3,5-dimethoxy-4-methyl phenyl) propyl) -4- (2-methoxy-2-oxoethyl) -1H-pyrrole-3-carboxylate, Ex 1-1, (95 mg, yield: 85.8 %) as a colorless gum. LCMS m / z 692.4 [M+H] +.
[0330] Step 2. To a mixture of Ex 1-1 (95 mg, 0.1375 mmol) in THF (1 mL) and EtOH (1 mL) was added NaOH aqueous solution (1 M, 0.55 mL, 0.5499 mmol) . The resulting mixture was stirred at rt for 12 hr. The reaction mixture was acidified with 0.5 M HCl until the pH ~ 4 and extracted with EA (20 mL x 3) . The organic phase was combined, washed with brine, dried with Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated to give 2- (4- (butoxycarbonyl) -1- ( (2S, 3S) -3- ( (tert-butyldimethyl silyl) oxy) -2- ( (2, 3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-yl) methyl) -3- (3, 5-dimethoxy-4-methyl phenyl) propyl) -1H-pyrrol-3-yl) acetic acid, Ex 1-2, (84 mg, yield: 90.2 %) as a colorless gum. LCMS (ESI) m / z 678.4 [M+H] +.
[0331] Step 3. To a solution of Ex 1-2 (84 mg, 0.1241 mmol) in THF (1 mL) was added TBAF (1 M, 0.37 mL, 0.3722 mmol) , and the mixture was stirred at 40 ℃ for 16 hr. The reaction mixture was diluted with 0.5 M HCl (10 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (15 mL x 3) . The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried with Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated. The residue was purified by HPLC to give 2- (4- (butoxycarbonyl) -1- ( (2S, 3S) -2- ( (2, 3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-yl) methyl) -3- (3, 5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl) -3-hydroxypropyl) -1H-pyrrol-3-yl) -acetic acid, Example 1, (25.0 mg, yield: 35.8 %) as a white solid. LCMS m / z 564.2 [M+H] +. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) : δ = 7.26 (m, 1H) , 7.06-7.01 (m, 4H) , 6.61 (s, 1H) , 6.41 (s, 2H) , 4.34 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H) , 4.23-4.19 (m, 2H) , 4.16-4.11 (m, 1H) , 3.97-3.92 (m, 1H) , 3.75 (s, 6H) , 3.62 (s, 2H) , 2.93-2.85 (m, 2H) , 2.38-2.25 (m, 3H) , 2.09-2.05 (m, 1H) , 1.99 (s, 3H) , 1.66-161 (m, 2 H) , 1.42-1.18 (m, 4H) , 0.90 (t, J = 8.0 Hz, 3H) .
[0332] Examples 2 and 3, as listed in the following Table, were prepared according to procedures analogous to those described above for Examples 1, substituting Int 2 and Int 3 for butyl 4- (2-methoxy-2-oxoethyl) -1H-pyrrole-3-carboxylate in Step 1 to furnish Example 2 and Example 3, respectively. Examples 4
[0333] Step 1. To a solution of Intermediate 4 (150 mg, 0.2362 mmol) in DCM (5 mL) was added oxalyl chloride (36.0 mg, 0.2834 mmol) and DMF (1 drop) . After stirring at rt for 2 hr, the mixture was concentrated to give the crude methyl 2- (1- ( (2S, 3S) -3- ( (tert-butyldimethylsilyl) oxy) -2- ( (2, 3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-yl) methyl) -3- (3, 5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl) propyl) -4- (chlorocarbonyl) -1H-pyrrol-3-yl) acetate, Ex 4-1, as a yellow gum, which was directly used in the next step.
[0334] Step 2. To a solution of 2-methoxyethan-1-ol (174.4 mg, 2.295 mmol) in DCM (2 mL) was added dropwise to a solution of Ex 4-1 (150 mg, 0.2295 mmol) in DCM (3 mL) . After stirring at rt for 12 hr, the reaction mixture was concentrated. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (PE / EtOAc v / v = 4 / 1) to give the 2-methoxyethyl 1- ( (2S, 3S) -3- ( (tert-butyldimethylsilyl) oxy) -2- ( (2, 3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-yl) methyl) -3- (3, 5-dimethoxy-4-methyl phenyl) propyl) -4- (2-methoxy-2-oxoethyl) -1H-pyrrole-3-carboxylate, Ex 4-2, (60 mg, yield: 37.7%) as a colorless gum. LCMS: m / z 716.4 [M+Na] +.
[0335] Step 3. To a solution of Ex 4-2 (60 mg, 0.0866 mmol) in THF (0.5 mL) and EtOH (0.5 mL) was added NaOH (2 M, 0.26 mL) . After stirring at rt for 8 hr, the reaction mixture was treated with 0.5 M HCl until pH ~ 4 and extracted with EtOAc (20 mL x 3) . The organic layers were combined, washed with brine, dried with Na2SO4 and concentrated to give 2- (1-( (2S, 3S) -3- ( (tert-butyldimethylsilyl) oxy) -2- ( (2, 3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-yl) methyl) -3- (3, 5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl) propyl) -4- ( (2-methoxyethoxy) carbonyl) -1H-pyrrol-3-yl) acetic acid, Ex 4-3, (55 mg, yield: 93.5%) as a yellow oil, which was directly used in the next step without further purification. LCMS: m / z 702.4 [M+Na] +.
[0336] Step 4. To a solution of Ex 4-3 (52 mg, 0.0766 mmol) in THF (0.5 mL) was added TBAF (1 M, 0.5 mL) . After stirring at rt for 4 hr, the reaction mixture was diluted with 0.5 M HCl (5 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (10 mL x 3) . The organic layers were separated, combined, dried with Na2SO4 and concentrated. The residue was purified by HPLC to give 2- (1- ( (2S, 3S) -2- ( (2, 3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-yl) methyl) -3- (3, 5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl) -3-hydroxy-propyl) -4- ( (2-methoxyethoxy) carbonyl) -1H-pyrrol-3-yl) acetic acid, Example 4, (9.5 mg, yield: 22.0%) as a white solid. LCMS: m / z 564.2 [M-H] -. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) d 7.28 (s, 1H) , 7.06-7.01 (m, 4H) , ) , 6.60 (s, 1H) , 6.41 (s, 2H) , 4.37-4.33 (m, 3H) , 4.15-4.10 (m, 1H) , 3.97-3.92 (m, 1H) , 3.75 (s, 6H) , 3.63-3.61 (m, 4H) , 3.34 (s, 3H) , 2.93-2.85 (m, 2H) , 2.39-2.25 (m, 3H) , 2.08-2.02 (m, 1H) , 1.99 (s, 3H) , 1.50-1.19 (m, 2H) .
[0337] Examples 5 through 8, as listed in the following Table, were prepared according to procedures analogous to those described above for Example 4, substituting appropriate alcohol for 2-methoxyethan-1-ol in Step 2. Example 9
[0338] Step 1. To a mixture of 14- (tosyloxy) -3, 6, 9, 12-tetraoxatetradecyl benzoate (1 g, 2.01 mmol) and 1- (3-aminopropyl) -1, 4-diazabicyclo [2.2.2] octan-1-ium (0.53 g, 3.0 mmol) in DMF (10 mL) was added DIPEA (516 mg, 4.0 mmol) . The reaction mixture was stirred at 60 ℃ for 4 hrs and then concentrated. The residue was purified by HPLC to give 1- (1-oxo-1-phenyl-2, 5, 8, 11, 14-pentaoxa-17-azaicosan-20-yl) -1, 4-diazabicyclo [2.2.2] octan-1-ium trifluoroacetate, Ex 9-1, (500 mg, yield: 50%) as a yellow oil. LCMS: m / z 494.3 [M] +.
[0339] Step 2. To a mixture of Ex 9-1 (100 mg, 0.202 mmol) and 2, 5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl octadecanoate (154.30 mg, 0.404 mmol) in DMF (3 mL) was added TEA (61.38 mg, 0.6066 mmol) . The reaction mixture was stirred at 40 ℃ for 12 hr and then concentrated to give 1- (1-oxo-1-phenyl-17-stearoyl-2, 5, 8, 11, 14-pentaoxa-17-azaicosan-20-yl) -1, 4-diazabicyclo [2.2.2] octan-1-ium trifluoro-acetate, Ex 9-2, (100 mg, yield: 61%) as a yellow oil. LCMS: m / z 760.6 [M] +.
[0340] Step 3. To a mixture of Ex 9-2 (90 mg, 0.118 mmol) in MeOH (5 mL) was added K2CO3 (32.6 mg, 0.23 mmol) . The reaction mixture was stirred at 25 ℃ for 12 hr and then filtered. The resulting mixture was concentrated and the residue was purified by HPLC to give 1- (1-hydroxy-15-stearoyl-3, 6, 9, 12-tetraoxa-15-azaoctadecan-18-yl) -1, 4-diazabicyclo [2.2.2] octan-1-ium trifluoro-acetate, Ex 9-3, (38 mg, yield: 50%) as a yellow oil. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) : 3.57-3.49 (m, 24H) , 3.48-3.43 (m, 4H) , 3.26-3.22 (m, 8H) , 2.34-2.30 (m, 2H) , 1.94-1.84 (m, 2H) , 1.52-1.43 (m, 2H) , 1.31-1.20 (m, 28H) , 0.85 (t, J = 6.4 Hz, 3H) .
[0341] Step 4. To a mixture of Ex 9-3 (101 mg, 0.15 mmol) in DCE (5 mL) was added SOCl2 (182.86 mg, 1.54 mmol) . The reaction mixture was stirred at 60 ℃ for 4 hr and then concentrated to give 1- (1-chloro-15-stearoyl-3, 6, 9, 12-tetraoxa-15-azaoctadecan-18-yl) -1, 4-diazabicyclo [2.2.2] octan-1-ium trifluoroacetate, Ex 9-4, (100 mg, yield: 61%) as a yellow oil. LCMS: m / z 674.6 [M] +.
[0342] Step 5. To a mixture of Int 4 (78 mg, 0.12 mmol) Ex 9-4 (99.45 mg, 0.15 mmol) in DMF (3.0 mL) was added Cs2CO3 (119 mg, 0.37 mmol) . The reaction mixture was stirred at 80 ℃ for 16 hr and then concentrated. The residue was diluted with H2O (10 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (20 mL x 3) . The organic layers were combined, dried with Na2SO4, filtrated and concentrated. The residue was purified by prep-TLC to give 1- (1- (1- ( (2S, 3S) -3- ( (tert-butyldimethylsilyl) oxy) -2- ( (2, 3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-yl) methyl) -3- (3, 5-dimethoxy-4-methyl phenyl) propyl) -4- (2-methoxy-2-oxoethyl) -1H-pyrrol-3-yl) -1-oxo-17-stearoyl-2, 5, 8, 11, 14-pentaoxa-17-azaicosan-20-yl) -1, 4-diazabicyclo [2.2.2] octan-1-ium trifluoroacetate, Ex 9-5, (86 mg, yield: 56%) as a yellow oil. LCMS: m / z 1274.8 [M] +.
[0343] Step 6. To a solution of Ex 9-5 (86 mg, 0.068 mmol) in MeOH / H2O (2 mL / 1mL) was added LiOH·H2O (14.16 mg, 0.34 mmol) . After stirring at 30 ℃ for 16 hr, the reaction mixture was acidified by HCl (1 N) until pH ~ 4 and concentrated to give 1- (1- (1- ( (2S, 3S) -3- ( (tert-butyldimethylsilyl) oxy) -2- ( (2, 3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-yl) methyl) -3- (3, 5-dimethoxy-4-methyl phenyl) propyl) -4- (carboxymethyl) -1H-pyrrol-3-yl) -1-oxo-17-stearoyl-2, 5, 8, 11, 14-pentaoxa-17-azaicosan-20-yl) -1, 4-diazabicyclo [2.2.2] octan-1-ium trifluoroacetate, Ex 9-6, (90 mg, crude) as a yellow oil. LCMS: m / z 630.5 [M / 2] +.
[0344] Step 7. To a solution of Ex 9-6 (90 mg, 0.07 mmol) in THF (2.0 mL) was added TBAF (0.4 mL, 0.35 mmol) . After stirring at 30 ℃ for 6 hr, the mixture was concentrated. The residue was purified by prep-TLC to give the crude product, which was further purified by HPLC to give 1- (1- (4- (carboxymethyl) -1- ( (2S, 3S) -2- ( (2, 3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-yl) methyl) -3- (3, 5-dimeth oxy-4-methylphenyl) -3-hydroxypropyl) -1H-pyrrol-3-yl) -1-oxo-17-stearoyl-2, 5, 8, 11, 14-penta oxa-17-azaicosan-20-yl) -1, 4-diazabicyclo [2.2.2] octan-1-ium trifluoroacetate, Example 9, (10 mg, yield: 10 %) as a yellow solid. LCMS: m / z 1145.5 [M] +. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) : 7.29 (s, 1H) , 7.10-7.03 (m, 4H) , 6.68 (s, 1H) , 6.59 (s, 2H) , 5.50 (br, 1H) , 4.42 (d, J = 6.0 Hz, 1H) , 4.17-4.16 (m, 2H) , 3.95-3.94 (m, 3H) , 3.76 (s, 6H) , 3.64 (t, J = 4.8 Hz, 2H) , 3.55 (m, 2H) , 3.52-3.15 (m, 16H) , 3.31-3.26 (m, 8H) , 3.16-3.12 (m, 2H) , 3.08-3.06 (m, 6H) , , 2.97-2.86 (m, 2H) , 2.49-2.39 (m, 1H) , 2.37-2.25 (m, 4H) , 2.15-2.11 (m, 1H) , 1.95 (s, 3H) , 1.94-1.85 (m, 2H) , 1.47-1.42 (m, 3H) , 1.26-1.18 (m, 29H) , 0.85 (t, J = 6.8 Hz, 3H) .
[0345] Examples 10 through 13 and Example 45, as listed in the following Table, were prepared according to procedures analogous to those described above for Example 9, substituting appropriate tosylate for 14- (tosyloxy) -3, 6, 9, 12-tetraoxatetradecyl benzoate in Step 1. Example 14
[0346] Step 1. To a solution of Intermediate 4 (150 mg, 0.2359 mmol) in DMF (5 mL) was added Cs2CO3 (230.6 mg, 0.7077 mmol) and 2- {2- [2- (2- { [ (4-methylbenzene) sulfonyl] oxy} ethoxy) ethoxy] ethoxy} ethyl 4-methylbenzenesulfonate (142.3 mg, 0.2831 mmol) . After stirring at 80 ℃ for 1 hr, the reaction mixture was quenched with water (20 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (20 mL x 2) . The organic layers were combined, washed with brine, dried with Na2SO4, and concentrated. The residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel to give 2- (2- (2- (2- (tosyloxy) ethoxy) ethoxy) ethoxy) ethyl 1- ( (2S, 3S) -3- ( (tert-butyldimethylsilyl) oxy) -2- ( (2, 3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-yl) methyl) -3- (3, 5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl) propyl) -4- (2-methoxy-2 -oxoethyl) -1H-pyrrole-3-carboxylate, Ex 14-1, (160 mg, yield: 59.6 %) as a yellow oil. LCMS: m / z 966.5 [M+H] +.
[0347] Step 2. To a solution of Ex 14-1 (130 mg, 0.1345 mmol) in DMF (5 mL) was added 1- (3-aminopropyl) -1, 4-diazabicyclo [2.2.2] octan-1-ium (34.4 mg, 0.2018 mmol) and DIPEA (52.2 mg, 0.4035 mmol) . After stirring at 60 ℃ for 16 hr, the reaction mixture was filtered. The filtrate was purified by HPLC to give 1- (1- (1- ( (2S, 3S) -3- ( (tert-butyldimethylsilyl) oxy) -2- ( (2, 3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-yl) methyl) -3- (3, 5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl) propyl) -4- (2-methoxy-2-oxoethyl) -1H-pyrrol-3-yl) -1-oxo-2, 5, 8, 11-tetraoxa-14-azaheptadecan-17-yl) -1, 4-diazabicyclo [2.2.2] octan-1-ium trifluoroacetate, Ex 14-2, (40 mg, yield: 27.8 %) as a colorless oil. LCMS: m / z 963.6 [M] +.
[0348] Step 3. To a solution of Ex 14-2 (50 mg, 0.0518 mmol) in DMF (3 mL) was added stearaldehyde (27.8 mg, 0.1036 mmol) and AcOH (0.2 mL) . The mixture was stirred at 30 ℃ for 1 hr, followed by addition of NaBH3CN (9.8 mg, 0.1554 mmol) . After stirring at 30 ℃ for 16 hr, the reaction mixture was filtered and the filtrate was purified by HPLC to give 1- (1- (1- ( (2S, 3S) -3- ( (tert-butyldimethylsilyl) oxy) -2- ( (2, 3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-yl) methyl) -3- (3, 5-di methoxy-4-methylphenyl) propyl) -4- (2-methoxy-2-oxoethyl) -1H-pyrrol-3-yl) -14-octadecyl-1-oxo-2, 5, 8, 11-tetraoxa-14-azaheptadecan-17-yl) -1, 4-diazabicyclo [2.2.2] octan-1-ium trifluoroacetate, Ex 14-3, (24 mg, yield: 30.9 %) as a yellow oil. LCMS: m / z 1215.9 [M] +.
[0349] Step 4. To a solution of Ex 14-3 (21 mg, 0.0173 mmol) in THF (0.5 mL) and EtOH (0.5 mL) was added NaOH aqueous solution (2 M, 0.14 mL) . After stirring at rt for 8 hr, the reaction mixture was acidified with 0.5 M HCl until pH ~ 4, extracted with EtOAc (15 mL x 3) . The organic layers were combined, washed with brine, dried with Na2SO4, and concentrated to give 1- (1- (1- ( (2S, 3S) -3- ( (tert-butyldimethylsilyl) oxy) -2- ( (2, 3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-yl) methyl) -3- (3, 5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl) propyl) -4- (carboxymethyl) -1H-pyrrol-3-yl) -14-octadecyl-1-oxo-2, 5, 8, 11-tetraoxa-14-azaheptadecan-17-yl) -1, 4-diazabicyclo [2.2.2] octan-1-ium trifluoroacetate, Ex 14-4 (16 mg, yield: 69.4 %) as a yellow oil, which was directly used in the next step. LCMS: m / z 1201.8 [M] +.
[0350] Step 5. To a solution of Ex 14-4 (16 mg, 0.0125 mmol) in THF (0.5 mL) was added TBAF (1 M, 0.08 mL, 0.075 mmol) . After stirring at rt for 16 hr, the reaction mixture was concentrated and the residue was purified by HPLC to give 1- (1- (4- (carboxymethyl) -1- ( (2S, 3S) -2- ( (2, 3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-yl) methyl) -3- (3, 5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl) -3-hydroxypropyl) -1H-pyrrol-3-yl) -14-octadecyl-1-oxo-2, 5, 8, 11-tetraoxa-14-azaheptadecan-17-yl) -1, 4-diazabicyclo [2.2.2] octan-1-ium trifluoroacetate, Example 14, (3 mg, yield: 20.8 %) as a yellow gum. LCMS: m / z 1087.5 [M] +. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) : δ = 9.63 (s, 1H) , 7.29 (s, 1H) , , 7.10-7.03 (m, 4H) , 6.68 (s, 1H) , 6.60 (s, 2H) , , 4.43 (d, J = 6.0 Hz, 1H) , 4.19-4.16 (m, 2H) , 3.95-3.94 (m, 2H) , 3.77 (s, 6H) , 3.74-3.72 (m, 2H) , 3.64 (t, J = 4.8Hz, 2H) , 3.56-3.51 (m, 8H) , 3.29-3.22 (m, 8H) , 3.18-3.08 (m, 2H) , 3.08-2.97 (m, 10H) , 2.79-2.87 (m, 2H) , 2.44-2.14 (m, 3H) , 2.07-1.96 (m, 4H) , 1.95 (s, 2H) , 1.58-1.46 (m, 2H) , 1.45-1.26 (m, 2H) , 1.26-1.24 (m, 30H) , 0.85 (t, J = 6.8 Hz, 3H) .
[0351] Examples 15 and 16, as listed in the following Table, were prepared according to procedures analogous to those described above for Example 14, substituting appropriate bis-tosylate for 2- {2- [2- (2- { [ (4-methylbenzene) sulfonyl] oxy} ethoxy) ethoxy] ethoxy} ethyl 4-methylbenzenesulfonate in Step 1. Example 17
[0352] Step 1. To a solution of Intermediate 6 (380 mg, 0.655 mmol) in DMF (5 mL) was added sodium hydride (34 mg, 0.852 mmol) at 0 ℃ and the mixture was stirred at the same temperature for 30 min. Then iodomethane (121 mg, 0.852 mmol) was added at 0 ℃, and the mixture was stirred at 30 ℃ for 4 h. The reaction mixture was quenched with water (20 mL) and extracted with EA (30 mL x 2) . The organic phase was combined, washed with brine, dried with Na2SO4, and concentrated. The residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (EA / PE = 4 / 1) to give (1- ( (2S, 3S) -3- ( (tert-butyldimethylsilyl) oxy) -2- ( (2, 3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-yl) methyl) -3- (3, 5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl) propyl) -4-(methoxymethyl) -1H-pyrrol -3-yl) methanol, Ex 17-1, (220 mg, yield: 50.9%) as a yellow oil. MS (ESI) m / z 616.4 [M+Na] +.
[0353] Step 2. To a solution of Ex 17-1 (220 mg, 0.370 mmol) in DCM (5 mL) was added Dess-Martin periodinane (189 mg, 0.445 mmol) and the mixture was stirred at 30 ℃for 1 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated and purified by column chromatography on silica gel (EA / PE = 4 / 1) to give 1- ( (2S, 3S) -3- ( (tert-butyldimethylsilyl) oxy) -2- ( (2, 3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-yl) methyl) -3- (3, 5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl) propyl) -4- (methoxymethyl) -1H-pyrrole-3-carbaldehyde, Ex 17-2, (202 mg, yield: 82.1 %) as a yellow oil. MS (ESI) m / z 614.4 [M+Na] +.
[0354] Step 3. To a mixture of tBuOK (84mg, 0.372 mmol) in DME (2 mL) was added TosMIC (73 mg, 0.372 mmol) in DME (2 mL) under N2 at -30 ℃. Then a solution of Ex 17-2 (200 mg, 0.338 mmol) in DME (2 mL) was added dropwise at -50 ℃ and the mixture was stirred at -50 ℃ for 1 h. Then MeOH (21.6 mg, 0.676 mmol) in DME (0.5 mL) was added and the mixture was stirred at 70 ℃ for 30 min. The reaction mixture was quenched with water (20 mL) and extracted with EA (30 mL x 2) . The organic phase was combined, washed with brine, dried with Na2SO4, and concentrated. The residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (EA / PE = 4 / 1) to give 2- (1- ( (2S, 3S) -3- ( (tert-butyldimethylsilyl) oxy) -2- ( (2, 3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-yl) methyl) -3- (3, 5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl) propyl) -4- (methoxymethyl) -1H-pyrrol -3-yl) acetonitrile, Ex 17-3, (50 mg, yield: 23.3%) as a yellow oil. MS (ESI) m / z 625.4 [M+H] +.
[0355] Step 4. To a solution of Ex 17-3 (40 mg, 0.0663 mmol) in EtOH (2 mL) and H2O (0.2 mL) was added KOH (74 mg, 1.326 mmol) . The mixture was stirred at 80 ℃ for 96 h. The reaction mixture was diluted with water, adjusted to pH = 6 with 0.5 M HCl, and extracted with EA. The organic phase was combined, dried with Na2SO4, and concentrated. The residue was purified by prep-HPLC to give 2- (1- ( (2S, 3S) -2- ( (2, 3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-yl) methyl) -3- (3, 5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl) -3-hydroxypropyl) -4- (methoxymethyl) -1H-pyrrol-3-yl) acetic acid, Example 17, (5 mg, yield: 11.8%) as a yellow solid. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) : δ = 7.12-7.07 (m, 4H) , 6.67-6.65 (m, 2H) , 6.48 (s, 2H) , 4.44 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H) , 4.40 (s, 2H) , 4.14-4.09 (m, 1H) , 4.00-3.96 (m, 1H) , 3.81 (s, 6H) , 3.52 (s, 2H) , 3.43 (s, 3H) , 2.98-2.90 (m, 2H) , 2.43-2.31 (m, 3H) , 2.12-2.00 (m, 5H) , 1.40-1.25 (m, 2H) . MS (ESI) m / z 506.2 [M-H] -. Example 18
[0356] Step 1. To a solution of 14-hydroxy-3, 6, 9, 12-tetraoxatetradecyl 4-methylbenzenesulfonate (2 g, 0.0051 mol) in DCM (20 mL) was added DHP (0.86 g, 0.0102 mol) and TsOH·H2O (0.1 g, 0.0005 mol) . The mixture was stirred at 30 ℃ for 8 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated and purified by column chromatography on silica gel (PE / EA = 1 / 1) to give 14- ( (tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl) oxy) -3, 6, 9, 12-tetraoxatetradecyl 4-methylbenzenesulfonate, Ex 18-1b, (1.40 g, yield: 51.0%) as a yellow oil. MS (ESI) m / z 494.2 [M+18] +.
[0357] Step 2. A mixture of Ex 18-1b (1.4 g, 0.0029 mol) and KI (0.96 g, 0.0058 mol) in ACN (20 mL) was stirred at 60 ℃ for 16 h. The reaction mixture was filtered, concentrated and purified by column chromatography on silica gel (PE / EA = 1 / 1) to give 2- ( (14-iodo-3, 6, 9,12-tetraoxatetradecyl) oxy) tetrahydro-2H-pyran, Ex 18-1, (1.2 g, yield: 86.2%) as a yellow oil. MS (ESI) m / z 455.1 [M+Na] +. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) : δ = 4.57 (t, J = 3.4 Hz, 1H) , 3.77-3.65 (m, 4H) , 3.57-3.40 (m, 16H) , 3.34-3.31 (m, 2H) , 1.69-1.58 (m, 2H) , 1.49-1.43 (m, 4H) .
[0358] Step 3. To a solution of Intermediate 6 (170 mg, 0.2932 mmol) in THF (8 mL) was added NaH (14 mg, 0.3518 mmol) at 0 ℃. The mixture was stirred at the same temperature for 30 min. Then Ex 18-1 (127 mg, 0.2932 mmol) was added and the mixture was stirred at 30 ℃ for 16 h. Then NaH (117 mg, 2.9320 mmol) was added and the mixture was stirred at 30 ℃ for 24 h. The reaction mixture was quenched with water (20 mL) at 0 ℃and extracted with EA (30 mL x 2) . The organic phase was combined, washed with brine, dried with Na2SO4, and concentrated. The residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (EA) to give (1- ( (2S, 3S) -3- ( (tert-butyldimethylsilyl) oxy) -2- ( (2, 3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-yl) methyl) -3- (3, 5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl) propyl) -4- (16- ( (tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl) oxy) -2, 5, 8, 11, 14-pentaoxahexadecyl) -1H-pyrrol-3-yl) methanol, Ex 18-2, (93 mg, yield: 35.9%) as a colorless gum. MS (ESI) m / z 906.5 [M+Na] +.
[0359] Step 4. To a solution of Ex 18-2 (93 mg, 0.1052 mmol) in DCM (3 mL) was added Dess-Martin periodinane (67 mg, 0.1578 mmol) and the mixture was stirred at 25 ℃for 1 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated and purified by column chromatography on silica gel (DCM / MeOH = 20 / 1) to give 1- ( (2S, 3S) -3- ( (tert-butyldimethylsilyl) oxy) -2- ( (2, 3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-yl) methyl) -3- (3, 5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl) propyl) -4- (16- ( (tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl) oxy) -2, 5, 8, 11, 14-pentaoxahexadecyl) -1H-pyrrole-3-carbaldehyde, Ex 18-3, (70 mg, yield: 75.4%) as a yellow gum. MS (ESI) m / z 904.5 [M+Na] +.
[0360] Step 5. To a mixture of tBuOK (17 mg, 0.1496 mmol) in DME (1 mL) was added a solution of TosMIC (15 mg, 0.0748 mmol) in DME (1 mL) under N2 at -30 ℃. A solution of Ex 18-3, (60 mg, 0.068 mmol) in DME (1 mL) was added at -50 ℃ and the mixture was stirred at -50 ℃ for 1 h. Then MeOH (4 mg, 0.136 mmol) in DME (0.5 mL) was added and the mixture was stirred at 70 ℃ for 20 min. The reaction mixture was quenched with water (20 mL) and extracted with EA (20 mL x 2) . The organic phase was combined, washed with brine, dried with Na2SO4, and concentrated. The residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (DCM / MeOH = 30 / 1) to give 2- (1- ( (2S, 3S) -3- ( (tert-butyldimethylsilyl) oxy) -2- ( (2, 3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-yl) methyl) -3- (3, 5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl) propyl) -4- (16- ( (tetrahydro -2H-pyran-2-yl) oxy) -2, 5, 8, 11, 14-pentaoxahexadecyl) -1H-pyrrol-3-yl) acetonitrile, Ex 18-4, (32 mg, yield: 52.7%) as a yellow gum. MS (ESI) m / z 915.5 [M+Na] +.
[0361] Step 6. To a solution of Ex 18-4 (28 mg, 0.032 mmol) in EtOH (2 mL) and H2O (0.2 mL) was added NaOH (12 mg, 0.32 mmol) . The mixture was stirred at 80 ℃ for 24 h. The reaction mixture was diluted with water, adjusted to pH = 6 with 0.5 M HCl, and extracted with EA (10 mL x 2) . The organic phase was combined, dried with Na2SO4, and concentrated to give 2- (1- ( (2S, 3S) -3- ( (tert-butyldimethylsilyl) oxy) -2- ( (2, 3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-yl) methyl) -3- (3, 5-di methoxy-4-methylphenyl) propyl) -4- (16- ( (tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl) oxy) -2, 5, 8, 11, 14-penta oxahexadecyl) -1H-pyrrol-3-yl) acetic acid, Ex 18-5, (12 mg, yield: 42.0%) as a yellow gum. MS (ESI) m / z 929.5 [M+18] +.
[0362] Step 7. To a solution of Ex18-5 (12 mg, 0.0132 mmol) in DMF (2 mL) was added CsF (20 mg, 0.132 mmol) . The mixture was stirred at 80 ℃ for 1 h. The reaction mixture was filtered and purified by prep-HPLC to give 2- (1- ( (2S, 3S) -2- ( (2, 3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-yl) methyl) -3- (3, 5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl) -3-hydroxypropyl) -4- (16- ( (tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl) oxy) -2, 5, 8, 11, 14-pentaoxahexadecyl) -1H-pyrrol-3-yl) acetic acid, Example 18, (3 mg, yield: 28.8%) as a white solid. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) : δ = 7.06-7.00 (m, 4H) , 6.59-6.56 (m, 2H) , 6.42 (s, 2H) , 4.55 (t, 1H) , 4.39-4.36 (m, 3H) , 4.07-4.04 (m, 1H) , 3.90-3.87 (m, 1H) , 3.81-3.74 (m, 8H) , 3.60-3.49 (m, 20H) , 3.45-3.41 (m, 3H) , 2.90-2.84 (m, 2H) , 2.36-2.24 (m, 3H) , 2.05-1.96 (m, 1H) , 2.02 (s, 3H) , 1.55-1.42 (m, 6H) , 1.32-1.19 (m, 2H) . MS (ESI) m / z 796.3 [M-H] -. Example 19
[0363] Step 1. A mixture of Intermediate 7 (200 mg, 0.32 mmol) and 1H-pyrrole-3-carbaldehyde (61 mg, 0.64 mmol) and Cs2CO3 (209 mg, 0.64 mmol) in DMF (8 mL) was heated at 80 ℃ for 4 h. The mixture was cooled, diluted with water (20 mL) , extracted with EA (30 mL x 3) , dried and concentrated. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (10%EA in PE) to give 1- ( (2S, 3S) -3- ( (tert-butyldimethylsilyl) oxy) -2- ( (2, 3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-yl) methyl) -3- (3, 5-di methoxy-4-methylphenyl) propyl) -1H-pyrrole-3-carbaldehyde, Ex 19-1, (170 mg, yield: 96.9%) as a yellow solid. MS (ESI) m / z 570.3 [M+Na] +
[0364] Step 2. To a mixture of Ex 19-1 (80 mg, 0.146 mmol) and 3-methoxy-3-oxopropanoic acid (21 mg, 0.175 mmol) in pyridine (5 mL) was added piperidine (4 mg, 0.044 mmol) . After addition the resulting mixture was heated at 70 ℃ for 16 h. The mixture was diluted with water (20 mL) , extracted with EA (30 mL x 3) . The organic phase was combined, dried and concentrated. The residue was purified by pre-TLC (PE / EA =3: 1) to give methyl 3- (1- ( (2S, 3S) -3- ( (tert-butyldimethylsilyl) oxy) -2- ( (2, 3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-yl) methyl) -3- (3, 5-dimethoxy-4-methyl phenyl) propyl) -1H-pyrrol-3-yl) acrylate, Ex 19-2, (70 mg, yield: 79.4%) as a yellow gum. MS (ESI) m / z 604.3 [M+H] +
[0365] Step 3. A flask charged with Ex 19-2 (70 mg, 0.116 mmol) and Pd / C (~15 mg, 20%w.t. ) in MeOH (10 mL) was degassed and filled with hydrogen using a balloon. The resulting mixture was then hydrogenated at 20 ℃ for 16 h. The reaction mixture was filtered over celite and the filter cake was washed with MeOH (15) and EA (15 ml x 2) . The organic phase was combined, dried and concentrated to give crude methyl 3- (1- ( (2S, 3S) -3- ( (tert-butyldimethylsilyl) oxy) -2- ( (2, 3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-yl) methyl) -3- (3, 5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl) propyl) -1H-pyrrol-3-yl) propanoate, Ex 19-3, (crude, 70 mg) as a white gum. MS (ESI) m / z 628.3 [M+Na] +.
[0366] Step 4. A mixture of Ex 19-3 (crude, 70 mg, 0.115 mmol) and CsF (176 mg, 1.155 mmol) in DMF (5 mL) was heated at 80 ℃ for 0.5 h. The reaction mixture was filtered and the filter cake was washed with MeOH (5 mL x 3) . The organic phase was combined and concentrated over vacuum to give crude methyl 3- (1- ( (2S, 3S) -2- ( (2, 3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-yl) methyl) -3- (3, 5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl) -3-hydroxypropyl) -1H-pyrrol-3-yl) propanoate, Ex 19-4, (crude, 60 mg) as a yellow gum, which was directly used in the next step. MS (ESI) m / z 514.3 [M+Na] +.
[0367] Step 5. A mixture of methyl Ex 19-4 (crude, 60 mg 0.115 mmol) and LiOH·H2O (15 mg, 0.366 mmol) in MeOH / THF / H2O (2 mL / 2 mL / 1 mL) was stirred for 16 h at 20 ℃. Solvent was removed to give a residue. The residue was purified by prep-HPLC to give 3- (1- ( (2S, 3S) -2- ( (2, 3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-yl) methyl) -3- (3, 5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl) -3-hydroxypropyl) -1H-pyrrol-3-yl) propanoic acid, Example 19, (22 mg, yield: 40.1%over 3 steps) as a white solid. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) : δ = 7.13-7.07 (m, 4H) , 6.58 (t, J = 2.4 Hz, 1H) , 6.50-6.48 (m, 3H) , 5.97 (t, J = 2.4 Hz, 1H) , 4.44 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 1H) , 4.13-4.08 (m, 1H) , 4.01-3.97 (m, 1H) , 3.81 (s, 6H) , 2.96-2.91 (m, 2H) , 2.80-2.76 (m, 2H) , 2.61-2.55 (m, 2 H) , 2.41-2.31 (m, 3H) , 2.14-2.10 (m, 1H) , 2.06 (s, 3H) , 1.38-1.35 (m, 2H) . MS (ESI) m / z 500.3 [M+Na] +. Example 20
[0368] To a solution of Ex 14-2 (20 mg, 0.021 mmol) in DMF (2 mL) was added CsF (63 mg, 0.414 mmol) and the mixture was stirred at 80 ℃ for 2 h. Then EtOH (0.5 mL) and NaOH aqueous solution (2 M, 0.15 mL) were added, and the mixture was stirred at 30 ℃ for 4 h. The reaction mixture was filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified by prep-HPLC to give 1- (1- (4- (carboxymethyl) -1- ( (2S, 3S) -2- ( (2, 3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-yl) methyl) -3-(3,5-dimethoxy-4-methyl phenyl) -3-hydroxypropyl) -1H-pyrrol-3-yl) -1-oxo-2, 5, 8, 11-tetraoxa -14-azaheptadecan -17-yl) -1, 4-diazabicyclo [2.2.2] octan-1-ium, Example 20, (6 mg, yield: 36.2%) as a white solid. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) : δ = 8.75 (br, 1H) , 7.31 (d, J = 2.4 Hz, 1H) , 7.11-7.04 (m, 4H) , 6.68 (d, J = 2.0 Hz, 1H) , 6.60 (s, 2H) , 4.42 (d, J = 6.4 Hz, 1H) , 4.18 (dd, J = 4.4, 7.6 Hz, 2H) , 3.96-3.94 (m, 2H) , 3.77 (s, 6H) , 3.67-3.63 (m, 2H) , 3.58-3.53 (m, 12H) , 3.30-3.25 (m, 8H) , 3.13-3.06 (m, 8H) , 2.99-2.67 (m, 3H) , 2.40-2.30 (m, 3H) , 2.25-1.98 (m, 3H) , 1.96 (s, 3H) , 1.49-1.42 (m, 1H) , 1.24-1.16 (m, 1H) . MS (ESI) m / z 835.6 [M] +. Example 21
[0369] Step 1. To a mixture of 14- (tosyloxy) -3, 6, 9, 12-tetraoxatetradecyl benzoate, Ex 21-1, (6.5 g, 13.1 mmol) and 2- (trimethylsilyl) ethyl piperazine-1-carboxylate Ex 21-2, (3.0 g, 13.1 mmol) in DMF (50 mL) was added DIEA (5.1 g, 39.3 mmol) . The reaction was stirred at 60 ℃ for 14 hrs. The mixture was concentrated and the residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (DCM / MeOH = 30 / 1) to give 2- (trimethylsilyl) ethyl 4- (1-oxo-1-phenyl-2, 5, 8, 11, 14-pentaoxahexadecan-16-yl) piperazine-1-carboxylate, Ex 21-3, (4.1 g, yield: 56.8%) as a yellow oil. MS (ESI) m / z 555.4 [M+H] +.
[0370] Step 2. A mixture of Ex 21-3 (1.9 g, 3.4 mmol) and 1-bromooctadecane (11.3 g, 34 mmol) was stirred at 100 ℃ for 2 days. The reaction mixture was concentrated and purified by silica gel column chromatography (DCM / MeOH = 20 / 1) to give 1-octadecyl-1- (1-oxo-1-phenyl-2, 5, 8, 11, 14-pentaoxahexadecan-16-yl) -4- ( (2- (trimethylsilyl) ethoxy) carbonyl) piperazin-1-ium trifluoroacetate, Ex 21-4, (0.77 g, yield: 28.5%) as a yellow oil. MS (ESI) m / z 807.6 [M] +.
[0371] Step 3. To a solution of Ex 21-4 (770 mg, 0.95 mmol) in MeOH (5 mL) was added K2CO3 (263 mg, 1.9 mmol) . The reaction mixture was stirred at 30 ℃ for 1 hours. The mixture was filtered and the residue was purified by prep-HPLC to give 1- (14-hydroxy-3, 6, 9, 12-tetraoxatetradecyl) -1-octadecyl-4- ( (2- (trimethylsilyl) ethoxy) carbonyl) piperazin-1-ium trifluoroacetate, Ex 21-5, (240 mg, 80%) as a yellow oil. MS (ESI) m / z 703.7 [M] +.
[0372] Step 4. To a mixture of Ex 21-5 (240 mg, 0.34 mmol) in DCE (5.0 mL) was added SOCl2 (404.6 mg, 3.4 mmol) . The reaction mixture was stirred at 60 ℃ for 1 hours. The mixture was concentrated to give 1- (14-chloro-3, 6, 9, 12-tetraoxa tetradecyl) -1-octadecyl-4- ( (2- (trimethyl silyl) ethoxy) carbonyl) piperazin-1-ium trifluoroacetate, Ex 21-6, (120 mg, yield: 48.9%) as a yellow oil. MS (ESI) m / z 721.6 [M] +.
[0373] Step 5. To a mixture of Intermediate 4 (101.6 mg, 0.16 mmol) and Ex 21-6 (120 mg, 0.16 mmol) in DMF (5.0 mL) was added Cs2CO3 (103.4 mg, 0.32 mmol) . The reaction mixture was stirred at 80 ℃ for 16 hrs. DMF was removed and the residue was purified by prep-TLC to give 1- (1- (1- ( (2S, 3S) -3- ( (tert-butyldimethylsilyl) oxy) -2- ( (2, 3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-yl) methyl) -3- (3, 5-dimethoxy-4-methyl phenyl) propyl) -4- (2-methoxy-2-oxoethyl) -1H-pyrrol-3-yl) -1-oxo -2, 5, 8, 11, 14-pentaoxahexadecan-16-yl) -1-octadecyl-4- ( (2- (trimethylsilyl) ethoxy) carbonyl) -1λ4-piperazin-2-ylium trifluoroacetate, Ex 21-7, (54 mg, yield: 25.6%) as a yellow oil. MS (ESI) m / z 1321.0 [M] +.
[0374] Step 6. To a solution of Ex 21-7 (54 mg, 0.04 mmol) in DMF (2.0 mL) was added CsF (60.8 mg, 0.4 mmol) . The mixture reaction was stirred 80 ℃ for 1 hours. The reaction mixture was concentrated to give 1- (1- (1- ( (2S, 3S) -2- ( (2, 3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-yl) methyl) -3- (3, 5-di methoxy-4-methylphenyl) -3-hydroxypropyl) -4- (2-methoxy-2-oxoethyl) -1H-pyrrol-3-yl) -1-oxo-2, 5, 8, 11, 14-pentaoxahexadecan-16-yl) -1-octa-decyl-1λ4-piperazin-2-ylium trifluoroacetate, Ex 21-8, (50 mg, crude) as a yellow oil. MS (ESI) m / z 1062.8 [M] +.
[0375] Step 7. To a mixture of Ex 21-8 (50 mg, 0.05 mmol) in EtOH (3.0 mL) was added LiOH·H2O (0.25 mL, 1N) . The mixture reaction was stirred at 25 ℃ for 4 hrs. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and further purified by prep-HPLC to give 1- (1- (4- (carboxymethyl) -1- ( (2S, 3S) -2- ( (2, 3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-yl) methyl) -3- (3, 5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl) -3-hydroxypropyl) -1H-pyrrol-3-yl) -1-oxo-2, 5, 8, 11, 14-pentaoxahexadecan-16-yl) -1-octadecyl-1λ4-piperazin-2-ylium trifluoroacetate, Example 21, (13 mg, yield: 25%) as a yellow solid. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) : δ = 9.37 (br, 1H) , 7.29 (s, 1H) , 7.28-7.04 (m, 4H) , 6.68 (s, 1H) , 6.59 (s, 2H) , 5.50 (br, 1H) , 4.43 (d, J = 6.0 Hz, 1H) , 4.18-4.15 (m, 2H) , 3.94-3.93 (m, 2H) , 3.81 (m, 2H) , 3.76 (s, 6H) , 3.76-3.73 (br, 2H) , 3.64 (t, J = 4.8Hz, 2H) , 3.60-3.48 (m, 24H) , 2.97-2.86 (m, 2H) , 2.43-2.35 (m, 1H) , 2.37-2.25 (m, 2H) , 2.15-2.11 (m, 1H) , 1.96 (s, 3H) , 1.62-1.50 (m, 2H) , 1.43-1.27 (m, 1H) , 1.22 (m, 29H) , 0.85 (t, J = 6.8 Hz, 3H) . MS (ESI) m / z 1048.8 [M] +. Example 22
[0376] Step 1. To a solution of 1H-imidazole (0.69 g, 10.2 mmol) in DMF (50 mL) was added NaH (0.41 g, 10.2 mol) at 0 ℃ and the mixture was stirred at 0 ℃ for 30 min. Then 20- (tosyloxy) -3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18-hexaoxaicosyl benzoate, Ex 22-1, (4 g, 6.8 mol) was added and the mixture was stirred at 25 ℃ for 3 h. The reaction mixture was diluted with water (100 mL) and extracted with EA (100 mL x 3) . The organic phase was combined, washed with brine, dried with Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated. The residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (DCM / MeOH = 10 / 1) to give 20- (1H-imidazol-1-yl) -3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18-hexaoxaicosyl benzoate, Ex 22-2, (1.50 g, yield: 45.6 %) as a yellow oil. MS (ESI) m / z 481.4 [M+H] +.
[0377] Step 2. To a solution of Ex 22-2 (500 mg, 1.04 mmol) in ACN (0.5 mL) was added 1-bromooctadecane (1.73 g, 5.20 mmol) , and the mixture was stirred at 90 ℃ for 16 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated and purified by column chromatography on silica gel (DCM / MeOH = 10 / 1) to give 1-octadecyl-3- (1-oxo-1-phenyl-2, 5, 8, 11, 14, 17, 20-heptaoxa docosan-22-yl) -1H-imidazol-3-ium bromide, Ex 22-3, (420 mg, yield: 54.9%) as a yellow oil. MS (ESI) m / z 733.5 [M] +.
[0378] Step 3. To a solution of Ex 22-3 (420 mg, 0.57 mmol) in MeOH (10 mL) was added K2CO3 (237 mg, 1.72 mmol) . The mixture was stirred at 25 ℃ for 2 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated and purified by column chromatography on silica gel (DCM / MeOH = 10 / 1) to give 3- (20-hydroxy-3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18-hexaoxaicosyl) -1-octadecyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium bromide, Ex 22-4, (285 mg, yield: 79.1%) as a yellow oil. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) : δ = 9.14 (s, 1H) , 7.80-7.76 (m, 2H) , 4.57 (t, J = 5.6 Hz, 1H) , 4.35 (t, J =4.8 Hz, 2H) , 4.19-4.16 (m, 2H) , 3.79-3.77 (m, 2H) , 3.56-3.46 (m, 21H) , 3.42-3.39 (m, 2H) , 1.80-1.76 (m, 2H) , 1.23 (s, 29H) , 0.87-0.84 (m, 3H) . MS (ESI) m / z 629.5 [M+H] +.
[0379] Step 4. To a solution of Ex 22-4 (600 mg, 0.95 mmol) in DCM (10 mL) was added TEA (289 mg, 2.85 mmol) , DMAP (23 mg, 0.19 mmol) and TsCl (272 mg, 1.43 mmol) . The mixture was stirred at 25 ℃ for 16 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated and purified by column chromatography on silica gel (DCM / MeOH=10 / 1) to give 1-octadecyl-3- (20- (tosyloxy) -3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18-hexaoxaicosyl) -1H-imidazol-3-ium chloride, Ex 22-5, (290 mg, yield: 38.8%) as a yellow oil. MS (ESI) m / z 783.5 [M] +.
[0380] Step 5. To a solution of Ex 22-5 (120 mg, 0.153 mmol) in DMF (2 mL) was added Intermediate 4 (97 mg, 0.153 mmol) and Cs2CO3 (160 mg, 0.4590 mmol) . The mixture was stirred at 80 ℃ for 1 h. The reaction mixture was diluted with water (20 mL) and extracted with EA (20 mL x 3) . The organic phase was combined, washed with brine, dried with Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated. The residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (DCM / MeOH = 10 / 1) to give 3- (1- (1- ( (2S, 3S) -3- ( (tert-butyldimethylsilyl) oxy) -2- ( (2, 3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-yl) methyl) -3- (3, 5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl) propyl) -4- (2-methoxy-2-oxoethyl) -1H-pyrrol-3-yl) -1-oxo-2, 5, 8, 11, 14, 17, 20-heptaoxadocosan-22-yl) -1-octadecyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium chloride, Ex 22-6, (85 mg, yield: 44.5%) as a yellow oil. MS (ESI) m / z 1246.7 [M] +.
[0381] Step 6. To a solution of Ex 22-6 (85 mg, 0.068 mmol) in DMF (2 mL) was added CsF (103 mg, 0.681 mmol) . The mixture was stirred at 80 ℃ for 1 h. The reaction mixture was diluted with water (20 mL) and extracted with EA (20 mL x 3) . The organic phase was combined, washed with brine, dried with Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated to give 3- (1- (1- ( (2S, 3S) -2- ( (2, 3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-yl) methyl) -3- (3, 5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl) -3-hydroxypropyl) -4- (2-methoxy-2-oxoethyl) -1H-pyrrol-3-yl) -1-oxo-2, 5, 8, 11, 14, 17, 20-heptaoxadocosan-22-yl) -1-octadecyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium chloride, Ex 22-7, (71 mg, crude) as a yellow oil. MS (ESI) m / z 1132.7 [M] +.
[0382] Step 7. To a solution of Ex 22-7 (71 mg, 0.063 mmol) in EtOH (2 mL) was added NaOH (0.13 mL, 2 M in H2O) . The mixture was stirred at 25 ℃ for 5 h. The reaction mixture was diluted with water (20 mL) , adjusted to pH = 5 with 0.5 M HCl, and extracted with EA (20 mL x 3) . The organic phase was washed with brine, dried with Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated. The residue was purified by prep-HPLC to give 3- (1- (4- (carboxymethyl) -1- ( (2S, 3S) -2- ( (2, 3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-yl) methyl) -3- (3, 5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl) -3-hydroxypropyl) -1H-pyrrol-3-yl) -1-oxo-2, 5, 8, 11, 14, 17, 20-heptaoxadocosan-22-yl) -1-octadecyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate, Example 22, (15 mg, yield: 21.4%) as a yellow gum. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) : δ = 11.94 (br, 1H) , 9.11 (s, 1H) , 7.78-7.74 (m, 2H) , 7.29 (s, 1H) , 7.19-7.03 (m, 4H) , 6.68 (s, 1H) , 6.59 (s, 2H) , 4.42 (d, J = 6.0 Hz, 1H) , 4.33 (t, J = 4.8 Hz, 2H) , 4.20-4.13 (m, 4H) , 3.98-3.92 (m, 2H) , 3.76 (s, 6H) , 3.65-3.28 (m, 24H) , 2.97-2.86 (m, 2H) , 2.43-2.23 (m, 3H) , 2.15-2.11 (m, 1H) , 1.95 (s, 3H) , 1.80-1.73 (m, 2H) , 1.48-1.42 (m, 1H) , 1.22 (s, 31H) , 0.86-0.83 (m, 3H) . MS (ESI) m / z 1118.6 [M] +.
[0383] Examples 46, 57, 60 and 63, as listed in the following Table, were prepared according to procedures analogous to those described above for Example 22, substituting appropriate PEG benzoate in Step 1. Example 23
[0384] Step 1. To a mixture of 3- (1H-imidazol-1-yl) propan-1-amine (300 mg, 2.4 mmol) and 20- (tosyloxy) -3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18-hexaoxaicosyl benzoate (1.169 g, 2 mmol) in DMF (20 mL) was added DIEA (774 mg, 6 mmol mmol) . The mixture reaction was stirred at 60 ℃ for 16 hrs. The reaction mixture was purified through a reverse-phase chromatography column using a 0%-50%acetonitrile in water (0.1%TFA) gradient to afford 24- (1H-imidazol-1-yl) -3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18-hexaoxa-21-azatetracosyl benzoate, Ex 23-2, (1.0 g, yield: 77.5%) as a colorless oil. MS (ESI) m / z 538.3 [M+H] +.
[0385] Step 2. To a mixture of Ex 23-2 (1 g, 1.8599 mmol) and 2, 5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl stearate (852 mg, 2.2319 mmol) in DMF (20 mL) was added DIEA (720 mg, 5.5797 mmol) . The mixture was stirred at 40 ℃ for 16h. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure to afford the crude product. The crude product was purified by silica-gel column chromatography column eluting with MeOH in DCM (from 0%to 10%) to afford 21- (3- (1H-imidazol-1-yl) propyl) -22-oxo-3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18-hexaoxa-21-azanonatriacontyl benzoate, Ex 23-3, (1.15 g, yield: 77.2%) as a colorless oil. MS (ESI) m / z 804.5 [M+H] +.
[0386] Step 3. To a mixture of Ex 23-3 (1.15 g, 1.4303 mmol) in ACN (10 mL) was added MeI (2.031 g, 14.303 mmol) . The mixture reaction was stirred at 70℃ for 16 hrs. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure to afford the crude product 3-methyl-1- (1-oxo-1-phenyl-23-stearoyl-2, 5, 8, 11, 14, 17, 20-heptaoxa-23-azahexacosan-26-yl) -1H-imidazol-3-ium iodide, Ex 23-4, (1.2 g, crude) as a brown oil. MS (ESI) m / z 818.5 [M] +.
[0387] Step 4. To a mixture of Ex 23-4 (1.2 g, crude) in MeOH (10 mL) was added K2CO3 (395 mg, 2.8606 mmol) . The reaction mixture was stirred at 25℃ for 2h. The mixture was filtered and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to afford the crude product. The produce was further purified through a reverse-phase chromatography column using a 30%-80%acetonitrile in water (0.1%TFA) gradient to afford 1- (1-hydroxy-21-stearoyl-3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18-hexaoxa-21-azatetracosan-24-yl) -3-methyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate, Ex 23-5, (458 mg, yield of two steps: 44.8%) as a yellow oil. MS (ESI) m / z 714.5 [M] +.
[0388] Step 5. To a mixture of Ex 23-5 (280 mg, 0.3916 mmol) in DCE (10 mL) was added SOCl2 (466 mg, 3.916 mmol) dropwise. The reaction mixture was stirred at 60℃ for 2h. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure to afford the crude product. The produce was further purified through a reverse-phase chromatography using a 30%-90%acetonitrile in water (0.1%TFA) gradient to afford 1- (1-chloro-21-stearoyl-3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18-hexaoxa-21-azatetracosan-24-yl) -3-methyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate, Ex 23-6, (187 mg, yield: 65.2%) as a brown oil. MS (ESI) m / z 732.5 [M] +.
[0389] Step 6. To a mixture of Ex 23-6 (80 mg, 0.1090 mmol) and Intermediate 4 (69 mg, 0.1090 mmol) in DMF (20 mL) was added Cs2CO3 (107 mg, 0.327 mmol) and KI (18 mg, 0.1090 mmol) . The mixture reaction was stirred at 80℃ for 16 hrs. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure to afford the crude product. The produce was further purified by prep-TLC with DCM / MeOH=10 / 1 to afford 1- (1- (1- ( (2S, 3S) -3- ( (tert-butyldimethylsilyl) oxy) -2- ( (2, 3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-yl) methyl) -3- (3, 5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl) propyl) -4- (2-methoxy-2-oxoethyl) -1H-pyrrol-3-yl) -1-oxo-23-stearoyl-2, 5, 8, 11, 14, 17, 20-heptaoxa-23-azahexacosan-26-yl) -3-methyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate, Ex 23-7, (44 mg, yield: 30.3%) as a yellow oil. MS (ESI) m / z 1331.8 [M] +.
[0390] Step 7. To a mixture of Ex 23-7 (44 mg, 0.0330 mmol) in THF (5 mL) was added LiOH·H2O (0.17 mL, 0.1650 mmol, 1M in water) . The mixture reaction was stirred at 50℃for 8 hrs. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure to afford the crude product 1- (1- (1- ( (2S, 3S) -3- ( (tert-butyldimethylsilyl) oxy) -2- ( (2, 3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-yl) methyl) -3- (3, 5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl) propyl) -4- (carboxymethyl) -1H-pyrrol-3-yl) -1-oxo-23-stearoyl-2, 5, 8, 11, 14, 17, 20-heptaoxa-23-azahex-acosan-26-yl) -3-methyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate, Ex 23-8, (50 mg, crude) as a brown oil. MS (ESI) m / z 1317.8 [M] +.
[0391] Step 8. To a mixture of Ex 23-8 (50 mg, crude) in THF (5 mL) was added TBAF (0.17 mL, 0.1650 mmol, 1 M in THF) . The mixture reaction was stirred at 50 ℃ for 2 hrs. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and further purified by prep-HPLC to afford 1- (1- (4- (carboxymethyl) -1- ( (2S, 3S) -2- ( (2, 3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-yl) methyl) -3- (3, 5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl) -3-hydroxypropyl) -1H-pyrrol-3-yl) -1-oxo-23-stearoyl-2, 5, 8, 11, 14, 17, 20-hepta oxa-23-azahexacosan-26-yl) -3-methyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate, Example 23, (6.1 mg, yield of two steps: 15.3%) as a yellow solid. MS (ESI) m / z 1204.7 [M+H] +. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) : δ = 11.88 (brs, 1H) , 9.08 (s, 1H) , 7.77 (d, J = 6.0 Hz, 1H) , 7.70 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H) , 7.29 (d, J = 2.4 Hz, 1H) , 7.10-7.02 (m, 4H) , 6.68 (d, J = 2.0 Hz, 1H) , 6.59 (s, 2H) , 5.50 (brs, 1H) , 4.41 (d, J = 6.0 Hz, 1H) , 4.17-4.08 (m, 4H) , 3.94 (s, 2H) , 3.84 (s, 3H) , 3.76 (s, 6H) , 3.64-3.29 (m, 30H) , 2.96-2.86 (m, 2H) , 2.38-2.15 (m, 6H) , 2.13-1.95 (m, 5H) , 1.48-1.42 (m, 3H) , 1.30-1.22 (m, 29H) , 0.86-0.83 (m, 3H) . Example 24
[0392] Step 1. To a solution of Intermediate 5 (30 mg, 0.0416 mmol) in DMF (1 mL) was added HATU (31.6 mg, 0.0832 mmol) , TEA (12.6 mg, 0.1248 mmol) and butan-1-amine (6.1 mg, 0.0832 mmol) . After stirring at rt for 2 hr, the reaction mixture was diluted with water (10 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (10 mL) . The organic layer was washed with brine, dried with Na2SO4, and concentrated to give crude 2- (trimethylsilyl) ethyl 2- (4- (butylcarbamoyl) -1- ( (2S, 3S) -3- ( (tert-butyldimethylsilyl) oxy) -2- ( (2, 3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-yl) methyl) -3- (3, 5-di methoxy-4-methylphenyl) propyl) -1H-pyrrol-3-yl) acetate, Ex 24-1, (25 mg, yield: 77.4%) as a colorless oil, which was directly used in the next step. LCMS: m / z 777.5 [M+H] +.
[0393] Step 2. To a solution of Ex 24-1 (25 mg, 0.0322 mmol) in THF (0.5 mL) was added TBAF (1 M, 0.5 mL) . After stirring at rt for 4 hr, the reaction mixture was diluted with 0.5 M HCl (5 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (10 mL x 3) . The organic layers were combined, dried with Na2SO4, and concentrated. The residue was purified by HPLC to give 2- (trimethylsilyl) ethyl 2- (4- (butylcarbamoyl) -1- ( (2S, 3S) -2- ( (2, 3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-yl) methyl) -3- (3, 5-dimethoxy-4-methyl phenyl) -3-hydroxypropyl) -1H-pyrrol-3-yl) acetate, Example 24, (5 mg, yield: 27.6%) as a white solid. LCMS: m / z 563.2 [M+H] +. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) : δ = 7.12-7.08 (m, 4H) , 6.99 (s, 1H) , 6.63 (s, 1H) , 6.47 (s, 2H) , 4.36 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H) , 4.22-4.17 (m, 1H) , 3.98-3.94 (m, 1H) , 3.80 (s, 6H) , 3.58 (s, 2H) , 3.42-3.36 (m, 2H) , 2.97-2.90 (m, 2H) , 2.46-2.32 (m, 3H) , 2.09-2.05 (m, 1H) , 2.05 (s, 3H) , 1.61-1.54 (m, 2H) , 1.43-1.33 (m, 2H) , 0.98-0.93 (m, 3H) . Example 25
[0394] Example 25 was prepared according to procedures analogous to those described above for Example 24, substituting 2- (2-methoxyethoxy) ethan-1-amine for butan-1-amine in Step 1. LCMS: m / z 609.2 [M+H] +. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) : δ = 7.13-7.08 (m, 4H) , 6.72 (s, 1H) , 6.66 (s, 1H) , 6.48 (s, 2H) , 4.34 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H) , 4.27-4.22 (m, 1H) , 4.01-3.97 (m, 1H) , 3.82 (s, 6H) , 3.58 -3.62 (m, 8H) , 3.56-3.54 (m, 2H) , 3.34 (s, 3H) , 3.00-2.91 (m, 2H) , 2.46-2.32 (m, 3H) , 2.10-2.06 (m, 1H) , 2.06 (s, 3H) , 1.36-1.25 (m, 2H) . Example 26
[0395] Step 1. To a solution of Intermediate 5 (60 mg, 0.083 mmol) in DCM (2 mL) was added oxalyl chloride (13 mg, 0.099 mmol) and DMF (1 drop) . The mixture was stirred at 30 ℃ for 2 h. After TLC showed the reaction completed, the mixture was concentrated to give 2- (trimethylsilyl) ethyl 2- (1- ( (2S, 3S) -3- ( (tert-butyldimethylsilyl) oxy) -2- ( (2, 3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-yl) methyl) -3- (3, 5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl) propyl) -4- (chlorocarbonyl) -1H-pyrrol-3-yl) acetate, Ex 26-1, (crude) as a yellow gum, which was directly used in the next step. MS (ESI) m / z 758.4 [M+Na] +.
[0396] Step 2. To a solution of 2, 2-dimethyl-4-oxo-3, 8, 11, 14-tetraoxa-5-azahexadecan-16-yl 4-methylbenzenesulfonate (500 mg, 1.1172 mmol) in DMF (5 mL) was added 1- (3-aminopropyl) -1, 4-diazabicyclo [2.2.2] octan-1-ium (228 mg, 1.3406 mmol) and TEA (339 mg, 3.3516 mmol) . The mixture was stirred at 30 ℃ for 16 h. Then 2, 5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl stearate (308 mg, 0.8078 mmol) was added, and the mixture was stirred at 30 ℃ for 16 h. The reaction mixture was filtered and purified by pre-HPLC to give 1- (2, 2-dimethyl-4-oxo-17-stearoyl-3, 8, 11, 14-tetraoxa-5, 17-diazaicosan-20-yl) -1, 4-diazabicyclo [2.2.2] octan-1-ium trifluoroacetate, Ex 26-2, (118 mg, yield: 22.2%) as a yellow oil. MS (ESI) m / z 711.6 [M] +.
[0397] Step 3. To a solution of Ex 26-2 (118 mg, 0.1657 mmol) in dioxane (2 mL) was added dioxane / HCl (2 M, 2 mL) , and the mixture was stirred at 30 ℃ for 4 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated to give crude 1- (1-amino-12-stearoyl-3, 6, 9-trioxa-12-azapentadecan-15-yl) -1, 4-diazabicyclo [2.2.2] octan-1-ium chloride, Ex 26-3, (95 mg, yield: 93.7%) as a yellow gum, , which was directly used in the next step. MS (ESI) m / z 611.6 [M] +.
[0398] Step 4. To a solution of Ex 26-3 (68 mg, 0.1114 mmol) and DIEA (39 mg, 0.3039 mmol) in THF (2 mL) was added a solution of Ex 26-1 (75 mg, 0.1013 mmol) in THF (2 mL) . The mixture was stirred at 30 ℃ for 16 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated and purified by pre-HPLC to give 1- (1- (1- ( (2S, 3S) -3- ( (tert-butyldimethylsilyl) oxy) -2- ( (2, 3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-yl) methyl) -3- (3, 5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl) propyl) -4- (2-oxo-2- (2- (trimethylsilyl) ethoxy) ethyl) -1H-pyrrol-3-yl) -1-oxo-14-stearoyl-5, 8, 11-trioxa-2, 14-diaza-heptadecan-17-yl) -1, 4-diazabicyclo [2.2.2] octan-1-ium trifluoroacetate, Ex 26-4, (100 mg, yield: 63.8%) as a yellow gum. MS (ESI) m / z 1314.9 [M] +.
[0399] Step 5. To a solution of Ex 26-4 (100 mg, 0.076 mmol) in THF (2 mL) was added TBAF (1M in THF, 0.6 mL, 0.608 mmol) . The mixture was stirred at 30 ℃ for 16 h. The reaction mixture was filtered and purified by prep-HPLC to give 1- (1- (4- (carboxymethyl) -1- ( (2S, 3S) -2- ( (2, 3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-yl) methyl) -3- (3, 5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl) -3-hydroxypropyl) -1H-pyrrol-3-yl) -1-oxo-14-stearoyl-5, 8, 11-trioxa-2, 14-diazaheptadecan-17-yl) -1, 4-diazabicyclo [2.2.2] octan-1-ium trifluoroacetate, Example 26, (20 mg, yield: 22.6%) as a yellow gum. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) : δ = 8.1 (t, J = 5.4 Hz, 1H) , 7.38 (d, J = 2.0 Hz, 1H) , 7.15-7.07 (m, 4H) , 6.72 (d, J = 1.6 Hz, 1H) , 6.64 (s, 2H) , 4.49 (d, J = 5.6 Hz, 1H) , 3.94-3.93 (m, 2H) , 3.81 (s, 6H) , 3.60-3.51 (m, 16H) , 3.47-3.43 (m, 8H) , 3.39-3.37 (m, 2H) , 3.32-3.22 (m, 8H) , 3.03-2.92 (m, 2H) , 2.41-2.25 (m, 5H) , 2.16-2.05 (m, 1H) , 1.96 (s, 3H) , 2.16-1.89 (m, 2H) , 1.51-1.50 (m, 3H) , 1.23 (m, 29H) , 0.89 (t, J = 6.6 Hz, 3H) . MS (ESI) m / z 1100.5 [M] +.
[0400] Examples 27 through 29, as listed in the following Table, were prepared according to procedures similar to those described above for Example 26, substituting appropriate tosylate in Step 2. Example 30
[0401] Step 1. To a mixture of Intermediate 5 (120 mg, 0.16 mmol) and N-Hydroxy succinimide (20.24 mg, 0.176 mmol) in DCM (10 mL) was added EDCI (31 mg, 0.16 mmol) at r.t. After addition the resulting mixture was stirred for another 4 hours at rt. The mixture was concentrated. The residue was purified with prep-TLC (10%EA in PE) to give 2, 5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl 1- ( (2S, 3S) -3- ( (tert-butyldimethylsilyl) oxy) -2- ( (2, 3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-yl) methyl) -3- (3, 5-dimethoxy-4-methyl phenyl) propyl) -4- (2-oxo-2- (2- (trimethylsilyl) ethoxy) ethyl) -1H-pyrrole-3-carboxylate, Ex 30-1, (67 mg, yield: 51.1%) as yellow oil. MS (ESI) m / z 836.5 [M+18] +.
[0402] Step 2. To a solution of benzyl piperazine-1-carboxylate (1 g, 4.5 mmol) in DMF (10 mL) was added 2, 5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl (2- (trimethylsilyl) ethyl) carbonate (1.17 g, 4.5 mmol) and TEA (1.36 g, 13.5 mmol) . The mixture was stirred at 40 ℃ for 16 h. The reaction mixture was diluted with water (50 mL) and extracted with EA (50 mL x 2) . The organic phase was combined, washed with brine, dried with Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated. The residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (PE / EA = 4 / 1) to give 1-benzyl 4- (2- (trimethylsilyl) ethyl) piperazine-1, 4-dicarboxylate (1.30 g, yield: 77.8%) as a yellow oil. MS (ESI) m / z 387.2 [M+Na] +.
[0403] Step 3. To a solution of 1-benzyl 4- (2- (trimethylsilyl) ethyl) piperazine-1, 4-dicarboxylate (1.3 g, 0.0036 mol) in MeOH (20 mL) was added Pd / C (260 mg) and the mixture was stirred at 30 ℃ under H2 for 4 h. The reaction mixture was filtered and concentrated to give 2- (trimethylsilyl) ethyl piperazine-1-carboxylate (0.86 g, yield: 94.4%) as a colorless oil, which was directly used in the next step. MS (ESI) m / z 231.2 [M+H] +.
[0404] Step 4. To a solution of 2- (trimethylsilyl) ethyl piperazine-1-carboxylate (850 mg, 3.69 mmol) in DMF (10 mL) was added tert-butyl (2- (2-bromoethoxy) ethyl) carbamate (0.99 g, 3.69 mmol) and DIEA (1.43 g, 11.07 mmol) . The mixture was stirred at 60 ℃ for 16 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated and the residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (EA) to give 2- (trimethylsilyl) ethyl 4- (2- (2- ( (tert-butoxycarbonyl) amino) ethoxy) ethyl) piperazine-1-carboxylate, Ex 30-2, (1.10 g, yield: 71.4%) as a colorless oil. MS (ESI) m / z 418.3 [M+H] +.
[0405] Step 5. A mixture of Ex 30-2 (1.1 g, 2.6 mmol) in ACN (5 mL) and 1-bromooctadecane (8.64 g, 26 mmol) was stirred at 90 ℃ for 48 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated and purified by column chromatography on silica gel (DCM / MeOH=10 / 1) to give 1- (2- (2- ( (tert-butoxy carbonyl) amino) ethoxy) ethyl) -1-octadecyl-4- ( (2- (trimethylsilyl) ethoxy) carbonyl) piperazin-1-ium bromide, Ex 30-3, (0.38 g, yield: 21.4%) as a colorless oil. MS (ESI) m / z 670.6 [M] +.
[0406] Step 6. A solution of Ex 30-3 (270 mg, 0.402 mmol) and TsOH·H2O (152.9 mg, 0.8046 mmol) in MeOH (5 mL) was stirred at 55 ℃ for 4 h. The reaction mixture was filtered and purified by prep-HPLC to give 1- (2- (2-aminoethoxy) ethyl) -1-octadecyl-4- ( (2- (trimethylsilyl) ethoxy) carbonyl) piperazin-1-ium trifluoroacetate, Ex 30-4, (150 mg, yield: 58.8%) as a white solid. MS (ESI) m / z 570.6 [M] +. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) : δ = 7.77 (brs, 3H) , 4.16-4.12 (m, 2H) , 3.81-3.54 (m, 16H) , 3.48-3.43 (m, 6H) , 3.02-2.98 (m, 2H) , 1.59 (br, 2H) , 1.24 (s, 28H) , 0.98-0.94 (m, 2H) , 0.87-0.84 (m, 3H) , 0.03 (s, 9H) .
[0407] Step 7. To a solution of Ex 30-1 (87 mg, 0.1062 mmol) in DMF (4 mL) was added Ex 30-4 (73 mg, 0.1274 mmol) and TEA (32 mg, 0.3186 mmol) . The mixture was stirred at 40 ℃ for 16 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated and purified by prep-HPLC to give 1- (2- (2- (1- ( (2S, 3S) -3- ( (tert-butyldimethylsilyl) oxy) -2- ( (2, 3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-yl) methyl) -3- (3, 5-di methoxy-4-methylphenyl) propyl) -4- (2-oxo-2- (2- (trimethylsilyl) ethoxy) ethyl) -1H-pyrrole-3-carboxamido) ethoxy) ethyl) -1-octadecyl-4- ( (2- (trimethylsilyl) ethoxy) carbonyl) piperazin-1-ium trifluoroacetate, Ex 30-5, (68 mg, yield: 35.1%) as a white solid. MS (ESI) m / z 1273.8 [M] +.
[0408] Step 8. A mixture of Ex 30-5 (65 mg, 0.051 mmol) and CsF (155 mg, 1.02 mmol) in DMF (3 mL) was stirred at 80 ℃ for 2 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated and purified by prep-HPLC to give 1- (2- (2- (4- (carboxymethyl) -1- ( (2S, 3S) -2- ( (2, 3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-yl) methyl) -3- (3, 5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl) -3-hydroxypropyl) -1H-pyrrole-3-carboxamido) ethoxy) ethyl) -1-octadecylpiperazin-1-ium trifluoroacetate, Example 30, (25 mg, yield: 50.8%) as a white solid. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) : δ = 9.37 (br, 1H) , 8.02 (t, J = 5.6Hz, 1H) , 7.30 (d, J = 2.0 Hz, 1H) , 7.11-7.04 (m, 4H) , 6.67 (d, J = 1.6 Hz, 1H) , 6.60 (s, 2H) , 4.48 (d, J = 5.6 Hz, 1H) , 3.89-3.87 (m, 2H) , 3.83-3.82 (m, 2H) , 3.77 (s, 6H) , 3.74 (br. s, 2H) , 3.69-3.65 (m, 2H) , 3.57-3.54 (m, 12H) , 3.34-3.28 (m, 2H) , 3.00-2.89 (m, 2H) , 2.43-2.21 (m, 3H) , 2.13-2.09 (m, 1H) , 1.96 (s, 3H) , 1.59 (br. s, 2H) , 1.53-1.46 (m, 1H) , 1.22 (m, 29H) , 0.85 (t, J = 6.8 Hz, 3H) . MS (ESI) m / z 915.8 [M] +. Example 31
[0409] Step 1. To a solution of Ex 9-3 (100 mg, 0.15 mmol) in DMF (1.5 mL) was added DPPA (104.71 mg, 0.38 mmol) and DBU (57 mg, 0.38mmol) . The reaction mixture was stirred at 80 ℃ for 16 hrs. The mixture reaction was concentrated and the residue was purified by flash chromatography to give 1- (1-azido-15-stearoyl-3, 6, 9, 12-tetraoxa-15-azaoctadecan-18-yl) -1, 4-diazabicyclo [2.2.2] octan-1-ium, Ex 31-7, (50 mg, yield: 48%) as a yellow oil. MS (ESI) m / z 681.7 [M] +. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) : δ = 3.61-3.58 (m, 2H) , 3.55-3.47 (m, 10H) , 3.45-3.22 (m, 18H) , 3.15-3.10 (m, 2H) , 3.03-2.99 (m, 4H) , 2.34-2.30 (m, 2H) , 1.93-1.84 (m, 2H) , 1.52-1.43 (m, 2H) , 1.31-1.20 (m, 28H) , 0.85 (t, J = 6.4 Hz, 3H) .
[0410] Step 2. To a solution of Intermediate 7 (700 mg, 1.10 mmol) in DMF (10.0 mL) was added allyl 4- (2-methoxy-2-oxoethyl) -1H-pyrrole-3-carboxylate (370 mg, 1.65 mmol) and Cs2CO3 (1.08 g, 3.30 mmol) . The reaction mixture was stirred at 80 ℃ for 1 hr. The reaction mixture was quenched with water (50 mL) and extracted with EA (100 mL) . The organic phase was washed by brine, dried with Na2SO4, and concentrated. The residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (PE / EA = 10 / 1) to give allyl 1- ( (2S, 3S) -3- ( (tert-butyl dimethylsilyl) oxy) -2- ( (2, 3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-yl) methyl) -3- (3, 5-dimethoxy-4-methyl phenyl) propyl) -4- (2-methoxy-2-oxoethyl) -1H-pyrrole-3-carboxylate, Ex 31-2, (600 mg, yield: 81.8%) as a yellow oil. MS (ESI) m / z 676.3 [M+H] +.
[0411] Step 3. To a solution of Ex 31-2 (600 mg, 0.88 mmol) in THF (6.0 mL) and MeOH (6.0 mL) was added NaOH aqueous solution (2 M, 1.76 mL) , and the mixture was stirred at 25 ℃ for 12 hrs. The reaction mixture was adjusted to pH = 4 with 0.5 M HCl and extracted with EA (30 mL x 3) . The organic phase was combined, washed with brine, dried with Na2SO4, and concentrated to give crude 2- (4- ( (allyloxy) carbonyl) -1- ( (2S, 3S) -3- ( (tert-butyldimethylsilyl) oxy) -2- ( (2, 3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-yl) methyl) -3- (3, 5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl) propyl) -1H-pyrrol-3-yl) acetic acid, Ex 31-3, (500 mg, yield: 85%) as a colorless oil, which was directly used in the next step. MS (ESI) m / z 662.3 [M+H] +.
[0412] Step 4. To a solution of Ex 31-3 (500 mg, 0.76 mmol) and 2- (trimethylsilyl) ethanol (98.18 mg, 0.83 mmol) in DCM (5.0 mL) was added EDCI (159.1 mg, 0.83mmol) and DMAP (92.7 mg, 0.76 mmol) . The mixture reaction was stirred at 25 ℃for 1 hr. The reaction mixture was concentrated and the residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (PE / EA = 10 / 1) to give allyl 1- ( (2S, 3S) -3- ( (tert-butyldimethylsilyl) oxy) -2- ( (2, 3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-yl) methyl) -3- (3, 5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl) propyl) -4- (2-oxo-2- (2- (trimethylsilyl) ethoxy) ethyl) -1H-pyrrole-3-carboxylate, Ex 31-4, (380 mg, yield: 65%) as a yellow oil. MS (ESI) m / z 762.2 [M+H] +. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) : 7.37 (d, J = 2.4 Hz, 1H) , 7.13-7.08 (m, 4H) , 6.68 (d, J = 2.4 Hz, 1H) , 6.61 (s, 2H) , 5.99-5.92 (m, 1H) , 5.35-5.19 (m, 2H) , 4.77 (d, J = 4.4 Hz, 1H) , 4.62-4.60 (m, 2H) , 3.99-3.95 (m, 1H) , 3.84-3.82 (m, 2H) , 3.80 (s, 6H) , 3.74 (s, 1H) , 3.61-3.62 (m, 2H) , 3.02-2.98 (m, 1H) , 2.92-2.89 (m, 1H) , 2.39-2.36 (m, 3H) , 2.27-2.18 (m, 2H) , 2.04 (s, 3H) , 0.95 (s, 9H) , 0.90-0.83 (m, 3H) , 0.10 (s, 3H) , -0.17 (s, 3H) .
[0413] Step 5. To a solution of allyl Ex 31-4 (380 mg, 0.50 mmol) in THF (5.0 mL) was added Pd (PPh3) 4 (28.9 mg, 0.025 mmol) and morpholine (435 mg, 5.0 mmol) . The mixture reaction was stirred at 25 ℃ under N2 for 2 hrs. The mixture was diluted with 0.1 M HCl (10 mL) and extracted with EA (30 mL) . The organic phase was washed with brine, dried with Na2SO4, and concentrated. The residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (PE / EA = 2 / 1) to give 1- ( (2S, 3S) -3- ( (tert-butyldimethylsilyl) oxy) -2- ( (2, 3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-yl) methyl) -3- (3, 5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl) propyl) -4- (2-oxo-2- (2- (trimethylsilyl) ethoxy) ethyl) -1H-pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid, Ex 31-5, (250 mg, yield: 69%) as a colorless oil. MS (ESI) m / z 744.4 [M+Na] +.
[0414] Step 6. To a solution of Ex 31-5 (152 mg, 0.22 mmol) , TEA (63.82 mg, 0.64 mmol) , HATU (240.22 mg, 0.64 mmol) in DMF (5.0 mL) was added prop-2-yn-1-amine (23.2 mg, 0.42 mmol) . The mixture reaction was stirred at 25 ℃ for 1 hrs. The mixture was diluted with water (20 mL) and extracted with EA (20 mL) . The organic phase was washed brine, dried with Na2SO4, and concentrated to give crude 2- (trimethylsilyl) ethyl2- (1- ( (2S, 3S) -3- ( (tert-butyldimethylsilyl) oxy) -2- ( (2, 3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-yl) methyl) -3- (3, 5-dimethoxy-4-methyl phenyl) propyl) -4- (prop-2-yn-1-ylcarbamoyl) -1H-pyrrol-3-yl) acetate, Ex 31-6, (100 mg, yield: 62.58%) as a yellow oil. MS (ESI) m / z 759.5 [M+H] +.
[0415] Step 7. To a solution of Ex 31-6 (30 mg, 0.039 mmol) and Ex 31-7 (27 mg, 0.039 mmol) in DMF (1.5 mL) was added PMDETA (8.88 mg, 0.051 mmol) and CuI (7.52 mg, 0.039 mmol) . The mixture reaction was stirred at 25 ℃ for 16 hrs under N2. The mixture reaction was concentrated and the residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (DCM / MeOH = 10 / 1) to give 1- (1- (4- ( (1- ( (2S, 3S) -3- ( (tert-butyldimethylsilyl) oxy) -2- ( (2, 3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-yl) methyl) -3- (3, 5-dimethoxy-4-methyl phenyl) propyl) -4- (2-oxo-2- (2- (trimethylsilyl) ethoxy) ethyl) -1H-pyrrole-3-carboxamido) methyl) -1H-1, 2, 3-triazol-1-yl) -15-stearoyl-3, 6, 9, 12 -tetraoxa-15-azaoctadecan-18-yl) -1, 4-diazabicyclo [2.2.2] octan-1-ium trifluoroacetate, Ex 31-8, (40 mg, yield: 73.4%) as a yellow solid. MS (ESI) m / z 721.0 [M / 2+1] +.
[0416] Step 8. To a solution of Ex 31-8 (30 mg, 0.021 mmol) in THF (1.0 mL) was added TBAF (0.1 mL, 0.104 mmol) . The mixture reaction was stirred at 25 ℃ for 1 hrs. The mixture reaction was concentrated and the residue was purified by prep-HPLC to give 1- (1- (4- ( (4- (carboxymethyl) -1- ( (2S, 3S) -2- ( (2, 3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-yl) methyl) -3- (3, 5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl) -3-hydroxypropyl) -1H-pyrrole-3-carboxamido) methyl) -1H-1, 2, 3-triazol-1-yl) -15-stearoyl-3, 6, 9, 12-tetraoxa-15-azaoctadecan-18-yl) -1, 4-diazabicyclo [2.2.2] octan-1-ium trifluoroacetate, Example 31, (3 mg, yield: 11.5%) as a white solid. MS (ESI) m / z 613.5 [M / 2+1] +. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) : 8.49 (s, 1H) , 7.89 (m, 1H) , 7.36 (s, 1H) , 7.08-7.03 (m, 4H) , 6.67 (s, 1H) , 6.59 (s, 2H) , 4.49-4.40 (m, 4H) , 4.41-3.75 (m, 16H) , 3.59-3.45 (m, 18H) , 3.33-3.25 (m, 8H) , 3.20-3.13 (m, 8H) , 3.00-2.87 (m, 2H) , 2.67-2.50 (m, 2H) , 2.44-2.19 (m, 5H) , 2.13-2.04 (m, 1H) , 2.03-1.80 (m, 6H) , 1.51-1.39 (m, 6H) , 1.22 (s, 29H) , 0.87-0.81 (m, 3H) . Example 32
[0417] Step 1. To a mixture of Intermediate 8 (40 mg, 0.0807 mmol) and ethyl but-3-ynoate (18 mg, 0.1614 mmol) in DCM / EtOH (2 mL / 2 mL) stirred at 25℃ was added a solution of CuSO4·5H2O (0.4 mL, 0.04035 mmol, 0.1 N) in water and a solution of sodium ascorbate (0.2 mL, 0.04035 mmol, 0.2 N) in water dropwise. The reaction mixture was stirred at 25℃ for 16h. The reaction mixture was extracted with DCM (5 mL x 3) . The combined organic layers were washed with saturated brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure and the crude product was purified by prep-TLC with PE / EA= 10 / 1 to afford ethyl 2- (1- ( (2S, 3S) -3- ( (tert-butyldimethylsilyl) oxy) -2- ( (2, 3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-yl) methyl) -3- (3, 5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl) propyl) -1H-1, 2, 3-triazol-4-yl) acetate, Ex 32-1, (48 mg, yield: 97.8%) as a yellow oil. MS (ESI) m / z 608.3 [M+H] +.
[0418] Step 2. To a mixture of Ex 32-1 (48 mg, 0.0790 mmol) in DMF (2 mL) was added CsF (120 mg, 0.79 mmol) . The reaction mixture was stirred at 80 ℃ for 15 min. The mixture was filtered and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to afford the crude product ethyl 2- (1- ( (2S, 3S) -2- ( (2, 3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-yl) methyl) -3- (3, 5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl) -3-hydroxypropyl) -1H-1, 2, 3-triazol-4-yl) acetate, Ex 32-2, as a brown oil. MS (ESI) m / z 494.3 [M+H] +.
[0419] Step 3. To a mixture of Ex 32-2 (crude, 0.079 mmol) in MeOH / H2O (4: 1, 5 mL) stirred at 25℃ was added LiOH·H2O (6 mg, 0.1418 mmol) . The reaction mixture was stirred at 25℃ for 16h. The mixture was filtered and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to afford the crude product. The produce was further purified by prep-HPLC to give 2- (1- ( (2S, 3S) -2- ( (2, 3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-yl) methyl) -3- (3, 5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl) -3-hydroxypropyl) -1H-1, 2, 3-triazol-4-yl) acetic acid, Example 32, (2.8 mg, yield of two steps: 7.6%) as a white solid. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) : δ = 7.57 (s, 1H) , 7.02 (m, 4H) , 6.42 (s, 2H) , 4.66-4.65 (m, 1H) , 4.64-4.62 (m, 1H) , 4.50-4.47 (m, 1H) , 3.92 (s, 2H) , 3.72 (s, 6H) , 2.97-2.88 (m, 2H) , 2.51-2.46 (m, 1H) , 2.41-2.26 (m, 3H) , 1.99 (s, 3H) , 1.33-1.19 (m, 2H) . MS (ESI) m / z 466.2 [M+H] +.
[0420] Examples 33 through 36, as listed in the following Table, were prepared according to procedures similar to those described above for Example 32, substituting appropriate alkyne in Step 1. Example 37
[0421] Step 1. To a mixture of Intermediate 9 (100 mg, 0.262 mmol) , TEA (53 mg, 0.524 mmol) and DMAP (32 mg, 0.262 mmol) in DCM (5 mL) was added benzoyl chloride (55 mg, 0.393 mmol) dropwise. After addition the resulting mixture was stirred for 14 h at r. t.Solvent was removed and the residue was purified by flash chromatography to give (1S, 2S) -3-azido-2- ( (2, 3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-yl) methyl) -1- (3, 5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl) propyl benzoate, Ex 37-1, (120 mg, yield: 94.2%) as a pale-yellow solid. MS (ESI) m / z 508.2 [M+Na] +.
[0422] Step 2. To a mixture of ethyl 2-hydroxy-4- (trimethylsilyl) but-3-ynoate (101 mg, 0.502 mmol) in THF (2 mL) was added TBAF (1.0 M in THF, 0.75 mL, 0.75 mmol) . Stirred for 10 min at 20 ℃. The reaction mixture was diluted with DCM (8 mL) , washed with water and brine. The organic phase was then transferred into a 20 mL vial. Ex 37-1 (120 mg, 0.251 mmol) and EtOH (2 mL) were added. To the resulting mixture was then added CuSO4·5H2O (0.1 M, 0.125 mL, 0.125 mmol) and sodium ascorbate (0.2 M, 0.125 mL, 0.251 mmol) . The reaction mixture was stirred for additional 14 h at r.t. and was diluted with water (5 ml) , extracted with DCM (10 ml x 3) , dried and concentrated. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (35%EA in PE) to give (1S, 2S) -3- (2, 3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-yl) -1- (3, 5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl) -2- ( (4- (2-ethoxy-1-hydroxy-2-oxoethyl) -1H-1, 2, 3-triazol-1-yl) methyl) propyl benzoate, Ex 37-3, (80 mg, yield: 51.9%) as a yellow gum. MS (ESI) m / z 614.3 [M+H] +.
[0423] Step 3. A vial charged with Ex 37-3 (60 mg, 0.098 mmol) and Ag2O (28 mg, 0.196 mmol) in MeI (1.5 mL) was sealed and stirred for 12 h at rt. Solvent was removed and the residue was treated with EA (5 mL) and DCM (5 mL) , filtered and the filter cake was washed with DCM (3 mL x 3) . The organic phase was combined and concentrated to give crude (1S, 2S) -3- (2, 3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-yl) -1- (3, 5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl) -2- ( (4- (2-ethoxy-1-methoxy-2-oxoethyl) -1H-1, 2, 3-triazol-1-yl) methyl) propyl benzoate, Ex 37-4, (45 mg, yield: 73.2%) as a yellow gum which was directly used in the next step. MS (ESI) m / z 628.3 [M+H] +.
[0424] Step 4. A mixture of Ex 37-4 (45 mg, 0.072 mmol) and NaOH (6 mg, 0.144 mmol) in THF (1.5 mL) / MeOH (1.5 mL) / water (0.8 mL) was stirred for 12 h at rt. Solvent was removed and the residue was purified by prep-HPLC to give 2- (1- ( (2S, 3S) -2- ( (2, 3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-yl) methyl) -3- (3, 5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl) -3-hydroxypropyl) -1H-1, 2, 3-triazol-4-yl) -2-methoxyacetic acid, Example 37, (7 mg, yield: 19.6%) as a white solid. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) : δ = 8.03 (s, 1H) , 7.09-7.02 (m, 4H) , 6.62 (s, 2H) , 5.6 (br, 1H) , 4.83 (s, 1H) , 4.50-4.46 (m, 1H) , 4.41-4.38 (m, 2H) , 3.76 (s, 6H) , 3.37 (s, 3H) , 2.92-2.83 (m, 2H) , 2.32-2.16 (m, 4H) , 1.95 (s, 3H) , 1.52-1.45 (m, 1H) , 1.14-1.09 (m, 1H) . MS (ESI) m / z 496.2 [M+H] +. Example 38
[0425] Step 1. To a mixture of 2- (2- {2- [2- (2-methoxy-ethoxy) -ethoxy] -ethoxy} -ethoxy) -ethanol (600 mg, 2.378 mmol) in tBuOH (15 mL) was added tBuOK (400 mg, 3.567 mmol) at r.t. Stirred for 1 h at r.t., then tert-butyl 2-bromoacetate (928 mg, 4.756 mmol) was added. The resulting mixture was stirred for additional 14 h at 30 ℃. Solvent was removed and the residue was purified by flash chromatography (50%PE in DCM to DCM) to give [2- (2- {2- [2- (2-methoxy-ethoxy) -ethoxy] -ethoxy} -ethoxy) -ethoxy] -acetic acid tert-butyl ester, Ex 38-1, (350 mg, yield: 40.2%) as a pale-yellow oil. MS (ESI) m / z 389.2 [M+Na] +. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) : δ = 3.95 (s, 2H) , 3.70-3.56 (m, 18H) , 3.49-3.46 (m, 2H) , 3.31 (s, 3H) .
[0426] Step 2. To a solution of Ex 38-1 (150 mg, 0.41 mmol) in THF (5 mL) at -78 ℃under N2 atmosphere was added LDA (2.0 M, 0.82 mL, 1.64 mmol) dropwise via syringe. The mixture was stirred for 1 h at -78 ℃. Then 3-bromoprop-1-yne (54 mg, 0.45 mmol) in THF (0.5 mL) was added at -78 ℃. The resulting mixture was stirred for 2 h, left the temperature slowly warm to room temperature. The reaction mixture was quenched by aq. sat. NH4Cl (~1 mL) at 0 ℃ and concentrated to give a residue. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (50%to 80%EA in PE) to give tert-butyl 18- (prop-2-yn-1-yl) -2, 5, 8, 11, 14, 17-hexaoxanonadecan-19-oate, Ex 38-2, (110 mg, yield: 66.6 %) as a yellow oil. MS (ESI) m / z 427.2 [M+Na] +. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) : δ = 3.90 (t, J = 6.4 Hz, 1H) , 3.63-3.52 (m, 18H) , 3.49-3.42 (m, 2H) , 3.31 (s, 3H) , 2.58-2.55 (m, 2H) , 1.95 (t, J = 2.8 Hz, 1H) , 1.40 (s, 9H) .
[0427] Step 3. A mixture of Ex 38-2 (110 mg, 0.27 mmol) in DCM (6 mL) and TFA (1.5 mL) was stirred for 2 hours at room temperature. The mixture was concentrated to give crude 18- (prop-2-yn-1-yl) -2, 5, 8, 11, 14, 17-hexaoxanonadecan-19-oic acid, Ex 38-3, (80 mg, crude, yield: 85.1%) as a yellow oil. MS (ESI) m / z 349.2 [M+H] +.
[0428] Step 4. To a mixture of Ex 38-3 (80 mg, 0.23 mmol) and (1S, 2S) -3-azido-2- ( (2, 3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-yl) methyl) -1- (3, 5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl) propan-1-ol, Intermediate 9, (87.63 mg, 0.23 mmol) in DCM / EtOH (8 mL / 3 mL) was added CuSO4·5H2O (0.1 M in water, 1.15 mL) and sodium ascorbate (0.2 M in water, 1.15 mL) . The reaction mixture was stirred at 25 ℃ for 16 hrs. The mixture was diluted by H2O (5 mL) and extracted by DCM (10 mL x 3) . The organic layers were dried and concentrated. The residue was purified by prep-HPLC to give 18- ( (1- ( (2S, 3S) -2- ( (2, 3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-yl) methyl) -3- (3, 5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl) -3-hydroxypropyl) -1H-1, 2, 3-triazol-4-yl) methyl) -2, 5, 8, 11, 14, 17-hexaoxanonadecan-19-oic acid, Example 38, (40 mg, yield: 23.9%) as a white solid. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) : δ = 7.72 (s, 1H) , 7.10-7.02 (m, 4H) , 6.82 (s, 2H) , 5.57 (s, 1H) , 4.51-4.47 (m, 1H) , 4.34-4.30 (m, 2H) , 3.76 (s, 6H) , 3.65-3.59 (m, 1H) , 3.51-3.36 (m, 20H) , 3.26-3.18 (m, 4H) , 2.96-2.86 (m, 3H) , 2.72-2.67 (m, 1H) , 2.34-2.16 (m, 3H) , 1.95 (s, 3H) , 1.52-1.46 (m, 1H) , 1.14-1.10 (m, 1H) . MS (ESI) m / z 730.3 [M+H] +. Example 39
[0429] Step 1. To a solution of dimethyl 3-oxopentanedioate (10 g, 0.057 mol) in MeOH (100 mL) was added DMF-DMA (6.84 g, 0.057 mol) . The reaction mixture was stirred at 25 ℃ for 16 hrs. The reaction mixture was concentrated and the residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (PE / EA = 10 / 1) to give dimethyl 2- ( (dimethylamino) methylene) -3-oxopentanedioate (10 g, yield: 90%) as a yellow oil. MS (ESI) m / z 230.2 [M+H] +.
[0430] Step 2. To a solution of dimethyl 2- ( (dimethylamino) methylene) -3-oxopentanedioate (10 g, 0.044 mol) in MeOH (100 mL) was added hydrazine monohydrochloride (4.51 g, 0.065 mol) . The reaction mixture was stirred at 60 ℃ for 16 hrs. The mixture reaction was concentrated and the residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (PE / EA = 1 / 1) to give methyl 3- (2-methoxy-2-oxoethyl) -1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylate, Ex 39-1, (4 g, yield: 46.33%) as a yellow oil. MS (ESI) m / z 199.1 [M+H] +.
[0431] Step 3. To a solution of Intermediate 7 (300 mg, 0.48 mmol) and Ex 39-1 (142.72 mg, 0.72 mmol) in DMF (10 mL) was added Cs2CO3 (468 mg, 1.44 mmol) . The mixture reaction was stirred at 80 ℃ for 1hrs. The mixture reaction was diluted with H2O (30 mL) and extracted with EA (100 mL) . The organic phase was washed by brine, dried with Na2SO4, and concentrated. The residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel to give methyl 1- ( (2S, 3S) -3- ( (tert-butyldimethylsilyl) oxy) -2- ( (2, 3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-yl) methyl) -3- (3, 5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl) propyl) -3- (2-methoxy-2-oxoethyl) -1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylate, Ex 39-2, (150 mg, yield: 48%) as a yellow solid. MS (ESI) m / z 519.2 [M-OTBS] +. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) : δ = 8.27 (s, 1H) , 7.12-7.05 (m, 4H) , 6.61 (s, 2H) , 4.82 (d, J = 4.0 Hz, 1H) , 4.12-4.09 (m, 1H) , 3.78 (s, 1H) , 3.76 (s, 7H) , 3.66 (s, 3H) , 3.52 (s, 3H) , 3.14-3.04 (m, 2H) , 2.92-2.90 (m, 2H) , 2.38-2.30 (m, 3H) , 2.21-2.15 (m, 1H) , 1.97 (s, 3H) , 1.63-1.59 (m, 1H) , 1.08-1.05 (m, 1H) , 0.91 (s, 9H) , 0.06 (s, 3H) , -0.17 (s, 3H) .
[0432] Step 4. To a solution of Ex 39-2 (100 mg, 0.15 mmol) in ACN / H2O (3 mL / 1 mL) was added TEA (93.26 mg, 0.92 mmol) and LiBr (266.8 mg, 3.07mmol) . The mixture reaction was stirred at 80 ℃ for 12 hrs. The reaction was adjusted to pH = 5 with 0.5 M HCl and concentrated. The was purified by prep-TLC (PE / EA = 2 / 1) to give 2- (1- ( (2S, 3S) -3- ( (tert-butyldimethylsilyl) oxy) -2- ( (2, 3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-yl) methyl) -3- (3, 5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl) propyl) -4- (methoxycarbonyl) -1H-pyrazol-3-yl) acetic acid, Ex 39-3, (30 mg, yield: 30.66%) as a yellow solid. MS (ESI) m / z 505.2 [M-OTBS] +.
[0433] Step 5. To a solution of Ex 39-3 (30 mg, 0.047 mmol) in THF (1 mL) was added TBAF (0.5 mL, 0.47 mmol) . The mixture reaction was stirred at 25 ℃ for 2 hrs. The mixture reaction was concentrated and the residue was purified by prep-HPLC to give 2- (1- ( (2S, 3S) -2- ( (2, 3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-yl) methyl) -3- (3, 5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl) -3-hydroxypropyl) -4- (methoxycarbonyl) -1H-pyrazol-3-yl) acetic acid, Example 39, (2 mg, yield: 8 %) as a white solid. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) : δ = 8.15 (s, 1H) , 7.11-7.03 (m, 4H) , 6.62 (s, 2H) , 4.55 (d, J = 4.8 Hz, 1H) , 4.12-4.10 (m, 2H) , 3.77 (s, 6H) , 3.67 (s, 5H) , 2.95-2.89 (m, 2H) , 2.39-2.20 (m, 4H) , 1.95 (s, 3H) , 1.57-1.54 (m, 1H) , 1.21-1.15 (m, 1H) . MS (ESI) m / z 546.2 [M+Na] +. Example 40
[0434] Step 1. To a solution of methyl 3- (2-methoxy-2-oxoethyl) -1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylate, Ex 39-1, (6 g, 0.03 mol) in DMF (100 mL) was added NaH (1.33 g, 60%, 0.033 mol) at 0 ℃ in portions under N2. The reaction mixture was stirred at 0 ℃ for 1 hr. Then (2-(chloromethoxy) ethyl) trimethylsilane (6.06 g, 0.036 mol) was added at 0 ℃. The reaction mixture was further stirred at 25 ℃ for 3 hrs. The mixture reaction was quenched with aq. NH4Cl (150 mL) and extracted with EA (100 mL x2) . The organic phase was washed by brine, dried with Na2SO4, and concentrated. The residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (PE / EA = 10 / 1) to give methyl 3- (2-methoxy-2-oxoethyl) -1- ( (2- (trimethyl silyl) ethoxy) methyl) -1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylate, Ex 40-1, (3 g, yield: 28 %) as a yellow oil. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) : δ = 8.51 (s, 1H) , 5.44 (s, 2H) , 3.88 (s, 2H) , 3.76 (s, 3H) , 3.64 (s, 3H) , 3.59 (t, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H) , 0.87 (t, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H) , 0.01 (s, 9H) . MS (ESI) m / z 329.2 [M+H] +.
[0435] Step 2. To a mixture of Ex 40-1 (3 g, 9.0 mmol) in MeOH / H2O (25 mL / 5 mL) was added NaOH (1.08 g, 27 mmol) . The reaction mixture was stirred at 25 ℃ for 16 hrs. The reaction mixture was adjusted to pH = 4 with 2 M HCl and extracted with EA (50 mL x 3) . The organic phase was combined, washed with brine, dried with Na2SO4, and concentrated to give crude 3- (carboxymethyl) -1- ( (2- (trimethylsilyl) ethoxy) methyl) -1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylic acid, Ex 40-2, (2.22 g, yield: 82 %) as a white solid. MS (ESI) m / z 301.1 [M+H] +.
[0436] Step 3. To a solution of Ex 40-2 (2.22 g, 0.0074 mmol) in DMF (15 mL) was added 3-bromoprop-1-ene (2.22 g, 0.0185 mmol) , K2CO3 (3 g, 0.022 mmol) and KI (0.6 g, 0.0037 mmol) . The mixture reaction was stirred at 50 ℃ for 3 hrs. The reaction mixture was diluted with water (50 mL) and extracted with EA (80 mL x 3) . The organic phase was washed by brine, dried with Na2SO4, and concentrated. The residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (PE / EA = 10 / 1) to give allyl 3- (2- (allyloxy) -2-oxoethyl) -1- ( (2- (trimethylsilyl) ethoxy) methyl) -1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylate, Ex 40-3, (1.68 g, yield: 60 %) as a yellow oil. MS (ESI) m / z 381.2 [M+H] +.
[0437] Step 4. To a solution of Ex 40-3 (1.68 g, 4 mmol) in MeOH (10 mL) was added NaOH (in MeOH, 1 N, 1.3 mL, 1.3 mmol) . The mixture was stirred at 0 ℃ for 30 min. The reaction mixture was adjusted to pH = 4 with TFA and concentrated to give allyl 3- (2-methoxy-2-oxoethyl) -1- ( (2- (trimethylsilyl) ethoxy) methyl) -1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylate, Ex 40-4, (1.5 g, crude) as a yellow oil. MS (ESI) m / z 355.2 [M+H] +.
[0438] Step 5. A solution of Ex 40-4 (1.5 g, 4 mmol) in DCM / TFA (10 mL / 3 mL) was stirred at 25 ℃ for 2 hrs. The reaction mixture was concentrated and the residue was purified by RP flash chromatography (0.1%TFA as additive) to give allyl 3- (2-methoxy-2-oxoethyl) -1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylate, Ex 40-5, (0.89 g, yield: 60 %over 2 steps) as a yellow oil. MS (ESI) m / z 225.1 [M+H] +.
[0439] Step 6. To a solution of Intermediate 7 (300 mg, 0.48 mmol) and allyl 3- (2-methoxy-2-oxoethyl) -1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylate, Ex 40-5, (129.17 mg, 0.58 mmol) in DMF (5 mL) was added Cs2CO3 (468 mg, 1.44 mmol) . The mixture reaction was stirred at 80 ℃for 1 hr. The reaction mixture was diluted with water (15 mL) and extracted with EA (25 mL x 3) . The organic phase was washed by brine, dried with Na2SO4, and concentrated. The residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (PE / EA = 5 / 1) to give allyl 1- ( (2S, 3S) -3- ( (tert-butyldimethylsilyl) oxy) -2- ( (2, 3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-yl) methyl) -3- (3, 5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl) propyl) -3- (2-methoxy-2-oxoethyl) -1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylate, Ex 40-6, (170 mg, yield: 67.05%) as a yellow solid. MS (ESI) m / z 699.3 [M+Na] +.
[0440] Step 7. To a solution of Ex 40-6 (100 mg, 0.15 mmol) in ACN / H2O (3 mL / 0.5 mL) was added TEA (44.75 mg, 0.44 mmol) and LiBr (128.28 mg, 0.47 mmol) . The mixture reaction was stirred at 80 ℃ for 12 hrs. The reaction was adjusted to pH = 5 with 0.5 M HCl and concentrated. The residue was purified by prep-TLC (PE / EA = 2 / 1) to give 2- (4- ( (allyloxy) carbonyl) -1- ( (2S, 3S) -3- ( (tert-butyldimethylsilyl) oxy) -2- ( (2, 3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-yl) methyl) -3- (3, 5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl) propyl) -1H-pyrazol-3-yl) acetic acid, Ex 40-7, (30 mg, yield: 30 %) as a yellow solid. MS (ESI) m / z 531.2 [M-OTBS] +.
[0441] Step 8. To a solution of Ex 40-7 (30 mg, 0.045 mmol) in THF (1 mL) was added TBAF (0.2 mL, 0.22 mmol) . The mixture reaction was stirred at 25 ℃ for 2 hrs. The reaction mixture was concentrated and the residue was purified by prep-HPLC to give 2- (4- ( (allyloxy) carbonyl) -1- ( (2S, 3S) -2- ( (2, 3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-yl) methyl) -3- (3, 5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl) -3-hydroxypropyl) -1H-pyrazol-3-yl) acetic acid, Example 40, (3.5 mg, yield: 14%) . 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) : δ = 8.18 (s, 1H) , 7.11-7.03 (m, 4H) , 6.62 (s, 2H) , 5.99-5.92 (m, 1H) , 5.50 (br, 1H) , 5.35-5.30 (m, 1H) , 5.23-5.20 (m, 1H) , 4.64-4.62 (m, 2H) , 4.55 (d, J = 4.8 Hz, 1H) , 4.13-4.09 (m, 2H) , 3.76 (s, 6H) , 3.71 (s, 2H) , 2.95-2.90 (m, 2H) , 2.39-2.20 (m, 4H) , 1.95 (s, 3H) , 1.58-1.55 (m, 1H) , 1.19-1.15 (m, 1H) . MS (ESI) m / z 571.2 [M+Na] +. Example 41
[0442] Step 1. To a solution of Example 40 (170 mg, 0.25 mmol) and morpholine (219 mg, 2.51 mmol) in THF (5.0 mL) was added Pd (PPh3) 4 (58 mg, 0.05 mmol) . The mixture reaction was stirred at 25 ℃ for 16 hrs under N2. The reaction mixture was concentrated and the residue was purified by prep-TLC to give 1- ( (2S, 3S) -3- ( (tert-butyldimethylsilyl) oxy) -2- ( (2, 3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-yl) methyl) -3- (3, 5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl) propyl) -3- (2-methoxy-2-oxoethyl) -1H -pyrazole-4-carboxylic acid, Ex 41-1, (140 mg, yield: 87.5%) as a yellow oil. MS (ESI) m / z 659.3 [M+Na] -.
[0443] Step 2. To a solution of Ex 41-1 (70 mg, 0.11 mmol) in THF (1.5 ml) was added tetrabutylammonium fluoride (0.5 mL, 0.55 mmol) . The mixture reaction was stirred at 25 ℃for 4 hrs. The reaction mixture was concentrated and the residue was purified by prep-HPLC to give 1- ( (2S, 3S) -2- ( (2, 3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-yl) methyl) -3- (3, 5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl) -3-hydroxypropyl) -3- (2-methoxy-2-oxoethyl) -1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylic acid, Example 41, (30 mg, yield: 52.6 %) as a white solid. MS (ESI) m / z 545.2 [M+Na] +. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) : δ = 8.08 (s, 1H) , 7.10-7.03 (m, 4H) , 6.62 (s, 2H) , 5.49 (br, 1H) , 4.54 (d, J = 5.2 Hz, 1H) , 4.09-4.07 (m, 2H) , 3.76 (brs, 8H) , 3.51 (s, 3H) , 2.93-2.88 (m, 2H) , 2.33-2.19 (m, 4H) , 1.96 (s, 3H) , 1.56-1.52 (m, 1H) , 1.17-1.13 (m, 1H) . Example 42
[0444] To a mixture of Example 41 (20 mg, 0.038 mmol) in EtOH (1.5 mL) was added aq.LiOH (2 M, 0.2 mL, 0.4 mmol) . The resulting mixture was stirred at 25 ℃ for 4 hrs. The reaction was acidified with 0.5 M HCl until the pH reached 6 and concentrated to give a residue which was purified by prep-HPLC to give 3- (carboxymethyl) -1- ( (2S, 3S) -2- ( (2, 3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-yl) methyl) -3- (3, 5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl) -3-hydroxypropyl) -1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylic acid, Example 42, (3 mg, yield: 15.5 %) as a white solid. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) : δ = 7.93 (br, 1H) , 7.11-7.02 (m, 4H) , 6.62 (s, 2H) , 5.46 (d, J = 4.8 Hz, 1H) , 4.49-4.47 (m, 1H) , 4.05 (d, J = 6.0 Hz, 2H) , 3.77 (s, 6H) , 2.93-2.86 (m, 2H) , 2.36-2.23 (m, 4H) , 1.95 (s, 3H) , 1.51-1.44 (m, 1H) , 1.17-1.11 (m, 1H) . MS (ESI) m / z 531.2 [M+Na] +. Example 43
[0445] Step 1. A mixture of methyl 3-cyanopropanoate, Ex 43-1, (205 mg, 1.813 mmol) , NaN3 (130 mg, 1.993 mmol) and ammonium chloride (107 mg, 1.993 mmol) in DMF (5 mL) was heated at 110 ℃ for 20 h under N2 atmosphere. The reaction mixture was cooled to r.t. and filtered to give a pale-yellow solution. This solution of methyl 3- (2H-tetrazol-5-yl) propanoate, Ex 43-2, (about 5 mL, the concentration was about 0.3 M) was used directly in the next step. MS (ESI) m / z 157.1 [M+H] +.
[0446] Step 2. A mixture of Intermediate 7 (120 mg, 0.192 mmol) , Ex 43-2 (~ 0.3 M in DMF, 1 mL, 0.3 mmol) and K2CO3 (80 mg, 0.576 mmol) in DMF (4 mL) was heated for 16 h at 100 ℃. The reaction mixture was diluted with water (20 mL) and extracted with EA (15 mL x 3) . The combined organic phase was washed with brine, dried and concentrated. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (15%EA in PE) to give methyl 3- (2- ( (2S, 3S) -3- ( (tert-butyldimethylsilyl) oxy) -2- ( (2, 3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-yl) methyl) -3- (3, 5-dimethoxy-4-methyl phenyl) propyl) -2H-tetrazol-5-yl) propanoate, Ex 43-3, (25 mg, yield: 21.4%) as a pale yellow solid. MS (ESI) m / z 609.3 [M+H] +
[0447] Step 3. To a mixture of Ex 43-3 (25 mg, 0.041 mmol) in MeOH (1 mL) / THF (1 mL) was added NaOH (7 mg, 0.154 mmol) in water (0.5 mL) . The resulting mixture was stirred for 16 h at 25 ℃. The reaction mixture was neutralized with dilute HCl and concentrated. The residue was treated with DCM (10 mL) and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated to give 3- (2- ( (2S, 3S) -3- ( (tert-butyldimethylsilyl) oxy) -2- ( (2, 3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-yl) methyl) -3- (3, 5-dimethoxy-4-methyl phenyl) propyl) -2H-tetrazol-5-yl) propanoic acid, Ex 43-4, (25 mg, crude) which was directly used in the next step without further purification. MS (ESI) m / z 617.3 [M+Na] +.
[0448] Step 4. A mixture of Ex 43-4 (25 mg, crude, 0.041 mmol) and TBAF (1.0 M in THF, 0.16 mL, 0.16 mmol) in THF (1 mL) was stirred for 3 h at 30 ℃. Solvent was removed to give a residue. The residue (in DMF) was purified by prep-HPLC to give 3- (2- ( (2S, 3S) -2- ( (2, 3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-yl) methyl) -3- (3, 5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl) -3-hydroxypropyl) -2H-tetrazol-5-yl) propanoic acid, Example 43, (3 mg, yield: 15.2%over 2 steps) as a white solid. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) : 7.11-7.04 (m, 4H) , 6.60 (s, 2H) , 4.62-4.55 (m, 3H) , 3.77 (s, 6H) , 3.05-2.87 (m, 4H) , 2.67-2.60 (m, 2H) , 2.41-2.28 (m, 3H) , 2.24-2.18 (m, 1H) , 1.97 (s, 3H) , 1.65-1.59 (m, 1H) , 1.17-1.12 (m, 1H) . MS (ESI) m / z 503.2 [M+Na] + Example 44
[0449] Step 1. To a solution of methyl 2-amino-2- (4-hydroxyphenyl) acetate, Ex 44-1, (1.6 g, 0.0088 mol) and TEA (2.67 g, 0.0264 mol) in DCM (20 mL) was added AcCl (1.38 g, 0.0176 mol) dropwise at 0 ℃. The mixture was stirred at 30 ℃ for 4 h. The reaction mixture was quenched with water (50 mL) and extracted with DCM (100 mL) . The organic phase was washed with brine, dried with Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated. The residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (PE / EA = 2 / 1) to give methyl 2-acetamido-2- (4-acetoxy phenyl) acetate, Ex 44-2, (1.6 g, yield: 68.18 %) as a white solid. MS (ESI) m / z 266.2 [M+H] +
[0450] Step 2. To a solution of Ex 44-2 (1 g, 0.0038 mol) in MeOH (10 mL) was added K2CO3 (1.05 g, 0.0076 mol) . The mixture was stirred at 30 ℃ for 4 h. The reaction mixture was quenched with water (50 mL) and extracted with EA (50 mL x 2) . The organic phase was combined, washed with brine, dried with Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated. The residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (EA / PE = 1 / 1) to give methyl 2-acetamido-2- (4-hydroxyphenyl) acetate, Ex 44-3, (0.53 g, yield: 63.16 %) as a yellow solid. MS (ESI) m / z 224.1 [M+H] +.
[0451] Step 3. To a solution of Ex 44-3 (100 mg, 0.448 mmol) in DMF (3 mL) was added Intermediate 7 (336 mg, 0.5376 mmol) and Cs2CO3 (438 mg, 1.344 mmol) . The mixture was stirred at 80 ℃ for 1 h. The reaction mixture was diluted with water (20 mL) and extracted with EA (20 mL x 2) . The organic phase was combined, washed with brine, dried with Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated. The residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (EA / PE = 2 / 1) to give methyl 2-acetamido-2- (4- ( (2S, 3S) -3- ( (tert-butyldimethylsilyl) oxy) -2- ( (2, 3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-yl) methyl) -3- (3, 5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl) propoxy) phenyl) acetate, Ex 44-4, (100 mg, yield: 33.01 %) as a yellow oil. MS (ESI) m / z 698.4 [M+Na] +.
[0452] Step 4. To a solution of Ex 44-4 (50 mg, 0.074 mmol) in MeOH (2 mL) was added LiOH·H2O (16 mg, 0.37 mmol) and H2O (0.2 mL) . The mixture was stirred at 25 ℃for 8 h. The reaction mixture was diluted with water (10 mL) , adjusted to pH = 5 with 0.5 M HCl, and extracted with EA (10 mL x 2) . The organic phase was combined, washed with brine, dried with Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated to give 2-acetamido-2- (4- ( (2S, 3S) -3- ( (tert-butyldimethylsilyl) oxy) -2- ( (2, 3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-yl) methyl) -3- (3, 5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl) propoxy) phenyl) acetic acid, Ex 44-5, (42 mg, yield: 85.81 %) as a yellow oil, which was directly used in the next step. MS (ESI) m / z 684.4 [M+Na] +.
[0453] Step 5. To a solution of Ex 44-5 (42 mg, 0.0635 mmol) in THF (1 mL) was added TBAF (0.5 mL, 1 M in THF) . The mixture was stirred at 25 ℃ for 8 h.. The reaction mixture was diluted with water (10 mL) , adjusted to pH = 5 with 0.5 M HCl, and extracted with EA (10 mL x 2) . The organic phase was combined, washed with brine, dried with Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated. The residue was purified by prep-HPLC to give 2-acetamido-2- (4- ( (2S, 3S) -2- ( (2, 3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-yl) methyl) -3- (3, 5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl) -3-hydroxypropoxy) phenyl) acetic acid, Example 44, (25 mg, yield: 71.97 %) as a white solid. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) : δ = 12.67 (brs, 1H) , 8.51 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H) , 7.26 (d, J =8.4 Hz, 2H) , 7.15-7.13 (m, 2H) , 7.08-7.04 (m, 2H) , 6.90-6.87 (m, 2H) , 6.57 (s, 1H) , 5.33 (d, J = 4.4 Hz, 1H) , 5.21 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 1H) , 4.70 (t, J = 5.2 Hz, 1H) , 4.10-4.06 (m, 1H) , 3.95-3.90 (m, 1H) , 3.68 (s, 6H) , 3.01-2.96 (m, 2H) , 2.49-2.40 (m, 3H) , 2.19-2.15 (m, 1H) , 1.94 (s, 3H) , 1.87 (s, 3H) , 1.54-1.50 (m, 2H) . MS (ESI) m / z 570.2 [M+Na] +. Example 47
[0454] Step 1. To a mixture of 3, 6, 9, 12, 15-pentaoxaheptadecane-1, 17-diol (5 g, 17.73 mmol) and tert-butyl acrylate (2.270 g, 17.73 mmol) in ACN (50 mL) at 0℃ was added Triton B (1.48 g, 3.546 mmol, 40 wt. %in water) dropwise. The mixture was stirred at 25℃for 16 hrs. The reaction mixture was detected completed by LCMS. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure to afford the crude product. The crude product was purified by column chromatography on silica gel eluting with EA / PE from 0 / 100 to 50 / 50 to afford tert-butyl 1-hydroxy-3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18-hexaoxahenicosan-21-oate, Ex 47-1, (2.9 g, yield: 39.8%) as a colorless oil. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) : δ = 4.56 (t, J =5.6, 1H) , 3.58 (t, J =6.4, 2H) , 3.51-3.46 (m, 22H) , 3.41 (t, J =4.8, 2H) , 2.41 (t, J =6.0, 2H) , 1.39 (s, 9H) . MS (ESI) m / z 428.3 [M+18] +.
[0455] Step 2. To a mixture of Ex 47-1 (1g, 2.4361 mmol) in DCM (20 mL) was added TFA (10 mL) . The mixture was stirred at rt for 16 hrs. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and purified through a reverse-phase chromatography column using a 20%-50%acetonitrile in water (0.1%TFA) gradient to afford 1-hydroxy-3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18-hexaoxahenicosan-21-oic acid, Ex 47-2, (500 mg, yield: 57.9%) as a colorless oil. MS (ESI) m / z 355.3 [M+H] +.
[0456] Step 3. To a solution of 3- (1H-imidazol-1-yl) propan-1-amine (800 mg, 6.4 mmol) and 1-bromooctadecane (1.066 g, 3.2 mmol) in DMF (10 mL) was added DIEA (1.652 g, 12.8 mmol) . The mixture was stirred at 60℃ for 16 hrs. The reaction mixture was purified through a reverse-phase chromatography column using a 20%-70%acetonitrile in water (0.1%TFA) gradient to afford N- (3- (1H-imidazol-1-yl) propyl) octadecan-1-amine, Ex 47-3, (1.1 g, yield: 45.5%) as a white solid. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) : δ = 9.01 (s, 1H) , 8.61 (brs, 2H) , 7.73 (s, 1H) , 7.66 (s, 1H) , 4.27 (t, J = 7.2, 2H) , 2.88 (brs, 4H) , 2.16-2.09 (m, 2H) , 1.58-1.51 (m, 2H) , 1.26-1.19 (m, 30H) , 0.85 (t, J = 6.8, 3H) . MS (ESI) m / z 378.4 [M+H] +.
[0457] Step 4. To a solution of Ex 47-3 (1.0 g, 2.65 mmol) and Ex 47-2 (938 mg, 2.65 mmol) in DMF (10 mL) was added DIEA (683 mg, 5.29 mmol) and HATU (1.509 g, 2.97 mmol) . The mixture was stirred at RT for 16 hrs. The reaction mixture was purified through a reverse-phase chromatography column using a 20%-80%acetonitrile in water (0.1%TFA) gradient to afford N- (3- (1H-imidazol-1-yl) propyl) -1-hydroxy-N-octadecyl-3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18-hexaoxahenicosan-21-amide, Ex 47-4, (TFA salt, 1.0 g, yield: 52.9%) as a yellow oil. MS (ESI) m / z 714.5 [M+H] +.
[0458] Step 5. To a solution of Ex 47-4 (TFA salt, 500 mg, 0.70 mmol) in DMF (10 mL) was added DIEA (452 mg, 3.50 mmol) . The mixture was stirred at 50℃ for 16 hrs. Then the mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and purified by silica-gel column chromatography column eluting with MeOH in DCM from 0%to 10%to afford Ex 47-4 (free base, 272 mg, yield: 54.4%) as a colorless oil. To a solution of Ex 47-4 (free base, 272 mg, 0.38 mmol) in ACN (2 mL) was added MeI (541 mg, 3.8 mmol) . The mixture was stirred at 70℃ for 16 hrs. The reaction mixture was purified through a reverse-phase chromatography column using a 20%-80%acetonitrile in water (0.1%TFA) gradient to afford 1- (1-hydroxy-22-octadecyl-21-oxo-3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18-hexaoxa-22-azapentacosan-25-yl) -3-methyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate, Ex 47-5, (200 mg, yield: 71.9%) as a yellow oil. MS (ESI) m / z 728.5 [M] +.
[0459] Step 6. To a mixture of Ex 47-5 (200 mg, 0.27 mmol) in DCE (10 mL) was added SOCl2 (326 mg, 2.74 mmol) dropwise. The reaction mixture was stirred at 60℃ for 2h. The reaction mixture was detected completed by LCMS. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure to afford the crude product. The produce was further purified through a reverse-phase chromatography column using a 30%-90%acetonitrile in water (0.1%TFA) gradient to afford 1- (1-chloro-22-octadecyl-21-oxo-3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18-hexaoxa-22-azapentacosan-25-yl) -3-methyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate, Ex 47-6, (120 mg, yield: 58.5%) as a brown oil. MS (ESI) m / z 746.5 [M] +.
[0460] Step 7. A mixture of Ex 47-6 (120 mg, 0.164 mmol) and Intermediate 4 (69 mg, 0.164 mmol) in DMF (20 mL) was added Cs2CO3 (160 mg, 0.493 mmol) and KI (27 mg, 0.164 mmol) . The mixture reaction was stirred at 80℃ for 16 hrs. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure to afford the crude product. The produce was further purified by prep-TLC with DCM / MeOH=10 / 1 to afford 1- (1- (1- ( (2S, 3S) -3- ( (tert-butyldimethylsilyl) oxy) -2- ( (2, 3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-yl) methyl) -3- (3, 5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl) propyl) -4- (2-methoxy-2-oxoethyl) -1H-pyrrol-3-yl) -24-octadecyl-1, 23-dioxo-2, 5, 8, 11, 14, 17, 20-heptaoxa-24-azaheptacosan-27-yl) -3-methyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate, Ex 47-7, (57 mg, yield: 25.7%) as a yellow oil. MS (ESI) m / z 1345.9 [M] +.
[0461] Step 8. To a mixture of Ex 47-7 (57 mg, 0.042 mmol) in THF (5 mL) was added LiOH·H2O (0.22 mL, 0.211 mmol, 1 M in water) . The mixture reaction was stirred at RT for 16 hrs. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure to afford the crude product 1- (1- (1- ( (2S, 3S) -3- ( (tert-butyldimethylsilyl) oxy) -2- ( (2, 3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-yl) methyl) -3- (3, 5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl) propyl) -4- (carboxymethyl) -1H-pyrrol-3-yl) -24-octadecyl-1, 23-dioxo-2, 5, 8, 11, 14, 17, 20-heptaoxa-24-azaheptacosan-27-yl) -3-methyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate, Ex 47-8, (70 mg, crude) as a brown oil. MS (ESI) m / z 1331.8 [M] +.
[0462] Step 9. To a mixture of Ex 47-8 (70 mg, crude) in THF (5 mL) was added TBAF (0.22 mL, 0.211 mmol, 1M in THF) . The mixture reaction was stirred at 50℃ for 2 hrs. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue was further purified by prep-HPLC (C18-TFA) to afford 1- (1- (4- (carboxymethyl) -1- ( (2S, 3S) -2- ( (2, 3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-yl) methyl) -3- (3, 5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl) -3-hydroxypropyl) -1H-pyrrol-3-yl) -24-octadecyl-1, 23-dioxo-2, 5, 8, 11, 14, 17, 20-heptaoxa-24-azaheptacosan-27-yl) -3-methyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate, Example 47, (19.0 mg, yield over 2 steps: 36.8%) as a yellow solid. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) : δ = 9.08 (s, 1H) , 7.77 (d, J = 6.0 Hz, 1H) , 7.70 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H) , 7.29 (d, J = 2.4 Hz, 1H) , 7.10-7.02 (m, 4H) , 6.68 (d, J = 2.0 Hz, 1H) , 6.59 (s, 2H) , 5.50 (brs, 1H) , 4.41 (d, J = 6.0 Hz, 1H) , 4.17-4.08 (m, 4H) , 3.94 (s, 2H) , 3.84 (s, 3H) , 3.76 (s, 6H) , 3.65-3.47 (m, 28H) , 3.28-3.21 (m, 4H) , 2.96-2.86 (m, 2H) , 2.38-2.15 (m, 6H) , 2.13-1.95 (m, 5H) , 1.48-1.42 (m, 3H) , 1.30-1.22 (m, 31H) , 0.86-0.83 (m, 3H) . MS (ESI) m / z 1217.6 [M] +. Example 48
[0463] Step 1. To a solution of 1H-imidazole (69 mg, 1.019 mmol) in DMF (5 mL) was added NaH (41 mg, 1.02 mmol) at 0 ℃ under N2 and the mixture was stirred at 0 ℃ for 30 min. Then tert-butyl 2- (prop-2-yn-1-yl) -20- (tosyloxy) -3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18-hexaoxaicosanoate, Ex 48-1, (400 mg, 0.679 mmol) was added and the mixture was stirred at 25 ℃ for 4 h. The reaction mixture was diluted with water (10 mL) and extracted with EA (10 mL x3) . The organic phase was combined, washed with brine, dried with Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated. The residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (DCM / MeOH = 10 / 1) to give tert-butyl 20- (1H-imidazol-1-yl) -2- (prop-2-yn-1-yl) -3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18-hexaoxaicosanoate, Ex 48-2, (1.50 g, yield: 72.8 %) as a yellow oil. MS (ESI) m / z 485.3 [M+H] +.
[0464] Step 2. To a solution of Ex 48-2 (240 mg, 0.495 mmol) in ACN (0.5 mL) was added 1-bromooctadecane (825 mg, 2.476 mmol) , and the mixture was stirred at 90 ℃ for 16 h. The reaction mixture concentrated and purified by column chromatography on silica gel (DCM / MeOH = 10 / 1) to give 3- (22, 22-dimethyl-20-oxo-19- (prop-2-yn-1-yl) -3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21-heptaoxatricosyl) -1-octadecyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate, Ex 48-3, (120 mg, yield: 32.8 %) as a yellow oil. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) : δ = 9.12 (s, 1H) , 7.79-7.75 (m, 2H) , 4.34 (t, J = 4.8 Hz, 2H) , 4.19-4.15 (m, 2H) , 3.96-3.93 (m, 1H) , 3.78-3.76 (m, 2H) , 3.62-3.61 (m, 1H) , 3.56-3.49 (m, 20H) , 3.17 (d, J = 5.2 Hz, 2H) , 2.86 (t, J = 2.8 Hz, 1H) , 1.79-1.76 (m, 2H) , 1.43 (s, 9H) , 1.26-1.19 (m, 30H) , 0.85 (t, J = 6.8 Hz, 3H) . MS (ESI) m / z 737.5 [M+] +.
[0465] Step 3. To a solution of Ex 48-3 (110 mg, 0.149 mmol) in DCM (2 mL) was added TFA (0.5 mL) at 0 ℃. The mixture was stirred at 25 ℃ for 2 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated to give crude 3- (19-carboxy-3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18-hexaoxadocos-21-yn-1-yl) -1-octadecyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate, Ex 48-4, (105 mg, crude) as a yellow oil. MS (ESI) m / z 681.5 [M] +.
[0466] Step 4. To a solution of Ex 48-4 (105 mg, 0.149 mmol) and Intermediate 9 (59 mg, 0.154 mmol) in EtOH (1 mL) and DCM (2 mL) was added L-Ascorbic Acid Sodium Salt (15 mg, 0.077 mmol) in H2O (0.5 mL) and CuSO4·5H2O (19 mg, 0.077 mmol) in H2O (0.5 mL) . The mixture was stirred at 25 ℃ for 16 h. The reaction mixture was filtered and the filtrate was concentrated to give a residue which was purified by prep-HPLC to give 3- (19-carboxy-20- (1- ( (2S, 3S) -2- ( (2, 3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-yl) methyl) -3- (3, 5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl) -3-hydroxypropyl) -1H-1, 2, 3-triazol-4-yl) -3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18-hexaoxaicosyl) -1-octadecyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoroacetate, Example 48, (28 mg, yield: 17.7 %over 2 steps) as a yellow gum. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) : δ = 9.12 (s, 1H) , 7.78-7.75 (m, 3H) , 7.09-7.03 (m, 4H) , 6.66-6.62 (m, 2H) , 4.52 (t, J = 4.8 Hz, 1H) , 4.34-4.33 (m, 4H) , 4.16 (t, J =7.2 Hz, 2H) , 4.08-3.96 (m, 1H) , 3.77 (s, 6H) , 3.68-3.63 (m, 1H) , 3.58-3.33 (m, 23H) , 3.03-2.85 (m, 4H) , 2.38-2.20 (m, 3H) , 1.96 (s, 3H) , 1.79-1.75 (m, 2H) , 1.54-1.51 (m, 1H) , 1.26-1.08 (m, 30H) , 1.20-1.10 (m, 1H) , 0.86-0.83 (m, 3H) . MS (ESI) m / z 1062.6 [M] +. Example 49
[0467] Step 1. To a mixture of 3, 6, 9, 12-tetraoxatetradecane-1, 14-diol (20 g, 84.1 mmol) in THF (400 mL) at 0 ℃ was added NaH (2.01 g, 60%, 84.1 mmol) in portions under N2 atmosphere. The resulting mixture was stirred for 0.5 h at 0 ℃. Then tert-butyl 2-bromoacetate (8.19 g, 42.1 mmol) was added. The resulting mixture was stirred for 14 hrs. After the reaction was completed, the reaction mixture was quenched with aq. NH4Cl (10 mL) at 0 ℃, stirred for 5 min and concentrated. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (PE / EA = 1 / 2) to give tert-butyl 17-hydroxy-3, 6, 9, 12, 15-pentaoxaheptadecanoate, Ex 49-1, (6.8 g, yield: 46%) as a yellow oil. MS (ESI) m / z 375.2 [M+Na] +.
[0468] Step 2. To a mixture of Ex 49-1 (6 g, 17 mmol) and TsOH (0.323 g, 1.7 mmol) in DCM (150 mL) was added DHP (2.86 g, 34 mmol) at r.t. The resulting mixture was stirred for 2 h at 25 ℃. The mixture was concentrated and the residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (PE / EA = 1 / 1) to give tert-butyl 17- ( (tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)oxy) -3, 6, 9, 12, 15-pentaoxaheptadecanoate, Ex 49-2, (3.4 g, yield: 46.5%) as a yellow oil. MS (ESI) m / z 459.3 [M+Na] +.
[0469] Step 3. To a mixture of Ex 49-2 (500 mg, 1.144 mmol) in THF (10 mL) at at -78 ℃ under N2 atmosphere was added LDA (2.0 M in THF, 2.3 mL, 4.6 mmol) dropwise over 3 min. The resulting mixture was stirred for 30 min at -78℃. Then 3-bromoprop-1-yne (275 mg, 2.3 mmol) was added via syringe within one minute. The resulting mixture was stirred for additional 30 min at -78℃. After the reaction was completed, the reaction mixture was quenched by 10%NH4Cl (~10 mL) at 0 ℃. The reaction mixture was separated and extracted with DCM (20 mL x3) . The combined organic phase was dried over Na2SO4 and concentrated. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (PE / EA = 1 / 1) to give tert-butyl 2- (prop-2-yn-1-yl) -17- ( (tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl) oxy) -3, 6, 9, 12, 15-pentaoxaheptadecanoate, Ex 49-3, (250 mg, yield: 46.2%) as a yellow oil. MS (ESI) m / z 497.3 [M+Na] +.
[0470] Step 4. To a mixture of Ex 49-3 (1 g, 2.1 mmol) in MeOH (10 mL) was added diluted HCl (0.1 M, 0.5 mL, 0.005 mmol) . The resulting mixture was stirred at 25 ℃ for 2 hours. LCMS indicated the completion of reaction. The mixture was concentrated, and the residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (EA) to give tert-butyl 17-hydroxy-2- (prop-2-yn-1-yl) -3, 6, 9, 12, 15-pentaoxaheptadecanoate, Ex 49-4, (0.5 g, yield: 61%) as a yellow oil. MS (ESI) m / z 408.4 [M+NH4] +.
[0471] Step 5. To mixture of Ex 49-4 (500 mg, 1.28 mmol) , TEA (258 mg, 2.56 mmol) and DMAP (15.8 mg, 0.13 mmol) in DCM (8 mL) was added TsCl (489 mg, 2.56 mmol) at r.t. The resulting mixture was stirred for 16 hrs. Solvent was removed and the residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (P...
Claims
1.A compound of Formula I or II, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof: wherein:Core is null or a hydrophilic moiety;Spacer is a hydrophilic chain or ring / chain structure;wherein the Spacer and / or Core optionally includes one or more chargeable or charged group;Tail is hydrogen or a hydrophobic chain or ring / chain structure;Q1 is null or a linker that connects the Spacer to Ring C shown in Formula I or to L3 in Formula II;Q2 is null or a linker that connects the Spacer and Core;Q3 is null or a linker that connects the Core and Tail;Ring A is a 5-10 membered aromatic ring optionally having 1-3 ring heteroatoms, preferably a phenyl ring;j1 is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4, as valency permits; andR1 at each occurrence is independently halogen, CN, OH, R1a, OR1a, SR1a, SO2R1a, or C (O) -R1a, wherein R1a at each occurrence is independently a C1-4 alkyl, C2-4 alkenyl, C2-4 alkynyl, or a 3-6 membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring, wherein the C1-4 alkyl, C2-4 alkenyl, or C2-4 alkynyl is optionally substituted with 1-3 F, and the 3-6 membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring is optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents each independently halogen, OH, C1-3 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 F, or C1-3 alkoxy optionally substituted with 1-3 F;L1 is O, C1-6 alkylene, or O-C1-6 alkylene, wherein the C1-6 alkylene is optionally substituted with 1-3 F;Ring B is a 3-10 membered ring selected from carbocyclic, heterocyclic, aryl, or heteroaryl ring;j2 is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4, as valency permits; andR2 at each occurrence is independently halogen, CN, OH, C1-4 alkyl, C2-4 alkenyl, C2-4 alkynyl, C1-4 alkoxy, or a 3-6 membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring, wherein the C1-4 alkyl, C2-4 alkenyl, C2-4 alkynyl or C1-4 alkoxy, is optionally substituted with 1-3 F, and the 3-6 membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring is optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents each independently halogen, OH, C1-3 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 F, or C1-3 alkoxy optionally substituted with 1-3 F;Ring C is a 5-membered heteroaryl, 6-membered heteroaryl, phenyl, or a fused bicyclic heteroaryl,j3 is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4, as valency permits; andR3 at each occurrence is independently halogen, CN, OH, NH2, COOH, CONH2, SO2NH2, R3a, OR3a, SR3a, NHR3a, NR3aR3a, SO2R3a, C (O) -R3a, C (O) -O-R3a, C (O) -NHR3a, C (O) -NR3aR3a, SO2NHR3a, SO2NR3aR3a, wherein R3a at each occurrence is independently a C1-4 alkyl, C2-4 alkenyl, C2-4 alkynyl, or a 3-6 membered ring, wherein the C1-4 alkyl, C2-4 alkenyl, or C2-4 alkynyl is optionally substituted with 1-3 F, and the 3-6 membered ring is optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents each independently halogen, CN, OH, C1-3 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 F, or C1-3 alkoxy optionally substituted with 1-3 F;L2 is null, an optionally substituted C1-4 alkylene, or an optionally substituted C1-4 heteroalkylene;L3 is N or C (L3a) , wherein L3a is hydrogen or an optionally substituted C1-4 alkyl;or L3 iswherein k is 1, 2, or 3, preferably, the C (L3b) (L3c) end is attached to Z, wherein L3b, L3c, and L3d are each independently hydrogen, halogen, CN, OH, NH2, L3e, OL3e, SL3e, NHL3e, NL3eL3e, SO2L3e, C (O) -L3e, C (O) -O-L3e, C (O) -NHL3e, C (O) -NL3eL3e, SO2NHL3e, SO2NL3eL3e, wherein L3e at each occurrence is independently an optionally substituted C1-4 alkyl, an optionally substituted C2-4 alkenyl, an optionally substituted C2-4 alkynyl, an optionally substituted C1-4 heteroalkyl, or an optionally substituted 3-6 membered ring; preferably, k is 1, i.e., L3 isand at least one or two of L3b, L3c, and L3d are hydrogen; andZ is an acidic functional group, preferably, COOH, CONHSO2-Za, or a 5-membered heteroaryl or heterocyclic ring having an acidic OH or NH group, wherein Za is an optionally substituted C1-4 alkyl or an optionally substituted phenyl.2.The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein the Core comprises one or more chargeable or charged group.3.The compound of claim 1 or 2, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein the Core comprises one or more basic nitrogen atom, and / or one or more quaternary nitrogen atom.4.The compound of any of claims 1-3, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein the Core comprises one or more acidic groups, such as acidic OH and / or acidic NH group.5.The compound of any of claims 1-4, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein the Core has 1-30 (e.g., 3-25, 4-20, 5-15, 6-10, etc. ) non-hydrogen and non-halogen atoms.6.The compound of any of claims 1-4, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein the Core has 2-30 (e.g., 3-25, 4-20, 5-15, 6-10, etc. ) non-hydrogen and non-halogen atoms, which contains one or more carbon atoms and one or more heteroatoms, and has a ratio of the number of heteroatoms to the number of carbon atoms of at least 1: 6, preferably, at least 1: 5, such as 1: 4, 1: 3, 1: 2, 1: 1, 2: 1, or 3: 1, or any values or ranges between the recited values, such as 2: 3, 3: 2, from 1: 4 to 2: 1, etc.7.The compound of any of claims 1-4, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein the Core has 2-30 (e.g., 3-25, 4-20, 5-15, 6-10, etc. ) non-hydrogen atoms, wherein the non-hydrogen atoms consist of (i) one or more carbon atoms and (ii) one or more heteroatoms each independently selected from N, O, S, and P, and the Core has a ratio of the number of heteroatoms to the number of carbon atoms of at least 1: 6, preferably, at least 1: 5, such as 1: 4, 1: 3, 1: 2, 1: 1, 2: 1, or 3: 1, or any values or ranges between the recited values, such as 2: 3, 3: 2, from 1: 4 to 2: 1, etc.8.The compound of any of claims 1-4, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein the Core has 2-30 (e.g., 3-25, 4-20, 5-15, 6-10, etc. ) non-hydrogen atoms, wherein the non-hydrogen atoms consist of (i) one or more carbon atoms and (ii) one or more heteroatoms each independently selected from N and O, and the Core has a ratio of the number of heteroatoms to the number of carbon atoms at least 1: 6, preferably at least 1: 5, such as 1: 4, 1: 3, 1: 2, 1: 1, 2: 1, or 3: 1, or any values or ranges between the recited values, such as 2: 3, 3: 2, from 1: 4 to 2: 1, etc.9.The compound of any of claims 1-4, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein the Core has 2-30 (e.g., 3-25, 4-20, 5-15, 6-10, etc. ) non-hydrogen atoms, wherein the non-hydrogen atoms consist of (i) one or more carbon atoms and (ii) one or more nitrogen atoms, and the Core has a ratio of the number of nitrogen atoms to the number of carbon atoms at least 1: 6, preferably at least 1: 5, such as 1: 4, 1: 3, 1: 2, 1: 1, 2: 1, or 3: 1, or any values or ranges between the recited values, such as 2: 3, 3: 2, from 1: 4 to 2: 1, etc.10.The compound of any of claims 1-9, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein the Core is characterized in that the corresponding molecule H-Core-H has a cLogP of less than 1, preferably, less than 0 (e.g., -0.9 or below) , wherein both hydrogens are bonded to the terminal atom (s) of the Core; or when the Core has one or two terminal atoms that connect to the remainder of the molecule through a charged nitrogen or a quaternary nitrogen, then the corresponding molecule Me-Core-H or Me-Core-Me has a cLogP of less than 1, preferably, less than 0 (e.g., -0.9 or below) , wherein the terminal atom (s) that is the charged nitrogen or quaternary nitrogen is bonded with methyl and any remaining terminal atom is bonded with hydrogen.11.The compound of any of claims 1-10, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein the Core is a chain structure, which can connect to Q2 and Q3 through a single atom or two different atoms.12.The compound of any of claims 1-10, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein the Core is a ring / chain structure, which can include one or more chains and one or more rings, which can connect to Q2 and Q3 through a single atom or two different atoms and through one ring atom, two ring atoms, one chain atom, two chain atoms, or one ring atom and one chain atom.13.The compound of any of claims 1-10, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein the Core is a 3-14 (e.g., 4-10, 5-8, etc. ) membered ring structure that connects to Q2 and Q3 through a single ring atom or two different ring atoms, wherein the ring structure is optionally substituted.14.The compound of any of claims 1-10, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein the Core is a dendrimer or a partial structure of a dendrimer.15.The compound of any of claims 1-3, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein the Core is -NH-.16.The compound of any of claims 1-10, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein the Core has a structure according to Core-1: wherein:G1 is a C1-6 alkylene, C (O) - (C1-6 alkylene) , or C (O) NH- (C1-6 alkylene) , wherein each of the C1-6 alkylene is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from OH, COOH, SO3H, PO3H2, NH2, NH (C1-3 alkyl) , N (C1-3 alkyl) (C1-3 alkyl) , and [N (C1-3 alkyl) (C1-3 alkyl) (C1-3 alkyl) ] +, and G2 is hydrogen, OH, COOH, SO3H, PO3H2, NH2, NH (C1-3 alkyl) , N (C1-3 alkyl) (C1-3 alkyl) , [N (C1-3 alkyl) (C1-3 alkyl) (C1-3 alkyl) ] +, or a 4-10 membered heteroaryl or heterocyclic ring, preferably having 1-4 ring nitrogen atoms, wherein the 4-10 membered heteroaryl or heterocyclic ring is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently G1A, OH, COOH, SO3H, PO3H2, NH2, NH (C1-3 alkyl) , N (C1-3 alkyl) (C1-3 alkyl) , or [N (C1-3 alkyl) (C1-3 alkyl) (C1-3 alkyl) ] +, and when applicable, one or more ring nitrogen atoms of the 4-10 membered heteroaryl or heterocyclic ring is optionally quaternized or oxidized, wherein G1A at each occurrence is independently C1-6 alkyl, C (O) - (C1-6 alkyl) , or C (O) NH- (C1-6 alkyl) , wherein each of the C1-6 alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from OH, COOH, SO3H, PO3H2, NH2, NH (C1-3 alkyl) , N (C1-3 alkyl) (C1-3 alkyl) , and [N (C1-3 alkyl) (C1-3 alkyl) (C1-3 alkyl) ] +.17.The compound of claim 16, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein the Core has a structure according to Core-2a, Core-2b, Core-2c, Core-2d, Core-2e, or Core-2f: wherein:G1B is C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from OH, COOH, SO3H, PO3H2, NH2, NH (C1-3 alkyl) , N (C1-3 alkyl) (C1-3 alkyl) , and [N (C1-3 alkyl) (C1-3 alkyl) (C1-3 alkyl) ] +.18.The compound of claim 16 or 17, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein G1 is a C2-6 alkylene, such as a C2-4 alkylene, e.g., CH2CH2CH2.19.The compound of any of claims 1-10, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein the Core has a structure according to Core-3: wherein:G3 and G4 are each independently a C1-6 alkyl or a 3-8 membered nonaromatic ring, wherein the C1-6 alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from GA, COOH, SO3H, PO3H2, C (O) NH- (C1-4 alkylene) -GA, GB, COGB, and C (O) NH- (C1-4 alkylene) -GB, and the 3-8 membered nonaromatic ring is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from (1) GA, (2) C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from GA, COOH, SO3H, PO3H2, C (O) NH- (C1-4 alkylene) -GA, GB, COGB, C (O) NH- (C1-4 alkylene) -GB, and (C1-4 alkylene) -GB; and (3) COOH, SO3H, PO3H2, C (O) NH- (C1-4 alkylene) -GA, GB, COGB, C (O) NH- (C1-4 alkylene) -GB, or (C1-4 alkylene) -GB; or G3 and G4, together with the nitrogen atom to which they are both attached, are joined to form a 4-8 membered heterocyclic ring, which is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from GA, C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more GA, GB, and (C1-4 alkylene) -GB;wherein GB at each occurrence is independently a 4-10 membered heterocyclic ring, preferably having 1-4 ring nitrogen atoms, which is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently GA or C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more GA;wherein GA at each occurrence is independently selected from OH, NH2, NH (C1-3 alkyl) , N (C1-3 alkyl) (C1-3 alkyl) , and [N (C1-3 alkyl) (C1-3 alkyl) (C1-3 alkyl) ] +;wherein one or more ring nitrogen atoms of the 3-8 membered nonaromatic ring, 4-8 membered heterocyclic ring, or 4-10 membered heterocyclic ring is optionally quaternized or oxidized.20.The compound of claim 19, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein the Core has a structure according to Core-4: wherein ring D is a 4-8 membered heterocyclic ring, preferably having 1 or 2 ring heteroatoms, which is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from GA, C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more GA, GB, and (C1-4 alkylene) -GB, wherein GA and GB are as defined in claim 19.21.The compound of claim 19, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein the Core has a structure according to Core-5: wherein:G3A and G4A are each independently a C1-6 alkylene;G3B and G4B are each independently a C1-6 alkylene; andG3C and G4C are each independently GA or GB, wherein GA and GB are as defined in claim 19.22.The compound of any of claims 1-10, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein the Core has a structure according to Core-6: wherein:G5A and G5B are each independently null or a C1-6 alkylene,Ring E is a 3-14 membered ring, preferably, having 1-4 ring nitrogen atoms, more preferably, at least one of the ring nitrogen atoms is chargeable or charged, wherein the 3-14 membered ring is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from GA, C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more GA, GB, and (C1-4 alkylene) -GB,wherein GB at each occurrence is independently a 4-10 membered heterocyclic ring, preferably having 1-4 ring nitrogen atoms, which is optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently GA or C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more GA;wherein GA at each occurrence is independently selected from OH, NH2, NH (C1-3 alkyl) , N (C1-3 alkyl) (C1-3 alkyl) , and [N (C1-3 alkyl) (C1-3 alkyl) (C1-3 alkyl) ] +;wherein one or more ring nitrogen atoms, if present, is optionally quaternized or oxidized.23.The compound of any of claims 1-10, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein the Core has a structure according to Core-7a, Core-7b, or Core-7c: wherein:G5A and G5B are each independently null or a C1-6 alkylene,wherein G5A is attached to Q2 and G5B is attached to Q3; or G5A is attached to Q3 and G5B is attached to Q2.24.The compound of any of claims 1-10, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein the Core has a structure according to Core-8: wherein:G5A and G5B are each independently null or a C1-6 alkylene,G5C is C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from OH, COOH, SO3H, PO3H2, NH2, NH (C1-3 alkyl) , N (C1-3 alkyl) (C1-3 alkyl) , and [N (C1-3 alkyl) (C1-3 alkyl) (C1-3 alkyl) ] +,wherein G5A is attached to Q2 and G5B is attached to Q3; or G5A is attached to Q3 and G5B is attached to Q2.25.The compound of any of claims 1-10, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein the Core has a structure of or the Core has a structure of 26.The compound of any of claims 1-25, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein Q2 is null or a C1-10 alkylene.27.The compound of any of claims 1-25, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein Q2 is a linear C2-8 alkylene.28.The compound of any of claims 1-27, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein the Spacer has at least 6 non-hydrogen and non-halogen atoms, preferably, at least 10 (e.g., at least 12, at least 14, at least 16, at least 18, at least 20, at least 24, or at least 30) non-hydrogen and non-halogen atoms.29.The compound of any of claims 1-27, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein the Spacer has at least 10 non-hydrogen and non-halogen atoms, e.g., at least 12, at least 14, at least 16, at least 18, at least 20, at least 24, or at least 30 non-hydrogen and non-halogen atoms, wherein the Spacer contains one or more carbon atoms and one or more heteroatoms, and has a ratio of the number of heteroatoms to the number of carbon atoms of at least 1: 5, such as 1: 4, 1: 3, or 1: 2, or any values or ranges between the recited values, such as 2: 3, 3: 4, or 1: 4 to 1: 2, etc.30.The compound of any of claims 1-27, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein the Spacer has at least 10 (e.g., 10-30, 12-28, 14-26, 16-24, etc. ) non-hydrogen atoms, wherein the non-hydrogen atoms consist of (i) one or more carbon atoms and (ii) one or more heteroatoms each independently selected from N, O, S, and P, and the Spacer has a ratio of the number of heteroatoms to the number of carbon atoms of preferably at least 1: 5, such as 1: 4, 1: 3, or 1: 2, or any values or ranges between the recited values, such as 2: 3, 3: 4, or 1: 4 to 1: 2, etc.31.The compound of any of claims 1-27, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein the Spacer has at least 10 (e.g., 10-30, 12-28, 14-26, 16-24, etc. ) non-hydrogen atoms, wherein the non-hydrogen atoms consist of (i) one or more carbon atoms and (ii) one or more heteroatoms each independently selected from N and O, and the Spacer has a ratio of the number of heteroatoms to the number of carbon atoms of preferably at least 1: 5, such as 1: 4, 1: 3, or 1: 2, or any values or ranges between the recited values, such as 2: 3, 3: 4, or 1: 4 to 1: 2, etc.32.The compound of any of claims 1-27, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein the Spacer has at least 10 (e.g., 10-30, 12-28, 14-26, 16-24, etc. ) non-hydrogen atoms, wherein the non-hydrogen atoms consist of (i) one or more carbon atoms and (ii) one or more oxygen atoms, and the Spacer has a ratio of the number of oxygen atoms to the number of carbon atoms of preferably at least 1: 5, such as 1: 4, 1: 3, or 1: 2, or any values or ranges between the recited values, such as 2: 3, 3: 4, or 1: 4 to 1: 2, etc.33.The compound of any of claims 1-32, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein the Spacer has a hydrophilicity characterized in that the corresponding compound, H-Spacer-H, has a cLogP of less than 1.34.The compound of any of claims 1-33, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein the Spacer comprises one or more chargeable or charged group.35.The compound of any of claims 1-33, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein the Spacer does not comprise a chargeable or charged group.36.The compound of any of claims 1-35, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein the Spacer is a chain structure, which connects to Q1 and Q2 through two terminal atoms of the chain, wherein the two terminal atoms are at least 8 atoms apart, preferably, at least 10 atoms apart, at least 12 atoms apart, at least 14 atoms apart, at least 20 atoms apart, etc.37.The compound of any of claims 1-35, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein the Spacer is a ring / chain structure, which includes one or more chains and one or more rings, wherein the Spacer connects to Q1 and Q2 through (a) one chain atom and one ring atom, (b) two chain atoms, or (c) two ring atoms; wherein the two atoms connecting to Q1 and Q2 are at least 8 atoms apart, preferably, at least 10 atoms apart, at least 12 atoms apart, at least 14 atoms apart, at least 20 atoms apart, etc.38.The compound of any of claims 1-35, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein the Spacer has a structure according to Spacer-1: wherein:U1 and U3 are each independently null, O, S, NH, C (O) , C (O) O, C (O) NH, OC (O) NH, NHC (O) NH, SO2, SO2NH, or C1-6 heteroalkylene, wherein one or two carbons of the C1-6 heteroalkylene are optionally substituted with an oxo, U2 is O, NH, or N (C1-4 alkyl) ;e1 is an integer of 2-8, preferably, 2 or 3;e2 is an integer of 1-20, e.g., 2-18, 4-16, 6-12, 1-10, etc. ; ande3 is an integer of 0-8, preferably, 2 or 3.39.The compound of claim 38, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein the Spacer has a structure according to Spacer-2: wherein U1 is null, O, NH, or N (C1-4 alkyl) .40.The compound of claim 38 or 39, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein e1 is 2 or 3, preferably e1 is 2.41.The compound of any of claims 38-40, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein e3 is 2 or 3.42.The compound of any of claims 38-41, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein e2 is 2-12, such as 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.43.The compound of any of claims 38-42, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein U3 is null or O.44.The compound of any of claims 1-27, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein the Spacer is selected from -O- (CH2CH2O) 1-8-CH2CH2O-such as: 45.The compound of any of claims 1-27, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein the Spacer is selected from -O- (CH2CH2CH2O) 1-4-CH2CH2CH2O-, such as:or the Spacer is selected from:46.The compound of any of claims 1-27, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein the Spacer is -O- (CH2CH2O) 1-8-CH2CH2-, -O- (CH2CH2O) 1-8-CH2CH2CH2-, -O- (CH2CH2CH2O) 1-4-CH2CH2CH2-, -O- (CH2CH2CH2O) 1-4-CH2CH2-, - (CH2CH2O) 1-8-CH2CH2-, - (CH2CH2O) 1-8-CH2CH2CH2-, - (CH2CH2CH2O) 1-4-CH2CH2CH2-, - (CH2CH2CH2O) 1-4-CH2CH2-, -NH- (CH2CH2O) 1-8-CH2CH2-, -NH- (CH2CH2O) 1-8-CH2CH2CH2-, -NH- (CH2CH2CH2O) 1-4-CH2CH2CH2-, or -NH- (CH2CH2CH2O) 1-4-CH2CH2-, preferably, when applicable, the oxygen or NH end is attached to Q1.47.The compound of any of claims 1-46, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein Q1 is null, C (O) , C1-6 alkylene, C1-6 heteroalkylene, C0-6 alkylene- (5 or 6-membered heteroarylene) -C0-6 alkylene, C0-6 heteroalkylene- (5 or 6-membered heteroarylene) -C0-6 alkylene, or C0-6 heteroalkylene- (5 or 6-membered heteroarylene) -C0-6 heteroalkylene, wherein one or two carbon atoms of the alkylene or heteroalkylene is optionally substituted with oxo and the alkylene or heteroalkylene is optionally further substituted, and wherein the 5 or 6-membered heteroarylene is optionally substituted, e.g., with methyl, preferably, the 5 or 6-membered heteroarylene, if present, is a triazole, such as for example, Q1 can be one preferred Q1 is C (O) ; another preferred Q1 is 48.The compound of any of claims 1-47, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein the Tail is a hydrocarbon chain having at least 8 carbon atoms, preferably, at least 12 carbon atoms, such as at least 14, at least 16, at least 18, at least 20, or at least 24 carbon atoms.49.The compound of any of claims 1-47, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein the Tail is a saturated hydrocarbon chain having at least 8 carbon atoms, preferably, at least 12 carbon atoms, such as at least 14, at least 16, at least 18, at least 20, or at least 24 carbon atoms.50.The compound of any of claims 1-47, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein the Tail is an unsaturated hydrocarbon chain having at least 8 carbon atoms preferably, at least 12 carbon atoms, such as at least 14, at least 16, at least 18, at least 20, or at least 24 carbon atoms, wherein the unsaturated hydrocarbon chain has (i) 1-6 double bond; (ii) 1-3 triple bond; or (iii) a combination of (i) and (ii) .51.The compound of any of claims 1-47, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein the Tail is a hydrocarbon ring / chain structure, having one or more chains and one or more rings, wherein the total number of carbon atoms is at least 8 preferably, at least 12, such as at least 14, at least 16, at least 18, at least 20, or at least 24 carbon atoms.52.The compound of any of claims 1-51, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein the hydrophobicity of the Tail is characterized in that the structure of Tail-COOH has a cLogP of at least 3, such as between 3-15, preferably, at least 4.53.The compound of any of claims 1-47, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein the Tail has a formula of CH3 (CH2) 6-24-, such as CH3 (CH2) 10-24-, CH3 (CH2) 12-18-, etc.54.The compound of any of claims 1-47, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein the Tail has a formula of 55.The compound of any of claims 1-54, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein Q3 is null, C (O) , (C1-6 alkylene) -C (O) , or C1-10 heteroalkylene, wherein one or two carbon atoms of the C1-6 alkylene or C1-10 heteroalkylene is optionally substituted with oxo, e.g., Q3 is a C1-6 heteroalkylene, for example, Q3 is - (C1-4 alkylene) -NH-, - (C1-4 alkylene) -NH-C (O) -, or - (C1-4 alkylene) -C (O) -NH-, etc.56.The compound of any of claims 1-55, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein the moiety of Q1- (Spacer) -Q2- (Core) -Q3- (Tail) has a structure according to one of M-1 to M-8 below: whereinG1 is as defined in claim 16 or 18;G1B is as defined in claim 17;Ring D is as defined in claim 20;G3A, G4A, G3B, G4B, G3C, and G4C are as defined in claim 21;G5B and G5C are as defined in claim 24;Q1 is as defined in claim 47; andU1, U3, e1, e2, and e3 are as defined in any of claims 38-43, except that U3 is not a heteroatom and does not attach to the nitrogen atom through a heteroatom, and when U3 is null, e3 is 2 or greater.57.The compound of claim 56, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein:(1) G1 in M-1 or M-6 is a C2-4 alkylene;(2) Tail in M-1, M-2, M-3, M-4, M-5, M-6, M-7, or M-8 is a formula of CH3 (CH2) 6-24-, such as CH3 (CH2) 10-24-, CH3 (CH2) 12-18-, etc., or Tail has a formula of(3) in M-1, M-2, M-3, M-4, M-5, M-6, M-7, or M-8, (i) e1 is 2 or 3, preferably, e1 is 2, (ii) e2 is 2-12, such as 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6; and / or (iii) e3 is 2 or 3; and / or(4) in M-1, M-2, M-3, M-4, M-5, M-6, M-7, or M-8, (i) Q1 is null, and U1 is O, NH, or N (C1-4 alkyl) ; (ii) Q1 is C (O) , and U1 is O, NH, or N (C1-4 alkyl) ; (iii) Q1 is C1-4 alkylene, such as CH2, and U1 is O, NH, or N (C1-4 alkyl) ; or (iv) Q1 iswherein Ra is H or C1-4 alkyl, and U1 is null, wherein the triazole end is attached to the alkylene oxide units in M-1 to M-8.58.The compound of any of claims 1-57, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, characterized as having a structure according to Formula I-E1: 59.The compound of any of claims 1-58, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein Ring C is a 5-membered heteroaryl ring selected from pyrrole, pyrazole, thiazole, oxazole, oxadiazole, thiadiazole, and triazole.60.The compound of any of claims 1-58, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein Ring C is a 5, 6 fused bicyclic heteroaryl ring having 1-4 ring heteroatoms each independently O, N, or S, for example, the 5-membered ring of the fused ring can be pyrrole, pyrazole, thiazole, or triazole, and the 6-membered ring can be benzene, pyridine, pyrazine, pyrimidine, or pyridazine.61.The compound of any of claims 1-60, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein L2 is null, CH2, CH (CH3) , or CH2CH2.62.The compound of any of claims 1-61, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein Z is COOH.63.The compound of any of claims 1-62, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein j3 is 0.64.The compound of any of claims 1-62, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein j3 is 1 or 2.65.The compound of any of claims 1-62 or 64, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein R3 at each occurrence is independently halogen, CN, C1-4 alkyl optionally substituted with F, C1-4 alkoxy optionally substituted with F, or cyclopropyl.66.The compound of any of claims 1-58, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, characterized as having a structure according to Formula I-1a or I-1b: wherein:E1 is N or C;E2 is N, O, S, or CH;E4 is N or C;in Formula I-1a, E3 is N or C; in Formula I-1b, E3 is N, O, S, or CH;in Formula I-1a, E5 is N, O, S, or CH; in Formula I-1b, E5 is N or C;provided that the ring containing E1, E2, E3, E4, and E5 is a 5-membered heteroaryl ring.67.The compound of claim 66, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, characterized as having a structure according to Formula I-1a-1: 68.The compound of any of claims 1-67, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein Ring A is a phenyl ring.69.The compound of any of claims 1-68, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein j1 is 1, 2, or 3, and R1 at each occurrence is independently halogen, CN, C1-4 alkyl optionally substituted with F, C1-4 alkoxy optionally substituted with F, or cyclopropyl.70.The compound of any of claims 1-69, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein the moiety of is 71.The compound of any of claims 1-70, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein L1 is O, C1-4 alkylene (e.g., CH2, CH2CH2, or CH2CH2CH2) , or O-C1-4 alkylene (e.g., OCH2, OCH2CH2, or OCH2CH2CH2) , wherein the alkylene end is attached to Ring B.72.The compound of any of claims 1-71, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein L1 is CH2.73.The compound of any of claims 1-72, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein Ring B is a phenyl ring or a C3-10 membered carbocyclic ring, e.g., a monocyclic C3-6 cycloalkyl or 9-10 membered bicyclic carbocyclic ring.74.The compound of any of claims 1-73, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein Ring B is an indane ring.75.The compound of any of claims 1-74, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein j2 is 0.76.The compound of any of claims 1-74, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein j2 is 1, 2, or 3, and R2 at each occurrence is independently halogen, CN, C1-4 alkyl optionally substituted with F, C1-4 alkoxy optionally substituted with F, or cyclopropyl.77.The compound of any of claims 1-74, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein the moiety of is 78.A compound of Formula X, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein:Core is null or a hydrophilic moiety;Spacer is a hydrophilic chain or ring / chain structure;wherein the Spacer and / or Core optionally includes one or more chargeable or charged group;Tail is hydrogen or a hydrophobic chain or ring / chain structure;Q1 is null or a linker that connects the Spacer to D;Q2 is null or a linker that connects the Spacer and Core;Q3 is null or a linker that connects the Core and Tail; andD is characterized in that the corresponding compound D-H is an antagonist of LPA1.79.The compound of claim 78, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein D is characterized in that the corresponding compound D-H is a compound having a Formula D-1: wherein the variables in Formula D-1, Z, R1, R2, R3, L1, L2, j1, j2, j3, Ring A, Ring B, and Ring C can have any of the definitions for the respective variables as described in any of claims 1-77.80.The compound of claim 78, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein D is characterized in that the corresponding compound D-H is a compound selected from the following: preferably, D attaches to Q1 through an alpha, beta, or gamma carbon of the COOH group.81.The compound of any of claims 78-80, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein the Core has a definition according to any of those defined in claims 2-25.82.The compound of any of claims 78-81, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein the Spacer has a definition according to any of those defined in claims 28-46.83.The compound of any of claims 78-82, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein the Tail has a definition according to any of those defined in claims 48-54.84.The compound of any of claims 78-83, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein Q1 is null, C (O) , C1-6 alkylene, C1-6 heteroalkylene, 5 or 6-membered heteroarylene, C1-6 alkylene- (5 or 6-membered heteroarylene) , or C1-6 heteroalkylene- (5 or 6-membered heteroarylene) , wherein one or two carbon atoms of the C1-6 alkylene or C1-6 heteroalkylene is optionally substituted with oxo and the alkylene or heteroalkylene is optionally further substituted, and wherein the 5 or 6-membered heteroarylene is optionally substituted, e.g., with methyl, preferably, the 5 or 6-membered heteroarylene, if present, is a triazole, such as for example, Q1 can be wherein Ra is H or a C1-4 alkyl.85.The compound of any of claims 78-84, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein Q2 is null or a C1-10 alkylene.86.The compound of any of claims 78-85, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein Q3 is null, C (O) , (C1-6 alkylene) -C (O) , or C1-10 heteroalkylene, wherein one or two carbon atoms of the C1-6 alkylene or C1-10 heteroalkylene is optionally substituted with oxo, e.g., Q3 is a C1-6 heteroalkylene, for example, Q3 is- (C1-4 alkylene) -NH-, - (C1-4 alkylene) -NH-C (O) -, or - (C1-4 alkylene) -C (O) -NH-, etc.87.A compound of Formula D-3 or D-4, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof: wherein:Ring A is a 5-10 membered aromatic ring optionally having 1-3 ring heteroatoms, preferably a phenyl ring;j1 is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4, as valency permits; andR1 at each occurrence is independently halogen, CN, OH, R1a, OR1a, SR1a, SO2R1a, or C (O) -R1a, wherein R1a at each occurrence is independently a C1-4 alkyl, C2-4 alkenyl, C2-4 alkynyl, or a 3-6 membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring, wherein the C1-4 alkyl, C2-4 alkenyl, or C2-4 alkynyl is optionally substituted with 1-3 F, and the 3-6 membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring is optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents each independently halogen, OH, C1-3 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 F, or C1-3 alkoxy optionally substituted with 1-3 F;L1 is O, C1-6 alkylene, or O-C1-6 alkylene, wherein the C1-6 alkylene is optionally substituted with 1-3 F;Ring B is a 3-10 membered ring selected from carbocyclic, heterocyclic, aryl, or heteroaryl ring;j2 is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4, as valency permits; andR2 at each occurrence is independently halogen, CN, OH, C1-4 alkyl, C2-4 alkenyl, C2-4 alkynyl, C1-4 alkoxy, or a 3-6 membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring, wherein the C1-4 alkyl, C2-4 alkenyl, C2-4 alkynyl or C1-4 alkoxy, is optionally substituted with 1-3 F, and the 3-6 membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring is optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents each independently halogen, OH, C1-3 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 F, or C1-3 alkoxy optionally substituted with 1-3 F;Ea is N or CR10;Eb is N or CR10;Ec is N or CR10;R10 at each occurrence is independently hydrogen, halogen, CN, OH, NH2, COOH, CONH2, SO2NH2, R3a, OR3a, SR3a, NHR3a, NR3aR3a, SO2R3a, C (O) -R3a, C (O) -O-R3a, C (O) -NHR3a, C (O) -NR3aR3a, SO2NHR3a, SO2NR3aR3a, wherein R3a at each occurrence is independently a C1-4 alkyl, C2-4 alkenyl, C2-4 alkynyl, - (C1-4 alkylene) - (OCH2CH2) 1-10-OH, - (C1-4 alkylene) - (OCH2CH2) 1-10-O- (C1-4 alkyl) , or a 3-6 membered ring, wherein the C1-4 alkyl, C2-4 alkenyl, or C2-4 alkynyl is optionally substituted with 1-3 F, and the 3-6 membered ring is optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents each independently halogen, CN, OH, C1-3 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 F, or C1-3 alkoxy optionally substituted with 1-3 F;L2 is null, an optionally substituted C1-4 alkylene, or an optionally substituted C1-4 heteroalkylene; andZ is an acidic functional group, preferably, COOH, CONHSO2-Za, or a 5-membered heteroaryl or heterocyclic ring having an acidic OH or NH group, wherein Za is an optionally substituted C1-4 alkyl or an optionally substituted phenyl.88.The compound of claim 87, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein L2 is null or a C1-3 alkylene (e.g., CH2, CH (CH3) , or CH2CH2) , wherein the C1-3 alkylene is optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents each independently F, OH, NH2, C1-20 heteroalkyl, or C (O) -C1-20 heteroalkyl, wherein the C1-20 heteroalkyl has 1-10 heteroatoms on the longest chain, each independently O, N, or S, wherein the S is optionally in the form of SO2, wherein one or two carbons of the C1-20 heteroalkyl is optionally substituted with oxo, and the C1-20 heteroalkyl is optionally further substituted with one or more substituents each independently F or OH.89.The compound of claim 87 or 88, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein Z is COOH.90.The compound of any of claims 87-89, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein in Formula D-3 or D-4, Ea is CH; and / or Eb is CR10.91.The compound of any of claims 87-89, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein in Formula D-4, Ea is N, Eb is N, and Ec is CR10; or Ea is N, Eb is N, and Ec is N; or Ea is CR10 (preferably CH) , Eb is N, and Ec is N; or Ea is CR10 (preferably CH) , Eb is CR10, and Ec is CR10 (preferably CH) ; wherein in Formula D-3, Ea is N and Eb is N.92.The compound of any of claims 87-91, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein R10 at each occurrence is independently hydrogen, halogen, CN, COOH, CONH2, SO2NH2, C (O) -O-R3a, C (O) -NHR3a, C (O) -NR3aR3a, SO2NHR3a, or SO2NR3aR3a, wherein R3a at each occurrence is independently a C1-4 alkyl or a 3-6 membered ring, wherein the C1-4 alkyl is optionally substituted with 1-3 F, and the 3-6 membered ring is optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents each independently halogen, CN, OH, C1-3 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 F, or C1-3 alkoxy optionally substituted with 1-3 F.93.The compound of any of claims 87-92, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein Ring A is a phenyl ring.94.The compound of any of claims 87-93, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein j1 is 1, 2, or 3, and R1 at each occurrence is independently halogen, CN, C1-4 alkyl optionally substituted with F, C1-4 alkoxy optionally substituted with F, or cyclopropyl.95.The compound of any of claims 87-94, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein the moiety of is 96.The compound of any of claims 87-95, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein L1 is O, C1-4 alkylene (e.g., CH2, CH2CH2, or CH2CH2CH2) , or O-C1-4 alkylene (e.g., OCH2, OCH2CH2, or OCH2CH2CH2) , wherein the alkylene end is attached to Ring B.97.The compound of any of claims 87-96, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein L1 is CH2.98.The compound of any of claims 87-97, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein Ring B is a phenyl ring or a C3-10 membered carbocyclic ring, e.g., a monocyclic C3-6 cycloalkyl or 9-10 membered bicyclic carbocyclic ring.99.The compound of any of claims 87-98, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein Ring B is an indane ring.100.The compound of any of claims 87-99, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein j2 is 0.101.The compound of any of claims 87-99, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein j2 is 1, 2, or 3, and R2 at each occurrence is independently halogen, CN, C1-4 alkyl optionally substituted with F, C1-4 alkoxy optionally substituted with F, or cyclopropyl.102.The compound of any of claims 87-99, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein the moiety of is 103.A compound selected from any of those shown in Table A or those in the Examples section, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof.104.A pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound of any of claims 1-103, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.105.A method of treating a disorder, condition, or disease associated with LPA receptor (preferably LPA1) in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of the compound of any of claims 1-103, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, or the pharmaceutical composition of claim 104.106.The method of claim 105, wherein the disorder, condition, or disease is one or more diseases selected from the group consisting of: fibrosis, transplant rejection, cancer, osteoporosis, and inflammatory disorders.107.The method of claim 106, wherein the fibrosis is pulmonary, liver, renal, cardiac, dermal, ocular, or pancreatic fibrosis.108.The method of claim 105, wherein the disorder, condition, or disease is selected from the group consisting of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) , COPD, progressive pulmonary fibrosis, progressive fibrotic interstitial lung disease (PF-ILD) , chronic allergic rhinitis, allergy, asthma, acute and chronic rhinosinusitis, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) , non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) , chronic kidney disease, diabetic kidney disease, and systemic sclerosis.109.The method of claim 106, wherein the cancer is of the bladder, blood, bone, brain, breast, central nervous system, cervix, colon, endometrium, esophagus, gall bladder, genitalia, genitourinary tract, head, kidney, larynx, liver, lung, muscle tissue, neck, oral or nasal mucosa, ovary, pancreas, prostate, skin, spleen, small intestine, large intestine, stomach, testicle, or thyroid.110.A method for treating or preventing fibrosis in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering to subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of any one of claims 1-103, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition of claim 104.111.The method of claim 110, wherein the fibrosis is idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) .112.A method for treating or preventing a disease or disorder in a subject in need thereof, wherein the disease or disorder is selected from idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) , COPD, progressive pulmonary fibrosis, progressive fibrotic interstitial lung disease (PF-ILD) , chronic allergic rhinitis, allergy, asthma, acute and chronic rhinosinusitis, and allergy related complications (e.g., sneeze, itchy eye or nose, etc. ) , the method comprising administering to subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of any one of claims 1-103, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition of claim 104.113.The method of claim 112, wherein the disease or disorder is IPF, COPD, or progressive pulmonary fibrosis.114.The method of claim 112, wherein the disease or disorder is progressive fibrotic interstitial lung disease (PF-ILD) .115.The method of claim 112, wherein the disease or disorder is chronic allergic rhinitis, allergy, asthma, acute or chronic rhinosinusitis, or allergy related complications.116.The method of any of claims 112-115, further comprising administering to the subject one or more additional therapeutically effective ingredients selected from pirfenidone, nintedanib, lysophospholipase inhibitor, autotaxin (ATX) inhibitor, PDE4 inhibitor, TYK2 inhibitor, JAK inhibitor, integrins inhibitor, DPP4 inhibitor, transglutaminase-2 (TG2) inhibitor, or CB1 antagonist or inverse agonist.
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Compounds and compositions for treating conditions associated with LPA receptor activity
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