Method, apparatus and computer program for self-interference measurement

Abstract

There is provided a method, computer program, and apparatus for causing the apparatus to perform: obtaining, from a network access apparatus, an indication of one or more measurement combinations for an uplink-downlink band combination, each measurement combination comprising identifications of an interference type and harmonic order of the interference type, at least one uplink carrier, and at least one downlink carrier, wherein the one or more measurement combinations comprises a first measurement combination comprising identifications of a first interference type and harmonic order of the first interference type, a first at least one uplink carrier, and a first at least one downlink carrier; and performing at least one measurement of the first interference type and harmonic order of the first interference type when the apparatus is configured to transmit uplink using the first at least one uplink carrier with simultaneous reception on the first at least one downlink carrier.

Description

METHOD, APPARATUS AND COMPUTER PROGRAM FIELD

[0001] The present application relates to method(s), apparatus(es), and computer program(s) for configuring measurement configurations. BACKGROUND

[0002] A communication system can be seen as a facility that enables communication sessions between two or more entities such as user terminals, base stations and / or other nodes by providing carriers between the various entities involved in the communications session. A communication system can be provided for example by means of a communication network and one or more compatible communication devices. The communication sessions may comprise, for example, communication of data for carrying communications such as voice, video, electronic mail (email), text message, multimedia and / or content data and so on. Non-limiting examples of services provided comprise two-way or multi-way calls, data communication or multimedia services and access to a data network system, such as the Internet.

[0003] The communication system and associated devices typically operate in accordance with a given standard or specification which sets out what the various entities associated with the system are permitted to do and how that should be achieved. Communication protocols and / or parameters which shall be used for the connection are also typically defined. One example of a communications system is UTRAN (Universal Mobile Telecommunications Service terrestrial radio access network (e.g., 3G radio)). Other examples of communication systems are the long- term evolution (LTE) of the Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) radio-access technology and so-called 5G or New Radio (NR) networks. NR is being standardized by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). SUMMARY

[0004] According to a first aspect, there is provided an apparatus comprising means for performing: obtaining, from a network access apparatus, an indication of one or more measurement combinations for an uplink-downlink band combination, each measurement combination comprising identifications of an interference type and harmonic order of the interference type, at least one uplink carrier, and at least onedownlink carrier, wherein the one or more measurement combinations comprises a first measurement combination comprising identifications of a first interference type and harmonic order of the first interference type, a first at least one uplink carrier, and a first at least one downlink carrier; and performing at least one measurement of the first interference type and harmonic order of the first interference type when the apparatus is configured to transmit uplink using the first at least one uplink carrier with simultaneous reception on the first at least one downlink carrier.

[0005] According to a second aspect, there is provided an apparatus comprising: at least one processor, and at least one memory comprising code that, when executed by the at least one processor, causes the apparatus to perform: obtaining, from a network access apparatus, an indication of one or more measurement combinations for an uplink-downlink band combination, each measurement combination comprising identifications of an interference type and harmonic order of the interference type, at least one uplink carrier, and at least one downlink carrier, wherein the one or more measurement combinations comprises a first measurement combination comprising identifications of a first interference type and harmonic order of the first interference type, a first at least one uplink carrier, and a first at least one downlink carrier; and performing at least one measurement of the first interference type and harmonic order of the first interference type when the apparatus is configured to transmit uplink using the first at least one uplink carrier with simultaneous reception on the first at least one downlink carrier.

[0006] According to a third aspect, there is provided a method for an apparatus, the method comprising: obtaining, from a network access apparatus, an indication of one or more measurement combinations for an uplink-downlink band combination, each measurement combination comprising identifications of an interference type and harmonic order of the interference type, at least one uplink carrier, and at least one downlink carrier, wherein the one or more measurement combinations comprises a first measurement combination comprising identifications of a first interference type and harmonic order of the first interference type, a first at least one uplink carrier, and a first at least one downlink carrier; and performing at least one measurement of the first interference type and harmonic order of the first interference type when the apparatus is configured to transmit uplink using the first at least one uplink carrier with simultaneous reception on the first at least one downlink carrier.

[0007] According to a fourth aspect, there is provided an apparatus comprising: obtaining circuitry for obtaining, from a network access apparatus, an indication of one or more measurement combinations for an uplink-downlink band combination, each measurement combination comprising identifications of an interference type and harmonic order of the interference type, at least one uplink carrier, and at least one downlink carrier, wherein the one or more measurement combinations comprises a first measurement combination comprising identifications of a first interference type and harmonic order of the first interference type, a first at least one uplink carrier, and a first at least one downlink carrier; and performing circuitry for performing at least one measurement of the first interference type and harmonic order of the first interference type when the apparatus is configured to transmit uplink using the first at least one uplink carrier with simultaneous reception on the first at least one downlink carrier.

[0008] The following may be performed in respect of any (e.g., one or more, including all) of the above first to fourth aspects.

[0009] The performing at least one measurement may comprise: performing a self- interference measurement during at least one measurement slot, wherein the at least one measurement slot is configured to comprise at least one transmission opportunityduring which transmission is scheduled to be performed on the first at least one uplinkcarrier with simultaneous reception on the first at least one downlink carrier.

[0010] The performing at least one measurement may comprise: determining a value of a self-interference metric on the first at least one uplink carrier with simultaneousreception on the first at least one downlink carrier, wherein the first measurementcombination further corresponds to a current configured radio state of the apparatus.

[0011] The apparatus may be caused to provide at least one measurement value that corresponds to the at least one measurement to the network access apparatus.

[0012] The providing may comprise providing the at least one measurement value withan accompanying identification of the first interference type and harmonic order of thefirst interference type.

[0013] The apparatus may be caused to perform, subsequent to obtaining the indication of the one or more measurement combinations: obtaining, from the network access node, a measurement slot configuration; determining that the measurement slot configuration comprises at least one first transmission opportunity in which transmission by the apparatus is scheduled on said first at least one uplink carrier and reception by the apparatus is scheduled on said first at least one downlink carrier; andbased on the determining, performing at least one measurement of the first interference type and harmonic order of the first interference type during the at least one first transmission opportunity.

[0014] The one or more measurement combinations may comprise a second measurement combination comprising identifications of a second interference type and harmonic order of the second interference type, a second at least one uplink carrier, and a second at least one downlink carrier, and the apparatus may be causedto perform at least one measurement of the second interference type and harmonicorder of the second interference type when the apparatus is configured to transmit uplink using the second at least one uplink carrier with simultaneous reception on the second at least one downlink carrier.

[0015] According to a fifth aspect, there is provided an apparatus comprising means for performing: providing, to a user equipment, an indication of one or more measurement combinations for an uplink-downlink band combination, each measurement combination comprising an interference type and harmonic order of the interference type, at least one uplink carrier, and at least one downlink carrier.

[0016] According to a sixth aspect, there is provided an apparatus comprising: at least one processor; and at least one memory comprising code that, when executed by the at least one processor, causes the apparatus to perform: providing, to a user equipment, an indication of one or more measurement combinations for an uplink- downlink band combination, each measurement combination comprising an interference type and harmonic order of the interference type, at least one uplink carrier, and at least one downlink carrier.

[0017] According to a seventh aspect, there is provided a method for an apparatus, the method comprising: providing, to a user equipment, an indication of one or more measurement combinations for an uplink-downlink band combination, each measurement combination comprising an interference type and harmonic order of the interference type, at least one uplink carrier, and at least one downlink carrier.

[0018] According to an eighth aspect, there is provided an apparatus comprising: providing circuitry for providing, to a user equipment, an indication of one or more measurement combinations for an uplink-downlink band combination, each measurement combination comprising an interference type and harmonic order of the interference type, at least one uplink carrier, and at least one downlink carrier.

[0019] The following may be performed in respect of any (e.g., one or more, including all) of the above fifth to eighth aspects.

[0020] The apparatus may be caused to obtain, from the user equipment, a measurement report comprising at least one measurement value that corresponds to at least one of the measurement combinations.

[0021] The measurement report may associate each of the at least one measurement value to a corresponding interference type and harmonic order of the interference type of the at least one measurement combination.

[0022] The apparatus may be caused to: make at least one resource allocation decision based on the reported at least one measurement value; and configure the user equipment in accordance with the at least one resource allocation decision.

[0023] The measurement report may be a self-interference measurement report.

[0024] The one or more of measurement combinations may comprise identifications of at least a first measurement combination comprising a first interference type and harmonic order of the first interference type, a first at least one uplink carrier, and a first at least one downlink carrier, and the apparatus may be caused to perform, subsequent to providing the indication of the one or more measurement combinations: providing, to the user equipment, a measurement slot configuration, wherein themeasurement slot configuration comprises at least one first transmission opportunityin which transmissions by the user equipment are scheduled to said first at least one uplink carrier and reception by the user equipment is scheduled on said first at least one downlink carrier.

[0025] The apparatus may receive, from the user equipment, a first measurement report comprising at least one measurement value that corresponds to measurements performed during the at least one first transmission opportunity.

[0026] The apparatus may identify the uplink-downlink band combination, wherein the uplink-downlink band combination is affected by one or more interference type and harmonic order of the interference type, wherein the providing the indication of one or more measurement combinations to the user equipment is performed based on said identifying.

[0027] The following may be performed in respect of any (e.g., one or more, including all) of the above first to eighth aspects.

[0028] The uplink-downlink band combination may be a carrier aggregation uplink- downlink band combination or a dual-connectivity band combination.

[0029] The interference type may be a harmonic type and / or an intermodulation distortion type.

[0030] Each measurement combination may comprise a tuple of the interference type and harmonic order of the interference type, the at least one uplink carrier, and the at least one downlink carrier.

[0031] According to an aspect, there is provided a non-transitory computer readable medium comprising program instructions that, when executed by an apparatus, cause the apparatus to perform at least the method according to any of the preceding aspects.

[0032] In the above, many different embodiments have been described. It should beappreciated that further embodiments may be provided by the combination of any two or more of the embodiments described above. DESCRIPTION OF FIGURES

[0033] Embodiments will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying Figures in which:

[0034] Figure 1 shows a representation of a network system according to some example embodiments;

[0035] Figure 2 shows a representation of a control apparatus according to some example embodiments;

[0036] Figure 3 shows a representation of an apparatus according to some example embodiments;

[0037] Figure 4 illustrates an example transceiver architecture;

[0038] Figure 5 illustrates example harmonic locations;

[0039] Figure 6 illustrates example interference locations;

[0040] Figures 7A to 7B illustrate example methods that may be performed by apparatus performed herein; and

[0041] Figure 8 illustrates example signalling. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0042] The following describes operations that may be performed in relation to a user equipment performing measurements on interference resulting from uplink transmissions being performed with simultaneous downlink reception.

[0043] In particular, the following describes methods in which a network accessapparatus configures a user equipment with information identifying which interference types (and their associated harmonic orders) are to be measured by the user equipment, and where (in frequency) those interference types may be found.

[0044] For example, in the following, a network access apparatus configures a user equipment (UE) with one or more measurement combinations to be measured by the UE. A measurement combination comprises an identification of a respective interference type and harmonic order of that interference type, an identification of at least one uplink carrier, and an identification of at least one downlink carrier, where the respective interference type and harmonic order of that interference type is expected to occur when transmissions are made on the at least one uplink carrier with simultaneous reception on the at least one downlink carrier. The different measurement combination(s) configured at the UE by the network access apparatus may be different to each other. For example, the different measurement combinations may correspond to (e.g., identify) different interference types and harmonic orders of that interference type.

[0045] The user equipment may perform measurements on resource elements (e.g., on time-frequency resources) that correspond to at least one of the configured measurement combinations. The measurements may measure a degree of interference experienced on those resource elements.

[0046] The measurements may be used in any of a plurality of different ways. For example, the user equipment, or another entity to which the user equipment reports measurement results to, can use the measurement results to derive a maximumsensitivity degradation (MSD) value for the user equipment. This derived MSD valuecan be used by a network node (such as an access network node) for making radio resource control decisions, such as decisions about resource allocation, for the user equipment, and to implement these decisions (e.g., perform resource allocation based on the derived MSD value). As these decisions are made based on empirical measurements (e.g., dynamic measurements of current radio resource conditions), they can be made more efficient that situations in which a static MSD value has been used for making such radio resource control decisions.

[0047] Before discussing these features in more detail, an example communication environment in which the present disclosure may be implemented is illustrated withrespect to Figures 1 to 3. It is understood that this is merely an example, and that the presently described examples may be implemented in other types of access networks.

[0048] Figure 1 illustrates an example communication environment in which examples of the present disclosure can be implemented.

[0049] Figure 1 shows an example communication environment 100 in which example embodiments of the present disclosure can be implemented.

[0050] In the communication environment 100, a plurality of communication devices,comprising user devices 110 and 115 (also referred to herein as a “terminal” or “terminal device”) and a network device 120 (also referred to herein as a “network access node”), can communicate with each other. The network device 120 may serve a coverage area, called a cell 125. The user device 110 may have access to a communication network via the cell 125. In some example embodiments, both the user device 110 and the network device 120 may be configured to implement abeamforming technique and communicate with each other via a plurality of beams.

[0051] The term “terminal device” refers to any end device that may be capable of wireless communication. By way of example rather than limitation, a terminal device may also be referred to as a communication device, user equipment (UE), a Subscriber Station (SS), a Portable Subscriber Station, a mobile device, a MobileStation (MS), or an Access Terminal (AT). The terminal device may include, but notlimited to, a mobile phone, a cellular phone, a smart phone, voice over IP (VoIP) phones, wireless local loop phones, a tablet, a wearable terminal device, a personal digital assistant (PDA), portable computers, desktop computer, image capture terminal devices such as digital cameras, gaming terminal devices, music storage and playback appliances, vehicle-mounted wireless terminal devices, wireless endpoints, mobile stations, laptop-embedded equipment (LEE), laptop-mounted equipment(LME), USB dongles, smart devices, wireless customer-premises equipment (CPE), amachine-type communications (MTC) device, an Internet of Things (IoT) device, awatch or other wearable, a head-mounted display (HMD), a vehicle, a drone, a medical device and applications (e.g., remote surgery), an industrial device and applications (e.g., a robot and / or other wireless devices operating in an industrial and / or an automated processing chain contexts), a consumer electronics device, a device operating on commercial and / or industrial wireless networks, and the like. The terminal device may also correspond to a Mobile Termination (MT) part of an IAB node (e.g., arelay node). In the following description, the terms “terminal device”, “communicationdevice”, “terminal”, “user device”, “user equipment” and “UE” may be used interchangeably.

[0052] As used herein, the term “network device” is used interchangeably with “network access node” and “network access apparatus”, and refers to a node in a communication network via which a terminal device accesses the network and receives services therefrom. The network device may refer to a base station (BS) or an access point (AP), for example, a node B (NodeB or NB), an evolved NodeB (eNodeB or eNB), an NR NB (also referred to as a gNB), a Remote Radio Unit (RRU),a radio header (RH), a remote radio head (RRH), a relay, an Integrated Access andBackhaul (IAB) node, a low power node such as a femto, a pico, a non-terrestrial network (NTN) or non-ground network device such as a satellite network device, a low earth orbit (LEO) satellite and a geosynchronous earth orbit (GEO) satellite, an aircraft network device, and so forth, depending on the applied terminology and technology. In some example embodiments, radio access network (RAN) split architecture comprises a Centralized Unit (CU) and a Distributed Unit (DU) at an IAB donor node. An IAB node comprises a Mobile Terminal (IAB-MT) part that behaves like a UE toward the parent node, and a DU part of an IAB node behaves like a base station toward the next-hop IAB node.

[0053] In some example embodiments, a link from the network device 120 to the userdevice 110 or 115 is referred to as a DL, while a link from the user device 110 or 115 to the network device 120 is referred to as a UL. Links are also referred to herein as “channels”. In DL, the network device 120 is a Tx device (or a transmitter), and the user device 110 or 115 is a Rx device (or a receiver). In UL, the user device 110 or 115 is a Tx device (or a transmitter), and the network device 120 is a Rx device (or a receiver). A link between the user device 110 and another user device (not shown) is referred to as a sidelink (SL). In SL, one of the user devices is a Tx device (or a transmitter), and the other of the user devices is a Rx device (or a receiver).

[0054] Communications in the communication environment 100 may be implemented according to any proper communication protocol(s), comprising, but not limited to, cellular communication protocols of the first generation (1G), the second generation (2G), the third generation (3G), the fourth generation (4G), the fifth generation (5G), the sixth generation (6G), and the like, wireless local network communication protocolssuch as Institute for Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 and the like,and / or any other protocols currently known or to be developed in the future. Moreover,the communication may utilize any proper wireless communication technology, comprising but not limited to: Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA), Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), Frequency Division Duplex (FDD), Time Division Duplex (TDD), Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO), Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple (OFDM), Discrete Fourier Transform spread OFDM (DFT-s-OFDM) and / or any other technologies currently known or to be developed in the future.

[0055] In the following, reference is made to a carrier aggregation (CA) system.

[0056] Carrier aggregation enables a UE to simultaneously transmit and / or receive on multiple frequency blocks allocated for use to the UE. These frequency blocks are known as component carriers (CCs). The more component carriers allocated to a UE, the higher the maximum possible data rate. A carrier aggregation system is said to “aggregate” a plurality of component carriers for communication with a UE. When it was introduced into 3GPP in Release 10, up to 5 downlink component carriers and 5 uplink component carriers could be aggregated together, with the actual number being configured depending on the uplink aggregation capability of the UE and on the downlink aggregation capability of the UE.

[0057] The component carriers may be in a same frequency band (e.g., all in frequency range 1 or in frequency range 2) in a process known as “intra-band” carrier aggregation. Further, when the component carriers are in the same band, the component carriers may be contiguous (e.g., adjacent to one another), or non- contiguous (e.g., separated from each other by a range of frequencies).

[0058] The component carriers may be in different frequency bands (e.g., at least one component carrier in frequency range 1 and at least one component carrier in frequency range 2) in a process known as “inter-band” carrier aggregation.

[0059] For convenience, the 3GPP specifications have labelled different carrier aggregation combinations to denote both their frequency ranges, and whether they are contiguous or non-contiguous. For example, CA_11A_18A refers to inter-band frequency division duplex (FDD) carrier aggregation using frequency bands 11A and18A. Similarly, CA_25A_25A refers to an LTE intra-band non-contiguous FDD carrieraggregation using two carriers within band 25A. Similarly, CA_1C indicates LTE intra-band contiguous FDD carrier aggregation using two contiguous carriers within band 1C. The number of different carrier aggregation combinations possible has increasedover time, and it is expected that more carrier aggregation combinations will be added to 3GPP specifications in the future.

[0060] In general, the carrier aggregation methods may utilise a plurality of servingcells configured to communicate with a UE using at least one respective carrier frequency. A cell in the carrier aggregation system may be classified into a primary cell, a secondary cell, and / or a serving cell. The primary cell signifies a cell operated in a primary frequency range. The primary cell signifies a cell with which a UE performs an initial connection establishment procedure or a connection reestablishment procedure or a cell indicated as a primary cell in a handover procedure. The secondary cell signifies a cell operating in a secondary frequency range. Once the radio resource control (RRC) connection is established between the secondary cell and the UE, the secondary cell is used to provide an additional radio resource. Both the primary cell and the secondary cell are understood to be serving cells to the UE with which theyare communicating.

[0061] Carrier aggregation may be considered as a method in which uplink and downlink transmissions may be scheduled simultaneously on respective frequency carriers.

[0062] Another method in which uplink and downlink transmissions may be scheduled simultaneously on respective frequency carriers is dual connectivity (DC). It is therefore understood that the following described techniques from Figure 4 onwards may be applied in respect of any system in which uplink and downlink transmissions may be scheduled to occur simultaneously in time.

[0063] Dual connectivity systems relate to architectures that allow the simultaneous connection of a UE using different radio access technologies to different base stations, for example, a macro cell base station and a small cell base station. Radio access technologies that combine in the dual connectivity systems can be of different generations, such as a fifth generation and a sixth generation radio access technology is used in a simultaneous active operation, that makes it dual connectivity.

[0064] In DC, the gNodeB for the primary cell (Pcell) may be referred to as a mastergNodeB (hereinafter referred to as MgNB). In addition, the gNodeB only for the secondary cell (Scell) may be referred to as a secondary gNodeB (hereinafter referred to as SgNB).

[0065] A cell group including a primary cell (Pcell) implemented by MgNB may be referred to as a master cell group (MCG) or PUCCH cell group 1. A cell group includinga secondary cell (Scell) implemented by the SeNB may be referred to as a secondary cell group (SCG) or PUCCH cell group 2.

[0066] Meanwhile, among the secondary cells in the secondary cell group (SCG), a secondary cell in which the UE can transmit Uplink Control Information (UCI), or the secondary cell in which the UE can transmit a PUCCH may be referred to as a super secondary cell (Super SCell) or a primary secondary cell (Primary Scell; PScell).

[0067] Figure 2 illustrates an example of a control apparatus 200 for causing a network device 120 (such as the network device described in Figure 1) to perform its operations. The control apparatus may comprise at least one random access memory (RAM) 211a, at least on read only memory (ROM) 211b, at least one processor 212, 213 and an input / output interface 214. The at least one processor 212, 213 may be coupled to the RAM 211a and the ROM 211b. The at least one processor 212, 213 may be configured to execute an appropriate software code 215. The software code 215 may for example allow to perform one or more steps to perform one or more of the present aspects. The software code 215 may be stored in the ROM 211b. The control apparatus 200 may be interconnected with another control apparatus 200 controlling another function of the network device. In some embodiments, each function of the network device comprises a control apparatus 200. In some exemplary embodiments, the apparatus 200 may be implemented at the network device 120 or may be the network device 120.

[0068] Figure 3 illustrates an example of a terminal 300, such as the user device 110, 115 illustrated on Figure 1. The terminal 300 may be provided by any device capable of sending and receiving radio signals, such as the user device described herein. The terminal 300 may provide, for example, communication of data for carrying communications. The communications may be one or more of voice, electronic mail (email), text message, multimedia, data, machine data and so on.

[0069] The terminal 300 may receive signals over an air or radio interface 307 via appropriate apparatus for receiving and may transmit signals via appropriate apparatus for transmitting radio signals. In Figure 3 transceiver apparatus isdesignated schematically by block 306. The transceiver apparatus 306 may beprovided for example by means of a radio part and associated antenna arrangement. The antenna arrangement may be arranged internally or externally to the mobile device.

[0070] The terminal 300 may be provided with at least one processor 301, at least one memory ROM 302a, at least one RAM 302b and other possible components 303 for use in software and hardware aided execution of tasks it is designed to perform, including control of access to and communications with access systems (such as a network access system provided by the network device described above in relation to Figures 1 and 2) and other communication devices. The at least one processor 301 is coupled to the RAM 302b and the ROM 302a. The at least one processor 301 may be configured to execute an appropriate software code 308. The software code 308 may for example allow to perform one or more of the present aspects. The software code 308 may be stored in the ROM 302a.

[0071] The processor, storage and other relevant control apparatus can be provided on an appropriate circuit board and / or in chipsets. This feature is denoted by reference 304. The device may optionally have a user interface such as key pad 305, touch sensitive screen or pad, combinations thereof or the like. Optionally one or more of a display, a speaker and a microphone may be provided depending on the type of the device.

[0072] In some exemplary embodiments, the terminal 300 may be an apparatuscomprising at least one processor and at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause a user device 110, 115 to perform examples or embodiments described in this document.

[0073] When a UE such as described in Figure 3 is operated using more than one transceiver active at different frequency spectrum allocations (which may occur during carrier aggregation and / or dual connectivity operations), the UE radio hardware is potentially subjected to self-interference.

[0074] Self-interference may arise in a UE’s radio hardware when the UE transmitter has frequency spectrum content (e.g., an uplink transmit frequency (the fundamental frequency), a harmonic response, or harmonic products of the uplink transmit frequenc(ies)) that create interference inside an active receive band of the same UE. Stated differently, when a signal is passed through a component having a nonlinear impedance, harmonic generation and frequency mixing may occur simultaneously, which results in peaks in the output signal’s power spectrum. These generated peaks are mathematically related to the input signal’s power spectrum. These generated peaks in the frequency domain produce a distorted signal in the time domain.

[0075] The coupling of the transmitted signal to the receiver happens through the proximity of a printed circuit board (PCB) and through antennas. The impact of such self-interference will depend on the design of the UE’s transmitter-receiver architecture. An example is shown in Figure 4.

[0076] Figure 4 illustrates an example UE radio frequency architecture having first to fourth front end module 401 to 404. Each front-end module is associated with a respective frequency range of operation at any single time. For example, the first front end module 401 may be configured to operate in a range of 3-5GHz at a first time, the second front end module 402 may be configured to operate in a range of 2.5 to 2.8 GHz at the first time, the third front end module may be configured to operate in a range of 1.7 to 2.1 GHz at the first time, and the fourth front end module may be configured to operate in a range of 600MHz to 1GHz at the first time. It is understood that these frequency ranges are only examples, and that the front end modules may be associated with other frequencies.

[0077] Each of the first to fourth front end modules comprise respective first and second switches 405A-406D, respective filters 407A-407D, and respective amplifiers 408A-408D. A transceiver 409 mounted to a PCB is configured to provide an input to the first switches 405A to 405D.

[0078] What determines the occurrence of interference is the exact frequency location of the simultaneous transmission and reception activities at the UE. In the example frequency ranges of Figure 4, there is coupling between the third and fourth front end modules 403, 404.

[0079] There are different types of sources in the UE that can lead to self-interference: uplink (UL) harmonics, harmonic mixing, cross band interference, and intermodulation distortion. These are described in more detail below, but can generally be grouped into two types: harmonic products, and intermodulation products. Intermodulation distortion and harmonic distortion are similar in that they both arise due to nonlinear harmonic generation and frequency mixing. They also both produce distortion in thetime domain. Harmonic distortion is normally seen as signal clipping, whileintermodulation distortion is seen as undesired modulation.

[0080] Uplink harmonics, harmonic mixing, and crossband interference are examples of harmonic product-types of interference. Harmonic products are single tone distortion products caused by device nonlinearity. In more detail, when a non-linear device is stimulated by a signal at frequency f, spurious output signals are generatedat the harmonic frequencies of 2f , 3f ... Nf, etc. The order of the harmonic products is given by the frequency multiplier. For example, the second harmonic is known as a second order product, the third harmonic is known as a third order product, and so on. Harmonics are usually measured in dBc, which refers to dB below the carrier (fundamental) output signal.

[0081] Uplink harmonics may cause self-interference in a downlink component carrier when the harmonic of the uplink falls inside the other downlink component carrier bandwidth at the fundamental carrier frequency of the downlink band.

[0082] Harmonic mixing may cause self-interference when a combination of the uplink harmonic coincides with the downlink harmonic of downlink components.

[0083] Cross band interference is an expression of self-interference when the output spectrum of the UL component carrier falls inside the downlink component carrier bandwidth. This can be considered as adjacent channel leakage of the transmitter, where the leakage depends on the non-linear behaviour of the power amplifier.

[0084] Intermodulation distortion (IMD) is an example of an intermodulation product-type of interference. Intermodulation products are multi-tone distortion products that result when two or more signals are present at the input of a nonlinear device. The spurious products that are generated due to the non-linearity of a device are related to the original input signals frequencies.

[0085] Intermodulation Distortion occurs when two uplink component carriersintermodulate (e.g., mix), and the product of the intermodulation (e.g., mixing) of the uplink component carriers fall inside the receiver band of one or the other downlink component carrier bandwidth at the fundamental carrier frequency of the downlink band.

[0086] The harmonic product and intermodulation product thus respectively represent interference arising from when only one uplink component carrier is used in a band combination and those that have two uplink component carriers. This is illustrated in Table 1, which also shows the relations. In Table 1, ULx / DLy means the x harmonic of the uplink can match the yth harmonic of the downlink. For example, UL2 / DL1 means that the second harmonic of the uplink can match the fundamental of the downlink. 1UL Relation 2UL Relation bands A & BUL Harmonic UL2 / DL1 IMD2 UL1A-UL1BUL3 / DL1 UL1B-UL1A UL4 / DL1 UL1A+UL1B UL5 / DL1 Harmonic UL1 / DL2IMD3 UL2A-UL1Bmixing UL1 / DL3 UL2B-UL1A UL1 / DL4 UL2A+UL1B UL1 / DL5 UL2B+UL1A UL2 / DL3IMD4 3A / B-1A / B, 3A / B+1A / B, 2A / B-UL3 / DL4 2A / B, 2A / B+2A / B combinations UL4 / DL3 IMD5 3A / B-2A / B, 3A / B+2A / B, 4A / B-1A / B, 4A / B+1A / B Cross band UL1 / DL1 combinationsTable 1 MSD types and combination causing self-interference.

[0087] Figure 5 illustrates example output responses of a non-linear element (such as a power amplifier) to two input tones (e.g., fundamental tones F1, F2). This output is illustrated as comprising harmonics of the two input tones (2F1 and 3F1 (F2 harmonics not shown)) and the intermodulation products, which are the sums and differences between the two input tones (e.g., F2-2F1, F2-F1, 2F1, F1+F2, 2F2-F1, 2F1+F2).

[0088] A metric known as an MSD value is used for accounting for the effects of self- interference in current 3GPP systems. The MSD value is illustrated in the following discussions.

[0089] When a UE is configured to simultaneously receive a transmission using one or more downlink frequency bands and to transmit a transmission using one or more uplink frequency bands, a harmonics component and / or an intermodulation distortion (IMD) component may occur in the received downlink transmission when a frequencyband of at least one of the uplink signals falls into at least one of the UE’s downlinkfrequency band. Stated differently, when a UE transmits an uplink signal, the harmonics component and the intermodulation distortion (IMD) component may occur, which may affect the downlink band of the terminal itself.

[0090] To address this, the terminal is configured to satisfy a reference sensitivity power level (known as REFSENS). REFSENS is the minimum average power for eachantenna port of the terminal when receiving the downlink signal that satisfy a reception of the signal at an error rate according to standard specifications. When the harmonics component and / or IMD component is generated in the received signal, there is a possibility that the REFSENS for the downlink signal may not be satisfied due to the uplink signal transmitted by the terminal itself.

[0091] To help with this, the MSD is defined for a particular combination of uplink and downlink bands as a value corresponding to a maximum allowed increase of the REFSENS for that particular combination. When the MSD is defined for a specific operating band combination of the terminal (which may be configured as part of a carrier aggregation configuration), the REFSENS of the corresponding operating band may be relaxed by the amount of the defined MSD. Throughout the following, the term “MSD type” and “interference type” will be used interchangeably, as an MSD reflects the relaxation associated with a specific interference type in a specific uplink-downlink band combination.

[0092] As discussed above, there are a plurality of different ways in which component carriers may be combined for carrier aggregation. These combinations of component carriers are also referred to as “band combinations”. For example, in the 36.101 and 38.101 3GPP specifications, thousands of band combinations for various Radio Access Networks (such as, for example, long-term evolution (LTE), evolved non- standalone dual connectivity (EN-DC), New Radio dual connectivity (NR-DC_, etc.) are specified, each band combination having at least two carriers, but often more.

[0093] When a new band combination is to be supported, it must be supported by an interference analysis as described in 3GPP TS 38.718-02-01, which is reflected in the below Table 2 (extracted from Table 5.x.2.2-1 in 3GPP TS 38.718-02-01). This table uses the subscript “x” to refer to a first uplink (e.g., ULx) and the subscript “y” to refer to a second uplink (e.g., ULy), while “f” refers to a frequency.UE UL carriers fx_low fx_high fy_low fy_high2nd order IMDproducts |fy_low – fx_high| |fy_high – fx_low| |fy_low + fx_low| |fy_high + fx_high|IMD frequency limits(MHz) – –Two-tone 3rd order |2*fx_low – fy_high| |2*fx_high – fy_low| |2*fy_low – fx_high| |2*fy_high – fx_low|IMD products IMD frequency limits(MHz) – –Two-tone 3rd order |2*fx_low + fy_low| |2*fx_high + fy_high| |2*fy_low + fx_low| |2*fy_high +IMD products fx_high| IMD frequency limits(MHz) – –Two-tone 3rd order (fx_low – max BW(fx_high + max BW(fy_low – max BW(fy_high + max IMD products fy) fy) fx) BW fx)IMD frequency limits(MHz) – –Two-tone 4th order |3*fx_low –1* fy_high| |3*fx_high – 1*fy_low| |3*fy_low – 1*fx_high| |3*fy_high –IMD products 1*fx_low|IMD frequency limits(MHz) – –Two-tone 4th order |2*fx_low –2* fy_high| |2*fx_high –2* fy_low|IMD products IMD frequency limits(MHz) –Two-tone 4th order |3*fx_low +1* fy_low| |3*fx_high + |3*fy_low + 1*fx_low| |3*fy_high +IMD products 1*fy_high| 1*fx_high| IMD frequency limits(MHz) – –Two-tone 4th order |2*fx_low +2* fy_low| |2*fx_high +2*IMD products fy_high| IMD frequency limits(MHz) –Two-tone 5th order |fx_low – 4*fy_high| |fx_high – 4*fy_low| |fy_low – 4*fx_high| |fy_high –IMD products 4*fx_low|IMD frequency limits(MHz) – –Two-tone 5th order|2*fx_low - |2*fx_high - |2*fy_low - |2*fy_high - IMD products 3*fy_high| 3*fy_low| 3*fx_high| 3*fx_low| IMD frequency limits(MHz) – –Two-tone 5th order |fx_low + 4*fy_low| |fx_high + |fy_low + 4*fx_low| |fy_high +IMD products 4*fy_high| 4*fx_high|IMD frequency limits(MHz) – –Two-tone 5th order|2*fx_low+ |2*fx_high+ |2*fy_low+ |2*fy_high+ IMD products 3*fy_low| 3*fy_high| 3*fx_low| 3*fx_high|IMD frequency limits(MHz) – –NOTE : For each IMD item, when two bound values before taking absolute havedifferent signs, the relevant IMD range is set such that (1) the lower bound is 0 and(2) the upper bound is the bigger value of the two after taking absolute.Table 2 New band analysis for IMD analysis for two uplink carrier aggregation, withuplink bands ULx and ULy

[0094] It can be seen from Table 2 that several equations are checked for the differentIMD orders when a new carrier combination is proposed. The higher the IMD order, the more range checks are needed to be performed to determine whether interference between the different carriers in the band combination is likely. The analysis illustrated in Table 2 aims to find a relationship between the frequency ranges made up of, for example, |2*fx_low + fy_low| |2*fx_high + fy_high| for IMD3 to check if the downlink of either band is inside this frequency range. Fx_low and fx_high are the band edges of band X and fy_low and fy_high are the band edges of band Y. For an actual RRC configuration the check is replaced using the lowest and highest frequency components of the channel of each component carrier instead on the band edges.

[0095] To illustrate the complexity of how a band combination may be subject to several mechanisms that degrade the UE receiver sensitivity due to self-interference, band combination CA_n2A-n77A is considered. CA_n2A-n77A refers to uplink component carriers in uplink frequency band n2, and downlink component carriers indownlink frequency band n77. In this band combination, the analysis of MSD has shown every type of self-interference (e.g., every type of MSD) is present, except cross-band interference. In particular, the following three tables (Tables 3 to 5 - extracted from 3GPP TS 38.101-1) illustrate reference sensitivity exceptions from harmonic and IMD interference. Reference sensitivity exceptions refer to the allowance of receiver sensitivity degradation for a band in a frequency range if it is impacted by UL harmonic interference from another band in frequency range of the same carrier aggregation configuration. Subcarr ier UL UL spacing resource DL BWUL / DL UL DLMSDBW (SCS) block (RB) harmonic band band of UL Allocation order band (MHz) (kHz) LCRB (MHz) (dB)25 UL2 / DL1 n2 n77 5 15 10 23.9(RBstart=0) direct-hit 50 UL2 / DL1 n2 n77 10 15 100 13.8(RBstart=0) direct-hit 25 UL2 / DL1 n2 n77 5 15 10 1.1(RBstart=0) near-missTable 3 Table 7.3A.4-1 from 3GPP 38.101-1: Reference sensitivity exceptions anduplink / downlink configurations due to UL harmonic from a Power Class 3 (PC3, as defined in 3GPP specifications) aggressor NR UL band for NR DL CA FR1SCS UL DL UL UL RB D UL / DL of ULL BW MSDban ban BW Allocation harmonic band d d order (MHz) (kHz) LCRB (MHz) (dB)n77 n2 10 15 25 (RBstart=0) 5 6.7 UL1 / DL2100 n77 n2 20 15 20 3,7 UL1 / DL2(RBstart=0)Table 4 From 3GPP 38.101-1: Table 7.3A.4-4: Reference sensitivity exceptions anduplink / downlink configurations due to harmonic mixing from a PC3 aggressor NR UL band for DL NR CA FR1Band / Channel bandwidth / NRB / Duplex mode Source of IMD NR CANR UL UL / D UL DL FcMS Duple band ban FcL BW LCRB(MHz) D x combinatio d (MHz (MHz (dB) mode n ) ) CA_n2-n77 n2 1855 5 25 1935 26 FDD IMD2n77 3790 10 50 3790 N / A TDD N / An2 1900 5 25 1980 8.0 FDD IMD4n77 3720 10 50 3720 N / A TDD N / An2 1885 5 25 1965 5 FDD IMD5n77 3810 10 50 3810 N / A TDD N / An2 N / A 5 N / A 1987. 2.7 FDD IMD75 n7713455 10 1 3455 N / A TDD N / A2 (RBSTART=1 0) 3945 10 13945 (RBSTART=0)Table 5 From 3GPP 38.101-1: Table 7.3A.5-1: 2DL / 2UL inter-band Referencesensitivity Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) PREFSENS and uplink / downlink configurations for PC3 carrier aggregation

[0096] The following illustrates, with reference to Figure 6 and CA_n2A-n77A withuplink CA (ULCA), the complexity of how a band combination may be subject toseveral mechanisms that degrade the UE receiver sensitivity due to self-interference. In this combination the analysis of MSD has shown every type of MSD except cross- band interference is as shown from Tables 3 to 5.

[0097] As discussed above, the actual MSD type affecting the RRC configuration of the UE at CA_n2A-n77A is affected by the current configured radio state frequency allocation of the carriers.3GPP TS 38.846 provides equations for determining overlapof UL components in the DL carrier or in harmonic locations of the DL carrier, with the analogous equations for determining where IMD occurs in ULCA being provided in 3GPP TS 38.718-02-01.

[0098] The equations in these 3GPP specifications were used for obtaining Figure 6, which shows a mapping of all of these equations into cross sections of n77 frequency allocation (along the y-axis) and all n2 frequency allocations (along the x-axis) sectorized into the regions of the occurrences of the MSD types.

[0099] In more detail, Figure 6 illustrates where self-interference is predicted to occurwhen a downlink n78 carrier frequency band (illustrated along the y axis of Figure 6) is used for simultaneous reception with uplink transmissions made in the 2A carrier frequency band (illustrated along the x axis of Figure 6). The x axis is sectorised into 8 sections (labelled 601 to 608). Each axis corresponds to a different part of uplink band n2.

[0100] Section 601 illustrates a first interference region 601’ in the n77 band that is attributable to a first MSD type (e.g., MSD type A) at a first harmonic order (e.g., MSD order n).

[0101] Section 602 illustrates a second interference region 602’ in the n77 band that is attributable to the first MSD type (e.g., MSD type A) at a second harmonic order (e.g., MSD order o).

[0102] Section 603 illustrates a third interference region 603’ in the n77 band that is attributable to the first MSD type (e.g., MSD type A) at a third harmonic order (e.g., MSD order p).

[0103] Section 604 illustrates a fourth interference region 604’ in the n77 band that is attributable to a second MSD type (e.g., MSD type B) at the first harmonic order (e.g., MSD order n).

[0104] Section 605 illustrates a fifth interference region 605’ in the n77 band that is attributable to a third MSD type (e.g., MSD type C) at the third harmonic order (e.g., MSD order p).

[0105] Section 606 illustrates a sixth interference region 606’ in the n77 band that is attributable to the first MSD type (e.g., MSD type A) at the first harmonic order (e.g., MSD order n).

[0106] Section 607 illustrates a seventh interference region 607’ in the n77 band that is attributable to the first MSD type (e.g., MSD type A) at the second harmonic order (e.g., MSD order o).

[0107] Section 608 illustrates an eighth interference region 608’ in the n77 band that is attributable to the first MSD type (e.g., MSD type A) at the third harmonic order (e.g., MSD order p).

[0108] It can be seen from Figure 6 that Sections 606, 607, and 608 have a muchlarger interfering component than the remaining Sections.

[0109] From the above discussion, it can be seen that features of MSD in 3GPPsystems can lead to complexity in UE hardware design for detecting how and when self-interference occurs, while also leading to complex processing for identifying an overlap of self-interference products like IMD into the receive band of the downlink component carriers.

[0110] In more detail, current MSD proposals lead to a UE having to both storemassive amounts of additional data for each band combinations that the UE supports in order to accurately identify all of the possible interference types and harmonic orders of those interference types. Moreover, the UE would ideally also be configured to perform processing-resource intense computations in order to generate corresponding data for any new carrier band combinations that are introduced.

[0111] It would therefore be useful to avoid configuring UEs to use a large amount ofdata in UE memory about band combinations and associated LowerMSD capabilities, as well as how to avoid UE processing of multiple equations for frequency range checks needed to determine the interference type and harmonic order of the interference type of a network configured band combination.

[0112] The following aims to address at least one of the above-mentioned issues.

[0113] In particular, the following aims to provide a UE and network access apparatusfor configuring the UE with at least one measurement combination. Each measurement combination may comprise enumerated identifications of an interference type (e.g., an MSD type) and a harmonic order of that interference type to be measured, at least one uplink carrier involved in obtaining that interference type, and at least one downlink carrier involved in obtaining that interference type. As mentioned above, each measurement combination may identify different a interference type and harmonic order of that interference type.

[0114] In an example, the network apparatus may be caused to configure the UE withsuch measurement combinations when the UE indicates to the network apparatus that the UE either does not store such information itself, and / or that the UE is unable to derive such information by itself. This information about the UE may be signalled in,for example, capability information of the UE that is provided to the network access apparatus from the UE.

[0115] In an example, the network apparatus may be caused to abstain fromconfiguring the UE with a measurement combination when the UE indicates to the network access apparatus that the UE either already has this information stored and / or that the UE is able to derive this information.

[0116] A measurement configuration may be provided to the UE using any appropriate signalling protocol level. For example, the measurement configuration may be configured at the UE using radio resource control (RRC) signalling, such as during an RRC connection service operation and / or during an RRC update service operation.

[0117] Although the information in the measurement combination may be signalled in a plurality of different ways, at least one way in which the measurement combination may be signalled is by using a tuple per measurement combination signalled.

[0118] To consider an illustrative example, each tuple may comprise values identifying an interference (e.g. an MSD) Type and a harmonic order to measure, those UL carriers involved in creating this interference, and an impacted downlink carrier.

[0119] The interference Type and harmonic order may be defined as enumerationswith one value for a unique type and order of MSD (e.g. ULH2, DLHM2, IMD2_ULH1_minus_ULH1, IMD4_ULH3_minus_ULH1, etc.).

[0120] The uplink carriers involved may be provided in the order in which they fit intothe equation that creates the MSD type to be measured. For example, the pair {IMD2_ULH1_minus_ULH1, 2UL_1UL} may provide the information that the IMD2 iscreated by the equation (2nd uplink carrier - 1st uplink carrier), where 2UL_1ULidentifies the uplink carriers, and IMD2_ULH1_minus_ULH1 identifies the interference type and harmonic order.

[0121] The downlink carrier(s) impacted may be identified in an analogous manner tothe uplink carriers. Consequently, example tuples may include, for example, {ULH2,1UL, 2DL}, {DLHM2, 2UL,1DL}, {IMD2_ULH1_minus_ULH1, 2UL_1UL,1DL}, etc.

[0122] During run time (e.g., during simultaneous transmission and reception in a timeslot), the UE can identify at least one self-interference type to be measured and / or reported based on the active UL and DL carriers configured to be used during that slot.

[0123] When the UE reports the measurement(s) to the network node (which may be in the form of a measured value and / or in the form of a metric derived using ameasured value), the UE may also identify the interference type and harmonic order of the interference type that corresponds to each reported measurement. This identification may be performed by enumerating the interference type and harmonic order in a measurement report reporting the measurement(s). For example, this identification may be performed using an explicit indication of the interference type and harmonic order in a measurement report reporting the measurement(s), such as an index value that is usable by the network access node to lookup the interference type and harmonic order. This identification may be performed by setting a value in afield that is designated for identifying the interference type and harmonic order to aspecific value that corresponds to the interference type and harmonic order being identified.

[0124] Before considering a more specific example of how the presently described techniques may be applied in a communication system, Figures 7A and 7B illustrate features of the presently described system with reference to different apparatus involved. For example, Figure 7A describes a method that may be performed by a first apparatus (e.g., at least part of a UE, such as a UE described above in Figure 3) that interacts with another apparatus (e.g., at least part of a network access apparatus, such as a network apparatus described above in Figure 2) that performs a method according to Figure 7B. Throughout these Figures, it is understood that references to “obtaining” and “providing” may refer to signalling of some form. For example, ignoring any additional processing performed, “obtaining” may be understood as “receiving signalling”, while “providing” may be understood as “transmitting signalling”.

[0125] Figure 7A illustrates a method that may be performed by an apparatus. The apparatus may be a UE, such as described above in Figure 3.

[0126] During 701A, the apparatus obtains, from a network access apparatus, an indication of one or more measurement combinations, each measurement combination comprising identifications of an interference type and harmonic order of the interference type, at least one uplink carrier, and at least one downlink carrier. The one or more measurement combinations comprises a first measurement combination comprising identifications of a first interference type and harmonic order of the first interference type, a first at least one uplink carrier, and a first at least one downlink carrier.

[0127] The identifications may be enumerated. For example, the identification of an interference type and harmonic order of that interference type may be provided bysignalling an index value (or some other prearranged value) that may be used by the apparatus to look up the interference type and harmonic order of that interference type. Stated differently, the identifications may be explicit. For example, the identification of the interference type and the harmonic order of that interference type may be represented in signalling from the network access apparatus to the apparatus in a field that is specifically designated for signalling the identification of the interference type and the harmonic order of that interference type.

[0128] Each measurement combination may be represented by a respective tuple, with a first part of the tuple identifying the interference type and harmonic order of the interference type, a second part of the tuple identifying at least one uplink carrier, and a third part of the tuple identifying at least one downlink carrier.

[0129] For each measurement combination, the performance of simultaneous signalling on both the at least one uplink carrier and the at least one downlink carrier results in an interference being generated between the at least one uplink and at least one downlink carriers, the generated interference having an interference type and harmonic order of the interference type that is indicated by said measurement combination.

[0130] Although the network access apparatus may provide more than one measurement combination to the apparatus, it is understood that the network access apparatus may not configure all possible measurement combinations at the apparatus. For example, the network access apparatus may consider which uplink and / or downlink carriers are either allocated to or will be allocated to the apparatus, and only provide measurement combinations to the apparatus that identify those allocated / to be allocated uplink and / or downlink carriers. This may be useful in reducing the amount of information transmitted to the apparatus and / or in reducing the amount of information stored at the apparatus, relative to previously known systems.

[0131] During 702A, the apparatus at least one measurement of the first interference type and harmonic order of the first interference type when the apparatus is configured to transmit uplink using the first at least one uplink carrier with simultaneous reception on the first at least one downlink carrier.

[0132] As discussed above, there may be a plurality of measurement combinations. In such a case, the one or more measurement combinations may comprise a second measurement combination comprising identifications of a second interference type and harmonic order of the second interference type, a second at least one uplinkcarrier, and a second at least one downlink carrier, and the apparatus may perform at least one measurement of the second interference type and harmonic order of the second interference type when the apparatus is configured to transmit uplink using the second at least one uplink carrier with simultaneous reception on the second at least one downlink carrier. The measurements performed on first and second interference type and harmonic orders may be performed during a same transmission opportunity as each other, or during different transmission opportunities to each other. It is further understood that references below to the “first at least one uplink carrier”, “first at least one downlink carrier”, and “first interference type and harmonic order of the first interference type” may be respectively replaced by “second at least one uplink carrier”, “second at least one downlink carrier”, and “second interference type and harmonic order of the first interference type”.

[0133] For example, considering a single (specific) measurement combination having an associated interference type and harmonic order of that interference type, an associated at least one uplink carrier, and an associated at least one downlink carrier, during 702A, the apparatus performs at least one measurement on the associated interference type and harmonic order of that interference type when performing uplink signalling on the associated at least one uplink carrier with simultaneous reception onthe associated at least one downlink carrier.

[0134] The performing at least one measurement may comprise performing a self- interference measurement during at least one measurement slot, wherein the at least one measurement slot is configured to comprise at least one transmission opportunity during which transmission is scheduled to be performed on the first at least one uplinkcarrier with simultaneous reception on the first at least one downlink carrier.

[0135] The performing at least one measurement may comprise determining a valueof a self-interference metric on the first at least one uplink carrier with simultaneousreception on the first at least one downlink carrier, wherein the at least one of the measurement combinations further correspond to the current configured radio state of the apparatus. The value of the self-interference measurement may combine (e.g.,aggregate) the results of a plurality of measurements made during simultaneousreception on the first at least one uplink carrier with simultaneous reception on the first at least one downlink carrier.

[0136] The apparatus may provide at least one measurement value that corresponds to the at least one measurement to the network access apparatus. It is understoodthat the at least one measurement value may correspond to an actual measurement value obtained during reception on the first at least one uplink carrier withsimultaneous reception on the first at least one downlink carrier, or to a valuerepresenting a plurality of measurements made during reception on the first at least one uplink carrier with simultaneous reception on the first at least one downlink carrier (e.g., a self-interference metric value).

[0137] The providing the at least one measurement value may comprise providing the at least one measurement value with an accompanying identification of the interference type and harmonic order of the interference type corresponding to the at least one measurement. Stated differently, the apparatus may signal a measurement result of a measurement combination to the network access apparatus with an identification (e.g., a separate (e.g., explicit) identification) of the interference type and harmonic order of that interference type of that measurement combination to the network access apparatus. The accompanying identification may be enumerated. For example, the accompanying identification may comprise a value in a field in signalling that is specifically designated for identifying the first interference type and harmonicorder of the first interference type.

[0138] Although the measured value(s) may be provided to the network access node as described above, it is understood that this is not necessary. Instead, the apparatus may simply use the measured value(s) to derive a corresponding MSD value for that measurement combination, and use that corresponding MSD value for controlling how (and if) to transmit uplink on the uplink carrier(s) corresponding to that measurement combination during simultaneous reception on the downlink carrier(s) corresponding to that measurement combination.

[0139] The apparatus may, subsequent to obtaining the indication of the one or more measurement combinations, obtain, from the network access node, a measurement slot configuration, determine that the measurement slot configuration comprises at least one first transmission opportunity in which transmission by the apparatus isscheduled on said first at least one uplink carrier and reception by the apparatus isscheduled on said first at least one downlink carrier, and based on the determining (e.g., in response to the determining), perform at least one measurement of the first interference type and harmonic order of the first interference type during the at least one first transmission opportunity.

[0140] Figure 7B illustrates operations that may be performed by an interacting apparatus to that of Figure 7A. The apparatus of Figure 7B may comprise at least part of a network access node, such as an apparatus described above in connection with Figure 2.

[0141] During 701B, the apparatus provides, to a user equipment, an indication of one or more measurement combinations for an uplink-downlink band combination, each measurement combination comprising an interference type and harmonic order of the interference type, at least one uplink carrier, and at least one downlink carrier.

[0142] The one or more measurement combinations may be as described above for Figure 7A.

[0143] The user equipment may correspond to the apparatus of Figure 7A.

[0144] The apparatus may obtain, from the user equipment, a measurement report comprising at least one measurement value that corresponds to at least one of the measurement combinations.

[0145] The measurement report may associate each of the at least one measurement value(s) to a corresponding interference type and harmonic order of the interference type of the at least one measurement combination. This association may be performed using an explicit (e.g., an enumerated) value that is designated for identifying the interference type and harmonic order of the interference type. For example, the at least one measurement value corresponding to a measurement combination may be comprised in signalling to the apparatus with an accompanying index value, the index value being usable by the apparatus to identify an interference type and harmonic order of the interference type to which the at least measurement value corresponds.

[0146] The apparatus may make at least one resource allocation decision based on the reported at least one measurement value, and configure the user equipment (e.g., using radio resource control signalling) in accordance with the at least one resource allocation decision. The at least one resource allocation decision may comprise a decision on which carrier(s) to configure the user equipment with for uplink and / or downlink signalling.

[0147] The measurement report may be a self-interference measurement report.

[0148] The one or more of measurement combinations may comprise identifications of at least a first measurement combination comprising a first interference type and harmonic order of the first interference type, a first at least one uplink carrier, and afirst at least one downlink carrier. In such a case, the apparatus may, subsequent toproviding the indication of the one or more measurement combinations, provide, to the user equipment, a measurement slot configuration, wherein the measurement slot configuration comprises at least one first transmission opportunity in which transmissions by the user equipment are scheduled to said first at least one uplink carrier and reception by the user equipment is scheduled on said first at least one downlink carrier. The transmissions and reception may be simultaneous.

[0149] The apparatus may receive, from the user equipment, a first measurement report comprising at least one measurement value that corresponds to measurements performed during the at least one first transmission opportunity.

[0150] Similar to the above, the first measurement report may associate each of the at least one measurement value(s) to a corresponding interference type and harmonic order of the interference type of the at least one measurement combination. This association may be performed using an explicit (e.g., an enumerated) value that is designated for identifying the interference type and harmonic order of the interference type. For example, the at least one measurement value corresponding to a measurement combination may be comprised in signalling to the apparatus with an accompanying index value, the index value being usable by the apparatus to identify an interference type and harmonic order of the interference type to which the at least measurement value corresponds.

[0151] The apparatus may make at least one resource allocation decision based on the reported at least one measurement value in the first measurement report, and configure the user equipment (e.g., using radio resource control signalling) in accordance with the at least one resource allocation decision. The at least one resource allocation decision may comprise a decision on which carrier(s) to configure the user equipment with for uplink and / or downlink signalling.

[0152] The apparatus may identify the uplink-downlink band combination, wherein theuplink-downlink band combination is affected by one or more interference type andharmonic order of the interference type, wherein the providing the indication of one or more measurement combinations to the user equipment is performed based on said identifying.

[0153] The uplink-downlink band combination may be a carrier aggregation uplink- downlink band combination or a dual-connectivity band combination.

[0154] In any of the above examples of Figures 7A and / or 7B, the interference typemay be a harmonic type and / or an intermodulation distortion type.

[0155] In any of the above examples of Figures 7A and / or 7B, each measurementcombination may comprise a tuple of the interference type and harmonic order of the interference type, the at least one uplink carrier, and the at least one downlink carrier.

[0156] Figure 8 illustrates an example of how the above-described features may be implemented in a practical example. It is understood that this is merely an example, and that the above-described principles and features may be implemented in a plurality of different ways.

[0157] Figure 8 illustrates example signalling that may be performed between a UE 801 and a network access node 802. It is understood that not all of the signalling of Figure 8 is necessary for achieving the presently described advantages. Instead, the described signalling of Figure 8 illustrates an example of how the presently described advantages may be implemented in current systems.

[0158] During 8001, the network access node 802 configures the UE 801 for performing at least one measurement for determining a value of a self-interference metric. Stated differently, during 8001, the network access node 802 configures the UE 801 for performing at least one self-interference measurement.

[0159] During 8002, the network access node 802 signals the UE 801. This signalling may comprise an indication of a channel frequency range per frequency band. This signalling may comprise an indication of a plurality of different potential carrier aggregation combinations that may be configured by the network access node. This signalling of 8002 may be comprised in a system information block (SIB), such as, for example, SIB11.

[0160] During 8003, the network access node 802 signals the UE 801. This signalling may comprise a request for capability information of the UE 801. For example, this signalling may comprise a request for information for determining a capability of the UE 801 for channel frequency range per frequency band, and / or a request for information of potential carrier aggregation combinations that are supported by the UE 801.

[0161] During 8004, the UE 801 responds to the network access node’s 802 signalling of 8003. This signalling may comprise capability information of the UE 801. For example, this signalling may comprise information indicating supported uplink- downlink band combinations supported by the UE 801, lowerMSD capability information of the UE 801, and / or an indication of a Number of symbols used by the UE for performing a self-interference measurement.

[0162] During 8005, the network access node 802 identifies a band combination (e.g., uplink-downlink band combination) supported by the UE 801 is likely to be affected by at least one type of self-interference (e.g., at least one type of MSD value). Based on (e.g., in response to) this identification, the network access node 802 determines to provide the UE with information regarding the identified types of self interference and when these occur during 8006.

[0163] For example, during 8005, the network access node may determine that the carrier aggregation may be affected by multiple MSD types and harmonic order, such as, for example, CA_n2A-n77A.

[0164] Subsequently, during 8006, the network access node 802 provides the UE 801 with indications of the MSD types and harmonic order and where they could be found. For example, for CA_n2A-n77A, during 8006, the network access node 802 may provide the UE 801 with the following three possible self-interference measurement indications: (i) {ULH2, 1UL, 2DL}: this refers to the 2nd order harmonic of 1st uplinkcarrier effect on 2nddownlink carrier (ii) {DLHM2, 2UL, 1DL}: this refers to the 2nd order harmonic downmixingof 2nduplink carrier effect on 1stdownlink carrier (iii) {IMD2_ULH1_minus_ULH1, 2UL_1UL,1DL}: this refers to IMD2created by 2nduplink carrier minus the 1stuplink carrier and landing on the 1stdownlink carrier

[0165] The signalling of 8006 from the network access node 802 to the UE 801 may be provided in radio resource control (RRC) signalling, such as part of an RRC setup signalling operation and / or as part of an RRC reconfiguration signalling operation.

[0166] During 8007, the UE 801 reconfigures its radio in accordance with signalling received from the network access node 802 during 8006.

[0167] During 8008, the UE 801 stores the configuration information for the combinations of MSD type to be measured, and associated channel configuration for self-interference measurement. Stated differently, the UE stores the measurement combinations received during the RRC configuration of 8006, each measurement combination comprising an enumeration of an interference type (e.g., an MSD type and any harmonic of that MSD type), an uplink transmission frequency on which that interference occurs, and a downlink reception frequency on which the UE receives simultaneously with transmitting on the uplink transmission frequency.

[0168] During 8009, the UE 801 signals the network access node 802. This signalling may indicate that the UE 801 has completed its RRC setup and / or reconfiguration according to the signalling of 8006.

[0169] During 8010, the network access node 802 signals the UE 801. This signalling may comprise a measurement slot configuration. This measurement configuration may indicate a combination of uplink and downlink frequency bands that will be used simultaneously by the UE 801 for transmission and reception respectively. This measurement configuration may, for example, indicate that a first carrier is as according to downlink control information (DCI) 0_1, which comprises an uplink transmission pattern, and that a second carrier is as according to DCI 1_1, which comprises a downlink reception pattern. Stated differently, during 8010, the network access node 802 informs the UE 801 when a measurement opportunity for measuring harmonic self-interference will occur.

[0170] During 8011, the UE measures self-interference on an interference type whose corresponding uplink and downlink carrier frequencies matches the measurement opportunity provided by the configuration of 8010. For example, during 8011, the UE 801 may measure corresponding self-interference values for at least one of {ULH2, 1UL, 2DL} or {DLHM2, 2UL, 1DL}.

[0171] During 8012, the UE 801 signals the network access node 802. This signalling may comprise an indication of a value corresponding to a measurement performed during 8011. This measurement may, for each measured self-interference value, be accompanied with an enumerated indication (e.g., an explicit indication) of which self- interference is being measured.

[0172] During 8013, the network access node 802 signals the UE 801. This signalling may comprise a measurement slot configuration. This measurement configuration may indicate a combination of uplink and downlink frequency bands that will be used simultaneously by the UE 801 for transmission and reception respectively. This measurement configuration may, for example, indicate that a first carrier is as according to a first DCI 0_1, which comprises a first uplink transmission pattern, a second carrier is as according a second DCI 0_1, which comprises a second uplink transmission pattern, and a third carrier is as according to DCI 1_1, which comprises a downlink reception pattern. Stated differently, during 8013, the network access node 802 signals the UE 801 to indicate that a measurement opportunity is available for intermodulation distortion self-interference measurements.

[0173] During 8014, the UE measures self interference on an interference type whose corresponding uplink and downlink carrier frequencies matches the measurement opportunity provided by the configuration of 8010. For example, during 8011, the UE 801 may measure corresponding self-interference values for {IMD2_ULH1_minus_ULH1, 2UL_1UL,1DL}.

[0174] During 8015, the UE 801 signals the network access node 802. This signalling may comprise an indication of a value corresponding to a measurement performed during 8013. This measurement may, for each measured self-interference value, beaccompanied with an enumerated indication (e.g., an explicit indication) of which self-interference is being measured.

[0175] The presently described methods and apparatus have a plurality of different advantages.

[0176] For example, a UE can use the information on the interference type andharmonic order comprised in the measurement combination(s) to determine the self- interference that the UE will be likely to experience, since a carrier aggregation combination can have multiple interference (e.g., multiple MSD) types.

[0177] In more detail, the newly described measurement configuration formats allowthe UE to easily determine the MSD type and the impacted DL carrier.

[0178] Moreover, the network access node may determine at least one MSD type for which the UE is to determine a self-interference of for a specific UL-DL band combination. This may be useful for avoiding configuring a UE to measure an undesired or irrelevant SI within the CA combination, not relevant in the current allocation of the component carriers.

[0179] Furthermore, a UE does not need to store a large dataset of all supported band combinations and the associated MSD types and order since the network provides the relevant self-interference measurement configuration. This can save storage resources at the UE. The UE further does not need to store LowerMSD capabilities and data including the associated MSD types, orders and MSD class, since the self- interference measurements performed may result in this information being obtained dynamically. Dynamic measurements of self-interference efficiently reduce overhead of failing RRC configurations of band combinations troubled by self-interference.

[0180] It is understood that, in the above, at least one of the uplink transmissionsand / or downlink transmissions may comprise empty resource elements (e.g., “null transmissions” or “no transmission creating empty resource elements”) in which datais not transmitted, and / or comprise active resource elements in which data is transmitted.

[0181] It should be understood that the apparatuses may comprise or be coupled toother units or modules etc., such as radio parts or radio heads, used in or for transmission and / or reception. Although the apparatuses have been described as one entity, different modules and memory may be implemented in one or more physical or logical entities.

[0182] It is noted that whilst some embodiments have been described in relation to 5Gnetworks, similar principles can be applied in relation to other networks and communication systems. Therefore, although certain embodiments were described above by way of example with reference to certain example architectures for wireless networks, technologies and standards, embodiments may be applied to any other suitable forms of communication systems than those illustrated and described herein.

[0183] It is also noted herein that while the above describes example embodiments,there are several variations and modifications which may be made to the disclosed solution without departing from the scope of the present invention.

[0184] As used herein, “at least one of the following: ” and “at least one of ” and similar wording, where the list of two or more elements are joined by “and” or “or”, mean at least any one of the elements, or at least any two or more of the elements, or at least all the elements.

[0185] In general, the various embodiments may be implemented in hardware orspecial purpose circuitry, software, logic or any combination thereof. Some aspects of the disclosure may be implemented in hardware, while other aspects may be implemented in firmware or software which may be executed by a controller, microprocessor or other computing device, although the disclosure is not limited thereto. While various aspects of the disclosure may be illustrated and described as block diagrams, flow charts, or using some other pictorial representation, it is well understood that these blocks, apparatus, systems, techniques or methods described herein may be implemented in, as non-limiting examples, hardware, software, firmware, special purpose circuits or logic, general purpose hardware or controller or other computing devices, or some combination thereof.

[0186] As used in this application, the term “circuitry” may refer to one or more or all of the following:(a) hardware-only circuit implementations (such as implementations in onlyanalog and / or digital circuitry) and (b) combinations of hardware circuits and software, such as (as applicable):(c) a combination of analog and / or digital hardware circuit(s) withsoftware / firmware and (d) any portions of hardware processor(s) with software (including digitalsignal processor(s)), software, and memory(ies) that work together to cause an apparatus, such as a mobile phone or server, to perform various functions) and (e) hardware circuit(s) and or processor(s), such as a microprocessor(s) ora portion of a microprocessor(s), that requires software (e.g., firmware) for operation, but the software may not be present when it is not needed for operation.

[0187] This definition of circuitry applies to all uses of this term in this application, including in any claims. As a further example, as used in this application, the term circuitry also covers an implementation of merely a hardware circuit or processor (or multiple processors) or portion of a hardware circuit or processor and its (or their) accompanying software and / or firmware. The term circuitry also covers, for example and if applicable to the particular claim element, a baseband integrated circuit or processor integrated circuit for a mobile device or a similar integrated circuit in server, a cellular network device, or other computing or network device.

[0188] The embodiments of this disclosure may be implemented by computer software executable by a data processor of the mobile device, such as in the processor entity, or by hardware, or by a combination of software and hardware. Computer software or program, also called program product, including software routines, applets and / or macros, may be stored in any apparatus-readable data storage medium and they comprise program instructions to perform particular tasks. A computer program product may comprise one or more computer-executable components which, when the program is run, are configured to carry out embodiments. The one or more computer-executable components may be at least one software code or portions of it.

[0189] Further in this regard it should be noted that any blocks of the logic flow as in the Figures may represent program steps, or interconnected logic circuits, blocks and functions, or a combination of program steps and logic circuits, blocks and functions. The software may be stored on such physical media as memory chips, or memoryblocks implemented within the processor, magnetic media such as hard disk or floppy disks, and optical media such as for example DVD and the data variants thereof, CD. The physical media is a non-transitory media.

[0190] The term “non-transitory,” as used herein, is a limitation of the medium itself (i.e., tangible, not a signal ) as opposed to a limitation on data storage persistency (e.g., RAM vs. ROM).

[0191] The memory may be of any type suitable to the local technical environment and may be implemented using any suitable data storage technology, such as semiconductor based memory devices, magnetic memory devices and systems, optical memory devices and systems, fixed memory and removable memory. The data processors may be of any type suitable to the local technical environment, and may comprise one or more of general purpose computers, special purpose computers, microprocessors, digital signal processors (DSPs), application specific integrated circuits (ASIC), FPGA, gate level circuits and processors based on multi core processor architecture, as non-limiting examples.

[0192] Embodiments of the disclosure may be practiced in various components such as integrated circuit modules. The design of integrated circuits is by and large a highly automated process. Complex and powerful software tools are available for convertinga logic level design into a semiconductor circuit design ready to be etched and formedon a semiconductor substrate.

[0193] The scope of protection sought for various embodiments of the disclosure is set out by the independent claims. The embodiments and features, if any, described in this specification that do not fall under the scope of the independent claims are to be interpreted as examples useful for understanding various embodiments of the disclosure.

[0194] The foregoing description has provided by way of non-limiting examples a full and informative description of the exemplary embodiment of this disclosure. However, various modifications and adaptations may become apparent to those skilled in the relevant arts in view of the foregoing description, when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and the appended claims. However, all such and similar modifications of the teachings of this disclosure will still fall within the scope of this invention as defined in the appended claims. Indeed, there is a further embodiment comprising a combination of one or more embodiments with any of the other embodiments previously discussed.

Claims

CLAIMS 1) An apparatus comprising means for performing:obtaining, from a network access apparatus, an indication of one or more measurement combinations for an uplink-downlink band combination, each measurement combination comprising identifications of an interference type and harmonic order of the interference type, at least one uplink carrier, and at least one downlink carrier, wherein the one or more measurement combinations comprises a first measurement combination comprising identifications of a first interference type and harmonic order of the first interference type, a first at least one uplink carrier, and a first at least one downlink carrier; and performing at least one measurement of the first interference type and harmonic order of the first interference type when the apparatus is configured to transmit uplink using the first at least one uplink carrier with simultaneous reception on the first at least one downlink carrier. 2) An apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein the performing at least onemeasurement comprises means for: performing a self-interference measurement during at least one measurement slot, wherein the at least one measurement slot is configured to comprise at least one transmission opportunity during which transmission is scheduled to be performed on the first at least one uplink carrier with simultaneous reception on the first at least one downlink carrier. 3) An apparatus as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein the performing atleast one measurement further comprises means for: determining a value of a self-interference metric on the first at least one uplink carrier with simultaneous reception on the first at least one downlink carrier, wherein the first measurement combination further corresponds to a current configured radio state of the apparatus.4) An apparatus as claimed in any preceding claim, further comprising means forproviding at least one measurement value that corresponds to the at least one measurement to the network access apparatus.5) An apparatus as claimed in claim 4, wherein the means for providing comprisesmeans for providing the at least one measurement value with an accompanying identification of the first interference type and harmonic order of the interference type.6) An apparatus as claimed in any preceding claim, the apparatus furthercomprising means for, subsequent to obtaining the indication of the one or more measurement combinations: obtaining, from the network access node, a measurement slot configuration; determining that the measurement slot configuration comprises at least one first transmission opportunity in which transmission by the apparatus is scheduled on said first at least one uplink carrier and reception by the apparatus is scheduled on said first at least one downlink carrier; and based on the determining, performing at least one measurement of the first interference type and harmonic order of the first interference type during the at least one first transmission opportunity.7) An apparatus as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein the one or moremeasurement combinations comprises a second measurement combination comprising identifications of a second interference type and harmonic order of the second interference type, a second at least one uplink carrier, and a second at least one downlink carrier, the apparatus comprising means for performing at least one measurement of the second interference type and harmonic order of the second interference type when the apparatus is configured to transmit uplink using the second at least one uplink carrier with simultaneous reception on the second at least one downlink carrier.8) An apparatus comprising means for performing:providing, to a user equipment, an indication of one or more measurement combinations for an uplink-downlink band combination, each measurement combination comprising an interference type and harmonic order of the interference type, at least one uplink carrier, and at least one downlink carrier.9) An apparatus as claimed in claim 8, further comprising means for identifyingthe uplink-downlink band combination, wherein the uplink-downlink band combination is affected by one or more interference type and harmonic order of the interference type, wherein the providing the indication of one or more measurement combinations to the user equipment is performed based on said identifying. 10)An apparatus as claimed in any of claims 8 to 9, wherein the uplink-downlink band combination is a carrier aggregation uplink-downlink band combination or a dual-connectivity band combination. 11)An apparatus as claimed in any of claims 8 to 10, further comprising means for: obtaining, from the user equipment, a measurement report comprising at least one measurement value that corresponds to at least one of the measurement combinations. 12)An apparatus as claimed in claim 11, wherein the measurement report associates each of the at least one measurement value to a corresponding interference type and harmonic order of the interference type of the at least one measurement combination. 13)An apparatus as claimed in any of claims 11 to 12, further comprising means for: making at least one resource allocation decision based on the reported at least one measurement value; and configuring the user equipment in accordance with the at least one resource allocation decision.14)An apparatus as claimed in any of claims 11 to 13, wherein the measurement report is a self-interference measurement report. 15)An apparatus as claimed in any of claims 8 to 14, wherein the one or more of measurement combinations comprises identifications of at least a first measurement combination comprising a first interference type and harmonic order of the first interference type, a first at least one uplink carrier, and a first at least one downlink carrier, the apparatus further comprising means for, subsequent to providing the indication of the one or more measurement combinations: providing, to the user equipment, a measurement slot configuration, wherein the measurement slot configuration comprises at least one first transmission opportunity in which transmissions by the user equipment are scheduled to said first at least one uplink carrier and reception by the user equipment is scheduled on said first at least one downlink carrier. 16)An apparatus a claimed in claim 15, further comprising means for receiving, from the user equipment, a first measurement report comprising at least one measurement value that corresponds to measurements performed during the at least one first transmission opportunity. 17)An apparatus as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein the interference type is a harmonic type and / or an intermodulation distortion type. 18)An apparatus as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein each measurement combination comprises a tuple of the interference type and harmonic order of the interference type, the at least one uplink carrier, and the at least one downlink carrier. 19)A method for an apparatus, the method comprising: obtaining, from a network access apparatus, an indication of one or more measurement combinations for an uplink-downlink band combination, each measurement combination comprising identifications of an interference type and harmonic order of the interference type, at least one uplink carrier, and atleast one downlink carrier, wherein the one or more measurement combinations comprises a first measurement combination comprising identifications of a first interference type and harmonic order of the first interference type, a first at least one uplink carrier, and a first at least one downlink carrier; and performing at least one measurement of the first interference type and harmonic order of the first interference type when the apparatus is configured to transmit uplink using the first at least one uplink carrier with simultaneous reception on the first at least one downlink carrier. 20)A method for an apparatus, the method comprising: providing, to a user equipment, an indication of one or more measurement combinations for an uplink-downlink band combination, each measurement combination comprising an interference type and harmonic order of the interference type, at least one uplink carrier, and at least one downlink carrier. 21)A computer program comprising instructions which, when the program is executed by a computer of an apparatus, cause the computer to carry out: obtaining, from a network access apparatus, an indication of one or more measurement combinations for an uplink-downlink band combination, each measurement combination comprising identifications of an interference type and harmonic order of the interference type, at least one uplink carrier, and at least one downlink carrier, wherein the one or more measurement combinations comprises a first measurement combination comprising identifications of a first interference type and harmonic order of the first interference type, a first at least one uplink carrier, and a first at least one downlink carrier; and performing at least one measurement of the first interference type and harmonic order of the first interference type when the apparatus is configured to transmit uplink using the first at least one uplink carrier with simultaneous reception on the first at least one downlink carrier.22)A computer program comprising instructions which, when the program is executed by a computer of an apparatus, cause the computer to carry out:providing, to a user equipment, an indication of one or more measurement combinations for an uplink-downlink band combination, each measurement combination comprising an interference type and harmonic order of the interference type, at least one uplink carrier, and at least one downlink carrier.

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