Method and apparatus for internet of things in a wireless communication system

Abstract

The present disclosure relates to a 5G communication system or a 6G communication system for supporting higher data rate beyond a 4G communication system such as Long Term Evolution (LTE). The present disclosure provides a method performed by a node in a communication system and a node device. According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, there is provided a method performed by a second node in a communication system, including: transmitting a first signal related to indicating channel measurement to a first node; transmitting a first carrier wave CW to a first node; receiving a second signal backscattered based on a first CW from a first node, the second signal including a first sequence related to channel measurement; performing channel measurement based on the first sequence to determine at least one frequency, the at least one frequency being associated with a second CW for uplink transmission of the first node.

Description

METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR INTERNET OF THINGS IN A WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMThe present application relates to a communication system, and more specifically, to communication methods and corresponding devices in an Internet of Things (IoT) system.Considering the development of wireless communication from generation to generation, the technologies have been developed mainly for services targeting humans, such as voice calls, multimedia services, and data services. Following the commercialization of 5G (5th generation) communication systems, it is expected that the number of connected devices will exponentially grow. Increasingly, these will be connected to communication networks. Examples of connected things may include vehicles, robots, drones, home appliances, displays, smart sensors connected to various infrastructures, construction machines, and factory equipment. Mobile devices are expected to evolve in various form-factors, such as augmented reality glasses, virtual reality headsets, and hologram devices. In order to provide various services by connecting hundreds of billions of devices and things in the 6G (6th generation) era, there have been ongoing efforts to develop improved 6G communication systems. For these reasons, 6G communication systems are referred to as beyond-5G systems.6G communication systems, which are expected to be commercialized around 2030, will have a peak data rate of tera (1,000 giga)-level bit per second (bps) and a radio latency less than 100μsec, and thus will be 50 times as fast as 5G communication systems and have the 1 / 10 radio latency thereof.In order to accomplish such a high data rate and an ultra-low latency, it has been considered to implement 6G communication systems in a terahertz (THz) band (for example, 95 gigahertz (GHz) to 3THz bands). It is expected that, due to severer path loss and atmospheric absorption in the terahertz bands than those in mmWave bands introduced in 5G, technologies capable of securing the signal transmission distance (that is, coverage) will become more crucial. It is necessary to develop, as major technologies for securing the coverage, Radio Frequency (RF) elements, antennas, novel waveforms having a better coverage than Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM), beamforming and massive Multiple-input Multiple-Output (MIMO), Full Dimensional MIMO (FD-MIMO), array antennas, and multiantenna transmission technologies such as large-scale antennas. In addition, there has been ongoing discussion on new technologies for improving the coverage of terahertz-band signals, such as metamaterial-based lenses and antennas, Orbital Angular Momentum (OAM), and Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface (RIS).Moreover, in order to improve the spectral efficiency and the overall network performances, the following technologies have been developed for 6G communication systems: a full-duplex technology for enabling an uplink transmission and a downlink transmission to simultaneously use the same frequency resource at the same time; a network technology for utilizing satellites, High-Altitude Platform Stations (HAPS), and the like in an integrated manner; an improved network structure for supporting mobile base stations and the like and enabling network operation optimization and automation and the like; a dynamic spectrum sharing technology via collision avoidance based on a prediction of spectrum usage; an use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in wireless communication for improvement of overall network operation by utilizing AI from a designing phase for developing 6G and internalizing end-to-end AI support functions; and a next-generation distributed computing technology for overcoming the limit of UE computing ability through reachable super-high-performance communication and computing resources (such as Mobile Edge Computing (MEC), clouds, and the like) over the network. In addition, through designing new protocols to be used in 6G communication systems, developing mechanisms for implementing a hardware-based security environment and safe use of data, and developing technologies for maintaining privacy, attempts to strengthen the connectivity between devices, optimize the network, promote softwarization of network entities, and increase the openness of wireless communications are continuing.It is expected that research and development of 6G communication systems in hyper-connectivity, including person to machine (P2M) as well as machine to machine (M2M), will allow the next hyper-connected experience. Particularly, it is expected that services such as truly immersive eXtended Reality (XR), high-fidelity mobile hologram, and digital replica could be provided through 6G communication systems. In addition, services such as remote surgery for security and reliability enhancement, industrial automation, and emergency response will be provided through the 6G communication system such that the technologies could be applied in various fields such as industry, medical care, automobiles, and home appliances.The present disclosure relates to method performed by node in communication system and node device.According to an aspect of an exemplary embodiment, there is provided a communication method in a wireless communication system.Aspects of the present disclosure provide efficient communication methods in a wireless communication system.In order to explain the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present disclosure more clearly, the drawings of the embodiments of the present disclosure will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the drawings described below only relate to some embodiments of the present disclosure and do not limit the present disclosure. For a more complete understanding of the present disclosure and its advantages, reference is now made to the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which like reference numerals represent like parts:FIG. 1 illustrates an example wireless network according to embodiments of the present disclosure;FIG. 2 illustrates an example base station according to embodiments of the present disclosure;FIG. 3 illustrates an example user equipment according to embodiments of the present disclosure;FIG. 4 illustrates a flowchart of a method performed by a first node (e.g., UE / tag) according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;FIG. 5 illustrates a flowchart of a method performed by a second node (e.g., a reader or interrogator, etc.) according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;FIG. 6 illustrates a schematic diagram of the resource location of the first sequence backscattered by three nodes respectively at three frequencies in three time units;FIG. 7 illustrates an example IoT system according to some embodiments of the present disclosure;FIG. 8A illustrates a schematic diagram of a frequency domain response of a multipath channel according to some embodiments of the present disclosure;FIG. 8B illustrates an example design of a fundamental frequency according to some embodiments of the present disclosure;FIG. 9A illustrates a schematic diagram of interference in an IoT system according to some embodiments of the present disclosure;FIG. 9B illustrates a schematic diagram of interference in an IoT system according to some embodiments of the present disclosure;FIG. 10A illustrates a time domain diagram of a second signal according to some embodiments of the present disclosure;FIG. 10B illustrates a frequency domain response diagram of a second signal according to some embodiments of the present disclosure;FIG. 11A illustrates a time domain diagram of a second signal according to some embodiments of the present disclosure;FIG. 11B illustrates a frequency domain response diagram of a second signal according to some embodiments of the present disclosure;FIG. 12 illustrates a schematic diagram of a channel measurement process according to some embodiments of the present disclosure;FIG. 13 illustrates a schematic diagram of a channel measurement process according to some embodiments of the present disclosure;FIG. 14 illustrates a schematic diagram of a channel measurement process according to some embodiments of the present disclosure;FIG. 15 illustrates a schematic diagram of a channel measurement process according to some embodiments of the present disclosure;FIG. 16 illustrates a schematic diagram of a channel measurement process according to some embodiments of the present disclosure;FIG. 17A illustrates a signaling process between a reader device and an A-IoT device according to some embodiments of the present disclosure;FIG. 17B illustrates a signaling process between a reader device and an A-IoT device according to some embodiments of the present disclosure;FIG. 18 illustrates a flowchart of a method performed by a first node according to an example embodiment of the present disclosure;FIG. 19 illustrates a flowchart of a method performed by a second node according to an example embodiment of the present disclosure;FIG. 20 illustrates a schematic structural diagram of a second node according to at least one embodiment of the present disclosure;FIG. 21 illustrates a structural diagram of a first node according to at least one embodiment of the present disclosure;FIG. 22 is a block diagram of a terminal or user equipment (UE) 2200 according to an embodiment of the disclosure;FIG. 23 is a block diagram of a base station (BS) 2300 according to an embodiment of the disclosure; andFIG. 24 is a block diagram of a network entity 2400 according to an embodiment of the disclosure.According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, there is provided a method performed by a second node in a communication system, including: transmitting a first signal related to indicating channel measurement to a first node; transmitting a first carrier wave (CW) to a first node; receiving a second signal backscattered based on the first CW from the first node, the second signal including a first sequence related to channel measurement; performing channel measurement based on the first sequence to determine at least one frequency, the at least one frequency being associated with a second CW for uplink transmission of the first node.In an implementation, the first signal includes: a signal for acknowledging the access of the first node; or a signal for configuring access of the first node, wherein the second signal further includes first information related to the access of the first node.In an implementation, the first signal includes information indicating backscattering the first sequence,The information indicating backscattering the first sequence includes at least one of information indicating starting backscattering the first sequence, information indicating periodically backscattering the first sequence, and information related to a period of backscattering the first sequence.In an implementation, transmitting the first CW includes transmitting multiple first CWs on multiple frequencies.In an implementation, transmitting the first CW includes: transmitting first CWs respectively on multiple frequencies in one time unit, or transmitting first CWs respectively on one or more frequencies in successive multiple time units.In an implementation, transmitting the first CW includes: transmitting the first CW until at least one frequency is determined based on the channel measurement or transmission of the first CW has reached a first time.In an implementation, if at least one frequency is determined based on the channel measurement, transmitting information indicating terminating transmission of the first sequence to the first node.In an implementation, the method further includes transmitting information about a first number of times the first sequence is to be transmitted, to the first node.In an implementation, the second signal is received based on at least one backscatter link frequency BLF.In an implementation, the at least one BLF is preset or configured by the second node.In an implementation, the first node includes multiple first nodes, wherein the second signals are backscattered by the first nodes based on different backscatter link frequencies (BLFs); the backscatter link frequency (BLF) is predefined or configured by the second node.In an implementation, the method further includes transmitting information related to CW transmission to the third node, wherein the first CW and / or the second CW are transmitted to the first node by the third node based on the information related to CW transmission.In an implementation, the information related to CW transmission includes at least one of: a number of CWs, information related to resources for CWs.In an implementation, the method further includes transmitting information indicating uplink transmission to the first node, based on the at least one frequency.According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, there is provided a method performed by a first node in a communication system, including: receiving a first signal related to indicating channel measurement from a second node; backscattering a second signal to the second node according to a first CW transmitted by the second node, wherein the second signal comprises a first sequence related to channel measurement; backscattering a third signal based on a second CW transmitted by the second node.In an implementation, the first signal includes: a signal for acknowledging access of the first node; or a signal for configuring the access of the first node, wherein the second signal further includes first information related to the access of the first node.In an implementation, the first signal includes information indicating backscattering the first sequence, the information indicating backscattering the first sequence includes at least one of: information indicating starting backscattering the first sequence, information indicating periodically backscattering the first sequence, and information related to a period of backscattering the first sequence.In an implementation, backscattering the second signal includes: backscattering the second signal including the first sequence until information indicating terminating transmission of the first sequence is received or transmitting the first sequence for a first time or a first number of times.In an implementation, the method further comprises: receiving information about the first time and / or the first number of times from the second node, or receiving information indicating terminating the transmission of the first sequence.In an implementation, backscattering the second signal includes: backscattering the second signal based on at least one BLF.In an implementation, the at least one BLF is preset or configured by the second node.In an implementation, the method further comprises: receiving information indicating uplink transmission from the second node, wherein the third signal is backscattered based on the information indicating uplink transmission.According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, there is provided a second node in a communication system, including: a transceiver configured to transmit and / or receive signals; a controller configured to control the second node to perform the method according to the embodiment of the present disclosure.According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, there is provided a first node in a communication system, including: a transceiver configured to transmit and / or receive signals; a controller configured to control the first node to perform the method according to the embodiment of the present disclosure.According to some aspects of the present disclosure, a method performed by a first node in a communication system is provided. The method comprises: receiving second configuration information associated with a reflection coefficient of a second signal, wherein the second signal is for channel measurement; determining a first reflection coefficient and a second reflection coefficient based on the second configuration information; modulating a first sequence by alternately applying the first reflection coefficient and the second reflection coefficient to generate the second signal; and transmitting the second signal.In conjunction with one or more aspects of the method performed by the first node described above, for example, the method further comprises: receiving third information associated with a chip rate of the second signal; and generating the first sequence based on the chip rate.In conjunction with one or more aspects of the method performed by the first node described above, for example, generating the first sequence based on the chip rate comprises: determining at least one chip rate of the second signal based on the third information; and generating the first sequence based on each of the determined at least one chip rate.In conjunction with one or more aspects of the method performed by the first node described above, for example, the third information includes a set of third information values, wherein at least one chip rate of the second signal is determined based on a mapping of a third information value of the set of third information values to a chip rate of the second signal.In conjunction with one or more aspects of the method performed by the first node described above, for example, the mapping of the third information value in the set of third information values to the chip rate of the second signal comprises: Ri= fbase*ki，i∈[1,N], wherein, fbaseis a base chip rate, Riis a chip rate corresponding to a third information value xiin the set of third information values, kiis associated with a third information value xiand is an integer greater than or equal to 1, the third information value xiis an integer greater than or equal to 1, and N is the number of third information values in the set of third information values.In conjunction with one or more aspects of the method performed by the first node described above, for example, the mapping of the third information value in the set of third information values to the chip rate of the second signal comprises: Ri= fbase*xi，i∈[1,N], wherein, fbaseis a base chip rate, N is the number of third information values in the set of third information values, Riis a chip rate corresponding to a third information value xiin the set of third information values, wherein the third information value xiis an integer greater than or equal to 1.In conjunction with one or more aspects of the method performed by the first node described above, for example, the mapping of the third information value in the set of third information values to the chip rate of the second signal comprises:,i∈[1,N], wherein, fbaseis a base chip rate, N is the number of third information values in the set of third information values, Riis a chip rate corresponding to a third information value μiin the set of third information values, wherein the third information value μiis an integer greater than or equal to 0.In conjunction with one or more aspects of the method performed by the first node described above, for example, the base chip rate is determined according to at least one of a subcarrier spacing size or a size of a resource block of an Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) based system.In connection with one or more aspects of the method performed by the first node described above, for example, the generated first sequence has alternating "0" values and "1" values, wherein, a length of the first sequence is proportional to the determined chip rate.In conjunction with one or more aspects of the method performed by the first node described above, for example, generating a first sequence based on each of the determined at least one chip rate includes: determining a length of the first sequence; generating the first sequence based on the determined length of the first sequence, wherein the length of the first sequence is determined as Li=T*Ri, wherein, Ri is the chip rate and T is a duration of the second signal.In conjunction with one or more aspects of the method performed by the first node described above, for example, the method further comprises receiving indication information indicating a duration of the second signal, wherein the duration of the second signal is determined based on the indication information indicating the duration of the second signal.In conjunction with one or more aspects of the method performed by the first node described above, for example, a ratio of the first reflection coefficient to the second reflection coefficient is -α, wherein, the value of α is a real number greater than 0 and less than or equal to 1.In conjunction with one or more aspects of the method performed by the first node described above, for example, in case that the second configuration information is configured to a first value, a value of α is 1; and / or in case that the second configuration information is configured to a second value, a value of α is not 1.In conjunction with one or more aspects of the method performed by the first node described above, for example, in case that the second configuration information is configured to the second value, a value of α is 0.5.In conjunction with one or more aspects of the method performed by the first node described above, for example, in case that the second configuration information is configured to the first value, transmitting the second signal comprises: transmitting the second signal in two or more time units, the two or more time units including a first time unit and a second time unit.In conjunction with one or more aspects of the method performed by the first node described above, for example, in case that the second configuration information is configured to the first value and one chip rate is determined based on the third information, transmitting the second signal comprises: generating a first sequence using the chip rate and K times the chip rate for the first time unit and the second time unit, respectively, wherein, K is an integer greater than or equal to 2; modulating the first sequence based on the second configuration information to generate the second signal; transmitting the second signal.In conjunction with one or more aspects of the method performed by the first node described above, for example, in case that the second configuration information is configured to the first value and multiple chip rates are determined based on the third information, transmitting the second signal comprises: for a first time unit of the two or more consecutive time units, generating the first sequence using each chip rate of the multiple chip rates, respectively; modulating the first sequence based on the second configuration information to generate the second signal; transmitting the second signal in the first time unit; transmitting, in time unit(s) subsequent to the first time unit, a second signal identical to the second signal transmitted in the first time unit.In conjunction with one or more aspects of the method performed by the first node described above, for example, in case that the second configuration information is configured to the second value, transmitting the second signal comprises: transmitting the second signal in a single time unit.In conjunction with one or more aspects of the method performed by the first node described above, for example, the second configuration information is configured to the first value or the second value based on a level of interference in a direct link.In connection with one or more aspects of the method performed by the first node described above, for example, the first node includes at least one of: an Ambient Internet of Things (A-IoT) device, a passive IoT device, a radio frequency tag, a passive IoT / A-IoT enabled terminal / user equipment (UE).According to some aspects of the present disclosure, a method performed by a second node in a communication system is provided. The method comprises: transmitting second configuration information associated with a reflection coefficient of a second signal, wherein the second signal is for channel measurement; and receiving a second signal, wherein the second signal is generated by modulating a first sequence by alternately applying a first reflection coefficient and a second reflection coefficient, wherein the first reflection coefficient and the second reflection coefficient are based on the second configuration information.In conjunction with one or more aspects of the method performed by the second node described above, for example, the method further comprises: transmitting third information associated with a chip rate of the second signal, wherein the first sequence is generated based on the chip rate.In conjunction with one or more aspects of the method performed by the second node described above, for example, the first sequence is generated based on each of at least one chip rate of the second signal; the at least one chip rate of the second signal is based on the third information.In conjunction with one or more aspects of the method performed by the second node described above, for example, the third information includes a set of third information values, wherein at least one chip rate of the second signal is determined based on a mapping of a third information value of the set of third information values to a chip rate of the second signal.In conjunction with one or more aspects of the method performed by the second node described above, for example, the mapping of the third information value in the set of third information values to the chip rate of the second signal comprises: Ri= fbase*ki，i∈[1,N], wherein, fbaseis a base chip rate, Riis a chip rate corresponding to a third information value xiin the set of third information values, kiis associated with a third information value xiand is an integer greater than or equal to 1, the third information value xiis an integer greater than or equal to 1, and N is the number of third information values in the set of third information values.In conjunction with one or more aspects of the method performed by the second node described above, for example, the mapping of the third information value in the set of third information values to the chip rate of the second signal comprises: Ri=fbase*xi，i∈[1,N], wherein, fbaseis a base chip rate, N is the number of third information values in the set of third information values, Riis a chip rate corresponding to a third information value xiin the set of third information values, wherein the third information value xiis an integer greater than or equal to 1.In conjunction with one or more aspects of the method performed by the second node described above, for example, the mapping of the third information value in the set of third information values to the chip rate of the second signal comprises:,i∈[1,N], wherein, fbaseis a base chip rate, N is the number of third information values in the set of third information values, Riis a chip rate corresponding to a third information value μiin the set of third information values, wherein the third information value μiis an integer greater than or equal to 0.In conjunction with one or more aspects of the method performed by the second node described above, for example, the base chip rate is determined according to at least one of a subcarrier spacing size or a size of a resource block of an Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) based system.In connection with one or more aspects of the method performed by the second node described above, for example, the generated first sequence has alternating "0" values and "1" values, wherein, a length of the first sequence is proportional to the determined chip rate.In conjunction with one or more aspects of the method performed by the second node described above, for example, the first sequence is generated based on a length of the first sequence, wherein the length of the first sequence is Li=T*Ri, wherein, Riis the chip rate and T is a duration of the second signal.In conjunction with one or more aspects of the method performed by the second node described above, for example, the method further comprises transmitting indication information indicating a duration of the second signal, wherein the duration of the second signal is based on the indication information.In conjunction with one or more aspects of the method performed by the second node described above, for example, a ratio of the first reflection coefficient to the second reflection coefficient is - α, wherein, the value of α is a real number greater than 0 and less than or equal to 1.In conjunction with one or more aspects of the method performed by the second node described above, for example, in case that the second configuration information is configured to a first value, a value of α is 1; and / or in case that the second configuration information is configured to a second value, a value of α is not 1.In conjunction with one or more aspects of the method performed by the second node described above, for example, in case that the second configuration information is configured to the second value, a value of α is 0.5.In conjunction with one or more aspects of the method performed by the second node described above, for example, in case that the second configuration information is configured to the first value, receiving the second signal comprises: receiving the second signal in two or more time units, the two or more time units including a first time unit and a second time unit.In conjunction with one or more aspects of the method performed by the second node described above, for example, in case that the second configuration information is configured to the first value and one chip rate is determined based on the third information, the first sequence is generated using the chip rate and K times the chip rate for the first time unit and the second time unit, respectively, wherein, K is an integer greater than or equal to 2.In conjunction with one or more aspects of the method performed by the second node described above, for example, in case that the second configuration information is configured to the first value and multiple chip rates are determined based on the third information, for a first time unit of the two or more consecutive time units, the first sequence is generated using each chip rate of the multiple chip rates, respectively; the second signal is generated based on modulating of the first sequence based on the second configuration information; identical second signals are in the first time unit and in time unit(s) subsequent to the first time unit.In conjunction with one or more aspects of the method performed by the second node described above, for example, in case that the second configuration information is configured to the second value, receiving the second signal comprises: receiving the second signal in a single time unit.In conjunction with one or more aspects of the method performed by the second node described above, for example, the second configuration information is configured to the first value or the second value based on a level of interference in a direct link.In conjunction with one or more aspects of the method performed by the second node described above, for example, the method further includes: performing channel measurements based on the received second signal.In conjunction with one or more aspects of the method performed by the first node described above, for example, the second node includes at least one of: a reader device, a receiver, a relay node, a tag receiver, a tag receiver node, a passive Ambient Internet of Things (A-loT) reader, an A-loT reader, or a UE or a network device (e.g., a base station) with an loT reader functional entity.According to some aspects of the present disclosure, a first node in a communication system is also provided. The first node comprises: a transceiver; and one or more processors coupled with the transceiver and configured to perform one or more aspects of the methods described above as being performed by the terminal.According to some aspects of the present disclosure, a second node in a wireless communication system is also provided. The base station includes: a transceiver; and one or more processors coupled with the transceiver and configured to perform one or more aspects of the methods described above as being performed by the base station.According to some aspects of the present disclosure, there is also provided a computer-readable storage medium, having stored thereon one or more computer programs, which, when executed by one or more processors, may carry out one or more aspects of the method performed by the first node described above.According to some aspects of the disclosure, there is also provided a computer-readable storage medium, having stored thereon one or more computer programs, which, when executed by one or more processors, may carry out one or more aspects of the method performed by the second node described above.Hereinafter, embodiments of the disclosure will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings.In describing the embodiments, descriptions related to technical contents well-known in the art and not associated directly with the disclosure will be omitted. Such an omission of unnecessary descriptions is intended to prevent obscuring of the main idea of the disclosure and more clearly transfer the main idea.For the same reason, in the accompanying drawings, some elements may be exaggerated, omitted, or schematically illustrated. Further, the size of each element does not completely reflect the actual size. In the drawings, identical or corresponding elements are provided with identical reference numerals or different reference numerals.The advantages and features of the disclosure and ways to achieve them will be apparent by making reference to embodiments as described below in detail in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. However, the disclosure is not limited to the embodiments set forth below, but may be implemented in various different forms. The following embodiments are provided only to completely disclose the disclosure and inform those skilled in the art of the scope of the disclosure, and the disclosure is defined only by the scope of the appended claims. Throughout the specification, the same or like reference numerals designate the same or like elements. Furthermore, in describing the disclosure, a detailed description of known functions or constitution incorporated herein will be omitted in the case that it is determined that the description may make the subject matter of the disclosure unnecessarily unclear. The terms which will be described below are terms defined in consideration of the functions in the disclosure, and may be different according to users, intentions of the operators, or customs. Therefore, the definitions of the terms should be made based on the contents throughout the specification.Herein, it will be understood that each block of the flowchart illustrations, and combinations of blocks in the flowchart illustrations, may be performed based on computer program instructions. These computer program instructions may be loaded collectively onto at least one processor of a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, or other programmable data processing apparatus to produce a machine, such that the instructions, which perform through any one of, or in any combination of, the at least one processor of the computer or other programmable data processing apparatus, create means for performing the functions specified in the flowchart block(s). These computer program instructions may also be stored in a non-transitory computer usable or computer-readable memory that may direct a computer or other programmable data processing apparatus to function in a particular manner, such that the instructions stored in the computer usable or computer-readable memory produce an article of manufacture including instruction means that perform the function specified in the flowchart block(s). The computer program instructions may also be loaded onto a computer or other programmable data processing apparatus to cause a series of operational steps to be performed on the computer or other programmable data processing apparatus to produce a computer executed process such that the instructions that perform on the computer or other programmable data processing apparatus provide steps for executing the functions specified in the flowchart block(s).Further, each block may represent a module, segment, or portion of code, which includes one or more executable instructions for executing the specified logical function(s). It should also be noted that in some alternative implementations, the functions noted in the blocks may occur out of the order. For example, two blocks(or functions) shown in succession may in fact be performed substantially concurrently or the blocks may sometimes be performed in the reverse order, depending upon the functionality involved.As used in embodiments of the disclosure, a “~unit” may refer to a software element or a hardware element, such as a field programmable gate array (FPGA) or an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), which performs a predetermined function. However, the term including the word “~unit” does not always have a meaning limited to software or hardware. The “~unit” may be constructed either to be stored in an addressable storage medium or to execute one or more processors. Therefore, the “~unit” includes, for example, software elements, object-oriented software elements, components such as class elements and task elements, processes, functions, properties, procedures, sub-routines, segments of a program code, drivers, firmware, micro-codes, circuits, data, database, data structures, tables, arrays, and parameters. The components and functions provided by the “~unit” may be either combined into a smaller number of components and a “~unit,” or divided into additional components and a “~unit.” Moreover, the components and “~units” may be implemented to reproduce one or more central processing units (CPUs) within a device or a security multimedia card. Further, in the embodiments, the “～unit” may include one or more processors.It should be appreciated that the blocks in each flowchart and combinations of the flowcharts may be performed by one or more computer programs which include instructions. The entirety of the one or more computer programs may be stored in a single memory device or the one or more computer programs may be divided with different portions stored in different multiple memory devices.Any of the functions or operations described herein can be processed by one processor or a combination of processors. The one processor or the combination of processors is circuitry performing processing and includes circuitry like an application processor (AP, e.g. a CPU), a communication processor (CP, e.g., a modem), a graphics processing unit (GPU), a neural processing unit (NPU) (e.g., an artificial intelligence (AI) chip), a Wi-Fi chip, a Bluetooth® chip, a global positioning system (GPS) chip, a near field communication (NFC) chip, connectivity chips, a sensor controller, a touch controller, a finger-print sensor controller, a display driver integrated circuit (IC), an audio CODEC chip, a universal serial bus (USB) controller, a camera controller, an image processing IC, a microprocessor unit (MPU), a system on chip (SoC), an IC, or the like.It will be appreciated that various embodiments of the disclosure according to the claims and description in the specification can be realized in the form of hardware, software or a combination of hardware and software.Any such software may be stored in non-transitory computer readable storage media. The non-transitory computer readable storage media store one or more computer programs (software modules), the one or more computer programs include computer-executable instructions that, when executed by one or more processors of an electronic device individually or collectively, cause the electronic device to perform a method of the disclosure.Any such software may be stored in the form of volatile or non-volatile storage such as, for example, a storage device like read only memory (ROM), whether erasable or rewritable or not, or in the form of memory such as, for example, random access memory (RAM), memory chips, device or integrated circuits or on an optically or magnetically readable medium such as, for example, a compact disk (CD), digital versatile disc (DVD), magnetic disk or magnetic tape or the like. It will be appreciated that the storage devices and storage media are various embodiments of non-transitory machine-readable storage that are suitable for storing a computer program or computer programs comprising instructions that, when executed, implement various embodiments of the disclosure. Accordingly, various embodiments of the present disclosure may provide a program comprising code for implementing apparatus or a method as claimed in any one of the claims of this specification and a non-transitory machine-readable storage storing such a program.Hereinafter, the determination of priority between A and B in the present disclosure may refer to various actions such as selecting the one having a higher priority based on a predefined priority rule and performing an operation corresponding thereto, or omitting or dropping an operation corresponding to the one having a lower priority.Hereinafter, "A or B" as described in the present disclosure may be understood as "A and / or B," which may include A, or B, or both A and B.In addition, "at least one of A, B, and C" as described in the present disclosure may be understood to include A, or B, or C, or any combination of A, B, and C.In addition, "at least one of A, B, or C" as described in the present disclosure may be understood to include A, or B, or C, or any combination of A, B, and C.Furthermore, "A / B" as described in the present disclosure may be understood as "A and / or B," which may include A, or B, or both A and B.Furthermore, "A, B" as described in the present disclosure may be understood as "A and / or B," which may include A, or B, or both A and B.Furthermore, "A and B" as described in the present disclosure may be understood as "A and / or B," which may include A, or B, or both A and B.Furthermore, "if condition A and condition B are satisfied," as described in the present disclosure, may not be limited to a case where both condition A and condition B are satisfied, but may be understood to include a case where either condition A or condition B is individually satisfied, both condition A and condition B are satisfied, or one or more additional conditions are satisfied in combination.Furthermore, throughout this disclosure, ordinal terms such as "first," "second," "third," etc., (and similar qualifiers) are used merely to distinguish between different instances, occurrences, configurations, messages, stages, or aspects of elements, operations, or information as described herein. Unless the context clearly dictates otherwise, the use of such ordinal terms does not itself require that the elements, operations, or information distinguished by these terms be structurally different, numerically distinct, or substantively dissimilar. For example, a "first signal" and a "second signal" may refer to instances of the same signal transmitted at different times or containing the same core information despite minor variations, or they may refer to signals with different content or characteristics, depending on the specific context. Similarly, a "first value" and a "second value" may represent the same magnitude but measured or applied in different circumstances, or they may represent different magnitudes. The interpretation should be guided by the specific technical context, function, and relationship described in the relevant portion of the specification and claims.Furthermore, the terms "first ~", "second ~", etc., as described in the present disclosure with respect to various elements (e.g., information, objects, operation, sequences, or the like), should not limit those elements. These terms may only be intended to distinguish one element from another, and may not be intended to indicate a specific order. For example, a first element could be termed a second element, and, similarly, a second element could be termed a first element.Furthermore, even if "first ~" and "second ~" are described in the present disclosure, it may be understood that element(s) referred to by "first ~" and "second ~" may be the same or different. For example, in case of element(s) being information, first information and second information may both be same information and, in some cases, are separate and different information.In addition, the terms "if ~" and "in case that ~" as used in the disclosure or claims may be interpreted to include the meanings of "when (or upon) ~," "in response to ~," "based on ~," or "according to ~," and may be used interchangeably with these expressions. In addition, expressions other than those exemplified herein may also be used, as long as they have substantially the same meaning and do not impair the technical features of the present disclosure.For example, the physical layer signaling may be referred to as Layer 1 (L1) signaling and may include downlink control information (DCI). In addition, the higher layer signaling may include a medium access control (MAC) control message, a radio resource control (RRC) signaling message, a non-access stratum (NAS) signaling message, or an application layer message. The RRC signaling message may be referred to as L3 (layer 3) signaling. It should be noted, however, that the higher layer signaling is not limited to the aforementioned examples.In addition, the term "not perform" as used in the present disclosure or claims may, in context, be understood to mean that the corresponding step is omitted or skipped. Such a term may be replaced with other terms having the same or substantially equivalent meaning.In addition, "transmitting a message including A and B" as described in the present disclosure, may be understood as encompassing both (i) transmitting A and B in a single message, and (ii) transmitting A and B separately via multiple messages (e.g., transmitting a first message including A and a second message including B). This interpretation may also apply to messages that include two or more items (e.g., A, B, C), transmitted either together or separately.In addition, "transmitting a message including A and transmitting a message including B" may also be interpreted as transmitting a message including A and B in a single message.In the specific embodiments of the present disclosure described below, terms or components included in the disclosure may be expressed in singular or plural form depending on the specific embodiments presented. However, such singular or plural expressions are selected appropriately for convenience of description, and the present disclosure is not limited to a singular or plural number of components. A component expressed in the plural form may be implemented as a single component, and a component expressed in the singular form may be implemented as multiple components.The drawings or flowcharts described below illustrate exemplary methods that may be implemented according to the principles of the present disclosure, and various modifications may be made to the methods illustrated in the flowcharts of the present disclosure. For example, although illustrated as a series of steps, various steps in each drawing or flowchart may overlap, occur in parallel, occur in a different order, or be repeated. In other examples, any step may be omitted or replaced with another step.The methods and apparatuses proposed in the embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited to each embodiment individually, but may also be applied in combination of all or some of the embodiments proposed in the disclosure. Therefore, the embodiments of the present disclosure may be modified and applied without significantly departing from the scope of the present disclosure, as would be understood by those skilled in the art.In this case, even if certain wordings are described differently across embodiments, they may be used interchangeably or in substitution or in combination if their underlying concepts are equivalent. For example, for the same or equivalent concept, even if one embodiment uses the expression "A" and another embodiment uses the expression "B", such expressions may be understood interchangeably, in substitution, or in combination.The terms used in the following description to refer to access nodes, network entities, messages, interfaces between network entities, various types of identification information, and the like, are provided merely for the convenience of explanation by way of example. Therefore, the present disclosure is not limited to the terms described below, and other terms having equivalent technical meanings may also be used. Such terms may also be interchangeable with terms defined in any 3rd generation partnership project (3GPP) technical specifications (TS) where appropriate.Hereinafter, a base station is an entity that allocates resources to terminals, and may be at least one of a gNode B, an eNode B, a Node B, a base station (BS), a wireless access unit, a BS controller, or a node on a network.Furthermore, the base station of the present disclosure may include a split architecture comprising a central unit (CU) and a distributed unit (DU). In this structure, the CU is configured to process the higher layers of the control and user planes, while the DU is configured to process lower-layer radio resource functions. The embodiments of the present disclosure may be equally applicable to 5G base station architectures in which such CU and DU functional splits are implemented.A terminal may include a UE, a mobile station (MS), a cellular phone, a smartphone, a computer, or a multimedia system capable of performing communication functions.In the disclosure, a downlink (DL) refers to a radio link through which a BS transmits a signal to a UE, and an uplink (UL) refers to a radio link through which a UE transmits a signal to a BS.Furthermore, hereinafter, 5th generation (5G) mobile communication technologies (e.g., 5G new radio (NR)), 6th generation (6G) mobile communication technologies may be described by way of example, but the embodiments of the present disclosure may also be applied to other communication systems having similar technical backgrounds or channel types. For example, newly evolved mobile communication systems developed after 5G and 6G may be included. Furthermore, based on determinations by those skilled in the art, the embodiments of the present disclosure may also be applied to other communication systems (e.g., Wi-Fi systems) through some modifications without significantly departing from the scope of the present disclosureIn the following description, the terms physical channel and signal may be used interchangeably with data or control signal. For example, the term physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) refers to a physical channel through which data is transmitted, but the term PDSCH may also be used to refer to the data itself. That is, in the present disclosure, the expression "transmit a physical channel" may be interpreted as being equivalent to the expression "transmit data or a signal via a physical channel."Hereinafter, in the context of the present disclosure, higher layer signaling may refer to signaling corresponding to at least one or any combination of the following: master information block (MIB), system information block (SIB) or SIB M (M = 1, 2, ...), radio resource control (RRC), or medium access control (MAC) control element (CE), or a non-access stratum (NAS) signaling message, or an application layer message. The RRC signaling message may be referred to as L3 (layer 3) signaling.In addition, L1 signaling may refer to signaling corresponding to at least one or any combination of signaling techniques using the at least one or any combination of the following physical layer channels or signaling: physical downlink control channel (PDCCH), downlink control information (DCI), user equipment (UE)-specific DCI, group-common DCI, common DCI, scheduling DCI (e.g., DCI used for scheduling downlink or uplink data), non-scheduling DCI (e.g., DCI not used for scheduling downlink or uplink data) physical uplink control channel (PUCCH), or uplink control information (UCI). The L1 signaling message may be referred to as a physical layer signaling.Hereinafter, the expression that information is configured by the BS, as used in the present disclosure or claims, may, in context, be understood to mean that the terminal receives the corresponding information from the BS via a physical layer signaling or a higher layer signaling. Such an expression may be replaced with other terms having the same or substantially equivalent meaning.Hereinafter, the operational principle of the present disclosure will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings.Considering the development of wireless communication from generation to generation, the technologies have been developed mainly for services targeting humans, such as voice calls, multimedia services, and data services. Following the commercialization of 5th-generation (5G) communication systems, it is expected that the number of connected devices will exponentially grow. Increasingly, these will be connected to communication networks. Examples of connected things may include vehicles, robots, drones, home appliances, displays, smart sensors connected to various infrastructures, construction machines, and factory equipment. Mobile devices are expected to evolve in various form-factors, such as augmented reality glasses, virtual reality headsets, and hologram devices. In order to provide various services by connecting hundreds of billions of devices and things in the 6th-generation (6G) era, there have been ongoing efforts to develop improved 6G communication systems. For these reasons, 6G communication systems are referred to as beyond-5G systems.6G communication systems, which are expected to be commercialized around 2030, will have a peak data rate of tera (1,000 giga)-level bps and a radio latency less than 100μsec, and thus will be 50 times as fast as 5G communication systems and have the 1 / 10 radio latency thereof.In order to accomplish such a high data rate and an ultra-low latency, it has been considered to implement 6G communication systems in a terahertz band (for example, 95GHz to 3THz bands). It is expected that, due to severer path loss and atmospheric absorption in the terahertz bands than those in mmWave bands introduced in 5G, technologies capable of securing the signal transmission distance (that is, coverage) will become more crucial. It is necessary to develop, as major technologies for securing the coverage, radio frequency (RF) elements, antennas, novel waveforms having a better coverage than orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), beamforming and massive multiple input multiple output (MIMO), full dimensional MIMO (FD-MIMO), array antennas, and multiantenna transmission technologies such as large-scale antennas. In addition, there has been ongoing discussion on new technologies for improving the coverage of terahertz-band signals, such as metamaterial-based lenses and antennas, orbital angular momentum (OAM), and reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS).In order to meet some new functions of 6G communication system, it is necessary to develop new technologies in network energy saving, air interface security and network security, and at the same time, it is necessary to study the feasibility of communication awareness integration and other fusion technologies.Moreover, in order to improve the spectral efficiency and the overall network performances, the following technologies have been developed for 6G communication systems: a full-duplex technology for enabling an uplink transmission and a downlink transmission to simultaneously use the same frequency resource at the same time; a network technology for utilizing satellites, high-altitude platform stations (HAPS), and the like in an integrated manner; an improved network structure for supporting mobile base stations and the like and enabling network operation optimization and automation and the like; a dynamic spectrum sharing technology via collision avoidance based on a prediction of spectrum usage; an use of artificial intelligence (AI) in wireless communication for improvement of overall network operation by utilizing AI from a designing phase for developing 6G and internalizing end-to-end AI support functions; and a next-generation distributed computing technology for overcoming the limit of user equipment (UE) computing ability through reachable super-high-performance communication and computing resources (such as mobile edge computing (MEC), clouds, and the like) over the network. In addition, through designing new protocols to be used in 6G communication systems, developing mechanisms for implementing a hardware-based security environment and safe use of data, and developing technologies for maintaining privacy, attempts to strengthen the connectivity between devices, optimize the network, promote softwarization of network entities, and increase the openness of wireless communications are continuing.It is expected that research and development of 6G communication systems in hyper-connectivity, including person to machine (P2M) as well as machine to machine (M2M), will allow the next hyper-connected experience. Particularly, it is expected that services such as truly immersive extended reality (XR), high-fidelity mobile hologram, and digital replica could be provided through 6G communication systems. In addition, services such as remote surgery for security and reliability enhancement, industrial automation, and emergency response will be provided through the 6G communication system such that the technologies could be applied in various fields such as industry, medical care, automobiles, and home appliances.Before undertaking the DETAILED DESCRIPTION below, it may be advantageous to set forth definitions of certain words and phrases used throughout this patent document. The term "couple" and its derivatives refer to any direct or indirect communication between two or more elements, whether those elements are in physical contact with one another. The terms "transmit," "receive," and "communicate," as well as derivatives thereof, encompass both direct and indirect communication. The terms "include" and "comprise," as well as derivatives thereof, mean inclusion without limitation. The term "or" is inclusive, meaning and / or. The phrase "associated with," as well as derivatives thereof, means to include, be included within, interconnect with, contain, be contained within, connect to or with, couple to or with, be communicable with, cooperate with, interleave, juxtapose, be proximate to, be bound to or with, have, have a property of, have a relationship to or with, or the like. The term "controller" means any device, system or part thereof that controls at least one operation. Such a controller may be implemented in hardware or a combination of hardware and software and / or firmware. The functionality associated with any particular controller may be centralized or distributed, whether locally or remotely. The phrase "at least one of," when used with a list of items, means that different combinations of one or more of the listed items may be used, and only one item in the list may be needed. For example, "at least one of: A, B, and C" includes any of the following combinations: A, B, C, A and B, A and C, B and C, and A and B and C. Likewise, the term "set" means one or more. Accordingly, a set of items can be a single item or a collection of two or more items.Moreover, various functions described below can be implemented or supported by one or more computer programs, each of which is formed from computer readable program code and embodied in a computer readable medium. The terms "application" and "program" refer to one or more computer programs, software components, sets of instructions, procedures, functions, objects, classes, instances, related data, or a portion thereof adapted for implementation in a suitable computer readable program code. The phrase "computer readable program code" includes any type of computer code, including source code, object code, and executable code. The phrase "computer readable medium" includes any type of medium capable of being accessed by a computer, such as read only memory (ROM), random access memory (RAM), a hard disk drive, a compact disc (CD), a digital video disc (DVD), or any other type of memory. A "non-transitory" computer readable medium excludes wired, wireless, optical, or other communication links that transport transitory electrical or other signals. A non-transitory computer readable medium includes media where data can be permanently stored and media where data can be stored and later overwritten, such as a rewritable optical disc or an erasable memory device.Definitions for other certain words and phrases are provided throughout this patent document. Those of ordinary skill in the art should understand that in many if not most instances, such definitions apply to prior as well as future uses of such defined words and phrases.The figures included herein, and the various embodiments used to describe the principles of the present disclosure are by way of illustration only and should not be construed in any way to limit the scope of the disclosure. Further, those skilled in the art will understand that the principles of the present disclosure may be implemented in any suitably arranged wireless communication system.FIGs. 1-3 below describe various embodiments of the present disclosure implemented in wireless communications systems. The descriptions of FIGS. 1-3 are not meant to imply physical or architectural limitations to the manner in which different embodiments may be implemented. Different embodiments of the present disclosure may be implemented in any suitably-arranged communications system.FIG. 1 illustrates an example wireless network according to embodiments of the present disclosure. The embodiment of the wireless network shown in FIG. 1 is for illustration only. Other embodiments of the wireless network 100 could be used without departing from the scope of the present disclosure.As shown in FIG. 1, the wireless network includes a base station (next generation nodeB, gNB or gNodeB) 101, a gNB 102, and a gNB 103. The gNB 101 communicates with the gNB 102 and the gNB 103. The gNB 101 also communicates with at least one network 130, such as the Internet, a proprietary Internet Protocol (IP) network, or other data network.The gNB 102 provides wireless broadband access to the network 130 for a first plurality of user equipments (UEs) within a coverage area 120 of the gNB 102. The first plurality of UEs includes a UE 111, which may be located in a small business; a UE 112, which may be located in an enterprise (E); a UE 113, which may be located in a WiFi hotspot (HS); a UE 114, which may be located in a first residence (R1); a UE 115, which may be located in a second residence (R2); and a UE 116, which may be a mobile device (M), such as a cell phone, a wireless laptop, a wireless personal digital assistant (PDA), or the like. The gNB 103 provides wireless broadband access to the network 130 for a second plurality of UEs within a coverage area 125 of the gNB 103. The second plurality of UEs includes the UE 115 and the UE 116, as well as subscriber stations (SS, for example, UEs) 117, 118 and 119. In some embodiments, one or more of the gNBs 101-103 may communicate with each other and with the UEs 111-116 using existing wireless communication techniques, and one or more of the UE 111-119 may communicate directly with each other (e.g., UEs 117-119) using other existing or proposed wireless communication techniques.Depending on the network type, the term "base station" or "BS" can refer to any component (or collection of components) configured to provide wireless access to a network, such as transmit point (TP), transmit-receive point (TRP), an enhanced (or "evolved") base station (eNodeB or eNB), a 5G base station (gNB), a macrocell, a femtocell, a wireless fidelity (WiFi) access point (AP), or other wirelessly enabled devices. Base stations may provide wireless access in accordance with one or more wireless communication protocols, e.g., 3GPP 5G New Radio (NR), Long Term Evolution (LTE), LTE Advanced (LTE-A), high speed packet access (HSPA), Wi-Fi 802.11a / b / g / n / ac, etc. For the sake of convenience, the various names for a base station-type apparatus and functionality are used interchangeably in this patent document to refer to network infrastructure components that provide wireless access to remote terminals. Also, depending on the network type, the term "user equipment" (UE) can refer to any component such as a mobile station (MS), subscriber station (SS), remote terminal, wireless terminal, receive point, or user device. For the sake of convenience, the various names for a user equipment-type device and functionality are used interchangeably in this patent document to refer to remote wireless equipment that wirelessly accesses a BS, whether the UE is a mobile device (such as a mobile telephone or smartphone) or is normally considered a stationary device (such as a desktop computer or vending machine).Dotted lines show the approximate extents of the coverage areas 120 and 125, which are shown as approximately circular for the purposes of illustration and explanation only. It should be clearly understood that the coverage areas associated with gNBs, such as the coverage areas 120 and 125, may have other shapes, including irregular shapes, depending upon the configuration of the gNBs and variations in the radio environment associated with natural and man-made obstructions.As described in more detail below, one or more of the UEs 111-119 include circuitry, programing, or a combination thereof. In certain embodiments, and one or more of the gNBs 101-103 includes circuitry, programing, or a combination thereof.Although FIG. 1 illustrates one example of a wireless network, various changes may be made to FIG. 1. For example, the wireless network could include any number of gNBs and any number of UEs in any suitable arrangement. Also, the gNB 101 could communicate directly with any number of UEs and provide those UEs with wireless broadband access to the network 130. Similarly, each gNB 102-103 could communicate directly with the network 130 and provide UEs with direct wireless broadband access to the network 130. Further, the gNBs 101, 102, and / or 103 could provide access to other or additional external networks, such as external telephone networks or other types of data networks.FIG. 2 illustrates an example base station according to embodiments of the present disclosure. The embodiment of the gNB 102 illustrated in FIG. 2 is for illustration only, and the gNBs 101 and 103 of FIG. 1 could have the same or similar configuration. However, gNBs come in a wide variety of configurations, and FIG. 2 does not limit the scope of the present disclosure to any particular implementation of a gNB.As shown in FIG 2, the gNB 102 includes multiple antennas 200a-200n, multiple radio frequency (RF) transceivers 201a-201n, transmit (TX) processing circuitry 203, and receive (RX) processing circuitry 204. The gNB 102 also includes a controller / processor 205, a memory 206, and a backhaul or network interface 207.The RF transceivers 201a-201n receive, from the antennas 200a-200n, incoming RF signals, such as signals transmitted by UEs in the network 100. The RF transceivers 201a-201n down-convert the incoming RF signals to generate intermediate frequency (IF) or baseband signals. The IF or baseband signals are transmitted to the RX processing circuitry 204, which generates processed baseband signals by filtering, decoding, and / or digitizing the baseband or IF signals. The RX processing circuitry 204 transmits the processed baseband signals to the controller / processor 205 for further processing.The TX processing circuitry 203 receives analog or digital data (such as voice data, web data, electronic mail, or interactive video game data) from the controller / processor 205. The TX processing circuitry 203 encodes, multiplexes, and / or digitizes the outgoing baseband data to generate processed baseband or IF signals. The RF transceivers 201a-201n receive the outgoing processed baseband or IF signals from the TX processing circuitry 203 and up-converts the baseband or IF signals to RF signals that are transmitted via the antennas 201a-201n.The controller / processor 205 can include one or more processors or other processing devices that control the overall operation of the gNB 102. For example, the controller / processor 205 could control the reception of forward channel signals and the transmission of reverse channel signals by the RF transceivers 201a-201n, the RX processing circuitry 204, and the TX processing circuitry 203 in accordance with well-known principles. The controller / processor 205 could support additional functions as well, such as more advanced wireless communication functions.For instance, the controller / processor 205 could support beam forming or directional routing operations in which outgoing signals from multiple antennas 200a-200n are weighted differently to effectively steer the outgoing signals in a desired direction. Any of a wide variety of other functions could be supported in the gNB 102 by the controller / processor 205.The controller / processor 205 is also capable of executing programs and other processes resident in the memory 206, such as an operating system (OS). The controller / processor 205 can move data into or out of the memory 206 as required by an executing process.The controller / processor 205 is also coupled to the backhaul or network interface 207. The backhaul or network interface 207 allows the gNB 102 to communicate with other devices or systems over a backhaul connection or over a network. The interface 207 could support communications over any suitable wired or wireless connection(s). For example, when the gNB 102 is implemented as part of a cellular communication system (such as one supporting 5G, LTE, or LTE-A), the interface 207 could allow the gNB 102 to communicate with other gNBs over a wired or wireless backhaul connection. When the gNB 102 is implemented as an access point, the interface 207 could allow the gNB 102 to communicate over a wired or wireless local area network or over a wired or wireless connection to a larger network (such as the Internet). The interface 207 includes any suitable structure supporting communications over a wired or wireless connection, such as an Ethernet or RF transceiver.The memory 206 is coupled to the controller / processor 205. Part of the memory 206 could include a random access memory (RAM), and another part of the memory 206 could include a Flash memory or other read only memory (ROM).Although FIG. 2 illustrates one example of gNB 102, various changes may be made to FIG. 2. For example, the gNB 102 could include any number of each component shown in FIG. 2. As a particular example, an access point could include a number of interfaces 207, and the controller / processor 205 could support routing functions to route data between different network addresses. As another particular example, while shown as including a single instance of TX processing circuitry 203 and a single instance of RX processing circuitry 204, the gNB 102 could include multiple instances of each (such as one per RF transceiver). Also, various components in FIG. 2 could be combined, further subdivided, or omitted and additional components could be added according to particular needs.FIG. 3 illustrates an example user equipment according to embodiments of the present disclosure. The embodiment of the UE 116 illustrated in FIG. 3 is for illustration only, and the UEs 111-115 and 117-119 of FIG. 1 could have the same or similar configuration. However, UEs come in a wide variety of configurations, and FIG. 3 does not limit the scope of the present disclosure to any particular implementation of a UE.As shown in FIG. 3, the UE 116 includes an antenna 301, a radio frequency (RF) transceiver 302, TX processing circuitry 303, a microphone 304, and receive (RX) processing circuitry 305. The UE 116 also includes a speaker 306, a controller or processor 307, an input / output (I / O) interface (IF) 308, an input device 309, a touchscreen display 310, and a memory 311. The memory 311 includes an OS 312 and one or more applications 313.The RF transceiver 302 receives, from the antenna 301, an incoming RF signal transmitted by a gNB of the network 100. The RF transceiver 302 down-converts the incoming RF signal to generate an IF or baseband signal. The IF or baseband signal is transmitted to the RX processing circuitry 305, which generates a processed baseband signal by filtering, decoding, and / or digitizing the baseband or IF signal. The RX processing circuitry 305 transmits the processed baseband signal to the speaker 306 (such as for voice data) or to the processor 307 for further processing (such as for web browsing data).The TX processing circuitry 303 receives analog or digital voice data from the microphone 304 or other outgoing baseband data (such as web data, e-mail, or interactive video game data) from the processor 307. The TX processing circuitry 303 encodes, multiplexes, and / or digitizes the outgoing baseband data to generate a processed baseband or IF signal. The RF transceiver 302 receives the outgoing processed baseband or IF signal from the TX processing circuitry 303 and up-converts the baseband or IF signal to an RF signal that is transmitted via the antenna 301.The processor 307 can include one or more processors or other processing devices and execute the OS 312 stored in the memory 311 in order to control the overall operation of the UE 116. For example, the processor 307 could control the reception of forward channel signals and the transmission of reverse channel signals by the RF transceiver 302, the RX processing circuitry 305, and the TX processing circuitry 303 in accordance with well-known principles. In some embodiments, the processor 307 includes at least one microprocessor or microcontroller.The processor 307 is also capable of executing other processes and programs resident in the memory 311, such as processes for channel state information (CSI) reporting on uplink channel. The processor 307 can move data into or out of the memory 311 as required by an executing process. In some embodiments, the processor 307 is configured to execute the applications 313 based on the OS 312 or in response to signals received from gNBs or an operator. The processor 307 is also coupled to the I / O interface 308, which provides the UE 116 with the ability to connect to other devices, such as laptop computers and handheld computers. The I / O interface 308 is the communication path between these accessories and the processor 307.The processor 307 is also coupled to the touchscreen display 310. The user of the UE 116 can use the touchscreen display 310 to enter data into the UE 116. The touchscreen display 310 may be a liquid crystal display, light emitting diode display, or other display capable of rendering text and / or at least limited graphics, such as from web sites.The memory 311 is coupled to the processor 307. Part of the memory 311 could include RAM, and another part of the memory 311 could include a Flash memory or other ROM.Although FIG. 3 illustrates one example of UE 116, various changes may be made to FIG. 3. For example, various components in FIG. 3 could be combined, further subdivided, or omitted and additional components could be added according to particular needs. As a particular example, the processor 307 could be divided into multiple processors, such as one or more central processing units (CPUs) and one or more graphics processing units (GPUs). Also, while FIG. 3 illustrates the UE 116 configured as a mobile telephone or smartphone, UEs could be configured to operate as other types of mobile or stationary devices.For example, the UE described in this disclosure may include the UE described in connection with FIG. 3, and may also include a reduced capacity UE (RedCap UE).Embodiments of the present disclosure will be described in more detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings.Internet of Everything is the direction of communication system evolution, and the development of passive Internet-of-Things (Passive IoT) which is environment-friendly and without a need of replacing batteries manually, is an indispensable step. The typical technology of Passive IoT is radio frequency identification (RFID). RFID technology is an automatic identification technology. An electronic tag (or called RFID tag) on the surface of an object stores a unique Electronic Product Code (EPC), which can be used to give each product a global unique code. Reader (or Interrogator) can read EPC codes in electronic tags by electromagnetic waves to identify objects. Electronic tags are usually divided into 3 categories of passive, semi-passive and active. Passive or semi-passive electronic tags do not actively generate electromagnetic waves, but transmit information by controlling the antenna to absorb or backscatter the electromagnetic waves emitted by the reader. Generally speaking, the electromagnetic wave signal used for backscattering is also called carrier wave (CW); Electronic tag, also known as radio frequency tag, transponder, data carrier, etc., can be considered as a kind of UE; readers, also known as radio frequency identification devices, reading devices, scanners, communicators, readers / reader-writers (depending on whether electronic tags can rewrite data wirelessly), etc., can be regarded as a kind of UE or base station, or can be installed in the UE or base station. In an RFID system, the link where a reader (for example, acting like a base station in a communication system) transmits a signal to an electronic tag (for example, acting like a terminal in a communication system) is called downlink or downlink transmission or R2D (Reader-to-Device) transmission, and the corresponding transmission signal is called downlink signal. The link where the electronic tag transmits a signal to the reader is called uplink or uplink transmission or D2R (Device-to-Reader) transmission, and the corresponding transmission signal is called uplink signal. Most or even all of the power for operating of passive or semi-passive electronic tags can be provided by the reader through downlink signals, so the reader must increase the power of the signals as much as possible when transmitting downlink signals to them. Because the reader is constrained by the maximum transmission power, the coverage of RFID system is very small. The coverage of a typical RFID system is only 1~3 meters. Because the data rate or signal bandwidth of RFID system is very small, within such a distance, the propagation path between reader and electronic tag is monotonous, and the large-scale fading of the channel is also relatively small.However, for the Ambient IoT (AIOT) with a larger coverage (~50 meters), which 3GPP wants to achieve, such coverage of traditional RFID is difficult to meet the demand. If the distance between the reader and the electronic tag is increased, the propagation path between the reader and the electronic tag will become very complicated, resulting in large-scale fading of the channel between the reader and the electronic tag. If a single tone signal with the frequency of traditional RFID is used as CW, it is likely that the received signal quality will be poor due to large-scale fading, which will seriously affect the reader's reception of the backscattered signal of the CW. Therefore, it is necessary to enhance the communication between the reader and the electronic tag, for example, to enable the reader to communicate with the electronic tag in a larger coverage area, or to better receive the backscattered signal of the electronic tag in the scenario where the channel has large-scale fading. According to the method provided by the embodiment of the present disclosure, the reader is enabled to perform channel measurement, so that the reader can communicate with the electronic tag at a frequency with good channel quality, so that the reader can communicate with the electronic tag in a large coverage scenario, and the communication quality and efficiency are improved.The present disclosure provides a communication method suitable for passive Internet of Things, which enables readers to measure channels and communicate with electronic tags at frequencies with good channel quality, thus avoiding uplink transmission failure caused by large-scale fading and better ensuring the performance of AIoT uplink transmission.FIG. 4 shows a flowchart of a method performed by a first node (e.g., UE / tag) according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 4, the method comprises:In step 401, receiving a first downlink signal related to access. For example, the first downlink signal may include configuration information related to UE accessing a reader, such as available slots or occasions for access.In step 402, transmitting first information. For example, the first information may include information related to the access of the UE, such as a random number sequence (RN16) with a length of 16 bits or other data or sequences for access.In step 403, if the first response information related to the first information is received, transmitting a first sequence, which is related to channel measurement. For example, the first response information can be used to acknowledge successful access of the UE. In an implementation, the first response information may include data related to the data included in the first information, for example, the first response information includes data in the first information (for example, a 16-bit random number sequence), or the first response information includes data corresponding to the data in the first information.In step 404, transmitting second information. For example, the second information may include identification information of the UE, such as EPC information of the UE.In the above method, the UE transmitting information may be backscattering the information based on the carrier wave (CW) transmitted by the reader (or called another UE, base station, second node). In order to avoid redundancy in description, it is not explicitly described in the description of method 400 that the reader transmits CW or the UE backscatters based on the CW, but this can be regarded as included in the corresponding description. Similarly, in the description throughout this disclosure, in order to avoid redundancy, it is sometimes only described that a UE (or called the first node, or electronic tag, etc.) transmits signals or information, but it is not explicitly described that a reader (or called another UE, base station, or second node) transmits CW and the UE (or called the first node, or electronic tag, etc.) backscatters based on the CW to transmit information or signals, but such description can be considered to be included in the corresponding description.In addition, for the convenience of description, throughout the description of this disclosure, it is sometimes described as a second node or reader transmitting a carrier, it should be understand that, such description can be understood as transmitting a carrier wave (CW). In addition, for convenience of description, in this disclosure, "signal" and "information" can be used interchangeably, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.FIG. 5 shows a flowchart of a method performed by a second node (e.g., reader or interrogator) according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 5, the method comprises:In step 501, transmitting a first downlink signal related to access. For example, the first downlink signal may include configuration information related to UE accessing a reader, such as available slots or occasions for access.In step 502, in response to receiving the first information, transmitting first response information, for example, the first information may include information related to the access of the UE, such as a 16-bit random or pseudo-random number or other data or sequences for access, and the first response information can be used to acknowledge successful access of the UE. In an implementation, the first response information may include data related to the data included in the first information, for example, the first response information includes the data in the first information (for example, a 16-bit random or pseudo-random number sequence), or the first response information includes data corresponding to the data in the first information;In step 503, receiving a first sequence related to channel measurement and performing channel measurement to determine at least one frequency; For example, the second node can identify the channel quality at each frequency by comparing the signal quality of the first sequences received at each frequency, so as to select at least one frequency with better channel quality for transmitting CW to the first node. In an implementation, the first sequence (e.g., RIM-RS) can be used by a base station or a reader to measure inter-cell interference and provide information about the experienced interference to other base stations or readers.In step 504, transmitting a carrier wave (CW) using the determined at least one frequency to receive second information, for example, the second information may include identification information of the UE, such as EPC information of the UE.Embodiments of the present disclosure will be described in more detail below with examples.In an implementation, the second node can transmit CWs on multiple frequencies, and the first node can backscatter measurement sequences (or called first sequences) on multiple CWs, so that the second node can perform channel measurement on multiple frequencies.For example, a method according to an embodiment of the present disclosure may include:A first node (e.g., an electronic tag) receives a first downlink signal related to access; determining a time for access according to the first downlink signal, and transmitting the first information at the time, wherein the first information is used for access, for example, the first information can be a 16-bit random or pseudo-random number (RN16) or other data or sequences used for access; in a certain period of time, monitoring the first response information, and the first response information is used to acknowledge the success of access. For example, the first response information may be an RN16 which is the same as the first information, and the first node determines whether the access is successful by comparing whether the RN16 transmitted in the first information and the RN16 in the first response information are the same, or the first response information may include data corresponding to the first information, and the first node determines whether the access is successful by determining whether the RN16 in the first response information corresponds to the RN16 transmitted in the first information. If the first response information related to the first information is not received, the first node does not perform the steps related to the subsequent transmission of the uplink signal and waits to receive other downlink signals, for example, the other downlink signals can be used to determine a new access time; if the first response information related to the first information is received, transmitting a first sequence in a first time, the first sequence is related to uplink channel measurement, the first time refers to a period of time from the end of the last bit of the received first information to the start of transmitting the first bit of the first sequence, which is a predefined or configured reply time for the first node. For example, the first sequence may be obtained by modulating specific information bits, or it may be a specific sequence. By receiving the first sequence, the second node may obtain the channel quality at the frequency where the first sequence is received; transmitting the second information, the time when transmitting the second information may be within a second time after transmitting the first sequence, the second time refers to a period of time from the end of the last bit of the first sequence to the start of the first bit of the second information, which is preset or configured, or after transmitting the first sequence, within a third time, if a second downlink signal indicating uplink transmission is received, transmitting the second information within a fourth time; if the second downlink signal is not received, the first node does not perform steps related to subsequent uplink signal transmission and waits for receiving other downlink signals, wherein the third time and the fourth time are predefined or configured. As mentioned above, the second information may be backscattered on the carrier wave (CW) transmitted by the second node. For example, the second information may include identification information of the UE, such as EPC information of the UE.An embodiment according to the present disclosure also provides a method performed by a second node (e.g., a reader), including:A second node (e.g., a reader) transmits a first downlink signal related to access; receiving first information related to access of the first node; transmitting first response information related to the first information; determining one or more frequencies of the transmitting carrier according to the available bandwidth and / or power of the transmitting carrier, and continuously transmitting the carrier at the one or more frequencies; receiving a first sequence at the one or more frequencies within a fifth time, wherein the fifth time is a period of time from the start of transmitting the carrier to the reception of the first bit of the first sequence, which is a preset or configured measurement time for the second node, and performing channel measurement according to the first sequence; if the first sequence is not received within the fifth time, not performing the subsequent steps, and transmitting a downlink signal, wherein the downlink signal is used for instructing the first node to determine a new access time; within a sixth time, determining at least one frequency with the best channel quality, and continuously transmitting the carrier on the selected at least one frequency, wherein the sixth time is the time from receiving the last bit of the first sequence to starting transmitting the carrier, which is a predefined or configured measurement time for the second node; within a seventh time, receiving second information at at least one frequency of the transmitting carrier, and transmitting a downlink signal if the second information is not received within the seventh time, wherein the downlink signal is used for instructing the first node to determine a new access time. Optionally, after selecting at least one frequency with the best channel quality, the second node may indicate the first node to perform uplink transmission through the second downlink signal. In such implementation, the reader may measure the channel conditions of multiple frequency points at one time, which has high measurement efficiency, and greatly reduces the number of downlink instructions that the Ambient IoT device needs to receive, and is beneficial to prolonging the working time of the Ambient IoT device.In the method of the second node described above, in order to avoid redundancy, detailed descriptions about the first downlink signal, the first information, the first response information, the first sequence, the second information, etc. are omitted. It should be understood that the corresponding descriptions previously made in connection with the method of the first node may also be applied to the description of the method of the second node described above and the descriptions of various methods below, unless it is obviously not applicable according to the context.In the methods of the first node and / or the second node described later, in order to avoid redundancy, detailed descriptions about the first downlink signal, the first information, the first response information, the first sequence, the second information, the first time, the second time, etc. are omitted. It should be understood that the previous corresponding descriptions can also be applied to the following descriptions of various methods, unless it is obviously not applicable according to the context.In an implementation, the way that the second node transmit the carrier for channel measurement is to transmit CW at different frequencies in multiple time units in a frequency hopping manner, and the length of each time unit is the eighth time for transmitting the carrier at each frequency, and the eighth time is predefined or configured, and the first node backscatters the measurement sequence (or called the first sequence) K times (K is predefined or configured) within a first time after receiving the response information acknowledging access, such design has the advantageous effect that the second node may measure the channel at more frequencies. For example, the second node transmits at least one CW with at least one frequency each time, and the first node transmits at least one measurement sequence by backscattering at least one CW each time, the backscattered CW is different each time (for example, the frequency of CW is different), and the number / time of the first node transmitting the measurement sequence by backscattering CW may be predefined or notified through downlink signals.In an example implementation, the time or number of times that the first node transmits the first sequence may be preset or obtained through a downlink signal.The corresponding method performed by the first node comprises: the first node receives a first downlink signal related to access; determining a time for access according to the first downlink signal, and transmitting first information at the time, wherein the first information is used for access; monitoring first response information within a certain period of time, wherein the first response information is used for acknowledging successful access; if the first response information related to the first information is not received, the first node does not perform the steps related to the subsequent transmission of the uplink signal and waits to receive other downlink signals; if the first response information related to the first information is received, transmitting the first sequence repeatedly for a period of time or transmitting the first sequence for multiple times, the time for transmitting the first sequence is a preset period of time, or the number of times for transmitting is a preset number of times; in an implementation, the first node may monitor a third downlink signal related to channel measurement, the third downlink signal is used to indicate the time (or called time length, time duration, the number of time units, etc.) or the number of times (or called repetition times) of transmitting the first sequence, and the way in which the third downlink signal indicates the time or number of times of transmitting the first sequence by the first node may be explicit or implicit. For example, the explicit way may be indicated by several bits in the third downlink signal, and the implicit way may be indicated by different downlink sequences; according to the information of time or number of times indicated by the third downlink signal or the preset information of time or number of times, transmitting the first sequence repeatedly for a period of time or transmitting the first sequence for multiple times, the first sequence is related to channel measurement, and the first sequence may be obtained by modulating specific information bits or may be a specific sequence; transmitting the second information, the time when transmitting the second information may be after a preset time from transmitting the first sequence, or the time may be preset, or transmitting the second information after receiving the second downlink signal indicating uplink transmission after transmitting the first sequence.The corresponding method performed by the second node is: the second node transmits a first downlink signal related to access; receiving first information related to access of a first node; transmitting first response information related to the first information; optionally, the second node may transmit a third downlink signal, which is used to inform the first node of the time or number of times of backscattering the first sequence; transmitting the carriers on multiple frequencies in a time-division manner (for example, in multiple time units), and the number and frequency points of the carriers transmitted in each time unit may be determined according to the currently available bandwidth. For example, the second node sequentially transmits three carriers, one carrier and two carriers at different frequency points in three consecutive time units, and the number and frequency points of the carriers transmitted in each time unit may be different or the same; respectively receiving first sequences at the multiple frequencies, and performing channel measurement according to the first sequences to select at least one frequency with the best channel quality; transmitting a carrier on the selected at least one frequency; receiving second information on the selected at least one frequency. Optionally, after selecting at least one frequency with the best channel quality, the second node may indicate the first node to perform uplink transmission through the second downlink signal.This embodiment is more flexible, and it may be used in the scenario where the bandwidth of channel measurement changes with time, and channel measurement for only a limited number of frequency points is supported at the same time, or in the case where the channel condition is poor and the carrier to be transmitted by the second node needs to have higher transmission power, so the number of transmitted carriers in the same time unit is limited.In an implementation, the second node continuously transmits CWs to the first node and receives the measurement sequence from the first node for channel measurement, until a frequency with good channel quality (for example, a frequency with channel quality meeting a condition) is obtained through channel measurement, then the first node is informed to stop backscattering the measurement sequence. In this implementation, the first node backscatters the measurement sequence until it receives the downlink signal to terminate transmitting the measurement sequence and / or the time length or number of times of transmitting the measurement sequence reaches or exceeds the specified time / number of times).In a specific implementation, the first node may continuously and repeatedly transmit the first sequence until it receives a fourth downlink signal from the second node or has backscattered the first sequence for more than a preset maximum time or has backscattered the first sequence for more than a maximum number of times. The fourth downlink signal is used to inform the first node to terminate backscattering the first sequence.The corresponding method performed by the first node comprises: the first node receives a first downlink signal related to access; determining a time for access according to the first downlink signal, and transmitting first information at the time, wherein the first information is used for access; monitoring the first response information within a certain period of time, wherein the first response information is used for acknowledging successful access; if the first response information related to the first information is not received, the first node does not perform the steps related to the subsequent transmission of the uplink signal and waits to receive other downlink signals; if the first response information related to the first information is received, transmitting the first sequence repeatedly within a period of time or transmitting the first sequence for multiple times, the first sequence is related to channel measurement, and the first sequence may be obtained by modulating specific information bits or may be a specific sequence; receiving a fourth downlink signal and stopping transmitting the first sequence, wherein the fourth downlink signal is used for indicating the first node to stop backscattering the first sequence, if the fourth downlink signal is not received within a period of time or the number of times of backscattering the first sequence exceeds the maximum number, stop backscattering the first sequence, and the period of time or the maximum number of times may be preset or obtained by receiving the third downlink signal transmitted by the second node; transmitting second information, the time when transmitting second information may be after a period of time from transmitting the first sequence, the time may be preset, or transmitting the second information after receiving the second downlink signal indicating uplink transmission after transmitting the first sequence.The corresponding method performed by the second node is: the second node transmits a first downlink signal related to access; receiving first information related to access of a first node; transmitting first response information related to the first information; optionally, the second node may transmit a third downlink signal, which is used to inform the first node of information of time or number of times of backscattering the first sequence, such as time length or maximum number of times; transmitting at least one carrier on multiple time units in a time division manner, and the number and frequency points of the carriers transmitted in each time unit may be determined according to the currently available bandwidth; receiving the first sequence at the frequency point of the transmitted carrier (for example, receiving the first sequence at the frequency points of the transmitted carriers while transmitting carriers), and measuring the channel quality of the frequency points; if any of the frequency points of the transmitted carriers has good channel quality, for example, the channel quality meets the threshold requirement, transmitting a fourth downlink signal to inform the first node to terminate backscattering first sequence; transmitting a carrier on the selected at least one frequency and receiving the second information. Optionally, after selecting at least one frequency with the best channel quality, the second node may indicate the first node to perform uplink transmission through the second downlink signal.In such implementation, the reader may continue measuring until it finds a channel with better signal quality, which is suitable for the case where there are many frequency points available for the uplink transmission of Ambient IoT, but there are few frequency points available for channel measurement in the same time unit, or it is impossible to determine the required time or number of times of channel measurement.In an implementation, the second node transmits a measurement instruction to the first node, and the first node backscatters the measurement sequence only after receiving the measurement instruction.In an example implementation, the behavior of the first node transmitting the first sequence may be controlled by a downlink signal.The corresponding method performed by the first node comprises: the first node receives a first downlink signal related to access; determining a time for access according to the first downlink signal, and transmitting first information at the time, wherein the first information is used for access; monitoring first response information within a certain period of time, wherein the first response information is used for acknowledging successful access; if the first response information related to the first information is not received, the first node does not perform the steps related to the subsequent transmission of the uplink signal and waits to receive other downlink signals; if the first response information is received, receiving a fifth downlink signal related to channel measurement, wherein the fifth downlink signal is used for indicating starting backscattering the first sequence; transmitting a first sequence, which is related to channel measurement, and may be obtained by modulating specific information bits or may be a specific sequence; transmitting second information; if the fifth downlink signal related to channel measurement is not received, the first sequence is not transmitted, and the second information is directly transmitted.The corresponding method performed by the second node comprises: the second node transmits a first downlink signal related to access; receiving first information related to access of the first node; transmitting first response information related to the first information; transmitting a fifth downlink signal, wherein the fifth downlink signal is used for indicating starting backscattering the first sequence; determining the number and number of times of transmitting carriers according to available bandwidth and power allocation, and transmitting the carriers on one or more frequencies; receiving a first sequence on the one or more frequencies, and performing channel measurement according to the first sequence to select at least one frequency with the best channel quality; transmitting a carrier on the selected at least one frequency; receiving second information on the selected at least one frequency.This embodiment is applicable when the data packet is large or the data transmission needs to last for a long time, and the uplink transmission channel of the first node may change, so it is necessary to re-measure the channel. For example, when the base station detects that the received signal strength is less than a certain threshold, the base station may inform the first node to backscatter the first sequence through the fifth downlink signal so that the second node may measure the uplink channel, so that the second node may switch the carrier to a frequency with better channel condition according to the channel measurement result. Such implementation may also be used in the scenario where the distance is close, the large-scale fading is small, and channel measurement is not needed. At this time, when the second node does not transmit instructions related to channel measurement, it is not necessary to perform channel measurement by default, so that the communication delay between the first node and the second node may be reduced. However, when channel measurement is required since large-scale fading of the channel is large, the first node may be informed to transmit the first sequence for channel measurement. Therefore, this implementation may enable the second node to perform channel measurement on demand with high flexibility.In an implementation, in the case of data transmission with long time / large data packets, channel measurement based on periodicity may be performed.In an example implementation, a first node may periodically transmit a first sequence for channel measurement. This periodicity may be predefined or specified through the downlink signal.The corresponding method performed by the first node comprises: the first node receives a first downlink signal related to access; determining a time for access according to a first downlink signal, and transmitting first information at the time, wherein the first information is used for access; monitoring first response information within a certain period of time, wherein the first response information is used for acknowledging successful access; if the first response information related to the first information is not received, the first node does not perform the steps related to the subsequent transmission of the uplink signal and waits to receive other downlink signals; if the first response information is received, successful access is acknowledged, and receiving a sixth downlink signal related to channel measurement, wherein the sixth downlink signal is used to indicate backscattering first sequence periodically, and the periodicity of backscattering first sequence may be predefined or specified through downlink signals such as the sixth downlink signal or a separate downlink signal; periodically backscattering the first sequence; after backscattering the first sequence, transmitting second information.The corresponding method performed by the second node comprises: the second node transmits a first downlink signal related to access; receiving first information related to access of a first node; transmitting first response information related to the first information; transmitting a sixth downlink signal, wherein the sixth downlink signal is used for indicate backscattering the first sequence periodically, and optionally, the sixth downlink signal may contain information indicating the periodicity of backscattering the first sequence; determining the number and frequency of carriers to transmit according to available bandwidth and power allocation, and transmitting the carriers on one or more frequencies; receiving a first sequence on the one or more frequencies periodically, and performing channel measurement according to the first sequence to select at least one frequency with the best channel quality; transmitting a carrier on the selected at least one frequency; receiving second information on the selected at least one frequency.This implementation is suitable for scenarios where the data packet is large or the data transmission needs to last for a long time, and the uplink transmission channel of the first node may change and channel measurement needs to be re-performed. Compared with the measurement based on the downlink measurement instruction, this implementation does not need the first node to keep the receiving state all the time to receive the downlink signal indicating the channel measurement, which is beneficial to reducing the energy consumption of the first node.In an implementation, the second node measures the channel according to the first information related to access transmitted by the first node. For example, the Reader side measures the channel according to the access sequence (for example, RN16) transmitted by the electronic tag, which has no influence on the behavior of the electronic tag.In an example implementation, the second node may perform channel measurement through the first information for access transmitted by the first node.The corresponding method performed by the second node is: the second node transmits a first downlink signal related to access; transmitting at least one carrier, and receiving first information related to the access of a first node on the at least one carrier, wherein the first information may be used both for the first node to access the second node and for the second node to measure channels, or the first information includes a first sequence related to channel measurement; performing channel measurement according to the first information and selecting at least one frequency with the best channel quality; transmitting a carrier on the selected at least one frequency; receiving second information on the selected at least one frequency. Optionally, after selecting at least one frequency with the best channel quality, the second node may indicate the first node to perform uplink transmission through the second downlink signal.This implementation is relatively simple and easy to operate, reducing the load and energy consumption of the first node.In an implementation, the first node may backscatter the measurement sequence with multiple backscatter link frequencies (BLFs). For example, for CW at the same frequency point, information is backscattered to different frequency locations through different BLFs. A BLF may be used to determine the data rate of backscattered signal and the frequency shift between backscattered signal and CW.In an example implementation, the first node may backscatter measurement sequences with different backscatter link frequencies (BLF).The corresponding method performed by the first node comprises: the first node receives a first downlink signal related to access; determining a time for access according to a first downlink signal, and transmitting first information at the time, wherein the first information is used for access; monitoring the first response information within a certain period of time, wherein the first response information is used for acknowledging successful access; if the first response information related to the first information is not received, the first node does not perform the steps related to the subsequent transmission of the uplink signal and waits to receive other downlink signals; if the first response information related to the first information is received, backscattering the first sequence for multiple times with different BLFs, or when a seventh downlink signal is received, the first node backscatters the first sequence for multiple times with different BLFs, the seventh downlink signal may be used to inform the first node of the number of times and / or the BLFs of backscattering the first sequence. Wherein, the BLF corresponding to each backscattering and the number of times of backscattering may be preset or notified through the seventh downlink signal; transmitting the second information.The corresponding method performed by the second node may include: the second node transmits a first downlink signal related to access; receiving first information related to access of a first node; transmitting first response information related to the first information; optionally, the second node may transmit a seventh downlink signal, which is used to inform the first node of the number of times and / or BLFs of backscattering the first sequence; transmitting the carrier at fixed frequency / frequencies, for example, the frequency / frequencies corresponding to multiple CW transmissions does not change; receiving first sequences at multiple frequencies respectively, and performing channel measurement according to the first sequences to select at least one frequency with the best channel quality; transmitting a carrier on the selected at least one frequency; receiving second information on the selected at least one frequency.In an implementation, multiple nodes (electronic tags) may backscatter first sequences with different BLFs at the same time in a frequency division manner, so that the second node may simultaneously measure the channels of multiple nodes.FIG. 6 shows a schematic diagram of the resource locations of the first sequence backscattered by three nodes at three frequencies in three time units, and different colors in the diagram represent the corresponding resource locations of different nodes. As shown in FIG. 6, three nodes backscatter the first sequence in frequency division in each time unit.For another example, there are currently three nodes that have completed access, namely the first node, the third node, and the fourth node; the three nodes may determine backscatter link frequencies according to the order of receiving the first response information, such that the three nodes backscatter the first sequence at different frequencies (or with different BLFs) at the same time. For example, assuming that they are the first node, the third node and the fourth node respectively according to the time order of receiving the first response information, in the respective time units, the first node backscatters the first sequence with BLF1, BLF2 and BLF3 in turn, the third node backscatters the first sequence with BLF2, BLF3 and BLF1 in turn, and the fourth node backscatters the first sequence with BLF3, BLF1 and BLF2 in turn, that is, within the same time unit, the first node, the third node and the fourth node backscatter the first sequence with different BLFs, so that the backscattered sequences are located in different locations in the frequency domain.This implementation enables the second node to transmit a single carrier with higher transmission power, and also supports multiple tag nodes to transmit measurement sequences simultaneously in a frequency division manner, thus enabling the second node to quickly measure the channels of multiple nodes, which is beneficial to speeding up the inventory.In an implementation, if a tag has strong ability to backscatter CW of a specific frequency after filtering the signal, the reader may inform the tag which CW or CWs to backscatter, which may also allow simultaneous measurement of multiple tags.In a specific implementation, the first node may backscatter the first sequence on carriers of part of frequencies according to the downlink signal.The corresponding method performed by the first node may include: the first node receives a first downlink signal related to access; determining a time for access according to a first downlink signal, and transmitting first information at the time, wherein the first information is used for access; monitoring the first response information within a certain period of time, wherein the first response information is used for acknowledging successful access; if the first response information related to the first information is not received, the first node does not perform the steps related to the subsequent transmission of the uplink signal and waits to receive other downlink signals; if the first response information related to the first information is received, determining the carrier frequency of backscattering the first sequence according to the received first response information, and filtering the signal with a filter to backscatter the first sequence at the determined carrier frequency, or receiving an eighth downlink signal including information related to the carrier frequency used for backscattering, determining the carrier frequency according to the eighth downlink signal, and filtering the signal with a filter to backscatter the first sequence at the determined carrier frequency; transmitting the second information. In another implementation, the carrier frequency used for backscattering the first sequence may be preset or predefined.The corresponding method performed by the second node may include: the second node transmits a first downlink signal related to access; receiving first information related to access of a first node; transmitting first response information related to the first information; optionally, the second node may transmit an eighth downlink signal, which includes information about the carrier frequency used for backscattering; transmitting a carrier on one or more frequencies; receiving first sequences at multiple frequencies respectively, and performing channel measurement according to the first sequences to select at least one frequency with the best channel quality; transmitting a carrier on the selected at least one frequency; receiving second information on the selected at least one frequency. In an implementation, multiple frequencies for receiving the first sequence may be determined according to information about carrier frequency for backscattering included in the eighth downlink signal and the frequency of the carrier.This implementation may support multiple tag nodes to simultaneously perform channel measurement in a frequency division manner, which is beneficial to speeding up the inventory.For example, there are currently three nodes that have completed access, namely the first node, the third node, and the fourth node; the three nodes may determine a carrier frequency of backscattering the first sequence according to the order of receiving the first response information or according to the eighth downlink signal, so that the three nodes backscatter the first sequence at different frequencies at the same time.In an implementation, the carrier wave transmitted to the first node may be transmitted by an assistance node (e.g., a carrier node controlled by the second node). For example, a second node (e.g., a base station) may control the transmission of CW of an assistance node through a downlink signal.In an example implementation, the carrier may be transmitted by a carrier node controlled by the second node. The carrier node receives the ninth downlink signal from the second node, and determines the number and / or frequency locations and / or start time and / or time duration of transmitting carriers according to the ninth downlink signal.It may be understood that various implementations and / or embodiments described above may be used in combination. Different downlink instructions received by the first node may indicate different operations of the first node. For example, upon receiving the third downlink signal, the first node backscatters the first sequence for a period of time or a fixed number of times; upon receiving the sixth downlink signal, the first node periodically backscatters the first sequence. Alternatively, when used in combination, the first sequence to be backscattered by the first node may be different for different downlink signals. Alternatively, when used in combination, some downlink signals may be combined into one. For example, the fourth downlink signal indicating the first node to stop backscattering the first sequence and the second downlink signal indicating the first node to start the uplink transmission of the second information may be the same downlink signal; the fifth downlink signal indicating the first node to start measurement and / or the third downlink signal indicating the information of time and / or number of times for the first node to transmit the first sequence and / or the sixth downlink signal indicating periodic measurement and / or the seventh downlink signal indicating backscattering frequency and / or the eighth downlink signal indicating carrier to backscatter may be the same downlink signal.It should be noted that in the description of the exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, "if a predefined condition is satisfied, performing a predefined method (or step)" and "if a predefined condition is not satisfied, not performing a predefined method (or step)" may be used alternatively. "If a predefined condition is satisfied, not performing a predefined method (or step)" and "if a predefined condition is not satisfied, performing a predefined method (or step)" may be used alternatively.In the description of exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure, resources (which may also be called physical resources) may include time domain resources (or time resources) and / or frequency domain resources (or frequency resources).In the description of exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure, "time domain resource" or "time resource" may refer to or be used interchangeably with at least one of: symbol (s) (e.g., OFDM symbol), slot (s), sub-slot (s), mini-slot (s) or subframe (s).In the description of exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure, "frequency domain resource" or "frequency resource" may refer to or be used interchangeably with at least one of: channel (s), subchannel (s), carrier (s), subcarrier (s), resource block(s) (RB(s)) and resource element(s) (RE(s)).FIG. 7 illustrates an example Internet of Things (IoT) system according to some embodiments of the present disclosure.As illustrated in FIG. 7, the IoT system may include a first node 710 and a second node 720. The first node may communicate with the second node. The first node is a functional entity that may acquire energy (e.g., radio frequency energy or natural environment energy (e.g., light or vibration)) from the environment and perform communication (e.g., implement backscattering or autonomously generate signals) based on the collected energy. For example, the first node may be an entity capable of passive operation. For example, the first node may not need to be equipped with a battery or replace the battery, so the cost of the first node is lower than that of narrowband IoT (NB-IoT). The second node is a functional entity capable of reading / receiving signals transmitted by the first node (for example, backscatter signals of the first node). Each of the first node 710 and the second node 720 may have communication capability, for example, wireless communication capability with a wireless network (e.g., LTE, NR, Wi-Fi, etc.). It may be understood by those skilled in the art that FIG. 7 is only an example, and the system may include other devices, such as a UE (for example, NR UE) or a base station (for example, NR base station). For example, each or at least one of the first node 710 and the second node 720 may communicate with the NR UE or the NR base station. It may be understood that the system shown in FIG. 7 may be combined with the wireless network shown in FIG. 1.For example, the first node may include an Ambient Internet of Things (IoT) (A-IoT) device, a passive IoT device, a radio frequency tag, a terminal / user equipment with a passive IoT / A-IoT function, and / or the like. Therefore, in the exemplary embodiments of this disclosure, the terms "first node", "passive IoT device", "A-IoT device", "A-IoT terminal / UE", "A-IoT tag" or "ambient tag" may be used interchangeably. For example, ambient tags may be attached to objects that need to be tracked, identified or queried.The second node may include a reader device, a receiver, a relay node, a tag receiver, a tag receiver node, a passive IoT reader, an A-IoT reader, or user equipment or network device with an IoT reader function entity (for example, NR user equipment / NR base station equipment with a passive IoT / A-IoT reader function entity), and / or the like. The second node may include any device with wireless communication capability (capable of operating using the NR communication standard or other communication standards). The second node may be a 3GPP device or a non-3GPP device. For example, the second node may perform at least one of the following functions: transmitting signals to the first node or receiving signals transmitted by the first node. In addition, the second node may also perform the function of: transmitting an IoT power-supply signal (for example, a radio frequency (RF) signal) and / or an IoT carrier signal to the first node. Therefore, the second node may also have an exciter function, for example, to transmit an excitation signal (for example, an RF signal).In some embodiments, the reader function and the exciter function may be arranged in separate devices, respectively. For example, there may be a third node (not shown) as an exciter device in the IoT system. The function of the third node at least includes transmitting an IoT power-supply signal (for example, an RF signal) and / or an IoT carrier signal to the first node. For example, the third node may include a NR UE / BS, a network control node, an IoT related signal transmitter, and the like. The third node may include any device with wireless communication capability (capable of operating using the NR communication standard or other communication standards). In some implementations, the third node may also have a reader function. The third node may be a 3GPP device or a non-3GPP device. In some examples, the third node may be a UE (e.g., NR UE) and the second node may be a network node (e.g., a base station), wherein the network node receives a signal (e.g., a backscattered signal) from the first node. In some examples, each of the second node and the third node may be a UE (e.g., NR UE). In some examples, the NR UE (or NR base station) may have an exciter function and a reader function, that is, operate as a second node and a third node.In some implementations, the second node transmits a radio frequency (RF) signal, and the first node obtains energy from the RF signal and is activated. Once activated, the first node may modulate the received RF signal (e.g., using information stored in the first node) and reflect the modulated RF signal as a backscattered signal. The second node then receives the backscattered signal (e.g., a modulated RF signal) and demodulates it to extract information.In some implementations, the third node transmits an RF signal, and the first node obtains energy from the RF signal and is activated. Once activated, the first node may modulate the received RF signal (e.g., using information stored in the first node) and reflect the modulated RF signal as a backscattered signal. The second node then receives the backscattered signal (e.g., a modulated RF signal) and demodulates it to extract information from the first node.It should be noted that, for the convenience of description, an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure will be described below by taking a passive IoT / A-IoT device or a passive IoT / A-IoT system as an example. Those skilled in the art may understand that the embodiments of the present disclosure may also be applied to other similar IoT devices or IoT systems.With the popularization and continuous evolution of IoT technology, more and more intelligent devices are connected to the network, which greatly improves our production efficiency and life comfort. While bringing huge economic benefits, hundreds of billions of Internet of Things devices also bring new challenges. Traditional IOT devices are basically powered by batteries, and batteries need to be replaced or charged manually, which will lead to high maintenance costs; at the same time, hundreds of billions of batteries may cause serious environmental problems, and in some application scenarios (such as oil exploitation), there are even considerable security risks. Passive IoT / A-IoT is a new battery-free Internet of Things technology. Devices based on passive IoT / A-IoT (in the exemplary embodiment of this disclosure, they may be called passive IoT / A-IoT devices) may obtain energy (such as solar energy, vibration energy, electromagnetic energy) in the surrounding environment through energy harvesting technology, and convert it into electric energy to supply power for themselves, so they may well cope with the aforementioned problems. Considering that electromagnetic energy may be generated by other existing radio frequency devices and provide relatively stable ambient energy for passive IoT / A-IoT devices, passive IoT / A-IoT devices are mainly realized based on radio frequency energy harvesting technology.Limited by the ambient energy density and energy harvesting efficiency, passive IoT / A-IoT devices may only provide very limited power, so their complexity and energy consumption need to be controlled at a very low level, which is not enough to support them to actively generate high-frequency electromagnetic waves to transfer information. A feasible technology with low power consumption and low complexity in transmission is backscatter communication. Backscatter communication is a technology that modulates information on external RF signals and reflects it out. The transmitting node may change the reflection coefficient (or modulation coefficient) (for example, by adjusting the load impedance) to reflect or modulate the incident radio frequency signal, and only need very low energy consumption to change the amplitude, frequency and / or phase of the external radio frequency signal, so as to transfer information. The reflection coefficient (or modulation coefficient) may be related to the change of the amplitude, frequency and / or phase of a carrier signal (for example, an incoming signal (such as an RF signal from a second node or a third node) or a carrier signal obtained or generated in other ways), for example, it may reflect the degree of the change of the amplitude, frequency and / or phase of a modulated signal relative to the amplitude, frequency and / or phase of the carrier signal. As an example, a modulation signal is generated as a backscattered signal based on an incoming signal (for example, an RF signal) and a reflection coefficient (or modulation coefficient). For example, the reflection coefficient (or modulation coefficient) may indicate a change in at least one of the amplitude, frequency, or phase of the generated backscattered signal relative to corresponding at least one of the amplitude, frequency, or phase of an incoming signal (e.g., an RF signal). The reflection coefficient (or modulation coefficient) may be associated with at least one of the impedance of the device antenna or the load impedance. The reflection coefficient (or modulation coefficient) may be adjusted by adjusting at least one of the impedance of the device antenna or the load impedance. For example, the reflection coefficient (or modulation coefficient) may be expressed by the following equation (1):where, γ is the reflection coefficient (or modulation coefficient), Ztagis the adjustable load impedance described above,Zantis the impedance of the device antenna,is a conjugate of Zant. In exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure, the terms “reflection coefficient”, “reflection parameter”, “modulation coefficient”, “modulation parameter” may be used interchangeably.At that same time, since the equipment itself does not need to generate high-frequency carriers, the equipment based on backscatter communication may eliminate expensive active devices such as high-precision local oscillators, thereby significantly reducing equipment cost and size. Furthermore, passive IoT / A-IoT devices typically require a low-power consumption signal reception chain, which may be implemented, for example, by an envelope detector and a signal comparator.Compared with traditional battery-free Internet of Things systems, such as radio frequency identification, passive IoT / A-IoT systems are designed to face larger coverage, which makes passive IoT / A-IoT systems face some problems that traditional battery-free Internet of Things systems with small coverage do not encounter. In particular, as coverage increases, communication devices in a passive IoT / A-IoT system may operate in a multipath channel, and the transmission of passive IoT / A-IoT signals may therefore be affected by the multipath channel. As shown in FIG. 8A, when the signal is transmitted at some frequency points, it will experience deep fading, severely affecting system performance. In this case, the passive IoT / A-IoT system needs to estimate / judge the information of channel through channel measurement techniques, thereby avoiding transmitting signals on channel frequency points with deep fading.Traditional battery-free IoT systems have small coverage and may not need to handle the problems caused by frequency-selective channels, so there is no design on channel measurement. However, the existing channel measurement technology is too complex to be suitable for power and complexity limited devices, such as passive IoT / A-IoT devices.There is a need to provide a new channel measurement method. For example, such channel measurement method may be applicable to the first node (e.g., passive IoT / A-IoT device) and the second node (e.g., reader device) described in connection with FIG. 7.According to exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure, a method performed by a first node, a method performed by a second node, a first node, and a second node are provided. For convenience of description, the exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure are explained below taking an A-IoT device as an example of the first node and a reader device as an example of the second node.Based on the solutions provided by exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure, the A-loT device may transmit at least one reference signal (e.g., a backscattered modulated reference signal) having a single chip rate according to the configuration information to enable a reader device (e.g., a UE or a network device (e.g., a base station or core network device) communicating with the A-loT device, for example, as a reader for communication with A-loT devices) may measure channel information based on the reference signal, and then use frequency resources with better channel conditions for communication (R2D transmission and / or D2R transmission), improving system performance in multipath channels.According to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, a method performed by an A-IoT device is provided. The method may include: the A-IoT device receives configuration information, and determines at least one of the following based on the configuration information: a first parameter (in the embodiment of the present disclosure, it may also be referred to as third information) related to the chip rate of the first sequence; a second parameter (in the embodiment of the present disclosure, it may also be called second configuration information) related to a modulation coefficient of a second signal; a third parameter related to a transmission time of a first sequence; transmitting the first sequence or a second signal obtained based on the first sequence based on the configuration information. For example, the A-loT device may receive the configuration information from a reader device and / or other network node (e.g., NR UE or NR base station). In the description of the exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure, if not indicated otherwise, receiving configuration information by an A-IoT device may refer to receiving configuration information from any suitable device, e.g., a reader device and / or other network node (e.g., NR UE or NR base station).In some embodiments, the method further includes: the A-IoT device determining at least one chip rate based on the first parameter, and generating the first sequence based on the at least one chip rate. The A-IoT device may generate one sub-first sequence from each of the at least one chip rate. For example, said each sub-first sequence is constituted by periodically repeating '0 / 1' (e.g., the sequence '0101010101...') or '1 / 0' (e.g., the sequence '101010101010...'), wherein the time duration of 0 / 1 or 1 / 0 in said sub-first sequence is the reciprocal of the chip rate. The sequence length of each sub-first sequence (the sequence length refers to the number of codewords in the sub-first sequence, i.e. the number of corresponding '0 / 1' or '1 / 0') is proportional to its corresponding chip rate, the ratio may be predefined or determined based on a third parameter. When the first node determines multiple chip rates based on the first parameter, the first node generates a sub-first sequence corresponding to each chip rate of the multiple chip rates based on the chip rate, and the generated multiple sub-first sequences are combined to generate a combined first sequence or a sequence used to modulate a carrier to generate the second signal. This embodiment only gives an example of a method for generating the first sequence. In a specific implementation, the first sequence may adopt other sequences, including but not limited to existing measurement sequences in NR, existing pilot sequences in RFID, etc.In some implementations, the method further includes the A-IoT device transmitting a second signal. For example, transmitting the second signal may include determining modulation coefficients γ1and γ2based on the second parameter. Transmitting the second signal may further include modulating the carrier based on the first sequence based on the determined modulation coefficient γ1and γ2to transmit the second signal. In some examples, the A-IoT device may modulate the second signal based on the determined modulation coefficient γ1and γ2. The A-IoT device may modulate the generated first sequence onto the carrier according to the modulation coefficient to transmit the second signal. As one example, modulation coefficients γ1and γ2may be applied alternately to elements / values of the first sequence. For example, for the first sequence '10101010', applying the modulation coefficient γ1to the value '1' of the first sequence, and applying the modulation coefficient γ2to the value '0' of the first sequence. For another example, for the first sequence '10101010', applying the modulation coefficient γ2to the value '1' of the first sequence, and applying the modulation coefficient γ1to the value '0' of the first sequence. In an implementation, the specific method for the A-IoT device to generate the second signal based on the modulation coefficients is to control the strength for reflecting a signal based on the modulation coefficients, and reflect signals with different strengths, corresponding to 0 and 1 in the first sequence. For example, a modulation coefficient of 0 represents a total absorption of the carrier, and a reflected signal strength of 0. A modulation coefficient of 1 represents a total reflection of the carrier, and the reflected signal strength is the same as the carrier strength. In specific implementations, there may be more than one modulation coefficient required to generate the second signal. In a specific implementation, the modulation coefficient required to generate the second signal may be preset or obtained based on configuration information.In some implementations, the first parameter (or third information) may be a first parameter set (or a set of third information values). Each parameter value in the first parameter set is mapped to or associated with a chip rate. For example, the first parameter set may include N (N≥ 1) integers x1, x2,…, xN not less than 1 (or binary numbers corresponding to x1~ xN). At this time, the A-IoT device may determine the chip rate of the second signal based on the mapping or association of the value of the first parameter and the chip rate. For example, the mapping or association may be related to a base frequency or a base chip rate. For example, based on the mapping or association, the chip rate Rimay be the base frequency or kitimes the base chip rate, i.e. Ri= fbase*ki, wherein kimay be associated with the value xiof the first parameter, e.g. it is a function of xi. Example functional relationships between kiand xiare described below. For example, ki=xi. For example, the chip rate Ri of the second signal may be determined based on the following equation (2).In the above equation, fbaseis the base frequency or base chip rate. As an example, fbasemay be the subcarrier spacing size of an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) based system (such as 5G NR or LTE, etc.) or an integer multiple of the subcarrier spacing size, e.g., 15 kHz, 30 kHz, etc., which is pre-defined or obtained based on configuration information. As another example, fbasemay be the size of the frequency domain resource occupied by a resource block (RB), such as 180kHz. A resource block generally consists of an integer number of subcarriers, for example, 12 subcarriers, which is usually the minimum unit of resource scheduling. In one aspect, the method may enable the A-loT device to conveniently calculate the chip rate size used to generate the second signal. On the other hand, considering that resource configuration in OFDM-based systems (such as 5G NR or LTE, etc.) is based on frequency raster (for example, signal transmission is mainly performed on the frequency raster, the frequency point of a channel that need to be measured also will fall on the frequency raster, where the spacing in the frequency raster is 1 subcarrier spacing), so configuring the chip rate of the second signal as an integer multiple of the subcarrier spacing or resource block may enable the device to generate a second signal located on the frequency raster, thereby enabling the reader device to accurately measure the channel information on the frequency point to be measured, as shown in FIG. 8B.It should be noted that the chip rate in the exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure may also be described as the rate / period of transition of high and low levels in the signal transmitted by the A-IoT device, or may also be expressed as the backscatter link frequency (BLF) etc.In some embodiments, the first parameter set may include N (N≥ 1) integers μ1~ μN(or binary numbers equivalent to μ1~ μN) not less than 0. At this time, the A-IoT device may determine the chip rate of the second signal based on the mapping or association of the value of the first parameter and the chip rate. For example, the mapping or association may be related to a base frequency or a base chip rate. For example, based on the mapping or association, the chip rate Rimay be kitimes the base frequency or the base chip rate, i.e., Ri= fbase*ki, wherein kimay be associated with the value of the first parameter μi, e.g. it is a function of μi. Example functional relationships between kiand μiare described below. For example,. For example, the chip rate Ri of the second signal may be determined based on the following equation (3).In the above equation, fbaseis the base frequency or base chip rate. As an example, fbasemay be a subcarrier spacing size of an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) based system such as 5G NR or LTE, e.g., 15 kHz, 30 kHz, etc. As another example, fbasemay be the size of a resource block (RB), such as 180kHz. As yet another example, fbasemay be a predetermined value. In this way, a larger range of chip rate ranges may be configured with fewer bits.In some implementations, the first parameter may be an indication parameter used to indicate the A-IoT device to select a predefined or preconfigured chip rate or set of chip rates. Such implementation has minimal signaling overhead.As mentioned above, the first sequence may consist of periodically repeated '0 / 1' or '1 / 0', where the number of '0 / 1' or '1 / 0' (or called the length of the first sequence) is proportional to the chip rate. In this way, the energy of the generated first signal may be concentrated on frequency points related to the chip rates. When the frequency points are the channel frequency points to be measured, the reader device may receive a reference signal with a high signal-to-noise ratio at these frequency points, thereby obtaining accurate channel measurement results; furthermore, when the number of configured chip rates is not less than one, different first sequences may have the same time duration in the second signal by designing the length of the first sequence to be proportional to the chip rate. In this way, the second signal transmitted by the A-IoT device may have the same power at multiple frequency points, ensuring the fairness of the measurement results of the reader device for different channel frequency points.Some exemplary methods for generating one first sequence based on each chip rate are described below.In some implementations, the IoT device may determine the time duration T of the second signal. For a chip rate Riof the determined chip rates, the IoT device may determine a length Liof the corresponding first sequence according to the time duration T of the second signal and the chip rate Ri:Li=T*Riand generate the first sequence. In a similar manner, a corresponding first sequence may be generated for each chip rate.The following description takes the first sequence as a periodically repeated '1 / 0' (for example, the first sequence is '10101010... ') as an example. As a specific example, assume that the time duration of the second signal, the determined first chip rate R1=fbasethe determined second chip rate R2=2fbase, the A-loT device may generate two first sequences S1=[10101010],S2=

[1010] , of length L1and L2, L1=4, L2=2, wherein L1=4, L2=2. Wherein, fbaseis the base frequency or base chip rate. For example, fbasemay be a subcarrier spacing size of an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM)-based system such as 5G NR or LTE, e.g., 15 kHz, 30 kHz, etc. As another example, fbasemay be the size of a resource block (RB), such as 180kHz.In some implementations, the IoT device may determine the time duration T of the second signal from the received configuration information. The advantage of this approach is that the power level of the second signal may be adjusted by configuring different time durations of the second signal, thereby targeting different channel conditions. For example, when the noise in the channel is large, resulting in a low signal-to-noise ratio of the received second signal, a longer time duration of the second signal may be configured to increase the signal-to-noise ratio. On the contrary, when the noise in the channel is small, a shorter time duration of the second signal may be configured to save signaling overhead. It should be noted that in case that the A-IoT device uses backscatter modulation for signal transmission, it does not have the ability to actively increase or decrease the signal transmission power, so the power may need to be controlled by the time duration of the transmitted signal. In some implementations, the time duration T of the second signal may be determined by a predefined value. For example, the time duration T of the second signal is determined to be a predefined value. This may further save signaling overhead.In some examples, when the second parameter is configured to a first value, α=1, at this time γ1=-γ2, for example, the A-loT device will modulate element '0' and element '1' in the first sequence with the same amplitude and opposite phase.In some examples, when the second parameter is configured to a second value, α=0.5. In this case, γ1=-0.5γ2. In this case, the A-IoT device modulates element '0' and element '1' in the first sequence with different amplitudes and opposite phases, and the modulation amplitude of element '0' is a half of the modulation amplitude of element '1' (or the modulation amplitude of element '1' is a half the modulation amplitude of element '0').In this way, different scenarios may be targeted by configuring different second parameters to generate second signals with different waveforms. As mentioned previously, A-IoT devices may need to transmit signals through backscatter techniques, for example, by backscattering and modulating information onto carrier signals transmitted by other devices. At this time, in addition to receiving the signal transmitted by the A-IoT device, the reader may also directly receive the carrier signal itself. As shown in FIGs. 9A and 9B, the carrier signal may be transmitted by the reader itself or by another device, and in this case the carrier signal received by the reader may cause interference with the signal transmitted by the A-IoT device, which is also known as direct link interference.When there is direct link interference, the channel on the frequency point where the carrier is located will be affected and cannot be accurately measured. At this time, the second parameter may be configured to the first value, so that the mean value of the second signal generated by the A-IoT device is zero, resulting in no signal component at the carrier frequency, and the energy will be concentrated on other configured frequency points except the carrier frequency point. This method avoids wasting limited signal power on unmeasurable carrier frequency and improves the utilization of signal energy. In this case, the process of generating the second signal may also be equivalent to modulating the first sequence onto the carrier using binary phase shift keying (BPSK). In some implementations, when the second parameter is configured to the first value, the modulation coefficients γ1=1，γ2=-1, the resulting second signal and the frequency response of the second signal are shown in FIGs. 10A and 10B.On the other hand, when the direct link interference is weak or the reader is capable of direct link interference cancellation, the second parameter may be configured to the second value, which may cause the mean value of the second signal generated by the A-IoT device to be 0.25, resulting in almost uniform power at the carrier frequency and at two configured frequency points adjacent to the carrier frequency. This enables the reader device to simultaneously measure the channel information at the carrier frequency point by the second signal. In some implementations, when the second parameter is configured to the second value, the modulation coefficients γ1=1，γ2=-0.5, the resulting second signal and the frequency response of the second signal are shown in FIGs. 11A and 11B.It should be noted that the mean value of the second signal and the corresponding values of the modulation coefficients are only a possible implementation example, in order to produce the effect of whether a component is generated at the carrier wave. In a specific implementation, the values for the mean value of the second signal and / or the corresponding modulation coefficients are not limited to the above values.It should be noted that in some implementations, it may be necessary to make the reference signal have consistent power at each frequency point to be measured, which may ensure the consistency and fairness of the measurement results. It should also be noted that when the second parameter is configured to the second value, the value 0.5 of α is an approximate value, which may approximately ensure that the second signal has consistent power at the carrier frequency and its adjacent frequency points to be measured , and is easy to implement. In fact, the value of α needs to be accurately calculated so that in the Fourier expansion of the second signal, the DC component and the base component have the same amplitude, thereby ensuring that the second signal has absolutely consistent power at the carrier frequency point and its adjacent frequency points to be measured. Accurately modulating such a value is difficult in implementation, and there is a certain degree of device precision requirement, which may not be suitable for cheap A-loT devices. Exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure provide an approximate value of α that is easy to implement.As may be seen from FIGs. 10A and 10B and FIGs. 11A and 11B, when the second signal contains first sequences with two chip rates, its spectrum produces the highest peaks at four frequency points. This is because the signal transmitted by the A-IoT device is a real signal, and each frequency component it contains will appear in a symmetrical form on both sides of the carrier frequency. Therefore, for every additional signal sequence with a chip rate included in the second signal, the reader may measure the channels at two more symmetrical frequency points according to the second signal. The other spectral peaks appearing in the figures are caused by the higher harmonic signal components in the second signal. Since the amplitude of these harmonic signal components is lower than the base signal components on the adjacent sides of the carrier frequency, they will not be used for channel measurement. It should be noted that FIGs. 10A and 10B and FIG.s 11A and 11B are schematic diagrams, only for the purpose of illustrating the principle. Spectrum outside the frequency points to be measured may be understood as being generated due to noise or data signals, and the actual signal waveforms and spectrum graphs may change due to changes in presentation.An exemplary method for the A-IoT device to transmit the second signal according to the first parameter and the second parameter is described below.In some embodiments, when the second parameter is configured to the first value, the A-IoT device may transmit the second signal in multiple time units (e.g., two consecutive time units (e.g., slots)). The following description takes transmitting the second signal in two consecutive slots as an example.In some examples, when the number of chip rates determined according to the first parameter is 1, that is, only the chip rate R1is determined, the A-IoT device generates a first sequence S1according to R1in the first slot, and modulates S1onto a carrier for transmission according to the second parameter; the A-loT device generates a first sequence S2according to 2*R1in the second slot, and modulates S2onto a carrier for transmission according to the second parameter.In some examples, when the number of chip rates determined based on the first parameter is greater than 1, that is, N chip rates R1,R2,…,RN(R1~RN) are determined, where N is an integer greater than 1, the A-IoT device respectively generates corresponding first sequences S1,S2,…,SN(S1~SN) according to these N chip rates (R1~RN ) in the first slot, and modulates S1~ SNonto a carrier for transmission according to the second parameter; the A-IoT device may transmit the same second signal in the second slot as in the first slot.In some implementations, when the second parameter is configured to the second value, the A-IoT device transmits the second signal in one (single) slot.When the reader device receives the reference signal (second signal) transmitted by the A-IoT device, the reference signal actually experiences two segments of channels, where the first segment of the channel is the channel during the carrier transmission process, and the second segment of the channel is the channel experienced during the process of transmission of the modulated signal transmitted by the A-IoT device to the reader receiver. When the direct link interference at the carrier frequency point is weak or the interference may be processed (for example, eliminated) by the reader, the second parameter may be configured to the second value, and the A-IoT device transmits the second signal with α=0.5 according to the configuration information. The reader may perform channel measurement at the frequency points including the carrier frequency point based on this type of second signal, and distinguish two segments of channels at other frequency points based on the measurement results on the carrier frequency point. At this time, the A-IoT device only needs to transmits the second signal once. This is explained below in conjunction with the example of FIG. 12.Referring to FIG. 12, assume that the frequency points to be measured are f1-f5, and the frequency domain gap between frequency points is Δf, the A-loT device determine two chip rates R1=Δf，R2=2*Δf. The reader device then transmits a carrier signal xcat f3. After going through channel h3, the carrier signal xch3arrives at the A-loT device. Wherein h3is the response of the channel at frequency point f3. Next, the A-IoT device generates the first sequence and modulates it onto the carrier signal for transmission. Signals x1~x5of the second signal at each frequency point have the same power: βxch3, where the parameter β is related to α. For example, when α=1, the value of β is larger; when α=0.5, the value of β is smaller. After going through the channel, the signal power received by the reader device at each frequency point is: yi= xihi=βxch3hi,i∈[1,2,3,4,5]. At this time, since the signal at the carrier frequency point may be measured, the reader device obtains h3according to the measurement result at this frequency point y3:. Next, the reader obtains channels at other frequencies according to measurement results at other frequencies yi,i=[1,2,4,5] and the obtained channel h3at frequency point f3:,i=[1,2,4,5].On the other hand, when the direct link interference at the carrier frequency is strong or the interference cannot be processed (e.g. cancelled) by the reader device, the second parameter may be configured to the first value. At this time the A-IoT device may transmit the second signal with α=1. The reader device may not be able to perform channel measurement at the carrier frequency point according to the second signal of this type (α=1), and therefore it may not be possible to distinguish two segments of channels at other frequencies. At this time, the A-IoT device needs to transmit an additional second signal to perform assistant measurement. In this case, the manner for channel measurements when the second signal includes only one chip rate is different from the manner for channel measurements when the second signal includes multiple chip rates, and therefore different processing methods are needed. Examples of processing methods will be described below with reference to FIGs. 13 to 16.As shown in FIG. 13, assuming that the frequency points to be measured are f1 ~ f5, the frequency domain gap between frequency points is Δf, the A-IoT device may determine R1=Δf，R2=2*Δf. The reader device then transmits a carrier signal xcat f3. After going through channel h3, carrier signal xch3arrives at the A-loT device. Wherein h3is the response of the channel at frequency point f3. Next, the A-IoT device may generate the first sequence and modulate it onto the carrier signal for transmission. The second signal have the same power at frequency points f1, f2, f4, and f5: xi= βxch3, i=[1,2,4,5], where the parameter β is related to α. After going through the channel, the signal power received by the reader device at each frequency point is: yi=xihi=βxch3hi,i∈[1,2,4,5].At this time, since the signal at the carrier frequency point may not be measured, that is, the value of h3may not be obtained. Therefore, the channels at each frequency point may not be measured.In this case, the A-IoT device may be required to transmit the second signal an additional time to assist in the measurement. As shown in FIG. 14, in the second slot, the reader device transmits a carrier signal xcat f4. After going through channel h4, carrier signal x'ch4arrives at the A-loT device. Next, the A-IoT device generates a first sequence and modulate it onto the carrier signal for transmission. The second signal have the same power at frequency points f2, f3, and f5: x'i=βxch4,i=[2,3,5], where the parameter β is related to α. It should be noted that in this example, other frequency points (such as f6 not shown in the figure) are not the frequency points to be measured for the current measurement, so the signals at such frequency points are not reflected in the figure. After going through the channel, the signal power received by the reader device at each frequency point is: y'i= x'ihi=βxch4hi,i=[2,3,5] . After getting these seven measurement results of y1,y2,y4,y5and y'2y'3,y'5, channel measurement results h1~h5for the five frequency points may be obtained by solving the following set of equations.Note that in the above set of equations, y'3is equal to y4, so the above set of equations may be combined. Solving after combining yields channel measurement results h1~h5at these five frequency points.It should be noted that the two slots for transmitting the second signal should be separated by a time as short as possible, so that the consistency of results of the two measurements may be ensured, or the channel will not change much during the two measurements.When the number of frequency points to be measured is small, the A-IoT device may be configured to only transmit the second signal with one chip rate. As shown in FIG. 15, assume that the frequency points to be measured are f1-f3, and the frequency domain gap between frequency points is Δf, the A-loT device determines R1=Δf. At this time, the reader device transmits a carrier signal xcat f2. After going through channel h2, carrier signal xch2arrives at the A-loT device. Next, the A-IoT device transmits the second signals as x1and x3on h1and h3respectively, where x1=x3= βxch2. After going through the channel, the signal power at each frequency point received by the reader equipment is: y1=βxch2h1, y3=βxch2h3. At this time, since the signal at the carrier frequency point h2may not be measured, that is, the value of h2may not be obtained, the channels at each frequency point may not be measured.Therefore, the A-IoT device may be required to transmit the second signal an additional time to assist in the measurement. In this case, the A-IoT device may need to transmit a second signal in the second slot that is different from that in the first slot, otherwise the channel at all frequency points may still not be measured. As shown in FIG. 16, assume that in the second slot, the reader device transmits a carrier signal xcat f3. After going through channel h3, carrier signal xch3arrives at the A-loT device. Next, the A-loT device transmits a second signal that is the same as that in the first slot, for example, R1=Δf, resulting in x'2= βxch3. It should be noted that in this example, other frequency points (such as f4 not shown in the figure) are not the frequency points to be measured for the current measurement, so the signals at such frequency points are not reflected in the figure. After going through the channel, the signal power on the channel h2received by the reader device is y'2=βxch3h2. The results of the two measurements may be written in the form of the following set of equations:Note that in the above set of equations, y3is equal to y'2, so the above set of equations may be combined. After combining, since the unknowns that need to be solved are h1~h3, the channel at each frequency point may not be available.In this case, in order to avoid duplication of measurement results obtained in the two measurements, the A-IoT device may be required to transmit a second signal in the second slot that is different from that in the first slot. In some implementations: after the reader device transmits the carrier signal xcon h3in the second slot, the A-IoT device transmits the second signal with R1=2*Δf, resulting in the signal response on h1being x'1= βxch3. It should be noted that the second signal will also have the same frequency response at frequency point f5, but f5 is not the frequency point for the current measurement, so it is omitted here. After the second signal passes through the channel, the signal power received by the reader device on the channel h1is y'1=βxch3h1. The results of the two measurements can be written in the form of the following set of equations:It may be seen that non-repeated measurement results are obtained in these three measurements, and by solving the set of equations, channels at three frequencies h1~h3may be obtained.An example method of a method in which the A-IoT device determines the first parameter and the second parameter based on the configuration information is described below. For example, the A-IoT device may determine the first parameter and the second parameter based on a received first signaling. Wherein the first signaling may be transmitted by a communication node in a communication system (e.g., an A-loT system), the communication node may be any electronic device, including but not limited to a reader device, a UE (e.g., an NR UE), a base station (e.g., an NR base station) or a device acting in the role of a base station, such as a relay. For convenience of description, a reader device is described below as an example of a communication node. In an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, the channel over which the A-IoT device transmits signals to the reader device may be called PDRCH (physical device to reader channel), and the channel over which the reader device transmits signals to the A-IoT device may be called PRDCH (physical reader to device channel). Alternatively, the channel over which the A-loT device transmits signals may also be referred to as an uplink channel, and the channel over which the reader device transmits signals may also be referred to as a downlink channel.The first signaling may be a first broadcast signaling on the PRDCH channel in the A-IoT system, including an initial broadcast signaling that triggers A-IoT traffic, such as Query signaling in a radio frequency identification (RFID) system, and a subsequent broadcast signaling that updates or adjusts the initial broadcast signaling, such as query response (QueryRep), query adjustment (QueryAdjust) signaling in RFID systems, etc. As shown in FIG. 17A, in this case, all of the A-IoT devices that successfully receive the signaling may generate and transmit uplink sounding reference signals according to the configuration information contained in the signaling. For an A-IoT system, an A-IoT device generally accesses the system by responding to the broadcast signaling. For example, the A-IoT device may transmit access information after successfully receiving the broadcast signaling. The access information here may be the ID information of the A-IoT device or a randomly generated access sequence, such as RN16 in the RFID system. By transmitting the configuration information of the sounding reference signal in the first broadcast signaling, the A-IoT device is enabled to return a reference signal for channel measurement at the first time, and the reader device is enabled to obtain the channel information as early as possible, so that the selection of subsequent channels may be adjusted as quickly as possible.Optionally, the first signaling may also be user-specific signaling on the PRDCH channel in the A-IoT system (for example, signaling specific to one or more A-IoT devices), such as ACK signaling in the RFID system, etc., as shown in FIG. 17B. Since user-specific signaling may only be successfully received by a specific user (e.g., a specific A-IoT device), only the A-IoT device that successfully receives the signaling may perform configuration and transmission of the sounding reference signal according to the configuration information contained in the signaling. In this way, the channel information of users (such as A-IoT devices) may be obtained in a targeted manner to avoid redundant resource overhead.In a specific embodiment, the method in which the first node determines the second parameter may be based on a certain preset method. For example, the first value is used when the first sequence is reflected for the first time, and the second value is used when the measurement sequence is reflected for the second time. The beneficial effect of this design is to reduce signaling overhead. In an implementation, the first value is used by the first node by default when reflecting the first sequence for the first time, and then the first value or the second value is determined to be used in subsequent measurements based on the configuration information. For example, when the reader is not sure about the direct link interference strength, it may determine whether the direct link interference at the frequency point of the carrier may be eliminated through the measurement result for the first time, and then determine the second parameter to be used in the measurement for the second time and configure it to the first node. FIG. 18 illustrates a flowchart of a method 1800 performed by a first node in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure.Referring to FIG. 18, in operation S1810, the first node receives second configuration information associated with a reflection coefficient of a second signal, wherein the second signal is used for channel measurement. For example, the first node may receive second configuration information from the second node.In operation S1820, the first node determines a first reflection coefficient and a second reflection coefficient based on the second configuration information.In operation S1830, the first node modulates a first sequence by alternately applying the first reflection coefficient and the second reflection coefficient to generate the second signal.In operation S1840, the first node transmits the second signal. For example, the first node transmits the second configuration information to the second node.For example, the first node may be an A-IoT device, a passive IoT device, a radio frequency tag, a terminal / UE with passive IoT / A-IoT functionality, etc.For example, the second node may be a reader device, a receiver, a relay node, a tag receiver, a tag receiver node, a passive IoT reader, an A-IoT reader, or a UE or network device (e.g., NR UE / NR base station) equipped with an IoT reader functional entity, etc.In some implementations, one or more of operations S1820 through S1840 may be performed based on the methods described according to various embodiments of the present disclosure (e.g., implementations described in connection with one or more of the above various drawings).In some implementations, the method 1800 may omit one or more of operations S1820 to S1840, or may include additional operations, such as operations that may be performed by the first node according to various embodiments of the present disclosure (e.g., implementations described in connection with one or more of the various figures described above).FIG. 19 illustrates a flowchart of a method 1900 performed by a second node in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure.Referring to FIG. 19, in operation S1910, the second node transmits second configuration information associated with a reflection coefficient of a second signal, wherein the second signal is used for channel measurement. For example, the second node may transmit second configuration information to the first node.In operation S1920, the second node receives the second signal, wherein the second signal is generated by modulating a first sequence by alternately applying a first reflection coefficient and a second reflection coefficient, wherein the first reflection coefficient and the second reflection coefficient are based on said second configuration information. For example, the second node may receive the second signal from the first node.For example, the first node may be an A-IoT device, a passive IoT device, a radio frequency tag, a terminal / UE with passive IoT / A-IoT functionality, etc.For example, the second node may be a reader device, a receiver, a relay node, a tag receiver, a tag receiver node, a passive IoT reader, an A-IoT reader, or a UE or network device (e.g., NR UE / NR base station) equipped with an IoT reader functional entity, etc.In some implementations, one or more of operations S1910 through S1920 may be performed based on the methods described according to various embodiments of the present disclosure (e.g., the implementations described in connection with one or more of the above various drawings).In some implementations, the method 1900 may omit one or more of operations S1910 through S1920, or may include additional operations, such as operations that may be performed by the second node according to various embodiments of the present disclosure (e.g., implementations described in connection with one or more of the various figures described above).FIG. 20 illustrates a schematic structural diagram of a second node 2000 in accordance with at least one embodiment of the present disclosure. For example, the second node may be a reader device, a receiver, a relay node, a tag receiver, a tag receiver node, a passive IoT reader, an A-IoT reader, or a UE or network device (e.g., NR UE / NR base station) equipped with an IoT reader functional entity, etc.Referring to FIG. 20, the second node 2000 includes a transceiver 2001 and a controller 2002. The transceiver 2001 is configured to transmit data or signals. The controller 2002 is coupled with the transceiver 2001 and configured to perform control so that the second node 2000 performs the method according to the embodiment of the present disclosure. In one implementation, the second node 2000 may further include a memory (not shown) on which computer-executable instructions are stored. When the instructions are executed by the controller 2002, the second node 2000 may perform at least one method corresponding to the above-mentioned embodiments of the present disclosure.The controller 2020 may refer to a circuit, an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), or at least one processor. Transceiver 2010, controller 2020, and memory 2030 are configured to perform the operations described above that may be performed by a communication device. Although the transceiver 2010, the controller 2020 and the memory 2030 are shown as separate entities, they may be implemented as a single entity, such as a single chip. Alternatively, the transceiver 2010, the controller 2020, and the memory 2030 may be electrically connected or coupled to each other.Transceiver 2010 may transmit and receive signals to and from other communication devices.The controller 2020 may control the second node to perform a function according to one of the various exemplary embodiments described above.In some exemplary embodiments, the operations of the second node may be implemented using a memory 2030 storing corresponding program codes. Specifically, the second node may be provided with a memory 2030 to store program code implementing desired operations. In order to perform desired operations, the controller 2020 may read and execute program codes stored in the memory 2030 by using at least one processor or central processing unit (CPU).FIG. 21 shows a structural diagram of a first node 2100 according to at least one embodiment of the present disclosure. For example, the first node may be an A-IoT device, a passive IoT device, a radio frequency tag, a terminal / UE with passive IoT / A-IoT function, etc.Referring to FIG. 21, the first node 800 includes a transceiver 2101 and a controller 2102. The transceiver 2101 is configured to transmit data or signals and receive data or signals. The controller 2102 is coupled with the transceiver 2101 and configured to perform control so that the first node 2100 performs the method according to the embodiment of the present disclosure. In one implementation, the first node 2100 may further include a memory (not shown) on which computer-executable instructions are stored. When the instructions are executed by the controller 2102, the first node 2100 may perform at least one method corresponding to the above-mentioned embodiments of the present disclosure.The controller 2120 may refer to a circuit, an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) or at least one processor. The transceiver 2110, the controller 2120 and the memory 2130 are configured to perform the operations described above that may be performed by the communication device. Although the transceiver 2110, the controller 2120 and the memory 2130 are shown as separate entities, they may be implemented as a single entity, such as a single chip. Alternatively, the transceiver 2110, the controller 2120 and the memory 2130 may be electrically connected or coupled to each other.The transceiver 2110 may send and receive signals to and from other communication devices.The controller 2120 may control the first node to perform a function according to one of the various exemplary embodiments described above.In some exemplary embodiments, the operation of the first node may be realized using the memory 2130 storing corresponding program codes. Specifically, the first node may be equipped with a memory 2130 to store a program code for realizing a desired operation. In order to perform a desired operation, the controller 2120 may read and execute program codes stored in the memory 2130 by using at least one processor or central processing unit (CPU).FIG. 22 is a block diagram of a terminal or user equipment (UE) 2200 according to an embodiment of the disclosure. FIG. 22 corresponds to the example of the terminal or UE of FIG. 3.The terminal is an electronic device capable of wireless communication, may include a User Equipment (UE), a portable phone, a smartphone, a tablet, an Internet of things (IoT) device, etc., having various form factors, and may perform wireless communication with a base station (BS) through a wireless channel.Referring to FIG. 22, the UE 2200 may include at least one transceiver (hereinafter, referred to as simply "transceiver") 2201, at least one processor (hereinafter, referred to as simply "processor") 2202, and at least one memory (hereinafter, referred to as simply "memory") 2203. According to at least one or a combination of methods corresponding to the embodiments described in the present disclosure, the transceiver 2201, the processor 2202, and the memory 2203 of the UE 2200 may operate. However, components of the UE 2200 are not limited to the exemplary components illustrated in FIG. 22. In another embodiment, the UE 2200 may further include additional components in addition to the above-mentioned components, or some components may be omitted. Further, in some embodiments, any combination of the transceiver 2201, the processor 2202, or the memory 2203 may be integrated in the form of one component.The transceiver 2201 may be a communication circuit or communication circuitry that enables the UE 2200 to perform wireless communication with a node or an entity of a network. For example, the transceiver 2201 may enable the UE 2200 to transmit or receive a signal to or from a BS through cellular communication, or to transmit or receive a signal to or from another UE through cellular communication. For example, the transceiver 2201 may support at least one of various cellular communication technologies including 3rd generation (3G), 4th generation (4G), long term evolution (LTE), 5th generation (5G) NR, 6th generation (6G), and various cellular wireless communication technologies supported by the transceiver (2201) may include all subsequent generations of evolved wireless communications.According to an embodiment, the UE 2200 may include a plurality of transceivers. For example, in the case of supporting evolved-universal terrestrial radio access-new radio (E-UTRA-NR) sual connectivity (EN-DC), the UE 2200 may include a first transceiver supporting the 4G LTE wireless communication and a second transceiver supporting the 5G NR wireless communication. According to another embodiment, in the case of supporting NR-dual connectivity (NR-DC), the UE 2200 may include a plurality of transceivers supporting the 5G NR wireless communication. According to still another embodiment, in the case of supporting near field wireless communication, the UE 2200 may separately include a transceiver supporting at least one standard in the group of wireless communication protocol standards as defined in the protocol standards for Bluetooth®, wireless local area network (WLAN) network (including institute of electrical and electronics engineers (IEEE) 802.11-2016 standard or its amendments, e.g., 802.11ah, 802.11ad, 802.11ay, 802.11ax, 802.11az, 802.11ba, and 802.11be, without being limited thereto).According to an embodiment, the transceiver 2201 may include various circuit structures used to transmit or receive signals to or from a BS through a wireless channel. The signals may include control information and data. For example, the transceiver 2201 may include a radio frequency (RF) transmitter for up-converting and amplifying the frequency of a transmitted signal and an RF receiver for low-noise-amplifying a received signal and down-converting the frequency thereof. The transceiver 2201 may output a signal received through a wireless channel to the processor 2202 and may transmit, through a wireless channel, a signal output from the processor 2202.The processor 2202 may control general operations of the UE 2200 according to embodiments of the disclosure. The processor 2202 may be implemented by one or more integrated circuit (or circuitry) (IC) chips and may execute various data processings. The processor 2202 may include at least one electric circuit, and may execute instructions (or a program, codes, data, etc.) stored in the memory 2203, individually, collectively or in any combination thereof. Further, the processor 2202 may include a single-core processor or multi-core processor, and may include a processor assembly including a plurality of processing circuits (circuitry) according to a specific implementation scheme.The processor 2202 may be electrically, operatively, or communicatively coupled to the transceiver 2201 to control the transceiver 2201.The processor 2202 may include at least one processor (or processing circuitry), and the at least one processor may perform the following operations individually, collectively or in any combination thereof. For example, the processor 2202 may include a communication processor (CP) configured to control communication operations and an application processor (AP) configured to control execution of an upper layer (for example, an application layer) . In a specific embodiment, at least a part of the processor 2202 may be included in one chip and the other part of the processor 2202 may be included in another chip. Otherwise, at least one processor may be included in another component, for example, the transceiver 2201 or the memory 2203.The processor 2202 may perform or control or cause an operation of the UE 2200 for executing at least one or a combination of methods according to embodiments of the disclosure. For example, the processor 2202 may control operations of the UE 2200 for processing a downlink signal received from a BS or generating and transmitting an uplink signal to a BS. To this end, the processor 2202 may execute a computer program, codes, or instructions stored in the memory 2203, so as to control other components of the UE 2200 to enable execution of various operations.The memory 2203 corresponds to a hardware storage device capable of temporarily or permanently storing information and may include one or more storage media. For example, the memory 2203 may include a memory assembly including one or more storage media. For example, the one or more storage media may include permanent memory, such as a hard drive, flash memory, or read-only memory (ROM), semipermanent memory, such as random access memory (RAM), cache memory, or a combination thereof.The memory 2203 may be electrically, operatively, or communicatively coupled to the processor 2202 and may be accessed by the processor 2202.The memory 2203 may store a computer program, codes, or instructions executable by the processor 2202. According to an embodiment, a computer program, codes, or instructions executable by the processor 2202 may be either stored in a single memory device or separated and distributedly stored in two or more memory devices. By executing the instructions stored in the memory 2203, the processor 2202 may perform various functions according to an embodiment of the disclosure.According to an embodiment of the disclosure, operations of the UE 2200 may be caused to be performed based on execution of instructions (or a computer program or codes) stored in the memory 2203 by at least one processor (or processing circuitry) configured to execute the same individually, collectively, or in any combination thereof, based on processing circuitry that is not configured to execute instructions, and / or based on components of processing circuitry that is not configured to execute instructions.FIG. 23 is a block diagram of a base station (BS) 2300 according to an embodiment of the disclosure. FIG. 23 corresponds to the example of the base station of FIG. 2.The BS 2300 may perform wireless communication with at least one user equipment (UE) located within the area of the BS 2300 through a wireless channel.Referring to FIG. 23, the BS 2300 may include at least one transceiver (hereinafter, referred to as simply "transceiver") 2301, at least one processor (hereinafter, referred to as simply "processor") 2302, and at least one memory (hereinafter, referred to as simply "memory") 2303. According to at least one or a combination of methods corresponding to the embodiments described in the present disclosure, the transceiver 2301, the processor 2302, and the memory 2303 of the BS 2300 may operate. However, components of the BS 2300 are not limited to the exemplary components illustrated in FIG. 23. In another embodiment, the BS 2300 may further include additional components in addition to the above-mentioned components, or some components may be omitted. Further, in some embodiments, any combination of the transceiver 2301, the processor 2302, or the memory 2303 may be integrated in the form of one component.The transceiver 2301 may be a communication circuit or communication circuitry that enables the BS 2300 to perform wireless communication with a node or an entity of a network. For example, the transceiver 2301 may enable the BS 2300 to transmit or receive a signal to or from the UE X00 through cellular communication, or to transmit or receive a signal to or from another network entity through wireless communication. For example, the transceiver 2301 may support various cellular communication technologies including 3rd generation (3G), 4th generation (4G), long term evolution (LTE), 5th generation (5G) NR, 6th generation (6G), and various cellular wireless communication technologies supported by the transceiver (2301) may include all subsequent generations of evolved wireless communications. According to an embodiment, the transceiver 2301 may include various circuit structures used to transmit or receive signals to or from a UE through a wireless channel. The signals may include control information and data. For example, the transceiver 2301 may include a radio frequency (RF) transmitter for up-converting and amplifying the frequency of a transmitted signal and an RF receiver for low-noise-amplifying a received signal and down-converting the frequency thereof. The transceiver 2301 may output a signal received through a wireless channel to the processor 2302 and may transmit, through a wireless channel, a signal output from the processor 2302.Meanwhile, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure, the BS 2300 may perform communication with a node or an entity of a network through wired or wireless communication. For example, the BS 2300 may perform wired or wireless communication with an adjacent BS, or a node or an entity of a core network through a backhaul network. Although not illustrated in FIG. 23, when the BS 2300 performs wired communication, the BS 2300 may further include a separate network interface for wired communication in addition to the transceiver 2301. The network interface may be referred to as network interface circuitry or communication interface circuitry.The processor 2302 may control general operations of the BS 2300 according to embodiments of the disclosure. The processor 2302 may be implemented by one or more integrated circuit (or circuitry) (IC) chips and may execute various data processings. The processor 2302 may include at least one electric circuit, and may execute instructions (or a program, codes, data, etc.) stored in the memory 2303, individually, collectively or in any combination thereof. Further, the processor 2302 may include a single-core processor or multi-core processor, and may include a processor assembly including a plurality of processing circuits (circuitry) according to a specific implementation scheme.The processor 2302 may be electrically, operatively, or communicatively coupled to the transceiver 2301 to control the transceiver 2301.The processor 2302 may include at least one processor (or processing circuitry), and the at least one processor may perform the following operations individually, collectively or in any combination thereof. In a specific embodiment, at least a part of the processor 2302 may be included in one chip and the other part of the processor 2302 may be included in another chip. Otherwise, at least one processor may be included in another component, for example, the transceiver 2301 or the memory 2303.The processor 2302 may perform or control or cause an operation of the BS 2300 for executing at least one or a combination of methods according to embodiments of the disclosure. For example, the processor 2302 may control operations of the BS 2300 for generating and transmitting a downlink signal to a UE or processing an uplink signal received from a UE. Otherwise, the BS 2300 may transmit or receive a signal to or from a neighboring BS, transfer a signal received from a UE to an upper node of the network, or transmit a signal transferred from an upper node of the network to a UE. To this end, the processor 2302 may execute a computer program, codes, or instructions stored in the memory 2303, so as to control other components of the BS 2300 to enable execution of various operations.The memory 2303 corresponds to a hardware storage device capable of temporarily or permanently storing information and may include one or more storage media. For example, the memory 2303 may include a memory assembly including one or more storage media. For example, the one or more storage media may include permanent memory, such as a hard drive, flash memory, or read-only memory (ROM), semipermanent memory, such as random access memory (RAM), cache memory, or a combination thereof.The memory 2303 may be electrically, operatively, or communicatively coupled to the processor 2302 and may be accessed by the processor 2302.The memory 2303 may store a computer program, codes, or instructions executable by the processor 2302. According to an embodiment, a computer program, codes, or instructions executable by the processor 2302 may be either stored in a single memory device or separated and distributedly stored in two or more memory devices. By executing the instructions stored in the memory 2303, the processor 2302 may perform various functions according to an embodiment of the disclosure.According to an embodiment of the disclosure, operations of the BS 2300 may be caused to be performed based on execution of instructions (or a computer program or codes) stored in the memory 2303 by at least one processor (or processing circuitry) configured to execute the same individually, collectively, or in any combination thereof, based on processing circuitry that is not configured to execute instructions, and / or based on components of processing circuitry that is not configured to execute instructions.The UE or the base station may perform various communication procedures related to the control plane or the user plane by cooperating with one or more network entities based on wireless communication. For example, the UE may communicate with network entity such as an Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) or a Session Management Function (SMF) via the base station, or the base station may perform at least one communication procedure by directly transmitting and receiving signals to / from, or relaying signals between, the network entities.The structure of the above-described network entity will be described in more detail with reference to the drawings.FIG. 24 is a block diagram of a network entity 2400 according to an embodiment of the disclosure.The network entity 2400 may include an entity (apparatus, device, or server, etc.) that performs one or more network functions (NFs) or a part of a network function constituting a core network (e.g., a 5th generation (5G) core (5GC)) in a communication system. In this case, multiple NFs may be implemented within a single network entity, or a single NF may be distributed and implemented across a plurality of network entities. In addition, when an NF is implemented within the network entity, the NF may be implemented in the form of software, and in such a case, a program for operating the NF may be stored in memory of the network entity 2400.A single NF may be implemented by one or more instances, which may be deployed on the same network entity or distributed across multiple network entities to operate. The instance may be a software unit that logically executes a specific network function, and may be implemented in a form that is decoupled from physical hardware resources. Further, one or more NFs may be implemented in the form of one network slice to operate to satisfy specifications required by a particular service.The NF may include at least one of an access and mobility management function (AMF), a session management function (SMF), a local session management function (L-SMF), a user plane function (UPF), a local user plane function (L-UPF), a policy control function (PCF), a unified data management (UDM), a unified data repository (UDR), a network exposure function (NEF), a network repository function (NRF), an application function (AF), a network slice selection function (NSSF), a network data analytics function (NWDAF), a network slice admission control function (NSACF), an authentication server function (AUSF), or a data network (DN).Referring to FIG. 24, the network entity 2400 may include at least one network interface 2401, at least one processor 2402 (hereinafter, "processor"), and at least one memory 2403 (hereinafter, "memory"). As described above, a NF may be implemented in the form of a physical device such as the network entity 2400, or may be virtualized and executed in the form of an instance. When implemented as an instance, the NF need not necessarily include physical components as illustrated in FIG. 24. In such a case, the instance may be logically represented as comprising one or more logical functional elements.According to at least one or a combination of methods corresponding to the embodiments described in the present disclosure, the network interface 2401, the processor 2402, and the memory 2403 of the network entity 2400 may operate. However, components of the network entity 2400 are not limited to the exemplary components illustrated in FIG. 24. In another embodiment, the network entity 2400 may further include additional components in addition to the above-mentioned components, or some components may be omitted. Further, in an embodiment, the network interface 2401, the processor 2402, or the memory 2403 may be integrated in the form of one component.The network interface 2401 is a collective term for a transmitter part of the network entity 2400 and a receiver part of the network entity 2400, and may be a communication circuit for transmitting or receiving a signal to or from a user equipment (UE), a base station (BS), or another network entity. Here, the communication circuit may include both a communication circuit for wireless communication and a communication circuit for a wired communication. For example, the network interface 2401 may include a circuit, logic, hardware, etc., configured to exchange a control plane message or a user plane message with a UE, a BS, or other core network entities through wireless communication or wired communication. The network interface 2401 may operate using various protocols (e.g., non-access stratum (NAS) protocol). The network interface 2401 may also be referred to, for convenience of description or depending on implementation, as communication circuitry, network interface circuitry, or a communication interface circuitry.The processor 2402 may control general operations of the network entity 2400 according to embodiments of the disclosure. The processor 2402 may be implemented by one or more integrated circuit (or circuitry) (IC) chips and may execute various data processings. The processor 2402 may include at least one electric circuit, and may execute instructions (or a program, codes, data, etc.) stored in the memory 2403, individually, collectively or in any combination thereof. Further, the processor 2402 may include a single-core processor or multi-core processor, and may include a processor assembly including a plurality of processing circuits (circuitry) according to a specific implementation scheme. Further, it should be noted that, according to another embodiment, in a case where NF is implemented in the form of an instance, the network function may be not necessarily configured by physical hardware.According to an embodiment, the processor 2402 may be electrically, operatively, or communicatively coupled to the network interface 2401 to control the network interface 2401.The processor 2402 may include at least one processor (or processing circuitry), and the at least one processor may perform the following operations individually, collectively or in any combination thereof. In a specific embodiment, at least a part of the processor 2402 may be included in one chip and the other part of the processor 2402 may be included in another chip. Otherwise, at least one processor may be included in another component, for example, the network interface 2401 or the memory 2403.The processor 2402 may perform or control or cause an operation of the network entity 2400 for executing at least one or a combination of methods according to embodiments of the disclosure. For example, the processor 2402 may control operations of the network entity 2400 for exchanging a control plane message or a user plane message with a UE, a BS, or other core network entities through wireless or wired communication, using various protocols (e.g., NAS protocol). To this end, the processor 2402 may execute a computer program, codes, or instructions stored in the memory 2403, so as to control other components of the network entity 2400 to enable execution of various operations.The memory 2403 corresponds to a hardware storage device capable of temporarily or permanently storing information and may include one or more storage media. For example, the memory 2403 may include a memory assembly including one or more storage media. For example, the one or more storage media may include permanent memory, such as a hard drive, flash memory, or read-only memory (ROM), semipermanent memory, such as random access memory (RAM), cache memory, or a combination thereof.The memory 2403 may be electrically, operatively, or communicatively coupled to the processor 2402 and may be accessed by the processor 2402.The memory 2403 may store a computer program, codes, or instructions executable by the processor 2402. According to an embodiment, a computer program, codes, or instructions executable by the processor 2402 may be either stored in a single memory device or separated and distributedly stored in two or more memory devices. By executing the instructions stored in the memory 2403, the processor 2402 may perform various functions according to an embodiment of the disclosure.According to an embodiment of the disclosure, operations of the network entity 2400 may be caused to be performed based on execution of instructions (or a computer program or codes) stored in the memory 2403 by at least one processor (or processing circuitry) configured to execute the same individually, collectively, or in any combination thereof, based on processing circuitry that is not configured to execute instructions, and / or based on components of processing circuitry that is not configured to execute instructions.Those skilled in the art will understand that the illustrative embodiments described above are described herein and are not intended to be limiting. It should be understood that any two or more of the embodiments disclosed herein may be combined in any combination. In addition, other embodiments may be utilized and other changes may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the subject matter presented herein. It will be readily understood that aspects of the invention of the present disclosure, as generally described herein and shown in the accompanying drawings, may be arranged, substituted, combined, separated and designed in various different configurations, all of which are contemplated herein.Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the various illustrative logical blocks, modules, circuits, and steps described herein may be implemented as hardware, software, or a combination of both. In order to clearly illustrate this interchangeability between hardware and software, various illustrative components, blocks, modules, circuits, and steps are generally described in the form of their function sets. Whether such a function set is implemented as hardware or software depends on the specific application and the design constraints imposed on the overall system. Those skilled in the art may implement the described function set in different ways for each specific application, but such design decisions should not be interpreted as causing a departure from the scope of this application.The illustrative logic blocks, modules, and circuits described in this application may be implemented in a general-purpose processor, a Digital Signal Processor (DSP), an application specific integrated circuit, ASIC), Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) or other programmable logic devices, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described herein. A general-purpose processor may be a microprocessor, but in the alternative, the processor may be any conventional processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. A processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices, such as a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, multiple microprocessors, one or more microprocessors cooperating with a DSP core, or any other such configuration.The steps of a method or algorithm described in this application may be embodied directly in hardware, in a software module executed by a processor, or in a combination of the both. Software modules may reside in RAM memory, flash memory, ROM memory, EPROM memory, EEPROM memory, registers, hard disks, removable disks, or any other form of storage media known in the art. An exemplary storage medium is coupled to a processor to enable the processor to read and write information from / to the storage medium. In the alternative, the storage medium may be integrated into the processor. The processor and storage medium may reside in an ASIC. An ASIC may reside in a communication device (e.g., a terminal or a base station). In the alternative, the processor and the storage medium may reside as discrete components in a communication device (e.g., a terminal or a base station).In one or more exemplary designs, the described functions may be implemented in hardware, software, firmware, or any combination thereof. If implemented in software, each function may be stored on or transmitted by a computer-readable medium as one or more instructions or codes. Computer-readable media include both computer storage media and communication media, and the latter includes any media that facilitates the transfer of computer programs from one place to another. The storage medium may be any available medium that may be accessed by a general-purpose or special-purpose computer.The above is only an exemplary embodiment of the present invention, and is not used to limit the scope of protection of the present invention, which is determined by the appended claims.Embodiments of the subject matter and operations described in this specification may be implemented in digital electronic circuits, or in computer software, firmware or hardware including the structures disclosed in this specification and their structural equivalents, or in a combination of one or more of them. Embodiments of the subject matter described in this specification may be implemented as one or more computer programs, i.e., one or more computer program instruction modules, encoded on a computer storage medium for execution by or control of the operation of a data processing apparatus. Alternatively or in addition, program instructions may be encoded on artificially generated propagated signals, such as machine-generated electrical, optical or electromagnetic signals, which are generated to encode information for transmission to appropriate receiver devices for execution by data processing devices. The computer storage medium may be or be included in a computer-readable storage device, a computer-readable storage substrate, a random or serial access memory array or device or a combination thereof. Furthermore, although the computer storage medium is not a propagated signal, it may be the source or destination of computer program instructions encoded in artificially generated propagated signals. Computer storage media may also be or be included in one or more separate physical components or media (e.g., multiple CDs, disks or other storage devices). Furthermore, the operations described in this specification may be implemented as operations performed by a data processing apparatus on data stored on one or more computer-readable storage devices or received from other sources.Although this specification may contain many specific implementation details, the implementation details should not be interpreted as limiting the scope of any claimed subject matter, but should be understood as descriptions of features specific to specific embodiments. Some features described in this specification in the context of a single embodiment may also be implemented in combination in a single embodiment. On the contrary, various features described in the context of a single embodiment may also be implemented in multiple embodiments individually or in any suitable sub-combination. Furthermore, although features may be described above as functioning in certain combinations, and even initially claimed as such, in some cases, one or more features from the claimed combination may be deleted from the combination, and the claimed combination may be directed to a subcombination or a variation of a subcombination.Similarly, although operations are described in a particular order in the drawings, this should not be understood as requiring that such operations be performed in the particular order shown or in a sequential order, or that all illustrated operations be performed to achieve a desired result. In some cases, multitasking and parallel processing may be beneficial. Furthermore, the separation of various system components in the above embodiments should not be understood as requiring such separation in all embodiments, and it should be understood that the described program components and systems may generally be integrated together in a single software product or packaged into multiple software products.Therefore, specific embodiments of the subject matter have been described herein. Other embodiments are within the scope of the following claims. In some cases, the actions set forth in the claims may be performed in a different order and still achieve the desired results. In addition, the processes depicted in the drawings do not necessarily need the specific order shown or sequential order to achieve the desired results. In some embodiments, multitasking and parallel processing may be advantageous.As those skilled in the art will recognize, the innovative concepts described herein may be modified and varied in a wide range of applications. Therefore, the scope of the claimed subject matter should not be limited to any specific exemplary teachings discussed above, but should be defined by the appended claims.Meanwhile, although specific embodiments of the present disclosure have been described in detail, various modifications may be made without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. Therefore, the scope of the present disclosure should not be limited to the described embodiments, but should be defined by the claims and equivalents thereof.

Claims

1.A method performed by a second node in a communication system, comprising:transmitting a first signal related to indicating channel measurement to a first node;transmitting a first carrier wave (CW) to a first node;receiving a second signal backscattered based on the first CW from the first node, the second signal including a first sequence related to channel measurement;performing channel measurement based on the first sequence to determine at least one frequency, the at least one frequency being associated with a second CW for uplink transmission of the first node.2.The method of claim 1, wherein the first signal comprises:a signal for acknowledging access of the first node; ora signal for configuring access of the first node, wherein the second signal further includes first information related to the access of the first node.3.The method of claim 1, wherein the first signal includes information indicating backscattering a first sequence,the information indicating backscattering the first sequence includes at least one of: information indicating starting backscattering the first sequence, information indicating periodically backscattering the first sequence, and information related to a periodicity of backscattering the first sequence.4.The method of claim 1, wherein transmitting the first CW comprises: transmitting multiple first CWs on multiple frequencies; andwherein transmitting the multiple first CWs on the multiple frequencies comprises:transmitting the first CW respectively on multiple frequencies in one time unit, or transmitting the first CW respectively on one or more frequencies in multiple successive time units.5.The method of claim 4, wherein transmitting the first CW comprises:transmitting the first CW until at least one frequency is determined based on the channel measurement or the first CW has been transmitted up to a first time.6.The method of claim 5, wherein if at least one frequency is determined based on the channel measurement, transmitting information indicating terminating transmission of the first sequence to the first node.7.The method of claim 5, further comprising: transmitting information about a first number of times the first sequence is to be transmitted to the first node.8.The method of claim 1, wherein the second signal is received based on at least one backscatter link frequency (BLF).9.The method of claim 3, wherein the at least one BLF is preset or configured by the second node.10.The method according to any one of claims 1-9, wherein the first node comprises multiple first nodes,wherein the second signals are backscattered by the first nodes based on different backscatter link frequencies (BLFs);the backscatter link frequencies BLFs are predefined or configured by the second node.11.The method of claim 1, further comprising: transmitting information related to CW transmission to a third node,wherein the first CW and / or the second CW are transmitted to the first node by the third node based on the information related to CW transmission.12.The method of claim 11, wherein the information related to CW transmission includes at least one of: a number of CWs and information related to resources for CWs.13.The method of claim 1, further comprising: transmitting information indicating uplink transmission to the first node based on the at least one frequency.14.A method performed by a first node in a communication system, comprising:receiving a first signal related to indicating channel measurement from a second node;backscattering a second signal to the second node according to a first CW transmitted by the second node, wherein the second signal comprises a first sequence related to channel measurement;backscattering a third signal based on a second CW transmitted by the second node.15.The method of claim 14, wherein backscattering the second signal comprises: backscattering the second signal including the first sequence until information indicating terminating the first sequence is received or the first sequence has been transmitting up to a first time or a first number of times.

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