Solar cell, electrical device, and power generation device

Abstract

The present application discloses a solar cell, an electrical device, and a power generation device. The solar cell comprises a substrate and a plurality of cell units located on the substrate. Each cell unit comprises a first electrode layer, a main structure layer, and a second electrode layer stacked in sequence. The main structure layer at least comprises a light absorption layer. The first electrode layers of two adjacent cell units are cut through by a first gap in the thickness direction of the cell units. The main structure layers of two adjacent cell units are cut through by a second gap in the thickness direction of the cell units, the second gap being filled with a conductive material. The second electrode layers of two adjacent cell units are cut through by a third gap in the thickness direction of the cell units. The plurality of cell units achieve structural separation and connection by using the first gap, the conductive material filled in the second gap, and the third gap. The solar cell further comprises a first barrier layer. The first barrier layer is disposed in the first gap to reduce migration of alkali metal ions from the substrate to the main structure layer, thereby mitigating potential-induced degradation.

Description

Solar cells, electrical appliances, power generation equipment

[0001] Cross-referencing of related applications:

[0002] This application claims priority to Chinese Patent Application No. 2024216775273, filed on July 15, 2024, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. Technical Field

[0003] This application relates to the field of battery technology, specifically to a solar cell, an electrical device, and a power generation device. Background Technology

[0004] Currently, the world economy faces challenges such as resource shortages, environmental pollution, and severe climate change. The development and utilization of clean energy is a crucial measure. Exploring new energy materials and devices aligns with current national development needs and can effectively address the environmental problems caused by the use of fossil fuels.

[0005] Solar cells have attracted widespread attention because they can directly convert sunlight into electricity without causing environmental pollution, and can be applied to a wide range of fields, including military, aerospace, industry, commerce, agriculture and communications.

[0006] Currently, some solar cells exhibit potential-induced degradation, which affects the photoelectric conversion efficiency of solar cells.

[0007] Utility Model Content

[0008] This application provides a solar cell, an electrical device, and a power generation device to reduce the potential-induced degradation effect of solar cells.

[0009] To address the aforementioned technical problems, the first technical solution provided in this application is as follows: a solar cell is provided, comprising a substrate and a plurality of cell units located on the substrate; each cell unit includes a first electrode layer, a main structure layer, and a second electrode layer stacked sequentially, the main structure layer including at least a light-absorbing layer; the first electrode layers of two adjacent cell units are separated by a first gap along the thickness direction of the cell unit, the main structure layers of two adjacent cell units are separated by a second gap along the thickness direction of the cell unit and the second gap is filled with a conductive material, and the second electrode layers of two adjacent cell units are separated by a third gap along the thickness direction of the cell unit; the plurality of cell units are structurally separated and connected through the first gap, the conductive material filled in the second gap, and the third gap; wherein, the solar cell further includes a first barrier layer disposed in the first gap.

[0010] Because a portion of the substrate is exposed to the first gap, alkali metal ions in the substrate are at risk of migrating to the host structural layer through the first gap; these alkali metal ions include Na. + The first barrier layer can interfere with the migration of alkali metal ions; that is, in the embodiments of this application, the first barrier layer is used to interfere with the migration of alkali metal ions. By setting the first barrier layer within the first gap, this application blocks the first gap, which serves as a migration channel for alkali metal ions, thereby reducing the migration of alkali metal ions from the substrate to the main structural layer and weakening the potential-induced degradation effect of the solar cell.

[0011] In one embodiment, the first barrier layer covers the surface of the substrate facing the first gap and at least a portion of the surface of the first electrode layer facing the first gap.

[0012] The first barrier layer covers the surface of the substrate facing the first gap, interfering with various positions on the bottom surface of the first gap. This significantly reduces the channel size for alkali metal ions to migrate from the first gap to the main structural layer, and thus significantly reduces the amount of alkali metal ions migrating to the main structural layer. The first barrier layer covers at least a portion of the surface of the first electrode layer facing the first gap while also covering the surface of the substrate facing the first gap, making it easy to form and requiring less sophisticated processing techniques.

[0013] In one embodiment, the thickness of the portion of the first barrier layer covering the surface of the substrate facing the first gap is less than the thickness of the first electrode layer.

[0014] By designing the thickness of the first barrier layer as described above, the migration of alkali metal ions to the main structural layer can be effectively prevented, the amount of material used in the first barrier layer can be reduced, and the cost can be reduced.

[0015] In one embodiment, the first barrier layer is further disposed between the first electrode layer and the main structure layer.

[0016] The substrate, the first electrode layer, and the main structure layer are stacked sequentially from bottom to top. The first electrode layer has a certain degree of resistance to the migration of alkali metal ions from the substrate to the main structure layer, but the resistance is relatively weak. By setting a first barrier layer between the first electrode layer and the main structure layer, this first barrier layer interferes with the migration of alkali metal ions to the main structure layer, which helps to reduce the potential-induced degradation effect of the solar cell.

[0017] In one embodiment, the thickness of the portion of the first barrier layer covering the surface of the first electrode layer facing the main structure layer is less than 30 nm.

[0018] By designing the thickness of the first barrier layer as described above, the migration of alkali metal ions to the main structural layer can be effectively hindered, while the impact on hole or electron transport is small, allowing holes or electrons to pass smoothly through the first barrier layer and be collected by the first electrode layer.

[0019] In one embodiment, the thickness of the portion of the first barrier layer covering the surface of the first electrode layer facing the main structure layer is less than or equal to 10 nm and greater than or equal to 0.1 nm.

[0020] By designing the thickness of the first barrier layer as described above, the migration of alkali metal ions to the main structural layer can be effectively prevented, while maintaining a high transmission efficiency for holes or electrons, thus maintaining a high photoelectric conversion efficiency for the solar cell.

[0021] In one embodiment, the solar cell further includes a backsheet and a second barrier layer, the backsheet being located on the side of the second electrode layer facing away from the substrate; the second barrier layer covering the bottom surface of the third gap and / or located between the second electrode layer and the backsheet.

[0022] Since part of the backsheet is exposed to the third gap, there is a risk that alkali metal ions in the backsheet may migrate to the main structural layer through the third gap. This application addresses this by setting a second barrier layer on the bottom surface of the third gap to block the third gap, which serves as a migration channel for alkali metal ions, thereby reducing the migration of alkali metal ions from the backsheet to the main structural layer and mitigating the potential-induced degradation effect of the solar cell.

[0023] The main structure layer, the second electrode layer, and the back sheet are stacked sequentially from bottom to top. The second electrode layer has a certain degree of resistance to the migration of alkali metal ions from the back sheet to the main structure layer. By setting a second barrier layer between the second electrode layer and the back sheet, this second barrier layer further interferes with the migration of alkali metal ions to the main structure layer, which is beneficial to weakening the potential-induced degradation effect of the solar cell.

[0024] In one embodiment, at least one of the first barrier layer and the second barrier layer includes a plurality of stacked layers, each layer including one of inorganic metal oxides and nitrides.

[0025] Inorganic metal oxides and nitrides typically have compact crystal structures; alkali metal ions such as Na+... + K + The relatively large interlayer size of inorganic metal oxides and nitrides effectively blocks the diffusion path of alkali metal ions within the material, making it difficult for alkali metal ions to penetrate and pass through these materials, thus physically hindering their migration. Furthermore, the design of the first barrier layer, comprising inorganic metal oxides and nitrides, has minimal impact on the transport of holes or electrons.

[0026] In one embodiment, each layer comprises SiO x SiN x AlO x ZrO, MoO xOne of them, where x = 1 to 2.

[0027] By designing a layered structure including SiO x SiN x AlO x ZrO, MoO x One of them is made of readily available materials, which allows the first and second barrier layers to hinder the migration of alkali metal ions, thus helping to reduce the potential-induced degradation effect of solar cells and improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency of solar cells.

[0028] In one embodiment, the light-absorbing layer comprises a perovskite material.

[0029] The light-absorbing layer includes a perovskite material, and a first barrier layer is provided between the first gap and the first electrode layer and the main structure layer. The first barrier layer prevents alkali metal ions in the substrate from migrating to the main structure layer through the first gap and the first electrode layer, thereby reducing the potential-induced degradation effect of the solar cell.

[0030] In one embodiment, the main structure layer further includes a hole transport layer located on one side of the light absorption layer and / or an electron transport layer located on the other side of the light absorption layer.

[0031] By incorporating a hole transport layer, the hole transport layer effectively extracts and conducts holes generated in the light absorption layer to the first or second electrode layer, reducing recombination losses during transport and thus improving charge collection efficiency and overall photoelectric conversion efficiency. By incorporating an electron transport layer, the main function is to rapidly extract electrons generated in the light absorption layer, preventing them from recombinating with holes. Both the hole and electron transport layers help adjust the energy level structure between the light absorption layer and the first or second electrode layer, further improving overall photoelectric conversion efficiency.

[0032] To address the aforementioned technical problems, the second technical solution provided in this application is: to provide an electrical device that includes a solar cell as described above. The electrical device possesses at least the same advantages as a solar cell.

[0033] To address the aforementioned technical problems, the third technical solution provided in this application is: to provide a power generation device including a solar cell as described above. The power generation device possesses at least the same advantages as a solar cell. Attached Figure Description

[0034] To more clearly illustrate the technical solutions in the embodiments of this application, the accompanying drawings used in the description of the embodiments will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the accompanying drawings described below are only some embodiments of this application. For those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without creative effort.

[0035] Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of the structure of the solar cell provided in the first embodiment of this application;

[0036] Figure 2 is a schematic diagram of the structure of the solar cell provided in the second embodiment of this application;

[0037] Figure 3 is a schematic diagram of the structure of the solar cell provided in the third embodiment of this application;

[0038] Figure 4 is a schematic diagram of the structure of the solar cell provided in the fourth embodiment of this application;

[0039] Figure 5 is a schematic diagram of one embodiment of the main structural layer of the solar cell shown in Figure 1;

[0040] Figure 6 is a schematic diagram of another embodiment of the main structural layer of the solar cell shown in Figure 1.

[0041] Reference numerals in the figures: substrate 11, battery cell 12, first electrode layer 121, main structure layer 122, light absorption layer 1221, hole transport layer 1222, electron transport layer 1223, second electrode layer 123, first barrier layer 13, backplate 14, second barrier layer 15, encapsulation layer 16, first gap P1, second gap P2, third gap P3. Detailed Implementation

[0042] The technical solutions of the embodiments of this application will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of this application, and not all of the embodiments. Based on the embodiments of this application, all other embodiments obtained by those of ordinary skill in the art without creative effort are within the scope of protection of this application.

[0043] In the following description, specific details such as particular system architectures, interfaces, and technologies are presented for illustrative purposes rather than for limiting purposes, in order to provide a thorough understanding of this application.

[0044] The terms "first," "second," and "third" in this application are used for descriptive purposes only and should not be construed as indicating or implying relative importance or implicitly specifying the number of indicated technical features. Therefore, a feature defined as "first," "second," or "third" may explicitly or implicitly include at least one of the stated features. In the description of this application, "multiple" means at least two, such as two, three, etc., unless otherwise explicitly specified. All directional indications (such as up, down, left, right, front, back, etc.) in the embodiments of this application are only used to explain the relative positional relationships and movement of components in a specific posture (as shown in the figures). If the specific posture changes, the directional indications also change accordingly. The terms "comprising" and "having," and any variations thereof, in the embodiments of this application are intended to cover non-exclusive inclusion. For example, a process, method, system, product, or device that includes a series of steps or units is not limited to the listed steps or units, but may optionally include steps or units not listed, or may optionally include other steps or components inherent to these processes, methods, products, or devices.

[0045] In this document, the term "embodiment" means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with an embodiment may be included in at least one embodiment of this application. The appearance of this phrase in various places in the specification does not necessarily refer to the same embodiment, nor is it a separate or alternative embodiment that is mutually exclusive with other embodiments. It will be explicitly and implicitly understood by those skilled in the art that the embodiments described herein can be combined with other embodiments.

[0046] The present application will now be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings and embodiments.

[0047] A solar cell consists of cell layers and an encapsulation structure that encapsulates the cell layers.

[0048] Traditional crystalline silicon solar cells or copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) thin-film solar cells typically employ an encapsulation method where an encapsulating film and glass are sequentially placed on opposite sides of the cell layer. The encapsulating film, typically made of silicon nitride or silicon dioxide, acts as a barrier to alkali metal ions (Na+) from the glass. + The migration effect weakens the potential-induced degradation (PID) effect in crystalline silicon solar cells or copper indium gallium selenide thin-film solar cells.

[0049] However, for perovskite solar cells, a common encapsulation method involves sequentially placing an encapsulating film and glass on the light-emitting side of the cell layer. The encapsulating film, including silicon nitride or silicon dioxide, serves to block alkali metal ions (Na+) from the glass. +The role of migration. Because the solar cell layer is fabricated directly on the conductive glass, it is impossible to place an encapsulating film on the incident light side of the solar cell layer, leading to the migration of alkali metal ions (Na+) in the glass on the incident light side. + It easily migrates to the cell layer, causing potential-induced degradation, which in turn affects the photoelectric conversion efficiency of perovskite solar cells.

[0050] In view of this, embodiments of this application provide a solar cell, an electrical device, and a power generation device to reduce the potential-induced degradation effect of solar cells.

[0051] Please refer to Figures 1 to 6. Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of the structure of a solar cell provided in the first embodiment of this application; Figure 2 is a schematic diagram of the structure of a solar cell provided in the second embodiment of this application; Figure 3 is a schematic diagram of the structure of a solar cell provided in the third embodiment of this application; Figure 4 is a schematic diagram of the structure of a solar cell provided in the fourth embodiment of this application; Figure 5 is a schematic diagram of the structure of one embodiment of the main structure layer of the solar cell shown in Figure 1; Figure 6 is a schematic diagram of another embodiment of the main structure layer of the solar cell shown in Figure 1.

[0052] Referring to Figures 1 to 4, the solar cell includes a substrate 11 and multiple cell cells 12 located on the substrate 11. Each cell cell 12 includes a first electrode layer 121, a main structure layer 122, and a second electrode layer 123 stacked sequentially, wherein the main structure layer 122 includes at least a light-absorbing layer 1221. The first electrode layers 121 of two adjacent cell cells 12 are separated by a first gap P1 along the thickness direction of the cell cell 12. The main structure layers 122 of two adjacent cell cells 12 are separated by a second gap P2 along the thickness direction of the cell cell 12, and the second gap P2 is filled with conductive material. The second electrode layers 123 of two adjacent cell cells 12 are separated by a third gap P3 along the thickness direction of the cell cell 12. The multiple cell cells 12 are structurally separated and connected by the first gap P1, the conductive material filled in the second gap P2, and the third gap P3. The solar cell also includes a first barrier layer 13 disposed in the first gap P1.

[0053] Adjacent battery cells 12 can be connected in series or in parallel, depending on the specific design requirements. The substrate 11 is a transparent layer, allowing light to pass through and reach the light-absorbing layer 1221. The light-absorbing layer 1221 absorbs light and directly converts light energy into electrical energy through the photoelectric effect or photochemical effect. The light-absorbing layer 1221 includes a light-absorbing material with photoelectric conversion capabilities. The light-absorbing material absorbs photons from sunlight to generate excitation, exciting electrons in the valence band to produce photogenerated holes and electron pairs. One of the first electrode layer 121 and the second electrode layer 123 is used to receive holes, and the other is used to receive electrons.

[0054] The first electrode layers 121 of two adjacent battery cells 12 are spaced apart to form a first gap P1, which prevents direct electrical connection between the first electrode layers 121 of two adjacent battery cells 12, prevents short circuit of battery cells 12, and improves the photoelectric conversion efficiency of solar cells.

[0055] A second gap P2 is formed by spacing between the main structural layers 122 of two adjacent battery cells 12. Optionally, the second gap P2 is offset from the first gap P1, and the main structural layer 122 covers the first gap P1. The offset arrangement of the second gap P2 and the first gap P1 can reduce structural damage caused by stress concentration and help enhance the structural stability of the solar cell; it also helps to form an interlaced grid between the first electrode layers 121 and the second electrode layers 123 of multiple battery cells 12. This design is conducive to the effective separation and transfer of charge to the corresponding electrodes, reducing resistance loss and charge recombination.

[0056] The conductive material filling the second gap P2 includes the material of the second electrode layer 123 or other conductive materials, to achieve electrical connection between the first electrode layer 121 of the battery cell 12 and the second electrode layer 123 of the adjacent battery cell 12, so that the adjacent battery cells 12 are connected in series. Optionally, the second gap P2 is filled with the material of the second electrode layer 123. This setting can be achieved directly by preparing the second electrode layer 123, which is simple and reduces the preparation process. In some embodiments, the second gap P2 may also be filled with other materials, such as a protective layer, such as a PbSO4 protective layer, disposed on at least one sidewall of the second gap P2, to protect the conductive material from contact with the light-absorbing material, thereby avoiding a reaction between the two and causing a reduction in battery performance. It is understood that the addition of the protective layer will not affect the electrical connection between two adjacent battery cells 12.

[0057] A third gap P3 is formed between the second electrode layers 123 of two adjacent battery cells 12, defining the boundary between the two adjacent battery cells 12 and preventing short circuits caused by direct electrical connection between the second electrode layers 123 of the two adjacent battery cells 12. Optionally, the third gap P3 is staggered with the first gap P1 and the second gap P2, forming an interlaced electrode grid between the first electrode layers 121 and the second electrode layers 123 of multiple battery cells 12. This facilitates effective charge separation and transfer to the corresponding electrodes, reduces resistance loss and charge recombination, and improves the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell. Since part of the substrate 11 is exposed to the first gap P1, there is a risk that alkali metal ions in the substrate 11 may migrate to the main structural layer 122 through the first gap P1; wherein, the alkali metal ions include Na. +The first barrier layer 13 can interfere with the migration of alkali metal ions; that is, in this embodiment, the first barrier layer 13 is used to interfere with the migration of alkali metal ions. By providing the first barrier layer 13 within the first gap P1, this application blocks the first gap P1, which serves as a migration channel for alkali metal ions, thereby reducing the migration of alkali metal ions from the substrate 11 to the main structural layer 122 and weakening the potential-induced degradation effect of the solar cell.

[0058] In one embodiment, as shown in FIG1, the first barrier layer 13 covers the surface of the substrate 11 facing the first gap P1 and covers at least a portion of the surface of the first electrode layer 121 facing the first gap P1.

[0059] The surface of the substrate 11 facing the first gap P1 can be understood as the bottom surface of the first gap P1, and the first barrier layer 13 covering the surface of the substrate 11 facing the first gap P1 can also be described as the first barrier layer 13 covering the bottom surface of the first gap P1. The surface of the first electrode layer 121 facing the first gap P1 can also be described as the side surface of the first electrode layer 121. A first gap P1 is formed between the first electrode layers 121 of two adjacent battery cells 12, and there is a first electrode layer 121 on each side of the first gap P1; the first barrier layer 13 covering at least a portion of the surface of the first electrode layer 121 facing the first gap P1 can be either the first barrier layer 13 covering at least a portion of the surface of one of the two adjacent first electrode layers 121 facing the first gap P1, or the first barrier layer 13 simultaneously covering at least a portion of the surfaces of the two adjacent first electrode layers 121 facing the first gap P1.

[0060] The first barrier layer 13 covers the bottom surface of the first gap P1, interfering with various positions on the bottom surface of the first gap P1. This significantly reduces the channel size for alkali metal ions to migrate from the first gap P1 to the main structural layer 122, and thus significantly reduces the amount of alkali metal ions migrating to the main structural layer 122. It should be noted that the first barrier layer 13 covering the bottom surface of the first gap P1 in the above description means that the first barrier layer 13 completely covers the bottom surface of the first gap P1.

[0061] The first barrier layer 13 covers the surface of the substrate 11 facing the first gap P1 and at least a portion of the surface of the first electrode layer 121 facing the first gap P1, making it easy to form the first barrier layer 13 and requiring less advanced processing.

[0062] In one embodiment, the thickness of the portion of the first barrier layer 13 covering the surface of the substrate 11 facing the first gap P1 is less than the thickness of the first electrode layer 121.

[0063] The thickness of the portion of the first barrier layer 13 covering the surface of the substrate 11 facing the first gap P1 may be less than the thickness of the first electrode layer 121, and the first barrier layer 13 does not completely fill the first gap P1. Here, thickness refers to the dimension along the arrangement direction of the substrate 11, the first electrode layer 121, and the main structure layer 122. In other embodiments, the thickness of the portion of the first barrier layer 13 covering the surface of the substrate 11 facing the first gap P1 may be equal to the thickness of the first electrode layer 121, and the first barrier layer 13 may completely fill the first gap P1.

[0064] By setting the thickness of the first barrier layer 13 covering the surface of the substrate 11 facing the first gap P1 to be less than the thickness of the first electrode layer 121, the migration of alkali metal ions to the main structure layer 122 can be effectively prevented, the amount of material used in the first barrier layer can be reduced, and the cost can be reduced.

[0065] In one embodiment, the thickness of the portion of the first barrier layer 13 covering the surface of the substrate 11 facing the first gap P1 is less than 30 nm.

[0066] By designing the thickness of the first barrier layer 13 as described above, the migration of alkali metal ions to the main structural layer 122 can be effectively prevented. The thickness of the portion of the first barrier layer 13 covering the surface of the substrate 11 facing the first gap P1 can be 0.1 nm, 0.5 nm, 1 nm, 5 nm, 10 nm, 15 nm, 20 nm, 25 nm, 29 nm, 29.9 nm, etc., or it can be a range of any two of the above values, such as 0.1 nm-10 nm, 5 nm-20 nm, etc.

[0067] In one embodiment, the thickness of the portion of the first barrier layer 13 covering the surface of the substrate 11 facing the first gap P1 is less than or equal to 10 nm and greater than or equal to 0.1 nm.

[0068] By designing the thickness of the first barrier layer 13 as described above, the migration of alkali metal ions to the main structural layer 122 can be effectively prevented, while reducing the amount of material used in the first barrier layer, which helps to reduce costs. The thickness of the first barrier layer 13 covering the surface of the substrate 11 facing the first gap P1 can be 0.1nm, 0.5nm, 1nm, 1.5nm, 2nm, 2.5nm, 3nm, 3.5nm, 4nm, 4.5nm, 5nm, 5.5nm, 6nm, 6.5nm, 7nm, 7.5nm, 8nm, 8.5nm, 9nm, 9.5nm, 10nm, etc., or it can be a range of any two of the above values, such as 0.1nm-5nm, 1nm-8nm, etc.

[0069] In one embodiment, as shown in FIG2, the first barrier layer 13 is also disposed between the first electrode layer 121 and the main structure layer 122.

[0070] The substrate 11, the first electrode layer 121, and the main structure layer 122 are stacked sequentially from bottom to top. The first electrode layer 121 has a certain degree of resistance to the migration of alkali metal ions from the substrate 11 to the main structure layer 122, but the resistance is weak. By providing a first barrier layer 13 between the first electrode layer 121 and the main structure layer 122, this first barrier layer 13 interferes with the migration of alkali metal ions to the main structure layer 122, which helps to reduce the potential-induced degradation effect of the solar cell.

[0071] In other words, alkali metal ions in the substrate 11 can migrate to the main structural layer 122 through the first gap P1, or they can migrate to the main structural layer 122 through the first electrode layer 121. The first electrode layer 121 has a certain obstruction effect, making it easier for alkali metal ions to migrate from the first gap P1 to the main structural layer 122. In this embodiment, a first barrier layer 13 is provided between the first gap P1 and between the first electrode layer 121 and the main structural layer 122. The first barrier layer 13 interferes with the migration of alkali metal ions to the main structural layer 122, which helps to reduce the potential-induced degradation effect of the solar cell.

[0072] Optionally, the two opposing surfaces of the first barrier layer 13 are in contact with the first electrode layer 121 and the main structure layer 122, respectively. The structure of the solar cell is simple, which helps to reduce costs.

[0073] Optionally, a first film layer is provided between the first electrode layer 121 and the first barrier layer 13, and / or a second film layer is provided between the first barrier layer 13 and the main structure layer 122. It should be noted that the specific arrangement of the first film layer and the second film layer is designed according to functional requirements, and the arrangement and thickness of the first film layer and the second film layer have little impact on the reception of electrons or holes by the first electrode layer 121.

[0074] Optionally, the portion of the first barrier layer 13 located in the first gap P1 and the portion of the first barrier layer 13 located between the first electrode layer 121 and the main structure layer 122 are formed in the same process, which helps to simplify the process and reduce costs.

[0075] Optionally, the portion of the first barrier layer 13 located in the first gap P1 and the portion of the first barrier layer 13 located between the first electrode layer 121 and the main structure layer 122 have the same thickness.

[0076] Optionally, the first barrier layer 13 is formed using physical vapor deposition (PVD) or atomic layer deposition (ALD). Exemplarily, the first barrier layer 13 is formed using vacuum sputtering. Even more exemplaryly, the first barrier layer 13 is formed using atomic layer deposition.

[0077] Optionally, as shown in Figure 2, the first barrier layer 13 covers the entire surface of the first electrode layer 121 facing the main structure layer 122; the main structure layer 122 and the second electrode layer 123 are sequentially stacked on one side of the first barrier layer 13.

[0078] By designing the first barrier layer 13 to cover the entire surface of the first electrode layer 121 facing the main structural layer 122, the migration path of alkali metal ions from the first electrode layer 121 to the main structural layer 122 is interfered with in all directions, significantly reducing the amount of alkali metal ions migrating to the main structural layer 122. This helps to weaken the potential-induced degradation effect of the solar cell and improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell. In other embodiments, the first barrier layer 13 may also cover only a portion of the surface of the first electrode layer 121 facing the main structural layer 122, depending on the specific design requirements.

[0079] It should be noted that when a first barrier layer 13 is provided between the first electrode layer 121 and the main structure layer 122, the bottom surface of the second gap P2 can be located on the surface of the first barrier layer 13 facing the main structure layer 122, or it can be located inside the first barrier layer 13; the second gap P2 only needs to separate the main structure layers 122 of two adjacent batteries 12, and the bottom surface of the second gap P2 can be designed as needed.

[0080] When a first barrier layer 13 is provided between the first electrode layer 121 and the main structure layer 122, the bottom surface of the third gap P3 can be located on the surface of the first barrier layer 13 facing the main structure layer 122, or it can be located within the first barrier layer 13, or it can be located on the surface of the first electrode layer 121 facing the main structure layer 122, or it can be located within the first electrode layer 121. For example, when the bottom surface of the third gap P3 is located on the surface of the first barrier layer 13 facing the main structure layer 122, the third gap P3 extends from the surface of the second electrode layer 123 away from the main structure layer 122, penetrates the main structure layer 122, and extends to the surface of the first barrier layer 13 facing the main structure layer 122. For example, when the bottom surface of the third gap P3 is located within the first barrier layer 13, the third gap P3 extends from the surface of the second electrode layer 123 away from the main structure layer 122, penetrates the main structure layer 122, and extends to the interior of the first barrier layer 13. For example, when the bottom surface of the third gap P3 is located on the surface of the first electrode layer 121 facing the main structure layer 122, the third gap P3 extends from the surface of the second electrode layer 123 away from the main structure layer 122, sequentially penetrating the main structure layer 122 and the first barrier layer 13, and extending to the surface of the first electrode layer 121 facing the main structure layer 122. For example, when the bottom surface of the third gap P3 is located inside the first electrode layer 121, the third gap P3 extends from the surface of the second electrode layer 123 away from the main structure layer 122, sequentially penetrating the main structure layer 122 and the first barrier layer 13, and extending to the interior of the first electrode layer 121.

[0081] In one embodiment, the thickness of the portion of the first barrier layer 13 covering the surface of the first electrode layer 121 facing the main structure layer 122 is less than 30 nm.

[0082] By designing the thickness of the first barrier layer 13 as described above, the migration of alkali metal ions to the main structural layer 122 can be effectively hindered, while having minimal impact on hole or electron transport, allowing holes or electrons to pass smoothly through the first barrier layer 13 and be collected by the first electrode layer 121. The thickness of the portion of the first barrier layer 13 covering the surface of the first electrode layer 121 facing the main structural layer 122 can be 0.1 nm, 0.5 nm, 1 nm, 5 nm, 10 nm, 15 nm, 20 nm, 25 nm, 29 nm, 29.9 nm, etc., or a range consisting of any two of the above values, such as 0.1 nm-10 nm, 5 nm-20 nm, etc.

[0083] In one embodiment, the thickness of the portion of the first barrier layer 13 covering the surface of the first electrode layer 121 facing the main structure layer 122 is less than or equal to 10 nm and greater than or equal to 0.1 nm.

[0084] By designing the thickness of the first barrier layer 13 as described above, the migration of alkali metal ions to the main structural layer 122 can be effectively hindered, while maintaining high transport efficiency for holes or electrons, thus maintaining high photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell. The thickness of the portion of the first barrier layer 13 covering the surface of the first electrode layer 121 facing the main structural layer 122 can be 0.1nm, 0.5nm, 1nm, 1.5nm, 2nm, 2.5nm, 3nm, 3.5nm, 4nm, 4.5nm, 5nm, 5.5nm, 6nm, 6.5nm, 7nm, 7.5nm, 8nm, 8.5nm, 9nm, 9.5nm, 10nm, etc., or a range consisting of any two of the above values, such as 0.1nm-5nm, 1nm-8nm, etc.

[0085] In one embodiment, as shown in Figures 3 and 4, the solar cell further includes a backsheet 14 and a second barrier layer 15. The backsheet 14 is located on the side of the second electrode layer 123 facing away from the substrate 11. The second barrier layer 15 covers the bottom surface of the third gap P3 and / or is located between the second electrode layer 123 and the backsheet 14.

[0086] Since part of the backsheet 14 is exposed to the third gap P3, there is a risk that alkali metal ions in the backsheet 14 may migrate to the main structural layer 122 through the third gap P3. The second barrier layer 15 can interfere with the migration of alkali metal ions; that is, in this embodiment, the second barrier layer 15 is used to interfere with the migration of alkali metal ions. This application provides a second barrier layer 15 on the bottom surface of the third gap P3 to block the third gap P3, which serves as a migration channel for alkali metal ions, thereby reducing the migration of alkali metal ions from the backsheet 14 to the main structural layer 122 and weakening the potential-induced degradation effect of the solar cell. It should be noted that the second barrier layer 15 covering the bottom surface of the third gap P3 in the above description means that the second barrier layer 15 completely covers the bottom surface of the third gap P3.

[0087] The main structural layer 122, the second electrode layer 123, and the backplate 14 are stacked sequentially from bottom to top. The second electrode layer 123 has a certain obstruction effect on the migration of alkali metal ions in the backplate 14 to the main structural layer 122. By providing a second barrier layer 15 between the second electrode layer 123 and the backplate 14, this second barrier layer 15 further interferes with the migration of alkali metal ions to the main structural layer 122, which is beneficial to weakening the potential-induced degradation effect of the solar cell.

[0088] In other words, alkali metal ions in the backplate 14 can migrate to the main structural layer 122 through the third gap P3, or they can migrate to the main structural layer 122 through the second electrode layer 123. The second electrode layer 123 has a certain degree of obstruction, but the obstruction is relatively weak, making it easier for alkali metal ions to migrate from the third gap P3 to the main structural layer 122. In this embodiment, a second barrier layer 15 is provided on the bottom surface of the third gap P3 and between the second electrode layer 123 and the backplate 14. The second barrier layer 15 obstructs the migration of alkali metal ions to the main structural layer 122, which helps to reduce the potential-induced degradation effect of the solar cell.

[0089] It should be noted that the thicker the second barrier layer 15, the better the effect of blocking the migration of alkali metal ions.

[0090] The third gap P3 may be filled with the second barrier layer 15 or left unfilled. The thickness of the second barrier layer 15 is designed according to the needs.

[0091] Optionally, the second barrier layer 15 covers the entire surface of the second electrode layer 123 facing the backplate 14.

[0092] By designing the second barrier layer 15 to cover the entire surface of the second electrode layer 123 facing the backsheet 14, the migration path of alkali metal ions from the second electrode layer 123 to the main structural layer 122 is comprehensively interfered with, significantly reducing the amount of alkali metal ions migrating to the main structural layer 122. This helps to weaken the potential-induced degradation effect of the solar cell and improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell. In other embodiments, the second barrier layer 15 may also cover only a portion of the surface of the second electrode layer 123 facing the main structural layer 122, depending on the specific design requirements.

[0093] Optionally, the second barrier layer 15 is in contact with the second electrode layer 123, which simplifies the structure of the solar cell and helps reduce costs.

[0094] Optionally, a third film layer is provided between the second barrier layer 15 and the second electrode layer 123. It should be noted that the specific arrangement of the third film layer is designed according to functional requirements.

[0095] Optionally, the portion of the second barrier layer 15 located in the third gap P3 and the portion of the second barrier layer 15 located between the second electrode layer 123 and the backplate 14 are formed in the same process, which helps to simplify the process and reduce costs.

[0096] Optionally, the portion of the second barrier layer 15 located in the third gap P3 and the portion of the second barrier layer 15 located between the second electrode layer 123 and the back plate 14 have the same thickness.

[0097] Optionally, the second barrier layer 15 is formed using physical vapor deposition (PVD) or atomic layer deposition (ALD). Exemplarily, the second barrier layer 15 is formed using vacuum sputtering. Even more exemplaryly, the second barrier layer 15 is formed using atomic layer deposition.

[0098] In one embodiment, the thickness of the portion of the second barrier layer 15 covering the bottom surface of the third gap P3 is less than 30 nm; and / or, the thickness of the portion of the second barrier layer 15 covering the surface of the second electrode layer 123 facing the backplate 14 is less than 30 nm.

[0099] By designing the thickness of the second barrier layer 15 as described above, the migration of alkali metal ions to the main structural layer 122 can be effectively prevented. The thickness of the portion of the second barrier layer 15 covering the bottom surface of the third gap P3 and the thickness of the portion of the second barrier layer 15 covering the surface of the second electrode layer 123 facing the backplate 14 can be 0.1 nm, 0.5 nm, 1 nm, 5 nm, 10 nm, 15 nm, 20 nm, 25 nm, 29 nm, 29.9 nm, etc., or can be a range of any two of the above values, such as 0.1 nm-10 nm, 5 nm-20 nm, etc.

[0100] In one embodiment, the thickness of the portion of the second barrier layer 15 covering the bottom surface of the third gap P3 is less than or equal to 10 nm and greater than or equal to 0.1 nm; and / or, the thickness of the portion of the second barrier layer 15 covering the surface of the second electrode layer 123 facing the backplate 14 is less than or equal to 10 nm and greater than or equal to 0.1 nm.

[0101] By designing the thickness of the second barrier layer 15 as described above, the migration of alkali metal ions to the main structural layer 122 can be effectively prevented, maintaining the high photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell. The thickness of the portion of the second barrier layer 15 covering the bottom surface of the third gap P3 and the thickness of the portion of the second barrier layer 15 covering the surface of the second electrode layer 123 facing the backplate 14 can be 0.1nm, 0.5nm, 1nm, 1.5nm, 2nm, 2.5nm, 3nm, 3.5nm, 4nm, 4.5nm, 5nm, 5.5nm, 6nm, 6.5nm, 7nm, 7.5nm, 8nm, 8.5nm, 9nm, 9.5nm, 10nm, etc., or a range consisting of any two of the above values, such as 0.1nm-5nm, 1nm-8nm, etc.

[0102] In one embodiment, as shown in Figures 1 to 4, an encapsulation layer 16 is further provided between the second barrier layer 15 and the backsheet 14. The encapsulation layer 16 is used to encapsulate the main structural layer 122, preventing moisture, oxygen and other corrosive substances from entering the main structural layer 122, protecting the main structural layer 122 from environmental damage and extending the service life of the solar cell.

[0103] Optionally, the encapsulation layer 16 has adhesive properties and can also be used to tightly bond the second barrier layer 15 to the backplate 14.

[0104] Optionally, the encapsulation layer 16 has the property of hindering the migration of alkaline metal ions. The encapsulation layer 16 and the second barrier layer 15 together hinder the migration of alkaline metal ions from the backsheet 14 to the main structural layer 122, significantly reducing the amount of alkaline metal ions migrating to the main structural layer 122, weakening the potential-induced degradation effect of the solar cell, and improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell. For example, the encapsulation layer 16 includes one of silicon nitride and silicon dioxide to achieve the effect of hindering the migration of alkaline metal ions.

[0105] It should be noted that when the encapsulation layer 16 has the property of hindering the migration of alkaline metal ions, the second barrier layer 15 is an optional structure, which can be selected according to the specific needs.

[0106] In one embodiment, at least one of the first barrier layer 13 and the second barrier layer 15 includes a plurality of stacked layers, each layer including one of inorganic metal oxides and nitrides.

[0107] Inorganic metal oxides and nitrides typically have compact crystal structures; alkali metal ions such as Na+... + K + The relatively large interlayer size of inorganic metal oxides and nitrides effectively blocks the diffusion path of alkali metal ions within the material, making it difficult for alkali metal ions to penetrate and pass through these materials, thus physically hindering their migration. Furthermore, the design of the first barrier layer 13, comprising inorganic metal oxides and nitrides, has minimal impact on the transport of holes or electrons.

[0108] In one embodiment, each layer comprises SiO x SiN x AlO x ZrO, MoO x One of them. Where x = 1 to 2.

[0109] By designing a layered structure including SiO x SiN x AlO x ZrO, MoO x One of them is made of readily available materials, which allows the first barrier layer 13 and the second barrier layer 15 to hinder the migration of alkali metal ions, which helps to reduce the potential-induced degradation effect of the solar cell and improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell.

[0110] In one embodiment, the material of the light-absorbing layer 1221 includes, but is not limited to, perovskite (PVK) material, which has photoelectric conversion function. The chemical formula of the perovskite material is ABX3, wherein A is an inorganic cation and / or an organic cation, B is an inorganic cation and / or an organic cation, and X is an inorganic anion and / or an organic anion.

[0111] Wherein, A is an inorganic cation, an organic cation, or a mixture of inorganic and organic cations. Optionally, A is a methylamino group (CH3NH3). + (MA) + ), formamidinyl (HC(NH2)2 + (FA) + ), cesium ion (Cs + ) and rubidium (Rb + At least one of the following.

[0112] B can be an inorganic cation, an organic cation, or a mixture of inorganic and organic cations. Optionally, B can be a divalent metal ion, Pb. 2+ and Sn 2+ At least one of them.

[0113] X is an inorganic anion, an organic anion, or a mixture of inorganic and organic anions. Optionally, X is a halide anion; that is, perovskite materials include halide perovskites.

[0114] The light absorption layer 1221 includes a perovskite material. A first barrier layer 13 is provided between the first gap P1 and the first electrode layer 121 and the main structure layer 122. The first barrier layer 13 prevents alkali metal ions in the substrate 11 from migrating to the main structure layer 122 through the first gap P1 and the first electrode layer 121, thereby reducing the potential-induced degradation effect of the solar cell.

[0115] In one embodiment, as shown in Figures 5 and 6, the main structure layer 122 further includes a hole transport layer 1222 located on one side of the light absorption layer 1221 and / or an electron transport layer 1223 located on the other side of the light absorption layer 1221.

[0116] By setting the hole transport layer 1222, the hole transport layer 1222 helps to effectively extract and conduct holes generated from the light absorption layer 1221 to the first electrode layer 121 or the second electrode layer 123, reducing the recombination loss of holes during the transport process, which is beneficial to improving the charge collection efficiency and the overall photoelectric conversion efficiency. As the interface layer between the light absorption layer 1221 and the first electrode layer 121 or the second electrode layer 123, the hole transport layer 1222 can optimize energy level matching, reduce the recombination of holes and electrons at the interface, and further improve the current output and voltage holding capability.

[0117] The hole transport layer 1222 is used to transport holes generated by the light absorption layer 1221 to the corresponding electrodes and prevent holes from diffusing in the opposite direction. Hole transport materials include, but are not limited to, at least one of 2,2',7,7'-tetra(N,N-p-methoxyaniline)-9,9'-spirodifluorene (Spiro-OMeTAD), methoxytriphenylamine-fluoroformamidinium, poly[bis(4-phenyl)(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)amine], poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), polystyrene sulfonic acid, poly3-hexylthiophene, triphenylamine with a triphenylene core, 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene-methoxytriphenylamine, N-(4-aniline)carbazole-spirodifluorene, polythiophene, phosphate monomers, carbazole monomers, sulfonic acid monomers, triphenylamine monomers, aromatic monomers, metal oxides, and cuprous thiocyanate, wherein the metal element in the metal oxide selected from the hole transport materials includes at least one of Ni, Mo, and Cu, for example, nickel oxide.

[0118] By setting up an electron transport layer 1223, the main function of which is to quickly extract electrons generated in the light absorption layer 1221 and prevent them from recombinating with holes, the electron transport layer 1223 helps to adjust the energy level structure between the light absorption layer 1221 and the first electrode layer 121 or the second electrode layer 123, thereby achieving good electron injection and blocking holes, reducing interface recombination, and improving the overall photoelectric conversion efficiency.

[0119] The electron transport layer 1223 is made of at least one of the following materials and their derivatives, or materials obtained by doping or passivation. The electron transport materials include, but are not limited to, at least one of imide compounds, quinone compounds, fullerenes and their derivatives, metal oxides, semiconductor oxides, titanates, and fluorides. Imide compounds include at least one of phthalimide, succinimide, N-bromosuccinimide, glutarimide, or maleimide. Quinone compounds include at least one of benzoquinone, naphthoquinone, phenanthrenequinone, or anthraquinone. Fullerenes and their derivatives include methyl [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyrate (PC... 61 BM), [6,6]-phenyl-C71-butyrate methyl ester (PC) 71 The metal oxide includes at least one of BM, fullerene C60 (C60), and fullerene C70 (C70). The metal element in the metal oxide includes at least one of Mg, Cd, Zn, In, Pb, W, Sb, Bi, Hg, Ti, Ag, Mn, Fe, V, Sn, Zr, Sr, Ga, and Cr; for example, zinc oxide (ZnO) and tin dioxide (SnO2). The semiconductor material oxide includes silicon oxide. The titanate includes at least one of strontium titanate and calcium titanate. The fluoride includes at least one of lithium fluoride and calcium fluoride.

[0120] It should be noted that the hole transport layer 1222 and the electron transport layer 1223 are optional structures, and whether or not they are set can be selected according to specific needs.

[0121] Optionally, as shown in Figure 5, along the direction from the first electrode layer 121 to the second electrode layer 123, the main structure layer 122 includes a hole transport layer 1222, a light absorption layer 1221, and an electron transport layer 1223 stacked sequentially; in this case, the first electrode layer 121 is used to collect holes, and the second electrode layer 123 is used to collect electrons.

[0122] Optionally, as shown in Figure 6, along the direction from the first electrode layer 121 to the second electrode layer 123, the main structure layer 122 includes an electron transport layer 1223, a light absorption layer 1221, and a hole transport layer 1222 stacked sequentially; in this case, the first electrode layer 121 is used to collect electrons, and the second electrode layer 123 is used to collect holes.

[0123] In one embodiment, the substrate 11 comprises glass. The glass allows light to pass through the substrate 11 to reach the light-absorbing layer 1221. The glass comprises alkali metal ions, such as sodium (Na). + By forming a first barrier layer 13 between the first gap P1, the first electrode layer 121 and the main structure layer 122, the migration of alkali metal ions in the glass to the main structure layer 122 is hindered, thereby reducing the potential-induced degradation effect of the solar cell.

[0124] In one embodiment, the first electrode layer 121 comprises a transparent conductive oxide. The transparent conductive oxide can be FTO (fluorine-doped SnO2), ITO (indium tin oxide), AZO (aluminum-doped zinc oxide), BZO (boron-doped zinc oxide), IZO (indium zinc oxide), etc. The first electrode layer 121, comprising a transparent conductive oxide, can be used to collect both electrons and holes; it is suitable regardless of whether the battery cell 12 has a formal or inverse structure. In other embodiments, the first electrode layer 121 comprises one of polyethylene dioxythiophene (PEDOT), graphene, or conductive nanowires.

[0125] In one embodiment, the second electrode layer 123 is typically an organic conductive material, an inorganic conductive material, or a mixture of organic and inorganic conductive materials. The organic conductive material is, for example, a conductive polymer, including, but not limited to, at least one of polyethylene dioxythiophene (PEDOT), polythiophene, and polyacetylene. The inorganic conductive material is, for example, but not limited to, at least one of transparent conductive oxides, metals, and carbon derivatives, specifically Ag, Cu, C, Au, Al, ITO, AZO, BZO, IZO, etc.

[0126] In one embodiment, the back panel 14 includes glass.

[0127] By forming a second barrier layer 15 between the third gap P3, the second electrode layer 123 and the backplate 14, the migration of alkali metal ions in the glass to the main structure layer 122 is hindered, thereby reducing the potential-induced degradation effect of the solar cell.

[0128] This application also provides an electrical device, which is a common device including the solar cell provided in the above embodiments of this application. It has at least the same advantages as solar cells, improving the performance of the electrical device. As an example, the electrical device can be applied to the fields of communication, transportation, industry and agriculture, lighting, etc. Examples of the electrical device include satellites, communication equipment, traffic lights, lighthouses, wireless telephone booths, monitoring equipment in the oil drilling field, power systems, camping lights, electric vehicles, electronic device chargers, etc.

[0129] This application also provides a power generation device, which is a common device including the solar cell provided in the above embodiments of this application. It has at least the same advantages as the solar cell, improving the power generation performance of the device. The solar cell serves as the energy source for the power generation device, enabling it to output electrical energy. As an example, the power generation device can be applied to fields such as building power supply, wearable device power supply, smartphone power supply, and vehicle battery power supply.

[0130] The above are merely embodiments of this application and do not limit the scope of this patent application. Any equivalent structural or procedural changes made using the content of this application's specification and drawings, or direct or indirect applications in other related technical fields, are similarly included within the scope of patent protection of this application.

Claims

1. A solar cell, wherein, The solar cell comprises a substrate and a plurality of battery cells located on the substrate; Each of the battery cells comprises a first electrode layer, a main structure layer and a second electrode layer which are sequentially stacked, the main structure layer comprises at least a light absorption layer; the first electrode layers of two adjacent battery cells are cut by a first gap in the thickness direction of the battery cells, the main structure layers of the two adjacent battery cells are cut by a second gap in the thickness direction of the battery cells and the second gap is filled with a conductive material, and the second electrode layers of the two adjacent battery cells are cut by a third gap in the thickness direction of the battery cells; the plurality of battery cells are structurally separated and connected by the first gap, the second gap filled with the conductive material and the third gap. The solar cell further comprises a first barrier layer, and the first barrier layer is located in the first gap.

2. The solar cell of claim 1, wherein, The first barrier layer covers the surface of the substrate facing the first gap and covers at least part of the surface of the first electrode layer facing the first gap.

3. The solar cell according to claim 1 or 2, wherein The thickness of the part of the first barrier layer covering the surface of the substrate facing the first gap is less than the thickness of the first electrode layer.

4. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein, The first barrier layer is further located between the first electrode layer and the main structure layer.

5. The solar cell of claim 4, wherein, The thickness of the part of the first barrier layer covering the surface of the first electrode layer facing the main structure layer is less than 30 nm.

6. The solar cell according to claim 4 or 5, wherein The thickness of the part of the first barrier layer covering the surface of the first electrode layer facing the main structure layer is less than or equal to 10 nm and greater than or equal to 0.1 nm.

7. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein, The solar cell further comprises a back sheet and a second barrier layer; the back sheet is located on the side of the second electrode layer away from the substrate; and the second barrier layer covers the bottom surface of the third gap and / or is located between the second electrode layer and the back sheet.

8. The solar cell of claim 7, wherein, At least one of the first barrier layer and the second barrier layer comprises a plurality of layers which are sequentially stacked, and each of the layers comprises one of inorganic metal oxide and nitride.

9. The solar cell of claim 8, wherein, Each of said layers comprises one of SiO x , SiN x , AlO x , ZrO, MoO x , wherein x = 1-2.

10. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein, The light absorption layer comprises a perovskite material.

11. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 10, wherein, The main structure layer further comprises a hole transport layer located on one side of the light absorption layer and / or an electron transport layer located on the other side of the light absorption layer.

12. An electrical device, comprising: The solar cell comprises the solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 11.

13. A power generation apparatus wherein, The solar cell comprises the solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 11.

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