Gamma delta TCR antibody and uses thereof
By developing antibodies that target γδ TCR domains, particularly Vδ2 and Vγ9, and engaging tumor-associated antigens, the therapeutic potential of γδ T cells is harnessed to enhance tumor treatment efficacy through increased cytotoxicity.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2025/111519
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2024-07-30
- Filing Date
- 2025-07-30
- Publication Date
- 2026-02-05
AI Technical Summary
Current immunotherapy approaches using bispecific antibodies to target tumor cells often overlook the potential of γδ T cells, which are less common but demonstrate significant antitumor efficacy, particularly Vγ9Vδ2 T cells, limiting their therapeutic impact.
Development of antibodies or antigen-binding fragments that specifically target γδ TCR domains, including Vδ2, Vγ9, and constant regions, and multi-specific antibodies that engage both γδ TCR and tumor-associated antigens to enhance T cell-mediated cytotoxicity against tumors.
The targeted γδ TCR antibodies activate and enhance the cytotoxicity of γδ T cells, effectively treating tumors by inducing potent killing of cancer cells, including bispecific formats that show enhanced activity against a range of cancer types.
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Figure CN2025111519_05022026_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
GAMMA DELTA TCR ANTIBODY AND USES THEREOF
[0001] CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0002] The present application claims the priority to PCT Application No. PCT / CN2024 / 108538, filed on July 30, 2024. The disclosure of the prior application is considered part of the disclosure of the present application and is incorporated herein in its entirety.
[0003] REFERENCE TO THE SEQUENCE LISTING
[0004] The Sequence Listing titled DCF240284WO-sequence listing, which was created on July 27, 2024 and is 42,561 bytes in size, is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.TECHNICAL FIELD
[0005] The present disclosure relates to the immunotherapy field, particularly relates to an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof that specifically binds γδ TCR, a bispecific antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof targeting γδ TCR and tumor associated antigen.BACKGROUND
[0006] The advancement of immunotherapy offers effective treatment options for cancer patients. One promising approach involves using T cells for cancer therapy, which emerged from the discovery that T cells can be redirected to tumor cells by a type of bispecific hybrid antibodies (Abs) . Generally, these bispecific antibodies combine a tumor-binding domain directed to a tumor-associated antigen with a T cell recruitment domain, most often targeted to CD3. These bispecific antibodies, also known as T cell engagers (TCE) , can induce T cell-mediated cytotoxicity towards tumor cells by simultaneously binding to the target antigen and CD3, without engaging specific T cell receptor (TCR) -MHC complexes (Brischwein et al. Journal of Immunotherapy 30 (8) ) .
[0007] γδ T cells are a subgroup of T cells characterized by distinct T cell receptor γ and δ chains on their surfaces, accounting for 0.5–5%of all T-lymphocytes. γδ T cells are typically less common than αβ T cells, with their highest abundance in the gut mucosa, within a population of lymphocytes known as intraepithelial lymphocytes (Zhao et al. J Transl Med (2018) 16: 3) . Human γδ T cells can be subdivided into Vδ1, Vδ2, and Vδ3 T cells based on their surface antigens. Typically, about 50%to 75%of γδ T lymphocytes in peripheral blood are Vγ9Vδ2 T cells, which express Vδ2 chains and Vγ9 chains (Chen et al. Ann Blood 2022; 7: 42) . Vγ9Vδ2 T cells have demonstrated antitumor efficacy against a broad range of cancers.SUMMARY
[0008] The present disclosure is directed to antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind γδ TCR, wherein said antibody or antigen binding fragment interacts with at least one of the following domains of γδ TCR: Vδ2 domain, Vγ9 domain, and constant region.
[0009] The present disclosure also provides an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof competing with the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof described in the present disclosure to bind γδ TCR.
[0010] The present disclosure also provides a multi-specific antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof comprises a first antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof (AB1) targeting γδ TCR, and at least a second antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof (AB2) that specifically binds a second target, preferably the multi-specific antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof is bispecific.
[0011] The present disclosure also provides an antibody conjugate, comprising the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof described in the present disclosure, or the multi-specific antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof described in the present disclosure.
[0012] The present disclosure also provides an isolated nucleic acid encoding the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof described in the present disclosure, or the multi-specific antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof described in the present disclosure.
[0013] The present disclosure also provides a vector comprising the isolated nucleic acid described in the present disclosure.
[0014] The present disclosure also provides a host cell comprising the isolated nucleic acid described in the present disclosure, or the vector described in the present disclosure.
[0015] The present disclosure also provides a pharmaceutical composition, comprising the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof described in the present disclosure, the multi-specific antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof described in the present disclosure, the antibody conjugate described in the present disclosure, the isolated nucleic acid described in the present disclosure, the vector described in the present disclosure, or the host cell described in the present disclosure, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient or carrier.
[0016] The present disclosure also provides a combination, comprising the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof described in the present disclosure, the multi-specific antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof described in the present disclosure, the antibody conjugate described in the present disclosure, or the pharmaceutical composition described in the present disclosure, and another therapeutic agent.
[0017] The present disclosure also provides a method of treating tumor, preventing tumor occurrence, preventing tumor metastasis, activating T cell, or inducing cytotoxicity of tumor cells in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof described in the present disclosure, the multi-specific antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof of any one described in the present disclosure, the antibody conjugate described in the present disclosure, the pharmaceutical composition described in the present disclosure, or the combination described in the present disclosure.
[0018] The present disclosure also provides use of the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof described in the present disclosure, the multi-specific antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof described in the present disclosure, the antibody conjugate described in the present disclosure, the pharmaceutical composition described in the present disclosure, or the combination described in the present disclosure in the preparation of a medicament for treating tumor, preventing tumor occurrence, preventing tumor metastasis, activating T cell, or inducing cytotoxicity of tumor cells in a subject in need thereof.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0019] The following is a brief description of the drawings, which are presented for the purposes of illustrating the exemplary embodiments disclosed herein and not for the purposes of limiting the same.
[0020] Figure 1 shows the FACS binding results for the anti-γδT antibodies 3E12 towards primary human Vγ9Vδ2 T cells in Example 3. B420 and 5C8 were used as reference antibodies and IgG1 was used as a negative isotype control.
[0021] Figure 2 shows the FACS binding results for the anti-γδT antibodies 6G8 towards primary human Vγ9Vδ2 T cells in Example 3. B420 and 5C8 were used as reference antibodies and IgG1 was used as a negative isotype control.
[0022] Figure 3 shows the FACS binding results for the anti-γδT antibodies 3G2 towards primary human Vγ9Vδ2 T cells in Example 3. B420 and 5C8 were used as reference antibodies and IgG1 was used as a negative isotype control.
[0023] Figure 4 shows the results of activation of Jurkat-γ9δ2 TCR / NFAT-Luc reporter cell by the anti-γδT antibodies 3E12 and 3G2 in Example 5.5C8 was used as a reference antibody and hIgG1 was used as a negative control.
[0024] Figure 5 shows the results of activation of Jurkat-γ9δ2 TCR / NFAT-Luc reporter cell by the anti-γδT antibodies 6G8 in Example 5. B420 and 5C8 were used as reference antibodies and hIgG1 was used as a negative control.
[0025] Figure 6 shows the ELISA results of the humanized antibody hu3G2 binding to various γ9δ2 TCR muteins in Example 7. B420 was used as a reference antibody.
[0026] Figure 7 shows the FACS binding results for the humanized antibodies hu3G2, hu3E12, and hu6G8 towards primary human Vγ9Vδ2 T cells in Example 9. B420 and 5C8 were used as reference antibodies and IgG1 was used as a negative isotype control.
[0027] Figure 8 shows the FACS binding results for the humanized antibodies hu3G2, hu3E12, and hu6G8 towards primary monkey Vγ9Vδ2T cells in Example 10. B420 and 5C8 were used as reference antibodies and IgG1 was used as a negative isotype control.
[0028] Figure 9 shows the results of activation of Jurkat-γ9δ2 TCR / NFAT-Luc reporter cell by the the humanized antibodies hu3G2, hu3E12, and hu6G8 in Example 11. B420 and 5C8 were used as reference antibodies and hIgG1 was used as a negative control.
[0029] Figure 10 shows the results of γδT cell killing assay by the humanized antibodies hu3G2, hu3E12, and hu6G8 in Example 12. B420 and 5C8 were used as reference antibodies and hIgG1 was used as a negative control.
[0030] Figure 11A-C shows the molecular constructs of the bispecific antibody follows a "1+1" (V1) , "2+2" (V2) , and F3 (V3) pattern in Example 13 and 17 Example.
[0031] Figures 12-14 show the FACS binding results for the bispecific antibodies BsAb 3E12-V1, BsAb 3E12-V2, BsAb 3E12-V3, BsAb 3G2-V1, BsAb 3G2-V2, BsAb 3G2-V3, BsAb 6G8-V1, BsAb 6G8-V2, BsAb 6G8-V3 towards human Vγ9Vδ2T Cells in Example 14. BsAb B420-V1, BsAb B420-V2, BsAb 5C8-V1, and BsAb 5C8-V2 were used as reference antibodies.
[0032] Figures 15-17 show the FACS binding results for the bispecific antibodies BsAb 3E12-V1, BsAb 3E12-V2, BsAb 3E12-V3, BsAb 3G2-V1, BsAb 3G2-V2, BsAb 3G2-V3, BsAb 6G8-V1, BsAb 6G8-V2, BsAb 6G8-V3 towards U937 tumor cells in Example 14. BsAb B420-V1, BsAb B420-V2, BsAb 5C8-V1, and BsAb 5C8-V2 were used as reference antibodies.
[0033] Figures 18-20 show the results of activation of Jurkat-γ9δ2 TCR / NFAT-Luc reporter cell by the bispecific antibodies BsAb 3E12-V1, BsAb 3E12-V2, BsAb 3E12-V3, BsAb 3G2-V1, BsAb 3G2-V2, BsAb 3G2-V3, BsAb 6G8-V1, BsAb 6G8-V2, BsAb 6G8-V3 in Example 15. BsAb B420-V1, BsAb B420-V2, BsAb 5C8-V1, and BsAb 5C8-V2 were used as reference antibodies, hIgG1 with LALA mutation was used as isotype control.
[0034] Figures 21-23 show the results of γδ T cell killing assay by the bispecific antibodies BsAb 3E12-V1, BsAb 3E12-V2, BsAb 3E12-V3, BsAb 3G2-V1, BsAb 3G2-V2, BsAb 3G2-V3, BsAb 6G8-V1, BsAb 6G8-V2, BsAb 6G8-V3 in Example 16. BsAb B420-V1, BsAb B420-V2, BsAb 5C8-V1, and BsAb 5C8-V2 were used as reference antibodies.
[0035] Figure 24 shows the cytoxicity led by DSG2-specific γδ T cell engagers against target cell A549, OE19, MKN-74 in Example 18. All DSG2-specific γδ T cell engagers with V1, V2 or V3 format showed potent killing activity against target cells, especially BsAbs in “V2” formats, which were 10-fold more potent than BsAbs in “V1” format.
[0036] Figures 25A and 25B show the tumor volume changes of HL-60 xenograft model mice treating with the bispecific antibodies BsAb 3E12-V2, BsAb 3G2-V2, BsAb 6G8-V2 in Example 19.In 25B, the dashed lines represent G1.
[0037] Figure 25C shows the bodyweight change of HL-60 xenograft model mice treating with the bispecific antibodies BsAb 3E12-V2, BsAb 3G2-V2, BsAb 6G8-V2, in Example 19.
[0038] Figure 26 A-C show the bodyweight change of OE19 xenograft model treating with γδ T cell engagers 3G2 x 10F7 in Example 20.DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS
[0039] The aforementioned features and advantages of the disclosure as well as additional features and advantages thereof will be more clearly understood hereafter as a result of a detailed description of the following embodiments when taken in conjunction with the drawings. The embodiments described herein with reference to drawings are explanatory, illustrative, and shall not be construed to limit the scope of the present disclosure.
[0040] The description is not intended to be a detailed catalog of all the different ways in which the disclosure may be implemented or all the features that may be added to the instant disclosure. For example, features illustrated with respect to one embodiment may be incorporated into other embodiments, and features illustrated with respect to a particular embodiment may be deleted from that embodiment. In addition, numerous variations and additions to the various embodiments suggested herein will be apparent to those skilled in the art in light of the instant disclosure which do not depart from the instant disclosure. Hence, the following description is intended to illustrate some particular embodiments of the disclosure, and not to exhaustively specify all permutations, combinations and variations thereof.
[0041] Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which the disclosure pertains. Although any methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein may be used in the practice for testing of the present disclosure, the preferred materials and methods are described herein. In describing and claiming the present disclosure, the following terminology will be used.
[0042] Unless clearly indicated otherwise, the term “comprise” , “include” , “contain” , and their variations such as “comprising” , “comprises” as used herein should be understood to imply the inclusion of a stated element or step or a group of elements or steps, but not the exclusion of any other element or step or a group of elements or steps.
[0043] Unless clearly contraindicated in the context herein or indicated otherwise, the expression of “A and / or B” includes three situations: (1) A, (2) B, and (3) A and B; the expression of “A, B and / or C” includes seven situations: (1) A, (2) B, (3) C, (4) A and B, (5) A and C, (6) B and C, and (7) A, B and C. The meaning of similar expressions can be inferred in this manner.
[0044] Unless indicated otherwise, a singular form of a referent shall include its plural counterparts, and plural terms shall include the singular counterpart.
[0045] As used herein, the term “antibody” refers to an immunoglobulin (Ig) molecule that specifically binds an antigen. A basic antibody unit is in a tetramer form consisting of two identical light chains (LC) and two identical heavy chains (HC) . The N-terminal of each chain contains a variable region with highly diverse amino acid sequence, and the rest of each chain contains the constant region. The heavy chain variable region (VH) and light chain variable region (VL) are responsible for antigen binding, while the constant regions may participate in the binding of an immunoglobulin to host cells or factors, including immune cells and components of the complement system.
[0046] An immunoglobulin can be categorized into five classes based on heavy chain constant region, that are IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM. Further, an immunoglobulin can be further divided into subtypes, such as IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgA1, IgA2. Whereas, the antibody light chain may be a lambda (λ) chain or a kappa (κ) chain.
[0047] An exemplary heavy chain constant region could be the wild-type shown as:
[0048] An exemplary light chain constant region could be the wild-type shown as:
[0049] A full-length antibody includes two heavy chains and two light chains. The variable regions / domains of the light and heavy chains are responsible for antigen binding. The “variable region” or “variable domain” of an antibody refers to the amino-terminal domains of the heavy or light chain of the antibody. The variable domains of the heavy chain and light chain may be referred to as “VH” and “VL” , respectively. These domains are generally the most variable parts of the antibody (relative to other antibodies of the same class) and contain the antigen-binding sites. In some embodiments, from the N-to the C-terminus, the variable domain of heavy chain / domain / region, was followed by three constant heavy domains (CH1, CH2, and CH3) . Similarly, from the N-to the C-terminus, the variable domain of light chain / domain / region, was followed by a constant light (CL) domain.
[0050] The light chain variable region (VL) or heavy chain variable region (VH) from N-terminal to C-terminus is in an arrangement of FR1-CDR1-FR2-CDR2-FR3-CDR3-FR4, where FR represents framework region, and CDR represents complementarity determining region. CDRs 1, 2, and 3 of VL can also be denoted as LCDR1, LCDR2, and LCDR3 respectively; CDRs 1, 2, and 3 of VH can also be denoted as HCDR1, HCDR2, and HCDR3 respectively. The FRs curl to bring the CDRs close to each other, and the CDRs are in a 3D conformation providing an antigen binding surface complementary to the antigen target.
[0051] The terms “complementarity determining region” or “CDR, ” as used herein, refer to the sequences of amino acids within antibody variable regions which confer antigen specificity and binding affinity. In some embodiments, there are three CDRs in each heavy chain variable region (HCDR1, HCDR2, and HCDR3) and three CDRs in each light chain variable region (LCDR1, LCDR2, and LCDR3) .
[0052] A number of hypervariable region or CDR delineations are in use and are encompassed herein. The Kabat Complementarity Determining Regions (Kabat CDRs) are based on sequence variability and are the most commonly used (Kabat et al., Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest, 5th Ed. Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md. (1991) ) . Chothia refers instead to the location of the structural loops (Chothia and Lesk, J. Mol. Biol. 196: 901 -917 (1987) ) . The AbM hypervariable regions represent a compromise between the Kabat CDRs and Chothia structural loops, (Chothia "CDRs" ) and are used by Oxford Molecular's AbM antibody modeling software. The "contact" hypervariable regions are based on an analysis of the available complex crystal structures. Another universal numbering system that has been developed and widely adopted is ImMunoGeneTics (IMGT) Information (Lafranc et al., Dev. Comp. Immunol. 27 (1) : 55-77 (2003) ) . IMGT is an integrated information system specializing in immunoglobulins (IG) , T-cell receptors (TCR) , and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) of human and other vertebrates.
[0053] Unless otherwise stated, in the present invention, the term "CDRs" or "CDR sequences" encompasses CDR sequences determined in any of the ways described above.
[0054] As used herein, the term “antibody” should be understood in its broadest interpretation, including, but not limited to monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) , polyclonal antibodies, fusion antibodies, multi-specific (such as bispecific) antibodies, diabodies, nanobodies, triabody, multivalent antibodies, chimeric antibodies, humanized antibodies, fully human antibodies, single chain antibodies, antibody fragments that preserve the antigen binding specificity, such as antigen binding fragment. The antibody may contain additional modifications, such as mutations in non-CDR regions, constant regions, glycosylation sites, post-translational modifications and others under the condition that the resulting antibody has the preserved binding specificity to a target antigen.
[0055] As used herein, the term “antigen-binding fragment” refers to an antibody fragment including VH, VL, a diabody, a Fab, a Fab’ , a F (ab’ ) 2, scFab, VHH (sdAb or dAb) , an Fv fragment, a disulfide stabilized Fv fragment (dsFv) , a (dsFv) 2, a bispecific dsFv (dsFv-dsFv’ ) , a disulfide stabilized diabody (ds diabody) , a single-chain Fv (scFv) , an scFv dimer (bivalent diabody) , taFv, DART and (bispecific T-cell engager) , a multi-specific antibody formed from a portion of an antibody including one or more CDRs, a camelized single domain antibody, a nanobody, a domain antibody, a bivalent domain antibody, or any other antibody fragment that binds to an antigen but does not include a complete antibody structure. An antigen-binding fragment is capable of binding to the same antigen to which the parent antibody or a parent antibody fragment (e.g., a parent scFv) binds.
[0056] As used herein, the term “specifically bind” or “bind” refers to the non-covalent interactions between an immunoglobulin and an antigen for which the immunoglobulin is specific. The strength or affinity of the interaction can be expressed by the equilibrium dissociation constant (KD or Kd) for an antigen and the corresponding antibody: the lesser the value of the KD, the stronger the binding strength between an epitope and the antibody. Equilibrium dissociation constant (KD) is calculated as the ratio of koff / kon, where the “on rate constant (Kon) ” and the “off rate constant (Koff) ” can be determined by calculation of the concentrations and the actual rates of association and dissociation. (See, Nature 361: 186-87 (1993) ) .
[0057] In some embodiment of the present disclosure, an antibody is said to specifically bind to an antigen when a dissociation constant (KD) is less than or equal to 1X10-6M, in some embodiments less than or equal to 1x10-7M, in some embodiments less than or equal to 1x10-8M, and in some embodiments less than or equal to 1x10-9M, and in some embodiments is in a range between 1x10-8 to 1x10-12M.
[0058] As used herein, the term “multispecific antibody” is to be understood as an antibody having binding specificities for at least two different antigens or epitopes, including bispecific antibodies.
[0059] Multispecificity can be provided for by a variety of different formats (see Spiess et al. Molecular Immunology. 2015.67 (2 Pt A) : 95-106 and Brinkmann et al. MAbs. 2017.9 (2) : 182-212, both of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety) . Examples of such formats include Fab-scFab, orthogonal Fab, DuetMab, CrossMAb, DVD-IgTM (dual variable domain immunoglobulin) , and TriFabs.
[0060] As used herein, the term “subject” includes animals such as vertebrate, preferably mammals, such as dogs, cats, pigs, sheep, horses, goats, rodents (e.g., mice, rates, guinea pigs) or primates (e.g., gorillas, chimpanzees, monkeys, and humans) .
[0061] The term "monoclonal antibody (mAb) ” as used herein refers to a type of immunoglobulin that has identical CDRs, which specifically binds to an antigen or epitope.
[0062] As used herein, the term "humanized antibody" generally refers to an antibody containing a heavy and a light chain variable region sequence from a non-human species (e.g., rabbit, mouse, etc. ) , where at least part of the VH and / or VL sequence has been altered to be more "human-like" , i.e. more similar to a human variable sequence. For a type of humanized antibody, at least one human CDR sequence is introduced into the non-human VH and / or VL sequences to replace the non-human CDR counterpart.
[0063] In the polypeptide notation used herein, the left-hand end corresponds to the amino terminal / N-terminal, and the right-hand end corresponds to the carboxy-terminal / C-terminal, in accordance with convention. Likewise, the left-hand end of single-stranded polynucleotide sequence is the 5’ end, the left-hand direction of double-stranded polynucleotide sequences is the 5’direction, the right-hand end of single-stranded polynucleotide sequence is the 3’ end, and the right-hand direction of double-stranded polynucleotide sequences is the 3’ direction.
[0064] As used herein, the term “sequence identity” is usually determined using sequence analysis software. Protein analysis software uses similarity measures assigned to various substitutions, deletions, and other modifications, including conservative amino acid substitutions, to match similar sequences. For example, GCG software includes programs such as Gap and Bestfit that can be used to determine sequence homology or sequence identity between closely related polypeptides, such as homologous polypeptides from organisms of different species, or wild-type proteins and their mutant protein. See, eg, GCG version 6.1. Polypeptide sequences can also be compared using FASTA with default or recommended parameters, and programs in GCG version 6.1. FASTA (eg, FASTA2 and FASTA3) provide alignments and percent sequence identity (Pearson) of the region of optimal overlap between the query and search sequences. (2000) , op. cit. ) . Another preferred algorithm is the computer program BLAST, especially BLASTP, BLASTN, using default parameters when comparing the sequences of the present disclosure with databases containing a large number of sequences from different organisms. See, eg, Altschul et al. (1990) J. Mol. Biol. 215: 403410 and Altschul et al. (1997) Nucleic Acids Res. 25: 3389402.
[0065] In some embodiments, the "sequence identity" is determined by comparing two optimally aligned sequences, wherein the portion of the polynucleotide or polypeptide sequence may comprise additions or deletions (i.e., gaps) of 20 percent or less as compared to the reference sequences (which does not comprise additions or deletions) for optimal alignment of the two sequences. The percentage is calculated by determining the number of positions at which the identical nucleic acid bases or amino acid residue occurs in both sequences to yield the number of matched positions, dividing the number of matched positions by the total number of positions in the reference sequence and multiplying the results by 100 to yield the percentage of sequence identity.
[0066] As used herein, the term "conservative substitution" means the substitution of an amino acid that is not essential for the activity of the peptide, or the substitution of an amino acid with another amino acid that has similar properties (e.g., acidic, basic, positively or negatively charged, polar or non-polar, etc. ) , such that even the substitution of an essential amino acid does not reduce the activity of the peptide. Conservative substitution that provides functionally similar amino acids is well-known in the field.
[0067] In some embodiments, the conservative substitution could be the one occurs within the same group listed below, (a) small aliphatic, nonpolar or slightly polar residues: Ala, Ser, Thr, Pro and Gly; (b) polar, negatively charged residues and their (uncharged) amides: Asp, Asn, Glu and Gln; (c) polar, positively charged residues: His, Arg and Lys; (d) large aliphatic, nonpolar residues: Met, Leu, He, Val and Cys; and (e) aromatic residues: Phe, Tyr and Trp. For example, Asp is substituted with Glu, Ala is substituted with Gly or Ser.
[0068] As used herein, when Component A is administered in combination with Component B, the Component A can be administered concurrently or sequentially with Component B. The administration includes situations that Component A is administered at the same time with Component B; Component A is administered prior to Component B; Component A is administered after Component B.
[0069] As used herein, when a combination is administered, each component in the combination can be administered concurrently or sequentially. For example, when a combination comprising Component A and Component B is administered, the administration includes situations that Component A is administered at the same time with Component B; Component A is administered prior to Component B; Component A is administered after Component B.
[0070] Antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof
[0071] The present disclosure provides antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind γδ TCR, wherein said antibody or antigen binding fragment interacts with at least one of the following domains of γδ TCR: Vδ2 domain, Vγ9 domain, and constant region. In some embodiments, the said antibody or antigen binding fragment interacts with at least one amino acid of the constant region of δ chain of γδ TCR close to γδ T cell membrane. In some preferred embodiments, the said antibody or antigen binding fragment interacts with at least one of the amino acids V155 and E184 of δ chain of γδ TCR.
[0072] Similar as the more common αβ TCR, the exocellular domain of γδ TCR is as a heterodimer of γchain and δchain, wherein the γchain comprises Vγ and Cγ from N terminal to C terminal with Vγ being highly variable and Cγ being conservative or constant, while the δchain comprises Vδand Cδ from N terminal to C terminal as well, with Vδ being highly variable and Cδ being conservative or constant.
[0073] In some embodiments, the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof disclosed herein comprises a HCDR1 comprising SYGX1X2 with 0, 1, 2, or 3 conservative substitutions, or NFWIG as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 13 with 0, 1, 2, or 3 conservative substitutions; a HCDR2 comprising X3IX4X5X6X7X8X9TX10YX11X12X13X14X15G with 0, 1, 2, or 3 conservative substitutions, or VIWASGX16TDYNX17X18LX19S with 0, 1, 2, or 3 conservative substitutions; a HCDR3 comprising LYDYDDSLDY as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 9 with 0, 1, 2, or 3 conservative substitutions, RGSYGNYAMDY as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 15 with 0, 1, 2, or 3 conservative substitutions, or EGTASLGY as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 21 with 0, 1, 2, or 3 conservative substitutions; a LCDR1 comprising X20ASX21X22X23X24X25X26X27X28 with 0, 1, 2, or 3 conservative substitutions; a LCDR2 comprising AATNLAX29 with 0, 1, 2, or 3 conservative substitutions, SASYRYS as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 11 with 0, 1, 2, or 3 conservative substitutions, or YTSRLQS as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 23 with 0, 1, 2, or 3 conservative substitutions; and a LCDR3 comprising QX30X31X32X33X34PX35X36T with 0, 1, 2, or 3 conservative substitutions. In some embodiments, the X1-36 are independently any amino acid residues. In some embodiments, X1 is any one of M, V, and their conservative substitutions; X2 is any one of S, H, and their conservative substitutions; X3 is any one of T, D, and their conservative substitutions; X4 is any one of S, F, and their conservative substitutions; X5 is any one of S, P, and their conservative substitutions; X6 is any one of G, V, and their conservative substitutions; X7 is any one of G, N, S, and their conservative substitutions; X8 is any one of Y, G, and their conservative substitutions; X9 is any one of H, Y, and their conservative substitutions; X10 is any one of Y, D, and their conservative substitutions; X11 is any one of P, N, A, and their conservative substitutions; X12 is any one of D, E, Q, and their conservative substitutions; X13 is any one of S, K, and their conservative substitutions; X14 is any one of V, F, and their conservative substitutions; X15 is any one of K, Q, and their conservative substitutions; X16 is any one of S, N, and their conservative substitutions; X17 is any one of P, S, and their conservative substitutions; X18 is any one of S, A, and their conservative substitutions; X19 is any one of K, M, and their conservative substitutions; X20 is any one of K, R and their conservative substitutions; X21 is any one of Q, E, and their conservative substitutions; X22 is any one of S, N, D, and their conservative substitutions; X23 is any one of V, I, and their conservative substitutions; X24 is any one of D, Y, S, and their conservative substitutions; X25 is any one of T, S, N, and their conservative substitutions; X26 is any one of N, Y, and their conservative substitutions; X27 is any one of V, L, and their conservative substitutions; X28 is any one of A, N, and their conservative substitutions; X29 is any one of D, E, and their conservative substitutions; X30 is any one of Q, H, L, and their conservative substitutions; X31 is any one of Y, F, G, and their conservative substitutions; X32 is any one of W, N, and their conservative substitutions; X33 is any one of R, D, P, and their conservative substitutions; X34 is any one of Y, S, P, and their conservative substitutions; X35 is any one of L and its conservative substitutions, or X35 does not exist; and / or X36 is any one of F, W, Y, and their conservative substitutions. In some embodiments, the HCDR1 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 13, or SEQ ID NO: 19; the HCDR2 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 20, SEQ ID NO: 31, SEQ ID NO: 33, or SEQ ID NO: 35; the HCDR3 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 9, SEQ ID NO: 15, or SEQ ID NO: 21; the LCDR1 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 22, or SEQ ID NO: 32; the LCDR2 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 11, SEQ ID NO: 17, SEQ ID NO: 23 or SEQ ID NO: 34; and the LCDR3 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 18, or SEQ ID NO: 24.
[0074] In some embodiments, the HCDRs 1-3 and LCDRs1-3 are selected from any one of the following (a) - (f) :
[0075] (a) the HCDRs 1-3 comprise the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 7 with 0, 1, 2, or 3 conservative substitutions, SEQ ID NO: 8 with 0, 1, 2, or 3 conservative substitutions, and SEQ ID NO: 9 with 0, 1, 2, or 3 conservative substitutions respectively, and the LCDRs 1-3 comprise the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 10 with 0, 1, 2, or 3 conservative substitutions, SEQ ID NO: 11 with 0, 1, 2, or 3 conservative substitutions, and SEQ ID NO: 12 with 0, 1, 2, or 3 conservative substitutions respectively;
[0076] (b) the HCDRs 1-3 comprise the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 13 with 0, 1, 2, or 3 conservative substitutions, SEQ ID NO: 14 with 0, 1, 2, or 3 conservative substitutions, and SEQ ID NO: 15 with 0, 1, 2, or 3 conservative substitutions respectively, and the LCDRs 1-3 comprise the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 16 with 0, 1, 2, or 3 conservative substitutions, SEQ ID NO: 17 with 0, 1, 2, or 3 conservative substitutions, and SEQ ID NO: 18 with 0, 1, 2, or 3 conservative substitutions respectively;
[0077] (c) the HCDRs 1-3 comprise the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 19 with 0, 1, 2, or 3 conservative substitutions, SEQ ID NO: 20 with 0, 1, 2, or 3 conservative substitutions, and SEQ ID NO: 21 with 0, 1, 2, or 3 conservative substitutions respectively, and the LCDRs 1-3 comprise the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 22 with 0, 1, 2, or 3 conservative substitutions, SEQ ID NO: 23 with 0, 1, 2, or 3 conservative substitutions, and SEQ ID NO: 24 with 0, 1, 2, or 3 conservative substitutions respectively;
[0078] (d) the HCDRs 1-3 comprise the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 7 with 0, 1, 2, or 3 conservative substitutions, SEQ ID NO: 31 with 0, 1, 2, or 3 conservative substitutions, and SEQ ID NO: 9 with 0, 1, 2, or 3 conservative substitutions respectively, and the LCDRs 1-3 comprise the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 32 with 0, 1, 2, or 3 conservative substitutions, SEQ ID NO: 11 with 0, 1, 2, or 3 conservative substitutions, and SEQ ID NO: 12 with 0, 1, 2, or 3 conservative substitutions respectively;
[0079] (e) the HCDRs 1-3 comprise the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 13 with 0, 1, 2, or 3 conservative substitutions, SEQ ID NO: 33 with 0, 1, 2, or 3 conservative substitutions, and SEQ ID NO: 15 with 0, 1, 2, or 3 conservative substitutions respectively, and the LCDRs 1-3 comprise the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 16 with 0, 1, 2, or 3 conservative substitutions, SEQ ID NO: 34 with 0, 1, 2, or 3 conservative substitutions, and SEQ ID NO: 18 with 0, 1, 2, or 3 conservative substitutions respectively;
[0080] (f) the HCDRs 1-3 comprise the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 19 with 0, 1, 2, or 3 conservative substitutions, SEQ ID NO: 35 with 0, 1, 2, or 3 conservative substitutions, and SEQ ID NO: 21 with 0, 1, 2, or 3 conservative substitutions respectively, and the LCDRs 1-3 comprise the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 22 with 0, 1, 2, or 3 conservative substitutions, SEQ ID NO: 23 with 0, 1, 2, or 3 conservative substitutions, and SEQ ID NO: 24 with 0, 1, 2, or 3 conservative substitutions respectively.
[0081] The present disclosure also provides an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof that specifically binds γδ TCR, comprising a VH and / or a VL, wherein the VH and / or VL is selected from any one of the following (a) - (f) :
[0082] (a) the VH comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1, and / or the VL comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 2;
[0083] (b) the VH comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 3, and / or the VL comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 4;
[0084] (c) the VH comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 5, and / or the VL comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 6;
[0085] (d) the VH comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 25, and / or the VL comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 26;
[0086] (e) the VH comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 27, and / or the VL comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 28; and
[0087] (f) the VH comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 29, and / or the VL comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 30.
[0088] The present disclosure also provides an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof that specifically binds γδ TCR, comprising any one of the following (a) - (f) with 0, 1, 2, or 3 conservative substitutions for each CDR sequence:
[0089] (a) three CDRs of a VH as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1, and three CDRs of a VL as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2;
[0090] (b) three CDRs of a VH as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3, and three CDRs of a VL as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 4;
[0091] (c) three CDRs of a VH as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 5, and three CDRs of a VL as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 6;
[0092] (d) three CDRs of a VH as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 25, and three CDRs of a VL as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 26;
[0093] (e) three CDRs of a VH as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 27, and three CDRs of a VL as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 28;
[0094] (f) three CDRs of a VH as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 29, and three CDRs of a VL as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 30.
[0095] In some embodiments, CDR sequences are defined according to Kabat system.
[0096] In some embodiments, the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof that specifically binds γδ TCR disclosed herein is an agonist antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof for γδTCR.
[0097] The present disclosure also provides an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof competing with the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof described in the present disclosure to bind γδ TCR.
[0098] In some embodiments, the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof disclosed herein is selected from the following isotypes: IgG, IgM, IgE, IgA, and IgD. In some embodiments, which is selected from the following subtypes: IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgA1, IgA2.
[0099] In some embodiments, the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof disclosed herein is selected from at least one of the following: a monoclonal antibody, polyclonal antibody, chimeric antibody, humanized antibody, CDR-grafted antibody, fully human antibody.
[0100] In some embodiments, the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof disclosed herein comprises a CH (heavy chain constant region) and / or a CL (light chain constant region) . In some embodiments, the CH comprise the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 45 or its functional variant, preferably the functional variant of CH has 1, 2, 3, or 4 substitutions as SEQ ID NO: 45. In some embodiments, the CL comprise the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 46 or its functional variant, preferably the functional variant of CL has 1, 2, 3, or 4 substitutions as SEQ ID NO: 46.
[0101] As used herein, when referring to amino acid sequences, “functional variant” means an amino acid sequence that serves the same or similar function as the reference sequence. The functional variant could have one or more amino acid substitutions as the reference sequence so long as the same or similar function could be achieved. Same or similar function could be interpreted as that the functional variant’s activity level is superior, the same, or at least 30%、40%、50%、60%of that of the reference sequence.
[0102] Multi-specific antibody
[0103] The present disclosure also provides a multi-specific antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof comprises a first antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof (AB1) targeting γδ TCR, and at least a second antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof (AB2) that specifically binds a second target. In some preferred embodiments, the multi-specific antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof is bispecific.
[0104] In some embodiments, the AB1 of the multi-specific antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof disclosed herein comprises any one of the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof that specifically binds γδ TCR disclosed herein.
[0105] In some embodiments, the AB2 of the multi-specific antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof disclosed herein comprises any one of the CLL antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof disclosed herein.
[0106] In some embodiments, the AB2 of the multi-specific antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof disclosed herein comprises any one of the DSG2 antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof disclosed herein.
[0107] In some embodiments, various formats or patterns are applicable for the multi-specific antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof disclosed herein, the formats or patterns can be selected from, but not limited to any one of the following, Triomab, CrossMab, Ortho-Fab, DVD-Ig, kih IgG common LC, 2 in 1-IgG, IgG-scFv, scFv2-Fc bi-Nanobody, BiTE, tandAbs, DART, DART-Fc, scFv-HAS-scFv, DNL-Fab3.
[0108] In some embodiments, the AB1 of the multi-specific antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof disclosed herein is linked to the AB2 in the form of V1, V2 or V3, as schematically shown in Fig 11 A-C. The conformational allocation of AB1 and AB2 in the bispecific antibody formats can be exchanged. In some embodiments, the second target of the multi-specific antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof disclosed herein is selected from any one of tumor associated antigens (TAAs) , and immune checkpoint targets.
[0109] In some embodiments, for V1 form the AB1 and AB2 are linked to Fc via hinge region. In some preferred embodiments, the AB1 and / or AB2 are Fab (s) . In some preferred embodiments, the AB1 is anti-γδ TCR Fab, and the AB2 is anti-CLL Fab or anti-DSG2 Fab.
[0110] In some embodiments, for V2 form the AB1 is in a conventional immunoglobulin form, and the AB2 comprising Fab (s) or modified Fab (s) is fused to the C-terminus of the heavy chain or light chain of the conventional immunoglobin (such as IgG) of AB1. In some embodiments, the modified Fab includes but is not limited to a Fab with the CH1 and CL interchanged. In some embodiments, the AB2 is connected to the C-terminus of the heavy chain or light chain of the conventional immunoglobin of AB1 via a linker.
[0111] In some embodiments, for V3 form the AB2 is in a conventional immunoglobin form, and the AB1 comprising two single chain variable fragments (scFvs) is connected to the C-terminus of the heavy chain or light chain of the conventional immunoglobin of AB2. In some embodiments, for AB1 the VL1 of scFv and VH1 of scFv is linked together via a linker. In some embodiments, the scFvs of AB1 is linked to the C-terminus of the heavy chain or light chain of the conventional immunoglobulin (such as IgG) of AB2 via a linker.
[0112] The Fc fragment and hinge region of conventional immunoglobin, linker to construct scFv, and linker to link the scFv or Fab to the conventional immunoglobin are well known in the art. In some preferred embodiments, the linker is ( (G) nS) m, in which the n or m is any integer selected from 1-8. In some more preferred embodiments, the linker is (GGGS) m or (GGGGS) m, in which the m is any integer selected from 1-8. In some embodiments, wherein the second target is selected from CLL, GPC3, CEA, DSG2, immature laminin receptor, TAG-72, HPV E6, HPV E7, EGFR, Ep-CAM, EphA3, Her2, Her3, FGFR2, B7-H3, B7-H4, B7-H6, FOLR1, BAGE family, CAGE family, GAGE family, MAGE family, SAGE family, XAGE family, SSX-2, Fibronectin, MART-2, VEGFR, CLAUDIN, CD47, CSF1R, CCR4, and CD155, preferably CLL and DSG2, more preferably CLL1 and DSG2.
[0113] In some embodiments, the AB2 of the multi-specific antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof disclosed herein can be selected from antibodies which specifically target or bind the tumor associated antigen on the surface of tumor cells. In preferred embodiments, the AB2 of the multi-specific antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof disclosed herein comprises a VH and / or a VL, wherein the VH comprises the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 36, the VL comprises the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 37. In preferred embodiments, the AB2 of the multi-specific antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof disclosed herein comprises a VH and / or a VL, wherein the VH comprises the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 38, the VL comprises the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 39.
[0114] In some embodiments, the AB2 of the multi-specific antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof disclosed herein comprises three CDRs of a VH as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 36, and three CDRs of a VL as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 37. In some embodiments, the AB2 of the multi-specific antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof disclosed herein comprises three CDRs of a VH as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 38, and three CDRs of a VL as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 39. In some embodiments, the AB2 of the multi-specific antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof disclosed herein comprises a HCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 40; a HCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 41; a HCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth as KAY; a LCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 42; a LCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 43; and a LCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 44.
[0115] In some embodiments, CDR sequences are defined according to Kabat system.
[0116] In some embodiments, the multi-specific antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof disclosed herein comprises a CH and / or a CL. In some embodiments, the CH comprise the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 45 or its functional variant, preferably the functional variant of CH has 1, 2, 3, or 4 substitutions as SEQ ID NO: 45. In some embodiments, the CL comprise the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 46 or its functional variant, preferably the functional variant of CL has 1, 2, 3, or 4 substitutions as SEQ ID NO: 46.
[0117] In preferred embodiments, the CH2 and the CH3 of IgG constitute Fc fragment which can be recognized by FcR to trigger antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) etc.. In the present multi-specific antibody or antigen binding fragment, Fc induced FcR binding and the corresponding activation are eliminated or reduced by introduction of mutations or modifications in Fc region. The well-known Fc silencing strategy in the art include L234A / L235A (LALA) , L234A / L235A / P329G (LALAPG) , which are all applicable for the multi-specific antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof disclosed herein. And in a more preferred embodiment, L234A / L235A (LALA) is introduced in the wild type Fc region.
[0118] Antibody conjugate
[0119] The present disclosure also provides an antibody conjugate, comprising the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof described in the present disclosure, or the multi-specific antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof described in the present disclosure.
[0120] In some embodiments, the antibody conjugate further comprising a drug moiety linked to the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof or the multi-specific antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof disclosed herein directly or through a linker. In some embodiments, the linker is selected from cleavable and non-cleavable linkers.
[0121] In some embodiments, the drug moiety is selected from cytotoxic agents. The cytotoxic agent may be any compound that results in the death of a cell, or induces cell death, or in some manner decreases cell viability. Preferred cytotoxic agents include, for example, maytansinoids and maytansinoid analogs, taxoids, taxanes such as paclitaxel and docetaxel, CC-1065 and CC-1065 analogs, dolastatin and dolastatin analogs, methotrexate, daunorubicin, doxorubicin, vincristine, vinblastine, melphalan, mitomycin C, chlorambucil, calicheamicin, tubulysin and tubulysin analogs, duocarmycin and duocarmycin analogs, taxanes such as paclitaxel and docetaxel.
[0122] Isolated nucleic acid, vector, host cell
[0123] The present disclosure also provides an isolated nucleic acid encoding the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof described in the present disclosure, or the multi-specific antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof described in the present disclosure.
[0124] As used herein, the term "nucleic acid" includes both single-stranded and double-stranded nucleotide polymers. The nucleic acid can be ribonucleotides or deoxyribonucleotides or a modified form of either type of nucleotide. Said modifications include base modifications such as bromouridine and inosine derivatives, ribose modifications such as 2', 3'-dideoxyribose, and internucleotide linkage modifications such as phosphorothioate, phosphorodithioate, phosphoroselenoate, phosphorodiselenoate, phosphoroanilothioate, phoshoraniladate and phosphoroamidate.
[0125] An “isolated” nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a protein, or portion or fragment thereof described herein is a nucleic acid molecule that is identified and separated from at least one contaminant nucleic acid molecule with which it is ordinarily associated in the environment in which it was produced. Preferably, the isolated nucleic acid is free of association with all components associated with the production environment. The isolated nucleic acid encoding the protein, or portion or fragment thereof described herein is in a form other than in the form or setting in which it is found in nature. Isolated nucleic acid, therefore, are distinguished from nucleic acid encoding the protein, or portion or fragment thereof described herein existing naturally in cells.
[0126] The present disclosure also provides a vector comprising the isolated nucleic acid described in the present disclosure.
[0127] As used herein, the term “vector” refers to a nucleic acid molecule used as a vehicle to carry genetic material into another cell, where it can be replicated and / or expressed. In some embodiments, the vector is an expression vector. In some embodiments, the vector is a viral vector. In some embodiments, the vector is a retroviral vector, a DNA vector, a murine leukemia virus vector, an SFG vector, a plasmid, an RNA vector, an adenoviral vector, a baculoviral vector, an Epstein Barr viral vector, a papovaviral vector, a vaccinia viral vector, a herpes simplex viral vector, an adenovirus associated vector (AAV) , a lentiviral vector, or any combination thereof.
[0128] The present disclosure also provides a host cell comprising the isolated nucleic acid described in the present disclosure, or the vector described in the present disclosure.
[0129] In some embodiments, the cell can be a prokaryotic cell, fungal cell, yeast cell, or eukaryotic cells such as a mammalian cell. Suitable prokaryotic cells include, without limitation, eubacteria, such as Gram-negative or Gram-positive organisms, for example, Enterobactehaceae such as Escherichia, e.g., E. coli; Enterobacter; Erwinia; Klebsiella; Proteus; Salmonella, e.g., Salmonella typhimurium; Serratia, e.g., Serratia marcescans, and Shigella; Bacilli such as B. subtilis and B. licheniformis; Pseudomonas such as P. aeruginosa; and Streptomyces. In some embodiments, the cell is a human cell. In some embodiments, the cell is an immune cell. In some embodiments, host cells include, for example, CHO cells, such as CHOS cells and CHO-K1 cells, or HEK293 cells, such as HEK293A, HEK293T and HEK293FS.
[0130] Pharmaceutical composition, combination
[0131] The present disclosure also provides a pharmaceutical composition, comprising the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof described in the present disclosure, the multi-specific antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof described in the present disclosure, the antibody conjugate described in the present disclosure, the isolated nucleic acid described in the present disclosure, the vector described in the present disclosure, or the host cell described in the present disclosure, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient or carrier.
[0132] As used herein, the term “pharmaceutical composition” means a mixture of the elements disclosed herein with other chemical components (such as carriers or excipients) that are compatible with pharmaceutical administration. The pharmaceutical composition facilitates the administration of the disclosed elements (such as the antibody, activable antibody disclosed herein) to the subject in need. Various administration methods are known in the art, including but not limited to subcutaneous, intramuscular, oral, transdermal, parenteral, intravenous, intraperitoneal, intrathecal, transpulmonary, transnasal, ocular, systemic, and topical administration.
[0133] The pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein may be configured in a dosage form suitable for administration to a subject by the desired route of administration. Said dosage forms include, but are not limited to, tablets, capsules, caplet, pills, soft gel, troche, powders, syrups, elixir, suspensions, solutions, emulsions, transdermal patches, suppositories, inhalations, creams, pastes, lotions, ointment, sprays, lyophilized preparation, injectables, and gels.
[0134] As used herein, the term “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient” refers to the carrier or excipient compatible with the other ingredients of the composition and not substantially deleterious to the recipient thereof and / or that such carrier or excipient is approved or approvable for inclusion in a pharmaceutical composition for parenteral administration to subject. The term includes all pharmaceutically acceptable materials, solvents, carriers, excipients, stabilizers, diluents, dispersants, suspending agents, coatings, antibacterial and antifungal agents, isotonic and absorption delaying agents, thickeners and / or excipients. Examples of such carriers or excipients include, but are not limited to, water, saline, ringer's solutions, dextrose solution, and 5%human serum albumin, liposomes and non-aqueous vehicles such as fixed oils.
[0135] The present disclosure also provides a combination, comprising the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof described in the present disclosure, the multi-specific antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof described in the present disclosure, the antibody conjugate of any one described in the present disclosure, or the pharmaceutical composition described in the present disclosure, and another therapeutic agent.
[0136] In some embodiments, the another therapeutic agent is selected from an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof, a chemotherapeutic agent and a small molecule drug, such as PD-1 agonists, CTLA-4 agonists, Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitor, tyrosine kinase inhibitor, phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE-4) inhibitor, janus kinase 1 (JAK1) inhibitor, sphingosine-1 phosphate receptor (S1PR) modulator, CD20 inhibitors, antibodies to immune cell specific antigens, immune stimulatory antibodies, antibodies to virus-infected cell antigens, chemotherapeutic agent, NSAIDs, corticosteroid.
[0137] Method and use
[0138] The present disclosure also provides a method of treating tumor, preventing tumor occurrence, preventing tumor metastasis, activating T cell, or inducing cytotoxicity of tumor cells in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof described in the present disclosure, the multi-specific antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof described in the present disclosure, the antibody conjugate described in the present disclosure, the pharmaceutical composition described in the present disclosure, or the combination described in the present disclosure.
[0139] The present disclosure also provides the use of the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof described in the present disclosure, the multi-specific antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof described in the present disclosure, the antibody conjugate described in the present disclosure, the pharmaceutical composition described in the present disclosure, or the combination described in the present disclosure in the preparation of a medicament for treating tumor, preventing tumor occurrence, preventing tumor metastasis, activating T cell, or inducing cytotoxicity of tumor cells in a subject in need thereof.
[0140] In some embodiments, tumor is selected from solid tumors or hematologic tumors, such as liposarcoma, neuroblastoma, melanoma, synovial sarcoma, esophageal cancer, gastric cancer, hepatocellular cancer, head and neck cancer, pancreatic cancer, lung cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, fallopian tube cancer, prostate cancer, bladder cancer, colon cancer, rectal cancer, astrocytoma, glioblastoma multiforme, anaplastic astrocytoma, brain tumor, peritoneal cavity carcinoma, soft tissue sarcoma, sarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, advanced myxoid disease, myelodysplastic syndrome, leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia, chronic myeloid leukemia, acute lymphocytic leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Hodgkin's lymphoma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, Hodgkin's disease, myeloma, multiple myeloma.
[0141] In some embodiments, the subject is a mammal, such as mouse, monkey, or human.
[0142] In some embodiments, the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof disclosed herein, the multi-specific antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof disclosed herein, the antibody conjugate disclosed herein, or the pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein, is administered in combination with a second therapeutic agent. In some preferred embodiments, the second therapeutic agent is selected from an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof, a chemotherapeutic agent and a small molecule drug, such as PD-1 agonists, CTLA-4 agonists, Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitor, tyrosine kinase inhibitor, phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE-4) inhibitor, janus kinase 1 (JAK1) inhibitor, sphingosine-1 phosphate receptor (S1PR) modulator, CD20 inhibitors, antibodies to immune cell specific antigens, immune stimulatory antibodies, antibodies to virus-infected cell antigens, chemotherapeutic agent, NSAIDs, corticosteroid.
[0143] In some embodiments, the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof, the multi-specific antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof, the antibody conjugate, the pharmaceutical composition, or the combination disclosed herein is administered through subcutaneous route, intravenous route, oral route, intragastric route, intramuscular route, intraperitoneal route, intrathecal route, transnasal route, transpulmonary route, transdermal, parenteral, intracranial route, ocular route, topical route, intratumoral route, and intracavity route.
[0144] As used herein, the term “treat” , “treatment” , or “treating” refers to the alleviation or amelioration of a disease or disorder (i.e., slowing or stopping the progression of a disease or at least one clinical symptom) ; or the alleviation or amelioration of at least one physical parameter or biomarker associated with the disease or disorder.
[0145] As used herein, the term “prevent” or “preventing” includes providing prophylaxis with respect to the occurrence or recurrence of a disease in an individual that may be predisposed to the disease but has not yet been diagnosed with the disease.
[0146] As used herein, the term “disease” refers to any alteration in the state of the body or some organs that interrupts or interferes with the performance of a function and / or causes symptoms (e.g., discomfort, dysfunction, distress, or even death) in the subject who is ill or in contact with the patient.
[0147] As used herein, the term “therapeutically effective amount” indicates that when comparing to a subject without receiving any treatment, the subject administered with such amount of the therapeutics shows a beneficial effect or therapeutic effect towards a disease, but the amount is sufficiently low in the range of sound medical judgment to avoid serious side effects. The therapeutically effective amount of the antibody, multi-specific antibody and others disclosed herein will vary at least based on the following factors, the route of administration; the severity of the disease being treated; the age, height, weight and physical condition of the patient; the medical history of the patient; the duration of the treatment; the desired therapeutic effect. However, the therapeutically effective amount can still be determined in a conventional manner by those skilled in the art.
[0148] EXAMPLES
[0149] The following examples, both actual and prophetic, are provided in conjunction with the accompanying drawings for the purpose of illustrating specific embodiments or features of the present invention and are not intended to limit its scope.
[0150] The skilled in the art should recognize that various alterations and modifications can be made to the embodiments described herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure. Description of well-known functions, structures and the like in the art are omitted from the following description for conciseness.
[0151] The experimental methods in the following embodiments, if not otherwise specified, are conventional methods, performed in accordance with the techniques or conditions described in the literature in the field or in accordance with the product protocols. The materials, reagents, and the like used in the following embodiments are commercially available, if not otherwise specified.
[0152] Example 1. Immunization of Animals
[0153] A soluble form of γ9δ2-TCR-Fc fusion protein (also referred as “Recombinant Antigen” or “γ9δ2-TCR” below, wherein γ9δ2 extracellular domain (ECD) (PDB: 1HXM_A and PDB: 1HXM_B) was fused to wild type Fc fragment) was recombinantly expressed in CHO cells. BALB / c mice were immunized with Recombinant Antigen for four rounds over a course of 50 days. For the first immunization, on Day 0, 20 μg recombinant antigen was mixed with an equal volume of Freund's adjuvant. Then the mixture was administered by intraperitoneal or subcutaneously injection to multiple sites of the mice. Booster immunizations were given on Day 14 (20 μg) , Day 28 (20 μg) and finally on Day 50 (20 μg) in a similar fashion. Mice serum was collected and tested for γ9δ2-TCR binding by ELISA and Jurkat-γ9δ2 TCR- / NFAT-luc binding by FACS. Jurkat-γ9δ2 TCR / NFAT-luc cells was constructed by transfecting γ9δ2 TCR (PDB: 1HXM_A and PDB: 1HXM_B) and NFAT-luc genes into Jurkat cell. Four days after the final immunization, mice were euthanized. Spleen and lymph nodes were isolated and prepared for B cell isolation.
[0154] Example 2. Identification and Purification of Antibodies
[0155] Mouse spleen and lymph node cells were combined and washed with PBS. B cells were enriched with mouse pan-B cell isolation kit (Stemcell, Cat#19844) following the manufacture’s instruction. Following this, cells were resuspended in PBS and stained with the following antibodies: anti-mouse IgM, anti-mouse IgD, anti-mouse IgG1, anti-mouse B220 (all purchased from BD Bioscience) . Antigen γ9δ2-TCR (Recombinant Antigen) labeled with FITC was added into cells. Cells were incubated in the dark for 30 minutes at 4℃ and then washed twice with PBS. Cells was resuspended with PBS and subjected for FACS sorting. FACS sorting was carried out on a Sony FACS sorter MA900. Single cells were identified using FSC-Aversus SSC-A and FSC-W versus FSC-A. B220+IgG+IgM-IgD-B cells were identified and gated. Finally, a gate was drawn around γ9δ2 TCR+ population. Antigen-specific single B cells were selected, and DNA sequences encoding antibodies were determined by Sanger’s sequencing (Sanger, 1977) after reverse transcription. The amino acid sequences of VH and VL of representative antibodies with intended properties are listed in Table 1. The CDR sequences of them are listed in Table 2.
[0156] Table 1. Amino Acid Sequences of VH and VL for Selected Antibodies
[0157] Table 2. Amino Acid Sequences of CDRs for Selected Antibodies
[0158] Note: CDR sequences are defined based on Kabat system.
[0159] Antibodies were reformatted to human IgG1 backbone and recombinantly expressed using ExpiCHOTM expression system kit (Gibco) following manufacture’s instruction. ExpiCHO-STM(Gibco) were used for transient expression with commercially available transfection kit and culture medium (Thermo Fisher Scientific) . Generally, plasmids were mixed and incubated with ExpiFectamine CHO reagent and OptiPRO Medium, and the mixture was added into 30mL cell culture (viable cell density at 4-6 × 106 cells / mL) in a 125mL shake flask. Transfected cell culture was shaken at 37℃ with 80%relative humidity and 8%CO2. One day post-transfection, ExpiFectamine enhancer and feed were supplemented and temperature was shifted to 32℃. Cell culture was harvested on day 7 post-transfection.
[0160] The antibody purification was performed on a protein purification system (Cytiva, AKTA Avant 25) , using MabSelect PrismA Preloaded Column (Cytiva) . Cell culture was clarified by centrifugation and filtration. Then the supernatant was loaded to the PrismA column through AKTA system. The columns were washed with neutral pH buffer (PBS) , then eluted with low pH buffer (50mM NaAc, pH 3.5) . Eluted polypeptides were then titrated to neutral pH by addition of high pH buffer (1M Arg, pH 9, 0) . Protein concentration was quantified by UV-Vis absorbance measurement at 280 nm.
[0161] Example 3. FACS Binding Analysis
[0162] 3.1 Feeder Cell-Based Vγ9Vδ2 T Cells Expansion Methods
[0163] A pure human lymphocyte (Yayubio, Ref: CWPB010M, Lot: CAPB01221203) fraction of cells was expanded in culture at a T75 Cell culture bottle with 5 μmol / L of zoledronic acid (Sigma-Aldrich, SML0223) and 300 IU / mL of IL-2 (PeProTech, 200-02) , and incubated for seven days in an incubator set at 37 ℃ with 5%CO2.
[0164] γδT cells were isolated and purified by human γδT cell kit (Stemcells, Art. No: 9255) : Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were resuspended at 0.5mL in EasySepTM buffer and Isolation Cocktail, and incubated at room temperature (RT) for approximately 15 min. Magnetic particles were added to sample mix for incubation. The original tube from the magnet was removed, the magnet was picked up, and in one continuous motion the magnet and tube were inverted, pouring the enriched cell suspension into a new tube. The target fraction (enriched γδ T cells) was centrifuged and the cells were resuspended in X-VIVOTM 15 medium (Lonza, Art. No: BE02-060F) .
[0165] To generate even larger numbers of γδ T cells, artificial antigen-presenting cells (aAPCs) have been explored as a feeder cell-based method to provide a more sustained source of activation and co-stimulation. (Xiao L, Chen C, Li Z, et al. Large-scale expansion of Vγ9Vdelta2 T cells with engineered K562 feeder cells in G-Rex vessels and their use as chimeric antigen receptor-modified effector cells. Cytotherapy. 2018; 20 (3) : 420-435. doi: 10.1016 / j. jcyt. 2017.12.014) .
[0166] Co-culture with aAPCs: 5 × 107 / flask aAPCs were treated with 2μg / mL of mitomycin. In a second step, enriched γδ T cells were mixed with treated aAPCs. The aAPCs were co-cultured at a 10: 1 ratio with the γδ T cells in X-VIVOTM 15 medium. Then the co-culture was used to seed up to 10 flasks. This co-culture was incubated for 10 days with the serum-supplemented medium containing anti-CD3 antibody (Biolegend, Art. No. 317349) , zoledronic acid and IL-2. The cells were expanded in culture in an incubator at 37℃ and 5%CO2. Quality control testing was performed on the γδ T cell evaluating the following: purity and identity by flow cytometry. The expanded Vγ9Vδ2 T Cells were transferred to fine package frozen storage tubes, and put into liquid nitrogen tank for storage.
[0167] 3.2 Antibodies Binding to Primary Human Vγ9Vδ2T Cells
[0168] The expanded Vγ9Vδ2 T cells were seeded to a certain number of cells, 1x105 / well, 100ul. Then centrifuged for 5min, at 300g, 4℃, and the supernatant was discarded. Serially dilution was performed on the selected antibodies (3E12, 6G8, 3G2) in FACS buffer (PBS+2%FBS) to 100nM, 10nM, 1nM, 0.1nM and 0.01nM. The Vγ9Vδ2 T cells sample was incubated with the diluted antibody solution for 30min at 4℃. After centrifugation for 5min, at 300g, 4℃, and washing with PBS twice, diluted secondary antibody AlexaFluor647-conjugated affinipure goat anti-human IgG Fcγ Fragment (1: 1000 dilution, Jackson, 109-605-098) in FACS buffer was added and incubated. Then centrifugation at 300g, 4℃ was performed for 5min and the cells was washed with PBS twice. Cells were resuspended in 200ul 2%FBS PBS for Flow Cytometry detection.
[0169] The FACS binding results for selected γδT antibodies towards human Vγ9Vδ2 T cells were shown in Figures 1-3, where MFI represents Mean Fluorescence Intensity. 5C8 specific to Vδ2 (5C8 in WO2015156673A1, Lava) and B420 specific to Vγ9 (VG9B420 in WO2021173896A1, J&J) were used as reference antibodies. IgG1 (Biointron, B422203) was used as a negative control, which is also referred as isotype control or IgG1 control below. It can be seen that the affinity to Vγ9Vδ2 T cells of 3E12, 6G8 and 3G2 are similar to that of B420 and 5C8.
[0170] 3.3 Cross-activity of Antibodies with Monkey Vγ9Vδ2T cells
[0171] Cynomolgus monkey PBMCs (cyno-PBMCs) (Sailybio, Ref: SLB-CMP010B, lot: CMP220917-187976C) were resuscitated, then Zoledronate (Zol, 5μM) and IL-2 (300 IU / mL) were added and incubated in a 37℃ incubator for 7 days. Monkey Vγ9Vδ2 T cells were isolated from cyno-PBMCs using the kit (Stemcells, Art. No: 9255) . Cell FACS binding experiments were performed with isolated monkey Vγ9Vδ2 T cells towards 3E12, 6G8, 3G2 by a similar method as mentioned in 3.2.
[0172] The results in Table 3 show that the γδT antibodies 3G2, 3E12, 6G8 have species cross-reactivity with monkey. 5C8 and B420 were used as reference antibodies, and IgG1 was used as a negative control.
[0173] Table 3. Antibody-Monkey Vδ2Vγ9T Cells Cross-species Activity
[0174] Note: Y means binding of monkey Vδ2Vγ9T cells with antibodies; N means no binding of monkey Vδ2Vγ9 T cells with antibodies.
[0175] Example 4. Epitope Binning
[0176] Epitope binning was performed in a sequential mode using an Octet Red 96 instrument (Forte Bio) . Antigen γ9δ2-TCR was immobilized on anti-mFc biosensors. Each epitope binning experiment consisted of a baseline measurement in kinetics buffer for 60s; loading of γ9δ2-TCR for 100s; a second baseline measurement in kinetics buffer for 60s; association of the primary monoclonal antibody (mAb) for 400s; dissociation in kinetics buffer for 100s; association of the competing (secondary) mAb for 300s with shaking at 1000 rpm at 30℃. Binding response of the secondary mAb was measured against the saturating primary mAb. All mAb solutions were prepared in kinetics buffer (PBS, 0.05%BSA, 0.01%Tween20) . The information for testing primary and secondary antibodies (3E12, 3G2, B420, 5C8) can be found in Table 4. All the data was analyzed by Octet Analysis 12.2, and results are shown in Table 4. The mAbs that block the binding to the same epitope are “binned” together and labeled with x in Table 4. The mAbs that do not block binding are labeled with ○ in Table 4. –represents the same antibodies. It can be seen that 3G2 does not share epitopes with any tested Vγ9 or Vδ2 antibodies.
[0177] Table 4. Epitope Binning for Antibodies
[0178] To confirm the binding epitope, γ9δ1-TCR-Fc fusion protein (also referred to as “γ9δ1-TCR” below, wherein γ9δ1 extracellular domain (ECD) (γ9, PDB: 1HXM_B; δ1, Genbank: CAL59670.1) was fused to wild type Fc fragment) was recombinantly expressed in CHO cells. 3E12, 6G8, and 3G2 were tested for γ9δ2-TCR and γ9δ1-TCR binding by ELISA using γ9δ2-TCR-Fc fusion protein generated in Example 1 and γ9δ1-TCR-Fc fusion protein generated above respectively.
[0179] The ELISA binding results is shown in Table 5. It can be seen that antibody 3E12 binds only to Vγ9δ2 not to Vγ9δ1. Thus, 3E12 binding epitopes was located in Vδ2 domain. Antibody 6G8 and 3G2 bind both antigens, so the binding epitopes of these antibodies were located in Vγ9 or constant region.
[0180] Table 5. ELISA Binding of γ9δ2 TCR and γ9δ1 TCR with Antibodies (OD450)
[0181] Example 5. Reporter Assay
[0182] Jurkat-γ9δ2 TCR / NFAT-Luc reporter cells were used for screening Vγ9Vδ2 agonistic antibody with a reporter assay. THP-1 cells (human leukemia monocytic cell line) and anti-CD28 antibody (Invitrogen, 16-0289-85) were added in the assay system for antibody crosslinking and T cell co-stimulation respectively.
[0183] THP-1 cells of 2x104 cells / well in 50ul RPMI-1640 medium (Gibco, A1049101) were added to 96 well U-bottom plate (Corning, 3799) in the presence of the selected antibodies (3E12, 6G8, 3G2) with the indicated concentrations as shown in Figure 4 and Figure 5. Then Jurkat-γ9δ2 TCR / NFAT-Luc reporter cells of 4x104 cells / well in 50ul RPMI-1640 medium with the final concentration of anti-CD28 of 1μg / mL were added in to each well. Incubate the plate to at 37℃in 5%CO2 for 5h. 100 ul of Bright-Lite Luciferase Assay Buffer (Vazyme, DD1204-03) were added and shook for 3mins. Jurkat-γ9δ2 TCR / NFAT-Luc reporter cells activation was analyzed with a Perkin Elmer Envision plate reader and data was processed with Prism Graphpad software. The activation of Jurkat-γ9δ2 TCR / NFAT-Luc reporter cell is shown in Figure 4 and Figure 5. hIgG1 (Biointron, B422203) was used as a negative control. 5C8 and B420 were used as reference antibodies. RLU represents Relative Light Unit. It can be seen that all the antibodies 3E12, 6G8, 3G2 can effectively activate the Vγ9Vδ2-expressing cell, which implies that these antibodies could enable γδT cells as killer T cell.
[0184] Example 6. Humanization of the mAb
[0185] Humanization of murine monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) was carried out by a complementarity-determining region (CDR) grafting approach, which has been reported in many previous studies (Proc. Nal. Acad. Sci. USA 86, 10029-10033 (1989) ) . Briefly, the framework regions (FRs) of the parental (murine) antibody variable heavy (VH) and light (VL) chains were replaced with corresponding human germline V and J gene segments. The human germline genes were selected based on sequence homology between the parental antibody and available human V and J genes. The VH and VL amino acid sequences of the antibody were separately analyzed by IgBlast or IMGT / DomainGapAlign against the entire human antibody germline V gene repertoire. Human IGVH and IGVK genes with the highest homology to the parental mAb were selected as templates for humanization. The CDRs of each murine antibody were then grafted into the selected human germline templates. Key framework residues, including vernier zone residues that support CDR conformation and interchain packing residues located at the VH-VL interface, were back-mutated to their parental murine counterparts. The amino acid sequences of the humanized variable regions were converted into nucleotide sequences based on human codon usage preferences. Appropriate restriction sites and external amplification primer sequences were added to the 5’ -and 3’-ends of the designed nucleotide sequences. The complete DNA sequences were commercially synthesized (GeneWiz) and subcloned into modified pCDNA3.4 vectors containing human IgG1 or kappa constant regions, generating pCDNA3.4-hIgG1 and pCDNA3.4-hKappa expression vectors respectively. The resulting constructs were sequenced to confirm identity.
[0186] Certain motifs in the antibody CDR regions can be prone to chemical instabilities such as deamidation and isomerization. These unstable motifs may potentially impair the antibody structure and function. To mitigate this risk, site-directed mutagenesis was utilized to eliminate potential unstable motifs in the CDR regions, aiming to enhance the stability and optimize the antibody candidates. The VH and VL sequences of humanized antibodies are set out in Table 6, and the CDRs of humanized antibodies are set out in Table 7.
[0187] Therefore, humanized and optimized antibody expression plasmids were generated, consisting of a humanized VH region connected to human IgG1 constant regions and a humanized VL region connected to human Ig kappa constant regions. All recombinant mAbs were expressed and purified as described previously (Example 2) .
[0188] Table 6. Amino Acid Sequences of VH and VL for Humanized Antibodies
[0189] Table 7. Amino Acid Sequences of CDRs for Humanized Antibodies
[0190] Example 7. Epitope Binning of Humanized Antibodies
[0191] To confirm the binding epitope, γ9δ2-TCR-Fc fusion protein (γ9, PDB: 1HXM_B; δ2, PDB: 1HXM_A) , γ9δ1-TCR-Fc fusion protein (γ9, PDB: 1HXM_B; δ1, Genbank: CAL59670.1) and γ4δ1-TCR-Fc fusion protein (γ4, GenBank: QCY51035.1; δ1, Genbank: CAL59670.1) were recombinantly expressed in CHO cells and purified. Antibodies (hu6G8, hu3E12, hu3G2, B420, 5C8) were tested for γ9δ2-TCR, γ9δ1-TCR, γ4δ1-TCR binding by ELISA. Briefly, the tested antibodies were labeled with biotin with a biotinylation kit (Genemore, Cat#G-MM-IGT) . Antigen γ9δ2-TCR, γ9δ1-TCR or γ4δ1-TCR was coated into the 96 well ELISA plate. After blocking, 1μg / mL tested antibodies were added into the plate and incubated for 1h. After washing, SA-HRP was added and incubated for 20 min. OD450 was determined after the color reaction.
[0192] The ELISA binding results are shown in Table 8. Based on the ELISA binding results, antibody hu6G8 binds to Vγ9δ2 and Vγ9δ1 but not to Vγ4δ1. Thus, hu6G8 binding epitopes were located in the Vγ9 domain. Antibody hu3E12 binds to Vγ9δ2 but does not bind to Vγ9δ1 and Vγ4δ1, which indicates that its binding epitope is located in the Vδ2 domain. The binding epitopes of antibodies hu3G2 may locate in constant region, since hu3G2 can bind to any of the Vγ9δ2, Vγ9δ1 and Vγ4δ1.
[0193] Table 8. ELISA Binding of γ9δ2-TCR, γ9δ1-TCR and γ4δ1-TCR with Antibodies (OD450)
[0194] Note: OD450>0.2 stands for the binding of antibody to the antigen.
[0195] To further confirm the epitope of hu3G2, 7 mutated γ9δ2-TCR proteins were produced. Each mutated γ9δ2-TCR fusion protein has one substitution selected from the following: K145A, Q147A in γ chain constant region, E144A, I150A, V155A, E184A, N197A in δ chain constant region. For example, γ chain K145A represents γ9δ2 TCR protein with a K to A substitution at position 145 in γ chain constant region. The binding activity of hu3G2 to these mutants / muteins was tested with the BLI assay as described in Example 8 using an Octet Red 96 instrument (Forte Bio) , and ELISA as described above. The non-mutated γ9δ2-TCR was used as a wild type (WT) control. B420 was used as a reference antibody. As shown in Table 9 and Figure 6, mutation at δchain constant region V155 or E184 could greatly reduce the binding of hu3G2 both in BLI and ELISA assays, suggesting that these two residues might be the core part of the epitope while mutations at other positions affect the binding of hu3G2 to γ9δ2 TCR in varying degrees.
[0196] Table 9. BLI Binding Assay of hu3G2 to γ9δ2 TCR Muteins / Mutants
[0197] Example 8. BLI Affinity Determination of Humanized Antibodies
[0198] The affinity between the selected humanized antibodies (hu6G8, hu3E12, hu3G2) and antigen γ9δ2-TCR can be represented by an equilibrium dissociation constant (KD) , which is the ratio of the dissociation rate constant (koff) to the association rate (kon) . In this assay, the selected antibodies were captured by AHC2.0 biosensor at the concentration of 10μg / mL under kinetics buffer for 300 seconds. The antigen γ9δ2-TCR at a concentration of 100 nm was bound to the antibodies (hu6G8, hu3E12, hu3G2, and reference B420) shown in Table 10 as analytes for 240 seconds and dissociated for 600 seconds. The entire procedure was performed using Octet BLI Discovery 12.2 and the data was analyzed by Octet Analysis 12.2. Based on the results shown in Table 10, it can be seen that all the tested humanized antibodies show nanomolar level affinity to γ9δ2-TCR.
[0199] Table 10. BLI Binding Assay of Antibodies to γ9δ2-TCR
[0200] Example 9. FACS Binding Analysis of Humanized Antibodies
[0201] Human Vγ9Vδ2T cells (Yayubio, human PBMC, Ref: CWPB010M, Lot: CAPB01221203) were harvested and washed, the cell number was adjusted to a concentration of 1x106 cells / mL in ice cold FACS Buffer. 100 μL / well of cell suspension was added to a 96-well flow plate, and centrifuged at 300g for 5 min at 4℃. Then the supernatant was discarded.
[0202] The selected humanized antibodies (hu6G8, hu3E12, hu3G2) were diluted in FACS buffer at 1: 5 ratio from100nM concentration at 8 points, and incubated for at 1h at 4℃. The cells were washed 3 times by centrifugation at 300g for 5 minutes. Secondary antibody-AlexaFluor647-conjugated goat anti-human IgG Fcγ Fragment (Jackson, 109-605-098) was diluted in FACS buffer at 1: 1000 ratio, and incubated for at 30min at 4℃. The cells were washed 3 times by centrifugation at 300g for 5 min, and resuspended in 200 μL of ice cold FACS buffer, then analyzed on the flow cytometer. B420 and 5C8 were used as reference antibodies, IgG1 was used as a negative control.
[0203] The results were shown in Figure 7, which refers that all the selected humanized antibodies can effectively bind to γ9δ2 expressed on Vγ9Vδ2T cells.
[0204] Example 10. Cross FACS Binding Analysis of Humanized Antibodies with Monkey Vγ9Vδ2T cells
[0205] Cyno-Vγ9Vδ2T cells (Sailybio, Monkey PBMC, Ref: SLB-CMP010B, Lot: CMP220917-187976C) were prepared, the cell number was adjusted to a concentration of 1x106 cells / mL in ice cold FACS Buffer. 100 μL / well of cell suspension was added to a 96-well flow plate, and centrifuged at 300g for 5 min at 4℃. The supernatant was discarded.
[0206] The selected humanized antibodies (hu6G8, hu3E12, hu3G2) were diluted in FACS buffer from 100nM concentration by 5-fold gradient dilution for 8 points, and incubated for at 1h at 4℃. The cells were washed 3 times by centrifugation at 300g for 5 minutes. Secondary antibody, AlexaFluor647-conjugated goat anti-human IgG Fcγ Fragment (Jackson, 109-605-098) was diluted in FACS buffer at 1: 1000 ratio, and incubated for at 30min at 4℃. The cells were washed 3 times by centrifugation at 300g for 5 min, and resuspended in 200 μL of ice cold FACS buffer, then analyzed on the flow cytometer. B420 and 5C8 were used as reference antibodies, IgG1 was used as a negative control.
[0207] The results as shown in Figure 8 referred that all the selected humanized antibodies can effectively cross react with Cyno-Vγ9Vδ2T cells.
[0208] Example 11. Reporter Assay of Humanized Antibodies
[0209] Jurkat-γ9δ2 TCR / NFAT-Luc reporter cells were used for screening Vγ9Vδ2 T agonist antibody with reporter assay. THP-1 cells (human leukemia monocytic cell line) and anti-CD28 antibody were added in the assay system for antibody crosslinking and T cell co-stimulation respectively.
[0210] THP-1 cells of 2x104 cells / well in 50ul RPMI-1640 medium (Gibco, A1049101) were added to a 96 well U-bottom plate (Corning, 3799) in the presence of the selected antibodies (hu6G8, hu3E12, hu3G2) with indicated concentrations shown in Figure 9. Then Jurkat-γ9δ2 TCR / NFAT-Luc reporter cells of 4x104 cells / well in 50ul RPMI-1640 medium with the final concentration of anti-CD28 (Invitrogen, 16-0289-85) of 1μg / mL were added in to each well. The plate was incubated at 37℃ in 5%CO2 for 5h. 100 ul of Bright-Lite Luciferase Assay Buffer (Vazyme, DD1204-03) was added and shaken for 3mins. Jurkat-γ9δ2 TCR / NFAT-Luc reporter cell activation was analyzed with a Perkin Elmer Envision plate reader and data was processed with Prism Graphpad software. The activation of Jurkat-γ9δ2 TCR / NFAT-Luc reporter cell is shown in Figure 9. B420 and 5C8 were used as reference antibodies, IgG1 was used as a negative control.
[0211] Example 12. γδ T cell Killing Assay of Humanized Antibodies
[0212] THP-1 cells (human leukemia monocytic cell) (1x106 / mL) were labeled with Cell TraceTM Violet kit (CTV, Thermo, C34557) according to the instruction of manufacturer. After incubation at 37℃ in 5%CO2 for 20 mins, at least 2 folds volume of X-vivo medium (Lonza, 04-418Q) was added to the THP-1 cells and incubated for 5 min at RT. Centrifugation was performed at 1500rpm for 5 mins and cells were resuspended with X-vivo medium (Lonza, 04-418Q) to washing one time. Then cells were resuspended with 1mL of X-vivo medium (Lonza, 04-418Q) and cell number was counted. 50 ul of γ9δ2 T cells (effector) of 4x105 / mL, and 50ul of CTV labeled THP 1 cells (target) (the effector to target ratio is E: T=1: 1) of 4x105 / mL were mixed well in the presence of 50ul selected antibodies (hu6G8, hu3E12, hu3G2) (start from 1nM, 4-fold dilution) . After 24 h of incubation at 37℃ in 5%CO2, cells were stained with 7-AAD (Thermo, 00-6993-50) for 5 min and then washed once with PBS. Cell cytotoxicity was analyzed by fluorescence intensity with a Thermo attune NxT flow cytometer and data was processed with Flowjo software. The cytotoxicity of γ9δ2 T cell is shown in Figure 10. B420 and 5C8 were used as reference antibodies, IgG1 was used as a negative control.
[0213] The result demonstrates that the antibodies hu6G8, hu3E12, and hu3G2 can activate γ9δ2 T cell which mediates cytotoxicity to THP-1.
[0214] Example 13. Construct of Bispecific Antibody
[0215] In order to bridge γδT cells and tumor cells, bispecific antibodies in different formats were generated to recognize both tumor-associated antigens (TAA) on the surface of tumor cells and γδTCR on γδT cells. Their potency was tested in different in vitro systems.
[0216] First, a bispecific antibody was generated from a conventional IgG by principally structuring. This bispecific antibody contains two antigen binding sites, with one binding site targeting the tumor-associated antigen (TAA) and the other binding site targeting the γδ T cell receptor (γδ TCR) . The design of this bispecific antibody follows a "1+1" (V1) pattern as shown in Figure 11A. Briefly, one arm is composed of anti-γδ TCR Fab, the other arm is composed of anti-TAA Fab, and the two arms are linked to Fc via hinge region. In addition, "2+2" (V2) and F3 (V3) molecular constructs were also designed and generated as shown in Figure 11B and 11C. In "2+2" (V2) construct, two single chain variable fragments (scFvs) targeting the TAA were fused to the C-terminus of the heavy chain or light chain of a conventional IgG targeting the γδ TCR. In Format 3 (V3) construct, scFvs targeting the γδ TCR were fused to the C-terminus of the light chain of a conventional IgG targeting TAA. The Fc fragment, hinge region, linker to construct scFv, linker to link the scFv to the conventional IgG are well known in the art.
[0217] The formats mentioned above were merely used to test the feasibility of combining the γδT cell engager using the selected anti-γδTCR antibodies and anti-TAA antibodies. Other bispecific antibody formats are also applicable for the skilled person in the art. Further, the conformational allocation of the anti-γδ TCR antibody or the binding moiety thereof and anti-TAA antibody or the binding moiety thereof in the bispecific antibody formats can be exchanged.
[0218] In this example, the bispecific antibodies named “BsAb 3G2-V1” , “BsAb 6G8-V1” , and “BsAb 3E12-V1” were generated in the V1 pattern; the bispecific antibodies named “BsAb 3G2-V2” , “BsAb 6G8-V2” , and “BsAb 3E12-V2” were generated in the V2 pattern; and the bispecific antibodies named “BsAb 3G2-V3” , “BsAb 6G8-V3” , and “BsAb 3E12-V3” were generated in the V3 pattern. BsAb 3G2-V1, BsAb 3G2-V2, and BsAb 3G2-V3 each comprises the hu3G2 antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof, and the anti-CLL1 antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof, in which the hu3G2 antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof comprises a VH as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 29, and a VL as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 30; BsAb 6G8-V1, BsAb 6G8-V2, and BsAb 6G8-V3 each comprises the hu6G8 antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof, and the anti-CLL1 antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof, in which the hu6G8 antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof comprises a VH as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 25, and a VL as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 26; BsAb 3E12-V1, BsAb 3E12-V2, and BsAb 3E12-V3 each comprises the hu3E12 antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof, and the anti-CLL1 antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof, in which the hu3E12 antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof comprises a VH as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 27, and a VL as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 28. The above-mentioned anti-CLL1 antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof comprises a VL with the sequence shown as DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASQSVSTSSYNYMHWYQQKPGKPPKLLIKYASNLES GVPSRFSGSGSGTDFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYCQHSWEIPLTFGQGTKVEIK (SEQ ID NO: 36) , and a VH with the sequence shown as EVQLVQSGAEVKKPGASVKVSCKASGYSFTDYYMHWVRQAPGQGLEWIGRINPYAGA AFYSQNFKDRVTLTVDTSTSTAYLELSSLRSEDTAVYYCAIERGADLEGYAMDYWGQGT LVTVSS (SEQ ID NO: 37) .
[0219] Example 14. Binding Specificity Analysis of Bispecific Antibody
[0220] 14.1. Binding Activity of Bispecific Antibodies to Human Vγ9Vδ2T Cells
[0221] The expanded Vγ9Vδ2 T cells (example 3 as a reference) were collected, and the cells were counted and seeded at a certain number of cells, 1x105 / well, 100ul. Then centrifuged at 300g, 4℃, for 5min and the supernatant was discarded. The selected antibodies BsAb 3E12-V1, BsAb 3E12-V2, BsAb 3E12-V3, BsAb 3G2-V1, BsAb 3G2-V2, BsAb 3G2-V3, BsAb 6G8-V1, BsAb 6G8-V2, BsAb 6G8-V3 were diluted in FACS buffer (PBS+2%FBS) . [Reference antibodies BsAb B420-V1, BsAb B420-V2, BsAb 5C8-V1, and BsAb 5C8-V2 were used. The constructs of Reference BsAbs with V1 and V2 format are similar as those in Example 13, with B420 arm and 5C8 arm instead of 3E12, 3G2 or 6G8] The cells were incubated with the above diluted antibody solution for 30min at 4℃, then centrifuged at 300g, 4℃, for 5min and washed with PBS twice. Secondary antibody-AlexaFluor647-conjugated affinipure goat anti-human IgG Fcγ Fragment (Jackson, 109-605-098) (1: 1000) was diluted in FACS buffer. Centrifuged at 300g, 4℃, for 5min and washed with PBS twice. Cells were resuspended in 200uL FACS buffer and evaluated by Flow meter detection. The results are shown in Figures 12-14. Based on the results, all 3 formats of the selected bispecific antibodies (BsAbs) targeting both γδTCR and CLL1 show binding with human Vγ9Vδ2T cells.
[0222] 14.2. Binding Activity of Bispecific Antibodies to U937 Tumor Cells
[0223] Similar binding assay as Example 14.1 was used to test the binding of the selected BsAbs to U937 with high CLL1 expression.
[0224] The results are shown in Figures 15-17. Based on the results, all the 3 formats of the selected BsAbs targeting both γδTCR and CLL1 show strong binding with U937 cells.
[0225] Example 15. Reporter Assay of Bispecific Antibody
[0226] Jurkat-γ9δ2 TCR / NFAT-Luc reporter cells were used for screening Vγ9Vδ2 T agonist antibody with reporter assay. HL-60 cells (human promyeloblast cell line) and anti-CD28 antibody were added in the assay system for antibody crosslinking and T cell co-stimulation respectively.
[0227] HL-60 cells of 2x104 cells / well in 50ul RPMI-1640 medium (Gibco, A1049101) were added to a 96 well U-bottom plate (Corning, 3799) in the presence of antibodies (BsAb 3E12-V1, BsAb 3E12-V2, BsAb 3E12-V3, BsAb 3G2-V1, BsAb 3G2-V2, BsAb 3G2-V3, BsAb 6G8-V1, BsAb 6G8-V2, BsAb 6G8-V3) with indicated concentrations. Then Jurkat-γ9δ2 TCR / NFAT-Luc reporter cells of 4x104 cells / well in 50ul RPMI-1640 medium with the final concentration of anti-CD28 (Invitrogen, 16-0289-85) of 1μg / mL were added in to each well. The plate was incubated at 37℃in 5%CO2 for 5h. 100 ul of Bright-Lite Luciferase Assay Buffer (Vazyme, DD1204-03) were added and shaken for 3mins. Jurkat-γ9δ2 TCR / NFAT-Luc reporter cells activation was analyzed with a Perkin Elmer Envision plate reader and data was processed with Prism Graphpad software. The activation of Jurkat-γ9δ2 TCR / NFAT-Luc reporter cell is shown in Figures 18-20. [Reference antibodies BsAb B420-V1, BsAb B420-V2, BsAb 5C8-V1, BsAb 5C8-V2, and hIgG-LALA were used. ] . The results show that the γδ TCR expressing cell can be effectively activated by BsAb 3E12-V1, BsAb 3E12-V2, BsAb 3E12-V3, BsAb 3G2-V1, BsAb 3G2-V2, BsAb 3G2-V3, BsAb 6G8-V1, BsAb 6G8-V2, BsAb 6G8-V3.
[0228] Example 16. Killing Assay of Bispecific Antibody
[0229] HL-60 cells (human promyeloblast cell line) (1x106 / mL) were labeled with Cell TraceTM Violet kit (CTV, Thermo, C34557) according to the instruction of manufacturer. After incubation at 37℃ in 5%CO2 for 20 mins, at least 2 folds volume of X-vivo medium (Lonza, 04-418Q) was added to the HL-60 cells and incubated for 5 min at RT. Centrifuged at 1500rpm for 5 mins and cells were resuspended with X-vivo medium (Lonza, 04-418Q) to washing one time. Then cells were resuspended with 1mL of X-vivo medium (Lonza, 04-418Q) and counted. 50 uL γ9δ2 T cells of 4x105 / mL, and 50uL CTV labeled HL-60 cells (target) (the effector to target ratio is E: T=1: 1) of 4x105 / mL were mixed well in the presence of 50ul indicated antibodies (BsAb 3E12-V1, BsAb 3E12-V2, BsAb 3E12-V3, BsAb 3G2-V1, BsAb 3G2-V2, BsAb 3G2-V3, BsAb 6G8-V1, BsAb 6G8-V2, BsAb 6G8-V3) (start from 5nM, 4-fold dilution) . After 24 h of incubation at 37℃ in 5%CO2, cells were stained with 7-AAD (Thermo, 00-6993-50) for 5 min and then washed once with PBS. Cell cytotoxicity was analyzed by fluorescence intensity with a Thermo attune NxT flow cytometer and data was processed with Flowjo software. The cytotoxicity of γ9δ2 T cell is shown in Figures 21-23. Reference antibodies BsAb B420-V1, BsAb B420-V2, BsAb 5C8-V1, BsAb 5C8-V2, and hIgG-LALA (Fc silent) were used.
[0230] The result demonstrates that the antibodies BsAb 3E12-V1, BsAb 3E12-V2, BsAb 3E12-V3, BsAb 3G2-V1, BsAb 3G2-V2, BsAb 3G2-V3, BsAb 6G8-V1, BsAb 6G8-V2, BsAb 6G8-V3 can activate γ9δ2 T cells, inducing potent cytotoxicity against target cell HL-60.
[0231] Example 17. Construct of DSG2-targeting Bispecific Antibodies
[0232] The construction of the DSG2-targeting γδ T cell engagers (3G2 x 10F7) is the same as that illustrated in Example 13 with the format of V1, V2 or V3.
[0233] In this example, bispecific antibodies named “3G2x10F7-V1” , “3G2x10F7-V2” , and “3G2x10F7-V3” were generated, targeting both DSG2 and γδTCR. For example, 3G2x10F7-V1 represents that anti-γδTCR hu3G2 antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof, and anti-DSG2 hu10F7 antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof are formed in the V1 format. Reference bispecific antibody, “Vg9 B2 scFv×10F7-V1” (Vg9 B2 scFv: J&J anti-TCRγ9 reference antibody) , was also generated. The recombinant bispecific antibodies were expressed for 7 days in ExpiCHO, then purified with Protein A affinity purification and ion exchange chromatography to obtain high purity.
[0234] 3G2x10F7-V1, 3G2x10F7-V2, and 3G2x10F7-V3 each comprises the anti-γδTCR hu3G2 antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof, and the anti-DSG2 hu10F7 antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof.
[0235] The sequences of hu3G2 antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof are shown in Table 11 and Table 12.
[0236] Table 11. Amino Acid Sequences of VH and VL for hu3G2
[0237] Table 12. Amino Acid Sequences of CDRs for hu3G2
[0238] The sequences of hu10F7 antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof are shown in Table 13 and Table 14.
[0239] Table 13. Amino Acid Sequences of VH and VL for Humanized Antibodies
[0240] Table 14. Amino Acid Sequences of CDRs for Humanized Antibodies
[0241] Vg9 B2 scFv×10F7-V1 comprises the Vg9 B2 scFv (J&J anti-TCRγ9 reference antibody B420) , and the hu10F7 antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof comprising a VH as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 38, and a VL as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 39, in the V1 format.
[0242] Example 18. γδ T Cell Engagers Induce γδ T cells to Exhibit Potent Cytotoxicity Against DSG2-Positive Target Cells
[0243] To determine the ability of γδ T cell engagers to induce γδ T cells to kill DSG2-positive target cells, Nanoluc-stably transfected human target cells, A549 (lung cancer) , OE-19 (esophageal adenocarcinoma) or MKN-74 (gastric tubular adenocarcinoma) were mixed with in vitro expanded γ9δ2 T cells at an E: T ratio of 5: 1 in the presence of indicated BsAb of Example 20 and hIgG1-LALA for 24h (all the cell lines were from ATCC) .
[0244] The construction of the Nanoluc-stably transfected human target cells was according to manufacturer’s instruction of system (Promega) .
[0245] Luciferase activity in the supernatant after co-culture was determined by a Luciferase Assay kit (Promega, N1110) and a Perkin Elmer Envision plate reader. The cytotoxicity is calculated as follows:
[0246] %Cytotoxicity=RLU (sample) -RLU (tumor cell only) / RLU (100%lysis with Triton-100) -RLU(tumor cell only)
[0247] As shown in Figure 24, all DSG2-specific γδ T cell engagers show potent killing activity against target cells, especially BsAbs in “V2” formats, which were 10-fold more potent than BsAbs in “V1” format.
[0248] Example 19. In Vivo Activity of Bispecific Antibody in HL-60 Xenograft Model
[0249] We next confirmed the in vivo function of drug candidates (BsAb 3E12-V2, BsAb 3G2-V2, BsAb 6G8-V2) in a HL-60 xenograft model. Female B-NDG-mice (6-8 weeks old) were obtained from Biocytogen and acclimated in house for 3 days before the study under specific pathogen free conditions in accredited animal facilities. All mice received a single subcutaneous (s. c. ) injection of 5x106 HL-60 cells, mixed with 50%Matrigel (Absin) in the right flank on Day 0 (the day of tumor inoculation was defined as Day0) . On Day 0, mice were randomized into eight groups (5 or 6 mice per group) according to the bodyweight. Treatment groups were shown as below: G0 HL-60 tumor only, G1 control, G2 BsAb 6G8-V2, G3 BsAb B420-V2, G4 BsAb 3E12-V2, G5 BsAb 5C8-V2, G6 BsAb 3G2-V2. Treatment was started on Day 0. Mice in Group 1 to Group 6 separately received a subcutaneous injection of previously expanded γ9δ2 T cells (2 million / mouse) and an IL-2 variant (IL-2Rα-non-binder, 10 μg / mouse, Demaria et al., 2022, Cell Reports Medicine 3, 100783) for selectively stimulating effector T cells on Day 0, Day3, Day 6, Day 9 and 12. While equimolar drugs (BsAb 3E12-V2, BsAb 3G2-V2, BsAb 6G8-V2, hIgG1 (Fc-silent) control, BsAb B420-V2 and BsAb 5C8-V2, 2.4-4 mpk) were injected intravenously with the same frequency as γ9δ2 T cells. Tumor volume and body weight were recorded 2-3 times per week. Tumor volume (TV) was calculated according to the formula: TV (mm3) = L*W2 / 2, where L is the length of the tumor and W is the width of the tumor.
[0250] In vivo data demonstrates that drug candidates have shown great antitumor efficacy. As shown in Figures 25A-B, all drug candidates have good anti-tumor activity comparing to hIgG1 (Fc-silent) control. BsAb 3G2-V2 in the Group 6 shows the best efficacy than the benchmarks in Group 3 (BsAb B420-V2) , Group 5 (BsAb 5C8-V2) . Potency of BsAb 6G8-V2 in the Group 2 and BsAb 3E12-V2 in the Group 4 are comparable to the corresponding benchmark in Group 3 (BsAb B420-V2) , Group 5 (BsAb 5C8-V2) , respectively. All mice were well-tolerated with drug treatment as shown by bodyweight change in Figure 25C.
[0251] Example 20. In Vivo Activity of γδ T cell engagers in OE19 xenograft model
[0252] We next confirmed the in vivo function of drug candidates (BsAb 3G2 x 10F7 with different formats) in an OE19 xenograft model. Female B-NDG-mice (6-8 weeks old) were obtained from Biocytogen and acclimated in house for 3 days before the study under specific pathogen free conditions in accredited animal facilities. All mice received a single subcutaneous (s. c. ) injection of 2x106 OE19 cells (ATCC) , mixed with 50%Matrigel (Absin) in the right flank on Day 0 (the day of tumor inoculation was defined as Day0) . On Day 0, mice were randomized into eight groups (5 or 6 mice per group) according to the bodyweight. Treatment groups were shown as below: G0 HL-60 tumor only, G1 hIgG1 (Fc-silent) control, G2: 3G2 x 10F7-V1, G3: 3G2 x 10F7-V2 , G4: 3G2 x 10F7-V3, G5: Vg9 B2 scFv x 10F7-V1 (J&J, also referred as B420 x 10F7-V1) ) . Treatment was started on Day 0. Mice in Group 1 to Group 6 separately received a subcutaneous injection of previously expanded γ9δ2 T cells (2 million / mouse) and an IL-2 variant (IL-2Rα-non-binder, 10 μg / mouse, Demaria et al., 2022, Cell Reports Medicine 3, 100783) , for selectively stimulating effector T cells on Day 0, Days 3, 6, 9, and 12. While equimolar drugs (0.9-1.7 mpk) were injected intravenously with the same frequency as γ9δ2 T cells. Tumor volume and body weight were recorded 2-3 times per week. Tumor volume (TV) was calculated according to the formula: TV (mm3) = L*W2 / 2, where L is the length of the tumor and W is the width of the tumor.
[0253] In vivo data demonstrates that drug candidates have shown great antitumor efficacy. As shown in Figures 26A-B, all drug candidates have good anti-tumor activity comparing to hIgG1 (Fc-silent) control. BsAb candidates in the Group 2-Group 4 show better efficacy than the benchmarks in Group 5 (Vg9 B2 scFv x 10F7-V1 (J&J) ) . All mice were well-tolerated upon drug treatment as suggested by negative impact on bodyweight change (Figure 26C) .
Claims
1.An antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof that specifically binds γδ TCR, wherein said antibody or antigen binding fragment interacts with at least one of the following domains of γδ TCR: variable region of δ2 domain, variable region of γ9 domain, and constant region, preferably the constant region of δ chain.2.The antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof of claim 1, wherein said antibody or antigen binding fragment interacts with at least one amino acid of the constant region of δ chain of γδ TCR close to γδ T cell membrane, preferably, interacts with at least one of the amino acids V155 and E184 of the δ chain of γδ TCR.3.The antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof of claim 1 or 2 comprising:a HCDR1 comprising SYGX1X2 with 0, 1, 2, or 3 conservative substitutions, or NFWIG as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 13 with 0, 1, 2, or 3 conservative substitutions;a HCDR2 comprising X3IX4X5X6X7X8X9TX10YX11X12X13X14X15G with 0, 1, 2, or 3 conservative substitutions, or VIWASGX16TDYNX17X18LX19S with 0, 1, 2, or 3 conservative substitutions;a HCDR3 comprising LYDYDDSLDY as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 9 with 0, 1, 2, or 3 conservative substitutions, RGSYGNYAMDY as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 15 with 0, 1, 2, or 3 conservative substitutions, or EGTASLGY as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 21 with 0, 1, 2, or 3 conservative substitutions;a LCDR1 comprising X20ASX21X22X23X24X25X26X27X28 with 0, 1, 2, or 3 conservative substitutions;a LCDR2 comprising AATNLAX29 with 0, 1, 2, or 3 conservative substitutions, SASYRYS as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 11 with 0, 1, 2, or 3 conservative substitutions, or YTSRLQS as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 23 with 0, 1, 2, or 3 conservative substitutions; anda LCDR3 comprising QX30X31X32X33X34PX35X36T with 0, 1, 2, or 3 conservative substitutions;wherein the X1-36 are independently any amino acid residues.4.The antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof of claim 3, wherein X1 is any one of M, V, and their conservative substitutions; X2 is any one of S, H, and their conservative substitutions; X3 is any one of T, D, and their conservative substitutions; X4 is any one of S, F, and their conservative substitutions; X5 is any one of S, P, and their conservative substitutions; X6 is any one of G, V, and their conservative substitutions; X7 is any one of G, N, S, and their conservative substitutions; X8 is any one of Y, G, and their conservative substitutions; X9 is any one of H, Y, and their conservative substitutions; X10 is any one of Y, D, and their conservative substitutions; X11 is any one of P, N, A, and their conservative substitutions; X12 is any one of D, E, Q, and their conservative substitutions; X13 is any one of S, K, and their conservative substitutions; X14 is any one of V, F, and their conservative substitutions; X15 is any one of K, Q, and their conservative substitutions; X16 is any one of S, N, and their conservative substitutions; X17 is any one of P, S, and their conservative substitutions; X18 is any one of S, A, and their conservative substitutions; X19 is any one of K, M, and their conservative substitutions; X20 is any one of K, R and their conservative substitutions; X21 is any one of Q, E, and their conservative substitutions; X22 is any one of S, N, D, and their conservative substitutions; X23 is any one of V, I, and their conservative substitutions; X24 is any one of D, Y, S, and their conservative substitutions; X25 is any one of T, S, N, and their conservative substitutions; X26 is any one of N, Y, and their conservative substitutions; X27 is any one of V, L, and their conservative substitutions; X28 is any one of A, N, and their conservative substitutions; X29 is any one of D, E, and their conservative substitutions; X30 is any one of Q, H, L, and their conservative substitutions; X31 is any one of Y, F, G, and their conservative substitutions; X32 is any one of W, N, and their conservative substitutions; X33 is any one of R, D, P, and their conservative substitutions; X34 is any one of Y, S, P, and their conservative substitutions; X35 is any one of L and its conservative substitutions, or X35 does not exist; and / or X36 is any one of F, W, Y, and their conservative substitutions.5.The antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof of any one of claims 3 or 4, wherein the HCDR1 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 13, or SEQ ID NO: 19; the HCDR2 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 20, SEQ ID NO: 31, SEQ ID NO: 33, or SEQ ID NO: 35; the HCDR3 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 9, SEQ ID NO: 15, or SEQ ID NO: 21; the LCDR1 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 22, or SEQ ID NO: 32; the LCDR2 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 11, SEQ ID NO: 17, SEQ ID NO: 23 or SEQ ID NO: 34; and the LCDR3 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 18, or SEQ ID NO: 24.6.The antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof of any one of claims 3-5, wherein the HCDRs 1-3 and LCDRs1-3 are selected from any one of the following (a) - (f) :(a) the HCDRs 1-3 comprise the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 7 with 0, 1, 2, or 3 conservative substitutions, SEQ ID NO: 8 with 0, 1, 2, or 3 conservative substitutions, and SEQ ID NO: 9 with 0, 1, 2, or 3 conservative substitutions respectively, and the LCDRs 1-3 comprise the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 10 with 0, 1, 2, or 3 conservative substitutions, SEQ ID NO: 11 with 0, 1, 2, or 3 conservative substitutions, and SEQ ID NO: 12 with 0, 1, 2, or 3 conservative substitutions respectively;(b) the HCDRs 1-3 comprise the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 13 with 0, 1, 2, or 3 conservative substitutions, SEQ ID NO: 14 with 0, 1, 2, or 3 conservative substitutions, and SEQ ID NO: 15 with 0, 1, 2, or 3 conservative substitutions respectively, and the LCDRs 1-3 comprise the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 16 with 0, 1, 2, or 3 conservative substitutions, SEQ ID NO: 17 with 0, 1, 2, or 3 conservative substitutions, and SEQ ID NO: 18 with 0, 1, 2, or 3 conservative substitutions respectively;(c) the HCDRs 1-3 comprise the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 19 with 0, 1, 2, or 3 conservative substitutions, SEQ ID NO: 20 with 0, 1, 2, or 3 conservative substitutions, and SEQ ID NO: 21 with 0, 1, 2, or 3 conservative substitutions respectively, and the LCDRs 1-3 comprise the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 22 with 0, 1, 2, or 3 conservative substitutions, SEQ ID NO: 23 with 0, 1, 2, or 3 conservative substitutions, and SEQ ID NO: 24 with 0, 1, 2, or 3 conservative substitutions respectively;(d) the HCDRs 1-3 comprise the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 7 with 0, 1, 2, or 3 conservative substitutions, SEQ ID NO: 31 with 0, 1, 2, or 3 conservative substitutions, and SEQ ID NO: 9 with 0, 1, 2, or 3 conservative substitutions respectively, and the LCDRs 1-3 comprise the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 32 with 0, 1, 2, or 3 conservative substitutions, SEQ ID NO: 11 with 0, 1, 2, or 3 conservative substitutions, and SEQ ID NO: 12 with 0, 1, 2, or 3 conservative substitutions respectively;(e) the HCDRs 1-3 comprise the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 13 with 0, 1, 2, or 3 conservative substitutions, SEQ ID NO: 33 with 0, 1, 2, or 3 conservative substitutions, and SEQ ID NO: 15 with 0, 1, 2, or 3 conservative substitutions respectively, and the LCDRs 1-3 comprise the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 16 with 0, 1, 2, or 3 conservative substitutions, SEQ ID NO: 34 with 0, 1, 2, or 3 conservative substitutions, and SEQ ID NO: 18 with 0, 1, 2, or 3 conservative substitutions respectively;(f) the HCDRs 1-3 comprise the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 19 with 0, 1, 2, or 3 conservative substitutions, SEQ ID NO: 35 with 0, 1, 2, or 3 conservative substitutions, and SEQ ID NO: 21 with 0, 1, 2, or 3 conservative substitutions respectively, and the LCDRs 1-3 comprise the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 22 with 0, 1, 2, or 3 conservative substitutions, SEQ ID NO: 23 with 0, 1, 2, or 3 conservative substitutions, and SEQ ID NO: 24 with 0, 1, 2, or 3 conservative substitutions respectively.7.An antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof that specifically binds γδ TCR, comprising a VH and / or a VL, wherein the VH and / or VL is selected from any one of the following (a) - (f) :(a) the VH comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1, and / or the VL comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 2;(b) the VH comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 3, and / or the VL comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 4;(c) the VH comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 5, and / or the VL comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 6;(d) the VH comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 25, and / or the VL comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 26;(e) the VH comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 27, and / or the VL comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 28; and(f) the VH comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 29, and / or the VL comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 30.8.An antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof that specifically binds γδ TCR, comprising any one of the following (a) - (f) with 0, 1, 2, or 3 conservative substitutions for each CDR sequence:(a) three CDRs of a VH as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1, and three CDRs of a VL as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2;(b) three CDRs of a VH as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3, and three CDRs of a VL as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 4;(c) three CDRs of a VH as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 5, and three CDRs of a VL as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 6;(d) three CDRs of a VH as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 25, and three CDRs of a VL as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 26;(e) three CDRs of a VH as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 27, and three CDRs of a VL as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 28;(f) three CDRs of a VH as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 29, and three CDRs of a VL as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 30.9.The antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof of any one of claims 1-8, which is an agonist antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof for γδ TCR.10.An antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof competing with the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof of any one of claims 1-8 to bind γδ TCR.11.The antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof of any one of claims 1-9, which is selected from the following isotypes: IgG, IgM, IgE, IgA, and IgD.12.The antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof of claim 11, which is selected from the following subtypes: IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgA1, IgA2.13.The antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof of any one of claims 1-12, which is selected from at least one of the following: a monoclonal antibody, polyclonal antibody, chimeric antibody, humanized antibody, CDR-grafted antibody, fully human antibody.14.A multi-specific antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof comprises a first antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof (AB1) targeting γδT cells, and at least a second antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof (AB2) that specifically binds a second target, preferably the multi-specific antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof is bispecific.15.The multi-specific antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof of claim 14 is selected from any one of the following, Triomab, CrossMab, Ortho-Fab, DVD-Ig, kih IgG common LC, 2 in 1-IgG, IgG-scFv, scFv2-Fc bi-Nanobody, BiTE, tandAbs, DART, DART-Fc, scFv-HAS-scFv, DNL-Fab3.16.The multi-specific antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof of claim 14 or 15, wherein the AB1 is linked to the AB2 in the form of V1, V2 or V3.17.The multi-specific antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof of any one of claims 14-16, wherein the AB1 comprises any one of the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof of any one of claims 1-13.18.The multi-specific antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof of any one of claims 14-17, wherein the second target is selected from any one of tumor associated antigens (TAAs) , and immune checkpoint targets.19.The multi-specific antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof of claim 18, wherein the second target is selected from CLL, GPC3, CEA, DSG2, immature laminin receptor, TAG-72, HPV E6, HPV E7, EGFR, Ep-CAM, EphA3, Her2, Her3, FGFR2, B7-H3, B7-H4, B7-H6, FOLR1, BAGE family, CAGE family, GAGE family, MAGE family, SAGE family, XAGE family, SSX-2, Fibronectin, MART-2, VEGFR, CLAUDIN, CD47, CSF1R, CCR4, and CD155, preferably CLL and DSG2, more preferably CLL1 and DSG2.20.The multi-specific antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof of any one of claims 14-19, wherein the AB2 comprises:a HCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 40 with 0, 1, 2, or 3 conservative substitutions;a HCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 41 with 0, 1, 2, or 3 conservative substitutions;a HCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth as KAY with 0, 1, 2, or 3 conservative substitutions;a LCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 42 with 0, 1, 2, or 3 conservative substitutions;a LCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 43 with 0, 1, 2, or 3 conservative substitutions; anda LCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 44 with 0, 1, 2, or 3 conservative substitutions.21.The multi-specific antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof of any one of claims 14-19, wherein the AB2 comprises a VH and / or a VL, wherein the VH comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 38, and / or the VL comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 39.22.The multi-specific antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof of any one of claims 14-19, wherein the AB2 comprises the following CDRs with 0, 1, 2, or 3 conservative substitutions for each CDR sequence: three CDRs of a VH as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 38, and three CDRs of a VL as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 39.23.The multi-specific antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof of any one of claims 14-19, wherein the AB2 comprises any one of the following (a) - (e) :(a) a VH and / or a VL, wherein the VH comprises the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 36, the VL comprises the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 37;(b) a VH and / or a VL, wherein the VH comprises the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 38, the VL comprises the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 39;(c) three CDRs of a VH as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 36, and three CDRs of a VL as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 37;(d) three CDRs of a VH as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 38, and three CDRs of a VL as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 39;(e) a HCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 40, a HCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 41, a HCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth as KAY, a LCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 42, a LCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 43, and a LCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 44.24.An antibody conjugate, comprising the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof of any one of claims 1-13, or the multi-specific antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof of any one of claims 14-23.25.The antibody conjugate of claim 24, further comprising a drug moiety linked to the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof directly or through a linker, wherein the linker is selected from cleavable, and non-cleavable linkers.26.An isolated nucleic acid encoding the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof of any one of claims 1-13, or the multi-specific antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof of any one of claims 14-23.27.A vector comprising the isolated nucleic acid of claim 26.28.A host cell comprising the isolated nucleic acid of claim 26, or the vector of claim 27.29.A pharmaceutical composition, comprising the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof of any one of claims 1-13, the multi-specific antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof of any one of claims 14-23, the antibody conjugate of claim 24 or 25, the isolated nucleic acid of claim 26, the vector of claim 27, or the host cell of claim 28, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient or carrier.30.A combination, comprising the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof of any one of claims 1-13, the multi-specific antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof of any one of claims 14-23, the antibody conjugate of claim 24 or 25, or the pharmaceutical composition of claim 29, and another therapeutic agent.31.The combination of claim 30, wherein the another therapeutic agent is selected from an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof, a chemotherapeutic agent and a small molecule drug, such as PD-1 agonists, CTLA-4 agonists, Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitor, tyrosine kinase inhibitor, phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE-4) inhibitor, janus kinase 1 (JAK1) inhibitor, sphingosine-1 phosphate receptor (S1PR) modulator, CD20 inhibitors, antibodies to immune cell specific antigens, immune stimulatory antibodies, antibodies to virus-infected cell antigens, chemotherapeutic agent, NSAIDs, corticosteroid.32.A method of treating tumor, preventing tumor occurrence, preventing tumor metastasis, activating T cell, or inducing cytotoxicity of tumor cells in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof of any one of claims 1-13, the multi-specific antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof of any one of claims 14-23, the antibody conjugate of claim 24 or 25, the pharmaceutical composition of claim 29, or the combination of claim 30 or 31.33.The method of claim 32, wherein the tumor is selected from solid tumors or hematologic tumors, such as liposarcoma, neuroblastoma, melanoma, synovial sarcoma, esophageal cancer, gastric cancer, hepatocellular cancer, head and neck cancer, pancreatic cancer, lung cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, fallopian tube cancer, prostate cancer, bladder cancer, colon cancer, rectal cancer, astrocytoma, glioblastoma multiforme, anaplastic astrocytoma, brain tumor, peritoneal cavity carcinoma, soft tissue sarcoma, sarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, advanced myxoid disease, myelodysplastic syndrome, leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia, chronic myeloid leukemia, acute lymphocytic leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Hodgkin's lymphoma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, Hodgkin's disease, myeloma, multiple myeloma.34.The method of claim 32, wherein the subject is a mammal, such as mouse, monkey, or human.35.The method of claim 32, wherein the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof of any one of claims 1-13, the multi-specific antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof of any one of claims 14-23, the antibody conjugate of claim 24 or 25, or the pharmaceutical composition of claim 29, is administered in combination with a second therapeutic agent, preferably, the second therapeutic agent is selected from an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof, a chemotherapeutic agent and a small molecule drug, such as PD-1 agonists, CTLA-4 agonists, Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitor, tyrosine kinase inhibitor, phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE-4) inhibitor, janus kinase 1 (JAK1) inhibitor, sphingosine-1 phosphate receptor (S1PR) modulator, CD20 inhibitors, antibodies to immune cell specific antigens, immune stimulatory antibodies, antibodies to virus-infected cell antigens, chemotherapeutic agent, NSAIDs, corticosteroid.36.The method of claim 32, wherein the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof, the multi-specific antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof, the antibody conjugate, the pharmaceutical composition, or the combination is administered through subcutaneous route, intravenous route, oral route, intragastric route, intramuscular route, intraperitoneal route, intrathecal route, transnasal route, transpulmonary route, transdermal, parenteral, intracranial route, ocular route, topical route, intratumoral route, and intracavity route.
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