Methods for preparing conjugated compounds and antibody-drug conjugates
By introducing a non-native cysteine residue in the CH3 domain, the method achieves uniform DAR1 conjugation, addressing the instability and heterogeneity of conventional ADCs, resulting in safer and more efficient antibody-drug conjugates.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2025/114429
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2024-08-13
- Filing Date
- 2025-08-13
- Publication Date
- 2026-02-19
AI Technical Summary
Conventional antibody-drug conjugation methods result in heterogeneous ADCs with varying drug-to-antibody ratios (DAR), leading to instability and unsuitability for drug development, as they form mixtures of D0, D2, D4, and D8 conjugates, which can cause unwanted toxicities and biophysical changes.
Introduce a non-native cysteine residue within the CH3 domain of the antibody Fc region, eliminating inter-chain disulfide bonds and allowing for uniform DAR1 conjugation, where each antibody is linked to one payload molecule, enhancing homogeneity and stability.
The method produces highly homogeneous DAR1 conjugates with improved pharmacological properties, reducing toxicity and enabling efficient manufacturing, while maintaining antigen-binding affinity and thermostability.
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Figure CN2025114429_19022026_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
METHODS FOR PREPARING CONJUGATED COMPOUNDS AND ANTIBODY-DRUG CONJUGATES
[0001] CLAIM OF PRIORITY
[0002] This application claims the benefit of PCT Application No. PCT / CN2024 / 111795, filed on August 13, 2024. The entire content of the foregoing is incorporated herein by reference.TECHNICAL FIELD
[0003] This disclosure relates to conjugated compounds and antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) having a non-native cysteine residue for payload conjugation.BACKGROUND
[0004] Antibody-drug conjugates are typically formed by conjugating one or more antibody cysteine thiol groups to one or more linker moieties bound to a drug, thereby forming an antibody-linker-drug complex. The number of drugs coupling to a single antibody molecule is an important factor for the efficacy and safety of the resultant ADC. In general, one therapeutic antibody molecule belonging to IgG1 or IgG4 subclass has four inter-chain disulfide bonds (e.g., two located within the two CH1 domains, and two located within the hinge region) and the number of drugs coupling to a single antibody molecule is 2, 4, 6 or 8. Thus, the heterogeneous mixture of ADC molecules generated by conventional conjugation processes is a mixture of D0, D2, D4, D6 and D8 (referring to ADCs in which 0, 2, 4, 6, or 8 drug molecules are coupled to one single antibody molecule, respectively) . It is well known in the art that heterogeneous ADC products are generally instable and are not suitable for drug development. Thus, there is a need for developing methods of preparing ADCs with improved homogeneity.SUMMARY
[0005] This disclosure relates to conjugated compounds and antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) having a non-native cysteine residue within the CH3 domain of an antibody Fc region, and the payload (e.g., a drug) can be linked to the antibody via the non-native cysteine residue. In some embodiments, the conjugated compound or ADC includes a heavy-chain antibody, e.g., an antibody comprising an IgG heavy chain constant region lacking a CH1 domain. In some embodiments, two pairs of cysteines at positions 226 and 229 (according to EU numbering) within the antibody hinge region are mutated. As a result, all four inter-chain disulfide bonds used by conventional conjugation process may be lacking, and one antibody molecule can only be conjugated with one payload molecule (e.g., a drug molecule) , making the Drug-Antibody Ratio (DAR) with a uniform value of 1 (DAR1 or D1) .
[0006] In some embodiments, the conjugated compounds and ADCs prepared using the methods described herein have a high homogeneity with conjugates having 1 payload per antibody (DAR =1) accounting for at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%of all conjugates. In some embodiments, the conjugated compounds and ADCs prepared using the methods described herein have an average DAR of about 1, e.g., 0.8-1.2.
[0007] The high homogeneity and low DAR of DAR1 conjugates can have many benefits. For example, DAR1 carries the arguably the lowest drug-to-antibody ratio. For a highly toxic payload or a payload that tends to aggregate with itself or with other biomolecules in vivo, DAR1 can help reduce toxicity and improve pharmacological properties of the conjugates. A highly homogeneous DAR1 sample with a defined stoichiometry, as compared to the heterogeneous DAR1 sample, which usually achieves DAR1 by taking a weighted average of DAR0-8 mixture, can avoid of components of DAR>1. Such undesirable components of DAR>1 can cause unwanted changes of biophysical properties of the conjugates or unwanted toxicities. Finally, a highly homogeneous DAR1 sample offers the most efficient and economical manufacturing process. This is because the stoichiometry for a homogeneous DAR1 is fixed thus allowing specific and most efficient manufacturing protocols to be developed for one single molecular species as opposed to a heterogeneous DAR1 mixture that carries several different molecular species. Associated with the enhanced manufacturing efficiency is usually the reduction of cost of goods as well. Further, the experiments disclosed herein also indicate that the antigen-binding affinity and thermostability of the antibody (e.g., any of the heavy-chain antibodies described herein) are not significantly impacted by introducing the non-native cysteine residue and / or the payload. Thus, the methods described herein can be widely applied to pharmaceutical industry to generate DAR1 conjugates with desired efficacy and safety.
[0008] In one aspect, the disclosure is related to an antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) comprising: a) an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof comprising a non-native cysteine residue; and b) a payload that is linked to the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof via the non-native cysteine residue. In some embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof comprises an Fc region comprising a CH3 domain, in some embodiments, the non-native cysteine residue is within the CH3 domain. In some embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof comprises a VHH, a heavy chain variable region, an scFv, and / or a single-chain antigen-binding polypeptide. In some embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof is a heavy-chain antibody, e.g., an antibody comprising an IgG heavy chain constant region lacking a CH1 domain and / or a CL domain.
[0009] In some embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof comprises: a) a first polypeptide comprising, optionally from N-terminus to C-terminus, an optional first antigen-binding domain and a first Fc region, in some embodiments, the first Fc region comprises a first hinge region, a first CH2 domain, and a first CH3 domain; and b) a second polypeptide comprising, optionally from N-terminus to C-terminus, an optional second antigen-binding domain and a second Fc region, in some embodiments, the second Fc region comprises a second hinge region, a second CH2 domain, and a second CH3 domain.
[0010] In some embodiments, the payload is linked to the first or second polypeptide via the non-native cysteine residue. In some embodiments, the first and / or second antigen-binding domains comprise a VHH, a heavy chain variable region, an scFv, and / or a single-chain antigen-binding polypeptide. In some embodiments, the first and / or second antigen-binding domains are VHHs. In some embodiments, the first antigen-binding domain comprises a first heavy chain variable region, and the second antigen-binding domain comprises a second heavy chain variable region; in some embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof further comprises: c) a third polypeptide comprising a first light chain variable region that can interact with the first heavy chain variable region, forming a first antigen-binding site; and d) a fourth polypeptide comprising a second light chain variable region that can interact with the second heavy chain variable region, forming a second antigen-binding site.
[0011] In some embodiments, the non-native cysteine residue is directly linked to the C-terminus of the first or second polypeptide. In some embodiments, the non-native cysteine is linked to the C-terminus of the first or second polypeptide via a linker peptide. In some embodiments, the linker peptide comprises 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8 consecutive alanines, preferably 3 consecutive alanines. In some embodiments, the linker peptide is a flexible linker (e.g., a GS linker) . In some embodiments, the flexible linker comprises (GGGGS) n (SEQ ID NO: 24) , in some embodiments, n is an integer selected from the group consisting of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8.
[0012] In some embodiments, the non-native cysteine residue is introduced to the first or second polypeptide by fusing a polypeptide comprising: a) a first linker peptide comprising (GGGGS) n (SEQ ID NO: 24) , in some embodiments, n is an integer selected from the group consisting of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8; b) the non-native cysteine residue; and c) a second linker peptide comprising (GGGGS) n (SEQ ID NO: 24) , in some embodiments, n is an integer selected from the group consisting of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8. In some embodiments, the polypeptide comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 3.
[0013] In some embodiments, the polypeptide is fused to the first or second polypeptide at a region from position 351 to position 362 of the first or second CH3 domain according to EU numbering, preferably from position 358 to position 362 of the first or second CH3 domain according to EU numbering. In some embodiments, the polypeptide is linked to a first amino acid residue and a second amino acid residue of the first or second CH3 domain, in some embodiments, the first and the second amino acid residues are selected from the group consisting of amino acid residues at positions 350, 351, 352, 353, 354, 355, 356, 357, 358, 359, 360, 361, 362, and 363 of the first or second CH3 domain according to EU numbering, preferably at positions 357, 358, 359, 360, 361, 362, and 363 of the first or second CH3 domain according to EU numbering. In some embodiments, one or more amino acid residues in a wildtype CH3 domain between the first and the second amino acid residues are deleted. In some embodiments, (1) the first amino acid residue is at position 358 according to EU numbering, and the second amino acid residue is at position 359 according to EU numbering; (2) the first amino acid residue is at position 359 according to EU numbering, and the second amino acid residue is at position 360 according to EU numbering; (3) the first amino acid residue is at position 360 according to EU numbering, and the second amino acid residue is at position 361 according to EU numbering; or (4) the first amino acid residue is at position 361 according to EU numbering, and the second amino acid residue is at position 362 according to EU numbering.
[0014] In some embodiments, the first and / or second antigen-binding domains are VHHs or heavy chain variable regions comprising an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 1.
[0015] In some embodiments, the first and / or second Fc regions comprise an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 4, 5, 6, or 7.
[0016] In some embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof comprises one or more knob-into-hole (KIH) mutations. In some embodiments, the first polypeptide comprises one or more knob mutations and the second polypeptide comprises one or more hole mutations, in some embodiments, the non-native cysteine residue is within the first polypeptide. In some embodiments, the first polypeptide comprises one or more hole mutations and the second polypeptide comprises one or more knob mutations, in some embodiments, the non-native cysteine residue is within the first polypeptide.
[0017] In some embodiments, all cysteine residues within the first and / or second hinge regions are mutated to non-cysteine residues (e.g., glycine residues) . In some embodiments, the first and / or second Fc regions are IgG1 or IgG4 Fc regions; in some embodiments, the first and / or second hinge regions comprise a glycine residue at position 226 according to EU numbering, and / or a glycine residue at position 229 according to EU numbering.
[0018] In some embodiments, a) the first polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 8, and the second polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 17; b) the first polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 10, and the second polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 17; c) the first polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 12, and the second polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 17; d) the first polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 14, and the second polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 17; e) the first polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 16, and the second polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 9; f) the first polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 16, and the second polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 11; g) the first polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 16, and the second polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 13; h) the first polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 16, and the second polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 15; i) the first polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 27, and the second polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 30; or j) the first polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 28, and the second polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 29.
[0019] In some embodiments, the payload is a drug (e.g., a cytotoxic agent (e.g., monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE) , a cytostatic agent, a diagnostic agent, a chemotherapeutic agent, a peptide, a peptidomimetic, a protein scaffold, an enzyme, a toxin, a radionuclide, a DNA, an RNA (e.g., an siRNA or microRNA) , a peptidonucleic acid, a fluorescent tag, or a biotin) .
[0020] In some embodiments, the Drug-Antibody Ratio (DAR) of the ADC is about 0.5, about 0.6, about 0.7, about 0.8, about 0.9, about 1.0, about 1.1, about 1.2, about 1.3, about 1.4, or about 1.5, preferably about 1.0. In some embodiments, the DAR is about 0.5 to about 1.5, about 0.5 to about 1.4, about 0.5 to about 1.3, about 0.5 to about 1.2, about 0.5 to about 1.1, about 0.5 to about 1.0, about 0.6 to about 1.5, about 0.6 to about 1.4, about 0.6 to about 1.3, about 0.6 to about 1.2, about 0.6 to about 1.1, about 0.6 to about 1.0, about 0.7 to about 1.5, about 0.7 to about 1.4, about 0.7 to about 1.3, about 0.7 to about 1.2, about 0.7 to about 1.1, about 0.7 to about 1.0, about 0.8 to about 1.5, about 0.8 to about 1.4, about 0.8 to about 1.3, about 0.8 to about 1.2, about 0.8 to about 1.1, about 0.8 to about 1.0, about 0.9 to about 1.5, about 0.9 to about 1.4, about 0.9 to about 1.3, about 0.9 to about 1.2, about 0.9 to about 1.1, about 0.9 to about 1.0, about 1.0 to about 1.5, about 1.0 to about 1.4, about 1.0 to about 1.3, about 1.0 to about 1.2, or about 1.0 to about 1.1.
[0021] In some embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof binds to its target antigen with a KD of less than 10-7 M, less than 10-8 M, or less than 10-9 M. In some embodiments, the non-native cysteine residue and / or the payload do not significantly affect the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof binding to its target antigen. In some embodiments, the non-native cysteine residue and / or the payload do not significantly affect the stability of the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof.
[0022] In one aspect, the disclosure is related to a conjugated compound, comprising: a) a cysteine-engineered antibody or Fc; and b) a payload that is linked to the cysteine-engineered antibody or Fc via a non-native cysteine residue. In some embodiments, the cysteine-engineered antibody or Fc comprises an Fc region comprising a CH3 domain, in some embodiments, the non-native cysteine residue is within the CH3 domain. In some embodiments, the non-native cysteine residue is at the C-terminus of the CH3 domain. In some embodiments, the non-native cysteine residue is introduced to the cysteine-engineered antibody or Fc by fusing a polypeptide comprising the non-native cysteine residue, e.g., at a region from position 351 to position 362 of the CH3 domain according to EU numbering. In some embodiments, the cysteine-engineered antibody or Fc comprises a VHH, a heavy chain variable region, an scFv, and / or a single-chain antigen-binding polypeptide. In some embodiments, the cysteine-engineered antibody or Fc does not comprise a CH1 domain and / or a CL domain. In some embodiments, the Drug-Antibody Ratio (DAR) of the conjugated compound is about 0.5, about 0.6, about 0.7, about 0.8, about 0.9, about 1.0, about 1.1, about 1.2, about 1.3, about 1.4, or about 1.5, preferably about 1.0. In some embodiments, the payload is a drug (e.g., a cytotoxic agent (e.g., monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE) , a cytostatic agent, a diagnostic agent, a chemotherapeutic agent, a peptide, a peptidomimetic, a protein scaffold, an enzyme, a toxin, a radionuclide, a DNA, an RNA (e.g., an siRNA or microRNA) , a peptidonucleic acid, a fluorescent tag, or a biotin) .
[0023] In one aspect, the disclosure is related to a method of treating a subject having a disease, the method comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising the ADC or the conjugated compound described herein, to the subject. In some embodiments, the subject has a cancer.
[0024] In one aspect, the disclosure is related to a method of decreasing the rate of tumor growth, the method comprising contacting a tumor cell with an effective amount of a composition comprising the ADC or the conjugated compound described herein.
[0025] In one aspect, the disclosure is related to a method of killing a tumor cell, the method comprising contacting a tumor cell with an effective amount of a composition comprising the ADC or the conjugated compound described herein.
[0026] In one aspect, the disclosure is related to a pharmaceutical composition comprising the ADC or the conjugated compound described herein, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. In some embodiments, the average DAR of the ADC or the conjugated compound is about 1.0.
[0027] In one aspect, the disclosure is related to a method of conjugating a payload to an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof, comprising a) introducing a non-native cysteine residue to the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof; and b) conjugating the payload to the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof via the non-native cysteine residue.
[0028] In one aspect, the disclosure is related to a method of producing an antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) having the Drug-Antibody Ratio (DAR) of about 1, comprising: a) introducing a non-native cysteine residue to an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof; and b) conjugating a payload to the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof via the non-native cysteine residue.
[0029] In some embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof is engineered to lack one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8) cysteine residues that can form one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, or 4) inter-chain disulfide bonds. In some embodiments, the payload is a drug (e.g., a cytotoxic agent, a cytostatic agent, a diagnostic agent, a chemotherapeutic agent, a peptide, a peptidomimetic, a protein scaffold, an enzyme, a toxin, a radionuclide, a DNA, an RNA (e.g., an siRNA or microRNA) , a peptidonucleic acid, a fluorescent tag, or a biotin) . In some embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof comprises an Fc region comprising a CH3 domain, in some embodiments, the non-native cysteine residue is within the CH3 domain. In some embodiments, the non-native cysteine residue is at the C-terminus of the CH3 domain. In some embodiments, the non-native cysteine residue is introduced to the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof by fusing a polypeptide comprising the non-native cysteine residue, e.g., at a region from position 351 to position 362 of the CH3 domain according to EU numbering.
[0030] In one aspect, the disclosure is related to use of the conjugated compounds, ADCs, or the conjugation products as described herein in the manufacture of a pharmaceutical composition or a kit for treating a condition or disorder in a subject.
[0031] A “cysteine-engineered antibody” or “cysteine-engineered antibody variant” is an antibody or a variant thereof that is engineered to include a non-native cysteine residue. In accordance with the present disclosure, the thiol group of the cysteine-engineered antibodies can be conjugated to various payloads. In particular embodiments, the non-native cysteine residue is at an accessible site of the antibody (e.g., the C-terminus or the 3A site of the CH3 domain) , and may be used to conjugate the antibody to a payload to create an immunoconjugate, as described further herein.
[0032] As used herein, the term “non-native cysteine residue” refers to a cysteine residue that does not naturally exist in a wild-type protein.
[0033] As used herein, the term “antibody-drug conjugate” or ADC refers to a conjugate formed by covalently coupling a payload (e.g., any of the payloads or drugs described herein) to an antibody directly or indirectly via one or more suitable linkers. In some embodiments, the ADC described herein is in a format of antibody-linker-drug conjugate. The ADCs described herein may combine properties of both antibodies and payloads, e.g., by delivering potent cytotoxic drugs to the antigen-expressing tumor cells, thereby enhancing their anti-tumor activity.
[0034] As used herein, the term “antibody” refers to any antigen-binding molecule that contains at least one (e.g., one, two, three, four, five, or six) complementary determining region (CDR) (e.g., any of the three CDRs from an immunoglobulin light chain or any of the three CDRs from an immunoglobulin heavy chain) and is capable of specifically binding to an epitope. Non-limiting examples of antibodies include: monoclonal antibodies, polyclonal antibodies, multi-specific antibodies (e.g., bi-specific antibodies) , single-chain antibodies, chimeric antibodies, human antibodies, and humanized antibodies. In some embodiments, an antibody can contain an Fc region of a human antibody. The term antibody also includes derivatives, e.g., bi-specific antibodies, single-chain antibodies, diabodies, linear antibodies, and multi-specific antibodies formed from antibody fragments. Antibodies are assigned to classes based on the amino acid sequence of the constant region of their heavy chain. The five major classes or isotypes of antibodies are IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM, which are characterized by the presence of α, δ, ε, γ, and μheavy chains, respectively. Several of the major antibody classes are divided into subclasses such as IgG1 (γ1 heavy chain) , IgG2 (γ2 heavy chain) , IgG3 (γ3 heavy chain) , IgG4 (γ4 heavy chain) , IgA1 (α1 heavy chain) , or IgA2 (α2 heavy chain) .
[0035] As used herein, the term “antigen-binding fragment” refers to a portion of a full-length antibody, wherein the portion of the antibody is capable of specifically binding to an antigen. In some embodiments, the antigen-binding fragment contains at least one variable domain (e.g., a variable domain of a heavy chain or a variable domain of light chain) . Non-limiting examples of antibody fragments include, e.g., Fab, Fab’, F (ab’) 2, and Fv fragments. A protein is referred to as “fully-loaded” when all points of conjugation of a particular type and / or of similar reactivity are conjugated to drugs, resulting in a homogeneous population of protein-drug conjugate. A protein is referred to as “partially-loaded” when only some of the possible points of conjugation of a particular type and / or of a similar reactivity are conjugated to drugs, resulting in formation of a certain isomer or isomers of the protein-drug conjugate.
[0036] As used herein, the term “heavy-chain antibody” refers to an antibody molecule which is composed only of heavy chains (generally two) and does not have any light chains.
[0037] As used herein, the term “VHH” refers to the variable domain derived from a heavy-chain antibody. The VHH can specifically recognize an antigen without the need to be paired with a VL. In some embodiments, the VHH (also know as sdAb or nanobody) described herein is derived from any of the human or humanized heavy-chain antibody described herein. In some embodiments, the VHH, sdAb, or nanobody described herein is derived from the heavy-chain antibody produced by any of the genetically modified non-human animal described herein.
[0038] “Fab” with regard to an antibody refers to that portion of the antibody consisting of a single light chain (both variable and constant regions) associating to the variable region and first constant region of a single heavy chain by a disulfide bond. In certain embodiments, the constant regions of both the light chain and heavy chain are replaced with TCR constant regions.
[0039] “Fab’” refers to a Fab fragment that includes a portion of the hinge region.
[0040] “F(ab’) 2” refers to a dimer of Fab’.
[0041] “Fc” with regard to an antibody refers to that portion of the antibody including the second (CH2) and third (CH3) constant regions of a first heavy chain bound to the second and third constant regions of a second heavy chain via disulfide bonding. The Fc portion of the antibody is responsible for various effector functions such as ADCC, and CDC, but does not function in antigen binding. In some embodiments, the Fc also includes the hinge region of a first heavy chain and the hinge region of a second heavy chain.
[0042] “Hinge region” in terms of an antibody includes the portion of a heavy chain molecule that joins the CH1 domain to the CH2 domain. This hinge region comprises approximately 25 amino acid residues and is flexible, thus allowing the two N-terminus antigen binding regions to move independently.
[0043] An “intact antibody” herein is one comprising a VL and VH domains, as well as a light chain constant domain (CL) and heavy chain constant domains, CH1, CH2 and CH3. The constant domains may be native sequence constant domains (e.g., human native sequence constant domains) or amino acid sequence variant thereof. The intact antibody may have one or more “effector functions” which refer to those biological activities attributable to the Fc constant region (anative sequence Fc region or amino acid sequence variant Fc region) of an antibody. Examples of antibody effector functions include C1q binding; complement dependent cytotoxicity; Fc receptor binding; antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) ; phagocytosis; and down regulation of cell surface receptors such as B cell receptor and BCR. Depending on the amino acid sequence of the constant domain of their heavy chains, intact antibodies can be assigned to different "classes" . There are five major classes of intact immunoglobulin antibodies: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM, and several of these may be further divided into “subclasses” (isotypes) , e.g., IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgA, and IgA2. The heavy-chain constant domains that correspond to the different classes of antibodies are called α, δ, ε, γ, and μ, respectively. The subunit structures and three-dimensional configurations of different classes of immunoglobulins are well known. Ig forms include hinge-modifications or hingeless forms (Roux et al. (1998) J. Immunol. 161 : 4083-4090; Lund et al. (2000) Eur. J. Biochem. 267: 7246-7256; US 2005 / 0048572; US 2004 / 0229310) .
[0044] As used herein, the term “human antibody” refers to an antibody that is encoded by an endogenous nucleic acid (e.g., rearranged human immunoglobulin heavy or light chain locus) derived from a human. In some embodiments, a human antibody is collected from a human or produced in a human cell culture (e.g., human hybridoma cells) . In some embodiments, a human antibody is produced in a non-human cell (e.g., a mouse or hamster cell line) . In some embodiments, a human antibody is produced in a bacterial or yeast cell. In some embodiments, a human antibody is produced in a transgenic non-human animal (e.g., a mouse) containing an unrearranged or rearranged human immunoglobulin locus (e.g., heavy or light chain human immunoglobulin locus) .
[0045] As used herein, the term “chimeric antibody” refers to an antibody that contains a sequence present in at least two different species (e.g., antibodies from two different mammalian species such as a human and a mouse antibody) . A non-limiting example of a chimeric antibody is an antibody containing the variable domain sequences (e.g., all or part of a light chain and / or heavy chain variable domain sequence) of a non-human (e.g., mouse) antibody and the constant domains of a human antibody. Additional examples of chimeric antibodies are described herein and are known in the art.
[0046] As used herein, the term “humanized antibody” refers to a non-human antibody which contains minimal sequence derived from a non-human (e.g., mouse) immunoglobulin and contains sequences derived from a human immunoglobulin. In non-limiting examples, humanized antibodies are human antibodies (recipient antibody) in which hypervariable (e.g., CDR) region residues of the recipient antibody are replaced by hypervariable (e.g., CDR) region residues from a non-human antibody (e.g., a donor antibody) , e.g., a mouse, rat, or rabbit antibody, having the desired specificity, affinity, and capacity. In some embodiments, the Fv framework residues of the human immunoglobulin are replaced by corresponding non-human (e.g., mouse) immunoglobulin residues. In some embodiments, humanized antibodies may contain residues which are not found in the recipient antibody or in the donor antibody. These modifications can be made to further refine antibody performance. In some embodiments, the humanized antibody contains substantially all of at least one, and typically two, variable domains, in which all or substantially all of the hypervariable loops (CDRs) correspond to those of a non-human (e.g., mouse) immunoglobulin and all or substantially all of the framework regions are those of a human immunoglobulin. The humanized antibody can also contain at least a portion of an immunoglobulin constant region (Fc) , typically, that of a human immunoglobulin. Humanized antibodies can be produced using molecular biology methods known in the art. Non-limiting examples of methods for generating humanized antibodies are described herein.
[0047] A “disulfide bond” refers to a covalent bond with the structure R-S-S-R’ . The amino acid cysteine comprises a thiol group that can form a disulfide bond with a second thiol group, for example from another cysteine residue. The disulfide bond can be formed between the thiol groups of two cysteine residues residing respectively on the two polypeptide chains, thereby forming an interchain bridge or interchain bond.
[0048] The term “specific binding” or “specifically binds” as used herein refers to a non-random binding reaction between two molecules, such as for example between an antibody and an antigen. KD as used herein refers to the ratio of the dissociation rate to the association rate (koff / kon) , may be determined using surface plasmon resonance methods for example using instrument such as or BiacoreTMsystems.
[0049] As used herein, the terms “polypeptide, ” “peptide, ” and “protein” are used interchangeably to refer to polymers of amino acids of any length of at least two amino acids.
[0050] As used herein, the terms “polynucleotide, ” “nucleic acid molecule, ” and “nucleic acid sequence” are used interchangeably herein to refer to polymers of nucleotides of any length of at least two nucleotides, and include, without limitation, DNA, RNA, DNA / RNA hybrids, and modifications thereof.
[0051] As used herein, the term “about” or “approximately” refers to a quantity, level, value, number, frequency, percentage, dimension, size, amount, weight or length that varies by as much as 30, 25, 20, 25, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2 or 1%to a reference quantity, level, value, number, frequency, percentage, dimension, size, amount, weight or length. In particular embodiments, the terms “about” or “approximately” when preceding a numerical value indicates the value plus or minus a range of 15%, 10%, 5%, or 1%.
[0052] As discussed above, a mixture of antibody-drug conjugates can be generated by the conventional conjugation processes or the bio-conjugation process of the present disclosure. In general, one antibody molecule belonging to IgG1 or IgG4 subclass has 4 inter-chain S-Sbonds, each of which is formed with two -SH groups. The antibody molecule can be subjected to partial or complete reduction of one or more interchain S-Sbonds to form 2n (n is an integer selected from 1, 2, 3 or 4) reactive -SH groups, and thus, the number of drugs coupling to a single antibody molecule is usually 2, 4, 6 or 8. In accordance with the number of drugs coupling to a single antibody molecule, the different conjugates containing different number of drug molecules are typically denominated as D0, D2, D4, D6 and D8. If the number of drugs coupling to a single antibody molecule is 0, the product is referred to as D0. Accordingly, D2 refers to the ADC in which two drug molecules are coupled to one single antibody molecule. D4 refers to the ADC in which four drug molecules are coupled to one single antibody molecule. D6 refers to the ADC in which six drug molecules are coupled to one single antibody molecule. And D8 refers to the ADC in which eight drug molecules are coupled to one single antibody molecule. In general, the heterogeneous mixture of ADC molecules generated by conventional conjugation processes or the bio-conjugation process of the present disclosure is a mixture of D0, D2, D4, D6 and D8. As disclosed herein, in one aspect, the conjugated compounds and ADCs do not have the 4 inter-chain S-Sbonds, because the heavy-chain antibodies described herein lack a CH1 domain, and two cysteine residues (e.g., C226 and C229) are mutated. Thus, one antibody molecule can only be conjugated with one payload molecule (e.g., a drug molecule) , making DAR with a uniform value of about 1. Accordingly, D1 refers to the ADC in which one payload molecule (e.g., a drug molecule) is coupled to one single antibody molecule. The payload molecule (e.g., a drug molecule) may be coupled to the -SH group of the newly introduced non-native cysteine residue.
[0053] Accordingly, “homogeneity” of conjugated compounds and ADCs, as used herein, refers to a level of a specific type of ADC (e.g., DAR = 1, or D1) in the mixture of antibody-drug conjugates generated by the process of the present disclosure. In the conjugated compounds and ADCs prepared by the process of the present disclosure, the content of D1 is generally at least 65 %, for example, more than 70%, 80%, 90%, or 95%of the total molecules of the conjugated compounds and ADCs (molar proportion) .
[0054] The term “pharmaceutically acceptable” indicates that the designated carrier, vehicle, diluent, excipient (s) , and / or salt is generally chemically and / or physically compatible with the other ingredients comprising the formulation, and physiologically compatible with the recipient thereof.
[0055] A “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” refers to an ingredient in a pharmaceutical formulation, other than an active ingredient, which is bioactivity acceptable and nontoxic to a subject. Pharmaceutical acceptable carriers for use in the pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein may include, for example, pharmaceutically acceptable liquid, gel, or solid carriers, aqueous vehicles, nonaqueous vehicles, antimicrobial agents, isotonic agents, buffers, antioxidants, anesthetics, suspending / dispending agents, sequestering or chelating agents, diluents, adjuvants, excipients, or non-toxic auxiliary substances, other components known in the art, or various combinations thereof.
[0056] Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. Methods and materials are described herein for use in the present invention; other, suitable methods and materials known in the art can also be used. The materials, methods, and examples are illustrative only and not intended to be limiting. All publications, patent applications, patents, sequences, database entries, and other references mentioned herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety. In case of conflict, the present specification, including definitions, will control.
[0057] Other features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following detailed description and figures, and from the claims.DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
[0058] FIG. 1 is the schematic diagram of a heavy-chain antibody.
[0059] FIG. 2A shows the schematic diagram of a heavy-chain antibody with a cysteine ( "Cys" ) introduced at the C-terminus of one heavy chain.
[0060] FIG. 2B shows the schematic diagram of a heavy-chain antibody with a cysteine ( "Cys" ) introduced at the 3A site within the CH3 domain of one heavy chain.
[0061] FIGS. 3A-3H show schematic diagrams of modified heavy-chain antibodies with KIH mutations.
[0062] FIG. 4 lists amino acid sequences discussed in the disclosure.
[0063] FIG. 5A and FIG. 5B show the LC-MS (R) and LC-MS (NR) results, respectively, of 24A1-H-Fc-v1-H-MMAE.
[0064] FIG. 6A and FIG. 6B show the LC-MS (R) and LC-MS (NR) results, respectively, of 24A1-H-Fc-v1-K-MMAE.
[0065] FIG. 7A and FIG. 7B show the LC-MS (R) and LC-MS (NR) results, respectively, of 24A1-H-Fc-v2-H-MMAE.
[0066] FIG. 8A and FIG. 8B show the LC-MS (R) and LC-MS (NR) results, respectively, of 24A1-H-Fc-v2-K-MMAE.
[0067] FIG. 9A and FIG. 9B show the LC-MS (R) and LC-MS (NR) results, respectively, of 24A1-H-Fc-v3-H-MMAE.
[0068] FIG. 10A and FIG. 10B show the LC-MS (R) and LC-MS (NR) results, respectively, of 24A1-H-Fc-v3-K-MMAE.
[0069] FIG. 11A and FIG. 11B show the LC-MS (R) and LC-MS (NR) results, respectively, of 24A1-H-Fc-v4-H-MMAE.
[0070] FIG. 12A and FIG. 12B show the LC-MS (R) and LC-MS (NR) results, respectively, of 24A1-H-Fc-v4-K-MMAE.
[0071] FIG. 13 shows the percentage of the injected dose per gram of brain tissue after 18 hours of intravenous (i. v. ) administration of anti-CD71 antibodies. hIgG1 was used as a negative control.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0072] With 12 FDA approvals and a clinical pipeline exceeding another 140, antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are convincingly delivering on the promise of more effective and selective cancer treatment. Building on strong clinical data gathered in the past decade, some ADCs are now showing the potential to move into first-line treatment, such as the case with Enhertu for treatment of HER2-positive breast cancer. Despite the large number of clinical assets, detailed analysis of the ADC landscape reveals surprisingly little variation in design: (a) the monoclonal antibody is always IgG (typically IgG1) , (b) the linker release mechanism is almost exclusively based on protease-sensitive dipeptides or redox-sensitive disulfides, and (c) payload mode of action in the vast majority of cases is limited to tubulin inhibition, DNA damaging agents, or topoisomerase 1 inhibition.
[0073] One important ADC parameter is the drug-to-antibody ratio (DAR) , which typically varies between 2 and 8 depending on payload cytotoxicity; the least potent payloads such as topoisomerase 1 inhibitors (e.g., SN-38, DXd) are typically applied at a high drug loading (e.g., DAR7-8) , and ADCs with payloads of high potency (tubulin inhibitors, e.g., MMAE and maytansinoids) are typically used to generate average DAR4, while ultrapotent molecules (e.g., calicheamicin, PBD dimer, PNU-159, 682, and amanitin) are predominantly conjugated at low stoichiometry (e.g., average DAR2) . Despite the low payload loading of the latter ADC category, it is noted that the clinically administered dose is typically (substantially) below 1 mg / kg. Given that most tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) , in addition to expression on tumor cells, are also endogenously expressed on healthy tissue, it is likely that such a low administered ADC dose will not achieve systemic target saturation. Therefore, these lower doses are likely to compromise an optimal pharmacokinetic and biodistribution profile and consequently reduce efficacy and tolerability. It may therefore be assumed that, in case of ultrapotent payloads, an ADC with a DAR < 2 could be highly beneficial as a lower DAR should enable a higher ADC dosing (at the same payload dose) , resulting in improved tissue penetration.
[0074] Traditionally, ADCs are generated by conjugating payloads (e.g., drugs) at one or more antibody cysteine thiol groups of inter-chain disulfide bonds. The level of solvent exposure is different between intra-chain and inter-chain disulfide bonds. Cysteine residues that form inter-chain disulfide bonds are located in the hinge region with the exception of the third cysteine residue of the heavy chain in IgG2, IgG3 and IgG4, which is located between the interface of VH and CH1 domains. Therefore, inter-chain disulfide bonds are highly solvent exposed. On the other hand, intra-chain disulfide bonds are buried between the two layers of anti-parallel β-sheet structures within each domain and are not solvent exposed. The solvent exposure difference has important implications because exposed cysteine residues are considered more reactive than non-exposed cysteine residues. Details of the positions of the intra-chain and inter-chain disulfide bonds can be found, e.g., in Liu, H. et al. "Disulfide bond structures of IgG molecules: structural variations, chemical modifications and possible impacts to stability and biological function. " MAbs. Vol. 4. No. 1. Taylor &Francis, 2012, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
[0075] Particularly, in IgG1, C220 in the heavy chain (EU numbering) and C214 in the light chain (EU numbering) can form an inter-chain disulfide bond. As there are two heavy chains and two light chains, these amino acid residues can form two inter-chain disulfide bonds. In addition, C226 in both heavy chains (EU numbering) can form one inter-chain disulfide bond, and C229 in both heavy chains (EU numbering) can form one inter-chain disulfide bond. In IgG4, C131 in the heavy chain (EU numbering) and C214 in the light chain (EU numbering) can form an inter-chain disulfide bond. As there are two heavy chains and two light chains, these amino acid residues can form two inter-chain disulfide bonds. In addition, C226 in both heavy chains (EU numbering) can form one inter-chain disulfide bond, and C229 in both heavy chains (EU numbering) can form one inter-chain disulfide bond. Because the interchain cysteine residues are more reactive, drugs are usually coupled to antibodies at these specific cysteine residues, forming ADCs.
[0076] This disclosure relates to conjugated compounds and ADCs with a high homogeneity and a low DAR (e.g., about 1) . Also disclosed herein are methods of making the conjugated compounds, ADCs, and methods of use thereof. To achieve the high homogeneity and a low DAR (e.g., about 1) , the conjugated compounds or ADCs described herein may include a heavy-chain antibody, e.g., an antibody comprising an IgG heavy chain constant region lacking a CH1 domain. In some embodiments, two endogenous cysteine residues at positions 226 and 229 (according to EU numbering) within the antibody hinge region are mutated.
[0077] Because the inter-chain disulfide bonds in IgG1 (e.g., one disulfide bond between C226 in both heavy chains, one disulfide bond between C220 in both heavy chains, and two disulfide bonds between C220 in the heavy chain and C214 in the light chain) and IgG4 (e.g., one disulfide bond between C226 in both heavy chains, one disulfide bond between C220 in both heavy chains, and two disulfide bonds between C131 in the heavy chain and C214 in the light chain) are no longer available for conjugating payloads (e.g., drugs) , a non-native cysteine residue can be introduced, e.g., within the CH3 domain of the antibody Fc region. As a result, one antibody molecule can only be conjugated with one payload molecule (e.g., a drug molecule) , making the DAR with a uniform value of about 1.
[0078] Cysteine-Engineered Antibodies and Fcs
[0079] The present disclosure provides conjugated compounds comprising a cysteine-engineered antibody or Fc.
[0080] In some aspects, the conjugated compound comprises a cysteine-engineered antibody or Fc which specifically binds to at least one target. In some aspects, the cysteine-engineered antibody or Fc can bind to more than one target. In some aspects, the cysteine-engineered antibody retains the antigen-binding capability of the parent antibody counterpart. Thus, a cysteine-engineered antibody disclosed herein can be capable of binding, preferably specifically, to antigens. Such antigens include, for example, tumor-associated antigens (TAA) , cell surface receptor proteins and other cell surface molecules, transmembrane proteins, signaling proteins, cell survival regulatory factors, cell proliferation regulatory factors, molecules associated with (e.g., known or suspected to contribute functionally to) tissue development or differentiation, lymphokines, cytokines, molecules involved in cell cycle regulation, molecules involved in vasculogenesis and molecules associated with (e.g., known or suspected to contribute functionally to) angiogenesis. The tumor-associated antigen can be a cluster differentiation factor (i.e., a CD protein) . An antigen to which a cysteine-engineered antibody is capable of binding can be a member of a subset of one of the above-mentioned categories.
[0081] In some aspects, the conjugated compounds are monospecific. In other aspects, conjugated compounds are bispecific, trispecific, tetraspecific, etc. In other aspects, conjugated compounds are multispecific. In some aspects, conjugated compounds are monovalent, bivalent, trivalent, tetravalent, etc. In yet other aspects, conjugated compounds are multivalent. In specific aspects, the cysteine-engineered antibodies and derived conjugated compounds are bivalent, e.g., the engineered antibody compound comprises two different specific antigen-binding sites or two different target binding domains. In specific aspects, the cysteine-engineered antibodies and derived conjugated compounds are bispecific, i.e., the molecule can specifically bind to two different antigens (e.g., two different epitopes on the same or different molecules) . In some specific aspects, the cysteine-engineered antibodies and derived conjugated compounds are bispecific and tetravalent, e.g., derived from a parent antibody comprising four antigen-binding sites that are capable of binding to two different antigens (e.g., two different epitopes on the same or different molecules) .
[0082] The target binding capability of a cysteine-engineered antibody or Fc disclosed herein, or derived conjugated compound disclosed herein for an target can be determined experimentally using any suitable method well known in the art, e.g., flow cytometry, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) , or radioimmunoassay (RIA) , or kinetics (e.g., BIACORETM analysis) . Direct binding assays as well as competitive binding assay formats can also be readily employed. See, for example, Berzofsky et ah, "Antibody-Antigen Interactions, " In Fundamental Immunology, Paul, W.E., Ed., Raven Press: New York, N.Y. (1984) ; Kuby, Immunology, W.H. Freeman and Company: New York, N.Y. (1992) ; and methods described herein. The measured affinity of the interaction of a particular a cysteine-engineered antibody or Fc, or derived conjugated compound disclosed herein with an target can vary if measured under different conditions (e.g., salt concentration, pH, temperature, etc. ) .
[0083] Virtually any molecule may be specifically bound by and / or incorporated into a conjugated compound comprising a cysteine-engineered antibody or Fc. In some aspects, the conjugated compound specifically binds to and / or incorporates one or more molecules, as well as subunits, domains, motifs and epitopes of molecules selected from the group consisting of 5T4, ABL, ABCF1, ACVR1, ACVR1 B, ACVR2, ACVR2B, ACVRL1, ADORA2A, Aggrecan, AGR2, AICDA, AIF1, AIGI, AKAP1, AKAP2, AMH, AMHR2, ANGPT1, ANGPT2, ANGPTL3, ANGPTL4, ANPEP, APC, APOC1, AR, aromatase, ATX, AX1, AZGP1 (zinc-a-glycoprotein) , B7.1, B7.2, B7-H1, BAD, BAFF, BAG1, BAD, BCR, BCL2, BCL6, BDNF, BLNK, BLR1 (MDR15) , BlyS, BMP1, BMP2, BMP3B (GDFIO) , BMP4, BMP6, BMP8, BMPR1A, BMPR1B, BMPR2, BPAG1 (plectin) , BRCA1, C19orflO (IL27w) , C3, C4A, C5, C5R1, CANT1, CASP1, CASP4, CAV1, CCBP2 (D6 / JAB61) , CCL1 (1-309) , CCLI1 (eotaxin) , CCL13 (MCP-4) , CCL15 (MIP-Id) , CCL16 (mcc-4) , CCL17 (TARC) , CCL18 (PARC) , CCL19 (MIP-3b) , CCL2 (MCP-1) , MCAF, CCL20 (MIP-3a) , CCL21 (MEP-2) , SLC, exodus-2, CCL22 (MDC / STC-I) , CCL23 (MPIF-I) , CCL24 (MPIF-2 / eotaxin-2) , CCL25 (TECK) , CCL26 (eotaxin-3) , CCL27 (CTACK / ILC) , CCL28, CCL3 (MIP-la) , CCL4 (MlPIb) , CCL5 (RANTES) , CCL7 (MCP-3) , CCL8 (mcp-2) , CCNA1, CCNA2, CCND1, CCNE1, CCNE2, CCRI (CKR1 / HM145) , CCR2 (mcp-IRB / RA) , CCR3 (CKR3 / CMKBR3) , CCR4, CCR5 (CMKBR5 / ChemR13) , CCR6 (CMKBR6 / CKR-L3 / STRL22 / DRY6) , CCR7 (CKR7 / EBI1 ) , CCR8 (CMKBR8 / TERI / CKR-L1) , CCR9 (GPR-9-6) , CCRL1 (VSHK1) , CCRL2 (L-CCR) , CD164, CD19, CDIC, CD20, CD200, CD22, CD24, CD28, CD3, CD33, CD35, CD37, CD38, CD3E, CD3G, CD3Z, CD4, CD40, CD40L, CD44, CD45RB, CD52, CD69, CD72, CD74, CD79A, CD79B, CD8, CD80, CD81, CD83, CD86, CD137, CDH1 (Ecadherin) , CDH10, CDH12, CDH13, CDH18, CDH19, CDH20, CDH5, CDH7, CDH8, CDH9, CDK2, CDK3, CDK4, CDK5, CDK6, CDK7, CDK9, CDKN1A (p21Wapl / Cipl) , CDKNlB (p27Kipl) , CDKN1C, CDKN2A (pl61NK4a) , CDKN2B, CDKN2C, CDKN3, CEBPB, CERI, CHGA, CHGB, Chitinase, CHST10, CKLFSF2, CKLFSF3, CKLFSF4, CKLFSF5, CKLFSF6, CKLFSF7, CKLFSF8, CLDN3, CLDN7 (claudin-7) , CLN3, CLU (clusterin) , CMKLR1, CMKOR1 (RDC1) , CNR1, COL18A1, COLIA1, COL4A3, COL6A1, CR2, Cripto, CRP, CSF1 (M-CSF) , CSF2 (GM-CSF) , CSF3 (GCSF) , CTLA4, CTL8, CTNNB1 (b-catenin) , CTSB (cathepsin B) , CX3CL1 (SCYD1) , CX3CR1 (V28) , CXCL1 (GROl) , CXCL10 (IP-IO) , CXCLI1 (I-TAC / IP-9) , CXCL12 (SDF1) , CXCL13, CXCL14, CXCL16, CXCL2 (GR02) , CXCL3 (GR03) , CXCL5 (ENA-78 / LIX) , CXCL6 (GCP-2) , CXCL9 (MIG) , CXCR3 (GPR9 / CKR-L2) , CXCR4, CXCR6 (TYMSTR / STRL33 / Bonzo) , CYB5, CYC1, CYSLTR1, DAB21P, DES, DKFZp451J0118, DNCL1, DPP4, E2F1, Engel, Edge, Fennel, EFNA3, EFNB2, EGF, EGFR, ELAC2, ENG, Enola, EN02, EN03, EPHA1, EPHA2, EPHA3, EPHA4, EPHA5, EPHA6, EPHA7, EPHA8, EPHA9, EPHA10, EPHB1, EPHB2, EPHB3, EPHB4, EPHB5, EPHB6, EPHRIN-Al, EPHRIN-A2, EPHRINA3, EPHRIN-A4, EPHRIN-A5, EPHRIN-A6, EPHRIN-Bl, EPHRIN-B2, EPHRIN-B3, EPHB4, EPG, ERBB2 (Her-2) , EREG, ERK8, Estrogen receptor, Earl, ESR2, F3 (TF) , FADD, farnesyltransferase, FasL, FASNf, FCER1A, FCER2, FCGR3A, FGF, FGF1 (aFGF) , FGF10, FGF1 1, FGF12, FGF12B, FGF13, FGF14, FGF16, FGF17, FGF18, FGF19, FGF2 (bFGF) , FGF20, FGF21, FGF22, FGF23, FGF3 (int-2) , FGF4 (HST) , FGF5, FGF6 (HST-2) , FGF7 (KGF) , FGF8, FGF9, FGFR3, FIGF (VEGFD) , FILI (EPSILON) , FBL1 (ZETA) , FLJ12584, FLJ25530, FLRTl (fibronectin) , FLTl, FLT-3, FOS, FOSLI (FRA-l) , FY (DARC) , GABRP (GABAa) , GAGEB1, GAGEC1, GALNAC4S-6ST, GAT A3, GD2, GDF5, GFI1, GGT1, GM-CSF, GNAS1, GNRH1, GPR2 (CCR10) , GPR31, GPR44, GPR81 (FKSG80) , GRCC10 (CIO) , GRP, GSN (Gelsolin) , GSTP1, HAVCR2, HDAC, HDAC4, HDAC5, HDAC7A, HDAC9, Hedgehog, HGF, HIF1A, HIP1, histamine and histamine receptors, HLA-A, HLA-DRA, HM74, HMOX1, HSP90, HUMCYT2A, ICEBERG, ICOSL, ID2, IFN-a, IFNA1, IFNA2, IFNA4, 1FNA5, EFNA6, BFNA7, IFNBl, IFNgamma, IFNWl, IGBP1, IGFl, IGFIR, IGF2, IGFBP2, 1GFBP3, IGFBP6, DL-1, ILIO, ILIORA, ILIORB, IL-1, IL1R1 (CD121a) , ILlR2 (CD121b) , ILIRA, IL-2, IL2RA (CD25) , IL2RB (CD122) , IL2RG (CD132) , IL-4, IL-4R (CD123) , IL-5, IL5RA (CD125) , IL3RB (CD131) , IL-6, IL6RA, (CD126) , IR6RB (CD130) , IL-7, IL7RA (CD127) , IL-8, CXCR1 (IL8RA) , CXCR2, (IL8RB / CD128) , IL-9, IL9R (CD129) , IL-10, IL10RA (CD210) , IL10RB (CDW210B) , IL-11, IL11RA, IL-12, IL-12A, IL-12B, IL-12RB1, IL-12RB2, IL-13, IL13RA1, IL13RA2, IL14, IL15, IL15RA, 1L16, IL17, IL17A, IL17B, IL17C, IL17R, IL18, IL18BP, IL18R1, IL18RAP, IL19, ILIA, ILIB, IL1F10, IL1F5, IL1F6, IL1F7, IL1F8, DL1F9, ILIHYI, ILIR1, IL1R2, ILIRAP, ILIRAPLI, IL1RAPL2, IL1 RL1, IL1 RL2, ILIRN, IL2, IL20, IL20RA, IL21 R, IL22, IL22R, IL22RA2, IL23, DL24, IL25, IL26, IL27, IL28A, IL28B, IL29, IL2RA, IL2RB, IL2RG, IL3, IL30, IL3RA, IL4, 1L4R, IL6ST (glycoprotein 130) , ILK, INHA, INHBA, INSL3, INSL4, IRAKI, IRAK2, ITGA1, ITGA2, 1TGA3, ITGA6 (a6 integrin) , ITGAV, ITGB3, ITGB4 (134 integrin) , JAG1, JAK1, JAK3, JTB, JUN, K6HF, KAI1, KDR, KITLG, KLF5 (GC Box BP) , KLF6, KLK10, KLK12, KLK13, KLK14, KLK15, KLK3, KLK4, KLK5, KLK6, KLK9, KRT1, KRT19 (Keratin 19) , KRT2A, KRTHB6 (hair-specific type II keratin) , LAMA5, LEP (leptin) , Lingo-p75, Lingo-Troy, LPS, LTA (TNF-b) , LTB, LTB4R (GPR16) , LTB4R2, LTBR, MACMARCKS, MAG or Omgp, MAP2K7 (c-Jun) , MCP-1, MDK, MIB1, midkine, MIF, MISRII, MJP-2, MK, MKI67 (Ki-67) , MMP2, MMP9, MS4A1, MSMB, MT3 (metallothionectin-UI) , mTOR, MTSS1, MUC1 (mucin) , MYC, MYD88, NCK2, neurocan, NFKBI, NFKB2, NGFB (NGF) , NGFR, NgR-Lingo, NgRNogo66, (Nogo) , NgR-p75, NgR-Troy, NMEI (NM23A) , NOTCH, NOTCH1, NOX5, NPPB, NROB1, NROB2, NRID1, NR1D2, NR1H2, NR1H3, NR1H4, NR112, NR113, NR2C1, NR2C2, NR2E1, NR2E3, NR2F1, NR2F2, NR2F6, NR3C1, NR3C2, NR4A1, NR4A2, NR4A3, NR5A1, NR5A2, NR6A1, NRP1, NRP2, NT5E, NTN4, ODZ1, OPRDI, P2RX7, PAP, PARTI, PATE, PAWR, PCA3, PCDGF, PCNA, PDGFA, PDGFB, PDGFRA, PDGFRB, PECAMI, peg-asparaginase, PF4 (CXCL4) , PGF, PGR, phosphacan, PIAS2, PI3 Kinase, PIK3CG, PLAU (uPA) , PLG, PLXDCI, PKC, PKC-beta, PPBP (CXCL7) , PPID, PR1, PRKCQ, PRKD1, PRL, PROC, PROK2, PSAP, PSCA, PTAFR, PTEN, PTGS2 (COX-2) , PTN, RAC2 (P21Rac2) , RANK, RANK ligand, RARB, RGS1, RGS13, RGS3, RNFI10 (ZNF144) , Ron, ROB02, RXR, S100A2, SCGB 1D2 (lipophilin B) , SCGB2A1 (mammaglobin 2) , SCGB2A2 (mammaglobin 1) , SCYE1 (endothelial Monocyte activating cytokine) , SDF2, SERPENA1, SERPINA3, SERPINB5 (maspin) , SERPINEI (PA1-I) , SERPINFI, SHIP-1, SHIP-2, SHB1, SHB2, SHBG, SfcAZ, SLC2A2, SLC33A1, SLC43A1, SLIT2, SPP1, SPRR1B (Sprl) , ST6GAL1, STAB1, STAT6, STEAP, STEAP2, TB4R2, TBX21, TCP10, TDGF1, TEK, TGFA, TGFB1, TGFBII1, TGFB2, TGFB3, TGFBI, TGFBR1, TGFBR2, TGFBR3, THIL, THBS1 (thrombospondin-1) , THBS2, THBS4, THPO, TIE (Tie-1) , TIMP3, tissue factor, TLR10, TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, TLR5, TLR6, TLR7, TLR8, TLR9, TNF, TNFa, TNFAIP2 (B94) , TNFAIP3, TNFRSFI1A, TNFRSF1A, TNFRSFIB, TNFRSF21, TNFRSF5, TNFRSF6 (Fas) , TNFRSF7, TNFRSF8, TNFRSF9, TNFSF10 (TRAIL) , TNFSF1 1 (TRANCE) , TNFSF12 (AP03L) , TNFSF13 (April) , TNFSF13B, TNFSF14 (HVEM-L) , TNFSF15 (VEGI) , TNFSF18, TNFSF4 (OX40 ligand) , TNFSF5 (CD40 ligand) , TNFSF6 (FasL) , TNFSF7 (CD27 ligand) , TNFSF8 (CD30 ligand) , TNFSF9 (4-IBB ligand) , TOLLIP, Toll-like receptors, TOP2A (topoisomerase lia) , TP53, TPM1, TPM2, TRADD, TRAF1, TRAF2, TRAF3, TRAF4, TRAF5, TRAF6, TRKA, TREM1, TREM2, TRPC6, TSLP, TWEAK, Tyrosinase, uPAR, VEGF, VEGFB, VEGFC, versican, VHL C5, VLA-4, Wnt-1, XCL1 (lymphotactin) , XCL2 (SCM-Ib) , XCRI (GPR5 / CCXCR1) , YY1, and ZFPM2.
[0084] In some aspects, the conjugated compound comprises a cysteine-engineered antibody or Fc, which specifically binds to and / or incorporates one or more a non-protein molecules, for example, a nucleic acid (e.g., a DNA or an RNA) , a lipid, a glycolipid, a polysaccharide, etc. In some aspects, the conjugated compound comprises a cysteine-engineered antibody or Fc, and a payload which specifically binds to and / or incorporates a tumor-associated glycolipid antigen, as well as subunits, domains, motifs and epitopes of the same; see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,091,178) .
[0085] In some aspects, the conjugated compound comprises a cysteine-engineered antibody or Fc comprising a domain (e.g., an epitope binding domain, or ligand domain) that competes with ligands for binding PDGFRalpha, PDGFRbeta, PDGF, VEGF, VEGF-A, VEGF-B, VEGF-C. VEGF-D, VEGFE, VEGFF, VEGFR-1, VEGFR-2, VEGFR-3, FGF, FGF2, HGF, KDR, fit-1, FLK-1 Ang-2, Ang-1, PLGF, CEA, CXCL13, Baff, IL-21, CCL21, TNF-alpha, CXCL12, SDF-1, bFGF, MAC-1, IL23pl9, FPR, IGFBP4, CXCR3, TLR4, CXCR2, EphA2, EphA4, EphrinB2, EGFR (ErbBl) , HER2 (ErbB2 or pl85neu) , HER3 (ErbB3) , HER4 ErbB4 or tyro2) , SCI, LRP5, LRP6, RAGE, Navl. 7, GLP1, RSV, RSV F protein, Influenza HA protein, Influenza NA protein, HMGB1, CD16, CD19, CD20, CD21, CD28, CD32, CD32b, CD64, CD79, CD22, ICAM-1, FGFR1, FGFR2, HDGF, EphB4, GITR, 13-amyloid, hMPV, PIV-1, PIV-2, OX40L, IGFBP3, cMet, PD-1, PLGF, Neprolysin, CTD, IL-18, IL-6, CXCL-13, IL-1R1, IL-15, IL-4R, IgE, PAl-1, NGF, EphA2, CEA, uPARt, DLL-4, avl36, a5131, interferon receptor type I and type II. CD19, ICOS, IL-17, Factor II, Hsp90, IGF, CD19, GM-CSFR, PIV-3, CMV, IL-13, IL-9, and EBV.
[0086] In some aspects, the conjugated compound comprises a cysteine-engineered antibody or Fc which binds to the same target as an antibody selected from the group consisting of abagovomab, abatacept (also known as ) , abciximab (also known as c7E3 Fab) , adalimumab (also known as ) , adecatumumab, alemtuzumab (also known as MabCampath or Campath-1H) , altumomab, afelimomab, anatumomab mafenatox, anetumumab, anrukizumab, apolizumab, arcitumomab, aselizumab, atlizumab, atorolimumab, bapineuzumab, basiliximab (also known as ) , bavituximab, bectumomab (also known as ) , belimumab (also known as LYMPHO- ) , bertilimumab, besilesomab, bevacizumab (also known as ) , biciromab brallobarbital, bivatuzumab mertansine, campath, canakinumab (also known as ACZ885) , cantuzumab mertansine, capromab (also known as ) , catumaxomab (also known as ) , cedelizumab (also known as ) , certolizumab pegol, cetuximab (also known as ) , clenoliximab, dacetuzumab, dacliximab, daclizumab (also known as ) , denosumab (also known as AMG 162) , detumomab, dorlimomab aritox, dorlixizumab, duntumumab, durimulumab, durmulumab, ecromeximab, eculizumab (also known as ) , edobacomab, edrecolomab (also known as Mabl7-1A, ) , efalizumab (also known as ) , efungumab (also known as ) , elsilimomab, enlimomab pegol, epitumomab cituxetan, efalizumab, epitumomab, epratuzumab, erlizumab, ertumaxomab (also known as ) , etanercept (also known as ) , etaracizumab (also known as etaratuzumab, ABEGRINTM) , exbivirumab, fanolesomab (also known as ) , faralimomab, felvizumab, fontolizumab (also known as ) , galiximab, gantenerumab, gavilimomab (also known as ) , gemtuzumab ozogamicin (also known as ) , golimumab (also known as CNTO 148) , gomiliximab, ibalizumab (also known as TNX-355) , ibritumomab tiuxetan (also known as ) , igovomab, imciromab, infliximab (also known as ) , inolimomab, inotuzumab ozogamicin, ipilimumab (also known as MDX-010, MDX-101) , iratumumab, keliximab, labetuzumab, lemalesomab, lebrilizumab, lerdelimumab, lexatumumab (also known as, HGS-ETR2, ETR2-ST01) , lexitumumab, libivirumab, lintuzumab, lucatumumab, lumiliximab, mapatumumab (also known as HGSETR1, TRM-1) , maslimomab, matuzumab (also known as EMD72000) , mepolizumab (also known as ) , metelimumab, milatuzumab, minretumomab, mitumomab, morolimumab, motavizumab (also known as NUMAXTM) , muromonab (also known as OKT3) , nacolomab tafenatox, naptumomab estafenatox, natalizumab (also known as ) , nebacumab, nerelimomab, nimotuzumab (also known as ) , nofetumomab merpentan (also known as ) , ocrelizumab, odulimomab, ofatumumab, omalizumab (also known as ) , oregovomab (also known as ) , otelixizumab, pagibaximab, palivizumab (also known as ) , panitumumab (also known as ABX-EGF, ) , pascolizumab, pemtumomab (also known as ) , pertuzumab (also known as 2C4, ) , pexelizumab, pintumomab, priliximab, pritumumab, ranibizumab (also known as ) , raxibacumab, regavirumab, reslizumab, rituximab (also known as ) , rovelizumab, ruplizumab, satumomab, sevirumab, sibrotuzumab, siplizumab (also known as MEDI-507) , sontuzumab, stamulumab (also known as MYO-029) , sulesomab (also known as ) , tacatuzumab tetraxetan, tadocizumab, talizumab, taplitumomab paptox, tefibazumab (also known as ) , telimomab aritox, teneliximab, teplizumab, ticilimumab, tocilizumab (also known as ) , toralizumab, tositumomab, trastuzumab (also known as ) , tremelimumab (also known as CP-675, 206) , tucotuzumab celmoleukin, tuvirumab, urtoxazumab, ustekinumab (also known as CNTO 1275) , vapaliximab, veltuzumab, vepalimomab, visilizumab (also known as ) , volociximab (also known as M200) , votumumab (also known as ) , zalutumumab, zanolimumab (also known as HuMAX-CD4) , ziralimumab, or zolimomab aritox. In some aspects, the conjugated compound comprises a cysteine-engineered antibody or Fc comprising an antigen-binding region from an antibody selected from the previous list of antibodies.
[0087] The conjugated compounds disclosed herein can specifically bind to and / or incorporate molecules from multiple sources, for example, viral, bacterial (e.g., mycoplasma) , fungal, or animal targets. In some cases, the animal molecule is a human molecule. In some aspects, the conjugated compounds disclosed herein can specifically bind to and / or incorporates molecules from parasites (e.g., fungi, bacteria, nemotodes, etc. ) . In some aspects, the molecule is an antigen.
[0088] In some aspects, an cysteine-engineered antibody or Fc of the present disclosure can be a human antibody. Human antibodies can be directly prepared using various techniques known in the art. Immortalized human B lymphocytes immunized in vitro or isolated from an immunized individual that produce an antibody directed against a target antigen can be generated (See, e.g., Cole et al., Monoclonal Antibodies and Cancer Therapy, Alan R. Liss, p. 77 (1985) ; Boemer et al , J. Immunol. 147: 86-95 (1991) ; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,750,373) . One or more cDNAs encoding the antibody in the immortalized B lymphocyte can then be prepared and inserted into an expression vector and / or a heterologous host cell for expression of a non-naturally-occurring recombinant version of the antibody.
[0089] In some aspects, an cysteine-engineered antibody or Fc of the present disclosure can be a humanized antibody. Methods for engineering, humanizing or resurfacing non-human or human antibodies can also be used and are well known in the art. A humanized, resurfaced or similarly engineered antibody can have one or more amino acid residues from a source that is non-human, e.g., but not limited to, mouse, rat, rabbit, non-human primate or other mammal. These non-human amino acid residues are replaced by residues that are often referred to as "import" residues, which are typically taken from an "import" variable, constant or other domain of a known human sequence. Such imported sequences can be used to reduce immunogenicity or reduce, enhance or modify binding, affinity, on-rate, off -rate, avidity, specificity, half-life, or any other suitable characteristic, as known in the art. Humanization, resurfacing or engineering of the cysteine-engineered antibodies or fragments thereof disclosed herein can be performed using any known method, such as but not limited to those described in, Damschroder et al., Mol. Immunol. 44: 3049-3060 (2007) ; Jones et al , Nature 321 : 522 (1986) ; Riechmann et al, Nature 332: 323 (1988) ; Verhoeyen et al , Science 239: 1534 (1988) ) , Sims et al , J. Immunol. 151 : 2296 (1993) ; Chothia and Lesk, J. Mol. Biol. 196: 901 (1987) , Carter et al, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 89: 4285 (1992) ; Presta et al , J. Immunol. 151: 2623 (1993) , U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,639,641, 5,723,323; 5,976,862; 5,824,514; 5,817,483; 5,814,476; 5,763,192; 5,723,323; 5,766,886; 5,714,352; 6,204,023; 6,180,370; 5,693,762; 5,530,101 ; 5,585,089; 5,225,539; 4,816,567, 7,557,189; 7,538,195; and 7,342,110; WO90 / 14443; WO90 / 14424; WO90 / 14430; WO2005 / 042743; WO2006 / 102095 and EP229246, each of which is entirely incorporated herein by reference, including the references cited therein.
[0090] Also, the cysteine-engineered antibody or Fc disclosed herein can be selected from a phage library, where that phage library expresses human antibodies or fragments thereof as fusion proteins with heterologous phage proteins, as described, for example, in Vaughan et al , Nat. Biotech. 14: 309-314 (1996) ; Sheets et al , Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 95: 6157-6162 (1998) ; Hoogenboom and Winter, J. Mol. Biol. 227: 381 (1991) , and Marks et al , J. Mol. Biol. 222: 581 (1991) ) . Techniques for the generation and use of antibody phage libraries are also described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,969,108, 6,172,197, 5,885,793, 6,521,404; 6,544,731 ; 6,555,313; 6,582,915; 6,593,081; 6,300,064; 6,653,068; 6,706,484; and 7,264,963, each of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.
[0091] In some aspects, the Fc domain of the cysteine-engineered antibody or Fc is part of a monoclonal antibody, a bispecific antibody, a multispecific antibody, a chimeric antibody, a human antibody, or a humanized antibody.
[0092] In some aspects, the Fc domain of the cysteine-engineered antibody or Fc is an IgG Fc domain or a fragment thereof. In some aspects, such IgG Fc domain or a fragment thereof is from human. In some aspects, the IgG is an human IgGl, IgG2, IgG3 or IgG4 isotype or a fragment thereof. In some aspects, the Fc domain of the cysteine-engineered antibody or Fc does not include a full-length CH1. In some aspects, the Fc domain comprises a polypeptide which mediates binding to a target. For example, the Fc domain can comprise an antigen binding domain selected from the group consisting of (a) an scFv; (b) a diabody; (c) an Fd fragment; (d) an Fv fragment; (e) a (f) a F (ab') 2 fragment; (g) a FCABTM, and (h) a F (ab) fragment.
[0093] In some aspects, the cysteine-engineered antibody or Fc can comprise a Fab, a Fab', a F (ab') 2, a Fd, a single chain Fv (scFv) , a disulfide linked Fv, a V-NAR domain, an IgNar, an intrabody, an IgG CH1, a minibody, a F (ab') 3, a tetrabody, a triabody, a diabody, a single-domain antibody, DVD-Ig, Fcab, mAb2, a (scFv) 2, or a scFv-Fc.
[0094] In some aspects, the cysteine-engineered antibody or Fc comprises a protein scaffold (e.g., a tenascin or fibronectic-derived scaffold) or antibody mimetic. In other aspects, the cysteine-engineered antibody or Fc comprises a polypeptide selected from the group consisting of (a) a ligand, (b) an enzyme, (c) the ligand-binding portion of a receptor, and (d) an adhesion protein.
[0095] In some embodiments, the cysteine-engineered antibody or Fc comprises a VHH (e.g., any of the VHH molecules described herein) , a heavy chain variable region, an scFv, and / or a single-chain antigen-binding polypeptide. In some embodiments, the cysteine-engineered antibody or Fc comprises any one of the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof described herein (e.g., a heavy-chain antibody) .
[0096] Antibodies and Antigen-Binding Fragments
[0097] The present disclosure provides antibodies and antigen-binding fragments thereof (e.g., heavy-chain antibodies, humanized heavy-chain antibodies, or multi-specific antibodies) that are produced by the methods described herein.
[0098] In general, conventional antibodies are made up of two classes of polypeptide chains, light chains and heavy chains. A non-limiting antibody of the present disclosure can be an intact, four immunoglobulin chain antibody comprising two heavy chains and two light chains. The heavy chain of the antibody can be of any isotype including IgM, IgG, IgE, IgA, or IgD or subclasses including IgG1, IgG2, IgG2a, IgG2b, IgG3, IgG4, IgE1, IgE2, etc. The light chain can be a kappa light chain or a lambda light chain. An antibody can comprise two identical copies of a light chain and two identical copies of a heavy chain. The heavy chains, which each contain one variable domain (or variable region, VH) and multiple constant domains (or constant regions) , bind to one another via disulfide bonding within their constant domains to form the “stem” of the antibody. The light chains, which each contain one variable domain (or variable region, VL) and one constant domain (or constant region) , each bind to one heavy chain via disulfide binding. The variable region of each light chain is aligned with the variable region of the heavy chain to which it is bound. The variable regions of both the light chains and heavy chains contain three hypervariable regions sandwiched between more conserved framework regions (FR) .
[0099] These hypervariable regions, known as the complementary determining regions (CDRs) , form loops that comprise the principle antigen binding surface of the antibody. The four framework regions largely adopt a beta-sheet conformation and the CDRs form loops connecting, and in some cases forming part of, the beta-sheet structure. The CDRs in each chain are held in close proximity by the framework regions and, with the CDRs from the other chain, contribute to the formation of the antigen-binding region.
[0100] Methods for identifying the CDR regions of an antibody by analyzing the amino acid sequence of the antibody are well known, and a number of definitions of the CDRs are commonly used. The Kabat definition is based on sequence variability, and the Chothia definition is based on the location of the structural loop regions. These methods and definitions are described in, e.g., Martin, "Protein sequence and structure analysis of antibody variable domains, " Antibody engineering, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2001. 422-439; Abhinandan, et al. "Analysis and improvements to Kabat and structurally correct numbering of antibody variable domains, " Molecular immunology 45.14 (2008) : 3832-3839; Wu, T.T. and Kabat, E.A. (1970) J. Exp. Med. 132: 211-250; Martin et al., Methods Enzymol. 203: 121-53 (1991) ; Morea et al., Biophys Chem. 68 (1-3) : 9-16 (Oct. 1997) ; Morea et al., J Mol Biol. 275 (2) : 269-94 (Jan . 1998) ; Chothia et al., Nature 342 (6252) : 877-83 (Dec. 1989) ; Ponomarenko and Bourne, BMC Structural Biology 7: 64 (2007) ; each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
[0101] The CDRs are important for recognizing an epitope of an antigen. As used herein, an “epitope” is the smallest portion of a target molecule capable of being specifically bound by the antigen binding domain of an antibody. The minimal size of an epitope may be about three, four, five, six, or seven amino acids, but these amino acids need not be in a consecutive linear sequence of the antigen’s primary structure, as the epitope may depend on an antigen’s three-dimensional configuration based on the antigen’s secondary and tertiary structure.
[0102] In some embodiments, the antibody is an intact immunoglobulin molecule (e.g., IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b, IgG2c, IgG3, IgG4, IgM, IgD, IgE, IgA) . The IgG subclasses (IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4) are highly conserved, differ in their constant region, particularly in their hinges and upper CH2 domains. The sequences and differences of the IgG subclasses are known in the art, and are described, e.g., in Vidarsson, et al, "IgG subclasses and allotypes: from structure to effector functions. " Frontiers in Immunology 5 (2014) ; Irani, et al. "Molecular properties of human IgG subclasses and their implications for designing therapeutic monoclonal antibodies against infectious diseases. " Molecular Immunology 67.2 (2015) : 171-182; Shakib, Farouk, ed. The human IgG subclasses: molecular analysis of structure, function and regulation. Elsevier, 2016; each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. The heavy chain constant regions in the heavy-chain antibodies can be derived from any immunoglobulin molecules described herein (e.g., IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b, IgG2c, IgG3, IgG4, IgM, IgD, IgE, IgA) .
[0103] The antibody can also be an immunoglobulin molecule that is derived from any species (e.g., human, rodent, mouse, rat, camelid) . Antibodies disclosed herein also include, but are not limited to, polyclonal, monoclonal, monospecific, multi-specific antibodies, and chimeric antibodies that include an immunoglobulin binding domain fused to another polypeptide. The term “antigen binding domain” or “antigen binding fragment” is a portion of an antibody that retains specific binding activity of the intact antibody, i.e., any portion of an antibody that is capable of specific binding to an epitope on the intact antibody’s target molecule. It includes, e.g., Fab, Fab', F (ab') 2, and variants of these fragments. Thus, in some embodiments, an antibody or an antigen binding fragment thereof can be, e.g., a scFv, a Fv, a Fd, a dAb, a bispecific antibody, a bispecific scFv, a diabody, a linear antibody, a single-chain antibody molecule, a multi-specific antibody formed from antibody fragments, and any polypeptide that includes a binding domain which is, or is homologous to, an antibody binding domain. Non-limiting examples of antigen binding domains include, e.g., the heavy chain and / or light chain CDRs of an intact antibody, the heavy and / or light chain variable regions of an intact antibody, full length heavy or light chains of an intact antibody, or an individual CDR from either the heavy chain or the light chain of an intact antibody.
[0104] In some embodiments, the antigen binding fragment can form a part of a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) . In some embodiments, the chimeric antigen receptor are fusions of VHH as described herein, fused to CD3-zeta transmembrane-and endodomain.
[0105] The antibodies and antigen-binding fragments thereof (e.g., human antibodies, humanized antibodies or chimeric antibodies) that are produced by the methods described herein have various advantages. In some embodiments, no further optimization is required to obtain desired properties (e.g., binding affinities, thermal stabilities, and / or limited aggregation) .
[0106] In various embodiments, substitutions are performed to a parental heavy-chain antibody sequence to make a variant heavy-chain antibody. In general, a heavy-chain antibody variant of a parental heavy-chain antibody has an antigen binding affinity that is at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%or at least 100% (e.g., at least 150%, at least 200%, at least 500%, at least 1000%, or up to at least 10,000%) of the binding affinity of the parental heavy-chain antibody to a particular antigen. In some embodiments, a variant heavy-chain antibody can comprise a single substitution as compared to a parental heavy-chain antibody. However, in other embodiments, several amino acids, e.g., up to about 5 or 10 or more, are substituted as compared to the parental heavy-chain antibody sequence that are derived from other human heavy-chain sequences that share identity at a given position. In various embodiments, the resultant variant heavy-chain antibody is tested to confirm that the desired binding affinity and / or specificity has not been significantly decreased by the replacement residues. In some embodiments, an improved variant heavy-chain antibody is produced by the substitution of amino acids from a different human heavy chain sequence.
[0107] In one aspect, the disclosure relates to an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof that comprises: a) a first polypeptide comprising, optionally from N-terminus to C-terminus, an optional first antigen-binding domain and a first heavy chain variable region, and a first Fc region, wherein the first Fc region comprises an optional first hinge region, a first CH2 domain, and a first CH3 domain; and b) a second polypeptide comprising, optionally from N-terminus to C-terminus, an optional second antigen-binding domain and a second Fc region, wherein the second Fc region comprises an optionally second hinge region, a second CH2 domain, and a second CH3 domain. In some embodiments, a payload (e.g., any of the payloads described herein) can be linked to the first or second polypeptide via a non-native cysteine residue (e.g., any of the non-native cysteine residues described herein) . In some embodiments, the first and / or second antigen-binding domains comprise a VHH, a heavy chain variable region, an scFv, and / or a single-chain antigen-binding polypeptide. In some embodiments, only one of the first and second antigen-binding domains comprise a VHH, a heavy chain variable region, an scFv, and / or a single-chain antigen-binding polypeptide. For example, the first polypeptide may include an antigen-binding domain (e.g., any of the antigen-binding domains described herein) , and the second polypeptide does not include an antigen-binding domain. For example, the first polypeptide does not include an antigen-binding domain, and the second polypeptide may include an antigen-binding domain (e.g., any of the antigen-binding domains described herein) .
[0108] In some embodiments, both of the first and second antigen-binding domains comprise a VHH, a heavy chain variable region, an scFv, and / or a single-chain antigen-binding polypeptide. In some embodiments, the first and / or second polypeptides comprise 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8 antigen-binding domains (e.g., any of the antigen-binding domains described herein) . For example, each of the first and second polypeptides may include more than two VHHs, heavy chain variable regions, and / or scFvs.
[0109] In some embodiments, the first and / or second antigen-binding domains are VHHs. For example, the first polypeptide can include a first VHH and the second polypeptide can include a second VHH. In some embodiments, the first and second VHHs are identical. In some embodiments, the first and second VHHs are different.
[0110] In some embodiments, the first and / or second antigen-binding domains are scFvs. For example, the first polypeptide can include a first scFv and the second polypeptide can include a second scFv. In some embodiments, the first and second scFvs are identical. In some embodiments, the first and second scFvs are different.
[0111] In some embodiments, the the first antigen-binding domain comprises a first heavy chain variable region (VH1) , and the second antigen-binding domain comprises a second heavy chain variable region (VH2) ; wherein the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof further comprises: c) a third polypeptide comprising a first light chain variable region (VL1) that can interact with the first heavy chain variable region, forming a first antigen-binding site; and d) a fourth polypeptide comprising a second light chain variable region (VL2) that can interact with the second heavy chain variable region, forming a second antigen-binding site. In some embodiments, the VH1 and VH2 are identical, and the VL1 and VL2 are identical. In some embodiments, the VH1 and VH2 are different, and the VL1 and VL2 are identical. In some embodiments, the VH1 and VH2 are different, and the VL1 and VL2 are different.
[0112] In some embodiments, one or more cysteine residues within the first and / or second hinge regions are disrupted (e.g., by one or more insertions, deletions, and / or substitutions) such that they can not form one or more disulfide bonds (e.g., inter-chain disulfide bonds) . In some embodiments, all cysteine residues within the first and / or second hinge regions are mutated, e.g., to non-cysteine residues. In some embodiments, the non-cysteine residues are glycine residues.
[0113] Heavy-chain antibodies
[0114] A heavy-chain antibody (or heavy chain-only antibody) is an antibody which has only heavy chains (generally two heavy chains) and lacks the two light chains usually found in antibodies. Naturally occurring heavy-chain antibodies have been discovered in cartilaginous fishes (e.g., shark) and camelids (e.g., llama) . For example, in cartilaginous fishes, the immunoglobulin new antigen receptor (IgNAR) is a heavy-chain antibody. IgNAR shows significant structural differences to other antibodies. It has five constant domains (CH) per chain instead of the usual three, several disulfide bonds in unusual positions, and the complementarity-determining region 3 (CDR3) forms an extended loop covering the site which binds to a light chain in other antibodies. These differences, in combination with the phylogenetic age of the cartilaginous fishes, have led to the hypothesis that IgNAR could be more closely related to a primordial antigen-binding protein than the mammalian immunoglobulins.
[0115] The only mammals with heavy-chain (IgG-like) antibodies are camelids such as dromedaries, camels, llamas and alpacas. Like all mammals, camelids (e.g., llamas) can produce conventional antibodies made of two heavy chains and two light chains bound together with disulfide bonds in a Y shape (e.g., IgG1) . However, they also produce two unique subclasses of IgG: IgG2 and IgG3, also known as heavy-chain IgG. These antibodies are made of only two heavy chains, which lack the CH1 region but still bear an antigen-binding domain (e.g., VHH) at their N-terminus. Conventional Ig require the association of variable regions from both heavy and light chains to allow a high diversity of antigen-antibody interactions. Although isolated heavy and light chains still show this capacity, they exhibit very low affinity when compared to paired heavy and light chains. The unique feature of heavy chain IgG is the capacity of their monomeric antigen binding regions to bind antigens with specificity, affinity and especially diversity that are comparable to conventional antibodies without the need of pairing with another region. This feature is mainly due to a couple of major variations within the amino acid sequence of the variable region of the two heavy chains, which induce deep conformational changes when compared to conventional Ig. Major substitutions in the variable regions prevent the light chains from binding to the heavy chains, but also prevent unbound heavy chains from being recycled by the Immunoglobulin Binding Protein.
[0116] The single variable domain of these heavy-chain antibodies (designated VHH, sdAb, or nanobody) is the smallest antigen-binding domain generated by adaptive immune systems. The Complementarity Determining Region 3 (CDR3) of the variable region of these antibodies has often been found to be twice as long as the conventional ones. This results in an increased interaction surface with the antigen as well as an increased diversity of antigen-antibody interactions, which compensates the absence of the light chains. With a long complementarity-determining region 3 (CDR3) , VHHs can extend into crevices on proteins that are not accessible to conventional antibodies, including functionally interesting sites such as the active site of an enzyme or the receptor-binding canyon on a virus surface. Moreover, an additional cysteine residue allows the structure to be more stable, thus increasing the strength of the interaction.
[0117] VHHs offer numerous other advantages compared to conventional antibodies carrying variable domains (VH and VL) of conventional antibodies, including higher stability, solubility, expression yields, and refolding capacity, as well as better in vivo tissue penetration. Moreover, in contrast to the VH domains of conventional antibodies, VHH do not display an intrinsic tendency to bind to light chains. This facilitates the induction of heavy-chain antibodies in the presence of a functional light chain loci. Further, since VHH do not bind to VL domains, it is much easier to reformat VHHs into bispecific antibody constructs than constructs containing conventional VH-VL pairs or single domains based on VH domains.
[0118] A notable difference between the camelid VHH and the human VH domain is the length and orientation of the CDR3 loop. The CDR3 corresponds to the unique region of the antibody molecule that is encoded by a DNA element newly generated during B-cell development. Genetic recombination results in the fusion of a D-element with flanking V-and J-elements. During recombination further genetic diversity is generated by addition and / or deletion of nucleotides at the junctions. Thereby, the CDR3 loop provides the major contribution to antibody diversity and specificity. A limited number of variable region genes (IGHV, IGHD, and IGHJ) in some early transgenic heavy-chain antibody animals, results in some antigens not being recognized by these animals, despite potent antigen response by wildtype animals (Janssens, Rick, et al. "Generation of heavy-chain-only antibodies in mice. " Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103.41 (2006) : 15130-15135) . The present disclosure provides genetically modified animals that have complete human heavy-chain antibody repertoires. Thus, the variable domains generated by these animals can have the maximal possible diversity for human heavy chain variable domains, thus maximizing the chance to obtain a fully humanized heavy-chain antibody.
[0119] Furthermore, because the entire sequence at the human immunoglobulin locus is introduced into the animal genome (with no modifications or limited modifications) , these genes can undergo the V (D) J recombination in a way that is very similar to what happens in human, reducing the risk of the generating new immunogenic epitopes that can be recognized in a human immune system, thereby decreasing immunogenicity. The immunogenicity can lead to production of anti-drug-antibodies and may comprise efficacy. Here, the endogenous IGHV, IGHD, and IGHJ genes have been effectively deleted. It is less likely that the antibodies generated by the antibody repertoires are immunogenic in humans. In addition, the antibody production can be very efficient and has a production rate that is similar to the normal production rates due to the efficient V (D) J recombination. Thus, the antibodies are more suitable as therapeutics in humans. Therefore, the genetically modified animals provide an advantageous platform to produce humanized heavy-chain antibodies.
[0120] In addition, IgG1 is the most abundant antibody subtype in serum, with long serum half-life, strong FcγR affinity, antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) , complement dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) activity, etc. IgG1 has unique advantages in the field of antibody drug development. Thus, in one aspect, the present disclosure is particularly related to preparation of humanized mice that can produce heavy-chain antibodies of IgG1 subtype. In the meantime, coding sequences for all other IgG subtypes can be deleted. This creates an efficient and reliable platform to create heavy-chain antibodies in the animals.
[0121] The present disclosure relates to heavy-chain antibodies produced by genetically-modified animals and cells with humanized immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region locus and truncated immunoglobulin heavy chain constant region locus. For example, the CH1 coding region within the IGHG1 gene can be knocked out such that the expressed IgG does not include the CH1 domain. In some embodiments, the immunoglobulin light chain (e.g., kappa and lambda) loci are also knocked out. Upon immunization, the animals can produce heavy-chain antibodies with high affinity / diversity.
[0122] In one aspect, the disclosure is related to a genetically modified non-human animal comprising a modified immunoglobulin heavy chain locus, in some embodiments, the modified immunoglobulin heavy chain locus comprises an IgG constant region gene, in some embodiments, the IgG constant region gene encodes an IgG heavy chain constant region lacking a CH1 domain, in some embodiments, the genetically modified non-human animal expresses a heavy-chain antibody. In some embodiments, the animal comprises exactly one IgG constant region gene. In some embodiments, the IgG heavy chain constant region gene is IGHG1. In some embodiments, the IgG heavy chain constant region comprises or consists of a CH2 domain and a CH3 domain, and optionally a hinge region.
[0123] Details of methods of generating the heavy-chain antibodies described herein can be found, e.g., in WO2024056044A1, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
[0124] The VHH described herein can be used to make multi-specific (e.g., bispecific antibodies) . In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a multi-specific antibody comprising: a first antigen binding portion and a second antigen binding portion. In some embodiments, the first antigen binding portion comprises a VHH that specifically binds a first epitope. In some embodiments, the second antigen binding portion comprises a VHH that specifically binds a second epitope. In some embodiments, the first epitope and the second epitope are from the same antigen. In some embodiments, the first epitope and the second epitope are from different antigens.
[0125] In some embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof is a tri-specific antibody. In some embodiments, the tri-specific antibody is a tri-specific VHH-Fc. In some embodiments, the tri-specific antibody comprises the same VHHs. In some embodiments, the tri-specific antibody comprises different VHHs. In some embodiments, the VHHs bind to the same epitope. In some embodiments, the VHHs bind to different epitopes.
[0126] In some embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof has four or more than four VHHs. In some embodiments, in order to increase developability, at least four VHHs are combined without the addition of IgG Fc domain to construct tetra-specific VHHs. These molecules would have the added advantage of increased affinity and avidity towards the antigen compared to bi-and tri-specific VHH-Fcs, despite lacking the Fc effector functions.
[0127] In some embodiments, these the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof (e.g., comprising 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more than 10 VHHs) has a functional Fc. In some embodiments, these the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof (e.g., comprising 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more than 10 VHHs) has a dysfunctional Fc.
[0128] In some embodiments, the heavy-chain antibody produced by the genetically modified non-human animal described herein has a VHH domain that includes CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3. In some embodiments, the CDR3 length is between 6-23, e.g., 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22 or 23. In some embodiments, the CDR3 length is at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, at least 10, at least 11, at least 12, at least 13, at least 14, at least 15, at least 16, at least 17, at least 18, at least 19, at least 20, at least 21, at least 22, or at least 23.
[0129] In various embodiments, the VHH is at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%identical to a parental VHH.
[0130] In some embodiments, disclosed herein is a heavy-chain antibody comprising a first polypeptide and a second polypeptide. The first polypeptide may include a first heavy chain variable region (VH1) , a first hinge region, a first CH2 domain, and a first CH3 domain. The second polypeptide may include a second heavy chain variable region (VH2) , a second hinge region, a second CH2 domain and a second CH3 domain. In some embodiments, disclosed herein is a heavy-chain antibody comprising a first polypeptide and a second polypeptide. The first polypeptide may include a first VHH (VHH1) , a first hinge region, a first CH2 domain, and a first CH3 domain. The second polypeptide may include a second VHH (VHH2) , a second hinge region, a second CH2 domain and a second CH3 domain. In some embodiments, the VH1 and VHH1 are interchangeable, and the VH2 and VHH2 are interchangeable when referring to the schematic structures shown in FIGS. 1, 2A-2B, and 3A-3H.
[0131] In some embodiments, the VH1, VH2, VHH1, and / or VHH2 comprise or consists of an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO:1. In some embodiments, the first and / or second hinge region are IgG1 hinge regions. In some embodiments, the first and / or second CH2 domains are IgG1 CH2 domains. In some embodiments, the first and / or second CH3 domains are IgG1 CH3 domains. In some embodiments, the VH1 and VH2 are identical. In some embodiments, the VH1 and VH2 are different. In some embodiments, the VHH1 and VHH2 are identical. In some embodiments, the VHH1 and VHH2 are different. In some embodiments, the first and second polypeptides described herein are identical. In some embodiments, the first and second polypeptides described herein are different.
[0132] C226 / C229
[0133] In one aspect, the antibody (e.g., any of the heavy-chain antibodies described herein) includes one or more cysteine mutations at heavy chain positions 226 and / or 229 according to EU numbering. In some embodiments, the antibody includes a first heavy chain polypeptide and a second heavy chain polypeptide. In some embodiments, the cysteine at heavy chain position 226 in each of the two heavy chain polypeptides is mutated (e.g., to glycine) . In some embodiments, the cysteine at heavy chain position 226 is mutated to glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, or proline. In some embodiments, the cysteine at heavy chain position 229 in each of the two heavy chain polypeptides is mutated (e.g., to glycine) . In some embodiments, the cysteine at heavy chain position 229 is mutated to glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, or proline.
[0134] An exemplary schematic structure of the heavy-chain antibody can be found in FIG. 1, in which two inter-chain disulfide bonds formed by the four inter-chain cysteine residues corresponding to C226 and C229 in the hinge region are marked by two short bars. In some embodiments, four inter-chain cysteine residues corresponding to C226 and C229 in the hinge region of IgG1 (or IgG4) antibodies are mutated. As a result, drugs can only be coupled to the non-native cysteine residue described herein. The position of the non-native cysteine residues can be found in FIGS. 2A-2B.
[0135] In some embodiments, the first heavy chain polypeptide includes a positively charged amino acid (e.g., an arginine, histidine, or lysine) at heavy chain positions 226 and 229, and the second heavy chain polypeptide includes a negatively charged amino acid (e.g., an aspartic acid or glutamic acid) at heavy chain positions 226 and 229. In some embodiments, the first heavy chain polypeptide includes a positively charged amino acid (e.g., an arginine, histidine, or lysine) at heavy chain position 226, and a non-cysteine residue (e.g., a glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, or proline) at heavy chain position 229; and the second heavy chain polypeptide includes a negatively charged amino acid (e.g., an aspartic acid or glutamic acid) at heavy chain position 226, and a non-cysteine residue (e.g., a glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, or proline) at heavy chain position 229. In some embodiments, the first heavy chain polypeptide includes a non-cysteine residue (e.g., a glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, or proline) at heavy chain position 226, and a positively charged amino acid (e.g., an arginine, histidine, or lysine) at heavy chain position 229; and the second heavy chain polypeptide includes a non-cysteine residue (e.g., a glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, or proline) at heavy chain position 226, and a negatively charged amino acid (e.g., an aspartic acid or glutamic acid) at heavy chain position 229. In some embodiments, the first heavy chain polypeptide includes a positively charged amino acid (e.g., an arginine, histidine, or lysine) at heavy chain position 226, and a negatively charged amino acid (e.g., an aspartic acid or glutamic acid) at heavy chain position 229; and the second heavy chain polypeptide includes a negatively charged amino acid (e.g., an aspartic acid or glutamic acid) at heavy chain position 226 and a positively charged amino acid (e.g., an arginine, histidine, or lysine) at heavy chain position 229. Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is contemplated that the opposite charge between positively charged and negatively charged amino acids can compensate or partially compensate for the role of the disulfide bond in wild-type antibody.
[0136] Fc variants with a non-native cysteine residue
[0137] In some embodiments, the antibody (e.g., any of the heavy-chain antibodies described herein) includes a non-native cysteine residue. In some embodiments, the antibody includes an Fc region, and the non-native cysteine residue is within the Fc region. In some embodiments, the Fc region includes a CH3 domain, and the non-native cysteine residue is within the CH3 domain. In some embodiments, the non-native cysteine residue is linked to the C-terminus of the CH3 domain. In some embodiments, the non-native cysteine residue is within a polypeptide that is fused within the CH3 domain.
[0138] In some embodiments, the antibody described herein has a schematic structure shown in FIGS. 3A-3H. Specifically, the antibody can include a first polypeptide comprising a first heavy chain variable region (VH1) , a first hinge region, a first CH2 domain, and a first CH3 domain, and a second polypeptide comprising a second heavy chain variable region (VH2) , a second hinge region, a second CH2 domain, and a second CH3 domain. The first hinge region, the first CH2 domain, and the first CH3 domain together form the first Fc region. The second hinge region, the second CH2 domain, and the second CH3 domain together form the second Fc region.
[0139] In some embodiments, the first and / or second hinge regions described herein include a non-cysteine residue (e.g., a glycine) at position 226 according to EU numbering, and / or a non-cysteine residue (e.g., a glycine) at position 229 according to EU numbering. In some embodiments, positions 226 and 229 of the Fc variant described herein can be any of the non-cysteine residues described herein.
[0140] In some embodiments, the first and / or the second Fc regions can form a Fc heterodimer by introducing one or more mutations. In some cases, the first and / or the second Fc region can include one or more knob-into-hole (KIH) mutations. For example, the first Fc region can include a cysteine at position 349, a serine at position 366, an alanine at position 368, and / or a valine at position 407 according to EU numbering; and the second Fc region can include a cysteine at position 354 and / or a tryptophan at position 366 according to EU numbering. For example, the first Fc region can include a cysteine at position 354 and / or a tryptophan at position 366 according to EU numbering; and the second Fc region can include a cysteine at position 349, a serine at position 366, an alanine at position 368, and / or a valine at position 407 according to EU numbering. In some embodiments, the first and / or the second Fc region can form a Fc heterodimer using other technologies. Details of the KIH mutations and other heterodimeric Fc technologies can be found, e.g., in Ha, et al. "Immunoglobulin Fc heterodimer platform technology: from design to applications in therapeutic antibodies and proteins. " Frontiers In Immunology 7 (2016) : 394, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
[0141] In some embodiments, the "hole chain" described herein includes a cysteine at position 349, a serine at position 366, an alanine at position 368, and / or a valine at position 407 according to EU numbering. In some embodiments, the "knob chain" described herein includes a cysteine at position 354 and / or a tryptophan at position 366 according to EU numbering. In some embodiments, the KIH mutations described herein include any of the mutations at the positions described above.
[0142] In some embodiments, the first and / or the second Fc regions described herein are derived from human IgG (e.g., IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, or IgG4) . In some embodiments, the first and / or second Fc regions are IgG1 Fc regions (e.g., human IgG1 Fc regions) . In some embodiments, the first and / or second Fc regions are IgG4 Fc regions (e.g., human IgG4 Fc regions) . In some embodiments, the first and / or second Fc regions are IgG Fc regions (e.g., human IgG1 Fc regions) whose effector function is silenced. Details of methods to modulate Fc effector functions can be found, e.g., in Liu, R., et al. "Fc-engineering for modulated effector functions -improving antibodies for cancer treatment. " Antibodies. 2020; 9: 64; and Saunders, K. O. "Conceptual approaches to modulating antibody effector functions and circulation half-life. Front Immunol 10: 1296. " (2019) ; each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
[0143] Each of the obtained Fc variants (e.g., Fc-v1, Fc-v2, Fc-v3, and Fc-v4) is discussed in detail below.
[0144] a. Fc-v1
[0145] As shown in FIG. 3A, the non-native cysteine residue can be linked to the C-terminus of the first Fc region (e.g., the first CH3 domain) via a linker peptide (e.g., linker 1) , and linker peptide is a flexible linker (e.g., a GS linker) . In some embodiments, the Fc variant described herein does not have a non-native cysteine residue at the C-terminus of the second Fc region (e.g., the second CH3 domain) . In some embodiments, the first polypeptide described herein is a "knob chain, " and the first Fc region comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95%identical to, or less than 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 insertions, deletions, or substitutions of SEQ ID NO: 8. In some embodiments, the second polypeptide described herein is a "hole chain, " and the second Fc region comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95%identical to, or less than 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 insertions, deletions, or substitutions of SEQ ID NO: 17.
[0146] As shown in FIG. 3B, the non-native cysteine residue can be linked to the C-terminus of the second Fc region (e.g., the second CH3 domain) via a linker peptide (e.g., linker 1) , and linker peptide is a flexible linker (e.g., a GS linker) . In some embodiments, the Fc variant described herein does not have a non-native cysteine residue at the C-terminus of the first Fc region (e.g., the first CH3 domain) . In some embodiments, the first polypeptide described herein is a "knob chain, " and the first Fc region comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95%identical to, or less than 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 insertions, deletions, or substitutions of SEQ ID NO: 16. In some embodiments, the second polypeptide described herein is a "hole chain, " and the second Fc region comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95%identical to, or less than 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 insertions, deletions, or substitutions of SEQ ID NO: 9.
[0147] In some embodiments, the linker peptide described herein includes an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100%identical to one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8) repeats of GGGGS (SEQ ID NO: 2) . In some embodiments, the linker peptide is a GS linker. As used herein, the term “GS linker” refers to a linker having sequences comprising primarily of glycine and serine residues. In some embodiments, the GS linker consists of glycine and serine residues. In some embodiments, the linker peptide is a flexible linker. Details of flexible linkers can be found, e.g., Chen, X., et al. "Fusion protein linkers: property, design and functionality. " Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 65.10 (2013) : 1357-1369, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. In some embodiments, the linker peptide comprises at least or about 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 30, 40, or 50 amino acid residues. In some embodiments, the linker peptide has no more than 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 30, 40, or 50 amino acid residues. In some embodiments, the linker peptide comprises at least or about 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 20, 25, 30, or 40 glycine residues. In some embodiments, the linker peptide comprises no more than 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 20, 25, 30, or 40 glycine residues. In some embodiments, the linker peptide comprises at least or about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8 serine residues. In some embodiments, the linker peptide comprises no more than 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8 serine residues. In some embodiments, the linker peptide comprises or consists of both glycine and serine residues. In some embodiments, the linker peptide comprises one or more amino acids other than glycine and serine residues. In some embodiments, the linker peptide does not comprise amino acids other than glycine and serine residues.
[0148] In some embodiments, the first and / or second Fc regions comprise or consist of an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95%identical to, or less than 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 insertions, deletions, or substitutions of SEQ ID NO: 4. In some embodiments, the first Fc region and the second Fc region are identical. In some embodiments, the first Fc region and the second Fc region are different.
[0149] b. Fc-v2
[0150] As shown in FIG. 3C, the non-native cysteine residue can be linked to the C-terminus of the first Fc region (e.g., the first CH3 domain) via a linker peptide (e.g., linker 2) , and linker peptide comprises 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8 consecutive alanines (e.g., 3 consecutive alanines) . Because of the alanine residue's relatively small and inert side chain, alanine mutations are often used for scanning mutagenesis. Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is contemplated that the linker peptide comprising 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8 consecutive alanines described herein (e.g., 3 consecutive alanines) can exhibit better properties than a linker peptide comprising other hydrophobic amino acids (e.g., valine, leucine, or isoleucine) because of the alanine residue's relatively small and inert side chain. In some embodiments, the Fc variant described herein does not have a non-native cysteine residue at the C-terminus of the second Fc region (e.g., the second CH3 domain) . In some embodiments, the first polypeptide described herein is a "knob chain, " and the first Fc region comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95%identical to, or less than 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 insertions, deletions, or substitutions of SEQ ID NO: 10. In some embodiments, the second polypeptide described herein is a "hole chain, " and the second Fc region comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95%identical to, or less than 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 insertions, deletions, or substitutions of SEQ ID NO: 17.
[0151] As shown in FIG. 3D, the non-native cysteine residue can be linked to the C-terminus of the second Fc region (e.g., the second CH3 domain) via a linker peptide (e.g., linker 2) , and linker peptide comprises 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8 consecutive alanines (e.g., 3 consecutive alanines) . In some embodiments, the Fc variant described herein does not have a non-native cysteine residue at the C-terminus of the first Fc region (e.g., the first CH3 domain) . In some embodiments, the first polypeptide described herein is a "knob chain, " and the first Fc region comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95%identical to, or less than 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 insertions, deletions, or substitutions of SEQ ID NO: 16. In some embodiments, the second polypeptide described herein is a "hole chain, " and the second Fc region comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95%identical to, or less than 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 insertions, deletions, or substitutions of SEQ ID NO: 11.
[0152] In some embodiments, the first and / or second Fc regions comprise or consist of an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95%identical to, or less than 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 insertions, deletions, or substitutions of SEQ ID NO: 5. In some embodiments, the first Fc region and the second Fc region are identical. In some embodiments, the first Fc region and the second Fc region are different.
[0153] c. Fc-v3
[0154] As shown in FIG. 3E, the non-native cysteine residue can be directly linked to the C-terminus of the first Fc region (e.g., the first CH3 domain) without a linker peptide. For example, the non-native cysteine residue can be linked to the last residue (e.g., a lysine) of the first CH3 domain. In some embodiments, the Fc variant described herein does not have a non-native cysteine residue at the C-terminus of the second Fc region (e.g., the second CH3 domain) . In some embodiments, the first polypeptide described herein is a "knob chain, " and the first Fc region comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95%identical to, or less than 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 insertions, deletions, or substitutions of SEQ ID NO: 12. In some embodiments, the second polypeptide described herein is a "hole chain, " and the second Fc region comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95%identical to, or less than 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 insertions, deletions, or substitutions of SEQ ID NO: 17.
[0155] As shown in FIG. 3F, the non-native cysteine residue can be directly linked to the C-terminus of the second Fc region (e.g., the second CH3 domain) without a linker peptide. For example, the non-native cysteine residue can be linked to the last residue (e.g., a lysine) of the second CH3 domain. In some embodiments, the Fc variant described herein does not have a non-native cysteine residue at the C-terminus of the first Fc region (e.g., the first CH3 domain) . In some embodiments, the first polypeptide described herein is a "knob chain, " and the first Fc region comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95%identical to, or less than 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 insertions, deletions, or substitutions of SEQ ID NO: 16. In some embodiments, the second polypeptide described herein is a "hole chain, " and the second Fc region comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95%identical to, or less than 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 insertions, deletions, or substitutions of SEQ ID NO: 13.
[0156] In some embodiments, the first and / or second Fc regions comprise or consist of an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95%identical to, or less than 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 insertions, deletions, or substitutions of SEQ ID NO: 6. In some embodiments, the first Fc region and the second Fc region are identical. In some embodiments, the first Fc region and the second Fc region are different.
[0157] d. Fc-v4
[0158] As shown in FIG. 3G, the non-native cysteine residue can be introduced to the first Fc region (e.g., the first CH3 domain) by fusing a polypeptide (e.g., linker 3) . In some embodiments, the Fc variant described herein does not have a non-native cysteine residue within the second Fc region (e.g., the second CH3 domain) . In some embodiments, the first polypeptide described herein is a "knob chain, " and the first Fc region comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95%identical to, or less than 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 insertions, deletions, or substitutions of SEQ ID NO: 14. In some embodiments, the second polypeptide described herein is a "hole chain, " and the second Fc region comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95%identical to, or less than 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 insertions, deletions, or substitutions of SEQ ID NO: 17.
[0159] As shown in FIG. 3H, the non-native cysteine residue can be introduced to the second Fc region (e.g., the second CH3 domain) by fusing a polypeptide (e.g., linker 3) . In some embodiments, the Fc variant described herein does not have a non-native cysteine residue within the first Fc region (e.g., the first CH3 domain) . In some embodiments, the first polypeptide described herein is a "knob chain, " and the first Fc region comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95%identical to, or less than 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 insertions, deletions, or substitutions of SEQ ID NO: 16. In some embodiments, the second polypeptide described herein is a "hole chain, " and the second Fc region comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95%identical to, or less than 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 insertions, deletions, or substitutions of SEQ ID NO: 15.
[0160] In some embodiments, the polypeptide described herein comprises or consists of, optionally from N-terminus to C-terminus, a first linker peptide (e.g., a GS linker) , the non-native cysteine residue, and a second linker peptide (e.g., a GS linker) . In some embodiments, the first and / or second linker peptides are flexible linkers (e.g., any of the flexible linkers described herein) . In some embodiments, the first and / or second linker peptides comprises 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8 repeats of GGGGS (SEQ ID NO: 2) , preferably 2 repeats of GGGGS (SEQ ID NO: 2) . In some embodiments, the first linker peptide and the second linker peptide are identical. In some embodiments, the first linker peptide and the second linker peptide are different. In some embodiments, the polypeptide described herein comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95%identical to, or less than 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 insertions, deletions, or substitutions of SEQ ID NO: 3.
[0161] In some embodiments, the polypeptide is fused to the first or second Fc region at a region from position 351 to position 362 of the first or second CH3 domain according to EU numbering, preferably from position 358 to position 362 of the first or second CH3 domain according to EU numbering.
[0162] In intact antibody heavy chain has four to five domains, depending on the isotype, including a variable (VH) domain and several constant (CH) domains: three CH domains (CH1, CH2, CH3) in IgG, IgA and IgD and four CH domains (CH1, CH2, CH3, CH4) in IgM and IgE. The antigen-binding fragment (Fab) is formed by the light chain (VL and CL) and the first two domains of the heavy chain (VH and CH1) and is specifically involved in antigen binding. The Ig Fc (fragment crystallizable) portion is formed by the CH2 and CH3 constant domains, and optionally with CH4 constant domain, from each heavy chain. The Fc region ensures that each antibody generates an appropriate immune response for a given antigen, by binding to a specific class of Fc receptors, and other immune molecules, such as complement proteins. By doing this, it mediates different physiological effects, including recognition of opsonized particles (binding to FcγR) , lysis of cells (binding to complement) , and degranulation of mast cells, basophils, and eosinophils (binding to FcεR) .
[0163] All domains in immunoglobulins have a similar structure and are constructed from two β sheets. The sheets are linked by a disulfide bridge and together form a roughly barrel-shaped structure, known as a β barrel. The distinctive folded structure of the immunoglobulin protein domain is known as the immunoglobulin fold. The constant domains are built up from seven β strands arranged such that four strands form one β sheet and three strands form a second sheet. The loops connecting the β strands are relatively short and, as a result, a majority of the residues of the domain are contained in the two β sheets. These strands include A-strand, B-strand, C-strand, D-strand, E-strand, F-Strand, and G-strand. The sequence connecting the β strands include AB-turn, BC-loop, CD-strand, DE-turn, and EF-turn. A detailed description of the structure of the constant domain can be found e.g., in Lefranc et al., " and 30 years of Immunoinformatics Insight in antibody V and C domain structure and function. " Antibodies 8.2 (2019) : 29, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
[0164] The present disclosure provides a non-native polypeptide (e.g., the polypeptide described herein) that can be fused to a particular region in the first or second Fc region of the Fc variant. As used herein, a “non-native” polypeptide refers to a polypeptide which cannot be found in the Fc region of a wildtype immunoglobulin. This particular region in the present disclosure is referred as the “3A site. ” The 3A site is located in the CH3 domain, and starts from position 344 to position 382 (EU numbering) . The fusion of the non-native polypeptide (e.g., the polypeptide described herein) can provide superior results. As compared to some other modified immunoglobulins, the immunoglobulins with this modification is very stable, and the immunoglobulins with a polypeptide fused at this site can be expressed at a high level and they do not form aggregates. The property of this fusion site is also unexpected, as the 3A site is located in the A-strand and B-strand, which seems to be important for the function and stability of the CH3 domain. The immunoglobulins also have a much higher tolerance for non-native sequence at the 3A site as compared to some other locations in the CH3 domain.
[0165] Similar modifications can be made to antibodies from different animals, including human and non-human animals. The non-human animals include e.g., mice, rats, hamsters, guinea-pigs, rabbits, ferrets, cats, dogs, and primates. In some embodiments, the antibodies are from non-human primates (e.g., monkey, chimpanzee, gorilla, and the like) , rodents (e.g., rats, mice, gerbils, hamsters, ferrets, rabbits) , lagomorphs, swine (e.g., pig, miniature pig) , equine, canine, feline, bovine, and other domestic, farm, and zoo animals. In some embodiments, the modification is made to antibodies from human, rodent (e.g., rat, mouse) , camelid, dog, horn shark, Xenopus laevis, monkey (e.g., rhesus monkey) , cat, or rabbit. In some embodiments, the modification is made to IgG, IgM, IgD, IgE, or IgA.
[0166] In some embodiments, the non-native polypeptide (e.g., the polypeptide described herein) can be fused to the CH3 domain of the first or second Fc region described herein at the 3A site. The 3A site starts from position 344 to position 382 (EU numbering) . In some embodiments, the non-native polypeptide (e.g., the polypeptide described herein) replaces 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, or 39 amino acids at the fusion site or is inserted between any of the two amino acids at this fusion site. In some embodiments, when a non-native polypeptide is inserted between two non-consecutive amino acids at the fusion site, it also replaces all amino acids between the two non-consecutive amino acids. In some embodiments, the non-native polypeptide (e.g., the polypeptide described herein) is linked to two amino acid residues of the CH3 domain of the first or second Fc region described herein. The two amino acid residues can be consecutive or non-consecutive.
[0167] In some embodiments, the two residues are selected from any two of positions 343, 344, 345, 346, 347, 348, 349, 350, 351, 352, 353, 354, 355, 356, 357, 358, 359, 360, 361, 362, 363, 364, 365, 366, 367, 368, 369, 370, 371, 372, 373, 374, 375, 376, 377, 378, 379, 380, 381, 382, and 383 of the CH3 domain according to EU numbering. The non-native polypeptide (e.g., the polypeptide described herein) is linked to a starting amino acid and an ending amino acid in the CH3 domain.
[0168] In some embodiments, the starting amino acid is selected from 343, 344, 345, 346, 347, 348, 349, 350, 351, 352, 353, 354, 355, or 356. In some embodiments, the starting amino acid is selected from 357, 358, 359, 360, 361, or 362. In some embodiments, the ending amino acid is selected from 358, 359, 360, 361, 362, 363, 364, 365, 366, 367, 368, 369, 370, 371, 372, 373, 374, 375, 376, 377, 378, 379, 380, 381, 382, or 383. In some embodiments, the ending amino acid is selected from 358, 359, 360, 361, 362, or 363.
[0169] In some embodiments, the fusion site is located at a region from position 351 to 362 (EU numbering) . In some embodiments, the non-native polypeptide (e.g., the polypeptide described herein) replaces 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, or all amino acids (e.g., 351-362) at the fusion site, or is inserted between any of the two amino acids at this fusion site, e.g., inserted at the position 351-352, 352-353, 353-354, 354-355, 355-356, 356-357, 357-358, 358-359, 359-360, 360-361, or 361-362.
[0170] In some embodiments, the two residues are selected from any two of positions 350, 351, 352, 353, 354, 355, 356, 357, 358, 359, 360, 361, 362, and 363 of the CH3 domain according to EU numbering.
[0171] In some embodiments, the fusion site is located at a region from 358 to 362 (EU numbering) . In some embodiments, the non-native polypeptide (e.g., the polypeptide described herein) replaces 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or all amino acids at the fusion site or is inserted between any of the two amino acids at this fusion site, e.g., inserted at the position 358-359, 359-360, 360-361, or 361-362.
[0172] In some embodiments, the two residues are selected from any two of positions 357, 358, 359, 360, 361, 362, and 363 of the CH3 domain according to EU numbering.
[0173] Thus, in some embodiments, the two residues are positions 357 and 358 of the CH3 domain according to EU numbering. In some embodiments, the two residues are positions 357 and 359 of the CH3 domain according to EU numbering. In some embodiments, the two residues are positions 357 and 360 of the CH3 domain according to EU numbering. In some embodiments, the two residues are positions 357 and 361 of the CH3 domain according to EU numbering. In some embodiments, the two residues are positions 357 and 362 of the CH3 domain according to EU numbering. In some embodiments, the two residues are positions 357 and 363 of the CH3 domain according to EU numbering. In some embodiments, the two residues are positions 358 and 359 of the CH3 domain according to EU numbering. In some embodiments, the two residues are positions 358 and 360 of the CH3 domain according to EU numbering. In some embodiments, the two residues are positions 358 and 361 of the CH3 domain according to EU numbering. In some embodiments, the two residues are positions 358 and 362 of the CH3 domain according to EU numbering. In some embodiments, the two residues are positions 358 and 363 of the CH3 domain according to EU numbering. In some embodiments, the two residues are positions 359 and 360 of the CH3 domain according to EU numbering. In some embodiments, the two residues are positions 359 and 361 of the CH3 domain according to EU numbering. In some embodiments, the two residues are positions 359 and 362 of the CH3 domain according to EU numbering. In some embodiments, the two residues are positions 359 and 363 of the CH3 domain according to EU numbering. In some embodiments, the two residues are positions 360 and 361 of the CH3 domain according to EU numbering. In some embodiments, the two residues are positions 360 and 362 of the CH3 domain according to EU numbering. In some embodiments, the two residues are positions 360 and 363 of the CH3 domain according to EU numbering. In some embodiments, the two residues are positions 361 and 362 of the CH3 domain according to EU numbering. In some embodiments, the two residues are positions 361 and 363 of the CH3 domain according to EU numbering. In some embodiments, the two residues are positions 362 and 363 of the CH3 domain according to EU numbering.
[0174] All possible combinations of the fusion strategy at the 3A site and benefits can be found, e.g., in in WO2021218862A1, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
[0175] Conjugated compounds and ADCs
[0176] The cysteine-engineered antibodies or Fcs, or antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof disclosed herein can be conjugated with any payloads (e.g., drugs) , which can be covalently attached to the cysteine-engineered antibodies or Fcs, or antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof via a reactive cysteine thiol group of the non-native cysteine residue described herein.
[0177] In an exemplary aspect, a conjugated compound comprises a cysteine-engineered antibody or Fc and a payload, wherein the payload is attached to the cysteine-engineered antibody or Fc through the non-native cysteine residue described herein. In some aspects, a linker is interposed between the payload and the cysteine-engineered antibody or Fc. In another exemplary aspect, an ADC comprises an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof and a payload, wherein the payload is attached to the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof through the non-native cysteine residue described herein. In some aspects, a linker is interposed between the payload and the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof.
[0178] Accordingly, a conjugated compound of the present disclosure can be represented by the formula Ab-L-P, wherein Ab is the cysteine-engineered antibody or Fc, or antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof, L is a linker, and P is a payload molecule. Accordingly, the previous formula refers to conjugated compounds or ADCs wherein the cysteine-engineered antibody, Fc fusion protein, or antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof comprises a single non-native cysteine residue.
[0179] Payload
[0180] In some aspects, the conjugated compounds or ADCs disclosed herein comprise at least one payload conjugated at the non-native cysteine residue wherein such payload is a toxin, drug, radionuclide, immunomodulator, cytokine, lymphokine, chemokine, growth factor, tumor necrosis factor, hormone, hormone antagonist, enzyme, oligonucleotide, DNA, RNA, siRNA, RNAi, microRNA, peptide nucleic acid, photoactive therapeutic agent, anti-angiogenic agent, pro-apoptotic agent, non-natural amino acid, peptide, lipid, carbohydrate, scaffolding molecule, fluorescent tag, visualization peptide, biotin, serum half-life extender, capture tag, chelating agent, solid support, or a combination thereof. The non-native cysteine residue disclosed herein can be conjugated with any payload which can be covalently attached to the reactive cysteine thiol group (Singh et al. (2002) Anal. Biochem. 304: 147-15; Harlow E. and Lane, D. (1999) Using Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Springs Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.; Lundblad R.L. (1991) Chemical Reagents for Protein Modification, 2nd ed. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla. ) . In some embodiments, the payload is a cytotoxic agent (e.g., monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE) ) , a cytostatic agent, or a diagnostic agent.
[0181] In some aspects, the conjugated compounds or ADCs disclosed herein comprise at least one payload conjugated at the non-native cysteine residue wherein such payload is a drug. In some aspects, the drug is a nitrogen mustard, ethylenimine derivative, alkyl sulfonates, nitrosourea, gemcitabine, triazene, folic acid analog, anthracycline, taxane, COX-2 inhibitor, pyrimidine analog, purine analog, antibiotic, enzyme inhibitor, epipodophyllotoxin, platinum coordination complex, vinca alkaloid, substituted urea, methyl hydrazine derivative, adrenocortical suppressant, hormone antagonist, endostatin, taxol, camptothecin, SN-38, doxorubicin, doxorubicin analog, antimetabolite, alkylating agent, antimitotic, anti-angiogenic agent, tyrosine kinase inhibitor, mTOR inhibitor, heat shock protein (HSP90) inhibitor, proteosome inhibitor, HDAC inhibitor, pro-apoptotic agent, methotrexate, CPT-11, or a combination thereof, and wherein conjugation is at one of the engineered cysteines. In particular aspects, the drug is amifostine, cisplatin, dacarbazine, dactinomycin, mechlorethamine, streptozocin, cyclophosphamide, carrnustine, lomustine, doxorubicin lipo, gemcitabine, daunorubicin, daunorubicin lipo, procarbazine, mitomycin, cytarabine, etoposide, methotrexate, 5-fluorouracil, vinblastine, vincristine, bleomycin, paclitaxel, docetaxel, aldesleukin, asparaginase, busulfan, carboplatin, cladribine, 10-hydroxy-7-ethyl-camptothecin (SN38) , gefitinib, dacarbazine, floxuridine, fludarabine, hydroxyurea, ifosfamide, idarubicin, mesna, interferon alpha, interferon beta, irinotecan, mitoxantrone, topotecan, leuprolide, megestrol, melphalan, mercaptopurine, plicamycin, mitotane, pegaspargase, pentostatin, pipobroman, plicamycin, streptozocin, tamoxifen, teniposide, testolactone, thioguanine, thiotepa, uracil mustard, vinorelbine, chlorambucil aromatase inhibitors, and combinations thereof.
[0182] In some aspects, the drug is an auristatin (U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,635,483; 5,780,588) , for example, MMAE (monomethyl auristatin E) or MMAF (monomethyl auristatin F) . In other aspects, the drug is a dolastatin or dolastatin peptidic analog or derivative. Dolastatins and auristatins have been shown to interfere with microtubule dynamics, GTP hydrolysis, and nuclear and cellular division (Woyke et al., Antimicrob. Agents and Chemother. 45: 3580-3584 (2001) ) and have anticancer activity (U.S. Pat. No. 5,663,149) . The dolastatin or auristatin drug moiety can be attached to the conjugated compound through the N (amino) terminus or the C (carboxyl) terminus of the peptidic drug moiety (See, e.g., WO2002088172) .
[0183] In other aspects, the drug is a maytansinoid. In some aspects, the maytansinoid is N 2'-deacetyl-N 2'- (3-mercapto-l-oxopropyl) -maytansine (DM1) , N 2'-deacetyl-N2'- (4-mercapto-l-oxopentyl) -maytansine (DM3) or N 2'-deacetyl-N 2' (4-methyl-4-mercapto-l-oxopentyl) -maytansine (DM4) . Maytansinoids are mitotic inhibitors which act by inhibiting tubulin polymerization. Maytansine was first isolated from the east African shrub Maytenus serrata (U.S. Pat. No. 3,896,111) . Subsequently, it was discovered that certain microbes also produce maytansinoids, such as maytansinol and C-3 maytansinol esters (U.S. Pat. No. 4,151,042) . Synthetic maytansinol and derivatives and analogues thereof are disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,137,230; 4,248,870; 4,256,746; 4,260,608; 4,265,814; 4,294,757; 4,307,016; 4,308,268; 4,308,269; 4,309,428; 4,313,946; 4,315,929; 4,317,821 ; 4,322,348; 4,331,598; 4,361,650; 4,364,866; 4,424,219; 4,450,254; 4,362,663; and 4,371,533.
[0184] Maytansinoid drug moieties are attractive drug moieties in antibody-drug conjugates because they are: (i) relatively accessible to prepare by fermentation or chemical modification, derivatization of fermentation products, (ii) amenable to derivatization with functional groups suitable for conjugation through the non-disulfide linkers to antibodies, (iii) stable in plasma, and (iv) effective against a variety of tumor cell lines. Conjugates containing maytansinoids, methods of making same, and their therapeutic use are disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,208,020, 5,416,064 and European Patent EP0425235B 1 ; Liu et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93: 8618-8623 (1996) (described immunoconjugates comprising a maytansinoid designated DM1) ; and Chari et al, Cancer Research 52: 127-131 (1992) .
[0185] Maytansinoid-conjugated compounds can be prepared by chemically linking an antibody to a maytansinoid molecule without significantly diminishing the biological activity of either the antibody or the maytansinoid molecule. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,208,020. An average of 3-4 maytansinoid molecules conjugated per antibody molecule has shown efficacy in enhancing cytotoxicity of target cells without negatively affecting the function or solubility of the antibody, although even one molecule of toxin / antibody would be expected to enhance cytotoxicity over the use of naked antibody. Maytansinoids are well known in the art and can be synthesized by known techniques or isolated from natural sources. Suitable maytansinoids are disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,208,020. Exemplary maytansinoid drug moieties include those having a modified aromatic ring, such as: C-19-dechloro (U.S. Pat. No. 4,256,746) prepared by lithium aluminum hydride reduction of ansamytocin P2) ; C-20-hydroxy (or C-20-demethyl) + / -C-19-dechloro (U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,361,650 and 4,307,016) (prepared by demethylation using Streptomyces or Actinomyces or dechlorination using LAH) ; and C-20-demethoxy, C-20-acyloxy (-OCOR) , + / -dechloro (U.S. Pat. No. 4,294,757) (prepared by acylation using acyl chlorides) , and those having modifications at other positions. Exemplary maytansinoid drug moieties also include those having modifications such as: C-9-SH (U.S. Pat. No. 4,424,219) (prepared by the reaction of maytansinol with H2S or P2S5) ; C-14-alkoxymethyl (demethoxy / CH20R) (U.S. Pat. No. 4,331,598) ; C-14-hydroxymethyl or acyloxymethyl (CH20H or CH20Ac) (U.S. Pat. No. 4,450,254) (prepared from Nocardia) ; C-15-hydroxy / acyloxy (U.S. Pat. No. 4,364,866) (prepared by the conversion of maytansinol by Streptomyces) ; C-15-methoxy (U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,313,946 and 4,315,929) (isolated from Trewia nudlflora) ; C-18-N-demethyl (U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,362,663 and 4,322,348) (prepared by the demethylation of maytansinol by Streptomyces) ; and 4, 5-deoxy (U.S. Pat. No. 4,371,533) (prepared by the titanium trichloride / LAH reduction of maytansinol) . Many positions on maytansine compounds are known to be useful as the linkage position, depending upon the type of link. For example, for forming an ester linkage, the C-3 position having a hydroxyl group, the C-14 position modified with hydroxymethyl, the C-15 position modified with a hydroxyl group and the C-20 position having a hydroxyl group are all suitable.
[0186] In some aspects, the drug is calicheamicin. The calicheamicin family of antibiotics is capable of producing double-stranded DNA breaks at sub-picomolar concentrations. For the preparation of conjugates of the calicheamicin family see, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,712,374, 5,714,586, 5,739,116, 5,767,285, 5,770,701, 5,770,710, 5,773,001, 5,877,296. Structural analogues of calicheamicin that can be used include, but are not limited to, α2Ι, α3Ι, N- PSAG and Θ11 (Hinman et al, Cancer Research 53: 3336-3342 (1993) , Lode et al, Cancer Research 58: 2925-2928 (1998) and the aforementioned U.S. patents to American Cyanamid) .
[0187] In some aspects, the drug is tubulysin. Tubulysins are members of a class of natural products isolated from myxobacterial species (Sasse et al, J. Antibiot. 53: 879-885 (2000) ) . As cytoskeleton interacting agents, tubulysins are mitotic poisons that inhibit tubulin polymerization and lead to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis (Steinmetz et al , Chem. Int. Ed. 43: 4888-4892 (2004) ; Khalil et al, ChemBioChem. 7: 678-683 (2006) ; Kaur et al , Biochem. J. 396: 235-242 (2006) ) . Tubulysins are extremely potent cytotoxic molecules, exceeding the cell growth inhibition of any clinically relevant traditional chemo therapeutic, e.g., epothilones, paclitaxel, and vinblastine. Furthermore, they are potent against multidrug resistant cell lines (Domling et al , Mol. Diversity 9: 141-147 (2005) ) . These compounds show high cytotoxicity tested against a panel of cancer cell lines with IC50values in the low picomolar range; thus, they are of interest as anticancer therapeutics. See, e.g., WO2012019123, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. Tubulysin conjugates are disclosed, e.g., in U.S. Pat. No. 7,776,814.
[0188] In some aspects, the drug is a pyrrolobenzodiazepine (PBD) . PBDs are relatively small molecules and some have the ability to recognize and covalently bind to specific sequences in the minor groove of DNA and thus exhibit antibiotic / antitumor activity. A number of PBDs and derivatives thereof are known in the art, for example, PBD dimers (e.g., SJG-136 or SG2000) , C2-unsaturated PBD dimers, pyrrolobenzodiazepine dimers bearing C2 aryl substitutions (e.g., SG2285) , PBD dimer pro-drug that is activated by hydrolysis (e.g., SG2285) , and polypyrrole-PBD (e.g., SG2274) . PBDs are further described WO 2000 / 012507, WO 2007 / 039752, WO 2005 / 110423, WO 2005 / 085251, and WO 2005 / 040170, and U.S. Pat. No. 7,612,062, each of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
[0189] In some aspects, the conjugated compounds or ADCs disclosed herein comprise at least one payload conjugated at the non-native cysteine residue wherein such payload is a toxin. In some aspects, the toxin comprises, for example, abrin, brucine, cicutoxin, diphteria toxin, botulinum toxin, shiga toxin, endotoxin, tetanus toxin, pertussis toxin, anthrax toxin, cholera toxin, falcarinol, alpha toxin, geldanamycin, gelonin, lotaustralin, ricin, strychnine, tetrodotoxin, saponin, ribonuclease (RNase) , DNase I, Staphylococcal enterotoxin-A, pokeweed antiviral protein, Pseudomonas exotoxin, Pseudomonas endotoxin, or a combination thereof. In other aspects, the toxin comprises, for example, modeccin A chain, alpha-sarcin, Aleurites fordii proteins, dianthin proteins, Phytolaca americana proteins (PAPI, PAPII, and PAP-S) , Momordica charantia inhibitor, curcin, crotin, Saponaria officinalis inhibitor, mitogellin, restrictocin, phenomycin, neomycin, tricothecenes, or a combination thereof. See, for example, WO1993 / 021232.
[0190] In some aspects, the conjugated compounds or ADCs disclosed herein comprise at least one payload conjugated at the non-native cysteine residue wherein such payload is a chelating agent. In some aspects, the chelating agent is, for example, DTPA, EC, DMSA, EDTA, Cy-EDTA, EDTMP, DTPA, CyDTPA, Cy2DTPA, BOPTA, DTPA-MA, DTPA-BA, DTPMP, DOTA, TRITA, TETA, DOTMA, DOTA-MA, HP-D03A, pNB-DOTA, DOTP, DOTMP, DOTEP, DOTPP, DOTBzP, DOTPME, HEDP, DTTP, an N3S triamidethiol, DADS, MAMA, DADT, an N2S4 diaminetetrathiol, an N2P2 dithiol-bisphosphine, a 6-hydrazinonicotinic acid, a propylene amine oxime, a tetraamine, a cyclam, or a combination thereof.
[0191] In some aspects, the conjugated compounds or ADCs disclosed herein comprise at least one payload conjugated at the non-native cysteine residue wherein such payload is a radionuclide. In some aspects, the radionuclide is, for example, chromium (51Cr) , cobalt (57Co) , fluorine (18F) , gadolinium (153Gd, 159Gd) , germanium (68Ge) , holmium (166Ho) , indium (115In, 113In, mIn, mIn) , iodine (mI, 125I, 123I, 121I) , lanthanum (140La) , lutetium (177Lu) , manganese (54Mn) , molybdenum (99Mo) , palladium (103Pd) , phosphorous (32P) , praseodymium (142Pr) , promethium (149Pm) , rhenium (186Re, 188Re) , rhodium (105Rh) , ruthenium (97Ru) , samarium (Sm) , scandium (Sc) , selenium (Se) , strontium (Sr) , sulfur (S) , technetium (99Tc) , thallium (201T1) , tin (113Sn, 117Sn) , tritium (3H) , xenon (133Xe) , ytterbium (169Yb, 175Yb) , yttrium (90Y) , zinc (65Zn) , or a combination thereof. In some specific aspects, the radionuclide is attached to the conjugated compound or ADC by a chelating agent.
[0192] In some aspects, the conjugated compounds or ADCs disclosed herein comprise at least one payload conjugated at the non-native cysteine residue wherein such payload is a serum half-life extender. In some specific aspects, the serum half-life extender comprises, for example, albumin, albumin binding polypeptide, PAS, the β subunit of the C-terminal peptide (CTP) of human chorionic gonadotropin, polyethylene glycol (PEG) , hydroxyethyl starch (HES) , XTEN, albumin-binding small molecules, or a combination thereof.
[0193] In some aspects, the conjugated compounds or ADCs disclosed herein comprise at least one payload conjugated at the non-native cysteine residue wherein such payload is a visualization label. Visualization labels include, without limitation, a chromophore, a fluorophore, a fluorescent protein, a phosphorescent dye, a tandem dye, a particle, a hapten, an enzyme, a radioisotope, or a combination thereof.
[0194] In some aspects, the visualization label is a visualization peptide. In some aspects, the visualization peptide enables visualization or localization of the conjugated compound or ADC in vitro, in vivo, ex vivo, or any combination thereof. In some aspects, the visualization peptide is a biotin acceptor peptide, a lipoic acid acceptor peptide, a fluorescent protein, a cysteine-containing peptide for ligation of a biarsenical dye or for conjugating metastable technetium, a peptide for conjugating europium clathrates for fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) -based proximity assays, or any combination thereof. In some aspects, the fluorescent protein is green fluorescent protein (GFP) , red fluorescent protein (RFP) , yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) , enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) , enhanced yellow fluorescent protein (EYFP) , or any combination thereof. In some aspects, the fluorescent protein is a phycobiliprotein or a derivative thereof. Fluorescent proteins, especially phycobiliprotein, are useful for creating tandem dye labeled labeling reagents. These tandem dyes comprise a fluorescent protein and a fluorophore for the purposes of obtaining a larger stokes shift where the emission spectra is farther shifted from the wavelength of the fluorescent protein's absorption spectra. This can be effective for detecting a low quantity of a target in a sample where the emitted fluorescent light is maximally optimized, in other words little to none of the emitted light is reabsorbed by the fluorescent protein. For this to work, the fluorescent protein and fluorophore function as an energy transfer pair where the fluorescent protein emits at the wavelength that the fluorophore absorbs at and the fluorophore then emits at a wavelength farther from the fluorescent proteins than could have been obtained with only the fluorescent protein. A functional combination can be phycobiliproteins and sulforhodamine fluorophores, or sulfonated cyanine fluorophores as known in the art. The fluorophore sometimes functions as the energy donor and the fluorescent protein is the energy acceptor.
[0195] In other aspects, the biarsenical dye is 4', 5'-bis (l, 3, 2-dithioarsolan-2-yl) fluorescein (FlAsH) . In some aspects, the biotin acceptor peptide facilitates conjugation of avidin-and streptavidin-based reagents. In some aspects, the lipoic acid acceptor peptide facilitates conjugation of thiol-reactive probes to bound lipoic acid or direct ligation of fluorescent lipoic acid analogs.
[0196] In some aspects, the conjugated compounds or ADCs disclosed herein comprise at least one payload conjugated at the non-native cysteine residue wherein such payload is a fluorescent tag. In some aspects, the fluorescent tag comprises a fluorescein-type dye, a rhodamine-type dye, dansyl-type dye, a lissamine-type dye, a cyanine-type dye, a phycoerythrin-type dye, a Texas Red-type dye, or any combination thereof. Fluorophores suitable for conjugation to the cysteine-engineered antibodies or Fcs, antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof disclosed herein include, without limitation; a pyrene (including any of the corresponding derivative compounds) , an anthracene, a naphthalene, an acridine, a stilbene, an indole or benzindole, an oxazole or benzoxazole, a thiazole or benzothiazole, a 4-amino-7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-l, 3-diazole (NBD) , a cyanine (including any corresponding compounds) , a carbocyanine (including any corresponding compounds) , a carbostyryl, a porphyrin, a salicylate, an anthranilate, an azulene, a perylene, a pyridine, a quinoline, a borapolyazaindacene (including any corresponding compounds) , a xanthene (including any corresponding compounds) , an oxazine (including any corresponding compounds) or a benzoxazine, a carbazine (including any corresponding compounds) , a phenalenone, a coumarin (including an corresponding compounds disclosed) , a benzofuran (including an corresponding compounds) and benzphenalenone (including any corresponding compounds) and derivatives thereof. As used herein, oxazines include resorufins (including any corresponding compounds) , aminooxazinones, diaminooxazines, and their benzo-substituted analogs, or any combination thereof.
[0197] In certain aspects, the fluorophores conjugated to cysteine-engineered antibodies or Fcs, or antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof disclosed herein include xanthene (rhodol, rhodamine, fluorescein and derivatives thereof) coumarin, cyanine, pyrene, oxazine, borapolyazaindacene, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, such fluorophores are sulfonated xanthenes, fluorinated xanthenes, sulfonated coumarins, fluorinated coumarins, sulfonated cyanines, or any combination thereof. Also included are dyes sold under the tradenames, and generally known as, and
[0198] The choice of the fluorophore attached to cysteine-engineered antibodies or Fcs, or antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof disclosed herein can determine the absorption and fluorescence emission properties of the conjugated compound or ADC. Physical properties of a fluorophore label that can be used include, but are not limited to, spectral characteristics (absorption, emission and stokes shift) , fluorescence intensity, lifetime, polarization and photo-bleaching rate, or combination thereof. All of these physical properties can be used to distinguish one fluorophore from another, and thereby allow for multiplexed analysis. In certain aspects, the fluorophore has an absorption maximum at wavelengths greater than 480 nm. In some aspects, the fluorophore absorbs at or near 488 nm to 514 nm (particularly suitable for excitation by the output of the argon-ion laser excitation source) or near 546 nm (particularly suitable for excitation by a mercury arc lamp) . In some aspects, a fluorophore can emit in the NIR (near infrared region) for tissue or whole organism applications. Other desirable properties of the fluorescent label can include cell permeability and low toxicity, for example if labeling of the antibody is to be performed in a cell or an organism (e.g., a living animal) . In some specific aspects, the fluorescent tag is Alexa Fluor 488 C5-maleimide.
[0199] In some aspects, the conjugated compounds or ADCs disclosed herein comprise at least one payload conjugated at the non-native cysteine residue wherein such payload is a capture tag. In some aspects, the capture tag is biotin or a His6 tag. Biotin is useful because it can function in an enzyme system to further amplify a detectable signal, and it can also function as a tag to be used in affinity chromatography for isolation purposes. For detection purposes, an enzyme conjugate that has affinity for biotin can be used, such as avidin-HRP. Subsequently a peroxidase substrate can be added to produce a detectable signal. In addition to biotin, other haptens can be used, including hormones, naturally occurring and synthetic drags, pollutants, allergens, effector molecules, growth factors, chernokines, cytokines, lymphokines, amino acids, peptides, chemical intermediates, nucleotides and the like.
[0200] In some aspects, the conjugated compounds or ADCs disclosed herein comprise at least one payload conjugated at the non-native cysteine residue wherein such payload is an enzyme. Enzymes are effective labels because amplification of the detectable signal can be obtained resulting in increased assay sensitivity. The enzyme itself often does not produce a detectable response but functions to break down a substrate when it is contacted by an appropriate substrate such that the converted substrate produces a fluorescent, colorimetric or luminescent signal. Enzymes amplify the detectable signal because one enzyme on a labeling reagent can result in multiple substrates being converted to a detectable signal. The enzyme substrate is selected to yield the measurable product, e.g., colorimetric, fluorescent or chemiluminescence. Such substrates are extensively used in the art and are known in the art.
[0201] In some embodiments, colorimetric or fluorogenic substrate and enzyme combination uses oxidoreductases such as horseradish peroxidase and a substrate such as 3, 3'-diaminobenzidine (DAB) and 3-amino-9-ethylcarbazole (AEC) , which yield a distinguishing color (brown and red, respectively) . Other colorimetric oxidoreductase substrates that yield detectable products include, but are not limited to: 2, 2-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) , o-phenylenediamine (OPD) , 3, 3', 5, 5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) , o-dianisidine, 5-aminosalicylic acid, 4-chloro-l -naphthol. Fluorogenic substrates include, but are not limited to, homovanillic acid or 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenylacetic acid, reduced phenoxazines and reduced benzothiazines, including Red reagent and its variants and reduced dihydroxanthenes, including dihydrofluoresceins and dihydrorhodamines including dihydrorhodamine 123. Peroxidase substrates that are tyramides represent a unique class of peroxidase substrates in that they can be intrinsically detectable before action of the enzyme but are "fixed in place" by the action of a peroxidase in the process described as tyramide signal amplification (TSA) . These substrates are extensively utilized to label targets in samples that are cells, tissues or arrays for their subsequent detection by microscopy, flow cytometry, optical scanning and fluorometry.
[0202] A colorimetric (and in some cases fluorogenic) substrate and enzyme combination sometimes uses a phosphatase enzyme such as an acid phosphatase, an alkaline phosphatase or a recombinant version of such a phosphatase in combination with a colorimetric substrate such as 5-bromo-6-chloro-3-indolyl phosphate (BCIP) , 6-chloro-3-indolyl phosphate, 5-bromo-6-chloro-3-indolyl phosphate, p-nitrophenyl phosphate, or o-nitrophenyl phosphate or with a fluorogenic substrate such as 4-methylumbelliferyl phosphate, 6, 8-difluoro-7-hydroxy-4-methylcoumarinyl phosphate (DiFMUP, U.S. Pat. No. 5,830,912) fluorescein diphosphate, 3-O-methylfluorescein phosphate, resorufin phosphate, 9H- (1 , 3-dichloro-9, 9-dimethylacridin-2-one-7-yl) phosphate (DDAO phosphate) , or ELF 97, ELF 39 or related phosphates.
[0203] Glycosidases, in particular beta-galactosidase, beta-glucuronidase and beta-glucosidase, are additional suitable enzymes. Appropriate colorimetric substrates include, but are not limited to, 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl beta-D-galactopyranoside (X-gal) and similar indolyl galactosides, glucosides, and glucuronides, o-nitrophenyl beta-D-galactopyranoside (ONPG) and p-nitrophenyl beta-D-galactopyranoside. In some embodiments, fluorogenic substrates include resorufin beta-D-galactopyranoside, fluorescein digalactoside (FDG) , fluorescein diglucuronide and their structural variants, 4-methylumbelliferyl beta-D-galactopyranoside, carboxyumbelliferyl beta-D-galactopyranoside and fluorinated coumarin beta-D-galactopyranosides.
[0204] Additional enzymes include, but are not limited to, hydrolases such as cholinesterases and peptidases, oxidases such as glucose oxidase and cytochrome oxidases, and reductases for which suitable substrates are known.
[0205] Enzymes and their appropriate substrates that produce chemiluminescence are useful for some assays. These include, but are not limited to, natural and recombinant forms of luciferases and aequorins. Chemiluminescence-producing substrates for phosphatases, glycosidases and oxidases such as those containing stable dioxetanes, luminol, isoluminol and acridinium esters are additionally productive.
[0206] In some aspects, the conjugated compounds or ADCs disclosed herein comprise at least one payload conjugated at the non-native cysteine residue wherein such payload is a nucleic acid. The nucleic acid can be selected from the group consisting of DNA, RNA, short interfering RNA (siRNA) , microRNA, hairpin or nucleic acid mimetics such as peptide nucleic acids. In certain aspects, the conjugated nucleic acid is at least 10, at least 20, at least 30, at least 40, at least 50 , at least 60 at least 100, at least 200, at least 500, at least 1000, at least 5000, or more base pairs. The conjugated nucleic acid can be single stranded. In various aspects, the conjugated nucleic acid can be double stranded. In some aspects, the conjugated nucleic acid encodes an open reading frame. In some aspects, the open reading frame encoded by the conjugated nucleic acid corresponds to an apoptosis inducing protein, a viral protein, an enzyme, or a tumor suppressor protein. Techniques for delivery of such nucleic acids to cells are known in the art.
[0207] In some aspects, the conjugated compounds or ADCs disclosed herein comprise at least one payload conjugated at the non-native cysteine residue wherein such payload is a therapeutic agent. The therapeutic agent can be covalently or non-covalently bind to the cysteine-engineered antibodies or Fcs, or antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof disclosed herein.
[0208] In some embodiments, the therapeutic agent is a cytotoxic or cytostatic agent (e.g., monomethyl auristatin E, monomethyl auristatin F, cytochalasin B, gramicidin D, ethidium bromide, emetine, mitomycin, etoposide, tenoposide, vincristine, vinblastine, colchicin, doxorubicin, daunorubicin, dihydroxy anthracin, maytansinoids such as DM-1 and DM-4, dione, mitoxantrone, mithramycin, actinomycin D, 1-dehydrotestosterone, glucocorticoids, procaine, tetracaine, lidocaine, propranolol, puromycin, epirubicin, and cyclophosphamide and analogs) . Useful classes of cytotoxic, cytostatic, or immunomodulatory agents include, for example, antitubulin agents, DNA minor groove binders, DNA replication inhibitors, and alkylating agents.
[0209] In some embodiments, the therapeutic agent can include, but not limited to, cytotoxic reagents, such as chemo-therapeutic agents, immunotherapeutic agents and the like, antiviral agents or antimicrobial agents. In some embodiments, the therapeutic agent to be conjugated can be selected from, but not limited to, MMAE (monomethyl auristatin E) , MMAD (monomethyl auristatin D) , or MMAF (monomethyl auristatin F) . In some embodiments, the therapeutic agent is an auristatin, such as auristatin E (also known in the art as a derivative of dolastatin-10) or a derivative thereof. The auristatin can be, for example, an ester formed between auristatin E and a keto acid. For example, auristatin E can be reacted with paraacetyl benzoic acid or benzoylvaleric acid to produce AEB and AEVB, respectively. Other typical auristatins include AFP, MMAF, and MMAE. The synthesis and structure of exemplary auristatins are described in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2003-0083263; International Patent Publication No. WO 04 / 010957, International Patent Publication No. WO 02 / 088172, and U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,498,298, 6,884,869, 6,323,315; 6,239,104; 6,034,065; 5,780,588; 5,665,860; 5,663,149; 5,635,483; 5,599,902; 5,554,725; 5,530,097; 5,521,284; 5,504,191; 5,410,024; 5,138,036; 5,076,973; 4,986,988; 4,978,744; 4,879,278; 4,816,444; and 4,486,414, each of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety and for all purposes. Auristatins have been shown to interfere with microtubule dynamics and nuclear and cellular division and have anticancer activity. Auristatins bind tubulin and can exert a cytotoxic or cytostatic effect on cancer cell. There are a number of different assays, known in the art, which can be used for determining whether an auristatin or resultant antibody-drug conjugate exerts a cytostatic or cytotoxic effect on a desired cell.
[0210] In some embodiments, the therapeutic agent is a chemotherapeutic agent. Examples of chemotherapeutic agents include alkylating agents such as thiotepa and cyclosphosphamide (CYTOXANTM) ; alkyl sulfonates such as busulfan, improsulfan and piposulfan; aziridines such as benzodopa, carboquone, meturedopa, and uredopa; ethylenimines and methylamelamines including altretamine, triethylenemelamine, triethylenephosphoramide, triethylenethiophosphaoramide and trimethylolomelamine; nitrogen mustards such as chlorambucil, chlornaphazine, cholophosphamide, estramustine, ifosfamide, mechlorethamine, mechlorethamine oxide hydrochloride, melphalan, novembichin, phenesterine, prednimustine, trofosfamide, uracil mustard; nitrosureas such as carmustine, chlorozotocin, fotemustine, lomustine, nimustine, ranimustine; antibiotics such as aclacinomysins, actinomycin, authramycin, azaserine, bleomycins, cactinomycin, calicheamicin, carabicin, carminomycin, carzinophilin, chromomycins, dactinomycin, daunorubicin, detorubicin, 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine, doxorubicin, epirubicin, esorubicin, idarubicin, marcellomycin, mitomycins, mycophenolic acid, nogalamycin, olivomycins, peplomycin, potfiromycin, puromycin, quelamycin, rodorubicin, streptonigrin, streptozocin, tubercidin, ubenimex, zinostatin, zorubicin; anti-metabolites such as methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) ; folic acid analogues such as denopterin, methotrexate, pteropterin, trimetrexate; purine analogs such as fludarabine, 6-mercaptopurine, thiamiprine, thioguanine; pyrimidine analogs such as ancitabine, azacitidine, 6-azauridine, carmofur, cytarabine, dideoxyuridine, doxifluridine, enocitabine, floxuridine, 5-FU; androgens such as calusterone, dromostanolone propionate, epitiostanol, mepitiostane, testolactone; anti-adrenals such as aminoglutethimide, mitotane, trilostane; folic acid replenisher such as frolinic acid; aceglatone; aldophosphamide glycoside; aminolevulinic acid; amsacrine; bestrabucil; bisantrene; edatraxate; defofamine; demecolcine; diaziquone; elfornithine; elliptinium acetate; etoglucid; gallium nitrate; hydroxyurea; lentinan; lonidamine; mitoguazone; mitoxantrone; mopidamol; nitracrine; pentostatin; phenamet; pirarubicin; podophyllinic acid; 2-ethylhydrazide; procarbazine; PSK7; razoxane; sizofiran; spirogermanium; tenuazonic acid; triaziquone; 2’, 2’, 2’-trichlorotriethylamine; urethan; vindesine; dacarbazine; mannomustine; mitobronitol; mitolactol; pipobroman; gacytosine; arabinoside ( “Ara-C” ) ; cyclophosphamide; taxanes, e.g. paclitaxel ( Bristol-Myers Squibb Oncology, Princeton, N. J. ) and doxetaxel ( Rhone-Poulenc Rorer, Antony, France) ; chlorambucil; gemcitabine; 6-thioguanine; platinum analogs such as cisplatin and carboplatin; vinblastine; platinum; etoposide (VP-16) ; ifosfamide; mitomycin C; mitoxantrone; vincristine; vinorelbine; navelbine; novantrone; teniposide; daunomycin; aminopterin; xeloda; ibandronate; CPT-11; topoisomerase inhibitor RFS 2000; difluoromethylornithine (DMFO) ; retinoic acid; esperamicins; capecitabine; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, acids or derivatives of any of the above. Also included in this definition are anti-hormonal agents that act to regulate or inhibit hormone action on tumors such as anti-estrogens including for example tamoxifen, raloxifene, aromatase inhibiting 4 (5) -imidazoles, 4-hydroxytamoxifen, trioxifene, keoxifene, LY117018, onapristone, and toremifene (Fareston) ; and anti-androgens such as flutamide, nilutamide, bicalutamide, leuprolide, and goserelin; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, acids or derivatives of any of the above. A detailed description of the chemotherapeutic agents can be found in, e.g., US20180193477A1, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.
[0211] Linker
[0212] In some aspects, the payload described herein is conjugated to the non-native cysteine residue via a linker. As used herein, the term "linker" refers to a peptide or polypeptide sequence (e.g., a synthetic peptide or polypeptide sequence) , or a non-peptide linker for which its main function is to connect a payload to a cysteine-engineered antibody or Fc, or an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof described herein via the thiol group of the non-native cysteine residue. In some aspects, a linker can be present between any two payloads or non-linker elements of the conjugated compounds or ADCs of the present disclosure. For example, one or more linkers can be present between a cysteine-engineered antibody or Fc, or an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof described herein and a payload, or between a first payload and a second payload. In some aspects, two or more linkers can be linked in tandem. When multiple linkers are present in a conjugated compound or ADC disclosed herein, each of the linkers can be the same or different. Generally, linkers provide flexibility to the conjugated compound or ADC. Linkers are not typically cleaved, thus, in some aspects, the linker is a non-cleavable linker. However in certain embodiments, such cleavage can be desirable. Accordingly, in some aspects a linker can comprise one or more protease-cleavable sites, which can be located within the sequence of the linker or flanking the linker at either end of the linker sequence.
[0213] In some aspects, the conjugated compound or ADC comprises a non-peptide linker. In other aspects, the linker consists of a non-peptide linker. In some aspects, the non-peptidic linker comprises, e.g., maleimido caproyl (MC) , val-cit, MC-val-cit, MC-val-cit-PABC, Mal-PEG2C2, Mal-PEG3C2 Mal-PEG6C2, maleimido propanoyl (MP) , methoxyl polyethyleneglycol (MPEG) , succinimidyl 4- (N-maleimidomethyl) -cyclohexane-l-carboxylate (SMCC) , MBS (m-maleimidobenzoyl-N-hydroxysuccinimide ester) , 4-succinimidyloxycarbonyl-alpha-methyl-alpha- (2-pyridyldithio) toluene (SMPT) , succinimidyl 6- [3- (2-pyridyldithio) -propionamide] hexanoate (LC-SPDP) , BMPEO, SPP, succinimidyl 4- (p-maleimidophenyl) butyrate (SMPB) , N-succinimidyl-S-acetylthioacetate (SATA) , N-succinimidyl (4-iodoacetyl) aminobenzonate (SIAB) , or any combination thereof. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 7,375,078.
[0214] In some aspects, the conjugated compound comprises a peptide linker. In some embodiments, the term "peptide linker" and "linker peptide" described herein can be used interchangeably. In some aspects, the linker consists of a peptide linker. In some aspects, the peptide linker comprises at least two amino, at least three, at least four, at least five, at least 10, at least 20, at least 30, at least 40, at least 50, at least 60, at least 70, at least 80, at least 90, or at least 100 amino acids. In other aspects, the peptide linker comprises at least 200, at least 300, at least 400, at least 500, at least 600, at least 700, at least 800, at least 900, or at least 1,000 amino acids. In yet other aspects, the peptide linker can comprise at least about 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 150, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100, 1200, 1300, 1400, 1500, 1600, 1700, 1800, 1900, or 2000 amino acids. The peptide linker can comprise 1-5 amino acids, 1-10 amino acids, 1-20 amino acids, 10-50 amino acids, 50-100 amino acids, 100-200 amino acids, 200-300 amino acids, 300-400 amino acids, 400-500 amino acids, 500-600 amino acids, 600-700 amino acids, 700-800 amino acids, 800-900 amino acids, or 900-1000 amino acids.
[0215] Examples of peptide linkers are well known in the art, for example peptide linkers according to the formula [ (Gly) x-Sery] z, where x is from 1 to 4, y is 0 or 1, and z is from 1 to 50. In one aspect, the peptide linker comprises the sequence Gn, where n can be an integer from 1 to 100. In a specific aspect, the sequence of the peptide linker is GGGG (SEQ ID NO: 18) . The peptide linker can comprise the sequence (GA) n (SEQ ID NO: 19) . The peptide linker can comprise the sequence (GGS) n (SEQ ID NO: 20) . In other aspects, the peptide linker comprises the sequence (GGGS) n (SEQ ID NO: 21) . In still other aspects, the peptide linker comprises the sequence (GGS) n (GGGGS) n (SEQ ID NO: 22) . In these instances, n can be an integer from 1-100. In other instances, n can be an integer from 1-20, i.e., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20. In other aspects, the linker is a poly-G sequence (GGGG) n (SEQ ID NO: 23) , where n can be an integer from 1-100.
[0216] In one aspect, the peptide linker is synthetic, i.e., non-naturally occurring. In one aspects, a peptide linker includes peptides (or polypeptides) (e.g., natural or non-naturally occurring peptides) which comprise an amino acid sequence that links or genetically fuses a first linear sequence of amino acids to a second linear sequence of amino acids to which it is not naturally linked or genetically fused in nature. For example, in one aspect the peptide linker can comprise non-naturally occurring polypeptides which are modified forms of naturally occurring polypeptides (e.g., comprising a mutation such as an addition, substitution or deletion) . In another aspect, the peptide linker can comprise non-naturally occurring amino acids. In another aspect, the peptide linker can comprise naturally occurring amino acids occurring in a linear sequence that does not occur in nature. In still another aspect, the peptide linker can comprise a naturally occurring polypeptide sequence.
[0217] In some embodiments, the antibody described herein is coupled to the drug via a cleavable linker, e.g., a SPBD linker or a maleimidocaproyl-valine-citrulline-p-aminobenzyloxycarbonyl (VC) linker. In some embodiments, the antibody described herein is coupled to the drug via a non-cleavable linker e.g. a MCC linker formed using SMCC or sulfo-SMCC. Selection of an appropriate linker for a given ADC can be readily made by the skilled person having knowledge of the art and taking into account relevant factors, such as the site of attachment to the antigen binding construct, any structural constraints of the drug and the hydrophobicity of the drug (see, for example, review in Nolting, Chapter 5, Antibody-Drug Conjugates: Methods in Molecular Biology, 2013, Ducry (Ed. ) , Springer) . A number of specific linker-toxin combinations have been described and may be used with the antigen binding constructs described herein to prepare ADCs in certain embodiments. Examples include, but are not limited to, cleavable peptide-based linkers with auristatins such as MMAE and MMAF, camptothecins such as SN-38, duocarmycins and PBD dimers; non-cleavable MC-based linkers with auristatins MMAF and MMAE; acid-labile hydrazone-based linkers with calicheamicins and doxorubicin; disulfide-based linkers with maytansinoids such as DM1 and DM4, and bis-maleimido-trioxyethylene glycol (BMPEO) -based linkers with maytansinoid DM1. Some these therapeutic agents and linkers are described, e.g., in Peters &Brown, (2015) Biosci. Rep. e00225; Dosio et al., (2014) Recent Patents on Anti-Cancer Drug Discovery 9: 35-65; US Patent Publication No. US 2015 / 0374847, and US20180193477A1; which are incorporated herein by reference in the entirety.
[0218] Depending on the desired drug and selected linker, those skilled in the art can select suitable method for coupling them together. For example, some conventional coupling methods, such as amine coupling methods, can be used to form the desired drug-linker complex which still contains reactive groups for conjugating to the antibodies through covalent linkage. In some embodiments, a drug-maleimide complex (i.e., maleimide linking drug) can be used for the payload bearing reactive group in the present disclosure. Most common reactive group capable of bonding to thiol group in ADC preparation is maleimide. Additionally, organic bromides, iodides also are frequently used.
[0219] Antibody, Conjugated Compound, and ADC Characteristics
[0220] The antibodies (e.g., any of the heavy-chain antibodies described herein) , conjugated compounds, or ADCs derived therefrom can include an antigen-binding region that is derived from any antibodies or any antigen-binding fragments thereof as described herein.
[0221] General techniques can be used to measure the affinity of an antibody for an antigen include, e.g., ELISA, RIA, BLI, and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) . In some embodiments, the techniques involve using the system. Affinities can be deduced from the quotient of the kinetic rate constants (KD=koff / kon) . In some implementations, the antibodies (e.g., any of the heavy-chain antibodies described herein) , conjugated compounds, or the ADCs derived therefrom can bind to an antigen with a dissociation rate (koff) of less than 0.1 s-1, less than 0.01 s-1, less than 0.001 s-1, less than 0.0001 s-1, or less than 0.0001 s-1. In some embodiments, the dissociation rate (koff) is greater than 0.01 s-1, greater than 0.001 s-1, greater than 0.0001 s-1, greater than 0.0001 s-1, or greater than 0.00001 s-1. In some embodiments, the dissociation rate (koff) is less than 1 × 10-3 s-1, less than 9 × 10-4 s-1, less than 8 × 10-4 s-1, less than 7 × 10-4 s-1, less than 6 × 10-4 s-1, less than 5 × 10-4 s-1, or less than 4 × 10-4 s-1.
[0222] In some embodiments, kinetic association rates (kon) is greater than 1 × 102 / Ms, greater than 1 ×103 / Ms, greater than 1 × 104 / Ms, greater than 1 × 105 / Ms, or greater than 1 × 106 / Ms. In some embodiments, kinetic association rates (kon) is less than 1 × 105 / Ms, less than 1 × 106 / Ms, or less than 1 ×107 / Ms. In some embodiments, kinetic association rates (kon) is greater than 1 × 104 / Ms, greater than 2 ×104 / Ms, greater than 3 × 104 / Ms, greater than 4 × 104 / Ms, or greater than 5 × 104 / Ms.
[0223] In some embodiments, the antibodies (e.g., any of the heavy-chain antibodies described herein) , conjugated compounds, or ADCs derived therefrom can bind to an antigen with a KD of less than 1 × 10-6 M, less than 1 × 10-7 M, less than 1 × 10-8 M, less than 1 × 10-9 M, or less than 1 × 10-10 M. In some embodiments, the KD is less than 25 nM, 24 nM, 23 nM, 22 nM, 21 nM, 20 nM, 19 nM, 18 nM, 17 nM, 16 nM, 15 nM, 14 nM, 13 nM, 12 nM, 11 nM, 10 nM, 9 nM, 8 nM, 7 nM, 6 nM, 5 nM, 4 nM, 3 nM, 2 nM, or 1 nM. In some embodiments, KD is greater than 1 × 10-7 M, greater than 1 × 10-8 M, greater than 1 × 10-9 M, or greater than 1 × 10-10 M. In some embodiments, the antigen is a TAA (e.g., CD71) .
[0224] In some embodiments, the non-native cysteine residue and / or payload in the conjugated compounds or ADCs described herein do not significantly affect the affinity of the antibody (e.g., any of the heavy-chain antibodies described herein) binding to its target antigen. For instance, the KD of the conjugated compounds or ADCs can be about 80%to about 200%, about 80%to about 150%, about 80%to about 120%, about 80%to about 100%, about 100%to about 200%, about 100%to about 150%, about 100%to about 120%, about 120%to about 200%, about 120%to about 150%, or about 150%to about 200%of that of an antibody (e.g., any of the heavy-chain antibodies described herein) not linked to the non-native cysteine residue and / or the payload.
[0225] Thermal stabilities can also be determined. The antibodies (e.g., any of the heavy-chain antibodies described herein) , conjugated compounds, or ADCs derived therefrom can have a Tm greater than 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, or 80 ℃. As IgG can be described as a multi-domain protein, the melting curve sometimes shows two transitions, with a first denaturation temperature, Tm1, and a second denaturation temperature Tm2. The presence of these two peaks often indicate the denaturation of the Fc domains (Tm1) and Fab domains (Tm2) , respectively. When there are two peaks, Tm usually refers to Tm2. In some embodiments, the antibodies (e.g., any of the heavy-chain antibodies described herein) , conjugated compounds, or ADCs derived therefrom has a Tm, Tm 1, or Tm2 greater than 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, or 80 ℃. In some embodiments, the Tm, Tm1, or Tm2 is less than 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, or 80 ℃.
[0226] In some embodiments, the aggregation temperature (Tagg) of the antibodies (e.g., any of the heavy-chain antibodies described herein) , conjugated compounds, or ADCs derived therefrom can be measured by application on a heat ramp (e.g., from 25-95℃) based on dynamic light scattering (DLS) . DLS is a well-known technique for determining sample interactions, particle size, and aggregation of molecules dispersed or dissolved in solution. The temperature that experience the aggregation (Tagg) is considered a key predictor of stability. In some embodiments, the Tagg of the antibodies (e.g., any of the heavy-chain antibodies described herein) , conjugated compounds, or ADCs derived therefrom is at least 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, or 65 ℃.
[0227] In some embodiments, the antibodies (e.g., any of the heavy-chain antibodies described herein) , conjugated compounds, or ADCs derived therefrom have a purity that is greater than 80%, 82.5%, 85%, 87.5%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%, e.g., as measured by SEC-HPLC. In some embodiments, the purity is less than 80%, 82.5%, 85%, 87.5%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%, , e.g., as measured by SEC-HPLC.
[0228] In some embodiments, the antibodies (e.g., any of the heavy-chain antibodies described herein) , conjugated compounds, or ADCs derived therefrom have a yield that is greater than 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, or 100 (mg / L) . In some embodiments, the yield is less than 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, or 100 (mg / L) .
[0229] In some embodiments, the antibodies (e.g., any of the heavy-chain antibodies described herein) , conjugated compounds, or ADCs derived therefrom have a tumor growth inhibition percentage (TGI%) that is greater than 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%, 110%, 120%, 130%, 140%, 150%, 160%, 170%, 180%, 190%, or 200%. In some embodiments, the antibody has a tumor growth inhibition percentage that is less than 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%, 110%, 120%, 130%, 140%, 150%, 160%, 170%, 180%, 190%, or 200%. The TGI%can be determined, e.g., at 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, or 30 days after the treatment starts, or 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, or 12 months after the treatment starts. As used herein, the tumor growth inhibition percentage (TGI%) is calculated using the following formula: TGI (%) = [1- (Ti-T0) / (Vi-V0) ] ×100
[0230] Ti is the average tumor volume in the treatment group on day i. T0 is the average tumor volume in the treatment group on day zero. Vi is the average tumor volume in the control group on day i. V0 is the average tumor volume in the control group on day zero.
[0231] In some embodiments, the antibodies (e.g., any of the heavy-chain antibodies described herein) , conjugated compounds, or ADCs derived therefrom include a functional Fc region. In some embodiments, effector function of a functional Fc region is antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) . In some embodiments, effector function of a functional Fc region is phagocytosis. In some embodiments, effector function of a functional Fc region is ADCC and phagocytosis. In some embodiments, the Fc region is human IgG1, human IgG2, human IgG3, or human IgG4. In some embodiments, one or both mutations S239D and / or I332E (SI mutations) are introduced in antibody Fc region to enhance the antibody affinity to FcγRIIIA, thereby increasing ADCC effects. A detailed description of SI mutations can be found in US7662925, which is incorporated by reference in their entirety. In some embodiments, the antibodies (e.g., any of the heavy-chain antibodies described herein) , conjugated compounds, or ADCs derived therefrom do not have a functional Fc region.
[0232] Methods of Making Conjugated Compounds and ADCs
[0233] The conjugated compounds and ADCs described herein can be prepared by one of several routes known in the art, employing organic chemistry reactions, conditions, and reagents known to those skilled in the art (see, for example, Bioconjugate Techniques (G. T. Hermanson, 2013, Academic Press) . For example, conjugation can be achieved by (1) reaction of a nucleophilic group or an electrophilic group of an antibody with a bivalent linker reagent, to form antibody-linker intermediate Ab-L, via a covalent bond, followed by reaction with an activated payload moiety P (e.g., an activated drug moiety D) ; or (2) reaction of a nucleophilic group or an electrophilic group of a payload moiety with a linker reagent, to form payload-linker intermediate P-L, via a covalent bond, followed by reaction with the nucleophilic group or an electrophilic group of an antibody. Conjugation methods (1) and (2) can be employed with a variety of antibodies (e.g. any of the cysteine-engineered antibodies or Fcs, or antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof described herein) , payload moieties (e.g., any of the payloads described herein) , and linkers (e.g., any of the linkers described herein) to prepare the conjugated compounds and ADCs described here. Various prepared linkers, linker components and toxins are commercially available or may be prepared using standard synthetic organic chemistry techniques. These methods are described e.g., in March’s Advanced Organic Chemistry (Smith &March, 2006, Sixth Ed., Wiley) ; Toki et al., (2002) J. Org. Chem. 67: 1866-1872; Frisch et al., (1997) Bioconj. Chem. 7: 180-186; Bioconjugate Techniques (G. T. Hermanson, 2013, Academic Press) ; US20210379193A1, and US20180193477A1, which are incorporated herein by reference in the entirety. In addition, a number of pre-formed drug-linkers suitable for reaction with a selected antigen binding construct are also available commercially, for example, linker-toxins comprising DM1, DM4, MMAE, MMAF or Duocarmycin SA are available from Creative BioLabs (Shirley, N. Y. ) .
[0234] Several specific examples of methods of preparing conjugated compounds and ADCs are known in the art and are described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,624,003 (pot method) , U.S. Pat. No. 8,163,888 (one-step) , and U.S. Pat. No. 5,208,020 (two-step method) , and US20180193477A1, which are incorporated herein by reference in the entirety. Other methods are known in the art and include those described in Antibody-Drug Conjugates: Methods in Molecular Biology, 2013, Ducry (Ed. ) , Springer.
[0235] Drug loading is represented by the number of payload moieties (e.g., drug moieties) per antibody in a molecule of ADC. For some antibody-drug conjugates, the payload loading (e.g., drug loading) may be limited by the number of attachment sites on the antibody. For example, where the attachment is a cysteine thiol, as in certain exemplary embodiments described herein, the payload loading (e.g., drug loading) may range from 0 to 8 payload moieties (e.g., drug moieties) per antibody. In certain embodiments, higher payload loading (e.g., drug loading) , e.g. greater than 5, may cause aggregation, insolubility, toxicity, and / or loss of cellular permeability of certain ADCs.
[0236] As disclosed herein, because the inter-chain disulfide bonds are not available for conjugating payloads (e.g., drugs) , a non-native cysteine residue can be introduced, e.g., within the CH3 domain of the antibody Fc region. As a result, one antibody molecule can only be conjugated with one payload molecule (e.g., a drug molecule) , making the drug-to-antibody ratio (DAR) with a uniform value of about 1.
[0237] In some embodiments, the DAR described herein (e.g., the average DAR of one or more conjugated compounds or ADCs described herein) is about 1. In some embodiments, the DAR is about 0.5, about 0.6, about 0.7, about 0.8, about 0.9, about 1.0, about 1.1, about 1.2, about 1.3, about 1.4, or about 1.5. In some embodiments, the DAR (e.g., the average DAR of one or more conjugated compounds or ADCs described herein) is about 0.5 to about 1.5, about 0.5 to about 1.4, about 0.5 to about 1.3, about 0.5 to about 1.2, about 0.5 to about 1.1, about 0.5 to about 1.0, about 0.6 to about 1.5, about 0.6 to about 1.4, about 0.6 to about 1.3, about 0.6 to about 1.2, about 0.6 to about 1.1, about 0.6 to about 1.0, about 0.7 to about 1.5, about 0.7 to about 1.4, about 0.7 to about 1.3, about 0.7 to about 1.2, about 0.7 to about 1.1, about 0.7 to about 1.0, about 0.8 to about 1.5, about 0.8 to about 1.4, about 0.8 to about 1.3, about 0.8 to about 1.2, about 0.8 to about 1.1, about 0.8 to about 1.0, about 0.9 to about 1.5, about 0.9 to about 1.4, about 0.9 to about 1.3, about 0.9 to about 1.2, about 0.9 to about 1.1, about 0.9 to about 1.0, about 1.0 to about 1.5, about 1.0 to about 1.4, about 1.0 to about 1.3, about 1.0 to about 1.2, or about 1.0 to about 1.1.
[0238] In some embodiments, the DAR described herein refers to the ratio between an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof (e.g., any of the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof described herein) and a payload (e.g., any of the payload molecules described herein) within an ADC. In some embodiments, the DAR described herein refers to the ratio between a cysteine-engineered antibody or Fc (e.g., any of the cysteine-engineered antibodies or Fcs described herein) and a payload (e.g., any of the payload molecules described herein) within a conjugated compound.
[0239] In some embodiments, a payload (e.g., any of the payloads described herein) can be coupled to an antibody (e.g., any of the cysteine-engineered antibodies or Fcs, or antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof described herein) at an activatable site, e.g., a thiol group of the non-native cysteine residue described herein. In an exemplary embodiment, reduction with a reducing agent, such as but not limited to dithiothreitol (DTT) , Tris (2-carboxyethyl) phosphine (TCEP) , or 2-Mercaptoethanol, can be used.
[0240] The present disclosure provides methods to prepare conjugated compounds and ADCs with improved biological properties (e.g., homogeneity) by producing conjugates having an average of 1 payload (e.g., 1 drug) per antibody, which yields lower toxicity while maintaining the efficacy of the conjugates. Methods to produce DAR1 ADCs (with 1 rather than 2, 4, 6, or 8 drugs per antibody) include reduction of the antibody (e.g., any of the cysteine-engineered antibodies or Fcs, or antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof described herein that have a non-native cysteine residue) with a reducing agent (e.g., DTT or TCEP) , wherein the non-native cysteine residue form a thiol group in the reduced antibody, followed by conjugating a payload (e.g., a drug) to the thiol group. These conjugated compounds and ADCs can be analyzed by the methods described herein (e.g., LC-MS) .
[0241] In some embodiments, the methods described herein generally include reducing an antibody with a reducing agent; and conjugating a payload (e.g., a drug) reactive with a free thiol (e.g., from the non-native cysteine residue described herein) to the reduced antibody.
[0242] In some embodiments, the non-native cysteine residue described herein can be, for example, an unmodified cysteine or N-acetyl cysteine. The reducing agent can be, for example, DTT or TCEP. The buffer can be, for example, a sodium borate solution and the chelating agent is dethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid. The chelating agent also can be, for example, ethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid or EDTA. The solvent can be, for example, acetonitrile, alcohol or DMSO. The payload (e.g., drug) can be, for example, a cytotoxic or a cytostatic agent.
[0243] In some embodiments, the reduced antibody can be purified prior to conjugation, using for example, column chromatography, dialysis, or diafiltration. The column used in column chromatography can be, for example, a desalting column, such as a PD-10 column. Alternatively, the reduced antibody is not purified after reduction and prior to conjugation. In some embodiments, the full reduction of the antibody is controlled by addition of an excess amount of reducing agent (e.g., TCEP) . Because of all inter-chain cysteines are not avaiable, conjugation can only occur at the non-native cysteine residue. Following conjugation of the payload (e.g., drug) to the antibody, the conjugated payload-antibody species can be separated. For example, in some embodiments, the conjugated antibody species can be separated based on the characteristics of the antibody, the payload (e.g., drug) and / or the conjugate. For example, hydrophobic interaction chromatograph (HIC) has been successful in isolating and separating such species. Detailed methods of drug conjugation can be found, e.g., in US Patent No. US7837980 B2, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
[0244] In some embodiments, the DAR1 peak of the conjugated compounds or ADCs described herein accounts for at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%of all peaks, e.g., determined by HIC.
[0245] Recombinant Vectors
[0246] The present disclosure also provides recombinant vectors (e.g., expression vectors) that include an isolated polynucleotide disclosed herein (e.g., a polynucleotide that encodes a polypeptide disclosed herein) , host cells into which are introduced with the recombinant vectors (i.e., such that the host cells contain the polynucleotide and / or a vector comprising the polynucleotide) , and the production of recombinant antibody polypeptides or fragments thereof by recombinant techniques.
[0247] As used herein, a “vector” is any construct capable of delivering one or more polynucleotide (s) of interest to a host cell when the vector is introduced to the host cell. An “expression vector” is capable of delivering and expressing the one or more polynucleotide (s) of interest as an encoded polypeptide in a host cell into which the expression vector has been introduced. Thus, in an expression vector, the polynucleotide of interest is positioned for expression in the vector by being operably linked with regulatory elements such as a promoter, enhancer, and / or a poly-Atail, either within the vector or in the genome of the host cell at or near or flanking the integration site of the polynucleotide of interest such that the polynucleotide of interest can be translated in the host cell introduced with the expression vector.
[0248] A vector can be introduced into the host cell by methods known in the art, e.g., electroporation, chemical transfection (e.g., DEAE-dextran) , transformation, transfection, and infection and / or transduction (e.g., with recombinant virus) . Thus, non-limiting examples of vectors include viral vectors (which can be used to generate recombinant virus) , naked DNA or RNA, plasmids, cosmids, phage vectors, and DNA or RNA expression vectors associated with cationic condensing agents.
[0249] In some implementations, a polynucleotide disclosed herein (e.g., a polynucleotide that encodes a polypeptide disclosed herein) is introduced using a viral expression system (e.g., vaccinia or other pox virus, retrovirus, or adenovirus) , which may involve the use of a non-pathogenic (defective) , replication competent virus, or may use a replication defective virus. In the latter case, viral propagation generally can occur only in complementing virus packaging cells. Suitable systems are disclosed, for example, in Fisher-Hoch et al., 1989, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86: 317-321; Flexner et al., 1989, Ann. N.Y. Acad Sci. 569: 86-103; Flexner et al., 1990, Vaccine, 8: 17-21; U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,603,112, 4,769,330, and 5,017,487; WO 89 / 01973; U.S. Pat. No. 4,777,127; GB 2,200,651; EP 0,345,242; WO 91 / 02805; Berkner-Biotechniques, 6: 616-627, 1988; Rosenfeld et al., 1991, Science, 252: 431-434; Kolls et al., 1994, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 91: 215-219; Kass-Eisler et al., 1993, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 90: 11498-11502; Guzman et al., 1993, Circulation, 88: 2838-2848; and Guzman et al., 1993, Cir. Res., 73: 1202-1207. Techniques for incorporating DNA into such expression systems are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art. The DNA may also be “naked, ” as described, for example, in Ulmer et al., 1993, Science, 259: 1745-1749, and Cohen, 1993, Science, 259: 1691-1692. The uptake of naked DNA may be increased by coating the DNA onto biodegradable beads that are efficiently transported into the cells.
[0250] For expression, the DNA insert comprising an antibody-encoding or polypeptide-encoding polynucleotide disclosed herein can be operatively linked to an appropriate promoter (e.g., a heterologous promoter) , such as the phage lambda PL promoter, the E. coli lac, trp and tac promoters, the SV40 early and late promoters and promoters of retroviral LTRs, to name a few. Other suitable promoters are known to the skilled artisan. The expression constructs can further contain sites for transcription initiation, termination and, in the transcribed region, a ribosome binding site for translation. The coding portion of the mature transcripts expressed by the constructs may include a translation initiating at the beginning and a termination codon (UAA, UGA, or UAG) appropriately positioned at the end of the polypeptide to be translated.
[0251] As indicated, the expression vectors can include at least one selectable marker. Such markers include dihydrofolate reductase or neomycin resistance for eukaryotic cell culture and tetracycline or ampicillin resistance genes for culturing in E. coli and other bacteria. Representative examples of appropriate hosts include, but are not limited to, bacterial cells, such as E. coli, Streptomyces, and Salmonella typhimurium cells; fungal cells, such as yeast cells; insect cells such as Drosophila S2 and Spodoptera Sf9 cells; animal cells such as CHO, COS, Bowes melanoma, and HK 293 cells; and plant cells. Appropriate culture mediums and conditions for the host cells described herein are known in the art.
[0252] Non-limiting vectors for use in bacteria include pQE70, pQE60 and pQE-9, available from Qiagen; pBS vectors, Phagescript vectors, Bluescript vectors, pNH8A, pNH16a, pNH18A, pNH46A, available from Stratagene; and ptrc99a, pKK223-3, pKK233-3, pDR540, pRIT5 available from Pharmacia. Non-limiting eukaryotic vectors include pWLNEO, pSV2CAT, pOG44, pXT1 and pSG available from Stratagene; and pSVK3, pBPV, pMSG and pSVL available from Pharmacia. Other suitable vectors can be readily apparent to the skilled artisan.
[0253] Non-limiting bacterial promoters suitable for use include the E. coli lacI and lacZ promoters, the T3 and T7 promoters, the gpt promoter, the lambda PR and PL promoters and the trp promoter. Suitable eukaryotic promoters include the CMV immediate early promoter, the HSV thymidine kinase promoter, the early and late SV40 promoters, the promoters of retroviral LTRs, such as those of the Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) , and metallothionein promoters, such as the mouse metallothionein-I promoter.
[0254] In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a number of vectors containing constitutive or inducible promoters such as alpha factor, alcohol oxidase, and PGH may be used. For reviews, see Ausubel et al. (1989) Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley &Sons, New York, N.Y, and Grant et al., Methods Enzymol., 153: 516-544 (1997) .
[0255] Introduction of the construct into the host cell can be effected by calcium phosphate transfection, DEAE-dextran mediated transfection, cationic lipid-mediated transfection, electroporation, transduction, infection or other methods. Such methods are described in many standard laboratory manuals, such as Davis et al., Basic Methods In Molecular Biology (1986) , which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
[0256] Transcription of DNA encoding an antibody of the present disclosure by higher eukaryotes may be increased by inserting an enhancer sequence into the vector. Enhancers are cis-acting elements of DNA, usually about from 10 to 300 bp that act to increase transcriptional activity of a promoter in a given host cell-type. Examples of enhancers include the SV40 enhancer, which is located on the late side of the replication origin at base pairs 100 to 270, the cytomegalovirus early promoter enhancer, the polyoma enhancer on the late side of the replication origin, and adenovirus enhancers.
[0257] For secretion of the translated protein into the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum, into the periplasmic space or into the extracellular environment, appropriate secretion signals may be incorporated into the expressed polypeptide. The signals may be endogenous to the polypeptide or they may be heterologous signals.
[0258] The polypeptide (e.g., antibody) can be expressed in a modified form, such as a fusion protein (e.g., a GST-fusion) or with a histidine-tag, and may include not only secretion signals, but also additional heterologous functional regions. For instance, a region of additional amino acids, particularly charged amino acids, may be added to the N-terminus of the polypeptide to improve stability and persistence in the host cell, during purification, or during subsequent handling and storage. Also, peptide moieties can be added to the polypeptide to facilitate purification. Such regions can be removed prior to final preparation of the polypeptide. The addition of peptide moieties to polypeptides to engender secretion or excretion, to improve stability and to facilitate purification, among others, are familiar and routine techniques in the art.
[0259] The disclosure also provides a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%identical to any nucleotide sequence as described herein, and an amino acid sequence that is at least 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%identical to any amino acid sequence as described herein.
[0260] The disclosure also provides a nucleic acid sequence that has a homology of at least 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%to any nucleotide sequence as described herein, and an amino acid sequence that has a homology of at least 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%to any amino acid sequence as described herein.
[0261] In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to nucleotide sequences encoding any peptides that are described herein, or any amino acid sequences that are encoded by any nucleotide sequences as described herein. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid sequence is less than 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 500, or 600 nucleotides. In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence is less than 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 250, 300, 350, or 400 amino acid residues.
[0262] In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence (i) comprises an amino acid sequence; or (ii) consists of an amino acid sequence, wherein the amino acid sequence is any one of the sequences as described herein.
[0263] In some embodiments, the nucleic acid sequence (i) comprises a nucleic acid sequence; or (ii) consists of a nucleic acid sequence, wherein the nucleic acid sequence is any one of the sequences as described herein.
[0264] To determine the percent identity of two amino acid sequences, or of two nucleic acid sequences, the sequences are aligned for optimal comparison purposes (e.g., gaps can be introduced in one or both of a first and a second amino acid or nucleic acid sequence for optimal alignment and non-homologous sequences can be disregarded for comparison purposes) . The amino acid residues or nucleotides at corresponding amino acid positions or nucleotide positions are then compared. When a position in the first sequence is occupied by the same amino acid residue or nucleotide as the corresponding position in the second sequence, then the molecules are identical at that position (as used herein amino acid or nucleic acid “identity” is equivalent to amino acid or nucleic acid “homology” ) . The percent identity between the two sequences is a function of the number of identical positions shared by the sequences, taking into account the number of gaps, and the length of each gap, which need to be introduced for optimal alignment of the two sequences. For example, the comparison of sequences and determination of percent identity between two sequences can be accomplished using a Blossum 62 scoring matrix with a gap penalty of 12, a gap extend penalty of 4, and a frameshift gap penalty of 5.
[0265] The disclosure provides one or more nucleic acid encoding any of the polypeptides as described herein. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid (e.g., cDNA) includes a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide of a polypeptide as described herein.
[0266] In some embodiments, provided herein is a vector including a nucleic acid encoding the antibody described herein. In some embodiments, provided herein is a cell including the vector described herein. In some embodiments, the cell is a CHO cell. In some embodiments, provided herein is a cell including a nucleic acid encoding the antibody described herein.
[0267] In some embodiments, antibody variants are provided having a carbohydrate structure that lacks fucose attached (directly or indirectly) to an Fc region. For example, the amount of fucose in such antibody may be from 1%to 80%, from 1%to 65%, from 5%to 65%or from 20%to 40%. The amount of fucose is determined by calculating the average amount of fucose within the sugar chain at Asn297, relative to the sum of all glycostructures attached to Asn 297 (e.g. complex, hybrid and high mannose structures) as measured by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, as described in WO 2008 / 077546, for example. Asn297 refers to the asparagine residue located at about position 297 in the Fc region (Eu numbering of Fc region residues; or position 314 in Kabat numbering) ; however, Asn297 may also be located about ±3 amino acids upstream or downstream of position 297, i.e., between positions 294 and 300, due to minor sequence variations in antibodies. Such fucosylation variants may have improved ADCC function. In some embodiments, to reduce glycan heterogeneity, the Fc region of the antibody can be further engineered to replace the Asparagine at position 297 with Alanine (N297A) .
[0268] In some embodiments, to facilitate production efficiency by avoiding Fab-arm exchange, the Fc region of the antibodies was further engineered to replace the serine at position 228 (EU numbering) of IgG4 with proline (S228P) . A detailed description regarding S228 mutation is described, e.g., in Silva et al. "The S228P mutation prevents in vivo and in vitro IgG4 Fab-arm exchange as demonstrated using a combination of novel quantitative immunoassays and physiological matrix preparation. " Journal of Biological Chemistry 290.9 (2015) : 5462-5469, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.
[0269] In some embodiments, the methods described here are designed to make a bispecific antibody. Bispecific antibodies can be made by engineering the interface between a pair of antibody molecules to maximize the percentage of heterodimers that are recovered from recombinant cell culture. For example, the interface can contain at least a part of the CH3 domain of an antibody constant domain. In this method, one or more small amino acid side chains from the interface of the first antibody molecule are replaced with larger side chains (e.g., tyrosine or tryptophan) . Compensatory “cavities” of identical or similar size to the large side chain (s) are created on the interface of the second antibody molecule by replacing large amino acid side chains with smaller ones (e.g., alanine or threonine) . This provides a mechanism for increasing the yield of the heterodimer over other unwanted end-products such as homodimers. This method is described, e.g., in WO 96 / 27011, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.
[0270] In some embodiments, knob-into-hole (KIH) technology can be used, which involves engineering CH3 domains to create either a “knob” or a “hole” in each heavy chain to promote heterodimerization. The KIH technique is described e.g., in Xu, Yiren, et al. "Production of bispecific antibodies in ‘knobs-into-holes’ using a cell-free expression system. " MAbs. Vol. 7. No. 1. Taylor &Francis, 2015, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. In some embodiments, one heavy chain has a T366W, and / or S354C (knob) substitution (EU numbering) , and the other heavy chain has an Y349C, T366S, L368A, and / or Y407V (hole) substitution (EU numbering) . In some embodiments, one heavy chain has one or more of the following substitutions Y349C and T366W (EU numbering) . The other heavy chain can have one or more the following substitutions E356C, T366S, L368A, and Y407V (EU numbering) . Furthermore, a substitution (-ppcpScp->-ppcpPcp-) can also be introduced at the hinge regions of both substituted IgG.
[0271] Furthermore, an anion-exchange chromatography can be used to purify bispecific antibodies. Anion-exchange chromatography is a process that separates substances based on their charges using an ion-exchange resin containing positively charged groups, such as diethyl-aminoethyl groups (DEAE) . In solution, the resin is coated with positively charged counter-ions (cations) . Anion exchange resins can bind to negatively charged molecules, displacing the counter-ion. Anion exchange chromatography can be used to purify proteins based on their isoelectric point (pI) . The isoelectric point is defined as the pH at which a protein has no net charge. When the pH > pI, a protein has a net negative charge and when the pH < pI, a protein has a net positive charge. Thus, in some embodiments, different amino acid substitution can be introduced into two heavy chains, so that the pI for the homodimer comprising two Arm A and the pI for the homodimer comprising two Arm B is different. The pI for the bispecific antibody having Arm A and Arm B can be somewhere between the two pIs of the homodimers. Thus, the two homodimers and the bispecific antibody can be released at different pH conditions. The present disclosure shows that a few amino acid residue substitutions can be introduced to the heavy chains to adjust pI.
[0272] Bispecific antibodies can also include e.g., cross-linked or “heteroconjugate” antibodies. For example, one of the antibodies in the heteroconjugate can be coupled to avidin and the other to biotin. Heteroconjugate antibodies can also be made using any convenient cross-linking methods. Suitable cross-linking agents and cross-linking techniques are well known in the art and are disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 4,676,980, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
[0273] In some embodiments, provided herein are methods of producing the antibody described herein, the method including (a) culturing a cell including a vector or a nucleic acid encoding the antibody described herein under conditions sufficient for the cell to produce the antibody; and (b) collecting the antibody produced by the cell.
[0274] Methods of Treatment
[0275] The methods described herein include methods for the treatment of disorders associated with cancer. Generally, the methods include administering a therapeutically effective amount of the conjugated compounds and / or ADCs described herein, to a subject who is in need of, or who has been determined to be in need of, such treatment.
[0276] As used in this context, to “treat” means to ameliorate at least one symptom of the disorder associated with cancer. Often, cancer results in death; thus, a treatment can result in an increased life expectancy (e.g., by at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 months, or by at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 years) . Administration of a therapeutically effective amount of an agent (e.g., any of the conjugated compounds and / or ADCs described herein) for the treatment of a condition associated with cancer may result in decreased number of cancer cells and / or alleviated symptoms.
[0277] As used herein, the term “cancer” refers to cells having the capacity for autonomous growth, i.e., an abnormal state or condition characterized by rapidly proliferating cell growth. The term is meant to include all types of cancerous growths or oncogenic processes, metastatic tissues or malignantly transformed cells, tissues, or organs, irrespective of histopathologic type or stage of invasiveness. The term “tumor” as used herein refers to cancerous cells, e.g., a mass of cancerous cells. Cancers that can be treated or diagnosed using the methods described herein include malignancies of the various organ systems, such as affecting lung, breast, thyroid, lymphoid, gastrointestinal, and genito-urinary tract, as well as adenocarcinomas which include malignancies such as most colon cancers, renal-cell carcinoma, prostate cancer and / or testicular tumors, non-small cell carcinoma of the lung, cancer of the small intestine and cancer of the esophagus. In some embodiments, the agents described herein are designed for treating or diagnosing a carcinoma in a subject. The term “carcinoma” is art recognized and refers to malignancies of epithelial or endocrine tissues including respiratory system carcinomas, gastrointestinal system carcinomas, genitourinary system carcinomas, testicular carcinomas, breast carcinomas, prostatic carcinomas, endocrine system carcinomas, and melanomas. In some embodiments, the cancer is renal carcinoma or melanoma. Exemplary carcinomas include those forming from tissue of the cervix, lung, prostate, breast, head and neck, colon and ovary. The term also includes carcinosarcomas, e.g., which include malignant tumors composed of carcinomatous and sarcomatous tissues. An “adenocarcinoma” refers to a carcinoma derived from glandular tissue or in which the tumor cells form recognizable glandular structures. The term “sarcoma” is art recognized and refers to malignant tumors of mesenchymal derivation. In some embodiments, the cancer is a chemotherapy resistant cancer.
[0278] In one aspect, the disclosure also provides methods for treating a cancer in a subject, methods of reducing the rate of the increase of volume of a tumor in a subject over time, methods of reducing the risk of developing a metastasis, or methods of reducing the risk of developing an additional metastasis in a subject. In some embodiments, the treatment can halt, slow, retard, or inhibit progression of a cancer. In some embodiments, the treatment can result in the reduction of in the number, severity, and / or duration of one or more symptoms of the cancer in a subject.
[0279] In one aspect, the disclosure features methods that include administering a therapeutically effective amount of the conjugated compounds and / or ADCs described herein to a subject in need thereof, e.g., a subject having, or identified or diagnosed as having, a cancer, e.g., breast cancer, carcinoid, cervical cancer, colorectal cancer, endometrial cancer, glioma, head and neck cancer, liver cancer, lung cancer, lymphoma, melanoma, ovarian cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, renal cancer, skin cancer, stomach cancer, testis cancer, thyroid cancer, or urothelial cancer.
[0280] As used herein, the terms “subject” and “patient” are used interchangeably throughout the specification and describe an animal, human or non-human, to whom treatment according to the methods of the present invention is provided. Veterinary and non-veterinary applications are contemplated by the present invention. Human patients can be adult humans or juvenile humans (e.g., humans below the age of 18 years old) . In addition to humans, patients include but are not limited to mice, rats, hamsters, guinea-pigs, rabbits, ferrets, cats, dogs, and primates. Included are, for example, non-human primates (e.g., monkey, chimpanzee, gorilla, and the like) , rodents (e.g., rats, mice, gerbils, hamsters, ferrets, rabbits) , lagomorphs, swine (e.g., pig, miniature pig) , equine, canine, feline, bovine, and other domestic, farm, and zoo animals. In some embodiments, the subject is a human.
[0281] In some embodiments, the compositions and methods disclosed herein can be used for treatment of patients at risk for a cancer. Patients with cancer can be identified with various methods known in the art.
[0282] As used herein, by an “effective amount” is meant an amount or dosage sufficient to effect beneficial or desired results including halting, slowing, retarding, or inhibiting progression of a disease, e.g., a cancer. An effective amount can vary depending upon, e.g., an age and a body weight of a subject to which the antibody, antigen binding fragment, antibody-drug conjugates, antibody-encoding polynucleotide, vector comprising the polynucleotide, and / or compositions thereof is to be administered, a severity of symptoms and a route of administration, and thus administration can be determined on an individual basis.
[0283] An effective amount can be administered in one or more administrations. By way of example, an effective amount of a conjugated compound or an ADC is an amount sufficient to ameliorate, stop, stabilize, reverse, inhibit, slow and / or delay progression of an autoimmune disease or a cancer in a patient or is an amount sufficient to ameliorate, stop, stabilize, reverse, slow and / or delay proliferation of a cell (e.g., a biopsied cell, any of the cancer cells described herein, or cell line (e.g., a cancer cell line) ) in vitro. As is understood in the art, an effective amount of the conjugated compound or ADC may vary, depending on, inter alia, patient history as well as other factors such as the type (and / or dosage) of the composition used.
[0284] Effective amounts and schedules for administering the conjugated compounds, ADCs, and / or compositions disclosed herein may be determined empirically, and making such determinations is within the skill in the art. Those skilled in the art can understand that the dosage that must be administered can vary depending on, for example, the mammal that can receive the conjugated compounds, ADCs, and / or compositions disclosed herein, the route of administration, the particular type of conjugated compounds, ADCs, and / or compositions disclosed herein used and other drugs being administered to the mammal.
[0285] A typical daily dosage of an effective amount of the conjugated compounds and / or ADCs described herein is 0.01 mg / kg to 100 mg / kg. In some embodiments, the dosage can be less than 100 mg / kg, 10 mg / kg, 9 mg / kg, 8 mg / kg, 7 mg / kg, 6 mg / kg, 5 mg / kg, 4 mg / kg, 3 mg / kg, 2 mg / kg, 1 mg / kg, 0.5 mg / kg, or 0.1 mg / kg. In some embodiments, the dosage can be greater than 10 mg / kg, 9 mg / kg, 8 mg / kg, 7 mg / kg, 6 mg / kg, 5 mg / kg, 4 mg / kg, 3 mg / kg, 2 mg / kg, 1 mg / kg, 0.5 mg / kg, 0.1 mg / kg, 0.05 mg / kg, or 0.01 mg / kg. In some embodiments, the dosage is about or at least 10 mg / kg, 9 mg / kg, 8 mg / kg, 7 mg / kg, 6 mg / kg, 5 mg / kg, 4 mg / kg, 3 mg / kg, 2 mg / kg, 1 mg / kg, 0.9 mg / kg, 0.8 mg / kg, 0.7 mg / kg, 0.6 mg / kg, 0.5 mg / kg, 0.4 mg / kg, 0.3 mg / kg, 0.2 mg / kg, or 0.1 mg / kg.
[0286] In any of the methods described herein, at least one of the conjugated compounds and / or ADCs described herein, and optionally at least one additional therapeutic agent, can be administered to the subject at least once a week (e.g., once a week, twice a week, three times a week, four times a week, once a day, twice a day, or three times a day) . In some embodiments, at least two different conjugated compounds and / or ADCs described herein are administered in the same composition (e.g., a liquid composition) . In some embodiments, at least one of the conjugated compounds and / or ADCs described herein, and at least one additional therapeutic agent are administered in the same composition (e.g., a liquid composition) . In some embodiments, at least one of the conjugated compounds and / or ADCs described herein and the at least one additional therapeutic agent are administered in two different compositions (e.g., a liquid composition containing at least one of the conjugated compounds and / or ADCs described herein and a solid oral composition containing at least one additional therapeutic agent) . In some embodiments, the at least one additional therapeutic agent is administered as a pill, tablet, or capsule. In some embodiments, the at least one additional therapeutic agent is administered in a sustained-release oral formulation.
[0287] In some embodiments, the one or more additional therapeutic agents can be administered to the subject prior to, or after administering the at least one of the conjugated compound and / or ADC described herein. In some embodiments, the one or more additional therapeutic agents and the at least one of the conjugated compounds and / or ADCs described herein are administered to the subject such that there is an overlap in the bioactive period of the one or more additional therapeutic agents and the at least one of the conjugated compounds and / or ADCs described herein in the subject.
[0288] In some embodiments, the subject can be administered with the at least one of the conjugated compounds and / or ADCs described herein (and / or one or more additional therapeutic agents) over an extended period of time (e.g., over a period of at least 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 1 year, 2 years, 3 years, 4 years, or 5 years) . A skilled medical professional may determine the length of the treatment period using any of the methods described herein for diagnosing or following the effectiveness of treatment (e.g., the observation of at least one symptom of cancer) . As described herein, a skilled medical professional can also change the identity and number (e.g., increase or decrease) of at least one of the conjugated compounds and / or ADCs described herein (and / or one or more additional therapeutic agents) administered to the subject and can also adjust (e.g., increase or decrease) the dosage or frequency of administration of at least one of the conjugated compounds and / or ADCs described herein (and / or one or more additional therapeutic agents) to the subject based on an assessment of the effectiveness of the treatment (e.g., using any of the methods described herein and known in the art) .
[0289] Pharmaceutical Compositions and Routes of Administration
[0290] Also provided herein are pharmaceutical compositions that contain at least one (e.g., one, two, three, or four) of the conjugated compounds and / or ADCs described herein. Two or more (e.g., two, three, or four) of any of the conjugated compounds and / or ADCs described herein can be present in a pharmaceutical composition in any combination. The pharmaceutical compositions may be formulated in any manner known in the art.
[0291] Pharmaceutical compositions are formulated to be compatible with their intended route of administration (e.g., intravenous, intraarterial, intramuscular, intradermal, subcutaneous, or intraperitoneal) . The compositions can include a sterile diluent (e.g., sterile water or saline) , a fixed oil, polyethylene glycol, glycerine, propylene glycol or other synthetic solvents, antibacterial or antifungal agents, such as benzyl alcohol or methyl parabens, chlorobutanol, phenol, ascorbic acid, thimerosal, and the like, antioxidants, such as ascorbic acid or sodium bisulfite, chelating agents, such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, buffers, such as acetates, citrates, or phosphates, and isotonic agents, such as sugars (e.g., dextrose) , polyalcohols (e.g., mannitol or sorbitol) , or salts (e.g., sodium chloride) , or any combination thereof. Liposomal suspensions can also be used as pharmaceutically acceptable carriers (see, e.g., U.S. Patent No. 4,522,811) . Preparations of the compositions can be formulated and enclosed in ampules, disposable syringes, or multiple dose vials. Where required (as in, for example, injectable formulations) , proper fluidity can be maintained by, for example, the use of a coating, such as lecithin, or a surfactant. Absorption of the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof can be prolonged by including an agent that delays absorption (e.g., aluminum monostearate and gelatin) . Alternatively, controlled release can be achieved by implants and microencapsulated delivery systems, which can include biodegradable, biocompatible polymers (e.g., ethylene vinyl acetate, polyanhydrides, polyglycolic acid, collagen, polyorthoesters, and polylactic acid; Alza Corporation and Nova Pharmaceutical, Inc. ) .
[0292] Compositions containing one or more of any of the conjugated compounds and / or ADCs described herein can be formulated for parenteral (e.g., intravenous, intraarterial, intramuscular, intradermal, subcutaneous, or intraperitoneal) administration in dosage unit form (i.e., physically discrete units containing a predetermined quantity of active compound for ease of administration and uniformity of dosage) .
[0293] Toxicity and therapeutic efficacy of compositions can be determined by standard pharmaceutical procedures in cell cultures or experimental animals (e.g., monkeys) . One can determine the LD50 (the dose lethal to 50%of the population) and the ED50 (the dose therapeutically effective in 50%of the population) : the therapeutic index being the ratio of LD50: ED50. Agents that exhibit high therapeutic indices are preferred. Where an agent exhibits an undesirable side effect, care should be taken to minimize potential damage (i.e., reduce unwanted side effects) . Toxicity and therapeutic efficacy can be determined by other standard pharmaceutical procedures.
[0294] Exemplary doses include milligram or microgram amounts of any of the conjugated compounds and / or ADCs described herein described herein per kilogram of the subject’s weight (e.g., about 1 μg / kg to about 500 mg / kg; about 100 μg / kg to about 500 mg / kg; about 100 μg / kg to about 50 mg / kg; about 10 μg / kg to about 5 mg / kg; about 10 μg / kg to about 0.5 mg / kg; or about 0.1 mg / kg to about 0.5 mg / kg) .
[0295] The pharmaceutical compositions can be included in a container, pack, or dispenser together with instructions for administration. The disclosure also provides methods of manufacturing the antibodies or antigen binding fragments thereof, or antibody-drug conjugates for various uses as described herein.
[0296] EXAMPLES
[0297] The invention is further described in the following examples, which do not limit the scope of the invention described in the claims.
[0298] Example 1. Generation and testing of anti-CD71 heavy-chain antibodies
[0299] Generation of anti-CD71 heavy-chain antibodies
[0300] 24A1-H is a heavy-chain antibody comprising two heavy chain variable regions (VHs) and an Fc region. Each polypeptide chain of the Fc region contains two constant regions (CH2 and CH3 domains) as well as a hinge region derived from the human IgG1 subtype, as shown in FIG. 1. This antibody can be produced using methods described in PCT Application Publication No. WO2024056044A1, with the VH sequence of 24A1-H set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1. WO2024056044A1 is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
[0301] Two pairs of cysteines were mutated to glycines at positions 226 and 229 (according to EU numbering) within the hinge region of the human IgG1 Fc region, resulting in a modified Fc region. Based on this modification, different variants of the Fc region were generated by further introducing one cysteine residue either at the C-terminus (as shown in FIG. 2A) or the 3A site (as shown in FIG. 2B) of one of the two heavy chains. Details of the 3A site can be found, e.g., in WO2021218862A1, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. For example, in variant 1 (Fc-v1) , one cysteine was introduced at the C-terminus of one of the heavy chains via linker 1 (GGGGS, SEQ ID NO: 2) ; in variant 2 (Fc-v2) , one cysteine was introduced at the C-terminus of one of the heavy chains via linker 2 (AAA (3 consecutive alanines) ) ; in variant 3 (Fc-v3) , one cysteine was directly introduced at the C-terminus of one of the heavy chains; whereas in variant 4 (Fc-v4) , linker 3 (GGGGSGGGGSCGGGGSGGGGS, SEQ ID NO: 3) was inserted between positions T359 and K360 at the 3A site within the Fc region, thereby introducing one cysteine (within linker 3) to one of the two heavy chains. The sequences for Fc-v1, Fc-v2, Fc-v3, and Fc-v4 are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 4-7, respectively.
[0302] Additionally, knob-into-hole (KIH) mutations can be introduced in the Fc region, which can reduce the chance of mispairing between the two heavy chains and strengthen their interaction. The cysteine residue described above (e.g., in Fc-v1, Fc-v2, Fc-v3, and Fc-v4) can be introduced into the heavy chain having one or more knob mutations ( "knob chain" ) or the heavy chain having one or more hole mutations ( "hole chain" ) . When the cysteine residue is introduced into the knob chain, the variant is named ending with "K" ; whereas when the cysteine residue is introduced into the hole chain, the variant is named ending with "H. " For instance, the variant is named as "Fc-v1-K" when the cysteine residue is added in knob chain of Fc-v1, whereas the variant is named as "Fc-v1-H" when the cysteine residue is added in the hole chain of Fc-v1. As a result, the following modified versions of Fc-v1, Fc-v2, Fc-v3, and Fc-v4 were obtained, including Fc-v1-K, Fc-v1-H, Fc-v2-K, Fc-v2-H, Fc-v3-K, Fc-v3-H, Fc-v4-K and Fc-v4-H, and their sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 8-15, respectively.
[0303] Specifically, vectors encoding the two heavy chains of 24A1-H with a modified Fc region were constructed. CHO-Scells were co-transfected with two vectors encoding two modified heavy chains, respectively. After 14 days of culture, cell supernatant was collected and the modified heavy-chain antibodies were purified by Protein A affinity chromatography.
[0304] 24A1-H-Fc-v1-K (FIG. 3A) is one of the modified heavy-chain antibodies obtained. It contains two pairs of cysteine-to-glycine mutations at positions 226 and 229 (according to EU numbering) within the hinge region and the modified Fc region of Fc-v1-K. Other modified heavy-chain antibodies were obtained with these structural features, including 24A1-H-Fc-v1-H, 24A1-H-Fc-v2-K, 24A1-H-Fc-v2-H, 24A1-H-Fc-v3-K, 24A1-H-Fc-v3-H, 24A1-H-Fc-v4-K and 24A1-H-Fc-v4-H. Their schematic diagrams are shown in FIGS. 3B-3H, respectively.
[0305] Further, one-armed antibodies 24A1-H-mono and 24A1-H-Fc-v3-mono were constructed. 24A1-H-Fc-v3-H-mono is generated from 24A1-H-Fc-v3-H by removing the heavy chain variable region (VH) from the N-terminus of the heavy chain containing the hole mutation and simultaneously introducing LALA mutations into the Fc region. 24A1-H-mono is generated from 24A1-H by introducing KIH mutations and LALA mutations into the Fc region and removing the VH from the N-terminus of the heavy chain containing the hole mutation. Fc region with LALA mutations and knob mutation (designated Fc-K-LA) is shown in SEQ ID NO: 27. Fc region with LALA mutations and hole mutation (designated Fc-H-LA) is shown in SEQ ID NO: 28. Fc-v3 with LALA mutations and knob mutations (designated Fc-v3-K-LA) is shown in SEQ ID NO: 29. Fc-v3 with LALA mutations and hole mutations (designated Fc-v3-H-LA) is shown in SEQ ID NO: 30.
[0306] For comparable purposes, a one-armed reference antibody with specificity for human CD71, synthesized from published amino acid sequence information, was used in the following experiments (designated Ref1-mono) . The antibody has an anti-CD71 arm comprising a heavy chain and a light chain, and a heavy chain fragment comprising CH2 and CH3 domains of human IgG1. Additionally, KIH mutations and LALA mutations were introduced into the Fc region of Ref1-mono. Specifically, the VH and VL sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 25-26, respectively.
[0307] Determination of the binding affinity of the heavy-chain antibodies to CD71
[0308] The binding affinity of the anti-CD71 heavy-chain antibodies to His-tagged Human Transferrin R / CD71 Protein (hCD71, ACROBiosystems, Cat#: CD1-H5243) was measured by bio-layer interferometry (BLI) using the ForteBio system equipped with pre-immobilized Protein A sensor chips.
[0309] Purified anti-CD71 heavy-chain antibodies were diluted to 10 μg / mL and then injected into the ForteBio system at 1000 rpm for about 150 seconds. The His-tagged human CD71 protein at a concentration of 200 nM was then injected at 1000 rpm for 180 seconds. Dissociation was monitored for 400 seconds. The chip was regenerated after the last injection of each titration with a glycine solution (pH 1.7, 1000 rpm for 30 seconds) .
[0310] Kinetic association rates (kon) and dissociation rates (koff) were obtained simultaneously by fitting the data globally to a 1: 1 Langmuir binding model (Karlsson, R. Roos, H. Fagerstam, L. Petersson, B., 1994. Methods Enzymology 6.99-110) using Analysis Studio 12.2.2.26. Affinities were deduced from the quotient of the kinetic rate constants (KD=koff / kon) .
[0311] As a person of ordinary skill in the art would understand, the same method with appropriate adjustments for parameters (e.g., antibody concentrations) was performed for each tested antibody. The results for the tested antibodies are summarized in the table below.
[0312] Table 1
[0313] The results showed that all tested antibodies showed a good binding affinity to human CD71. All modified antibodies exhibited comparable affinities to CD71 relative to the parent antibody 24A1-H.
[0314] Example 2. Generation of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs)
[0315] After Protein A purification, 24A1-H and its modified antibodies 24A1-H-Fc-v1-K, 24A1-H-Fc-v1-H, 24A1-H-Fc-v2-K, 24A1-H-Fc-v2-H, 24A1-H-Fc-v3-K, 24A1-H-Fc-v3-H, 24A1-H-Fc-v4-K, and 24A1-H-Fc-v4-H were dialyzed and concentrated in a PBS buffer by ultrafiltration. The purified antibodies were analyzed using non-reducing SDS-PAGE (sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) and SEC-HPLC (size exclusion chromatography-high performance liquid chromatography) . The results showed that these modified antibodies exhibited satisfactory expression results. Furthermore, the modifications to the antibody did not affect their purities. These antibodies were used for the subsequent antibody-drug coupling reactions.
[0316] Coupling of anti-CD71 heavy-chain antibodies with drug molecules
[0317] The purified anti-CD71 heavy-chain antibodies 24A1-H, 24A1-H-Fc-v1-K, 24A1-H-Fc-v1-H, 24A1-H-Fc-v2-K, 24A1-H-Fc-v2-H, 24A1-H-Fc-v3-K, 24A1-H-Fc-v3-H, 24A1-H-Fc-v4-K, and 24A1-H-Fc-v4-H were coupled with MMAE (monomethyl auristatin E) . A reducing agent was used to reduce the disulfide bonds within the antibodies to couple the small molecule drug. The reducing agent used was tris (2-carboxyethyl) phosphine (TCEP) .
[0318] For the names of antibody-drug conjugates, “MMAE” is added directly after the antibody name when the antibody is coupled to MMAE. For example, when 24A1-H-Fc-v1-K (with IgG1 constant region) is coupled to MMAE, the ADC molecule is named as 24A1-H-Fc-v1-K-MMAE. Exemplary ADCs obtained by this method included: 24A1-H-MMAE, 24A1-H-Fc-v1-K-MMAE, 24A1-H-Fc-v1-H-MMAE, 24A1-H-Fc-v2-K-MMAE, 24A1-H-Fc-v2-H-MMAE, 24A1-H-Fc-v3-K-MMAE, 24A1-H-Fc-v3-H-MMAE, 24A1-H-Fc-v4-K-MMAE, and 24A1-H-Fc-v4-H-MMAE.
[0319] Deglycosylated reduced mass analysis and deglycosylated intact mass analysis by LC-MS (LC-MS(R) and LC-MS (NR) , respectively) were performed to detect the coupling of antibodies with drug molecules and the average DAR value was calculated.
[0320] Specifically, in the MS (R) experiments, an ADC sample of 10 μg was added to 0.5 μL ammonium bicarbonate PF enzyme and incubated for 60 minutes. Then, 50 mM NH4HCO3 was added up to 100 μL followed by the addition of 2 μL of 1 M dithiothreitol (DTT) . After another incubation at 37℃ for 30 minutes, an injection volume of 5 μL was used. An Xevo G2-XS QTof chromatography system (WatersTM) connected with an ACQUITY UPLC Protein BEH C4 column (2.1 mm × 50 mm) was used.
[0321] In the LC-MS (NR) experiments, an ADC sample of 10 μg was added to 0.5 μL PF enzyme and incubated for 60 minutes. Then, 50 mM NH4HCO3 was added up to 100 μL. An Xevo G2-XS QTof chromatography system (WatersTM) connected with an ACQUITY UPLC Protein BEH C4 column (2.1 mm × 50 mm) was used. The average DAR value was obtained by summing up the weighted peak percentage from all observed species and dividing the sum by 100, as follows: DAR = Σ (relative peak intensity × number of loaded drugs) / 100.
[0322] The test results for 24A1-H-Fc-v1-K-MMAE, 24A1-H-Fc-v1-H-MMAE, 24A1-H-Fc-v2-K-MMAE, 24A1-H-Fc-v2-H-MMAE, 24A1-H-Fc-v3-K-MMAE, 24A1-H-Fc-v3-H-MMAE, 24A1-H-Fc-v4-K-MMAE, and 24A1-H-Fc-v4-H-MMAE are shown in FIGS. 5A-5B, 6A-6B, 7A-7B, 8A-8B, 9A-9B, 10A-10B, 11A-11B, and 12A-12B, respectively. Specifically, K0 represents the knob chain peak; H0 represents the hole chain peak; K0 (△K) represents the peak of knob chain without the terminal lysing (K) residue; H0 (△K) represents the peak of hole chain without the terminal lysine (K) residue; H1 represents the peak of hole chain conjugated with one MMAE molecule; K1 represents the peak of knob chain conjugated with one MMAE molecule; H1 (△K) represents the peak of hole chain conjugated with one MMAE molecule, without the terminal lysine (K) residue; K1 (△K) represents the peak of knob chain conjugated with one MMAE molecule, without the terminal lysine (K) residue; M-F-1 represents the peak of H1 breaking from MMAE; M-F-2 represents the peak of K0 (△K) +H1 breaking from MMAE; M-F-3 represents the peak of K1 (△K) breaking from MMAE; M-F-4 represents the peak of H0 (△K) +K1 breaking from MMAE; and M-F-5 represents the peak of K1 breaking from MMAE.
[0323] As demonstrated in FIGS. 5A-5B, 6A-6B, 7A-7B, 8A-8B, 9A-9B, 10A-10B, 11A-11B, and 12A-12B, the ADCs formed were mainly the modified heavy chain introduced with a cysteine residue to conjugated with one MMAE molecule.
[0324] Furthermore, it was found that the average Drug-Antibody Ratio (DAR) value of obtained ADCs was approximately 1.
[0325] Average DAR values for some ADC products are summarized in table below.
[0326] Table 2
[0327] In summary, the results above suggest that MMAE can be conjugated to the modified antibodies described above via a newly introduced cysteine residue, primarily forming DAR1 ADC products.
[0328] Example 3. Determination of the binding affinity of the heavy-chain antibodies and ADCs to CD71
[0329] The affinity of the anti-CD71 heavy-chain antibodies and ADCs binding to human CD71 protein (hCD71) was measured using the same experimental procedures as described above. The results shown in the table below demonstrate that these ADCs exhibited a comparable CD71-binding affinity relative to their parent modified antibodies, indicating that conjugation with MMAE did not affect the CD71-binding affinity of the modified antibodies.
[0330] Table 3
[0331] Example 4. Stability of the binding affinity of the heavy-chain antibodies and ADCs
[0332] The thermodynamic stability of the heavy-chain antibodies and ADCs was assessed using a high-throughput multifunctional protein stability analyzer (Uncle, Unchained Labs) , which provided measurements for melting temperature (Tm) and aggregation temperature (Tagg) . Specifically, the protein sample was loaded into the Uni tube, and the system was operated at a thermal temperature ranging from 25℃ to 95℃ at a heating ramp rate of 1℃ / min. Before heating commenced, the particle size and polydispersity were detected by dynamic light scattering (DLS) .
[0333] The results are shown in the table below, which showed that the tested ADCs, their parent modified antibodies, and the parent heavy-chain antibody 24A1-H all exhibited a good thermodynamic stability. The modifications of the antibodies and the conjugation with MMAE did not significantly affect the melting temperature (Tm) or aggregation temperature (Tagg) .
[0334] Table 4
[0335] Example 5. Blood-brain barrier penetration of the anti-CD71 antibodies
[0336] The concentration of anti-CD71 antibodies accumulated in the brain were determined in humanized TFR1 mice (Biocytogen Pharmaceuticals (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Cat#: 110861) . Specifically, the mice were placed into different groups (2 mice per group) and administered with an approximately equal molar dosage of Ref1-mono (18.4 mg / kg) , 24A1-H-mono (8.08 mg / kg) , or 24A1-H-Fc-v3-H-mono (8.08 mg / kg) by intravenous injection (1 administration in total) . The control group mice were administered with hIgG1 (10 mg / kg) . hIgG1 is a heavy-chain antibody comprises two heavy chain variable regions (VHs) targeting unrelated antigens and an Fc region, with the structure shown in FIG. 1.
[0337] 18 hours after administration, blood and brain samples were collected. The mice were anesthetized after retro-orbital blood was collected. To avoid interference from the residual blood in the brain, the mice were perfused by saline for 10 minutes at room temperature. Specifically, saline was perfused via systemic circulation from the left ventricle to the right ventricle. Brain samples were excised and divided into two hemibrains by the sagittal plane. The left hemibrain was subjected to quantification of the injected antibody, while the right hemibrain was fixed by formalin and embedded with paraffin for serial sections. The left hemibrain samples were cut into pieces and homogenized with DPBS (Dulbecco's phosphate-buffered saline) containing 1× mixed protease inhibitors. The brain homogenate added with 30%dextran at a ratio of 1: 1. After vortexing, capillaries were depleted by gradient density centrifugation at 5400 g for 15 minutes. After centrifugation, the fraction at the top of the centrifuge tube was saved as parenchyma and subjected to protein extraction and antibody quantification.
[0338] The percentage of the injected dose per gram of brain tissue was calculated and the result is shown in FIG. 13. The accumulation concentrations of anti-CD71 antibodies 24A1-H-mono and 24A1-H-Fc-v3-H-mono in brain parenchyma were significantly higher than that of hIgG1, while no significant difference was observed between 24A1-H-mono and 24A1-H-Fc-v3-H-mono. This indicated that cysteine-engineered Fc did not affect BBB penetration.
[0339] OTHER EMBODIMENTS
[0340] It is to be understood that while the invention has been described in conjunction with the detailed description thereof, the foregoing description is intended to illustrate and not limit the scope of the invention, which is defined by the scope of the appended claims. Other aspects, advantages, and modifications are within the scope of the following claims.
Claims
1.An antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) comprising:a) an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof comprising a non-native cysteine residue; andb) a payload that is linked to the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof via the non-native cysteine residue.2.The ADC of claim 1, wherein the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof comprises an Fc region comprising a CH3 domain, wherein the non-native cysteine residue is within the CH3 domain.3.The ADC of claim 1 or 2, wherein the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof comprises a VHH, a heavy chain variable region, an scFv, and / or a single-chain antigen-binding polypeptide.4.The ADC of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof is a heavy-chain antibody, e.g., an antibody comprising an IgG heavy chain constant region lacking a CH1 domain and / or a CL domain.5.The ADC of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof comprises:a) a first polypeptide comprising, optionally from N-terminus to C-terminus, an optional first antigen-binding domain and a first Fc region, wherein the first Fc region comprises a first hinge region, a first CH2 domain, and a first CH3 domain; andb) a second polypeptide comprising, optionally from N-terminus to C-terminus, an optional second antigen-binding domain and a second Fc region, wherein the second Fc region comprises a second hinge region, a second CH2 domain, and a second CH3 domain.6.The ADC of claim 5, wherein the payload is linked to the first or second polypeptide via the non-native cysteine residue.7.The ADC of claim 5 or 6, wherein the first and / or second antigen-binding domains comprise a VHH, a heavy chain variable region, an scFv, and / or a single-chain antigen-binding polypeptide.8.The ADC of any one of claims 5-7, wherein the first and / or second antigen-binding domains are VHHs.9.The ADC of any one of claims 5-7, wherein the first antigen-binding domain comprises a first heavy chain variable region, and the second antigen-binding domain comprises a second heavy chain variable region; wherein the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof further comprises:c) a third polypeptide comprising a first light chain variable region that can interact with the first heavy chain variable region, forming a first antigen-binding site; andd) a fourth polypeptide comprising a second light chain variable region that can interact with the second heavy chain variable region, forming a second antigen-binding site.10.The ADC of any one of claims 5-9, wherein the non-native cysteine residue is directly linked to the C-terminus of the first or second polypeptide.11.The ADC of any one of claims 5-9, wherein the non-native cysteine is linked to the C-terminus of the first or second polypeptide via a linker peptide.12.The ADC of claim 11, wherein the linker peptide comprises 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8 consecutive alanines, preferably 3 consecutive alanines.13.The ADC of claim 11, wherein the linker peptide is a flexible linker (e.g., a GS linker) .14.The ADC of claim 13, wherein the flexible linker comprises (GGGGS) n (SEQ ID NO: 24) , wherein n is an integer selected from the group consisting of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8.15.The ADC of any one of claims 5-9, wherein the non-native cysteine residue is introduced to the first or second polypeptide by fusing a polypeptide comprising:a) a first linker peptide comprising (GGGGS) n (SEQ ID NO: 24) , wherein n is an integer selected from the group consisting of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8;b) the non-native cysteine residue; andc) a second linker peptide comprising (GGGGS) n (SEQ ID NO: 24) , wherein n is an integer selected from the group consisting of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8.16.The ADC of claim 15, wherein the polypeptide comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 3.17.The ADC of claim 15 or 16, wherein the polypeptide is fused to the first or second polypeptide at a region from position 351 to position 362 of the first or second CH3 domain according to EU numbering, preferably from position 358 to position 362 of the first or second CH3 domain according to EU numbering.18.The ADC of claim 17, wherein the polypeptide is linked to a first amino acid residue and a second amino acid residue of the first or second CH3 domain, wherein the first and the second amino acid residues are selected from the group consisting of amino acid residues at positions 350, 351, 352, 353, 354, 355, 356, 357, 358, 359, 360, 361, 362, and 363 of the first or second CH3 domain according to EU numbering, preferably at positions 357, 358, 359, 360, 361, 362, and 363 of the first or second CH3 domain according to EU numbering.19.The ADC of claim 18, wherein one or more amino acid residues in a wildtype CH3 domain between the first and the second amino acid residues are deleted.20.The ADC of claim 18 or 19, wherein:(1) the first amino acid residue is at position 358 according to EU numbering, and the second amino acid residue is at position 359 according to EU numbering;(2) the first amino acid residue is at position 359 according to EU numbering, and the second amino acid residue is at position 360 according to EU numbering;(3) the first amino acid residue is at position 360 according to EU numbering, and the second amino acid residue is at position 361 according to EU numbering; or(4) the first amino acid residue is at position 361 according to EU numbering, and the second amino acid residue is at position 362 according to EU numbering.21.The ADC of any one of claims 5-8, and 10-20, wherein the first and / or second antigen-binding domains are VHHs or heavy chain variable regions comprising an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 1.22.The ADC of any one of claims 5-21, wherein the first and / or second Fc regions comprise an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 4, 5, 6, or 7.23.The ADC of any one of claims 1-22, wherein the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof comprises one or more knob-into-hole (KIH) mutations.24.The ADC of claim 23, wherein the first polypeptide comprises one or more knob mutations and the second polypeptide comprises one or more hole mutations, wherein the non-native cysteine residue is within the first polypeptide.25.The ADC of claim 23, wherein the first polypeptide comprises one or more hole mutations and the second polypeptide comprises one or more knob mutations, wherein the non-native cysteine residue is within the first polypeptide.26.The ADC of any one of claims 5-25, wherein all cysteine residues within the first and / or second hinge regions are mutated to non-cysteine residues (e.g., glycine residues) .27.The ADC of any one of claims 5-26, wherein the first and / or second Fc regions are IgG1 or IgG4 Fc regions; wherein the first and / or second hinge regions comprise a glycine residue at position 226 according to EU numbering, and / or a glycine residue at position 229 according to EU numbering.28.The ADC of any one of claims 5-27, wherein:a) the first polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 8, and the second polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 17;b) the first polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 10, and the second polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 17;c) the first polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 12, and the second polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 17;d) the first polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 14, and the second polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 17;e) the first polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 16, and the second polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 9;f) the first polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 16, and the second polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 11;g) the first polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 16, and the second polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 13; orh) the first polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 16, and the second polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 15.29.The ADC of any one of claims 1-28, wherein the payload is a drug (e.g., a cytotoxic agent (e.g., monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE) , a cytostatic agent, a diagnostic agent, a chemotherapeutic agent, a peptide, a peptidomimetic, a protein scaffold, an enzyme, a toxin, a radionuclide, a DNA, an RNA (e.g., an siRNA or microRNA) , a peptidonucleic acid, a fluorescent tag, or a biotin) .30.The ADC of any one of claims 1-29, wherein the Drug-Antibody Ratio (DAR) of the ADC is about 0.5, about 0.6, about 0.7, about 0.8, about 0.9, about 1.0, about 1.1, about 1.2, about 1.3, about 1.4, or about 1.5, preferably about 1.0.31.The ADC of claim 30, wherein the DAR is about 0.5 to about 1.5, about 0.5 to about 1.4, about 0.5 to about 1.3, about 0.5 to about 1.2, about 0.5 to about 1.1, about 0.5 to about 1.0, about 0.6 to about 1.5, about 0.6 to about 1.4, about 0.6 to about 1.3, about 0.6 to about 1.2, about 0.6 to about 1.1, about 0.6 to about 1.0, about 0.7 to about 1.5, about 0.7 to about 1.4, about 0.7 to about 1.3, about 0.7 to about 1.2, about 0.7 to about 1.1, about 0.7 to about 1.0, about 0.8 to about 1.5, about 0.8 to about 1.4, about 0.8 to about 1.3, about 0.8 to about 1.2, about 0.8 to about 1.1, about 0.8 to about 1.0, about 0.9 to about 1.5, about 0.9 to about 1.4, about 0.9 to about 1.3, about 0.9 to about 1.2, about 0.9 to about 1.1, about 0.9 to about 1.0, about 1.0 to about 1.5, about 1.0 to about 1.4, about 1.0 to about 1.3, about 1.0 to about 1.2, or about 1.0 to about 1.1.32.The ADC of any one of claims 1-31, wherein the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof binds to its target antigen with a KD of less than 10-7 M, less than 10-8 M, or less than 10-9 M.33.The ADC of any one of claims 1-32, wherein the non-native cysteine residue and / or the payload do not significantly affect the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof binding to its target antigen.34.The ADC of any one of claims 1-33, wherein the non-native cysteine residue and / or the payload do not significantly affect the stability of the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof.35.A conjugated compound, comprising:a) a cysteine-engineered antibody or Fc; andb) a payload that is linked to the cysteine-engineered antibody or Fc via a non-native cysteine residue.36.The conjugated compound of claim 35, wherein the cysteine-engineered antibody or Fc comprises an Fc region comprising a CH3 domain, wherein the non-native cysteine residue is within the CH3 domain.37.The conjugated compound of claim 35 or 36, wherein the non-native cysteine residue is at the C-terminus of the CH3 domain.38.The conjugated compound of claim 35 or 36, wherein the non-native cysteine residue is introduced to the cysteine-engineered antibody or Fc by fusing a polypeptide comprising the non-native cysteine residue, e.g., at a region from position 351 to position 362 of the CH3 domain according to EU numbering.39.The conjugated compound of any one of claims 35-38, wherein the cysteine-engineered antibody or Fc comprises a VHH, a heavy chain variable region, an scFv, and / or a single-chain antigen-binding polypeptide.40.The conjugated compound of any one of claims 35-39, wherein the cysteine-engineered antibody or Fc does not comprise a CH1 domain and / or a CL domain.41.The conjugated compound of any one of claims 35-40, wherein the Drug-Antibody Ratio (DAR) of the conjugated compound is about 0.5, about 0.6, about 0.7, about 0.8, about 0.9, about 1.0, about 1.1, about 1.2, about 1.3, about 1.4, or about 1.5, preferably about 1.0.42.The conjugated compound of any one of claims 35-41, wherein the payload is a drug (e.g., a cytotoxic agent (e.g., monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE) , a cytostatic agent, a diagnostic agent, a chemotherapeutic agent, a peptide, a peptidomimetic, a protein scaffold, an enzyme, a toxin, a radionuclide, a DNA, an RNA (e.g., an siRNA or microRNA) , a peptidonucleic acid, a fluorescent tag, or a biotin) .43.A method of treating a subject having a disease, the method comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising the ADC of any one of claims 1-34 or the conjugated compound of any one of claims 35-42, to the subject.44.The method of claim 43, wherein the subject has a cancer.45.A method of decreasing the rate of tumor growth, the method comprisingcontacting a tumor cell with an effective amount of a composition comprising the ADC of any one of claims 1-34 or the conjugated compound of any one of claims 35-42.46.A method of killing a tumor cell, the method comprisingcontacting a tumor cell with an effective amount of a composition comprising the ADC of any one of claims 1-34 or the conjugated compound of any one of claims 35-42.47.A pharmaceutical composition comprising the ADC of any one of claims 1-34 or the conjugated compound of any one of claims 35-42, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.48.The pharmaceutical composition of claim 47, wherein the average DAR of the ADC or the conjugated compound is about 1.0.49.A method of conjugating a payload to an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof, comprisinga) introducing a non-native cysteine residue to the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof; andb) conjugating the payload to the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof via the non-native cysteine residue.50.A method of producing an antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) having the Drug-Antibody Ratio (DAR) of about 1, comprising:a) introducing a non-native cysteine residue to an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof; andb) conjugating a payload to the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof via the non-native cysteine residue.51.The method of claim 49 or 50, wherein the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof is engineered to lack one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8) cysteine residues that can form one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, or 4) inter-chain disulfide bonds.52.The method of any one of claims 49-51, wherein the payload is a drug (e.g., a cytotoxic agent, a cytostatic agent, a diagnostic agent, a chemotherapeutic agent, a peptide, a peptidomimetic, a protein scaffold, an enzyme, a toxin, a radionuclide, a DNA, an RNA (e.g., an siRNA or microRNA) , a peptidonucleic acid, a fluorescent tag, or a biotin) .53.The method of any one of claims 49-52, wherein the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof comprises an Fc region comprising a CH3 domain, wherein the non-native cysteine residue is within the CH3 domain.54.The method of claim 53, wherein the non-native cysteine residue is at the C-terminus of the CH3 domain.55.The method of claim 53, wherein the non-native cysteine residue is introduced to the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof by fusing a polypeptide comprising the non-native cysteine residue, e.g., at a region from position 351 to position 362 of the CH3 domain according to EU numbering.
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