Flavonoid dimer compound as BCRP / ABCG2 inhibitor and method for preparing the flavonoid dimer compound
Flavonoid dimers with structural modifications address the short half-life issue of current BCRP/ABCG2 inhibitors, enhancing drug delivery and efficacy by inhibiting the transporters and overcoming drug resistance.
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2025-08-29
- Publication Date
- 2026-03-05
AI Technical Summary
Current BCRP/ABCG2 inhibitors exhibit a short half-life in plasma, limiting their effectiveness in overcoming drug resistance and enhancing drug delivery to the brain.
Development of flavonoid dimers with specific structural modifications, such as varying R groups, to enhance inhibitory activity and prolong half-life, allowing for improved interaction with BCRP/ABCG2 transporters.
The flavonoid dimers effectively inhibit BCRP/ABCG2, increasing the intracellular accumulation of anticancer drugs and improving drug delivery to brain tumors, thereby reversing resistance and enhancing treatment efficacy.
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Figure CN2025117957_05032026_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
FLAVONOID DIMER COMPOUND AS BCRP / ABCG2 INHIBITOR AND METHOD FOR PREPARING THE FLAVONOID DIMER COMPOUNDCROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] The present application claims priority from U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 688,960, filed on August 30, 2024, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.TECHNICAL FIELD
[0002] The present disclosure relates to a flavonoid dimer compound as a BCRP / ABCG2 inhibitor, compositions comprising the compound, methods for preparing the compound, and methods for treating cancers using the same.BACKGROUND
[0003] Breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP; ABCG2) is one of the members of the ABC transporter protein family. BCRP / ABCG2 is a 72 kDa half transporter and has been reported to form a dimer or an oligomer when it functions as a transporter. BCRP / ABCG2 is found in various human cancers and is associated with clinical drug resistance and lower survival rates. Numerous anticancer drugs including methotrexate, mitoxantrone, topotecan (TPT) , irinotecan, and some tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have been identified as BCRP / ABCG2 substrates. BCRP / ABCG2 and other transporters are present in the brain capillary endothelial cells forming the blood brain barrier (BBB) leading to the exclusion of anticancer drugs from reaching their target in the brain.
[0004] There are few reports on BCRP / ABCG2 inhibitors and their inhibitory activity may not be sufficient, so there is a continuous effort to find more effective BCRP / ABCG2 inhibitors. The compounds having potential inhibitory activity reported so far include Fumitremorgin C derivatives, estrogens, anti-estrogens, novobiocin, flavonoids and diphenylacrylonitrile derivatives.
[0005] However, according to pharmacokinetic studies, some of these potential BCRP / ABCG2 inhibitors show a relatively short half-life (t1 / 2 < 7 mins) in plasma (BALB / c mice) and renders the compounds less suitable for some potential applications.
[0006] There thus exists a need for developing effective BCRP / ABCG2 inhibitors with improved inhibitory activity while having extended half-life so as to address or overcome at least some of the disadvantages in the art described above.SUMMARY
[0007] In a first aspect, provided herein is a flavonoid dimer compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof, wherein the compound is represented by Formula 1: wherein A is represented by Formula 2 R1 is selected from the group consisting of - (CH2) n-O- [C (R4) s) ] p, - (CH2) n-C (=O) O- [C (R3) s) ] p, - (CH2) n-C (=O) O- [C (R4) s) ] q and - (CH2) n-C (=O) NH- [C (R4) s) ] p; R2 for each instance is independently selected from the group consisting of protium (H) , halo, alkyl, and alkoxy; R3 for each instance is independently selected from the group consisting of deuterium (D) , halo, and alkyl; R4 for each instance is independently selected from the group consisting of H, D, halo, and alkyl; each of a and b is independently selected from a whole number selected from 1-6; m is a whole number selected from 0-4; n is a whole number selected from 0-12; p is a whole number selected from 1-12; and q is a whole number selected from 2-12; s is a whole number selected from 2 or 3; or R1 is - (CH2) n-C (=O) O- [C (R4) s) ] p, and at least one instance of R2 for each instance is selected from the group consisting of halo and alkoxy.
[0008] In certain embodiments, wherein R1 is selected from the group consisting of - (CH2) n-O-CH3, - (CH2) n-O-CD3, - (CH2) n-O-CF3, - (CH2) n-O-CCl3, - (CH2) n-O-CBr3, - (CH2) n-O-CI3, - (CH2) n-O-C (CH3) 3, - (CH2) n-C (=O) O-CH3, - (CH2) n-C (=O) O-C (CH3) 3, and - (CH2) n-C (=O) NH- CH3.
[0009] In certain embodiments, R2 for each instance is independently selected from the group consisting of H, F, Cl, Br, I, C1-C6 alkyl, and C1-C6 alkoxy.
[0010] In certain embodiments, R3 for each instance is independently selected from the group consisting of D, F, Cl, Br, I, and C1-C6 alkyl.
[0011] In certain embodiments, R4 for each instance is independently selected from the group consisting of H, D, F, Cl, Br, I, and C1-C6 alkyl.
[0012] In certain embodiments, R1 is - (CH2) n-O-CH3, - (CH2) n-O-CD3, - (CH2) n-O-CF3, - (CH2) n-O-C (CH3) 3, - (CH2) n-C (=O) O-CH3, - (CH2) n-C (=O) O-C (CH3) 3, and - (CH2) n-C (=O) NH-CH3, and R2 for each instance is H.
[0013] In certain embodiments, R1 is - (CH2) n-C (=O) O- [C (R4) s) ] p, R2 for each instance is F, Cl, Br, I, and C1-C6 alkoxy.
[0014] In certain embodiments, the compound is selected from the group consisting of:
[0015] In a second aspect, provided herein is method for preparing a flavonoid dimer compound, the method comprising contacting a compound of Formula 3 with a benzyl halide derivative of Formula 4 under an alkaline condition thereby forming the flavonoid dimer compound, wherein R1 is selected from the group consisting of - (CH2) n-O- [C (R4) s) ] p, - (CH2) n-C (=O) O- [C (R3) s) ] p, - (CH2) n-C (=O) O- [C (R4) s) ] q and - (CH2) n-C (=O) NH- [C (R4) s) ] p; R2 for each instance is independently selected from the group consisting of protium (H) , halo, alkyl, and alkoxy; R3 for each instance is independently selected from the group consisting of deuterium (D) , halo, and alkyl; R4 for each instance is independently selected from the group consisting of H, D, halo, and alkyl; X represents F, Cl, Br, or I; each of a and b is independently selected from a whole number selected from 1-6; m is a whole number selected from 0-4; n is a whole number selected from 0-12; p is a whole number selected from 1-12; and q is a whole number selected from 2-12; s is a whole number selected from 2 or 3; or R1 is - (CH2) n-C (=O) O- [C (R4) s) ] p, and at least one instance of R2 for each instance is selected from the group consisting of halo and alkoxy.
[0016] In certain embodiments, R1 is selected from the group consisting of - (CH2) n-O-CH3, - (CH2) n-O-CD3, - (CH2) n-O-CF3, - (CH2) n-O-CCl3, - (CH2) n-O-CBr3, - (CH2) n-O-CI3, - (CH2) n-O-C (CH3) 3, - (CH2) n-C (=O) O-CH3, - (CH2) n-C (=O) O-C (CH3) 3, and - (CH2) n-C (=O) NH-CH3.
[0017] In certain embodiments, R2 for each instance is independently selected from the group consisting of H, F, Cl, Br, I, C1-C6 alkyl, and C1-C6 alkoxy.
[0018] In certain embodiments, R3 for each instance is independently selected from the group consisting of D, F, Cl, Br, I, and C1-C6 alkyl.
[0019] In certain embodiments, R4 for each instance is independently selected from the group consisting of H, D, F, Cl, Br, I, and C1-C6 alkyl.
[0020] In certain embodiments, the benzyl halide derivative of Formula 4 is selected from the group consisting of:
[0021] In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula 3 is contacted with the benzyl halide derivative of Formula 4 at a temperature of 50-200℃.
[0022] In certain embodiments, the benzyl halide derivative of Formula 4 is prepared by contacting a compound of Formula 5 with a halogenating reagent under a catalytic condition thereby forming the benzyl halide derivative of Formula 4,
[0023] In a third aspect, provided herein is a composition comprising the flavonoid dimer compound of the first aspect or the flavonoid dimer compound produced by the method of the second aspect.
[0024] In certain embodiments, the composition further comprises an anti-cancer agent, optionally, wherein the anti-cancer agent is selected from the group consisting of cytotoxic agents, targeted therapy agents, immunotherapeutic agents, hormonal therapeutic agents, immunoconjugates, chemotherapeutic agents, antiangiogenic agents, multidrug resistance-related protein inhibitors, radiotherapeutic agents, and combinations thereof.
[0025] In certain embodiments, the anti-cancer agent is selected from the group consisting of antimetabolites (e.g., methotrexate) , topoisomerase inhibitors (e.g., mitoxantrone, topotecan, irinotecan) , targeted therapy agents (e.g., sorafenib) , alkylating agents (e.g., temozolomide) , microtubule inhibitors (e.g., paclitaxel) , and any combination thereof.
[0026] In a fourth aspect, provided herein is a use of the flavonoid dimer compound of the first aspect, the flavonoid dimer compound produced by the method of the second aspect, or the composition of the third aspect, for reversing cancer cell resistance to an anti-cancer agent.
[0027] In a fifth aspect, provided herein is a method for improving responsiveness to an anti-cancer agent in a subject having a low sensitivity to the anti-cancer agent or exhibiting resistance to the anti-cancer agent, the method comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the flavonoid dimer compound of the first aspect, the flavonoid dimer compound produced by the method of the second aspect, or the composition of the third aspect.
[0028] In a sixth aspect, provided herein is a method of treating a cancer in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the flavonoid dimer compound of the first aspect, the flavonoid dimer compound produced by the method of the second aspect, or the composition of the third aspect.
[0029] In a seventh aspect, provided herein is a use of the flavonoid dimer compound of the first aspect, the flavonoid dimer compound produced by the method of the second aspect, or the composition of the third aspect, for the manufacture of a medicament for reversing cancer cell resistance to an anti-cancer agent.
[0030] In an eighth aspect, provided herein is a use of the flavonoid dimer compound of the first aspect, the flavonoid dimer compound produced by the method of the second aspect, or the composition of the third aspect, for the manufacture of a medicament for improving responsiveness to an anti-cancer agent in a subject having a low sensitivity to the anti-cancer agent or exhibiting resistance to the anti-cancer agent.
[0031] In a ninth aspect, provided herein is a use of the flavonoid dimer compound of the first aspect, the flavonoid dimer compound produced by the method of the second aspect, or the composition of the third aspect, for the manufacture of a medicament for treating a cancer in a subject in need thereof.
[0032] In a tenth aspect, provided herein is the flavonoid dimer compound of the first aspect, the flavonoid dimer compound produced by the method of the second aspect, or the composition of the third aspect, for use in reversing cancer cell resistance to an anti-cancer agent.
[0033] In an eleventh aspect, provided herein is the flavonoid dimer compound of the first aspect, the flavonoid dimer compound produced by the method of the second aspect, or the composition of the third aspect, for use in improving responsiveness to an anti-cancer agent in a subject having a low sensitivity to the anti-cancer agent or exhibiting resistance to the anti-cancer agent.
[0034] In a twelfth aspect, provided herein is the flavonoid dimer compound of the first aspect, the flavonoid dimer compound produced by the method of the second aspect, or the composition of the third aspect, for use in treating a cancer in a subject in need thereof.
[0035] In certain embodiments, the method or use further comprises administering to the subject an anti-cancer agent, optionally, wherein the anti-cancer agent is selected from the group consisting of cytotoxic agents, targeted therapy agents, immunotherapeutic agents, hormonal therapeutic agents, immunoconjugates, chemotherapeutic agents, antiangiogenic agents, multidrug resistance-related protein inhibitors, radiotherapeutic agents, and combinations thereof.
[0036] In certain embodiments, for the use or the method herein, the cancer is selected from the group consisting of neurological cancers, hematologic malignancies, digestive system cancers, lung cancers, breast cancers, urogenital cancers, gynecological cancers, and any combination thereof; optionally,
[0037] wherein the cancer is characterized by high expression of breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP / ABCG2) .
[0038] In certain embodiments, the neurological cancers are selected from the group consisting of glioma, astrocytoma, glioblastoma, glioblastoma multiforme, meningioma, neurilemmoma, and any combination thereof; the hematologic malignancies are selected from the group consisting of leukemia, acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) , acute myeloid leukemia (AML) , chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) , chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) ; lymphoma, hodgkin lymphoma, non-hodgkin lymphoma, B-cell lymphomas, T-cell lymphomas; multiple myeloma; myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNS) ; myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) ; and any combination thereof; the lung cancers are selected from the group consisting of non-small cell lung cancer, small cell lung cancer, and any combination thereof; the digestive system cancers are selected from the group consisting of gastrointestinal cancer, esophageal cancer, gastric cancer, duodenal cancer, small intestine cancer, colon cancer, rectal cancer, colorectal cancer, anal cancer, gallbladder cancer, cholangiocarcinoma; liver cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, hepatoblastoma; pancreatic cancer; and any combination thereof; the breast cancers are selected from the group consisting of HR-positive breast cancer, lobular carcinoma, ductal carcinoma, hormone receptor-positive / HER2-negative breast cancer, hormone receptor-positive / HER2-positive breast cancer, and any combination thereof; the urogenital cancers are selected from the group consisting of renal cancer, renal cell carcinoma, urothelial carcinoma, bladder cancer, urethral cancer, prostatic cancer, and any combination thereof; or the gynecological cancers are selected from the group consisting of cervical cancer, endometrial cancer, ovarian cancer, fallopian tube cancer, vaginal cancer, and any combination thereof.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0039] The foregoing aspects and many of the attendant advantages of this invention will become more readily appreciated and understood by reference to the following detailed description, when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
[0040] Figure 1 depicts the chemical structure, mass spectrum, 1H-NMR, and 13C-NMR spectra of Ac12Az9 M1: (A) chemical structure of Ac12Az9 M1; (B) mass spectrum of Ac12Az9 M1 [M + Na] + at m / z 886.2961; (C) 1H-NMR of Ac12Az9 M1; and (D) 13C-NMR of Ac12Az9 M1.
[0041] Figure 2 depicts the chemical structure, mass spectrum, 1H-NMR, and 13C-NMR spectra of the compound of D1: (A) chemical structure of D1; (B) mass spectrum of D1 [M + Na] + at m / z 872.3167; (C) 1H-NMR of D1; and (D) 13C-NMR of D1.
[0042] Figure 3 depicts the chemical structure, mass spectrum, 1H-NMR, and 13C-NMR spectra of the compound of D2: (A) chemical structure of D2; (B) mass spectrum of D2 [M + Na] + at m / z 886.3321; (C) 1H-NMR of D2; and (D) 13C-NMR of the compound D2.
[0043] Figure 4 depicts the chemical structure, mass spectrum 1H-NMR, and 13C-NMR spectra of the compound of D3: (A) Chemical structure of D3; (B) mass spectrum of D3 [M + Na] + at m / z 899.3276; (C) 1H-NMR of D3; (D) 13C-NMR of D3.
[0044] Figure 5 depicts the chemical structure, mass spectrum, 1H-NMR, and 13C-NMR spectra of the compound of D4: (A) Chemical structure of D4; (B) mass spectrum of D4 [M + H] + at m / z 904.3056; (C) 1H-NMR of D4; (D) 13C-NMR of D4.
[0045] Figure 6 depicts the chemical structure, mass spectrum, 1H-NMR spectra, and 13C-NMR spectra of the compound of D5: (A) Chemical structure of D5; (B) mass spectrum of D5 [M + H] + at m / z 892.3457; (C) 1H-NMR of D5; (D) 13C-NMR of D5.
[0046] Figure 7 depicts the chemical structure, mass spectrum, 1H-NMR, and 13C-NMR spectra of the compound of D6: (A) chemical structure of D6; (B) mass spectrum of D6 [M + H] + at m / z 920.3768; (C) 1H-NMR of D6; (D) 13C-NMR of D6.
[0047] Figure 8 depicts the chemical structure, mass spectrum, 1H-NMR, and 13C-NMR spectra of the compound of D7: (A) Chemical structure of D7; (B) mass spectrum of D7 [M + Na] + at m / z 934.2713; (C) 1H-NMR of D7; (D) 13C-NMR of D7.
[0048] Figure 9 depicts the chemical structure, mass spectrum, 1H-NMR, and 13C-NMR spectra of the compound of D8: (A) chemical structure of D8; (B) mass spectrum of D8 [M + Na] + at m / z 918.3017; (C) 1H-NMR of D8; (D) 13C-NMR of D8.
[0049] Figure 10 depicts the chemical structure, mass spectrum, 1H-NMR, and 13C-NMR spectra of the compound of D9: (A) chemical structure of D9; (B) mass spectrum of D9 [M + Na] + at m / z 930.3221; (C) 1H-NMR of D9; (D) 13C-NMR of D9.
[0050] Figure 11 depicts the chemical structure, mass spectrum, 1H-NMR, and 13C-NMR spectra of the compound of D10: (A) chemical structure of D10; (B) mass spectrum of D10 [M + Na] + at m / z 904.3056; (C) 1H-NMR of D10; (D) 13C-NMR of D10.
[0051] Figure 12 depicts the chemical structure, mass spectrum, 1H-NMR, and 13C-NMR spectra of the compound of D11: (A) chemical structure of D11; (B) mass spectrum of D11 [M + H] + at m / z 853.3534; (C) 1H-NMR of D11; (D) 13C-NMR of D11.
[0052] Figure 13 depicts the effect of Ac12Az9 on intracellular accumulation of sorafenib in MDCKII-WT, MDCKII-GFP-BCRP, and MDCKII-P-gp cells. Cells were incubated with 2.5 μM sorafenib for 60 mins at 37℃ with or without Ac12Az9 (1 μM) or GF120918 (1 μM) . 0.1%of DMSO was used as a negative control. Intracellular levels of sorafenib were determined by UPLC-MS / MS. All the data was shown as the normalized intracellular sorafenib level and presented as mean ± SD (n = 6) . Student’s t-test was performed in relation to MDCKII-GFP-BCRP cells that had been exposed to 0.1%DMSO. ***, p < 0.005.
[0053] Figure 14 depicts effect of Ac12Az9 on sorafenib efflux in MDCKII-WT, MDCKII-GFP-BCRP, or MDCKII-P-gp cells. Cells preloaded with sorafenib were incubated without or with Ac12Az9 (1 μM) at 37 ℃. Cells were taken at 0, 15, and 30 mins, and UPLC-MS / MS was used to determine the intracellular sorafenib concentration. All the data was shown as the normalized percentages of intracellular sorafenib level and presented as mean ± SD (n = 4) . Student’s t-test was used to compare statistical differences between cells with and without Ac12Az9 at various time points. **, p < 0.01, ***, p < 0.001.
[0054] Figure 15 depicts Transepithelial transport of sorafenib across MDCKII cell monolayer
[0055] First, MDCKII monolayer cells formed tight junctions with TEER > 200 Ω. cm2. Sorafenib (20 μM) was introduced to the donor side of an MDCKII monolayer either with or without a modulator (Ac12Az9 or GF120918, 1 μM) . Samples were collected from the reception side at various time points, and the level of sorafenib was determined by UPLS-MS / MS. Papp of sorafenib was calculated using the equation Papp = (dQ / dt) / A·C0, where dQ / dt represented the sorafenib mass transfer rate, A represented the monolayer surface area corresponding to the area of the insert membrane (4.67 cm2) , and C0 represented the sorafenib initial concentration on the donor side (10 μg / mL) . Data was presented as mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM) (n = 3-6) . *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01.
[0056] Figure 16 depicts effect of Ac12Az9 on BCRP / ABCG2 and P-gp protein expression in MDCKII-WT, MDCKII-GFP-BCRP, and MDCKII-P-gp cells. (A) Western blot analysis of BCRP / ABCG2 and P-gp protein; (B) Normalized BCRP / ABCG2 protein level of MDCKII-GFP-BCRP cells; (C) Normalized P-gp protein level of MDCKII-P-gp cells. The MDCKII cells were incubated with 1 μM of Ac12Az9 for 2 days, respectively. The P-gp and BCRP / ABCG2 protein levels were analyzed by western blot. N = 2-3 independent experiments. The data was presented as mean ± SD. 0.1%of DMSO was used as a solvent control.
[0057] Figure 17 depicts effect of Ac12Az9 and GF120918 on PK and brain distribution profiles of sorafenib in BALB / c mice. (A) Brain concentration-time curves of Ac12Az9 and GF120918; (B) Plasma concentration-time curves of Ac12Az9 and GF120918; (C) Brain-to-plasma ratio of Ac12Az9 and GF120918; (D) Brain concentration-time curves of sorafenib with or without modulators; (E) Plasma concentration-time curves of sorafenib with or without modulators; (F) Brain-to-plasma ratio of sorafenib with or without modulators. Mice in the sorafenib alone group received 50 mg / kg of sorafenib orally, whereas mice in the co-administration group received intravenous injections of Ac12Az9 (10, 20 mg / kg) or GF120918 (20 mg / kg) , respectively, one hour after receiving sorafenib orally. Blood and brain samples were taken at different intervals (5 min, 15 min, 30 min, 1 h, 2 h, 4 h, 6 h, and 8 h, respectively) . Plasma and brain concentration of sorafenib were determined by UPLC-MS / MS. The data was presented as mean ± SEM (n = 2-3) . A non-compartmental analysis was performed using PK Solutions 2.0.3 software (Ashland, OH44805, USA) to calculate the Cmax and AUC values.
[0058] Figure 18 depicts body weight changes of BALB / c mice after repeated administration of sorafenib with or without Ac12Az9. Sorafenib (50 mg / kg) was administered orally, and Ac12Az9 (20 mg / kg) was administered intravenously an hour later. Arrows in the figure represented the drug administration 9 times in total. The solvent for sorafenib was NMP: CrEL: 5%Tween-80 (5: 5: 90) , while the solvent for Ac12Az9 was NMP: CrEL: 5%Tween-80 (10: 10: 80) . From day 0 to day 20, animal weight changes and activity were observed, and toxicity-related deaths were noted. Data was shown in mean ± SD (n = 4) .
[0059] Figure 19 depicts in vivo efficacy evaluation of sorafenib and Ac12Az9 in an intracranial model of PDX GBM G22-FLuc cells (n = 8-9) . (A) Luciferase activity in G22-Fluc. G22-Fluc and G22 (negative control) cells were plated at densities of 1.0 x 106, 5.0 x 105, 2.5 x 105, 1.25 x 105, 6.25 x 104, and 3.12 x 104 cells / well from left to right. 10 μL of luciferin (D-Luciferin, 20 mg / mL) was added to each well. Luminescence (photon / sec / sr / cm2) was measured by IVIS. (B) Comparison of cell proliferation between G22 and G22-Fluc. PDX G22 and G22-Fluc cells were seeded into each well of a 6-well plate at a density of 2 x 104 cells / well. The evaluation of cell proliferation was accomplished by manual counting. (C) Survival times of tumor-bearing nude mice with G22-FLuc cells. (D) Bioluminescence signals of intracranial G22-FLuc tumor. (E) Body weight changes of mice with G22-FLuc tumors. Mice implanted with intracranial G22-FLuc tumors were treated (q.o.d, x 9) with either (1) solvent control, (2) sorafenib (50 mg / kg, P.O. ) group or (3) sorafenib (50 mg / kg, P.O. ) + Ac12Az9 (20 mg / kg, I.V. ) . BLIs were collected post-cell implantation by IVIS. The animal’s weight was recorded during the experiment. The mice were put to death when they were in a terminal condition, and their length of survival was noted. Student’s t-test was used to compare the differences in BLIs of tumors between the two groups, while the log-rank was utilized to examine the significant differences in survival time. Statistics were deemed significant if the p-value was less than 0.05.
[0060] Figure 20 depicts identification and quantitation analysis of Ac12Az9 metabolite (M1) in plasma. (A) Pharmacokinetic (PK) studies demonstrated the short half-life (t1 / 2) of Ac12Az9 in plasma; (B) Hypothetical hydrolysis of Ac12Az9 in plasma and proposed fragmentation scheme of Ac12Az9 metabolite (m / z 864.3 -> 626.2, 864.3 -> 492.2) ; (C) A representative chromatogram of PK plasma sample after Ac12Az9 administration in mice; (D) Product ion spectrum of synthesized M1 standard; (E) A representative chromatogram of blank plasma spiked with Ac12Az9 and M1; (F-G) The plasma and brain concentration-time curves of Ac12Az9 and M1 after single intravenous Ac12Az9 administration (10 or 20 mg / kg) in BALB / c mice (n = 3) . PK samples or blank plasma that had been spiked with the Ac12Az9 standard and the M1 standard were deproteinized with 300 uL of ACN. After vortex mixing and centrifugation, the samples were analyzed by UPLC-MS / MS.
[0061] Figure 21 depicts in vivo plasma stability of Ac12Az9.5 μL of Ac12Az9 (20 μg / mL in DMSO) were incubated with 100 μL of freshly prepared plasma with or without 5 mM PMSF for various times (0, 15, 30, 60, and 120 min) at 37℃. The reaction was terminated by adding a 3-fold volume of ACN. Ac12Az9 and its metabolite (M1) remaining in plasma were quantified by UPLC-MS / MS. The percentage of test compounds left at each time point relative to the 0-min sample was reported.
[0062] Figure 22 depicts ester-based chemical modification of Ac12Az9. (A) Schematic diagram of chemical modification of Ac12Az9; (B) The general structure of Ac12Az9 and its derivatives, with variations in the R group.
[0063] Figure 23 depicts in vivo plasma stability of Ac12Az9 and its derivatives (D1-D11) . 5 μL of Ac12Az9 and its derivatives (20 μg / mL in DMSO) were incubated with 100 μL of freshly prepared plasma at various times (0, 15, 30, 60, 120, 240, and 360 min) at 37℃. The reaction was terminated by adding a 3-fold volume of ACN. Ac12Az9 and its derivatives remaining in plasma were quantified by UPLC-MS / MS. The percentage of test compounds left at each time point relative to the 0-min sample was reported. The half-life (t1 / 2) , which measures how long it takes for a drug's blood concentration to drop by 50%, was used to assess the plasma stability of compounds.
[0064] Figure 24 depicts effects of Ac12Az9 and its derivatives on intracellular accumulation of sorafenib in MDCKII-WT and MDCKII-GFP-BCRP cells. 1 x 106 cells of MDCKII-WT or MDCKII-GFP-BCRP cells were collected in 1.5 mL Eppendorf tubes and treated with 2.5 μM sorafenib and 1 μM modulators at 37℃ with shaking at 250 rpm for 1 hr. 0.1%DMSO solution was used as a negative control. The cells were collected by centrifugation (1,500 rpm, 3 mins) followed by washing with PBS. The cell pellets were re-suspended in 100 μL Milli-Q water and lysed through three freeze-thaw cycles (the tubes could be thawed quickly at 37℃ in a water bath and frozen again in liquid nitrogen) . The intracellular sorafenib level was determined by UPLC-MS / MS. All the data was shown as mean ± SD (n = 4) . ***p < 0.001.
[0065] Figure 25 depicts effect of Ac12Az9 or different derivatives on brain accumulation of sorafenib in BALB / c mice. Mice in the sorafenib alone group received 50 mg / kg of sorafenib orally, whereas mice in the co-administration group received intravenous injections of Ac12Az9 or its derivatives (20 mg / kg) , respectively, one hour after receiving sorafenib orally. Brain samples were collected at various time points (60 min, 95 min, 180 min, and 420 min) , respectively. The concentration of sorafenib was determined by UPLC-MS / MS. A non-compartmental analysis was performed using PK Solutions 2.0.3 software (Ashland, OH44805, USA) to calculate the AUC values. The data was present as mean ± SD (n = 3) . *, p < 0.05, **, p < 0.01, ***, p < 0.001.
[0066] Figure 26 depicts PK study and tissue accumulation of Ac12Az9 or its derivatives in BALB / c mice. (A) Plasma concentration-time curves of Ac12Az9 or its derivatives; (B) Liver concentration-time curves of Ac12Az9 or its derivatives; (C) Kidney concentration-time curves of Ac12Az9 or its derivatives; (D) Lung concentration-time curves of Ac12Az9 or its derivatives; (E) Brain concentration-time curves of Ac12Az9 or its derivatives. Ac12Az9 (2 mg / mL) or its derivatives (2 mg / mL) were prepared in the formulation of NMP, CrEL, and 5%Tween-80 (10: 10: 80) , respectively. Ac12Az9 (20 mg / kg) or its derivatives were administered intravenously to mice, respectively. Blood and tissue samples (brain, liver, kidneys, and lung) samples were collected, respectively, at various time points (5 min, 30 min, 120 min, and 360 min) . Plasma and tissue concentration of Ac12Az9 or its derivatives were determined by UPLC-MS / MS. The data was presented as mean ± SD (n = 2-3) .
[0067] Figure 27 depicts effect of D6 on the tumor accumulation of TPT in the HEK293 / R2 xenograft model. (A) Expression of BCRP / ABCG2 in HEK293 / R2 tumor; (B) Effect of D6 on the accumulation of TPT in the HEK293 / R2 tumor. For western blot analysis, each 0.1g of the tumor sample received 100 μL of lysis buffer. After being homogenized with a homogenizer, the tumor sample was then placed on ice for a further 10 minutes. The supernatant was separated by centrifugation and the protein concentration was determined. 20 μg of protein was run for western blot analysis. For the animal experiments, the tumor-bearing nude mice were treated with either (1) TPT or (2) TPT + D6. Tumors were excised, PBS-washed, weighed, and homogenized with PBS at a ratio of 1: 3 two hours after drug administration. Concentration of TPT was determined using UPLC / MS-MS analysis following the processing of biological samples.
[0068] Figure 28 depicts in vivo efficacy of D6 on modulating BCRP / ABCG2-mediated TPT resistance in HEK293 / R2 animal model. (A) Tumor size changes after multiple doses of D6 combined with TPT in an HEK293 / R2 animal xenograft model; (B) Images and weight of excised tumor after treatment in HEK293 / R2 model; (C) Body weight changes after multiple doses of D6 combined with TPT in an HEK293 / R2 animal xenograft model. a: significance difference was compared with the solvent control group (p < 0.001) . b: significance difference was compared with TPT alone group (p < 0.001) .
[0069] Figure 29 depicts in vivo efficacy of D6 on modulating BCRP / ABCG2-mediated TPT resistance in K562_BCRP animal model. (A) Tumor size changes after multiple doses of D6 combined with TPT in a K562_BCRP animal xenograft model; (B) Images and weight of excised tumor after treatment in K562_BCRP model; (C) Tumor weight after multiple doses of D6 combined with TPT in a K562_BCRP animal xenograft model; (D) Body weight changes after multiple doses of D6 combined with TPT in a K562_BCRP animal xenograft model. a: significance difference was compared with the solvent control group (p < 0.001) . b: significance difference was compared with TPT alone group (p < 0.001) .DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0070] Definitions
[0071] Throughout the present disclosure, unless the context requires otherwise, the word "comprise" or variations such as "comprises" or "comprising" , will be understood to imply the inclusion of a stated integer or group of integers but not the exclusion of any other integer or group of integers.
[0072] Furthermore, throughout the present specification and claims, unless the context requires otherwise, the word “include” or variations such as “includes” or “including” , will be understood to imply the inclusion of a stated integer or group of integers but not the exclusion of any other integer or group of integers.
[0073] The use of the singular herein includes the plural (and vice versa) unless specifically stated otherwise. In addition, where the use of the term "about" is before a quantitative value, the present teachings also include the specific quantitative value itself, unless specifically stated otherwise. As used herein, the term "about" refers to a ±10%, ±7%, ±5%, ±3%, ±1%, or ±0%variation from the nominal value unless otherwise indicated or inferred.
[0074] As used herein, the term "optional (ly) " means that the feature (e.g., component, step, etc. ) defined by the term may or may not be present. When the term is used in the claims and paragraphs, in the case where it indicates the “absence” of a defined feature, it should be interpreted as the claims and paragraphs do not define the feature, rather than that the claims and paragraphs exclude the presence of the feature.
[0075] The terms "weight percent, " "wt-%, " "percent by weight, " "%by weight, " and variations thereof, as used herein, refer to the concentration of a substance as the weight of that substance divided by the total weight of the composition and multiplied by 100. It is understood that, as used here, "percent, " "%, " and the like are intended to be synonymous with "weight percent, " "wt-%, " etc.
[0076] The processes and compositions of the present disclosure may comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of the components and ingredients of the present disclosure as well as other ingredients described herein. As used herein, "consisting essentially of means that the methods and compositions may include additional steps, components or ingredients, but only if the additional steps, components or ingredients do not materially alter the basic and novel characteristics of the claimed processes and compositions.
[0077] As used herein, unless otherwise indicated, the term “halo” or “halide” includes fluoro, chloro, bromo or iodo.
[0078] As used herein, "alkyl" refers to a straight-chain or branched saturated hydrocarbon group. Examples of alkyl groups include methyl-, ethyl-, propyl (e.g., n-propyl and isopropyl) , butyl (e.g., n-butyl, iso-butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl) , pentyl groups (e.g., 1-methylbutyl, 2-methylbutyl, iso-pentyl, tert-pentyl, 1, 2-dimethylpropyl, neopentyl, and 1-ethylpropyl) , hexyl groups, and the like. In various embodiments, an alkyl group can have 1 to 40 carbon atoms (i.e., C1-40 alkyl group) , for example, 1-30 carbon atoms (i.e., C1-30 alkyl group) . In certain embodiments, an alkyl group can have 1 to 6 carbon atoms, and can be referred to as a "lower alkyl group. " Examples of lower alkyl groups include methyl, ethyl, propyl (e.g., n-propyl and isopropyl) , and butyl groups (e.g., n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl) . In certain embodiments, alkyl groups can be optionally substituted as described herein. An alkyl group is generally not substituted with another alkyl group, an alkenyl group, or an alkynyl group.
[0079] As used herein, "alkenyl" refers to a straight-chain or branched alkyl group having one or more carbon-carbon double bonds. Examples of alkenyl groups include ethenyl, propenyl, butenyl, pentenyl, hexenyl, butadienyl, pentadienyl, hexadienyl groups, and the like. The one or more carbon-carbon double bonds can be internal (such as in 2-butene) or terminal (such as in 1-butene) . In various embodiments, an alkenyl group can have 2 to 40 carbon atoms (i.e., C2-40 alkenyl group) , for example, 2 to 20 carbon atoms (i.e., C2-20 alkenyl group) . In certain embodiments, alkenyl groups can be substituted as described herein. An alkenyl group is generally not substituted with another alkenyl group, an alkyl group, or an alkynyl group.
[0080] As used herein, "cycloalkyl" by itself or as part of another substituent means, unless otherwise stated, a monocyclic hydrocarbon having between 3-12 carbon atoms in the ring system and includes hydrogen, straight chain, branched chain, and / or cyclic substituents. Exemplary cycloalkyls include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, and the like.
[0081] As used herein, "heteroatom" refers to an atom of any element other than carbon or hydrogen and includes, for example, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, sulfur, phosphorus, and selenium.
[0082] The term "heterocycloalkyl” as used herein includes reference to a saturated heterocyclic moiety having 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7 ring carbon atoms and 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 ring heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus and sulfur. The group may be a polycyclic ring system but more often is monocyclic. This term includes reference to groups such as azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, piperidinyl, oxiranyl, pyrazolidinyl, imidazolyl, indolizidinyl, piperazinyl, thiazolidinyl, morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl, quinolizidinyl and the like.
[0083] As used herein, "aryl" refers to an aromatic monocyclic hydrocarbon ring system or a polycyclic ring system in which two or more aromatic hydrocarbon rings are fused (i.e., having a bond in common with) together or at least one aromatic monocyclic hydrocarbon ring is fused to one or more cycloalkyl and / or heterocycloalkyl rings. An aryl group can have 6 to 24 carbon atoms in its ring system (e.g., C6-24 aryl group) , which can include multiple fused rings. In certain embodiments, a polycyclic aryl group can have 8 to 24 carbon atoms. Any suitable ring position of the aryl group can be covalently linked to the defined chemical structure. Examples of aryl groups having only aromatic carbocyclic ring (s) include phenyl, 1-naphthyl (bicyclic) , 2-naphthyl (bicyclic) , anthracenyl (tricyclic) , phenanthrenyl (tricyclic) , pentacenyl (pentacyclic) , and like groups. Examples of polycyclic ring systems in which at least one aromatic carbocyclic ring is fused to one or more cycloalkyl and / or cycloheteroalkyl rings include, among others, benzo derivatives of cyclopentane (i.e., an indanyl group, which is a 5, 6-bicyclic cycloalkyl / aromatic ring system) , cyclohexane (i.e., a tetrahydronaphthyl group, which is a 6, 6-bicyclic cycloalkyl / aromatic ring system) , imidazoline (i.e., a benzimidazolinyl group, which is a 5, 6-bicyclic cycloheteroalkyl / aromatic ring system) , and pyran (i.e., a chromenyl group, which is a 6, 6-bicyclic cycloheteroalkyl / aromatic ring system) . Other examples of aryl groups include benzodioxanyl, benzodioxolyl, chromanyl, indolinyl groups, and the like. In certain embodiments, aryl groups can be optionally substituted.
[0084] As used herein, "heteroaryl" refers to an aromatic monocyclic ring system containing at least one ring heteroatom selected from oxygen (O) , nitrogen (N) , sulfur (S) , silicon (Si) , and selenium (Se) or a polycyclic ring system where at least one of the rings present in the ring system is aromatic and contains at least one ring heteroatom. Polycyclic heteroaryl groups include those having two or more heteroaryl rings fused together, as well as those having at least one monocyclic heteroaryl ring fused to one or more aromatic carbocyclic rings, non-aromatic carbocyclic rings, and / or non-aromatic cycloheteroalkyl rings. A heteroaryl group, as a whole, can have, for example, 5 to 24 ring atoms and contain 1-5 ring heteroatoms (i.e., 5-20 membered heteroaryl group) . The heteroaryl group can be attached to the defined chemical structure at any heteroatom or carbon atom that results in a stable structure. Generally, heteroaryl rings do not contain O-O, S-S, or S-O bonds. However, one or more N or S atoms in a heteroaryl group can be oxidized (e.g., pyridine N-oxide thiophene S-oxide, thiophene S, S-dioxide) . Examples of heteroaryl groups include, for example, the 5-or 6-membered monocyclic and 5-6 bicyclic ring systems shown below wherein T is O, S, NH, N-alkyl, N-aryl, N- (arylalkyl) (e.g., N-benzyl) , SiH2, SiH (alkyl) , Si (alkyl) 2, SiH (arylalkyl) , Si (arylalkyl) 2, or Si (alkyl) (arylalkyl) . Examples of such heteroaryl rings include pyrrolyl, furyl, thienyl, pyridyl, pyrimidyl, pyridazinyl, pyrazinyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, isothiazolyl, thiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, isoxazolyl, oxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, indolyl, isoindolyl, benzofuryl, benzothienyl, quinolyl, 2-methylquinolyl, isoquinolyl, quinoxalyl, quinazolyl, benzotriazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzisothiazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzoxadiazolyl, benzoxazolyl, cinnolinyl, lH-indazolyl, 2H-indazolyl, indolizinyl, isobenzofuyl, naphthyridinyl, phthalazinyl, pteridinyl, purinyl, oxazolopyridinyl, thiazolopyridinyl, imidazopyridinyl, furopyridinyl, thienopyridinyl, pyridopyrimidinyl, pyridopyrazinyl, pyridopyridazinyl, thienothiazolyl, thienoxazolyl, thienoimidazolyl groups, and the like. Further examples of heteroaryl groups include 4, 5, 6, 7-tetrahydroindolyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl, benzothienopyridinyl, benzofuropyridinyl groups, and the like. In certain embodiments, heteroaryl groups can be substituted as described herein. In certain embodiments, heteroaryl groups can be optionally substituted.
[0085] The term “heterocyclic group” refers to a cyclic group containing one or more heteroatoms, including heterocyclcoalkyl, heteroaryl, alkylheteroaryl, and heteroalkylaryl groups. The examples may contain, but not limited to, piperidine, oxane, azepine, morpholine and the like.
[0086] The term "aralkyl" refers to an alkyl group substituted with an aryl group.
[0087] The term "optionally substituted" refers to a chemical group, such as alkyl, cycloalkyl aryl, and the like, wherein one or more hydrogen may be replaced with a substituent as described herein, for example, halogen, azide, alkyl, aralkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, hydroxyl, alkoxyl, amino, nitro, sulfhydryl, imino, amido, phosphonate, phosphinate, carbonyl, carboxyl, silyl, ether, alkylthio, sulfonyl, sulfonamido, ketone, aldehyde, ester, heterocyclyl, aromatic or heteroaromatic moieties, -CF3, -CN, or the like
[0088] The term "nitro" is art-recognized and refers to -NO2; the term "halogen" is art-recognized and refers to -F, -Cl, -Br or -I; the term "sulfhydryl" is art-recognized and refers to -SH; the term "hydroxyl" means -OH; and the term "sulfonyl" and “sulfone” is art-recognized and refers to -SO2-. "Halide" designates the corresponding anion of the halogens.
[0089] The symbol in a chemical structure represents a position from where the specified chemical structure is bonded to another chemical structure.
[0090] As used herein, the terms “treat” , "treating" , "treatment" , and the like refer to reducing or ameliorating a disorder / disease and / or symptoms associated therewith. It will be appreciated, although not precluded, treating a disorder or condition does not require that the disorder, condition, or symptoms associated therewith be completely eliminated. In certain embodiments, treatment includes prevention of a disorder or condition, and / or symptoms associated therewith. The term “prevention” or “prevent” as used herein refers to any action that inhibits or at least delays the development of a disorder, condition, or symptoms associated therewith. Prevention can include primary, secondary and tertiary prevention levels, wherein: a) primary prevention avoids the development of a disease; b) secondary prevention activities are aimed at early disease treatment, thereby increasing opportunities for interventions to prevent progression of the disease and emergence of symptoms; and c) tertiary prevention reduces the negative impact of an already established disease by restoring function and reducing disease-related complications.
[0091] The term "subject" as used herein, refers to an animal, typically a mammal or a human, that will be or has been the object of treatment, observation, and / or experiment. When the term is used in conjunction with administration of a compound described herein, then the subject has been the object of treatment, observation, and / or administration of the compound described herein.
[0092] The term "therapeutically effective amount" as used herein, means that amount of the compound or pharmaceutical agent that elicits a biological and / or medicinal response in a cell culture, tissue system, subject, animal, or human that is being sought by a researcher, veterinarian, clinician, or physician, which includes alleviation of the symptoms of the disease, condition, or disorder being treated.
[0093] The term “pharmaceutically acceptable” means that the components of a pharmaceutical composition are compatible with each other and are not harmful to the administered subject. Similarly, the term “pharmaceutically acceptable excipient” refers to a substance that does not produce unfavorable, allergic or other adverse reactions when administered to humans or other mammals. For human administration, pharmaceutical compositions or preparations shall conform to the criteria for sterility, general safety and purity as specified by regulatory authorities (e.g., NMPA or FDA) .
[0094] The present disclosure focuses on discovering more stable, potent, and non-toxic P-gp or BCRP / ABCG2 inhibitors. A group of novel triazole-linked flavonoid dimer derivates are more metabolically stable, have longer half-life in plasma, accumulate more in various organs, and, in combination with anti-cancer agents (such as TPT) , can further effectively suppress resistant cancer cells, such as tumor growth inhibition in TPT-resistant HEK293 / R2 xenograft model.
[0095] 1. The flavonoid dimer compound
[0096] Provided herein is a flavonoid dimer compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof, wherein the compound is represented by Formula 1: wherein A is represented by Formula 2 R1 is selected from the group consisting of - (CH2) n-O- [C (R4) s) ] p, - (CH2) n-C (=O) O- [C (R3) s) ] p , - (CH2) n-C (=O) O- [C (R4) s) ] q and - (CH2) n-C (=O) NH- [C (R4) s) ] p; R2 for each instance is independently selected from the group consisting of protium (H) , halo, alkyl, and alkoxy; R3 for each instance is independently selected from the group consisting of deuterium (D) , halo, and alkyl; R4 for each instance is independently selected from the group consisting of H, D, halo, and alkyl; each of a and b is independently selected from a whole number selected from 1-6; m is a whole number selected from 0-4; n is a whole number selected from 0-12; p is a whole number selected from 1-12; and q is a whole number selected from 2-12; s is a whole number selected from 2 or 3; or R1 is - (CH2) n-C (=O) O- [C (R4) s) ] p, and at least one instance of R2 is selected from the group consisting of halo and alkoxy.
[0097] In certain embodiments, R1 is selected from the group consisting of - (CH2) n-O-CH3, - (CH2) n-O-CD3, - (CH2) n-O-CF3, - (CH2) n-O-CCl3, - (CH2) n-O-CBr3, - (CH2) n-O-CI3, - (CH2) n-O-C (CH3) 3, - (CH2) n-C (=O) O-CH3, - (CH2) n-C (=O) O-C (CH3) 3, and - (CH2) n-C (=O) NH-CH3. In certain embodiments, R1 is selected from the group consisting of - (CH2) n-O- (CH2) n-CH3, - (CH2) n-O- (CH2) n-CD3, - (CH2) n-O- (CH2) n-CF3, - (CH2) n-O- (CH2) n-CCl3, - (CH2) n-O- (CH2) n-CBr3, - (CH2) n-O- (CH2) n-CI3, - (CH2) n-O- (CH2) n-C (CH3) 3, - (CH2) n-C (=O) O- (CH2) n-CH3, - (CH2) n-C (=O) O- (CH2) n-C (CH3) 3, and - (CH2) n-C (=O) NH- (CH2) n-CH3.
[0098] In certain embodiments, R2 for each instance is independently selected from the group consisting of H, F, Cl, Br, I, C1-C6 alkyl, and C1-C6 alkoxy. In certain embodiments, R2 for each instance is independently selected from the group consisting of H, F, Cl, Br, I, -C1-C3 alkyl, and -C1-C3 alkoxy. In certain embodiments, R2 for each instance is independently selected from the group consisting of H, F, Cl, Br, I, methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, 2-methyl-1-propoxy, butoxy, pentyloxy, hexyloxy, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, n-pentyl, n-hexyl, 1-methylbutyl, iso-pentyl, tert-pentyl, 1, 2-dimethylpropyl, 1-ethylpropyl, 2-methylpentyl, 2, 2-dimethylbutyl, and 3, 3-dimethylbutyl.
[0099] In certain embodiments, R3 for each instance is independently selected from the group consisting of D, F, Cl, Br, I, and C1-C6 alkyl. In certain embodiments, R3 for each instance is independently selected from the group consisting of D, F, Cl, Br, I, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, n-pentyl, n-hexyl, 1-methylbutyl, iso-pentyl, tert-pentyl, 1, 2-dimethylpropyl, 1-ethylpropyl, 2-methylpentyl, 2, 2-dimethylbutyl, and 3, 3-dimethylbutyl.
[0100] In certain embodiments, R4 for each instance is independently selected from the group consisting of H, D, F, Cl, Br, I, and C1-C6 alkyl. In certain embodiments, R4 for each instance is C1-C6 branched alkyl. In certain embodiments, R4 for each instance is independently selected from the group consisting of H, D, F, Cl, Br, I, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, n-pentyl, n-hexyl, 1-methylbutyl, iso-pentyl, tert-pentyl, 1, 2-dimethylpropyl, 1-ethylpropyl, 2-methylpentyl, 2, 2-dimethylbutyl, and 3, 3-dimethylbutyl.
[0101] In certain embodiments, R1 is - (CH2) n-O-CH3, - (CH2) n-O-CD3, - (CH2) n-O-CF3, - (CH2) n-O-C (CH3) 3, - (CH2) n-C (=O) O-CH3, - (CH2) n-C (=O) O-C (CH3) 3, and - (CH2) n-C (=O) NH-CH3, and R2 for each instance is H.
[0102] In certain embodiments, R1 is - (CH2) n-C (=O) O- [C (R4) s) ] p, and R2 for each instance is F, Cl, Br, I, and C1-C6 alkoxy. In certain embodiments, R1 is - (CH2) n-C (=O) O- [C (R4) s) ] p, and R2 for each instance is F, Cl, Br, I, methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, 2-methyl-1-propoxy, butoxy, pentyloxy and hexyloxy.
[0103] In certain embodiments, a is a whole number selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6. In certain embodiments, a is a whole number in the range of 1-3.
[0104] In certain embodiments, b is a whole number selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6. In certain embodiments, b is a whole number in the range of 2-4.
[0105] In certain embodiments, m is a whole number selected from 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4. In certain embodiments, n is a whole number in the range of 0-1. In certain embodiments, s is a whole number selected from 2 or 3.
[0106] In certain embodiments, n is a whole number selected from 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 or 12. In certain embodiments, n is a whole number in the range of 0-9, 0-6, or 0-3.
[0107] In certain embodiments, p is a whole number selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 or 12. In certain embodiments, p is a whole number in the range of 1-9, 1-6, or 1-3.
[0108] In certain embodiments, q is a whole number selected from 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 or 12. In certain embodiments, q is a whole number in the range of 2-9, 2-6, or 2-3.
[0109] In certain embodiments, the compound is selected from the group consisting of:
[0110] 2. Method for preparing a flavonoid dimer compound
[0111] The present disclosure also provides a method for preparing the aforementioned flavonoid dimer compound, the method comprising contacting a compound of Formula 3 with a benzyl halide derivative of Formula 4 under an alkaline condition thereby forming the flavonoid dimer compound, wherein R1 is selected from the group consisting of - (CH2) n-O- [C (R4) s) ] p, - (CH2) n-C (=O) O- [C (R3) s) ] p, - (CH2) n-C (=O) O- [C (R4) s) ] q and - (CH2) n-C (=O) NH- [C (R4) s) ] p; R2 for each instance is independently selected from the group consisting of protium (H) , halo, alkyl, and alkoxy; R3 for each instance is independently selected from the group consisting of deuterium (D) , halo, and alkyl; R4 for each instance is independently selected from the group consisting of H, D, halo, and alkyl; X represents F, Cl, Br, or I; each of a and b is independently selected from a whole number selected from 1-6; m is a whole number selected from 0-4; n is a whole number selected from 0-12; p is a whole number selected from 1-12; and q is a whole number selected from 2-12; s is a whole number selected from 2 or 3; or R1 is - (CH2) n-C (=O) O- [C (R4) s) ] p, and at least one of R2 is selected from the group consisting of halo and alkoxy.
[0112] In certain embodiments, each of R1-R4 as well as a, b, m, n, p, q and s is independently defined as aforementioned.
[0113] In certain embodiments, the benzyl halide derivative of Formula 4 is selected from the group consisting of:
[0114] In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula 3 is contacted with the benzyl halide derivative of Formula 4 under an alkaline condition at the pH of more than 7, preferably 9-12; for example, 7.2, 7.5, 7.8, 8.0, 8.2, 8.5, 8.8, 9.0, 9.2, 9.5, 9.8, 10.0, 10.2, 10.5, 10.8, 11.0, 11.2, 11.5, 11.8, 12.0, 12.0, 12.5, 12.8, 13.0, 13.3, 13.5, 13.8, 14.0, or any value or ranges therebetween. . In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula 3 is contacted with the benzyl halide derivative of Formula 4 in the presence of an alkali, such as a moderately strong alkali or a mild alkali. In certain embodiments, the alkali comprises one or more of K2CO3, Na2CO3, Cs2CO3, Na3PO4, NaHCO3, CH3COOK, CH3COONa, K3PO4, Na2HPO4, triethylamine, and pyridine.
[0115] In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula 3 is contacted with the benzyl halide derivative of Formula 4 at a temperature of 50-200℃. In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula 3 is contacted with the benzyl halide derivative of Formula 4 at a temperature of 50℃, 60℃, 70℃, 80℃, 90℃, 100℃, 110℃, 120℃, 130℃, 140℃, 150℃, 160℃, 170℃, 180℃, 190℃, 200℃, or any value or ranges therebetween.
[0116] In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula 4 is prepared by contacting a compound of Formula 5 with a halogenating reagent under a catalytic condition thereby forming the compound of Formula 4,
[0117] In certain embodiments, each of R1-R2 and m is independently defined as aforementioned.
[0118] In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula 3 is contacted with the benzyl halide derivative of Formula 4 in a solvent. In certain embodiments, the solvent is acetone, acetonitrile, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) , dimethyl formamide (DMF) , N-methyl pyrrolidone (NMP) , or a mixture thereof.
[0119] The compounds described herein can alternatively be readily prepared using synthetic or semi-synthetic methods known to those skilled in the art.
[0120] 3. The composition
[0121] The present disclosure further provides a composition comprising the flavonoid dimer compound aforementioned or the flavonoid dimer compound produced by the above method.
[0122] In certain embodiments, the composition further comprises an anti-cancer agent. In certain embodiments, the anti-cancer agent is selected from the group consisting of cytotoxic agents, targeted therapy agents, immunotherapeutic agents, hormonal therapeutic agents, immunoconjugates, chemotherapeutic agents, antiangiogenic agents, multidrug resistance-related protein inhibitors, radiotherapeutic agents, and combinations thereof.
[0123] In certain embodiments, the anti-cancer agent is selected from antimetabolites (e.g., methotrexate) , topoisomerase inhibitors (e.g., mitoxantrone, topotecan, irinotecan) , targeted therapy agents (e.g., sorafenib) , alkylating agents (e.g., temozolomide) , microtubule inhibitors (e.g., paclitaxel) , and any combination thereof. In certain embodiments, the anti-cancer agent is selected from methotrexate, mitoxantrone, topotecan, irinotecan, sorafenib, temozolomide, paclitaxel, rucaparib, sn-38, flavopiridol, doxorubicin, vincristine, gefitinib, erlotinib, and any combination thereof.
[0124] In certain embodiments, the cytotoxic agents are selected from Cisplatin, Carboplatin, Oxaliplatin, Mechlorethamine, Busulfan, Methotrexate, Fluorouracil, Capecitabine, Cytarabine, Gemcitabine, Mercaptopurine, Doxorubicin, Epirubicin, Daunorubicin, Mitomycin C, Bleomycin, Dactinomycin, Paclitaxel, Docetaxel, Vincristine, Vinorelbine, Irinotecan, Etoposide, and any combination thereof.
[0125] In certain embodiments, the targeted therapy agents are selected from EGFR inhibitors (such as Gefitinib, Erlotinib, Osimertinib, Afatinib, Icotinib, Dacomitinib) , ALK inhibitors (such as Crizotinib, Alectinib, Ceritinib, Brigatinib, Lorlatinib, Ensartinib) , VEGF / VEGFR inhibitors (such as Sorafenib, Sunitinib, Axitinib, Lenvatinib, Pazopanib, Regorafenib) , BCR-ABL inhibitors (such as Imatinib, Dasatinib, Nilotinib, Bosutinib, Ponatinib, Flumatinib) , and any combination thereof.
[0126] In certain embodiments, the immunotherapeutic agents are selected from checkpoint inhibitors, checkpoint agonists, IDO inhibitors, PI3K inhibitors, adenosine receptor inhibitors, adenosine-producing enzyme inhibitors, CD40 agonists, IL2 variants, immune cells, therapeutic vaccines, cellular immunotherapeutic agents (such as Axicabtagene ciloleucel, Tisagenlecleucel, Brexucabtagene autoleucel, Lisocabtagene maraleucel, Ciltacabtagene autoleucel, Idecabtagene vicleucel) , cytokines (such as Interleukin-2, Interferon-alpha) , and any combination thereof. In certain embodiments, the checkpoint inhibitors may be inhibitors for checkpoint proteins of PD-1, PD-L1, CTLA-4 and / or TIGIT. For example, the checkpoint inhibitors may be PD-1 inhibitors (such as Pembrolizumab, Nivolumab, Toripalimab, Sintilimab, Camrelizumab, Tislelizumab) , PD-L1 inhibitors (such as Atezolizumab, Durvalumab, Avelumab, Sugemalimab, Envafolimab, Serplulimab) , CTLA-4 Inhibitors (such as Ipilimumab, Tremelimumab) , or any combination thereof.
[0127] In certain embodiments, the hormonal therapeutic agents are selected from anti-estrogens (such as Tamoxifen, Toremifene, Fulvestrant) , aromatase inhibitors (such as Anastrozole, Letrozole, Exemestane) , anti-androgens (such as Bicalutamide, Flutamide, Enzalutamide, Apalutamide, Darolutamide) , LHRH analogs (such as Leuprorelin, Goserelin, Triptorelin) , and any combination thereof. In certain embodiments, the immunoconjugates are selected from antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs, such as Trastuzumab emtansine, Trastuzumab deruxtecan, Brentuximab vedotin, Sacituzumab govitecan, Inotuzumab ozogamicin) , radioimmunoconjugates (such as Ibritumomab tiuxetan, Tositumomab) , and any combination thereof.
[0128] In certain embodiments, the chemotherapeutic agents are selected from alkylating agents (such as Thiotepa, Altretamine) , antimetabolites (such as Pemetrexed, Carmofur) , antibiotics (such as Bleomycin, Pirarubicin) , Homoharringtonine, Paclitaxel Liposome, Asparaginase, Dacarbazine, and any combination thereof.
[0129] In certain embodiments, the antiangiogenic agents are selected from monoclonal antibodies (such as Bevacizumab, Ramucirumab) , small molecule inhibitors (such as Anlotinib, Apatinib, Cediranib, Vandetanib) , fusion proteins (such as Aflibercept, Conbercept) , and any combination thereof.
[0130] In certain embodiments, the multidrug resistance-related protein inhibitors are selected from P-glycoprotein inhibitors (such as Verapamil, Cyclosporine A, Tariquidar, Zosuquidar, Laniquidar, Elacridar) , multidrug resistance-associated protein inhibitors (such as Probenecid, MK-571) , and any combination thereof.
[0131] In certain embodiments, the radiotherapeutic agents are selected from Iodine-131, Strontium-89, Yttrium-90, Radium-223, Holmium-166, Rhenium-188, and any combination thereof.
[0132] In certain embodiments, the composition comprises any of compounds D1-D11 (such as D1, D2, D3, D4, D5, D6, D7, D8, D9, D10, D11, or any combination thereof) and an anti-cancer agent. In certain embodiments, the anti-cancer agent is sorafenib or topotecan.
[0133] In certain embodiments, the composition as described herein is a pharmaceutical composition further comprising a pharmaceutical acceptable carrier, excipient, or diluent. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier is selected from the group consisting of a filler, a lubricant, a binder, a disintegrant, a stabilizer, a sweetener, a preservative, a pH adjuster, an anti-caking agent, and any combination thereof. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable excipient is selected from the group consisting of a lactose, a mannitol, a PVP, a microcrystalline cellulose, a sodium starch glycolate, a magnesium stearate, a citric acid, an EDTA, a gelatin, and any combination thereof. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable diluent is selected from the group consisting of a saline, a glycerol, a PEG, a sterile water, an ethanol, and any combination thereof.
[0134] In certain embodiments, the composition / pharmaceutical composition comprises the flavonoid dimer compound as described herein as a first active ingredient and the anti-cancer agent as described herein as a second active ingredient. In certain embodiments, the first and second active ingredients are packaged in the same container or packaged separately.
[0135] 4. Therapeutic applications
[0136] The present disclosure further provides use of the flavonoid dimer compound, the flavonoid dimer compound produced by the method, or the composition as described above for reversing cancer cell resistance to an anti-cancer agent.
[0137] The present disclosure further provides a method for improving responsiveness to an anti-cancer agent in a cancer subject having a low sensitivity to the anti-cancer agent or exhibiting resistance to the anti-cancer agent, the method comprising administering to the cancer patient a therapeutically effective amount of the flavonoid dimer compound, the flavonoid dimer compound produced by the method, or the composition as described above.
[0138] In certain embodiments, the subject is a human or a non-human mammal, including primate (e.g., monkey, chimpanzee or gorilla) , rodent (e.g., mouse or rat) , bovid, equid, caprid or canid.
[0139] In certain embodiments, the method described herein further comprises the application of one or more anticancer treatments to the subject. In certain embodiments, the flavonoid dimer compound as described herein can be used in combination with one or more anticancer treatments. In some embodiments, the flavonoid dimer is administered simultaneously, separately or sequentially with the anticancer treatment. In certain embodiments, the anticancer treatment is selected from chemotherapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, radiotherapy, hormone therapy, cellular immunotherapy (such as CAR-T cell therapy) , and any combination thereof. In certain embodiments, the invention comprises a combination of one or more anticancer treatments or agents and a therapeutically effective amount of the flavonoid dimer compound, the flavonoid dimer compound produced by the method, or the composition as described above, for use in improving responsiveness to an anti-cancer agent in a cancer subject having a low sensitivity to the anti-cancer agent or exhibiting resistance to the anti-cancer agent.
[0140] In certain embodiments, the flavonoid dimer compound, the flavonoid dimer compound produced by the method, or the composition as described above for use in reversing cancer cell resistance to an anti-cancer agent comprises any of D1-D11, such as D1-D4, D6, and D11. The flavonoid dimer compound described herein exhibit improved plasma stability in vitro.
[0141] In certain embodiments, the flavonoid dimer compound, the flavonoid dimer compound produced by the method, or the composition as described above for use in reversing cancer cell resistance to an anti-cancer agent comprises any of D1-D11, such as D1, D2, D3, D5, and D6. The flavonoid dimer compound described herein exhibit improved distribution of an anti-cancer agent, such as sorafenib.
[0142] The present disclosure further provides a method of treating a cancer in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the flavonoid dimer compound, the flavonoid dimer compound produced by the method, or the composition as described above.
[0143] In certain embodiments, the method comprises administering to the subject an anti-cancer agent, optionally, wherein the anti-cancer agent is selected from the group consisting of cytotoxic agents, targeted therapy agents, immunotherapeutic agents, hormonal therapeutic agents, immunoconjugates, chemotherapeutic agents, antiangiogenic agents, multidrug resistance-related protein inhibitors, radiotherapeutic agents, and combinations thereof.
[0144] In certain embodiments, the cancer is selected from the group consisting of neurological cancers, hematologic malignancies, digestive system cancers, lung cancers, breast cancers, urogenital cancers, neurological cancers, gynecological cancers, and any combination thereof.
[0145] In certain embodiments, the cancer is characterized by high expression of breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP / ABCG2) .
[0146] In certain embodiments, the cancer is selected from the group consisting of neurological cancers, hematologic malignancies, digestive system cancers, lung cancers, breast cancers, urogenital cancers, neurological cancers, gynecological cancers, and any combination thereof. In certain embodiments, the neurological cancers are selected from glioma (such as astrocytomas, glioblastoma, glioblastoma multiforme) , meningioma, neurilemmoma, and any combination thereof. In certain embodiments, the hematologic malignancies are selected from leukemia, such as acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) , acute myeloid leukemia (AML) , chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) , chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) ; lymphoma, such as hodgkin lymphoma, non-hodgkin lymphoma, B-cell lymphomas, T-cell lymphomas; multiple myeloma; myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) ; myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) , and any combination thereof. In certain embodiments, the digestive system cancers are selected from gastrointestinal cancer, liver cancer (such as hepatocellular carcinoma, hepatoblastoma) , pancreatic cancer, and any combination thereof. In certain embodiments, the gastrointestinal cancers are selected from esophageal cancer, gastric cancer, duodenal cancer, small intestine cancer, colon cancer, rectal cancer, colorectal cancer, anal cancer, gallbladder cancer, cholangiocarcinoma, and any combination thereof. In certain embodiments, the breast cancers are selected from HR-positive breast cancer, lobular carcinoma, ductal carcinoma, hormone receptor-positive / HER2-negative breast cancer, hormone receptor-positive / HER2-positive breast cancer, and any combination thereof. In certain embodiments, the urogenital cancers are selected from renal cancer (such as renal cell carcinoma) , urothelial carcinoma, bladder cancer, urethral cancer, prostatic cancer, and any combination thereof. In certain embodiments, the gynecological cancers are selected from cervical cancer, endometrial cancer, ovarian cancer, fallopian tube cancer, vaginal cancer, and any combination thereof.
[0147] In certain embodiments, the cancer is selected from glioblastoma, leukemia, HR-positive breast cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, esophageal cancer, renal cancer, ovarian cancer, and any combination thereof.
[0148] In certain embodiments, the cancer (s) as described herein is characterized by high expression of breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP / ABCG2) . Such cancers may include, but are not limited to, hormone receptor-positive breast cancer, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) , esophageal cancer, glioma, ovarian cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, and hematologic malignancies such as acute lymphoblastic leukemia and multiple myeloma.
[0149] 5. The kit / medicament
[0150] Further provided herein is a kit comprising the composition / pharmaceutical composition as described herein. In certain embodiments, the kit further comprises an instruction for using the composition or pharmaceutical composition. In certain embodiments, the composition / pharmaceutical composition comprises the anti-cancer agent as described herein. In certain embodiments, the kit comprises one or more containers, wherein the flavonoid dimer compound and anti-cancer agent as described herein are packaged in the same or different containers.
[0151] Further provided herein is use of the flavonoid dimer compound as described herein, or composition / pharmaceutical composition as described herein, in the manufacture of a medicament / kit for treating a cancer as described herein in a subject in need thereof. In certain embodiments, the compound is one or more of compounds D1-D11, and the cancer is a type characterized by high expression of breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP / ABCG2) . In certain embodiments, the flavonoid dimer compound is used in combination with the anti-cancer agent as described herein, or the medicament further comprises the anti-cancer agent as described herein.
[0152] Further provided herein is use of the flavonoid dimer compound as described herein, or composition / pharmaceutical composition as described herein, in the manufacture of a medicament for treating a cancer as described herein in a subject in need thereof. In certain embodiments, the compound is one or more of compounds D1-D11, and the cancer is a type characterized by high expression of breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP / ABCG2) . In certain embodiments, the method further comprises administering to the subject the anti-cancer agent as described herein. In certain embodiments, the method further comprises applying one or more of anticancer treatments to the subject. In instances where one or more anticancer treatments are applied, the anticancer treatment (s) can be applied before, concurrently, or after the administration of the flavonoid dimer compound as described herein, or composition / pharmaceutical composition as described herein.
[0153] Further provided herein is the flavonoid dimer compound as described herein, or composition / pharmaceutical composition as described herein, for use as a medicament. In some embodiments, the invention provides the flavonoid dimer compound as described herein, or composition / pharmaceutical composition as described herein for use in the treatment of a cancer as described herein in a subject in need thereof. In some embodiments, the invention provides the flavonoid dimer compound as described herein, or composition / pharmaceutical composition as described herein for use in improving responsiveness to an anti-cancer agent in a cancer subject having a low sensitivity to the anti-cancer agent or exhibiting resistance to the anti-cancer agent. In certain embodiments, the compound is one or more of compounds D1-D11, and the cancer is a type characterized by high expression of breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP / ABCG2) . In certain embodiments, the flavonoid dimer compound as described herein, or composition / pharmaceutical composition as described herein is to be administered with an anti-cancer agent or treatment as described herein. In instances where one or more anticancer treatments are applied, the anticancer treatment (s) can be applied simultaneously, separately or sequentially with the administration of the flavonoid dimer compound as described herein, or composition / pharmaceutical composition as described herein.
[0154] EXAMPLES
[0155] Example A: Preparation of Ac12Az9and derivatives thereof
[0156] Raw materials.
[0157] ko143 were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Sorafenib, GF120918, topotecan, and regorafenib were purchased from MedChem Express.
[0158] N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) , Cremophor EL (CrEL) , and 80 viscous liquid were purchased from Tin Hang Technology Limited, Hong Kong. Ketamine 10%and xylazine 2%were from Alfasan Diergeneesmiddelen B. V.
[0159] ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 column (2.1 x 5 mm, 1.7 μm) and BEH C18 VanGuard pre-column (1.7 μm) were purchased from Waters. The sample inserts, vials, and caps used in ultra high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-QqQ-MS / MS, UPLC-MS / MS) were purchased from Tegent Technology (Hong Kong) .
[0160] Compounds D1X-D5X and D7X-D9X were obtained from Dieckmann (Hong Kong, China) , and Compound D6X was purchased from AA Blocks (San Diego, CA, USA) . Ac12Az9 was synthesized according to previously published procedures (Zhu X, Wong IL, Chan K-F, et al. Triazole bridged flavonoid dimers as potent, nontoxic, and highly selective breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP / ABCG2) inhibitors. Journal of medicinal chemistry. 2019; 62 (18) : 8578-8608) ) .
[0161] Chemical characterization
[0162] All NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker MHz DPX400 spectrometer at 400 or 600 MHz for 1H and 101 or 151 MHz for 13C. All NMR measurements were carried out at room temperature and the chemical shifts were reported as parts per million (ppm) in unit relative to the resonance of CDCl3. Low-resolution and high-resolution mass spectra were obtained on an Agilent 6460 Triple Quadrupole LC / MS or Agilent 6540 Quadrupole-TOF LC / MS. All reagents and solvents were reagent grade and were used without further purification unless otherwise stated. The plates used for thin-layer chromatography (TLC) were E. Merck Silica Gel 60F254 (0.25 mm thickness) and they were visualized under short (254 nm) and long (365 nm) UV light. Chromatographic purifications were carried out using MN silica gel 60 (230-400 mesh) . The purity of tested compounds was determined by HPLC, which was performed by using the Agilent 1100 series installed with an analytic column of Agilent Prep-Sil Scalar column (4.6 mm x 250 mm, 5-μm) at UV detection of 360 nm (reference at 450 nm) with isocratic elution of acetonitrile (90%) / methanol (10%) at a flow rate of 1.0 mL / min. All tested compounds were shown to be > 90%purity according to HPLC.
[0163] Preparation Example 1 -Synthesis of the metabolite M1 of Ac12Az9
[0164] One of the possible routes to produce the compound of AcAz is described as follows. The Cu (PPh3) 3Br catalyst (MW=929) (0.05 mmol) was added to a THF solution (2 mL) containing the azide (Az, 0.1 mmol for Ac with one acetylene or 0.259mmol for Ac with two acetylenes) and the alkyne (Ac, 0.1 mmol) . The reaction mixture was stirred overnight under reflux condition. The crude residue was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel using gradient of 10-50%of acetone with CH2Cl2 to afford the desired compound AcAz. The compounds of Ac and Az can be produced in a similar procedure as described in the following steps of (i) - (viii) .
[0165] To a solution of Ac12Az9 (n=4 in the formula of Ac, and n=2 in the formula of Az) in MeOH was added 1 M NaOH (4.0 eq) and stirred at room temperature overnight. Upon completion, the reaction mixture was acidified with 1 M HCl and extracted with ethyl acetate (EA) . The organic layers were combined, washed with brine, dried over Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. Purification was performed with column chromatography with Acetone / MeOH to furnish the desired product of Ac12Az9 M1 (214 mg with the yield of 70%) . Figure 1 shows the chemical structure, mass spectrum, 1H-NMR, and 13C-NMR spectra of Ac12Az9 M1.
[0166] 1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.26 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H) , 8.07 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 1H) , 7.92 –7.83 (m, 4H) , 7.81 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H) , 7.64 (t, J = 7.8 Hz, 1H) , 7.55 (s, 1H) , 7.52 –7.44 (m, 4H) , 7.39 (p, J = 4.0, 3.5 Hz, 2H) , 7.25 (t, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H) , 6.94 –6.86 (m, 4H) , 6.77 (s, 1H) , 5.10 (s, 2H) , 4.54 (t, J = 5.1 Hz, 2H) , 4.13 (t, J = 4.6 Hz, 2H) , 4.06 (d, J = 5.2 Hz, 2H) , 3.93 (t, J = 5.0 Hz, 2H) , 3.77 (t, J = 4.6 Hz, 2H) , 3.68 (q, J = 5.8 Hz, 4H) , 2.83 (s, 2H) , 1.89 (s, 4H) .
[0167] 13C NMR (151 MHz, CDCl3) δ 178.1, 175.0, 168.9, 163.6, 163.1, 160.5, 158.0, 157.3, 155.2, 147.4, 138.5, 136.4, 133.4, 133.3, 131.7, 131.5, 131.0, 130.7, 129.6, 129.0, 127.9, 127.0, 126.2, 125.7, 124.7, 124.1, 123.2, 122.3, 118.0, 117.6, 114.9, 114.2, 107.4, 100.8, 73.7, 70.6, 70.6, 69.7, 69.6, 68.3, 67.3, 50.3, 29.3, 28.4, 25.9, 25.1.
[0168] LRMS (ESI) m / z 864.4 [M + H] +; HRMS (ESI) calcd for C50H45N3O11 [M + Na] + m / z 886.2946, found 886.2961.
[0169] Preparation Example 2 -Synthesis of the compound of Formula 3 (a=2 and b=4)
[0170] (i) Excess KOH (3 M solution in 96%EtOH, 3-4 equiv) was added to a mixture of 4-allyloxybenzaldehyde (1.0 equiv) and corresponding 2’ -hydroxyacetophenone (1.0 equiv) . The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 16 h. When TLC indicated complete consumption of starting material, the reaction mixture was acidified to pH 5 with 1 M HCl at ice-bath temperature. The yellow precipitate formed was collected by suction filtration. The yellow solid was washed with n-hexane and subjected to crystallization from MeOH to afford the desired chalcones. If no precipitate was formed after the addition of 1 M HCl, then the mixture was continuously extracted with CH2Cl2 (3 x 50 mL) . The combined organic layers were dried over MgSO4, filtered, and evaporated under reduced pressure to give a crude mixture, which was subjected to flash column chromatography using 15%EtOAc in hexane as eluent to furnish the desired chalcones.
[0171] (ii) Excess H2O2 (35%, 6 mL) was added dropwise to a well-stirred solution of chalcone 21 (0.77 g, 2.75 mmol) in excess KOH (3 M solution in 96%EtOH, 20 mL) at 0 ℃. The reaction mixture was stirred vigorously at 0 ℃ for 30 mins, and then at room temperature for 30 mins. When TLC indicated complete consumption of the starting material, the reaction mixture was acidified to pH 5 with 1 M HCl at ice-bath temperature. The precipitate formed was collected by suction filtration. The obtained solid was washed with n-hexane and crystallized from MeOH to afford the desired 3-hydroxyflavone.
[0172] (iii) A round-bottom flask was charged with flavone 84 obtained in step (ii) (0.15 g, 0.51 mmol) , benzyl bromide (0.11 g, 0.64 mmol) , K2CO3 (0.14 g) , and DMF (10 mL) . The reaction mixture was stirred at reflux for 1 h. When TLC indicated complete consumption of 84, the reaction mixture was poured into a separating funnel containing H2O. The mixture was extracted with CH2Cl2. The combined organic layers were dried over MgSO4, filtered, and evaporated to give a crude mixture which was subjected to crystallization from MeOH to afford the desired flavone.
[0173] (iv) A catalytic amount of [Pd- (PPh3) 4] (1 mmol) was added to a round-bottom flask charged with allyl-protected flavones (50 mmol) , K2CO3 (0.2 mol) , and MeOH at reflux. The reaction mixture was stirred at reflux for 4 h. During heating, the reaction mixture turned from pale brown to deep brown. When TLC indicated complete consumption of starting material, the reaction mixture was filtered to remove excess K2CO3. The filtrate was poured into a beaker containing H2O, and the solution was acidified to pH 3-4 using 1M HCl at 0 ℃. An off-white solid was formed which was collected by suction filtration to furnish a yellow solid.
[0174] (v) Round-bottom flasks were charged with alkylation compound (1.5 mmol) , 2- (2- (2-chloroethoxy) ethoxy) ethanol (1.5 mmol) , KI (0.1 mmol) , K2CO3 (8 mmol) , and DMF. The reaction mixture was stirred at reflux (130℃) for 2 h. When TLC indicated complete consumption of starting material, the reaction mixture was poured into a separating funnel containing H2O. The mixture was extracted with CH2Cl2. The combined organic layers were dried over MgSO4, filtered, and evaporated to give a crude mixture. which was subjected to crystallization from MeOH to afford the product.
[0175] (vi-vii) The hydroxylated flavone obtained from above was then dissolved in a solution of DCM (1 mL per equiv) and triethylamine (1 mL per equiv) at 0 ℃. Methanesulfonyl chloride (1.2 equiv) was then added dropwise and stirred for 1 h at room temperature. When TLC indicated complete consumption of the starting material, the white precipitate formed was removed by passing through a short pad of silica gel to furnish the mesylated product which was sufficiently pure for the next step. To a solution of the mesylate in DMSO (2 mL per equiv) was added excess of sodium azide (3 equiv) . The solution was kept for reflux at 80 ℃ for 15 h.The resulting solution was treated with water and then extracted with DCM. The combined organic layer was dried over MgSO4 and concentrated at reduced pressure to give pale yellow viscous liquid. Purification was performed by flash column chromatography on silica gel with acetone in DCM as eluent to furnish desired product.
[0176] (viii) To a round-bottom flask charged with 7-hydroxyflavone (1.5 mmol) was added 6-chlorohex-1-yne (1.5 mmol) , K2CO3 (8 mmol) , and DMF. The reaction mixture was stirred at reflux (130℃) for 2 h. When TLC indicated complete consumption of starting material, the reaction mixture was poured into a separating funnel containing H2O. The mixture was extracted with CH2Cl2. The combined organic layers were dried over MgSO4, filtered, and purified with column chromatography.
[0177] (ix) The Cu (PPh3) 3Br catalyst (MW = 929) (0.05 mmol) was added to a THF solution (2 mL) containing the azide (Az, 0.1 mmol) and the alkyne (Ac, 0.1 mmol) . The reaction mixture was stirred overnight under reflux conditions. The crude residue was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel using a gradient of 10-50%of acetone with CH2Cl2 to afford the desired compound.
[0178] (x) A catalytic amount of Pd / C (0.3 g) was added to a round-bottom flask charged with compound (2.9 g, 6 mmol) and MeOH at room temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred vigorously under an H2 atmosphere at balloon pressure and room temperature for 14 h. When TLC indicated complete consumption of the starting material, the charcoal was removed by suction filtration. The pale-yellow filtrate was washed with ether to furnish the desired product.
[0179] Preparation Example 3 -Synthesis of the benzyl halide derivative of Formula 4 (Compound D10X) (xi) To a solution of 3- (hydroxymethyl) benzoic acid (184 mg, 1.2 mmol) in CD3OD (4.0 mL) was added catalytic amount of conc. H2SO4. The solution was stirred at reflux temperature overnight. The reaction mixture was neutralized using saturated NaHCO3 (aq) , followed by the extraction with EA to collect the organic layer, and the inorganic layer was extracted with EA for another two times. The combined organic layer was washed with brine for three times. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na2SO4 and concentrated under reduced pressure. (xii) The residue was redissolved in anhydrous DCM, followed by the addition of N- bromosuccinimide (1.3 equiv) and triphenylphosphine (1.3 equiv) at 0 ℃. The resulting mixture was allowed to warm to rt and was stirred for 1 h. When the TLC indicated the completion of the reaction the reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and purified by the column chromatography.
[0180] Preparation Example 4 -Synthesis of the benzyl halide derivative of Formula 4 (Compound D11X) (xiii) An oven-dried 10 mL pressure tube was charged with 3-bromobenzyl alcohol, Pd (OAc) 2 (0.01 equiv) , tBuXPhos (0.02 equiv) , and Cs2CO3 (1.5 equiv) , Toluene (2 mL) , and CD3OD (2 mL) were added. The pressure tube was closed with a lid. The reaction mixture was stirred at 80℃ for overnight, then cooled to room temperature, diluted with ethyl acetate, filtered through a pad of Celite, and concentrated. The crude product was purified by flash chromatography. (xiv) The (3- (methoxy-d3) phenyl) methanol obtained was dissolved in anhydrous DCM, followed by the addition of N-bromosuccinimide (1.3 equiv) and triphenylphosphine (1.3 equiv) at 0 ℃. The resulting mixture was allowed to warm to rt and was stirred for 1 h. When the TLC indicated the completion of the reaction the reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and purified by the column chromatography.
[0181] Preparation Example 5 -Synthesis of the compound of D1
[0182] (xv) To a round-bottom flask charged with flavone dimer obtained in (x) (73.0 mg, 0.1mmol) was added the benzyl halide derivative of Compound D1X (0.12 mmol) , K2CO3 (0.5mmol) , KI (0.2 mmol) and DMF (1.0 mL) . The reaction mixture was stirred at reflux (130℃) for 2 h. When TLC indicated complete consumption of starting material, the reaction mixture was poured into a separating funnel containing H2O. The mixture was extracted with CH2Cl2. The combined organic layers were dried over MgSO4, filtered, and purified with column chromatography (DCM / Acetone) to furnish the desired product (D1) .
[0183] 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.16 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 1H) , 7.97 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H) , 7.94 –7.88 (m, 3H) , 7.85 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 1H) , 7.77 (dd, J = 7.1, 2.0 Hz, 2H) , 7.62 –7.49 (m, 3H) , 7.41 –7.37 (m, 4H) , 7.33 –7.25 (m, 4H) , 6.88 (d, J = 8.9 Hz, 2H) , 6.84 –6.80 (m, 2H) , 6.62 (s, 1H) , 5.06 (s, 2H) , 4.51 (t, J = 4.6 Hz, 2H) , 4.12 –4.08 (m, 2H) , 3.98 (s, 2H) , 3.86 –3.76 (m, 7H) , 3.64 (dd, J = 5.8, 2.8 Hz, 2H) , 3.59 (dd, J = 5.6, 2.9 Hz, 2H) , 2.77 (s, 2H) , 1.82 (s, 4H) .
[0184] 13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3) δ 177.8, 174.7, 166.7, 163.5, 162.8, 160.6, 157.8, 156.2, 139.0, 137.2, 133.3, 133.1, 131.6, 131.4, 130.4, 130.1, 129.7, 129.2, 128.9, 128.3, 126.7, 126.0, 125.6, 124.6, 124.0, 123.3, 117.9, 114.7, 114.3, 107.2, 100.8, 74.8, 73.2, 70.6, 70.4, 69.5, 68.3, 67.4, 52.0, 50.3, 28.4, 25.9, 25.2.
[0185] LRMS (ESI) m / z 850.2 [M + H] +; HRMS (ESI) calcd for C50H47N3O10 [M + Na] + m / z 872.3154, found 872.3167.
[0186] Preparation Example 6 -Synthesis of the compound of D2
[0187] This compound was obtained from with the flavone dimer obtained in (x) with the benzyl halide derivative of Compound D2X according to the same procedure as described in Preparation Example 5.
[0188] 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.30 –8.25 (m, 1H) , 8.11 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 1H) , 8.05 (d, J = 8.9 Hz, 2H) , 7.92 –7.88 (m, 2H) , 7.66 (dd, J = 11.3, 4.2 Hz, 1H) , 7.55 –7.47 (m, 4H) , 7.40 (t, J = 7.5 Hz, 1H) , 7.35 (s, 1H) , 7.28 (dd, J = 9.6, 7.3 Hz, 4H) , 7.00 –6.91 (m, 4H) , 6.76 (s, 1H) , 5.13 (s, 2H) , 4.54 (t, J = 5.0 Hz, 2H) , 4.40 (s, 2H) , 4.22 –4.18 (m, 2H) , 4.08 (s, 2H) , 3.92 –3.85 (m, 4H) , 3.73 (dd, J = 5.8, 3.0 Hz, 2H) , 3.67 (dd, J = 5.8, 2.9 Hz, 2H) , 3.34 (s, 3H) , 2.81 (s, 2H) , 1.90 (s, 4H) .
[0189] 13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3) δ 177.9, 174.9, 163.6, 163.0, 160.5, 158.0, 156.1, 155.1, 139.3, 138.2, 137.0, 133.3, 131.8, 131.4, 130.6, 129.0, 128.4, 128.1, 128.0, 127.4, 127.0, 126.2, 125.8, 124.6, 124.2, 123.6, 117.9, 114.8, 114.3, 107.5, 100.8, 74.5, 73.8, 70.8, 70.6, 69.6, 69.6, 68.3, 67.5, 58.0, 50.1, 28.5, 25.9, 25.3.
[0190] LRMS (ESI) m / z 864.3 [M + H] +; HRMS (ESI) calcd for C51H49N3O10 [M + Na] + m / z 886.3310, found 886.3321.
[0191] Preparation Example 7 -Synthesis of the compound of D3
[0192] This compound was obtained from with the flavone dimer obtained in (x) with the benzyl halide derivative of Compound D3X according to the same procedure as described in Preparation Example 5.
[0193] 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.23 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 1H) , 8.07 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 1H) , 8.00 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 2H) , 7.91 –7.86 (m, 2H) , 7.76 (s, 2H) , 7.66 (t, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H) , 7.57 –7.44 (m, 6H) , 7.39 (t, J = 7.5 Hz, 1H) , 7.33 (t, J = 7.7 Hz, 1H) , 6.94 (dd, J = 17.5, 9.6 Hz, 4H) , 6.74 (s, 1H) , 6.52 (s, 1H) , 5.12 (s, 2H) , 4.52 (d, J = 4.3 Hz, 2H) , 4.18 (s, 2H) , 4.06 (s, 2H) , 3.89 (dd, J = 11.5, 6.9 Hz, 4H) , 3.74 –3.63 (m, 4H) , 2.99 (d, J = 3.6 Hz, 3H) , 2.79 (s, 2H) , 1.88 (s, 4H) .
[0194] 13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3) δ 177.6, 174.9, 168.0, 163.6, 163.0, 160.6, 158.0, 156.2, 155.1, 139.2, 137.1, 135.0, 134.7, 133.4, 131.8, 131.4, 130.6, 129.0, 128.5, 127.2, 126.9, 126.7, 126.2, 125.7, 124.7, 124.0, 123.4, 117.9, 114.8, 114.4, 107.4, 100.8, 73.4, 70.7, 70.6, 69.6, 68.3, 67.5, 53.8, 50.2, 28.5, 26.81, 25.92, 25.3.
[0195] LRMS (ESI) m / z 899.3 [M + Na] +; HRMS (ESI) calcd for C51H48N4O10 [M + Na] + m / z 899.3263, found 899.3276.
[0196] Preparation Example 8 -Synthesis of the compound of D4
[0197] This compound was obtained from with the flavone dimer obtained in (x) with the benzyl halide derivative of Compound D4X according to the same procedure as described in Preparation Example 5.
[0198] 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.26 (dd, J = 8.0, 1.7 Hz, 1H) , 8.10 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 1H) , 8.04 –7.97 (m, 2H) , 7.93 –7.85 (m, 2H) , 7.71 –7.64 (m, 1H) , 7.56 –7.47 (m, 5H) , 7.41 (t, J = 7.5 Hz, 1H) , 7.31 (d, J = 4.9 Hz, 2H) , 7.23 (s, 1H) , 7.12 (s, 1H) , 7.00 –6.91 (m, 4H) , 6.76 (s, 1H) , 5.14 (s, 2H) , 4.54 (t, J = 5.1 Hz, 2H) , 4.19 (t, J = 4.7 Hz, 2H) , 4.08 (s, 2H) , 3.89 (dt, J = 9.7, 4.6 Hz, 4H) , 3.70 (ddd, J = 23.0, 6.3, 3.6 Hz, 4H) , 2.81 (s, 2H) , 1.90 (p, J = 3.2 Hz, 4H) .
[0199] 13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3) δ 177.9, 174.8, 163.6, 163.0, 160.7, 158.0, 156.3, 155.2, 149.1, 139.2, 139.0, 133.4, 131.8, 131.4, 130.5, 129.6, 129.0, 127.0, 126.9, 126.1, 125.7, 124.7, 124.1, 123.4, 122.0, 121.0, 120.5, 117.9, 117.7, 114.8, 114.3, 107.5, 100.8, 72.9, 70.7, 70.5, 69.6, 69.6, 68.3, 67.5, 50.1, 28.5, 25.9, 25.3, 19.3.
[0200] LRMS (ESI) m / z 904.3 [M + H] +; HRMS (ESI) calcd for C50H44N3O10 [M + H] + m / z 904.3052, found 904.3056.
[0201] Preparation Example 9 -Synthesis of the compound of D5
[0202] This compound was obtained from with the flavone dimer obtained in (x) with the benzyl halide derivative of Compound D5X with according to the same procedure as described in Preparation Example 5.
[0203] 1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.25 (dd, J = 8.0, 1.7 Hz, 1H) , 8.08 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H) , 8.00 –7.97 (m, 3H) , 7.94 (dt, J = 7.7, 1.5 Hz, 1H) , 7.90 –7.86 (m, 2H) , 7.65 (ddd, J = 8.6, 7.0, 1.7 Hz, 1H) , 7.60 (dt, J = 7.6, 1.5 Hz, 1H) , 7.54 (s, 1H) , 7.51 –7.47 (m, 4H) , 7.39 (t, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H) , 7.35 (t, J = 7.7 Hz, 1H) , 6.96 –6.90 (m, 4H) , 6.74 (s, 1H) , 5.14 (s, 2H) , 4.53 (t, J = 5.1 Hz, 2H) , 4.34 (q, J = 7.1 Hz, 2H) , 4.18 (t, J = 4.7 Hz, 2H) , 4.05 (d, J = 5.5 Hz, 2H) , 3.87 (dt, J = 17.9, 4.6 Hz, 4H) , 3.72 –3.65 (m, 4H) , 2.81 –2.77 (m, 2H) , 1.88 (p, J = 3.8, 3.3 Hz, 4H) , 1.37 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 3H) .
[0204] 13C NMR (151 MHz, CDCl3) δ 177.9, 174.9, 166.4, 163.6, 163.0, 160.6, 158.0, 156.3, 155.1, 147.5, 139.1, 137.1, 133.4, 133.2, 131.8, 131.4, 130.5, 130.4, 129.7, 129.3, 129.0, 128.3, 126.9, 126.1, 125.7, 124.7, 124.1, 123.4, 122.0, 117.9, 117.7, 114.8, 114.3, 107.4, 100.8, 73.3, 70.7, 70.5, 69.6, 69.6, 68.3, 67.5, 61.0, 50.1, 28.5, 25.9, 25.3, 14.3.
[0205] LRMS (ESI) m / z 892.3 [M + H] +; HRMS (ESI) calcd for C52H49N3O11 [M + H] + m / z 892.3440; found 892.3457.
[0206] Preparation Example 10 -Synthesis of the compound of D6
[0207] This compound was obtained from with the flavone dimer obtained in (x) with the benzyl halide derivative of Compound D6X according to the same procedure as described in Preparation Example 5.
[0208] 1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.26 (dd, J = 8.0, 1.6 Hz, 1H) , 8.09 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H) , 8.04 –7.99 (m, 2H) , 7.94 (d, J = 1.9 Hz, 1H) , 7.92 –7.86 (m, 3H) , 7.66 (s, 1H) , 7.61 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H) , 7.54 –7.48 (m, 5H) , 7.40 (s, 1H) , 7.35 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H) , 6.99 –6.90 (m, 4H) , 6.75 (s, 1H) , 5.15 (s, 2H) , 4.53 (t, J = 5.1 Hz, 2H) , 4.18 (d, J = 4.8 Hz, 2H) , 4.07 (s, 2H) , 3.91 –3.85 (m, 4H) , 3.73 –3.65 (m, 4H) , 2.80 (s, 2H) , 1.89 (d, J = 3.3 Hz, 4H) , 1.57 (s, 9H) .
[0209] 13C NMR (151 MHz, CDCl3) δ 177.9, 174.9, 165.5, 163.6, 163.0, 160.6, 158.0, 156.2, 155.1, 147.5, 139.2, 137.0, 133.4, 132.8, 132.0, 131.8, 131.4, 130.5, 129.5, 129.2, 129.0, 128.2, 127.0, 126.2, 125.7, 124.7, 124.1, 123.4, 122.0, 117.9, 117.7, 114.8, 114.3, 107.5, 100.8, 81.0, 73.4, 70.7, 70.5, 69.6, 69.6, 68.3, 67.5, 50.1, 28.5, 28.2, 25.9, 25.3.
[0210] LRMS (ESI) m / z 920.3 [M + H] +; HRMS (ESI) calcd for C54H53N3O11 [M + H] + m / z 920.3753, found 920.3768
[0211] Preparation Example 11 -Synthesis of the compound of D7
[0212] This compound was obtained from with the flavone dimer obtained in (x) with the benzyl halide derivative of Compound D7X according to the same procedure as described in Preparation Example 5.
[0213] 1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.25 (dd, J = 8.0, 1.6 Hz, 1H) , 8.09 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H) , 7.98 –7.91 (m, 2H) , 7.91 –7.86 (m, 2H) , 7.76 (d, J = 2.1 Hz, 1H) , 7.66 (ddd, J = 8.6, 7.0, 1.7 Hz, 1H) , 7.55 –7.48 (m, 5H) , 7.44 –7.38 (m, 2H) , 7.33 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 1H) , 6.99 –6.89 (m, 4H) , 6.75 (s, 1H) , 5.10 (s, 2H) , 4.54 (t, J = 5.1 Hz, 2H) , 4.19 (t, J = 4.7 Hz, 2H) , 4.07 (q, J = 5.4, 4.3 Hz, 2H) , 3.92 –3.85 (m, 7H) , 3.72 (dd, J = 5.8, 3.2 Hz, 2H) , 3.66 (dd, J = 5.8, 3.2 Hz, 2H) , 2.84 –2.76 (m, 2H) , 1.90 (q, J = 3.1 Hz, 4H) .
[0214] 13C NMR (151 MHz, CDCl3) δ 177.9, 174.8, 165.8, 163.6, 163.0, 160.6, 158.0, 156.5, 155.2, 147.5, 138.8, 135.7, 133.5, 133.4, 132.8, 131.8, 131.6, 131.4, 130.9, 130.6, 129.5, 129.0, 126.9, 126.2, 125.7, 124.8, 124.0, 123.3, 122.0, 118.0, 117.7, 114.8, 114.3, 107.5, 100.8, 72.5, 70.7, 70.5, 69.6, 69.6, 68.3, 67.5, 52.4, 50.1, 28.5, 25.9, 25.3.
[0215] LRMS (ESI) m / z 912.3 [M + H] +; HRMS (ESI) calcd for C51H46ClN3O11 [M + Na] +m / z 934.2713, found 934.2722.
[0216] Preparation Example 12 -Synthesis of the compound of D8
[0217] This compound was obtained from with the flavone dimer obtained in (x) with the benzyl halide derivative of Compound D8X according to the same procedure as described in Preparation Example 5.
[0218] 1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.25 (dd, J = 8.0, 1.7 Hz, 1H) , 8.08 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H) , 7.97 –7.93 (m, 2H) , 7.88 (dd, J = 7.6, 2.0 Hz, 2H) , 7.85 (dd, J = 6.9, 2.3 Hz, 1H) , 7.66 (ddd, J = 8.7, 7.0, 1.7 Hz, 1H) , 7.55 –7.47 (m, 6H) , 7.40 (t, J = 7.5 Hz, 1H) , 7.02 (dd, J = 10.5, 8.5 Hz, 1H) , 6.98 –6.90 (m, 4H) , 6.74 (s, 1H) , 5.07 (s, 2H) , 4.53 (t, J = 5.1 Hz, 2H) , 4.19 (t, J = 4.7 Hz, 2H) , 4.07 (s, 2H) , 3.90 –3.84 (m, 7H) , 3.73 –3.65 (m, 4H) , 2.80 (s, 2H) , 1.89 (q, J = 3.1 Hz, 4H) .
[0219] 13C NMR (151 MHz, CDCl3) δ 177.9, 174.8, 164.5, 164.5, 163.6, 163.0, 161.6 (d, J = 260.7 Hz) , 160.6, 158.0, 156.5, 155.2, 147.5, 138.8, 135.0 (d, J = 9.2 Hz) , 133.5, 132.8 (d, J = 3.8 Hz) , 132.5, 131.8, 131.4, 130.5, 129.0, 126.9, 126.2, 125.7, 124.8, 124.1, 123.3, 122.0, 118.2 (d, J = 10.1 Hz) , 118.0, 117.7, 116.8 (d, J = 23.0 Hz) , 114.8, 114.3, 107.4, 100.8, 72.6, 70.7, 70.5, 69.6, 69.6, 68.3, 67.5, 52.3, 50.1, 28.5, 25.9, 25.3.
[0220] LRMS (ESI) m / z 896.4 [M + H] +; HRMS (ESI) calcd for C51H46FN3O11 [M + Na] + m / z 918.3009, found 918.3017.
[0221] Preparation Example 13 -Synthesis of the compound of D9
[0222] This compound was obtained from with the flavone dimer obtained in (x) with the benzyl halide derivative of Compound D9X according to the same procedure as described in Preparation Example 5.
[0223] 1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.26 (dd, J = 8.0, 1.6 Hz, 1H) , 8.08 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H) , 8.06 (d, J = 2.2 Hz, 1H) , 8.00 –7.95 (m, 2H) , 7.92 (dd, J = 8.6, 2.2 Hz, 1H) , 7.89 –7.85 (m, 2H) , 7.64 (ddd, J = 8.6, 7.1, 1.7 Hz, 1H) , 7.54 –7.45 (m, 5H) , 7.40 –7.35 (m, 1H) , 6.95 –6.87 (m, 4H) , 6.77 –6.72 (m, 2H) , 5.19 (s, 2H) , 4.52 (t, J = 5.0 Hz, 2H) , 4.15 (t, J = 4.7 Hz, 2H) , 4.05 (d, J = 5.6 Hz, 2H) , 3.88 (t, J = 5.1 Hz, 2H) , 3.84 (s, 5H) , 3.72 –3.63 (m, 7H) , 2.79 (d, J = 7.1 Hz, 2H) , 1.88 (q, J = 3.2 Hz, 4H) .
[0224] 13C NMR (151 MHz, CDCl3) δ 177.9, 175.0, 166.8, 163.6, 163.0, 161.0, 160.4, 158.0, 156.1, 155.1, 147.5, 139.4, 133.3, 131.9, 131.8, 131.7, 131.4, 130.5, 129.0, 126.9, 126.2, 125.8, 125.3, 124.6, 124.1, 123.6, 122.1, 122.0, 117.8, 117.6, 114.8, 114.1, 109.5, 107.4, 100.8, 70.7, 70.5, 69.6, 69.6, 68.5, 68.3, 67.4, 55.4, 51.8, 50.1, 28.5, 25.9, 25.3.
[0225] LRMS (ESI) m / z 908.3 [M + H] +; HRMS (ESI) calcd for C50H48N3O10 [M + Na] + m / z 930.3208, found 930.3221.
[0226] Preparation Example 14 -Synthesis of the compound of D10
[0227] This compound was obtained from with the flavone dimer obtained in (x) with the benzyl halide derivative of Compound D10X according to the same procedure as described in Preparation Example 5.
[0228] 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.28 (dd, J = 8.0, 1.6 Hz, 1H) , 8.11 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 1H) , 8.03 –7.97 (m, 3H) , 7.96 –7.88 (m, 3H) , 7.68 (ddd, J = 8.7, 7.0, 1.7 Hz, 1H) , 7.62 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H) , 7.57 –7.48 (m, 5H) , 7.39 (dt, J = 19.9, 7.6 Hz, 2H) , 6.95 (ddd, J = 14.2, 6.2, 2.1 Hz, 4H) , 6.77 (s, 1H) , 5.16 (s, 2H) , 4.54 (d, J = 5.3 Hz, 2H) , 4.20 (t, J = 4.6 Hz, 2H) , 4.08 (s, 2H) , 3.89 (dt, J = 9.6, 5.1 Hz, 4H) , 3.75 –3.63 (m, 4H) , 2.82 (s, 2H) , 1.91 (s, 4H) .
[0229] 13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3) δ 177.9, 174.9, 166.9, 163.6, 163.0, 160.6, 158.0, 156.3, 155.2, 139.1, 137.2, 133.4, 133.3, 131.9, 131.4, 130.6, 130.1, 129.8, 129.3, 129.0, 128.3, 127.0, 126.2, 125.8, 124.7, 124.1, 123.5, 122.0, 117.9, 117.7, 114.8, 114.3, 107.5, 100.8, 73.3, 70.7, 70.6, 69.6, 69.6, 68.3, 67.5, 50.2, 29.7, 28.5, 25.9, 25.3, 0.0.
[0230] LRMS (ESI) m / z 881.3 [M + H] +; HRMS (ESI) calcd for C51H44D3N3O11 [M + Na] +m / z 903.3291, found 904.3056.
[0231] Preparation Example 15 -Synthesis of the compound of D11
[0232] This compound was obtained from with the flavone dimer obtained in (x) with the benzyl halide derivative of Compound D11X according to the same procedure as described in Preparation Example 5.
[0233] 1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.26 (dd, J = 8.0, 1.7 Hz, 1H) , 8.09 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H) , 8.05 –8.01 (m, 2H) , 7.91 –7.87 (m, 2H) , 7.66 (ddd, J = 8.7, 7.1, 1.7 Hz, 1H) , 7.53 –7.49 (m, 5H) , 7.40 (t, J = 7.5 Hz, 1H) , 7.34 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H) , 6.96 –6.92 (m, 3H) , 6.91 (d, J = 2.3 Hz, 1H) , 6.75 (s, 1H) , 6.69 (dd, J = 8.8, 3.0 Hz, 1H) , 5.16 (s, 2H) , 4.52 (t, J = 5.1 Hz, 2H) , 4.16 (t, J = 4.7 Hz, 2H) , 4.05 (d, J = 5.7 Hz, 2H) , 3.88 (t, J = 5.1 Hz, 2H) , 3.85 (t, J = 4.7 Hz, 2H) , 3.70 (dd, J = 5.9, 3.1 Hz, 2H) , 3.65 (dd, J = 5.7, 3.2 Hz, 2H) , 2.79 (s, 2H) , 1.88 (t, J = 3.5 Hz, 4H) .
[0234] 13C NMR (151 MHz, CDCl3) δ 177.9, 174.8, 163.6, 163.0, 160.6, 159.0, 158.0, 156.1, 155.1, 147.5, 139.3, 137.4, 133.4, 132.9, 131.8, 131.4, 130.5, 129.0, 127.0, 126.2, 125.8, 124.7, 124.1, 123.4, 122.0, 117.9, 117.7, 115.7, 115.2, 114.8, 114.4, 113.1, 107.5, 100.8, 72.9, 70.7, 70.5, 69.6, 69.6, 68.3, 67.5, 50.1, 29.7, 28.5, 25.9, 25.3.
[0235] LRMS (ESI) m / z 853.3 [M + H] +; HRMS (ESI) calcd for C50H44D3N3O10 [M + H] + m / z 853.3523, found 853.3534.
[0236] Example B: Bioactivities of Ac12Az9 and derivatives thereof as well as applications thereof
[0237] Materials and Methods
[0238] 1. Reagents
[0239] The human breast cancer cell lines LCC6 and LCC6MDR were kindly provided by Dr. Robert Clarke (Georgetown University, United States) . HEK293 / pcDNA3.1 (empty vector-transfected) , HEK293 / R2 (BCRP / ABCG2-transfected) , K562_BCRP (BCRP / ABCG2-transfected) , and MCF7-MX100 mitoxantrone selected cell lines were kindly provided by Dr. Kenneth To (The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong) . MCF7 was kindly provided by Prof. Thomas Leung (The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong) . The MDCKII-WT, MDCKII-P-gp cells were generously provided by Prof. Piet Borst (the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Netherlands) . MDCKII-GFP-BCRP was kindly provided by Dr. Laszlo Homolya from Semmelweis University (Hungary) . Human GBM cell line U87MG-RedFluc was purchased from PerkinElmer. L929 mouse fibroblast cell line was purchased from ATCC. The frozen GBM PDX tumor tissues (G22) were kindly provided by Prof. Jann N. Sarkaria, M.D. from Mayo Clinic (Rochester, Minnesota) (Carlson BL, Pokorny JL, Schroeder MA, Sarkaria JN. Establishment, maintenance, and in vitro and in vivo applications of primary human glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) xenograft models for translational biology studies and drug discovery. Current protocols in pharmacology. 2011; 52 (1) : 14.16.11-14.16.23., which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) .
[0240] All cell lines were cultured in complete medium (DMEM for LCC6, LCC6MDR, L929, MDCKII-WT, MDCKII-P-gp, MDCKII-GFP-BCRP, PDX G22, and G22-FLuc; RPMI 1640 for HEK293 / pcDNA3.1, HEK293 / R2, MCF7, MCF7-MX100, and K562_BCRP; MEM α for U251MG and U87MG-RedFluc) containing 10%FBS, 100 U / ml penicillin and 100 μg / ml of streptomycin.
[0241] 2. Methods
[0242] 2.1 Cell proliferation assay
[0243] A total of 4500 or 6500 cells from the following cell types were seeded into 96-well plates, including LCC6MDR, HEK293 / R2, MCF7-MX100, U87MG-RedFluc, PDX G22, or G22-FLuc, respectively. A series of concentrations of anticancer drugs, including paclitaxel (PTX) , topotecan (TPT) , temozolomide (TMZ) , or sorafenib were added into wells, respectively, with either no modulators or different modulators dosages (modulators: GF120918, Ac12Az9 or Ac12Az9 analogs) . The final volume in each well of 96-well plates was 200 μL. After 4 days of incubation at 37℃ with 5%CO2., the cell viability was measured using the CellTiter 96 AQueous Assay (Promega) . A 20: 1 mixture of MTS (2 mg / mL) and PMS (0.92 mg / mL) was added to the medium. Each well received a 45 μL aliquot of the freshly made MTS / PMS combination and the plates were then incubated at 37℃ for 1-2 hrs. The optical absorbance of the plate was then measured at 490 nm using a microplate absorbance reader (Bio-Rad) . Each experiment was run in triplicate and at least twice. The data was provided as mean ± standard deviation (SD) . Half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) is a measure of the efficiency of an anticancer drug to inhibit cell viability by 50%. Half maximal effective concentration (EC50) is a measure of the potency of modulators to reduce the IC50 of anticancer drugs by 50%. PRISM software was used to calculate the IC50 of several anticancer medications and the EC50 of various modulators.
[0244] 2.2 Primary cell culture
[0245] The frozen GBM PDX tumor tissues (G22) were kindly provided by the Mayo Clinic. These samples were serially maintained between the BALB / c nude mice for two to three passages after being subcutaneously implanted into the nude mice. The G22 flank GBM tumor tissues were taken and finely minced. The tumor fragments were mixed with Trypsin-EDTA (0.25%) solution and co-incubated at 4℃ for 6-16 hrs. The tumor suspension was added to an equal volume of FBS-free medium, and the mixture was filtered through a 70 μm cell strainer. The filtrate was centrifuged at 1, 200 rpm for 5 mins. The red blood cells were lysed using 5 mL of a solution made of 0.64%NH4Cl and 0.1 mM EDTA after the supernatant was removed. After that, 5 mL of FBS-free media was added to wash the cells three times until the supernatant was clear. After being resuspended in DMEM medium with 2.5%FBS and 1%P / S, the cells were transferred to a cell culture dish. After the cells had adhered to the dish, the low serum culture medium was changed to one with 10%FBS and 1%P / S.
[0246] 2.3 Lentiviral production using LipofectamineTM 3000 Reagent
[0247] The pCDH-CMV-MCS-EF1α-Hygro Cloning and Expression Lentivector expressing firefly luciferase (FLuc) was kindly provided by Prof. Terence Lee at Hong Kong Polytechnic University. The vector was amplified by DH-10B transformation and extracted by DNA-midiTMGT Plasmid DNA Purification Kit (iNtRON) . HEK293FT cells were co-transfected with the FLuc lentivector and lentiviral packaging mix using Lipofectamine 3000 reagent. First, 2.5-3.0 x 106 HEK293FT cells were seeded in a 10 cm dish with only 10%FBS-containing DMEM medium. The following day, there would be a confluence of about 80%. The old medium was changed to 10 mL Opti-MEMTM I Medium two hrs before transfection. Then, two tubes-Tube A and Tube B-were made. 41 μL of Lipofectamine 3000 Transfection Reagent in Tube A was diluted with 1.5 mL of Opti-MEMTM I Medium. In Tube B, the Lentiviral Packaging Mix (10.5 μg pLP1, 10.5 μg pLP2, and 9.0 μg pVSVG) and FLuc Lentivector (10.0 μg) were combined with 35 μL P3000 Enhancer Reagent in 1.5 mL Opti-MEMTM I Medium. After that, Tubes A and B were thoroughly mixed and incubated for 15 mins at room temperature. The HEK293FT cells received a further addition of the complexes (3 mL) for a final volume of 10 mL. The cell supernatant was harvested 24 hrs after transfection, and cellular debris was removed by centrifuging at room temperature for 10 mins at 2,000 rpm. The clarified lentiviral supernatant can be aliquoted and stored at -80℃ for further use.
[0248] 2.4 Measurement of FLuc activity
[0249] PDX G22 and G22-FLuc cells were seeded in a 24-well plate at a density gradient (3.12 x 104, 6.25 x 104, 1.25 x 105, 2.5 x 105, 5.0 x 105, and 1.0 x 106 cells / well) , respectively. Each well received 10 μL of luciferin (D-Luciferin, 20 mg / mL) for a final concentration of 200 μg / mL. After 1 min of incubation protected from light, the 24-well plate was placed on the determination station, and the cellular luciferase activity was assessed using in vivo imaging system (IVIS Lumina III, PerkinElmer) . The imaging conditions were set at “Luminescent” , “Auto” exposure time, and “Medium” binning. The bioluminescent signal on the image of the 24-well plate was quantified in photons per second per steradian per square cm (photons / sec / sr / cm2) .
[0250] 2.5 Drug accumulation assay
[0251] 1 x 106 cells of MDCKII-WT, MDCKII-GFP-BCRP, or MDCKII-P-gp cells were collected in 1.5 mL Eppendorf tubes and treated with different anticancer drugs (2.5 μM of sorafenib) with or without modulators (1 μM Ac12Az9, Ac12Az9 derivatives, or GF120918) . The tubes were then placed at 37℃ with shaking at 250 rpm for 1 hr. 0.1%DMSO solution was used as a negative control. The cells were collected by centrifugation (1,500 rpm, 3 mins) followed by washing with ice-cold phosphate buffer saline (PBS) . The cell pellets were re-suspended in 100 μL Milli-Q water and lysed through three freeze-thaw cycles (the tubes could be thawed quickly at 37℃ in a water bath and frozen again in liquid nitrogen) . The intracellular drug levels were determined by UPLC-MS / MS (AcQuity, Waters) .
[0252] 2.6 Drug efflux assay
[0253] 1 x 106 cells of MDCKII-WT, MDCKII-GFP-BCRP, or MDCKII-P-gp cells were preincubated with sorafenib (2.5 μM) for 1 hr at 37℃ with shaking at 250 rpm. After that, the cells were spun down (1,500 rpm, 3 mins) and washed with cold PBS. The cells were treated further with or without Ac12Az9 (1 μM) . At 0, 15, and 30 mins of incubation at 37℃, the cells were harvested by centrifugation (1,500 rpm, 3 mins) followed by washing with ice-cold PBS. The cell pellets were then re-suspended in 100 μL Milli-Q water and lysed through three freeze-thaw cycles (the tubes could be thawed quickly at 37℃ in a water bath and frozen again in liquid nitrogen) . The level of intracellular sorafenib was measured by UPLC-MS / MS. The %of drug reduction was calculated = [ (drug level at final time point / drug level at 0 min) *100%] .
[0254] 2.7 Chemical stability of flavonoid dimers in plasma
[0255] 5 μL of test compounds (Ac12Az9 or its derivatives, 20 μg / mL in DMSO) were incubated with 100 μL of freshly prepared plasma with or without 5 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF) for various times (0, 15, 30, 60, 120, 240, and 360 min) at 37℃. The reaction was terminated by adding a 3-fold volume of ACN. The compounds remaining in plasma were quantified by UPLC-MS / MS. The percentage of test compounds left at each time point relative to the 0-min sample was reported. In vitro plasma half-life (t1 / 2) is the time required for the plasma concentration to diminish by 50%.
[0256] 2.8 Western blot analysis
[0257] For cell culture sample preparation, 1 x 106 cells of HEK293 / pcDNA3.1 and HEK293 / R2 cells were washed with PBS and lysed for 10 mins in 100 uL lysis buffer (RIPA Lysis Buffer: 25 mM Tris-HCl pH7.5, 150 mM NaCl, 1%NP-40, 1mM EDTA pH 8.0. Add fresh: 1 mM PMSF, and 1 x Protease Inhibitor) . For tissue sample preparation, a 0.1 g HEK293 / R2 tumor was homogenized on ice after 100 uL of lysis buffer (RIPA Lysis Buffer: 25 mM Tris-HCl pH7.5, 150 mM NaCl, 1%NP-40, 1mM EDTA pH 8.0. Add fresh: 1 mM PMSF, and 1 x Protease Inhibitor) was added. The cell lysates / tumor debris were centrifuged at 14,000 rpm for 30 mins at 4℃. The supernatant was collected, and the protein concentration was measured by Bio-Rad Bradford reagent. The samples were mixed with 6X Protein Loading Buffer and stored at -80℃ for further use.
[0258] 20 μg of protein was loaded into the gels for polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. 5 μL of Protein Marker Ladder (PageRulerTM Prestained Protein Ladder, 10 to 180 kDa) was added into the gel electrophoresis for monitoring the progress of gel electrophoresis. Samples were further electroblotted from a protein gel onto the PVDF membrane following SDS-PAGE separation. The membrane was washed with Tris-buffered saline with 0.1% 20 Detergent (TBST) (10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, 150 mM NaCl, 0.05%Tween 20) and then blocked with 5%skimmed milk in TBST buffer for 1 hr on a shaking platform at room temperature. Then, the membranes were washed with TBST buffer, divided into two pieces at 70 kDa, and incubated with specific primary antibodies in TBST buffer overnight at 4 ℃. The primary antibody included: i. BCRP antibody (ABCG2 (BXP-21) , a mouse monoclonal antibody, SANTA CRUZ BIOTECHNOLOGY, INC) ; ii. P-gp antibody (Mdr-1 (D-11) , a mouse monoclonal antibody, Santa Cruz Biotechnology) ; iii. β-actin antibody (β-Actin (C4) , a mouse monoclonal antibody, Santa Cruz Biotechnology) . The membranes were incubated with a secondary antibody (m-IgGk BP-HRP, Santa Cruz Biotechnology) for 1 hr at room temperature, following three times of TBST wash for 10 mins each. The protein signal was detected using Chemiluminescent HRP Substrates (Immobilon) and Azure C600 (Azure Biosystems, Inc. ) .
[0259] 2.9 Analytical methods for biological samples by UPLC-ESI-QqQ-MS / MS
[0260] Agilent 6460 Liquid Chromatography-Electrospray Ionization Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometer (UPLC-ESI-QqQ-MS / MS, UPLC-MS / MS) was used in biological sample analysis in in vitro and in vivo studies. The chromatographic separation was conducted on Agilent 6460 Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography (UPLC) equipped with ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 column (2.1 x 5 mm, 1.7 μm, Waters) and BEH C18 pre-column (1.7 μm, Waters) . The mobile phases consisted of (A) Milli-Q water (0.1%formic acid, v / v) and (B) ACN (0.1%formic acid, v / v) .
[0261] The following gradient elution procedure was employed during separation: equilibration: 0-1 mins 10%B; elution gradient: 1-6 mins 10-95%B; regeneration: 6-8 mins 95%B then 8-8.5 mins, 95-10%B; and re-equilibration: 8.5-12 mins 10%B (Table 1) . The flow rate was kept at 0.3 mL / min. The column temperature was set at 26℃. The temperature of the autosampler was set at 4℃. 5 μL of the sample was injected for analysis. Table 1 Gradient elution program in UPLC-MS / MS
[0262] The UPLC system was coupled online to electrospray ionization (ESI) triple quadrupole mass spectrometers (MS) . Positive ion mode was used to detect the analyte. The MS parameters included a capillary voltage of 3.5 kV, sheath gas temperature of 300℃, drying gas of 8 L / min, and sheath gas flow of 11 L / min. The ion pairs for several analytes were monitored in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode with optimal fragmentor voltage and collision voltage (Table 2) . The dwelling time for each MRM channel was 100 millisecond.
[0263] 2.10 Pretreatment of biological samples
[0264] Cell lysate, murine plasma, tissue homogenates, or tumor homogenates were thawed at room temperature on the day of analysis. 5 μL of IS (regorafenib or Ac3Az11) and 100 μL of a biological sample were added in a 1.5 mL Eppendorf tube, respectively. After a brief period of vortex mixing, 300 μL of ACN was added for protein precipitation. After a 2-min vortex mixing period, samples were centrifuged at 12,000 rpm for 10 mins. The supernatant was then filtered using a 0.22 μm nylon filter, transferred to a glass vial with a micro insert, and analyzed using UPLC-MS / MS.
[0265] 2.11 Pharmacokinetic studies of sorafenib or modulators in mice
[0266] All animal research was carried out in line with the Cap 340 Animal License of the Department of Health in Hong Kong and was authorized by the Animal Subjects Ethics Sub-committee of The Hong Kong Polytechnic University. Sorafenib (2.5 mg / mL) was freshly prepared using NMP, CrEL, and 5%Tween-80 (5: 5: 90) . Modulators (Ac12Az9, its derivatives or GF120918, 1 or 2 mg / mL) , were dissolved in a formulation (NMP: CrEL: 5%Tween-80 = 10: 10: 80) . The solvent must be added in sequence, and another solvent should only be added once the compound has been thoroughly dissolved or combined.
[0267] BALB / c mice (6-8 weeks) fasted for 15 hrs before treatment. Sorafenib was administered to mice (n = 2-3) via oral gavage (50 mg / kg, P.O. ) , respectively. Modulators (Ac12Az9, its derivatives, or GF120918) were given intravenously (I.V. ) at doses of 10 or 20 mg / kg. The combination dosing mode and interval dosing times were described in detail in different sections. Blood and tissue samples were taken at various intervals after administration (refer to the specific section for sampling time points) . Blood samples in the lithium heparin tube were centrifuged at 12,000 rpm for 10 mins at 4℃ to obtain plasma. The tissues were separated, weighed, and homogenized after adding a 3-fold (w / v) volume of Milli-Q water. The concentration of sorafenib or modulators was determined by the established UPLC-MS / MS.
[0268] 2.12 Toxicity studies
[0269] The toxicity of repeated injections of sorafenib (50 mg / kg, P.O. ) with or without Ac12Az9 (20 mg / kg) was assessed in BALB / c mice. Seven groups (n = 4) of BALB / c mice (6-8 weeks) were treated every other day for nine times (q.o.d.x 9) . They included: (1) untreated group, (2) sorafenib solvent (P.O. ) , (3) Ac12Az9 solvent (I.V. ) , (4) sorafenib solvent (P.O. ) + Ac12Az9 solvent (I.V. ) , (5) sorafenib (50 mg / kg, P.O. ) + Ac12Az9 solvent (I.V. ) , (6) sorafenib solvent (P.O. ) + Ac12Az9 (20 mg / kg, I.V. ) , (7) sorafenib (50 mg / kg, P.O. ) + Ac12Az9 (20 mg / kg, I.V. ) . The body weight of mice was monitored during or after the treatment. If a mouse’s weight drops by more than 15%, it will be considered a result of treatment-related toxicity and euthanized. After completing the administration course, mice were anesthetized with ketamine (100 mg / kg) and xylazine (10 mg / kg) intraperitoneally (I.P. ) , and blood was then drawn from the posterior vena cava and collected in the lithium heparin tube. Blood samples were centrifuged at 4,000 rpm for 10 mins at 4℃ to obtain plasma. The hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity of different treatments were evaluated by measuring plasma alanine transaminase (ALT) , aspartate transaminase (AST) , creatinine (CRE) , and urea nitrogen (BUN) .
[0270] 2.13 Intracranial implantation of GBM cells
[0271] GBM cells with luciferase marker (G22-FLuc cells) were resuspended in sterile PBS at a density of 1 x 105 cells per μL. A total of 3 x 105 GBM cells was implanted intracranially in BALB / c nude mice (6-8 weeks) . First, the nude mice were anesthetized by I.P. injection of ketamine (100 mg / kg) and xylazine (10 mg / kg) and placed in a stereotaxic apparatus (RWD Life Science Co., Ltd) . After disinfecting the skin with ethanol, a sterile scalpel was used to make a 1 cm midline incision that ran from just below the eyes to the level of the ears. Then, a burr hole was produced 1 mm anterior and 2 mm laterally to the skull's bregma using an electric drill with a 1 mm diameter. An injection of 3 μL of cells was made into the brain through the burr hole to a depth of 3 mm using a 10 μL Hamilton syringe with a 26-G needle. The injection rate was 1 μL per min over 3 mins. To lessen the reflux of cancer cells, the needle remained in the brain for an additional min. After intracranial implantation, the wound of mice was sutured with a 4-0 polypropylene absorbable suture. After cell inoculation, the mice were returned to cages and observed until they were fully awake.
[0272] 2.14 Bioluminescence imaging (BLI) of intracranial tumor growth
[0273] The size of the intracranial tumors was measured by IVIS. Mice were administered a 150 mg / kg dosage of D-luciferin (I.P. ) seven to twelve days after cell implantation, following isopropanol inhalation anesthesia. Mice were then moved to the IVIS imaging chamber and positioned on the imaging station once they had complete anesthesia. The luminescence signal peaked at 25 mins after injection of D-luciferin. At that point, the image was acquired, and the region of signal on the image was encircled and measured as a unit of photon per s / cm2 per steradian (sr) . The same range of color scales were used to display each image for comparison.
[0274] Efficacy studies on orthotopic GBM xenograft in BALB / c nude mice
[0275] Tumor-bearing nude mice (6-8 weeks) were randomly assigned to several groups (n = 3-4, or 7-9 mice per group) . The specific grouping was described in the main context. Each treatment group received nine or ten injections (q.o.d) . The bioluminescent imaging signal of each mouse was measured every few days by IVIS. Meanwhile, the body weight of mice was also monitored during and after the treatments. All the intracranial tumor-bearing nude mice were euthanized when they reached a moribund state.
[0276] 2.15 Subcutaneous implantation of HEK293 / R2 cells and K562_BCRP cells
[0277] HEK293 / R2 or K562_BCRP cells were resuspended in Matrigel at a density of 1 x 107 cells per μL, respectively. A total of 1 x 106 cells in a volume of 100 μL were implanted subcutaneously in BALB / c nude mice (6-8 weeks) . Animals with tumors of 100-150 mm3 in size were randomly assigned to different treatment groups. Test compound dosing followed the treatment schedule.
[0278] TPT accumulation in HEK293 / R2 tumor in BALB / c nude mice
[0279] The BALB / c nude mice implanted with subcutaneous HEK293 / R2 tumors were treated with either (1) TPT (6 mg / kg, I.P. ) or (2) TPT (6 mg / kg, I.P. ) + D6 (20 mg / kg, I.V. ) . D6 (2 mg / mL) was dissolved in a formulation (NMP: CrEL: 5%Tween-80 = 10: 10: 80) . TPT (1 mg / mL) was dissolved in Milli-Q water. The I.V. injection of D6 was administered concurrently with the I.P. dose of TPT with no time in between. The tumor was taken out two hours after administration, washed with PBS, weighed, and homogenized by adding Milli-Q water in a 1: 3 ratio. The concentration of TPT was determined by UPLC-MS / MS.
[0280] 2.16 Efficacy studies of TPT combined with D6 on subcutaneous tumor in BALB / c nude mice
[0281] Tumor-bearing nude mice (6-8 weeks) were randomly assigned to several groups (n = 4, or 6-7 mice per group) . The study groups included: (1) solvent control, (2) TPT (0.5 mg / kg, I.P. ) , (3) D6 (20 mg / kg, I.V. ) , (4) TPT (0.5 mg / kg, I.P. ) + D6 (20 mg / kg, I.V. ) . The I.V. injection of D6 was administered concurrently with the I.P. dose of TPT with no time in between. Each treatment group received nine injections (q.o.d) . The tumor diameters were measured with a caliper, and the tumor volumes were estimated using the formula: 0.5 x length x width2. Meanwhile, the body weight of mice was also monitored during and after the treatments. The mice were sacrificed when the tumors in the solvent control group had reached the maximal size allowed by the Centralised Animal Facility at the PolyU.
[0282] 2.17 Data analysis
[0283] For the PK study, a non-compartmental analysis of sorafenib, or different modulators was performed by PK Solutions 2.0.3 software (Ashland, OH44805, USA) to calculate the PK parameters. PK parameters were calculated based on the drug plasma / tissue concentration-time data, including maximum concentration (Cmax) , terminal elimination rate constant (kel) , half-life time (t1 / 2) , the area under the curve from the first measurable time point to the last time points (AUC0-t) , or clearance rate (CL) .
[0284] Statistical differences were calculated in GraphPad Prism. The student’s t-test was used to compare the means between the two groups. The survival time was calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method, and a log-rank test was employed to determine the significance of the difference. A p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
[0285] Results
[0286] 1. Ac12Az9 modulated both P-gp and BCRP / ABCG2 transporters
[0287] We have previously reported the generation of a 300-member flavonoid dimer library with potent inhibition of P-gp, MRP1, and BCRP / ABCG2 (Zhu X, Wong IL, Chan K-F, et al. Triazole bridged flavonoid dimers as potent, nontoxic, and highly selective breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP / ABCG2) inhibitors. Journal of medicinal chemistry. 2019; 62(18) : 8578-8608) . Using such a library, we found that Ac12Az9 had the highest P-gp / BCRP inhibitory activity (Table 3) . It modulated P-gp-mediated PTX resistance with an EC50 of 285 nM and BCRP / ABCG2-mediated TPT resistance with EC50 values of 0.9-1.4 nM (Table 3) . To our knowledge, it was the most effective BCRP / ABCG2 modulator. Unlike PSC833, which was P-gp selective, or Ko143, which was BCRP / ABCG2-specific, Ac12Az9 was dual-selective for P-gp and BCRP / ABCG2 (Table 3) . Compared with GF120918, another dual P-gp / BCRP (ABCG2) selective inhibitor, Ac12Az9 was more potent in reversing BCRP / ABCG2-mediated TPT resistance in HEK239 / R2 (EC50 = 0.9 nM vs 20 nM) and MCF7-MX100 (EC50 = 1.4 nM vs 47 nM) (Table 3) . Ac12Az9 was less toxic to the mouse fibroblast L929 cell line (> 100 μM) compared to Ko143 (29.2 μM) (Table 3) . Table 3 Effects of flavonoid dimers on P-gp-or BCRP / ABCG2-modulating activity in different cell lines
[0288] Chemical structure of Ac12Az1–Ac12Az9 are presented as below:
[0289] 2. In vitro cytotoxicity of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) toward GBM cells
[0290] We were interested in identifying compounds that were effective against GBM. We found that the tested TKIs were more cytotoxic than TMZ towards U87MG-RedFluc and U251MG. IC50 values of TKIs (3.4-12.3 μM, except for erlotinib for U251MG) compared favorably to TMZ (564 and 1825 μM, respectively) towards U87MG-RedFluc and U251MG cells (Table 4) . Sorafenib was reported to be a good substrate for P-gp and BCRP / ABCG2 (Agarwal S, Sane R, Ohlfest JR, Elmquist WF. The role of the breast cancer resistance protein (ABCG2) in the distribution of sorafenib to the brain. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 2011; 336 (1) : 223-233) . Sorafenib (IC50 = 12.6 and 8.6 μΜ) further demonstrated a higher cytotoxic effect on PDX G22 and G22-FLuc cells than TMZ (IC50 = 160.8 and 144.8 μΜ) (Table 4) . Besides, Ac12Az9 showed no cytotoxicity toward different GBM cells (Table 4) . Table 4 In vitro cytotoxicity of TMZ, sorafenib, and Ac12Az9 towards GBM cells
[0291] 3. Effect of Ac12Az9 on sorafenib accumulation in MDCKII-WT, MDCKII-GFP-BCRP, or MDCKII-P-gp cells
[0292] The above results showed that Ac12Az9 was a potent dual selective modulator of BCRP / ABCG2 and P-gp. It can reverse both BCRP / ABCG2-mediated TPT resistance and P-gp-mediated PTX resistance. Here, Ac12Az9 was tested for its ability to increase the accumulation of sorafenib in MDCKII cells overexpressing BCRP / ABCG2 (MDCKII-GFP-BCRP cells) or P-gp (MDCKII-P-gp cells) .
[0293] Sorafenib was a substrate of BCRP / ABCG2 because MDCKII-GFP-BCRP cells accumulated 2.3-fold less sorafenib than its parental MDCKII cells (p < 0.001) (Figure 13) . Treatment of MDCKII-GFP-BCRP cells with 1 μM of Ac12Az9 or GF120918 increased the intracellular sorafenib accumulation by 2.4-fold (p < 0.001) or 2.2-fold (p < 0.001) , respectively (Figure 13) . This result suggested that Ac12Az9 can inhibit the transport of sorafenib by BCRP / ABCG2 and restore the intracellular sorafenib concentration to the parental level in MDCKII-WT cells. There was no significant difference in sorafenib accumulation between the MDCKII-P-gp and MDCKII-WT cells (Figure 13) . Treatment of MDCKII-P-gp cells with 1 μM of Ac12Az9 or GF120918 could slightly increase the intracellular uptake of sorafenib (Figure 13) . Overall, the result suggested that sorafenib was a good substrate for BCRP / ABCG2 but not for P-gp.
[0294] 4. Effect of Ac12Az9 on sorafenib efflux in MDCKII-WT, MDCKII-GFP-BCRP, or MDCKII-P-gp cells
[0295] In addition to accumulation, the efflux of sorafenib in MDCKII-GFP-BCRP or MDCKII-P-gp cells was also investigated. After the cells were treated with sorafenib and left in the sorafenib-free medium for 30 mins, about 92%, 54%, and 70%of sorafenib still remained in the MDCKII-WT, MDCKII-GFP-BCRP, and MDCKII-P-gp cells, respectively (Figure 14) . Ac12Az9 showed no effect on the efflux of sorafenib in MDCKII-WT cells, with the intracellular sorafenib remaining at 94%. Ac12Az9 can inhibit the BCRP / ABCG2-mediated sorafenib efflux, raising the intracellular sorafenib from 54%to 108% (p < 0.001) in MDCKII-GFP-BCRP cells (Figure 14) . Ac12Az9 also blocked the P-gp-mediated sorafenib efflux in MDCKII-P-gp cells, raising the intracellular sorafenib from 70%to 78% (p < 0.01) (Figure 14) .
[0296] 5. Effect of Ac12Az9 on the transepithelial transport of sorafenib across MDCKII-WT, MDCKII-GFP-BCRP, or MDCKII-P-gp
[0297] MDCKII cells can form monolayers and the apparent permeability across such monolayers may be measured to indicate the transepithelial transport activity. The effect of Ac12Az9 on the transepithelial transport of sorafenib was investigated in MDCKII-WT, MDCKII-GFP-BCRP, or MDCKII-P-gp cells.
[0298] The apparent permeability of sorafenib from apical to basal (Papp A-to-B) was low in all three cell lines (0.23, 0.18, and 0.10 cm·sec-1 x 106, respectively) (Figure 15) . This was expected as both P-gp and BCRP / ABCG2 were expected to be localized at the apical side of the monolayer. In contrast, Papp B-to-A of sorafenib was higher than Papp A-to-B by 2.7, 18.4, and 4.8 times in MDCKII-WT, MDCKII-GFP-BCRP, and MDCKII-P-gp cells, respectively (Figure 15) . This suggested that sorafenib was a better BCRP / ABCG2 substrate than P-gp. Ac12Az9 can reduce the BCRP / ABCG2-or P-gp-mediated Papp B-to-A of sorafenib by 81%(p < 0.01) or 8%, respectively, suggesting that Ac12Az9 was a stronger inhibitor of BCRP / ABCG2 than P-gp (Figure 15) . GF120918 can reduce the BCRP / ABCG2-or P-gp-mediated Papp B-to-A of sorafenib by 52%or 45%, respectively, suggesting that GF120918 was a stronger inhibitor of P-gp than BCRP / ABCG2 (Figure 15) . Since sorafenib was a more effective substrate of BCRP / ABCG2 than P-gp, it was predicted that Ac12Az9, a potent BCRP / ABCG2 modulator, would have a higher effect on sorafenib transport in the BBB, where both BCRP / ABCG2 and P-gp were present.
[0299] 6. Effect of Ac12Az9 on the expression level of BCRP / ABCG2 or P-gp in MDCKII-GFP-BCRP or MDCKII-P-gp cells
[0300] The effect of Ac12Az9 on the expression of BCRP / ABCG2 or P-gp was investigated in MDCKII-GFP-BCRP or MDCKII-P-gp cells. BCRP / ABCG2 was expressed in MDCKII-GFP-BCRP cells but not in MDCKII-WT or MDCKII-P-gp cells, while P-gp was expressed in MDCKII-P-gp cells but not in MDCKII-WT or MDCKII-GFP-BCRP cells (Figure 16A) . Ac12Az9 had no impact on the expression of either the BCRP / ABCG2 or P-gp protein in MDCKII-GFP-BCRP or MDCKII-P-gp cells (Figure 16A-C) . These findings suggested that the modulating effect of Ac12Az9 on the accumulation, efflux, and transepithelial transport of sorafenib in MDCKII-GFP-BCRP and MDCKII-P-gp cells was not due to the downregulation of the protein expression of BCRP / ABCG2 and P-gp but was more likely due to the direct modulation of the transport function of BCRP / ABCG2 and P-gp.
[0301] 7. Effect of Ac12Az9 on the PK and brain distribution profiles of sorafenib in BALB / c mice
[0302] The brain distribution and plasma PK of Ac12Az9 or GF120918 were studied. When given at a dose of 20 mg / kg, the AUC5-360 of GF120918 in the brain (9,328,200 ng·min·g-1) was 24-fold higher than that of Ac12Az9 in the brain (385,617 ng·min·g-1) (Figure 17A) . Plasma AUC5-360 of GF120918 (477,863 ng·min·mL-1) was 8-fold higher than that of Ac12Az9 (58,877 ng·min·mL-1) (Figure 17B) . The brain-to-plasma ratios of Ac12Az9 (20 mg / kg) remained over 15 between 15 and 360 mins after administration and even reached 128 at 120 mins, but the brain-to-plasma ratios of GF120918 (20 mg / kg) were 11 to 21 at all time points (Figure 17C) . These findings implied that GF120918 and Ac12Az9 can pass the BBB and considerably accumulate in the brain.
[0303] The effect of Ac12Az9 or GF120918 on the brain accumulation of sorafenib in BALB / c mice was investigated. It was found that Ac12Az9 (10 or 20 mg / kg) or GF120918 (20 mg / kg) can elevate sorafenib levels in the brain to therapeutic concentrations greater than its in vitro IC50 towards U87MG-RedFluc cells (8 μM) (Figure 17D) . The plasma sorafenib concentration remained unchanged when sorafenib was co-administered with Ac12Az9 or GF120918 (Figure 17E) , indicating that this combination might not cause drug-drug interaction (DDI) . The brain-to-plasma ratio of sorafenib was elevated from 0.15 in the sorafenib alone group to 0.25, 0.37, or 0.7, respectively, when combined with Ac12Az9 (10 or 20 mg / kg) or GF120918 (20 mg / kg) (Figure 17F) . These data suggested that Ac12Az9 can effectively enhance the brain penetration of sorafenib in vivo.
[0304] PK parameters were summarized in Table 5. Dose-normalized brain Cmax of sorafenib (Cmax / dose) were 99 ng·g-1 / mg·kg-1 in sorafenib alone group. Ac12Az9 (10 and 20 mg / kg) can increase the Cmax / dose values of sorafenib to 173 (1.7-fold over sorafenib alone) and 207 (2.1-fold over sorafenib alone) ng·g-1 / mg·kg-1, respectively. GF120918 (20 mg / kg) can enhance the Cmax / dose values of sorafenib to 461 ng·g-1 / mg·kg-1 (4.6-fold over sorafenib alone) .
[0305] Table 5 Calculated PK parameters of sorafenib
[0306] Dose-normalized AUC15-480 of sorafenib in the brain (AUCbrain / dose) was 32,251 ng·min·g-1 / mg·kg-1 in sorafenib alone group. Ac12Az9 (10 or 20 mg / kg) can increase the AUCbrain / dose of sorafenib to 49,148 ng·min·g-1 / mg·kg-1 (1.5-fold over sorafenib alone) and 59,177 (1.8-fold over sorafenib alone) , respectively. GF120918 can increase the AUCbrain / dose of sorafenib to 147,461 ng·min·g-1 / mg·kg-1 (4.6-fold over sorafenib alone) . Correspondingly, the dose-normalized AUC15-480 of sorafenib in plasma (AUCplasma / dose) was 253,045 ng·min·mL-1 / mg·kg-1.
[0307] Ac12Az9 (10, 20 mg / kg) can increase the AUCbrain / AUCplasma of sorafenib by 1.4-(from 0.13 to 0.19) and 1.8-fold (from 0.13 to 0.22) , respectively (Table 5) . Furthermore, GF120918 (20 mg / kg) can increase the AUCbrain / AUCplasma of sorafenib by 3.9-fold (from 0.13 to 0.51) (Table 5) .
[0308] 8. In vivo toxicity evaluation studies of sorafenib combined with Ac12Az9 in BALB / c mice
[0309] The toxicity of multiple doses of sorafenib (50 mg / kg, P.O. ) without or with Ac12Az9 (20 mg / kg, I.V. ) was evaluated in BALB / c mice. Seven groups (n = 4) of BALB / c mice (6-8 weeks) received a total of nine treatments every other day (q.o.d.x 9) . They were (1) untreated control, (2) sorafenib solvent (P.O. ) , (3) Ac12Az9 solvent (I.V. ) , (4) sorafenib solvent (P.O. ; 1 hr) + Ac12Az9 solvent (I.V. ) , (5) sorafenib (50 mg / kg, P.O. ; + 1 hr) + Ac12Az9 solvent (I.V. ) , (6) sorafenib solvent (P.O. ; + 1 hr) + Ac12Az9 (20 mg / kg, I.V. ) , and (7) sorafenib (50 mg / kg, P.O. ; + 1 hr) + Ac12Az9 (20 mg / kg, I.V. ) .
[0310] Figure 18 demonstrated that all treatment groups saw an increase in body weight at the end of the experiment that ranged from 2.82%to 12.07%. No mice died during or after the treatment period from day 0 to 20. Blank solvent for sorafenib, solvent for Ac12Az9, or the combination of these two solvents did not affect the liver-to-body weight ratio, with values of 0.056, 0.054, or 0.051 compared to 0.056 in the untreated control (Table 6) . Ac12Az9 alone and the combination of sorafenib and Ac12Az9 decreased the liver-to-body weight ratio to 0.047 (p < 0.05 over double blank solvent) and 0.048 (p < 0.05 over double blank solvent) , respectively (Table 6) . The plasma levels of ALT and AST did not significantly increase in all treatment groups compared to the untreated or solvent control group (Table 6) , indicating that the liver functions of the mice were unaffected. The kidneys-to-body weight ratio showed no significant change across groups, with the ratios ranging from 0.016 to 0.018 (Table 6) . The plasma levels of BUN and CRE showed no significant difference among groups, with values ranging from 13.31 to 16.19 mmol / L and from 21.98 to 28.46 μmol / L (Table 6) , respectively, indicating that the renal functions were normal in mice.
[0311] The levels of AST, ALT, CRE, and BUN were measured using various blood test kits. Data was shown in mean ± SD (n = 4) . Student's t-test was used to compare the means of two different sets of data.
[0312]
[0313] 9. In vivo efficacy study of sorafenib combined with Ac12Az9 in PDX GBM model
[0314] PDX models were demonstrated to correlate well with therapeutic outcomes in clinic. Here, we used the GBM PDX model to evaluate the effectiveness of the combination of sorafenib with Ac12Az9.
[0315] The PDX GBM xenograft line –G22 (from Mayo Clinic) was genetically engineered to stably express firefly luciferase (G22-FLuc. The bioluminescence signal of the G22-FLuc cell culture was well correlated with the cell number in vitro (Figure 19A) . The expression of luciferase did not affect the cell proliferation rate of G22-FLuc (Figure 19B) . G22-FLuc cells were implanted intracranially in mice to establish an orthotopic GBM PDX model.
[0316] The BALB / c nude mice implanted with intracranial G22-FLuc tumors were treated (q.o.d. x 9) with either (1) solvent control, (2) sorafenib alone, or (3) sorafenib (+ 1 hr) + Ac12Az9. Overall survival of the combination group of sorafenib and Ac12Az9 (28 days) was significantly better than that of the solvent control group (19 days, p < 0.001) and the sorafenib alone group (24 days, p = 0.014) (Figure 19C) . Correspondingly, the co-treatment of sorafenib with Ac12Az9 inhibited the tumor growth by 56.7% (p = 0.13) compared to the solvent control group, and 48.5% (p = 0.18) compared to the sorafenib alone group, respectively (Figure 19D) . The lack of statistical significance may be due to the death of some mice in the solvent control group and sorafenib alone group. This result further demonstrated the efficacy of sorafenib combined with Ac12Az9 in the treatment of GBM.
[0317] Sorafenib alone led to body weight loss in orthotopic tumor-bearing mice for unknown reasons (Figure 19E) . Fortunately, Ac12Az9 did not aggravate such weight loss in tumor-bearing mice (Figure 19E) , which further demonstrated its safety in combination use.
[0318] 10. Metabolite identification and chemical modification of Ac12Az9 To understand the rapid clearance of Ac12Az9 in plasma (Figure 20A) , metabolite identification using UPLC-MS / MS was conducted on the PK plasma samples. It was hypothesized that the methyl ester group in Ac12Az9 will undergo ester hydrolysis when exposed to esterase in plasma 5. Ac12Az9-COOH (M1) was predicted to be a metabolite of Ac12Az9 (Figure 20B) . The product ions of M1 were also predicted based on the bond cleavage at the active oxygen linked to a benzene ring, as shown in Figure 20B. The expected metabolite M1 was found at a retention time of 5.39 min in the MRM mode of m / z 864.3 ->626.2 and m / z 864.3 -> 492.1 in the positive ionization mode (Figure 20C) . The identity of a metabolite of Ac12Az9 (M1) was validated by the synthesis of the M1 standard. As shown in Figure 20D, the product ion spectrum of the synthesized M1 standard showed an identical fragmentation pattern with parent ion at m / z 864.3 and product ion at m / z 626.2, 492.1. A perfect superposition was observed between the peaks of the PK plasma sample and blank plasma spiked with standards (Figure 20C, E) .
[0319] The UPLC-MS / MS method was further applied to quantify M1 in previous PK samples. Protein precipitation was used to extract M1. As shown in Figure 20F, plasma concentrations of M1 were higher than those of Ac12Az9, and its degradation rate over time was slower. The calculated plasma AUC5-360 min of M1 was 5-fold higher than that of Ac12Az9 when Ac12Az9 was administered at doses of 10 mg / kg or 20 mg / kg. M1 and Ac12Az9 were 170,378.4 and 30,145.7 ng·min / mL, respectively, in the 10 mg / kg group and 350,474.2 and 70,430.5 ng·min / mL, respectively, in the 20 mg / kg group. The above results suggested that Ac12Az9 was largely bio-transformed into its metabolite M1. The brain PK result was shown in Figure 20G. M1 was also found in the brain but at a lower concentration. The brain AUC5-360min of M1 was 48,336.4 ng·min / g and 50, 833.8 ng·min / g in the 10 mg / kg and 20 mg / kg groups, respectively, which were lower than those of Ac12Az9, with 49,421.9 ng·min / g and 417,445.1 ng·min / g, respectively. The result implied that the modulator-induced increase in brain penetration of sorafenib observed in Figure 17F might be primarily caused by Ac12Az9 rather than M1.
[0320] 11. In vitro plasma stability of Ac12Az9 with or without PMSF
[0321] To further verify the enzymatic hydrolysis of Ac12Az9, plasma stability assays were performed in vitro. PMSF is a protease and esterase inhibitor that was widely used in the metabolic study of compounds (Wei XL, Han R, Hu X, et al. Stabilization of zeylenone in rat plasma by the presence of esterase inhibitors and its LC‐MS / MS assay for pharmacokinetic study. Biomedical Chromatography. 2013; 27 (5) : 636-640; T Williams E, Eric Carlson J, George Lai W, et al. Investigation of the metabolism of rufinamide and its interaction with valproate. Drug Metabolism Letters. 2011; 5 (4) : 280-289) . As seen in Figure 21, the level of Ac12Az9 decreased very rapidly when incubated with plasma without PMSF in the first 15 mins, which was accompanied by a rapid rise of the M1 level. In contrast, Ac12Az9 remained at a high level for up to 120 mins in plasma while a low level of M1 was detected if PMSF was added to the incubation. The above results indicated that Ac12Az9 was hydrolyzed to M1 by the plasma enzyme (eg, carboxylesterase) in plasma.
[0322] 12. Chemical modification of Ac12Az9
[0323] The above result has demonstrated that Ac12Az9 was unstable in plasma. We hypothesized that ester-based chemical modification of Ac12Az9 could improve its plasma stability and in vivo performance in PK and efficacy. The schematic diagram of the chemical modification of Ac12Az9 was shown in Figure 22A. The strategies for ester-based modification mainly included: a. replacing the methyl ester group (Klein VG, Bond AG, Craigon C, Lokey RS, Ciulli A. Amide-to-ester substitution as a strategy for optimizing PROTAC permeability and cellular activity. Journal of medicinal chemistry. 2021; 64 (24) : 18082-18101) ; b. increasing the steric hindrance around the ester group; c. reducing the electron density of ester (Takahashi M, Hirota I, Nakano T, et al. Effects of steric hindrance and electron density of ester prodrugs on controlling the metabolic activation by human carboxylesterase. Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics. 2021; 38: 100391) ; d. incorporating deuterium at methyl ester (Knutson DE, Kodali R, B, et al. Design and synthesis of novel deuterated ligands functionally selective for the γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptor (GABAAR) α6 subtype with improved metabolic stability and enhanced bioavailability. Journal of medicinal chemistry. 2018; 61 (6) : 2422-2446) . As a result, eleven compounds, including Ac12Az9-methoxy (D1) , -methoxymethyl (D2) , -methyl amide (D3) , -trifluoromethoxy (D4) , -ethyl (D5) , -tertiary butyl (D6) , -chlorine (D7) , -fluorine (D8) , -para-methoxy (D9) , and deuterium substituted compounds (D10, D11) , were synthesized and characterized for their reversal activity of P-gp and BCRP / ABCG2-mediated drug resistance (Figure 22B and Table 7) . These compounds were synthesized by Dr. Ma Cong’s group (Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, SAR) .
[0324] The physicochemical properties and P-gp-, BCRP / ABCG2-modulating activity of Ac12Az9 and its derivatives were shown in Table 7. It was found that M1 exhibited weak inhibition on P-gp and BCRP / ABCG2, with EC50 values of >1000 nM for reversing PTX resistance in LCC6MDR cells and 470 nM for reversing TPT resistance in HEK293 / R2 cells, respectively, indicating that Ac12Az9 lost activity after hydrolysis.
[0325] A total of 6500 cells were seeded into of a 96-well plate, including LCC6MDR, HEK293 / R2, or MCF7-MX100 cells, respectively. Cells were treated with different doses of PTX or TPT together with either no modulator or different modulator dosages (Ac12Az9, Ac12Az9 derivatives, and ko143) . Cell viability was measured after 4-5 days of incubation. PRISM software was used to calculate the IC50 of several anticancer medications and the EC50 of various modulators. The data was presented as mean ± SD (n = 3) . Ko143 and Ac12Az9 were used as positive controls
[0326]
[0327] It was discovered that the substitution of the methyl ester with a methoxy (-OCH3) and methyl methoxy (-C2H5O) group did not affect the inhibitory activity of Ac12Az9 on P-gp. The EC50 values of D1 and D2 in reversing PTX resistance in LCC6MDR were 268.3 and 291.7 nM, respectively, which were comparable to Ac12Az9 (EC50 = 233.3 nM) ; however, their inhibitory effects on BCRP / ABCG2 were noticeably weakened, and the EC50 value of D1-D4 in reversing TPT resistance increased to 11.5-22.5 nM in HEK293 / R2 cells and 26.0-109.2 nM in MCF7-MX100 cells, respectively, compared to the 0.9 or 1.5 nM of Ac12Az9. This finding showed that the ester group was crucial to the inhibiting effect of Ac12Az9 on BCRP / ABCG2.
[0328] D5 and D6 with preserved ester groups and higher steric hindrance exhibited not only high BCRP / ABCG2-modulating activity but also good selectivity for BCRP / ABCG2. The EC50 values of D5 and D6 for reversing TPT resistance were 0.4 and 1.2 nM in HEK293 / R2 cells and 4.3 and 1.3 nM in MCF7-MX100 cells, compared to Ac12Az9, which had an EC50 of 0.9 nM in HEK293 / R2 cells and 1.5 nM in MCF7-MX100 cells. However, the P-gp inhibition of D5 and D6 was reduced by 3-4 folds, with EC50 values of 600 and 912.5 nM in reversing PTX resistance in LCC6MDR cells, respectively, compared to 233.3 nM of Ac12Az9.
[0329] Besides, the deuterium substitution product D10 of Ac12Az9 demonstrated strong P-gp and BCRP / ABCG2 inhibition, and its EC50 for reversing PTX resistance in LCC6MDR cells was 243.7 nM, while the EC50 for reversing TPT resistance in HEK293 / R2 and MCF7-MX100 cells was 1.0 and 2.9 nM, respectively.
[0330] 13. In vitro plasma stability of Ac12Az9 and its derivatives
[0331] The plasma stability of Ac12Az9 derivatives (D1-D11) was investigated. It was found that D1, D2, D3, D4, D6, and D11 exhibited improved plasma stability with t1 / 2 of 270-330 min or higher than 360 min compared to Ac12Az9 (t1 / 2 < 60 min) (Figure 23) . However, the t1 / 2 of D5, D7, D8, D9, and D10 remained at 60 min below (Figure 23) , which was comparable to that of Ac12Az9.
[0332] 14. Effect of Ac12Az9 and its derivatives on sorafenib accumulation in MDCKII-GFP-BCRP cells
[0333] We investigated whether the derivatives of Ac12Az9 can increase sorafenib accumulation in the MDCKII-GFP-BCRP cells. It was found that MDCKII-GFP-BCRP cells accumulated 2.4-fold (p < 0.001) less sorafenib compared to its wild type (Figure 24) . Treatment of MDCKII-GFP-BCRP cells with 1 μM of Ac12Az9 or D6 significantly increased the low intracellular sorafenib accumulation by 2.4-fold (p < 0.001) , respectively, in MDCKII-GFP-BCRP cells (Figure 24) . This result suggested that Ac12Az9 and its derivatives inhibited the BCRP / ABCG2 and restored the intracellular sorafenib concentration to the parental level.
[0334] 15. Effect of Ac12Az9 and its derivatives on the brain accumulation of sorafenib accumulation in BALB / c mice
[0335] We investigated whether the Ac12Az9 derivatives can increase the brain accumulation of sorafenib in the BALB / c mice. After sorafenib was administered at a dose of 50 mg / kg, it was discovered that the mice's brain sorafenib AUC was 1777.5 μg-min / mL. Ac12Az9 (20 mg / kg) or D6 (20 mg / kg) can significantly elevate sorafenib levels in the brain by 1.7-fold (p < 0.01) or 1.6-fold (p < 0.01) , respectively, in BALB / c mice (Figure 25) . This result suggested that Ac12Az9 and its derivatives inhibited the BCRP / ABCG2 at the BBB and increase the brain accumulation of sorafenib in the BALB / c mice.
[0336] 16. PK study and tissue accumulation of Ac12Az9 derivatives in BALB / c mice
[0337] The tissue distribution and plasma PK of Ac12Az9 or its derivatives were studied. Following intravenous administration of Ac12Az9 (20 mg / kg) , M1 was shown to be abundant and widely distributed in the blood and several important organs (liver, kidneys, and lung) (Figure 26A-D) . M1 can also cross the BBB and accumulate in the brain (Figure 26E) . Other derivatives (D1, D2, D3, D5, and D6) can also be found in various organs, except for D5, which cannot be found in the liver (Figure 26A-E) .
[0338] PK parameters were summarized in Table 8. Ac12Az9 had an 8.2 times greater brain AUC0-360 min than M1, with 426.08 μg·min / g for Ac12Az9 versus 52.06 μg·min / g for M1. However, the plasma and liver AUC5-360 min of M1 were 57.7 and 167.2 times greater than those of Ac12Az9, with M1’s plasma AUC5-360 min of 352.35 μg·min / mL compared to Ac12Az9's being 6.11 μg·min / mL, and M1’s liver AUC5-360 min being 5085.18 μg·min / g over Ac12Az9's being 30.42 μg·min / g.
[0339] The plasma AUC5-360 min of the other derivatives (D1-D3, D5, and D6) , which were 195.79, 218.68, 360.91, and 330.5 μg·min / mL, respectively, were significantly higher than the plasma AUC5-360 min of 6.11 μg·min / mL for Ac12Az9, which was compatible with the in vitro plasma stability test results. Similarly, D1, D2, D3, and D6 had higher liver, kidney, and lung AUC5-360 min than those of Ac12Az9. Particularly, the AUC5-360 min for the liver, kidneys, or lungs in D6 was 757.5, 2657.14, or 1164.23 μg·min / g, respectively, which were 25, 11, and 8 times higher than the comparable AUC5-360 min in Ac12Az9, respectively.
[0340] Contrary to the findings in the liver, kidneys, and lung, the brain AUC5-360 min of derivatives (D1-D3, D5, and D6) was lower than the brain Ac12Az9 AUC5-360 min of 426.08 μg·min / g, with values of 129.78, 76.84, 33.92, 25.61, and 38.46 μg·min / g, respectively.
[0341]
[0342] 17. Effect of D6 on the TPT accumulation in HEK293 / R2 tumor The above findings confirmed that D6 was more potent in inhibiting the transport activity of BCRP / ABCG2 in vitro, having better stability, and accumulating more in the target organs in in vivo PK studies. Here, D6 was investigated for its activity in increasing the accumulation of TPT in tumors.
[0343] The HEK293 / R2 xenograft model was established and validated for its high and stable expression of BCRP / ABCG2 (Figure 27A) . The BALB / c nude mice implanted with subcutaneous HEK293 / R2 tumors were treated with either (1) TPT (6 mg / kg, I.P. ) or (2) TPT (6 mg / kg, I.P. ) +D6 (20 mg / kg, I.V. ) (simultaneously but in separate injections, single dose) . It was found that D6 can significantly increase the tumor accumulation of TPT by 2-fold (p = 0.0028) compared to the TPT alone group (Figure 27B) .
[0344] 18. In vivo efficacy of D6 on modulating BCRP / ABCG2-mediated TPT resistance in HEK293 / R2 animal model
[0345] The efficacy of TPT (0.5 mg / kg) with or without D6 (20 mg / kg) was evaluated in the HEK293 / R2 animal xenograft model. Mice with flank tumors were treated with (1) solvent control, (2) TPT alone, (3) D6 alone, or (4) TPT + D6. It was found that co-treatment of TPT with D6 can significantly reduce the tumor sizes by 81% (p < 0.001) compared to the solvent control group, while TPT alone only decreased the tumor volumes by 30% (p =0.1848) (Figure 28) . D6 alone showed no inhibitory effect on tumor growth (Figure 28) . The tumor weight of co-treatment groups of TPT with D6 was 0.21 ± 0.03 g at the end of experiment which was significantly lighter than TPT alone (0.78 ± 0.3 g) (p < 0.001) and solvent control group (0.95 ± 0.5 g) (p < 0.001) (Figure 28B) . This suggested that D6 could sensitize the resistant HEK293 / R2 cells and inhibit tumor growth with TPT treatment.
[0346] The combination group of TPT and D6 did not lose body weight during or after the treatment period (Figure 28C) , suggesting the safety of this combination. The increase in body weight in the other groups was primarily caused by the larger tumors.
[0347] 19. In vivo efficacy of D6 on modulating BCRP / ABCG2-mediated TPT resistance in K562_BCRP animal model
[0348] The efficacy of TPT (0.5 mg / kg) with or without D6 (20 mg / kg) was also evaluated in the K562_BCRP animal xenograft model. Mice with subcutaneous tumors were treated with (1) solvent control, (2) TPT alone, (3) D6 alone, or (4) TPT + D6. It was found that co-treatment of TPT with D6 can significantly reduce the tumor sizes by 74% (p < 0.001) compared to the solvent control group, while TPT alone failed to decrease the tumor volumes (Figure 29A) . D6 alone showed no inhibitory effect on tumor growth (Figure 29A) . The tumor weight of co-treatment groups of TPT with D6 was 0.38 ± 0.22 g at the end of experiment which was significantly lighter than TPT alone (1.76 ± 0.88 g) (p < 0.001) and solvent control group (1.77 ± 0.65 g) (p < 0.001) (Figure 29B) . This suggested that D6 could sensitize the resistant K562_BCRP cells and inhibit tumor growth with TPT treatment.
[0349] As shown in Figure 29D, nude K562_BCRP tumor-bearing mice would lose body weight as the tumor grew. The combination group of TPT and D6 did not significantly lose body weight during or after the treatment period (Figure 29D) , suggesting the safety of this combination.
[0350] The disclosed experimental data was designed to establish the feasibility and reproducibility of the claimed process under representative conditions. The chosen materials and process parameters reflect the desired outcomes and are aligned with standard practices in the field. The focus of the current disclosure was to demonstrate the viability of the process under the specific conditions described. While the experimental data provided focuses on specific conditions, the process is not intended to be limited to these embodiments. The methodology described herein is adaptable to a range of conditions, and variations in the components could be explored to optimize the process for specific applications. The selection of the described parameters was based on their practical relevance and alignment with the objectives of this invention.
Claims
1.A flavonoid dimer compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof, wherein the compound is represented by Formula 1: wherein A is represented by Formula 2R1 is selected from the group consisting of - (CH2) n-O- [C (R4) s) ] p, - (CH2) n-C (=O) O- [C (R3) s) ] p, - (CH2) n-C (=O) O- [C (R4) s) ] q and - (CH2) n-C (=O) NH- [C (R4) s) ] p;R2 for each instance is independently selected from the group consisting of protium (H) , halo, alkyl, and alkoxy;R3 for each instance is independently selected from the group consisting of deuterium (D) , halo, and alkyl;R4 for each instance is independently selected from the group consisting of H, D, halo, and alkyl;each of a and b is independently selected from a whole number selected from 1-6;m is a whole number selected from 0-4;n is a whole number selected from 0-12;p is a whole number selected from 1-12; andq is a whole number selected from 2-12;s is a whole number selected from 2 or 3;orR1 is - (CH2) n-C (=O) O- [C (R4) s) ] p, and at least one instance of R2 for each instance is selected from the group consisting of halo and alkoxy.2.The compound of claim 1, wherein R1 is selected from the group consisting of - (CH2) n-O-CH3, - (CH2) n-O-CD3, - (CH2) n-O-CF3, - (CH2) n-O-CCl3, - (CH2) n-O-CBr3, - (CH2) n-O-CI3, - (CH2) n-O-C (CH3) 3, - (CH2) n-C (=O) O-CH3, - (CH2) n-C (=O) O-C (CH3) 3, and - (CH2) n-C (=O) NH-CH3.3.The compound of claim 1, wherein R2 for each instance is independently selected from the group consisting of H, F, Cl, Br, I, C1-C6 alkyl, and C1-C6 alkoxy.4.The compound of claim 1, wherein R3 for each instance is independently selected from the group consisting of D, F, Cl, Br, I, and C1-C6 alkyl.5.The compound of claim 1, wherein R4 for each instance is independently selected from the group consisting of H, D, F, Cl, Br, I, and C1-C6 alkyl.6.The compound of any one of claims 1-5, wherein R1 is - (CH2) n-O-CH3, - (CH2) n-O-CD3, - (CH2) n-O-CF3, - (CH2) n-O-C (CH3) 3, - (CH2) n-C (=O) O-CH3, - (CH2) n-C (=O) O-C (CH3) 3, and - (CH2) n-C (=O) NH-CH3, and R2 for each instance is H.7.The compound of claim 1, wherein R1 is - (CH2) n-C (=O) O- [C (R4) s) ] p, R2 for each instance is F, Cl, Br, I, and C1-C6 alkoxy.8.The compound of any one of claims 1-7, wherein the compound is selected from the group consisting of: 9.A method for preparing a flavonoid dimer compound, the method comprising contacting a compound of Formula 3 with a benzyl halide derivative of Formula 4 under an alkaline condition thereby forming the flavonoid dimer compound, wherein R1 is selected from the group consisting of - (CH2) n-O- [C (R4) s) ] p, - (CH2) n-C (=O) O- [C (R3) s) ] p, - (CH2) n-C (=O) O- [C (R4) s) ] q and - (CH2) n-C (=O) NH- [C (R4) s) ] p;R2 for each instance is independently selected from the group consisting of protium (H) , halo, alkyl, and alkoxy;R3 for each instance is independently selected from the group consisting of deuterium (D) , halo, and alkyl;R4 for each instance is independently selected from the group consisting of H, D, halo, and alkyl;X represents F, Cl, Br, or I;each of a and b is independently selected from a whole number selected from 1-6;m is a whole number selected from 0-4;n is a whole number selected from 0-12;p is a whole number selected from 1-12; andq is a whole number selected from 2-12;s is a whole number selected from 2 or 3;orR1 is - (CH2) n-C (=O) O- [C (R4) s) ] p, and at least one instance of R2 for each instance is selected from the group consisting of halo and alkoxy.10.The method of claim 9, wherein R1 is selected from the group consisting of - (CH2) n-O-CH3, - (CH2) n-O-CD3, - (CH2) n-O-CF3, - (CH2) n-O-CCl3, - (CH2) n-O-CBr3, - (CH2) n-O-CI3, - (CH2) n-O-C (CH3) 3, - (CH2) n-C (=O) O-CH3, - (CH2) n-C (=O) O-C (CH3) 3, and - (CH2) n-C (=O) NH-CH3.11.The method of claim 9, wherein R2 for each instance is independently selected from the group consisting of H, F, Cl, Br, I, C1-C6 alkyl, and C1-C6 alkoxy.12.The method of claim 9, wherein R3 for each instance is independently selected from the group consisting of D, F, Cl, Br, I, and C1-C6 alkyl.13.The method of claim 9, wherein R4 for each instance is independently selected from the group consisting of H, D, F, Cl, Br, I, and C1-C6 alkyl.14.The method of any one of claims 9-13, wherein the benzyl halide derivative of Formula 4 is selected from the group consisting of: 15.The method of any one of claims 9-14, wherein the compound of Formula 3 is contacted with the benzyl halide derivative of Formula 4 at a temperature of 50-200℃.16.The method of any one of claims 9-15, wherein the benzyl halide derivative of Formula 4 is prepared by contacting a compound of Formula 5 with a halogenating reagent under a catalytic condition thereby forming the benzyl halide derivative of Formula 4, 17.A composition comprising the flavonoid dimer compound of any one of claims 1-8 or the flavonoid dimer compound produced by the method of any one of claims 9-16.18.The composition of claim 17, further comprising an anti-cancer agent, optionally, wherein the anti-cancer agent is selected from the group consisting of cytotoxic agents, targeted therapy agents, immunotherapeutic agents, hormonal therapeutic agents, immunoconjugates, chemotherapeutic agents, antiangiogenic agents, multidrug resistance-related protein inhibitors, radiotherapeutic agents, and combinations thereof.19.The composition of claim 18, wherein the anti-cancer agent is selected from the group consisting of antimetabolites (e.g., methotrexate) , topoisomerase inhibitors (e.g., mitoxantrone, topotecan, irinotecan) , targeted therapy agents (e.g., sorafenib) , alkylating agents (e.g., temozolomide) , microtubule inhibitors (e.g., paclitaxel) , and any combination thereof.20.Use of the flavonoid dimer compound of any one of claims 1-8, the flavonoid dimer compound produced by the method of any one of claims 9-16, or the composition of any one of claims 17-19, for reversing cancer cell resistance to an anti-cancer agent.21.A method for improving responsiveness to an anti-cancer agent in a subject having a low sensitivity to the anti-cancer agent or exhibiting resistance to the anti-cancer agent, the method comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the flavonoid dimer compound of any one of claims 1-8, the flavonoid dimer compound produced by the method of any one of claims 9-16, or the composition of any one of claims 17-19.22.A method of treating a cancer in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the flavonoid dimer compound of any one of claims 1-8, the flavonoid dimer compound produced by the method of any of claims 9-16, or the composition of any of claims 17-19.23.The method of claim 22, further comprising administering to the subject an anti-cancer agent, optionally, wherein the anti-cancer agent is selected from the group consisting of cytotoxic agents, targeted therapy agents, immunotherapeutic agents, hormonal therapeutic agents, immunoconjugates, chemotherapeutic agents, antiangiogenic agents, multidrug resistance-related protein inhibitors, radiotherapeutic agents, and combinations thereof.24.The use of claim 20, or the method of any one of claims 21-23, wherein the cancer is selected from the group consisting of neurological cancers, hematologic malignancies, digestive system cancers, lung cancers, breast cancers, urogenital cancers, gynecological cancers, and any combination thereof; optionally,wherein the cancer is characterized by high expression of breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP / ABCG2) .25.The use or method of claim 24, wherein the neurological cancers are selected from the group consisting of glioma, astrocytoma, glioblastoma, glioblastoma multiforme, meningioma, neurilemmoma, and any combination thereof;the hematologic malignancies are selected from the group consisting of leukemia, acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) , acute myeloid leukemia (AML) , chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) , chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) ; lymphoma, hodgkin lymphoma, non-hodgkin lymphoma, B-cell lymphomas, T-cell lymphomas; multiple myeloma; myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNS) ; myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) ; and any combination thereof;the lung cancers are selected from the group consisting of non-small cell lung cancer, small cell lung cancer, and any combination thereof;the digestive system cancers are selected from the group consisting of gastrointestinal cancer, esophageal cancer, gastric cancer, duodenal cancer, small intestine cancer, colon cancer, rectal cancer, colorectal cancer, anal cancer, gallbladder cancer, cholangiocarcinoma; liver cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, hepatoblastoma; pancreatic cancer; and any combination thereof;the breast cancers are selected from the group consisting of HR-positive breast cancer, lobular carcinoma, ductal carcinoma, hormone receptor-positive / HER2-negative breast cancer, hormone receptor-positive / HER2-positive breast cancer, and any combination thereof;the urogenital cancers are selected from the group consisting of renal cancer, renal cell carcinoma, urothelial carcinoma, bladder cancer, urethral cancer, prostatic cancer, and any combination thereof; orthe gynecological cancers are selected from the group consisting of cervical cancer, endometrial cancer, ovarian cancer, fallopian tube cancer, vaginal cancer, and any combination thereof.
Citation Information
Patent Citations
Alkyne-, azide- and triazole-containing flavonoids as modulators for multidrug resistance in cancers
WO2013127361A1