SARM1 activators and use thereof
A novel series of compounds specifically activate SARM1, enabling the identification of SARM1 inhibitors and validating neuroprotective treatments for neurodegenerative diseases through high-throughput screening.
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2025-09-09
- Publication Date
- 2026-03-19
AI Technical Summary
There is an unmet need for a novel SARM1 activator to specifically activate SARM1 for the development of therapeutic candidates and to assess the protective effects of potential treatments for neurodegenerative diseases involving axon degeneration.
A series of compounds represented by specific chemical structures are identified and synthesized to activate SARM1, which can be used in high-throughput screening assays to identify SARM1 inhibitors and validate neuroprotective drugs or gene therapies.
These compounds efficiently activate SARM1, allowing for the identification of SARM1 inhibitors and the assessment of neuroprotective treatments, thereby accelerating the development of drugs for neurodegenerative diseases.
Smart Images

Figure CN2025120179_19032026_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
SARM1 activators and use thereofFIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0001] The present invention relates to the field of chemical synthesis, in particular a SARM1 activator and the methods of using the same.BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] Neurodegenerative diseases, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) , Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease, impose a significant burden on global health. A common feature of these diseases is the accumulation of misfolded proteins: TDP-43 aggregates in ALS, amyloid-beta plaques and tau tangles in Alzheimer's, and alpha-synuclein in Parkinson's. How these protein aggregates cause disruption of neuronal function, eventual axonal and neuronal death, as well as glia-mediated neuro-inflammation that contributes to the decline of brain function, remains an active area of research.
[0003] Axon degeneration is a hallmark of many neurodegenerative diseases, where the disintegration of axons disrupts neural communication and connectivity. This process often occurs early in the disease course and can precede the degeneration of the cell body. A key player in axon degeneration is the Sterile Alpha and TIR Motif-Containing 1 (SARM1) enzyme that cleaves NAD+ (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide+) into nicotinamide (NAM) and adenosine diphosphate (ADPR) . SARM1 is activated to promote neuronal cell death in response to oxygen and glucose deprivation, and nerve injury. Accordingly, deletion or pharmacological inhibition of SARM1 prevents axonal degeneration after brain injury and neuropathy, which makes SARM1 a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases involving axon degeneration.
[0004] Specific activation of SARM1 is useful for screening and developing SARM1 inhibitors. These SARM1 inhibitors could potentially be developed into therapeutic candidates for treating diseases associated with axon degeneration. Moreover, SARM1 activation in experimental models allows researchers to assess the protective effects of potential treatments, thereby accelerating the discovery and development of new drugs.
[0005] Therefore, there is an unmet need to develop a novel SARM1 activator that can specifically activate SARM1.SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0006] An object of the present invention is to provide a novel SARM1 activator, and a method of identifying, preferably in a screening assay, a drug for the treatment of diseases associated with axon degeneration or validating neuroprotective effects of a therapy using such a SARM1 activator.
[0007] In the present invention, the inventors successfully identified a set of SARM1 activators from 1.36 million compounds via a compound screen in HeLa cells ectopically expressing the full length SARM1 and synthesized a series of compounds having similar structures based on the identified compounds. The inventors found that these compounds can specifically activate SARM1. As a consequence, these compounds can be used in a high-throughput screening assay to identify compounds that inhibit SARM1 activity. These SARM1 inhibitors could be potentially developed into therapeutic candidates for treating diseases associated with axon degeneration. At the same time, these compounds can also be used to validate the efficacy of neuroprotective drugs or gene therapies. By inducing neurodegeneration through SARM1 activation in experimental models, these compounds allow researchers to assess the protective effects of potential treatments, thereby accelerating the development of new drugs.
[0008] In a first aspect, the present invention discloses a compound represented by Formula I:
[0009] wherein
[0010] W1 and W2 are each independently N or CH;
[0011] Q1, Q2, Q3 and Q4 are each independently selected from the group consisting of O, S, CRx, NRx, CRy, NRy, and N;
[0012] R1 and Rx are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, an aryl, and a heteroaryl, and optionally substituted with one or more Rs1;
[0013] R2 and Ry are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, and -L-R3, wherein L is a single bond, or an optionally substituted straight or branched bivalent C1-10 aliphatic group, in which the C1-10 aliphatic group is saturated or unsaturated, and optionally, one or more methylene groups in the C1-10 aliphatic group are each independently replaced by -O-, -S-, -SO-, -SO2-, NH-, -CO-, or -COO-;
[0014] R3 is selected from the group consisting of a C1-10 alkyl, a C2-10 alkenyl, a C2-10 alkynyl, a C1-10 alkoxy, a C1-10alkyl-C1-10alkoxy, a C1-10alkyl-CO-C1-10alkoxy, a C1-10alkyl-CO-C1-10alkyl, a C3-10 cycloalkyl, a C3-10 heterocycloalkyl, an aryl, a fused aryl, a heteroaryl, and a fused heteroaryl, and is optionally substituted with one or more Rs3;
[0015] the one or more Rs1 are the same or different, and each independently selected from the group consisting of a halogen group (e.g., F, Cl, Br, or I) , a hydroxy, an amino, a C1-10 alkyl, a C2-10 alkenyl, a C2-10 alkynyl, a C1-10 alkoxy, an aryloxy, a C1-10 alkoxy-C1-10 alkoxy, a C1-10 alkyl-C1-10 alkoxy, a C1-10 alkoxy-aryl, a CO-C1-10alkoxy, and a CO-C1-10alkyl, a C1-10 heteroalkyl, a C2-10 heteroalkenyl, a C2-10 heteroalkynyl, a C1-10 heteroalkoxy, a heteroaryloxy, a C1-10 heteroalkoxy-C1-10 alkoxy, a C1-10 heteroalkoxy-C1-10 heteroalkoxy a C1-10 heteroalkyl-C1-10 alkoxy, a C1-10 alkyl-C1-10 heteroalkoxy, a C1-10 heteroalkyl-C1-10 heteroalkoxy, a C1-10 heteroalkoxy-aryl, a C1-10 heteroalkoxy-heteroaryl, a C1-10 alkoxy-heteroaryl, a CO-C1-10 heteroalkoxy, and a CO-C1-10 heteroalkyl, , and the one or more Rs1 are optionally substituted with one or more halogen atoms, or the one or more Rs1 are hydroxy protective groups;
[0016] the one or more Rs3 are the same or different, and each independently selected from the group consisting of a halogen group (e.g., F, Cl, Br, or I) , a hydroxy, an amino, a C1-10 alkyl, a C2-10 alkenyl, a C2-10 alkynyl, a C3-10 cycloalkyl, a C1-10 alkoxy, an aryloxy, an aryl, a SO2-C3-10cycloalkyl, a CO-C1-10alkoxy, a C1-10alkyl-CO-C1-10alkoxy, a C1-10alkyl-CO-C1-10alkyl, and a C1-10alkyl-C1-10alkoxy, a C1-10 heteroalkyl, a C2-10 heteroalkenyl, a C2-10 heteroalkynyl, a C3-10 heterocycloalkyl, a C1-10 heteroalkoxy, a heteroaryloxy, a heteroaryl, a SO2-C3-10 heterocycloalkyl, a CO-C1-10 heteroalkoxy, a C1-10 heteroalkyl-CO-C1-10alkoxy, a C1-10 heteroalkyl-CO-C1-10 heteroalkoxy, a C1-10 alkyl-CO-C1-10 heteroalkoxy, a C1-10 heteroalkyl-CO-C1-10alkyl, a C1-10 heteroalkyl-C1-10alkoxy, a C1-10 heteroalkyl-C1-10 heteroalkoxy, and a C1-10 alkyl-C1-10 heteroalkoxy, and the one or more Rs3 are optionally substituted with one or more halogen atoms; and
[0017] indicates a single bond or a double bond.
[0018] In some embodiments, W1 and W2 are N. In some embodiments, Q1 and Q2 are N. In some embodiments, Q3 and Q4 are CH2. In some embodiments, W1 and W2 are N, Q1 and Q2 are N, and Q3 and Q4 are CH2.
[0019] In some embodiments, the number of the one or more Rs1 is 1, 2, 3, or 4, preferably 1, 2 or 3, and more preferably 1.
[0020] In some embodiments, the one or more Rs1 are each independently selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, a C1-5 alkyl, a C2-5 alkenyl, a C2-5 alkynyl, a C1-5 alkoxy, an aryloxy, a C1-5 alkoxy-C1-5 alkoxy, a C1-5 alkyl-C1-5 alkoxy, a C1-5 alkoxy-aryl, a CO-C1-5 alkoxy, and a CO-C1-5 alkyl, a C1-5 heteroalkyl, a C2-5 heteroalkenyl, a C2-5 heteroalkynyl, a C1-5 heteroalkoxy, a heteroaryloxy, a C1-5 heteroalkoxy-C1-5 alkoxy, a C1-5 heteroalkoxy-C1-5 heteroalkoxy a C1-5 heteroalkyl-C1-5 alkoxy, a C1-5 alkyl-C1-5 heteroalkoxy, a C1-5 heteroalkyl-C1-5 heteroalkoxy, a C1-5 heteroalkoxy-aryl, a C1-5 heteroalkoxy-heteroaryl, a C1-5 alkoxy-heteroaryl, a CO-C1-5 heteroalkoxy, and a CO-C1-5 heteroalkyl.
[0021] In some embodiments, the one or more Rs1 are each independently selected from the group consisting of a C1-3 alkyl, a C2-3 alkenyl, a C2-3 alkynyl, a C1-3 alkoxy, an aryloxy, a C1-3 alkoxy-C1-3 alkoxy, a C1-3 alkyl-C1-3 alkoxy, a C1-3 alkoxy-aryl, a CO-C1-3 alkoxy, and a CO-C1-3 alkyl, a C1-3 heteroalkyl, a C2-3 heteroalkenyl, a C2-3 heteroalkynyl, a C1-3 heteroalkoxy, a heteroaryloxy, a C1-3 heteroalkoxy-C1-3 alkoxy, a C1-3 heteroalkoxy-C1-3 heteroalkoxy a C1-3 heteroalkyl-C1-3 alkoxy, a C1-3 alkyl-C1-3 heteroalkoxy, a C1-3 heteroalkyl-C1-3 heteroalkoxy, a C1-3 heteroalkoxy-aryl, a C1-3 heteroalkoxy-heteroaryl, a C1-3 alkoxy-heteroaryl, a CO-C1-3 heteroalkoxy, and a CO-C1-3 heteroalkyl, and the one or more Rs1 are optionally substituted with one or more halogen atoms selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, and Br.
[0022] In some embodiments, the one or more Rs1 are each independently selected from the group consisting of -OH, -F, Br, Cl, CH3, C2H5, C3H7, -OCH3, -OC2H5, -OC3H7, -OPh, -OCH2Ph (OBn) , -OC2H4Ph, -OC3H6Ph, -OCH2OCH3 (-OMOM) , and -OCH2OC2H5.
[0023] In some embodiments, the number of the one or more Rs3 is 1, 2, 3, or 4, preferably 1, 2 or 3, and more preferably 1.
[0024] In some embodiments, the one or more Rs3 are each independently selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, a C1-5 alkyl, a C2-5 alkenyl, a C2-5 alkynyl, a C3-6 cycloalkyl, a C1-5 alkoxy, an aryloxy, an aryl, a SO2-C3-6cycloalkyl, a CO-C1-5alkoxy, a C1-5alkyl-CO-C1-5alkoxy, a C1-5alkyl-CO-C1-5alkyl, and a C1-5alkyl-C1-5alkoxy, a C1-5 heteroalkyl, a C2-5 heteroalkenyl, a C2-5 heteroalkynyl, a C3-5 heterocycloalkyl, a C1-5 heteroalkoxy, a heteroaryloxy, a heteroaryl, a SO2-C3-5 heterocycloalkyl, a CO-C1-5 heteroalkoxy, a C1-5 heteroalkyl-CO-C1-5 alkoxy, a C1-5 heteroalkyl-CO-C1-5 heteroalkoxy, a C1-5 alkyl-CO-C1-5 heteroalkoxy, a C1-5 heteroalkyl-CO-C1-5 alkyl, a C1-5 heteroalkyl-C1-5 alkoxy, a C1-5 heteroalkyl-C1-5 heteroalkoxy, and a C1-5 alkyl-C1-5 heteroalkoxy, and the one or more Rs3 are optionally substituted with one or more halogen atoms selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, and Br.
[0025] In some embodiments, the one or more Rs3 are each independently selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, CH3, CF3, COOCH3, COOC4H7 (Boc) and
[0026] In some embodiments, R1 and Rc are each independently selected from the group consisting of a phenyl optionally substituted with one or more Rs1.
[0027] In some embodiments, R1 and Rc are each independently a phenyl substituted with one or more Rs1.
[0028] In some embodiments, R1 and Rc are each independently selected from the group consisting of
[0029] In some embodiments, L is selected from the group consisting of - (CH2) p- (CO) x- (NH) y- (CH2) q-, -S- (CH2) p- (CO) x- (NH) y- (CH2) q-, -SO- (CH2) p- (CO) x- (NH) y- (CH2) q-, and -SO2- (CH2) p- (CO) x- (NH) y- (CH2) q-, wherein x and y are each independently 0 or 1, p and q are each independently 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, and p, q, x and y are not all 0.
[0030] In some embodiments, L is selected from the group consisting of -C2H4-, -S-CH2-, -S-C2H4-, -SO-CH2-, -SO2-CH2-, -S-CH2-CO-, -S-CH2-CO-NH-, and -S-CH2-CO-NH-CH2-.
[0031] In some embodiments, R3 is selected from the group consisting of a C1-5 alkyl, a C2-5 alkenyl, a C2-5 alkynyl, a C1-5 alkoxy, a C1-5alkyl-C1-5alkoxy, a C1-5alkyl-CO-C1-5alkoxy, and a C1-5alkyl-CO-C1-5alkyl and is optionally substituted with one or more Rs3.
[0032] In some embodiments, R3 is selected from the group consisting of a C1-3 alkyl-CO-C1-3 alkoxy optionally substituted with one or more Rs3.
[0033] In some embodiments, R3 is selected from the group consisting of a C3-6 cycloalkyl, and a C3-6 heterocycloalkyl and is optionally substituted with one or more Rs3.
[0034] In some embodiments, R3 is selected from the group consisting of a C5-6 heterocycloalkyl containing one heteroatom selected from the group consisting of O, N and S.
[0035] In some embodiments, R3 is represented by the following structures:
[0036] wherein, Z1 and Z2 are each independently selected from the group consisting of CH2 or O, S, or NH, and Rc is defined as the one or more Rs3, and n is 1, 2, 3 or 4, m is 1, 2, or 3.
[0037] In some embodiments, R3 is represented by the following structures: wherein Rc is defined as the one or more Rs3, and m is 1, 2, 3 or 4.
[0038] In some embodiments, R3 is represented by the following structures:
[0039] wherein Q is selected from the group consisting of NH, O and S; X1-X6 and Y1-Y4 are each independent N or CH; Rc is defined as the one or more Rs3, and m is 1, 2, or 3.
[0040] In some embodiments, R3 is selected from the group consisting of wherein Rc is defined as the one or more Rs3, and m is 1, 2, or 3.
[0041] In some embodiments, R3 is selected from the group consisting of H,
[0042] In some embodiments, the present invention discloses a compound represented by Formula I-1, or its oxide represented by Formula I-2:
[0043] wherein, R1, R2, and Rx are defined as those in Formula I, and p is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4.
[0044] In some embodiments, the present invention discloses a compound represented by Formula I-1a, or its oxide represented by Formula I-2a:
[0045] wherein, R1, R2, and Rx are defined as in Formula I.
[0046] In some embodiments, the present invention discloses a compound represented by Formula II:
[0047] wherein, R1, W1, W2, and L are defined as those in Formula I;
[0048] Q1, Q2, Q3 and Q4 are each independently selected from the group consisting of O, S, CRr, NRr, CRt, NRt and N;
[0049] ring A is selected from the group consisting of a C3-10 cycloalkyl, a C3-10 heterocycloalkyl, an aryl, a fused aryl, a heteroaryl, and a fused heteroaryl, and is optionally substituted with one or more Rs3;
[0050] Rr is defined as R3 in Formula I;
[0051] Rt is defined as R1 in Formula I; and
[0052] the one or more Rs3 are defined as those in Formula I.
[0053] In some embodiments, the ring A is represented by the following structures:
[0054] wherein, Z1 and Z2 are each independently selected from the group consisting of CH2 or O, S, or NH, and Rc is defined as the one or more Rs3 in Formula I, and n is 1, 2, 3 or 4, m is 1, 2, or 3.
[0055] In some embodiments, the ring A is represented by the following structures: wherein Rc is defined as the one or more Rs3 in Formula I, and m is 1, 2, or 3.
[0056] In some embodiments, the ring A is represented by the following structures:
[0057] wherein Q is selected from the group consisting of NH, O and S; X1-X6 and Y1-Y4 are each independent N or CH; Rc is defined as the one or more Rs3 in Formula I, and m is 1, 2, or 3.
[0058] In some embodiments, the ring A is selected from the group consisting of wherein Rc is defined as the one or more Rs3, and m is 1, 2, or 3.
[0059] In some embodiments, the ring A is selected from the group consisting of
[0060] In some embodiments, the present invention discloses a compound represented by Formula II-1, or its oxide represented by Formula II-2:
[0061] wherein, R1, Rt, L, and ring A is defined as those in Formula II,
[0062] p is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4.
[0063] In some embodiments, the present invention discloses a compound represented by Formula II-1a, or its oxide represented by Formula II-2a:
[0064] wherein R1, L and ring A are defined as those in Formula II.
[0065] In some embodiments, the present invention discloses a compound represented by Formula III:
[0066] wherein L, W1, W2, Q1, Q2, Q3, and Q4 and ring A are defined as those in Formula II;
[0067] R4 is defined as the one or more Rs1 in Formula I.
[0068] In some embodiments, the portion in formula III is selected from the group consisting of
[0069] In some embodiments, the present invention discloses a compound represented by Formula III-1, or its oxide represented by Formula III-2:
[0070] wherein ring A, L, R4 and q are defined as those in Formula III;
[0071] Rt is defined as those in Formula II; and
[0072] P is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4.
[0073] In some embodiments, the present invention discloses a compound represented by Formula III-1a, or its oxide represented by Formula III-2a:
[0074] wherein ring A, L, R4 and q are defined as those in Formula III.
[0075] In some embodiments, the present invention relates to compounds shown in Table 1.
[0076] Table 1
[0077] It is well known that SARM1 is a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases involving axon degeneration. Therefore, the development of novel SARM1 inhibitors may be useful.
[0078] The discovery of the compounds in the present invention provides an efficient platform for identifying and developing SARM1 inhibitors. Since these compounds specifically activate SARM1 in cellular and neuronal models, it can be used in high-throughput screening assays to identify compounds that inhibit SARM1 activity. These SARM1 inhibitors could potentially be developed into therapeutic candidates for treating diseases associated with axon degeneration.
[0079] These compounds can also be used to validate the efficacy of neuroprotective drugs or gene therapies. By inducing neurodegeneration through SARM1 activation in experimental models, these compounds allow researchers to assess the protective effects of potential treatments, thereby accelerating the discovery and development of new drugs.
[0080] In a second aspect, the present invention provides a method of identifying SARM1 inhibitors, the method comprising the following steps:
[0081] a) contacting the compound according to the first aspect of the present invention with a screening model to activate SARM1 in the screening model, wherein the screening model is capable of expressing SARM1;
[0082] b) treating the screening model with a candidate agent; and
[0083] c) determining the inhibition of SARM1 in the screening model, wherein the candidate agent that inhibits SARM1 is selected as a SARM1 inhibitor.
[0084] In some embodiments, the method further comprises determination of SARM1 activation in the screening model before step b) .
[0085] In a third aspect, the present invention provides a method of identifying a drug for the treatment or prevention of a disease related to SARM1 activation, the method comprising the following steps:
[0086] a) contacting the compound according to the first aspect of the present invention with a screening model to activate SARM1 in the screening model, wherein the screening model is capable of expressing SARM1;
[0087] b) treating the screening model with a candidate drug; and
[0088] c) determining the inhibition of SARM1 in the screening model, wherein the candidate drug that inhibits SARM1 is selected as a drug for the treatment or prevention of a disease related to SARM1 activation.
[0089] In some embodiments, the method further comprises determination of SARM1 activation in the screening model before step b) .
[0090] In a fourth aspect, the present invention provides a method of validating the effectiveness of a neuroprotective drug or therapy, the method comprising the following steps:
[0091] a) treating a screening model with the neuroprotective drug or therapy,
[0092] b) contacting the compound according to the first aspect of the present invention with the screening model, and
[0093] c) determining SARM1 activation in the subject, wherein no or low SARM1 activation shows that the neuroprotective drug or therapy is effective.
[0094] As used herein, the term “contacting” can be contacting in vivo or in vitro, and encompasses adding or applying or administering the compound to the screening model.
[0095] The screening model used in the present disclosure may be a cell-based screening model or an animal-based screening model, as long as it can express SARM1. The cell-based screening model includes but is not limited a tumor cell line such as HeLa, MCF-7, and A549; a primary cell, such as cells isolated directly from tissues; a stem cell, such as induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) , a transgenic cell, such as cells constructed through genetic engineering techniques, and a 3D cell culture model such as organoids and spheroids. The animal-based screening model can be any experimental animal, including but not limited to mouse, rat, goat, rabbit, dog, African green monkey, horse, sheep, Rhesus monkey, Chinese hamster, cate, pig and bovine.
[0096] In some embodiments, the screening model is a cell-based screening model. Preferably, the screen model is Hela cells.
[0097] In some embodiments, in the method of the second aspect or the third aspect, the step of contacting the compound according to the first aspect of the present invention with a screening model to activate SARM1 in the screening model comprises: a1) : allowing the screening model to express SARM1; and a2) contacting the compound with the screening model in which SARM1 has been expressed.
[0098] In some embodiments, in the method of the second aspect or the third aspect, the step of determining the inhibition of SARM1 in the screening model comprising: c1) contacting the screening model treated with the candidate agent or drug with a SARM1 substrate to produce a metabolite, c2) determining the amount of the substrate or the metabolite by a suitable means, and c3) the candidate agent or drug is selected as a SARM1 inhibitor or a drug when the amount of the substrate is not reduced over time, or the amount of the metabolite is not increased over time.
[0099] In some embodiments, the substrate is NAD+ or its any analogues, and the metabolite is cyclic adenosine monophosphate (ADP) –ribose (cADPR) or any hydrolysis product thereof.
[0100] Non-limiting examples for analogs of NAD+ applicable in the present invention, include oxidized forms of: nicotinamide 1, N6-ethenoadenine dinucleotide (eNAD) , nicotinamide guanine dinucleotide, nicotinamide hypoxanthine dinucleotide, and nicotinamide hypoxanthine dinucleotide.
[0101] In a fifth aspect, the present invention provides a kit for identifying a SARM1 inhibitor or a drug for the treatment or prevention of a disease related to SARM1 activation, wherein the kit comprises the compound according to the first aspect of the present invention.
[0102] In some embodiments, the kit further comprises a SARM1 substrate or an analogue thereof. In some embodiments, the kit further comprises at least one reagent and / or material for quantifying the amount of the SARM1 substrate or the amount of the metabolite or any hydrolysis product thereof. In some embodiments, the kit further comprises a manual.
[0103] In some embodiments, each of the compound, the SARM1 substrate or an analogue thereof, and optionally at least one reagent and / or material in the kit are packaged separately.
[0104] In a sixth aspect, the present invention provides a composition comprising the compound according to the first aspect of the present invention and a SARM1 substrate or an analogue thereof, preferably for identifying (such as in a screening assay) a SARM1 inhibitor or a drug for the treatment or prevention of a disease related to SARM1 activation.
[0105] In some embodiments, the composition further comprises an additional component, for example at least one reagent and / or material for quantifying the amount of the SARM1 substrate or the amount of the metabolite or any hydrolysis product thereof.
[0106] In a seventh aspect, the present invention provides a use of the compound according to the first aspect of the present invention in identifying SARM1 inhibitors or a drug for the treatment or prevention of a disease related to SARM1 activation.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0107] Fig. 1A is a diagram showing cell survival ATP level (%) at different G10 concentrations (μM) in HeLa cells ectopically expressing the full length SARM1 (HeLa-SARM1-HA-xFlag) and HeLa cells, respectively.
[0108] Fig. 1B is a curve showing cell survival ATP level (%) at different log 10 (G10 concentrations (μM)) .
[0109] Fig. 2 is a diagram showing changes in the levels of NAD+ and cADPR over time following G10 addition in HeLa cells ectopically expressing the full length SARM1 (HeLa-SARM1-HA-xFlag) and HeLa cells, respectively; NAD+ levels (left axis) and cADPR levels (right axis) were measured by HPLC as described method. Each bar represents mean ± SD, n=3.
[0110] Figs. 3A-3E are images showing morphology changes in G10 treated SARM1 expressing cells.
[0111] Fig. 4A shows images of axons of wild-type group at 0h and 24h after treatment with 25 μM and 50 μM G10.
[0112] Fig. 4B shows images of axons of SARM1 knockout group at 0h and 48h after treatment with 50 μM G10.
[0113] Figs. 5A-5D show images of SARM1 knockout DRG neurons transfected with vector or human SARM1 cDNA and treated with DMSO or G10.
[0114] Fig. 6 is a diagram showing quantification of the results of Figs. 5A-5D; Axonal degeneration of DRG neurons from Fig. 5A-5D was quantified using ImageJ. Each bar represents mean ± SD, with n = 3. ***P < 0.0001; n. s., not significant.
[0115] Fig. 7 shows relative NAD+ levels in SARM1 knockout DRG neurons transfected with vector or human SARM1 cDNA and treated with DMSO or G10; Relative NAD+levels of DRG neurons were measured by HPLC as described method and normalized against DMSO group. Each bar represents mean ± SD, n=3, ****P < 0.0001; n. s, not significant.
[0116] Fig. 8 shows relative cADPR levels in SARM1 knockout DRG neurons transfected with vector or human SARM1 cDNA and treated with DMSO or G10; Relative cADPR levels of DRG neurons were measured by HPLC and normalized against DMSO group, each bar represents mean ± SD, n=3, ****P < 0.0001; n. s, not significant.DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0117] Definition
[0118] For the purposes of interpreting this specification, the following definitions will apply and whenever appropriate, terms used in the singular will also include the plural and vice versa. It is to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting.
[0119] Features, integers, characteristics, compounds, chemical moieties or groups described in conjunction with a particular aspect, embodiment or example of the invention are to be understood to be applicable to any other aspect, embodiment or example described herein unless incompatible therewith. The invention is not restricted to the details of any embodiment.
[0120] The term “aliphatic” as used herein means a straight-chain (i.e., unbranched) or branched, substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbon chain that is completely saturated or that contains one or more units of unsaturation, or a substituted or unsubstituted monocyclic, bicyclic, or polycyclic hydrocarbon ring that is completely saturated or that contains one or more units of unsaturation, or combinations thereof. Unless otherwise specified, aliphatic groups contain 1-100 aliphatic carbon atoms. In some embodiments, aliphatic groups contain 1-20 aliphatic carbon atoms. In other embodiments, aliphatic groups contain 1-10 aliphatic carbon atoms. In other embodiments, aliphatic groups contain 1-9 aliphatic carbon atoms. In other embodiments, aliphatic groups contain 1-8 aliphatic carbon atoms. In other embodiments, aliphatic groups contain 1-7 aliphatic carbon atoms. In other embodiments, aliphatic groups contain 1-6 aliphatic carbon atoms. In still other embodiments, aliphatic groups contain 1-5 aliphatic carbon atoms, and in yet other embodiments, aliphatic groups contain 1, 2, 3, or 4 aliphatic carbon atoms. Suitable aliphatic groups include, but are not limited to, linear or branched, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl groups and hybrids thereof.
[0121] The term “alkyl” as used herein, refers to saturated, straight-or branched-chain hydrocarbyl radicals. "C1-10 alkyl” “C1-5 alkyl” and “C1-3 alkyl” refer to alkyl groups containing from one to ten, one to five, one to three carbon atoms respectively, for example, C1-10 alkyl refers to an alkyl containing 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 carbons. Examples of C1-10 alkyl include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, tert-butyl, neopentyl, n-hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, and decyl.
[0122] The term “alkenyl” as used herein, refers to straight-or branched-chain hydrocarbyl radicals having at least one carbon-carbon double bond by the removal of a single hydrogen atom. “C2-10 alkenyl” , “C2-5 alkenyl” , “C2-4 alkenyl” or “C3-6 alkenyl” refer to alkenyl groups containing from two to ten, two to five, two to four or three to six carbon atoms respectively. Alkenyl groups include, but are not limited to, ethenyl, propenyl, butenyl, l-methyl-2-buten-l-yl, heptenyl, octenyl, and the like.
[0123] The term “alkynyl” as used herein, refers to straight-or branched-chain hydrocarbyl radicals having at least one carbon-carbon triple bond by the removal of a single hydrogen atom. “C2-10 alkynyl” , “C2-5 alkynyl” , “C2-4 alkynyl” or “C3-C6 alkynyl” refer to alkynyl groups containing from two to ten, two to five, two to four or three to six carbon atoms respectively. Representative alkynyl groups include, but are not limited to, ethynyl, l-propynyl, l-butynyl, heptynyl, octynyl, and the like.
[0124] The term “alkoxy” as used herein employed alone or in combination with other terms means, unless otherwise stated, an alkyl group having the designated number of carbon atoms connected to the rest of the molecule via an oxygen atom, such as, for example, methoxy, ethoxy, l-propoxy, 2-propoxy (isopropoxy) and the higher homologs and isomers. Preferred alkoxy are C1-3 alkoxy.
[0125] It is understood that any alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclic and cycloalkenyl moiety described herein can also be an aliphatic group or an alicyclic group.
[0126] The term “cycloalkyl” , as used herein, refers to a monocyclic or polycyclic saturated carboring or a bi-or tri-cyclic group fused, bridged or spiro system, and the carbon atoms may be optionally oxo-substituted or optionally substituted with exocyclic olefmic, iminic or oximic double bond. Preferred cycloalkyl groups include C3-10 cycloalkyl, C3-6 cycloalkyl, and C5-6 cycloalkyl. Examples of C3-10 cycloalkyl include, but not limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cyclopentyl, cyclooctyl, 4-methylene-cyclohexyl, bicyclo [2.2. l] heptyl, bicyclo [3. l. 0] hexyl, spiro [2.5] octyl, 3-methylenebicyclo [3.2. l] octyl, spiro [4.4] nonanyl, and the like.
[0127] The term “aryl” as used herein has the common meanings in the art, and particularly, the term “aryl” in the present invention only refers to monocyclic aryl having 6 to 18 carbons. Examples of aryl include but are not limited to a phenyl. The term “heteroaryl” as used herein has the common meanings in the art, and particularly, the term “heteroaryl” in the present invention only refers to monocyclic heteroaryl having 2 to 18 carbons. Examples of heteroaryl include but are not limited to thiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, furyl, isoxazolyl, imidazolyl, thienyl, and pyridyl.
[0128] The term “fused aryl” as used herein has the common meanings in the art, and particularly, the term “fused aryl” in the present invention only refers to bicyclic aryl having 10-38. Examples of fused aryl include but are not limited to a nathphyl. The term “fused heteroaryl” as used herein has the common meanings in the art, and particularly, the term “heteroaryl” in the present invention only refers to bicyclic heteroaryl having 2 to 24 carbons. Examples of fused heteroaryl include but are not limited to benzopyridyl.
[0129] The term "halogen" means F, CI, Br, or I.
[0130] The term "heteroatom" means an atom that is not carbon or hydrogen. In some embodiments, a heteroatom is O, S, N, P, B, Si and Se, preferably, O, S or N.
[0131] The term “unsaturated” as used herein, means that a moiety has one or more units of unsaturation. The “saturated” as used herein means that there is no moiety has units of unsaturation.
[0132] It should be noted that when two or more radicals are combined to indicate one moiety, the writing order of the two or more radicals does not imply its connection site to the backbone of the structure. For example, when a C1-10 alkyl-C1-10 alkoxy is employed, this moiety can be connected to the backbone via either the alkyl or the alkoxy.
[0133] The term “heteroalky” as used herein refers to an alkyl, having at least one carbon atom replaced by a heteroatom. Similarly, the term “heteroalkenyl” as used herein refers to an alkenyl, having at least one carbon atom replaced by a heteroatom. The term “heteroalkynyl” as used herein refers to an alkynyl having at least one carbon atom replaced by a heteroatom. The term “heteroalkoxy” as used herein refers to an alkoxy having at least one carbon atom replaced by a heteroatom. The term “heterocycloalkyl” as used herein refers to a cycloalkyl, having at least one carbon atom replaced by a heteroatom. Optionally the at least one heteroatom is selected from O, S, N, P, B, Si and Se, preferably, O, S or N. For example, a C1-10 heteroalkyl refers to a C1-10 alkyl in which at least one carbon atom is replaced by a heteroatom, a C2-10 heteroalkenyl refers to a C2-10 alkyl in which at least one carbon atom is replace by a heteroatom, a C2-10 heteroalkynyl refers to a C2-10 heteroalkynyl, a C1-10 heteroalkoxy refers to a C1-10 alkoxy in which at least one carbon atom is replaced by a heteroatom, and a C3-10 heterocycloalkyl refers to a C3-10 cycloalkyl in which at least one carbon atom is replaced by a heteroatom.
[0134] It should be noted that the above terms may overlap with each other. A specific group may be described with different terms. For example, a butoxy may be described as an alkoxy, or as a heteroalky.
[0135] The term “hydroxy protecting group” as used herein, refers to a labile chemical moiety which is known in the art to protect a hydroxy group against undesired reactions during synthetic procedures. After said synthetic procedure (s) the hydroxy protecting group as described herein may be selectively removed.
[0136] In the present disclosure, refers to a chemical bond that connects with other groups.
[0137] In the present disclosure, a non-positional connection bond refers to a single bond extending from the ring system involved in the non-positional connection bond, which represents that one end of the connection bond can connect to any position in the ring system through which the bond passes, and the other end connects to the rest of the compound molecule. For example, as shown in Formula (a) below, the pyridyl represented by Formula (a) is connected to other positions of the molecule through one non-positional bonds passing through the phenyl, which indicates any of possible connection forms shown in Formulae (a-1) to (a-3) :
[0138] The term “no or low SARM1 activation” as used herein means an SARM1 activity equivalent to the activity of a naturally occurring SAMR1.
[0139] The term “disease related to SARM1 activation” as used herein refers to neurodegenerative or neurological diseases or disorders that involve axon degeneration or axonopathy. Specifically, the diseases related to SARM1 activation include but are not limited to spinal cord injury, stroke, multiple sclerosis, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, congenital hypomyelination, encephalomyelitis, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, central pontine myelolysis, osmotic hyponatremia, hypoxic demyelination, ischemic demyelination, adrenoleukodystrophy, Alexander's disease, Niemann-Pick disease, Pelizaeus Merzbacher disease, periventricular leukomalacia, globoid cell leukodystrophy (Krabbe's disease) , Wallerian degeneration, optic neuritis, transverse myelitis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS, Lou Gehrig's disease) , Huntington's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Tay-Sacks disease, Gaucher's disease, Hurler Syndrome, traumatic brain injury, post radiation injury, neurologic complications of chemotherapy (chemotherapy induced neuropathy; CIPN) , neuropathy, acute ischemic optic neuropathy, vitamin Bi2 deficiency, isolated vitamin E deficiency syndrome, Bassen-Kornzweig syndrome, Glaucoma, Leber's hereditary optic atrophy. Leber congenital amaurosis, neuromyelitis optics, metachromatic leukodystrophy, acute hemorrhagic leukoencephalitis, trigeminal neuralgia, Bell's palsy, cerebral ischemia, multiple system atrophy, traumatic glaucoma, tropical spastic paraparesis human T-lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1) associated myelopathy, west nile virus encephalopathy, La Crosse virus encephalitis, Bunyavirus encephalitis, pediatric viral encephalitis, essential tremor, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, motomeuron disease, spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) , hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy (HSAN) , adrenomyeloneuropathy, progressive supra nuclear palsy (PSP) , Fnedrich's ataxia, hereditary ataxias, noise induced hearing loss and congenital hearing loss.
[0140] The term “a candidate agent” or “a candidate drug” as used herein refers to any substance, agent (e.g., molecule) , supramolecular complex, material, or combination or mixture thereof. A compound may be any agent that can be represented by a chemical formula, chemical structure, or sequence. It should be understood that any compound described in connection to the present aspect is also applicable in all aspects of the invention. It should be further understood that the invention encompasses the use of any of the described compounds or any combinations or mixtures thereof. In general, candidate agent or drug may be obtained using any suitable method known in the art. The ordinary skilled artisan will select an appropriate method based, e.g., on the nature of the compound. A candidate agent or drug may be at least partly purified. Also, the terms “a candidate agent” or “a candidate drug” as used herein may refer to a small molecule compound. A “small molecule” as used herein, is an organic molecule that is less than about 2 kilodaltons (kDa) in mass.
[0141] All definitions, as defined and used herein, should be understood to control over dictionary definitions, definitions in documents incorporated by reference, and / or ordinary meanings of the defined terms.
[0142] The term “about” as used herein indicates values that may deviate up to 1%, more specifically 5%, more specifically 10%, more specifically 15%, and in some cases up to 20%higher or lower than the value referred to, the deviation range including integer values, and, if applicable, non-integer values as well, constituting a continuous range. In some embodiments, the term “about” refers to ±10%.
[0143] The indefinite articles “a” and “an. ” as used herein in the specification and in the claims, unless clearly indicated to the contrary, should be understood to mean “at least one. ” It must be noted that, as used in this specification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a” , “an” and “the” include plural referents unless the content clearly dictates otherwise.
[0144] The phrase “and / or, ” as used herein in the specification and in the claims, should be understood to mean “either or both” of the elements so conjoined, i.e., elements that are conjunctively present in some cases and disjunctively present in other cases. Multiple elements listed with “and / or” should be construed in the same fashion, i.e., “one or more” of the elements so conjoined. Other elements may optionally be present other than the elements specifically identified by the “and / or” clause, whether related or unrelated to those elements specifically identified. Thus, as a non-limiting example, a reference to “A and / or B” , when used in conjunction with open-ended language such as “comprising” can refer, in one embodiment, to A only (optionally including elements other than B) ; in another embodiment, to B only (optionally including elements other than A) ; in yet another embodiment, to both A and B (optionally including other elements) ; etc.
[0145] As used herein in the specification and in the claims, “or” should be understood to have the same meaning as “and / or” as defined above. For example, when separating items in a list, “or” or “and / or” shall be interpreted as being inclusive, i.e., the inclusion of at least one, but also including more than one of a number or list of elements, and, optionally, additional unlisted items. Only terms clearly indicated to the contrary, such as “only one of” or “exactly one of, ” or, when used in the claims, “consisting of, ” will refer to the inclusion of exactly one element of a number or list of elements. In general, the term “or” as used herein shall only be interpreted as indicating exclusive alternatives (i.e., “one or the other but not both” ) when preceded by terms of exclusivity, such as “either, ” “one of, ” “only one of, ” or “exactly one of” “Consisting essentially of, ” when used in the claims, shall have its ordinary meaning as used in the field of patent law.
[0146] As used herein in the specification and in the claims, the phrase “at least one, ” in reference to a list of one or more elements, should be understood to mean at least one element selected from any one or more of the elements in the list of elements, but not necessarily including at least one of each and every element specifically listed within the list of elements and not excluding any combinations of elements in the list of elements. This definition also allows that elements may optionally be present other than the elements specifically identified within the list of elements to which the phrase “at least one” refers, whether related or unrelated to those elements specifically identified. Thus, as a non-limiting example, “at least one of A and B” (or, equivalently, “at least one of A or B, ” or, equivalently “at least one of A and / or B” ) can refer, in one embodiment, to at least one, optionally including more than one, A, with no B present (and optionally including elements other than B) ; in another embodiment, to at least one, optionally including more than one, B, with no A present (and optionally including elements other than A) ; in yet another embodiment, to at least one, optionally including more than one. A, and at least one, optionally including more than one. B (and optionally including other elements) ; etc.
[0147] It should also be understood that, unless clearly indicated to the contrary, in any methods claimed herein that include more than one step or act, the order of the steps or acts of the method is not necessarily limited to the order in which the steps or acts of the method are recited.
[0148] Throughout this specification and the Examples and claims which follow, all transitional phrases such as “comprising, ” “including, ” “carrying, ” “having, ” “containing, ” “involving, ” “holding, ” “composed of, ” and the like are to be understood to be open-ended, i.e., to mean including but not limited to. Specifically, it should be understood to imply the inclusion of a stated integer or step or group of integers or steps but not the exclusion of any other integer or step or group of integers or steps. Only the transitional phrases “consisting of” and “consisting essentially of” shall be closed or semi-closed transitional phrases, respectively. The term “consisting essentially of” means that the composition, method or structure may include additional ingredients, steps and / or parts, but only if the additional ingredients, steps and / or parts do not materially alter the basic and novel characteristics of the claimed composition, method or structure.
[0149] It should be noted that various embodiments of this invention may be presented in a range format. It should be understood that the description in range format is merely for convenience and brevity and should not be construed as an inflexible limitation on the scope of the invention. Accordingly, the description of a range should be considered to have specifically disclosed all the possible sub ranges as well as individual numerical values within that range. For example, description of a range such as from 1 to 6 should be considered to have specifically disclosed sub ranges such as from 1 to 3, from 1 to 4, from 1 to 5, from 2 to 4, from 2 to 6, from 3 to 6 etc., as well as individual numbers within that range, for example, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6. This applies regardless of the breadth of the range. Whenever a numerical range is indicated herein, it is meant to include any cited numeral (fractional or integral) within the indicated range. The phrases “ranging / ranges between” a first indicate number and a second indicate number and “ranging / ranges from” a first indicate number “to” a second indicate number are used herein interchangeably and are meant to include the first and second indicated numbers and all the fractional and integral numerals there between.
[0150] As used herein the term “method” refers to manners, means, techniques and procedures for accomplishing a given task including, but not limited to, those manners, means, techniques and procedures either known to, or readily developed from known manners, means, techniques and procedures by practitioners of the chemical, pharmacological, biological, biochemical and medical arts.
[0151] It is appreciated that certain features of the invention, which are, for clarity, described in the context of separate embodiments, may also be provided in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features of the invention, which are, for brevity, described in the context of a single embodiment, may also be provided separately or in any suitable sub combination or as suitable in any other described embodiment of the invention. Certain features described in the context of various embodiments are not to be considered essential features of those embodiments, unless the embodiment is inoperative without those elements.
[0152] Various embodiments and aspects of the present invention as delineated herein above and as claimed in the claims section below find experimental support in the following examples.
[0153] EXAMPLES
[0154] Protocols
[0155] 1. Plasmid
[0156] pWPI vector, psPAX2 and pMD2. G was obtained from Addgene and kept in our lab. Full length cDNA for human SARM1 was obatin from Sironax (Beijing) and were subcloned into pWPI vector.
[0157] 2. Virus packaging
[0158] To prepare the virus, HEK293T cells in 10-cm dishes were transfected with 10 μg of pWPI-SARM1-HA-3×Flag. Eight hours after transfection, the medium was changed to fresh medium. Another 40 hours later, the medium was filtered through a 0.22-μm membrane and concentrated by centrifugation at 4000 rpm for 20 minutes. The lentiviral particles were resuspended in DMEM medium or Neurobasal medium before infecting cells or neurons.
[0159] 3. Cell culture and stable cell lines
[0160] Human cell lines HeLa ( CCL-2) and HEK293T ( CRL-11268) were cultured in DMEM (GIBCO) with 10%Penicillin-Streptomycin Solution and 10%FBS at 37℃ with 5%CO2. On the first day, cells were seeded in 6-cm dishes (0.5×105 cells) . On the second day, HeLa cells (with Cas9) were infected with SARM1-HA-3×Flag. The next day after infection, the lentivirus-containing medium was exchanged with fresh medium. Four days later, positive cells were filtered. GFP-positive live cells were sorted using a BD FACSAria II cell sorter to establish HeLa cell lines expressing SARM1.
[0161] 4. DRG neuron culture
[0162] Mouse DRGs ganglia were dissected at embryonic day 13.5 into L15 medium with 1%Penicillin-Streptomycin Solution and dissociated in 0.25%trypsin at 37 ℃ for 20 minutes. The digestion was stopped by adding FBS (Gibco) . The DRG neurons were washed 3 times with DRG culture medium after dissociation. The DRG medium consisted of Neurobasal medium (Thermo Fisher) supplemented with 2%B27 (Thermo Fisher) , 50 ng / ml 2.5S NGF (Thermo Fisher) , 1%Penicillin-Streptomycin Solution, 5 mM L-Glutamine (Thermo Fisher) , 10 μM 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine (Thermo Fisher) , and 10 μM uridine (Sigma) . Cells were plated as spot cultures in 24-well tissue culture plates (Corning) that were pre-coated with 10 μg / ml poly-D-lysine (Thermo Fisher) and 5 μg / ml laminin (Corning) . The culture medium was replaced with fresh DRG medium every two days.
[0163] 5. Cell survival assay
[0164] Cell survival was assessed using the Cell Titer-Glo Luminescent Cell Viability Assay kit (Vazyme) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Luminescence was recorded with a Tecan GENios Pro plate reader.
[0165] 6. Quantification of axon degeneration
[0166] Three imaging fields of each well were randomly selected to calculate axon degeneration indexes. The axon degeneration index was calculated as the ratio of fragmented axon areas. The particle circularity was limited to between 0.2 and 1 (size: pixel2 >20) .
[0167] 7. Live-Cell imaging
[0168] The WT and SARM1- / -DRG neurons were plated as spot cultures in 24-well tissue culture plates and subjected to the indicated compound treatments at DIV7. Static bright-field images of WT or SARM1- / -DRG neurons were captured at DIV7, DIV8, and DIV9 using NIKON-SIM and processed in NIS-SIM software.
[0169] 8. Immunofluorescence
[0170] WT and SARM1- / -DRG neurons were plated as spot cultures in 24-well tissue culture plates. SARM1- / -DRG neurons were infected with either SARM1 or vector lentivirus at DIV4 and then were treated with 10 μM G10 at DIV8. Two days after the initiation of the indicated compound treatments, the DRG neurons were co-immunostained with rabbit anti-α-tubulin antibody, diluted 1: 1000. Images were captured using a ZEISS 800 microscope with a 20 × oil objective and processed with ZEN software. The image data presented are representative of at least three randomly selected fields.
[0171] 9. Metabolite extraction for HPLC
[0172] The quantification of cADPR and NAD+ levels in cells was performed by Sironax (Beijing) . Cell pellets were washed three times with DPBS, and metabolites were extracted by adding 70%acetonitrile (ACN) and incubating them on ice for at least 1 hour. The supernatants were diluted as necessary and analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) . For protein quantification, cell pellets were dissolved in 0.1 M KOH and analyzed using the Bradford assay (BIO-RAD) .
[0173] Example 1. Compound screening assay
[0174] To investigate the mechanism of SARM1 activation, a compound screen in HeLa cells ectopically expressing the full length SARM1 was conducted to identify potential SARM1 activators.
[0175] Each well of a 384-well assay plate was seeded with 3000 Hela-SARM1-HA-3×Flag cells one day before compound treatment. Two chemical libraries, containing approximately 60, 000 and 70, 000 compounds respectively, were delivered into each well at a final concentration of 10 μM. Cell viability was determined by the Cell Titer-Glo assay 24 hours later.
[0176] Among 1.36 million compounds, a pyridine-substituted derivative, 7- (4-ethoxyphenyl) -3- ( (pyridin-3-ylmethyl) thio) -6, 7-dihydro-5H-imidazo [2, 1-c] [1, 2, 4] triazole was identified as a superior SARM1 activator (Table 2) , thereafter, named G10, namely Compound 004. Compounds similar thereto were synthesized thereafter. Some of these compounds were also tested and the results are listed in Table 2.
[0177] Table 2:
[0178] Example 2. Synthesis of Compound 001
[0179] Synthetic route of compound 001
[0180] (a) . Synthesis of Intermediate 2
[0181] To a solution of 4-ethoxyaniline (6.85 g, 50 mmol, 1.0 equiv. ) in 50 mL of H2O was added bromoethylamine hydrobromide (5.13 g, 25 mmol, 0.5 equiv. ) . The reaction mixture was stirred at 95 ℃ for 14 h. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and diluted with water (50 mL) . The solution was extracted with EtOAc (3 X 100 mL) . The aqueous phase was concentrated in vacuo to give crude product, which was recrystallized from MeOH / EtOAc to give Intermediate 2 (8 g) as a brown solid.
[0182] (b) . Synthesis of Intermediate 3
[0183] To a solution of intermediate 2 (4 g, 11.8 mmol, 1.0 equiv. ) in 40 mL of a mixture of DCM / MeOH (5: 1) was added K2CO3 (6.5 g, 47.2 mmol, 4 equiv. ) at room temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h. Then the mixture was filtrated, and the filtrate was concentrated to give a residue, which was dissolved in 100 mL of xylene. A solution of CS2 (1 g, 14 mmol, 1.2 equiv. ) in 25 mL of xylene was added dropwise to above solution. The reaction mixture was stirred at 140 ℃ for 7 h. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and filtered. The solid was dried in vacuo to give crude product Intermediate 3 (2.3 g) as a brown solid, and the crude product was used directly without further purification.
[0184] (c) . Synthesis of Intermediate 4
[0185] To a solution of Intermediate 3 (2.3 g, 10.4 mmol, 1.0 equiv. ) in 30 mL of MeOH was added MeI (1.5 g, 10.4 mmol, 1 equiv. ) dropwise at room temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 24 h. Then the reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo to give a residue, which was treated with cold Et2O, at which time much solid appeared. The mixture was filtered and the solid was dried in vacuo to give crude product Intermediate 4 (2.2 g) , which was used directly without further purification.
[0186] (d) . Synthesis of Intermediate 5
[0187] To a solution of Intermediate 4 (2.2 g, 9.3 mmol, 1.0 equiv. ) in 30 mL of MeOH was added hydrazine hydrate (512 mg, 10.2 mmol, 1.1 equiv. ) . The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 20 min before being heated at 70 ℃ for 24 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo to give crude product Intermediate 5 (2.05 g) , which was used directly without further purification.
[0188] (e) . Synthesis of Intermediate 6
[0189] To a solution of Intermediate 5 (2 g, 9 mmol, 1.0 equiv. ) in 30 mL of a mixture of MeOH: H2O (10: 1) was added NaOH (792 mg, 19.8 mmol, 2.2 equiv. ) at room temperature. Then CS2 (821 mg, 10.8 mmol, 1.2 equiv. ) was added dropwise to above mixture at room temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 min before being heated at 70 ℃ for 14 h. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, and the mixture was acidified with 1 N HCl (10.8 mL, 1.2 equiv. ) . The mixture was filtered and the solid was washed twice with water. The solid was dried in vacuo to give crude product Intermediate 6 (2.1 g) as an off-white solid, which was used directly without further purification.
[0190] (f) . Synthesis of compound 001
[0191] To a solution of Intermediate 6 (500 mg, 1.9 mmol, 1.0 equiv. ) in 5 mL of a mixture of MeOH: H2O (10: 1) were added NaOH (160 mg, 4.0 mmol, 2.1 equiv. ) and 2- (Chloromethyl) pyridine hydrochloride (343 mg, 2.1 mmol, 1.1 equiv. ) . The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 5 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure to give a residue, which was purified by HPLC to give compound 001 (520 mg) as a white solid.
[0192] 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) : δ 8.47 (d, J = 5.1 Hz, 1H) , 7.74 (t, J = 7.9 Hz, 1H) , 7.44 –7.35 (m, 2H) , 7.35 (s, 1H) , 7.27 (t, J = 6.4 Hz, 1H) , 6.93 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 2H) , 4.44 (t, J = 8.3 Hz, 2H) , 4.31 (s, 2H) , 4.07 –3.91 (m, 4H) , 1.28 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 3H) . LRMS (ESI) calculated for [M+H] + 354.13, found 354.32.
[0193] Example 3. Synthesis of Compounds 002-035
[0194] Compounds 002-035 were synthesized following the similar route as that of synthesis of compound 1, except that 4-ethoxyaniline in step (a) was replaced by Reagent A and / or 2- (Chloromethyl) pyridine hydrochloride in step (f) was replaced by Reagent B.
[0195] The structures and data of NMR and MS of compounds 002-0035 are shown in Table 3.
[0196] Table 3
[0197] Example 4. G10 induced a dose-dependent decline in intracellular ATP levels in HeLa cells ectopically expressing SARM1
[0198] Each well of a 96-well assay plate was seeded with 1×104 Hela-SARM1-HA-3×Flag cells or HeLa cells (Control) one day before compound treatment. The establishing of Hela-SARM1-HA-3×Flag stable cell lines was described in protocol 3. Indicated concentrations of G10 were delivered into each well on the second day. Cell viability was determined by the Cell Titer-Glo assay 24 hours later. Data are represented as mean ± SD from triplicate wells. IC50 values of G10 in HeLa-SARM1-HA-3×Flag were calculated using GraphPad Prism.
[0199] Results:
[0200] Treatment with G10 induced a dose-dependent decline in intracellular ATP levels in HeLa cells ectopically expressing SARM1. G10 did not show any cell toxicity in parental HeLa cells at this concentration (Figs. 1A and 1B) .
[0201] Example 5. G10 induced cell death via SARM1 activation
[0202] To further confirm that G10-induced cell death is due to SARM1 activation, the levels of the SARM1 substrate, NAD+, as well as the SARM1-specific enzymatic product, cADPR (Sasaki et al., 2020) , are measured over time in cells following G10 addition.
[0203] Each well of a 96-well assay plate was seeded with 0.5×106 Hela-SARM1-HA-3×Flag cells or HeLa cells (Control) one day before compound treatment. 10 μM G10 were delivered into each well on the second day. Metabolites from HeLa-SARM1-HA-3× Flag and HeLa cells were extracted at the indicated times after G10 treatment using the described method. The results are shown in Fig. 2.
[0204] HeLa-SARM1-HA-3×Flag cells were seeded in 35-nm glass-bottom culture dishes (MatTek) at about 30%confluence. The cells were co-immunostained with mouse anti-SARM1 and rabbit anti-Tom20 (1: 1000 dilution for each antibody) after 8 hours of 10 μM G10 treatment. The detailed methods are described in protocol 8. The morphology of SARM1-dependent cell death was captured using a ZEISS 800 60×oil objective. The images were processed in ZEN software. The images are shown in Figs 3A-3E.
[0205] Results:
[0206] Significant NAD+ depletion and cADPR production were observed in SARM1-expressing cells, while no such change in NAD+ or cADPR was seen in parental cells treated with the same amount of G10 (Fig. 2) . Thus, G10 specifically induced SARM1-dependent cell death in the SARM1-expressing cell line. Furthermore, morphology changes in G10 treated SARM1 expressing cells showed cell shrinkage and blistering (Fig. 3A-3E) .
[0207] Example 6. G10 induced SARM1-dependent axon degeneration
[0208] To test whether G10 induces SARM1-dependent axon degeneration, embryonic DRG neurons isolated from wild-type (WT) or SARM1 knockout mice were cultured in vitro and treated with increasing concentrations of G10.
[0209] The WT DRG neurons cultured as described in protocol 4 for 7 days in vitro (DIV7) were treated with 0 μM, 25 μM, 50 μM G10. Static bright-field images were captured at DIV7 and DIV8 using NIKON-SIM and processed in NIS-SIM software.
[0210] The SARM1 KO DRG neurons cultured as described in protocol 4 for 7 days were treated with 50 μM G10. Static bright-field images were captured at DIV7 and DIV9 using NIKON-SIM and processed in NIS-SIM software. The images are shown in Figs. 4A-4B.
[0211] Sarm1- / -DRG neurons were plated as spot cultures in 24-well tissue culture plates. Sarm1- / -DRG neurons were infected with either SARM1 or vector lentivirus at DIV4 and then were treated with 10 μM G10 at DIV8. Two days after the initiation of the indicated compound treatments, the DRG neurons were co-immunostained with rabbit anti-α-tubulin antibody, diluted 1: 1000. The detailed methods are described in protocol 8. Images were captured using a ZEISS 800 microscope with a 20 × oil objective and processed with ZEN software. The image data presented are representative of at least three randomly selected fields. The images are shown in Figs. 5A-5D.
[0212] Sarm1- / -DRG neurons were plated as spot cultures in 24-well tissue culture plates. Sarm1- / -DRG neurons were infected with either SARM1 or vector lentivirus at DIV4 and then were treated with 10 μM G10 at DIV8. Metabolites from DRG neurons were extracted 12 hours after 10 μM G10 treatment. The results are shown in Fig. 7.
[0213] Sarm1- / -DRG neurons were plated as spot cultures in 24-well tissue culture plates. Sarm1- / -DRG neurons were infected with either SARM1 or vector lentivirus at DIV4 and then were treated with 10 μM G10 at DIV8. Metabolites from DRG neurons were extracted 12 hours after 10 μM G10 treatment using protocol 10. The results are shown in Fig. 8.
[0214] Results:
[0215] Notably, the axons of the wild-type group treated with 25 μM and 50 μM G10 began to degenerate after 24 hours, while the axons of the SARM1 knockout group treated with 50 μM G10 remained intact even after 48 hours (Fig. 4) . Furthermore, SARM1 knockout DRG neurons transfected with human SARM1 cDNA regained the ability to respond to G10 compared to the vector group (Figs. 5 and 6) . Correspondingly, significant NAD+ depletion and cADPR production occurred in hSARM1-rescued, but not vector-transfected DRG neurons following the addition of G10 (Figs. 7 and 8) . Taken together, G10 performed as a superior SARM1 activator in neurons.
[0216] The foregoing description of the specific embodiments will so fully reveal the general nature of the invention that others can, by applying current knowledge, readily modify and / or adapt for various applications such specific embodiments without undue experimentation and without departing from the generic concept, and, therefore, such adaptations and modifications should and are intended to be comprehended within the meaning and range of equivalents of the disclosed embodiments. It is to be understood that the phraseology or terminology employed herein is for the purpose of description and not of limitation. The means, materials, and steps for carrying out various disclosed functions may take a variety of alternative forms without departing from the invention.
[0217] While this invention has been particularly shown and described with references to preferred embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the scope of the invention encompassed by the appended claims.
Claims
1.A compound represented by Formula I: wherein:W1 and W2 are each independently N or CH;Q1, Q2, Q3 and Q4 are each independently selected from the group consisting of O, S, CRx, NRx, CRy, NRy, and N;R1 and Rx are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, an aryl, and a heteroaryl, and are optionally substituted with one or more Rs1;R2 and Ry are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, and -L-R3, wherein L is a single bond, or an optionally substituted straight or branched bivalent C1-10 aliphatic group, in which the C1-10 aliphatic group is saturated or unsaturated, and optionally, one or more methylene groups in the C1-10 aliphatic group are each independently replaced by -O-, -S-, -SO-, -SO2-, NH-, -CO-, or -COO-;R3 is selected from the group consisting of a C1-10 alkyl, a C2-10 alkenyl, a C2-10 alkynyl, a C1-10 alkoxy, a C1-10alkyl-C1-10alkoxy, a C1-10alkyl-CO-C1-10alkoxy, a C1-10alkyl-CO-C1-10alkyl, a C3-10 cycloalkyl, a C3-10 heterocycloalkyl, an aryl, a fused aryl, a heteroaryl, and a fused heteroaryl, and is optionally substituted with one or more Rs3;the one or more Rs1 are the same or different, and each independently selected from the group consisting of a halogen group (e.g., F, Cl, Br, or I) , a hydroxy, an amino, a C1-10 alkyl, a C2-10 alkenyl, a C2-10 alkynyl, a C1-10 alkoxy, an aryloxy, a C1-10 alkoxy-C1-10 alkoxy, a C1-10 alkyl-C1-10 alkoxy, a C1-10 alkoxy-aryl, a CO-C1-10alkoxy, and a CO-C1-10alkyl, a C1-10 heteroalkyl, a C2-10 heteroalkenyl, a C2-10 heteroalkynyl, a C1-10 heteroalkoxy, a heteroaryloxy, a C1-10 heteroalkoxy-C1-10 alkoxy, a C1-10 heteroalkoxy-C1-10 heteroalkoxy a C1-10 heteroalkyl-C1-10 alkoxy, a C1-10 alkyl-C1-10 heteroalkoxy, a C1-10 heteroalkyl-C1-10 heteroalkoxy, a C1-10 heteroalkoxy-aryl, a C1-10 heteroalkoxy-heteroaryl, a C1-10 alkoxy-heteroaryl, a CO-C1-10 heteroalkoxy, and a CO-C1-10 heteroalkyl, , and the one or more Rs1 are optionally substituted with one or more halogen atoms, or the one or more Rs1 are hydroxy protective groups;the one or more Rs3 are the same or different, and each independently selected from the group consisting of a halogen group (e.g., F, Cl, Br, or I) , a hydroxy, an amino, a C1-10 alkyl, a C2-10 alkenyl, a C2-10 alkynyl, a C3-10 cycloalkyl, a C1-10 alkoxy, an aryloxy, an aryl, a SO2-C3-10cycloalkyl, a CO-C1-10alkoxy, a C1-10alkyl-CO-C1-10alkoxy, a C1-10alkyl-CO-C1-10alkyl, and a C1-10alkyl-C1-10alkoxy, a C1-10 heteroalkyl, a C2-10 heteroalkenyl, a C2-10 heteroalkynyl, a C3-10 heterocycloalkyl, a C1-10 heteroalkoxy, a heteroaryloxy, a heteroaryl, a SO2-C3-10 heterocycloalkyl, a CO-C1-10 heteroalkoxy, a C1-10 heteroalkyl-CO-C1-10alkoxy, a C1-10 heteroalkyl-CO-C1-10 heteroalkoxy, a C1-10 alkyl-CO-C1-10 heteroalkoxy, a C1-10 heteroalkyl-CO-C1-10alkyl, a C1-10 heteroalkyl-C1-10alkoxy, a C1-10 heteroalkyl-C1-10 heteroalkoxy, and a C1-10 alkyl-C1-10 heteroalkoxy, and the one or more Rs3 are optionally substituted with one or more halogen atoms; andindicates a single bond or a double bond.2.The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound represented by Formula I is a compound represented by formula I-1a or a oxide of the compound represented by Formula I-2a, 3.The compound of claim 1 or 2, wherein the number of the one or more Rs1 is 1, 2, 3, or 4, and / or the number of the one or more Rs3 is 1, 2, 3, or 4.4.The compound of claim 1 or 2, wherein the one or more Rs1 are each independently selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, a C1-5 alkyl, a C2-5 alkenyl, a C2-5 alkynyl, a C1-5 alkoxy, an aryloxy, a C1-5 alkoxy-C1-5 alkoxy, a C1-5 alkyl-C1-5 alkoxy, a C1-5 alkoxy-aryl, a CO-C1-5 alkoxy, and a CO-C1-5 alkyl, a C1-5 heteroalkyl, a C2-5 heteroalkenyl, a C2-5 heteroalkynyl, a C1-5 heteroalkoxy, a heteroaryloxy, a C1-5 heteroalkoxy-C1-5 alkoxy, a C1-5 heteroalkoxy-C1-5 heteroalkoxy a C1-5 heteroalkyl-C1-5 alkoxy, a C1-5 alkyl-C1-5 heteroalkoxy, a C1-5 heteroalkyl-C1-5 heteroalkoxy, a C1-5 heteroalkoxy-aryl, a C1-5 heteroalkoxy-heteroaryl, a C1-5 alkoxy-heteroaryl, a CO-C1-5 heteroalkoxy, and a CO-C1-5 heteroalkyl.5.The compound of claim 4, wherein the one or more Rs1 are each independently selected from the group consisting of -OH, -F, Br, Cl, CH3, C2H5, C3H7, -OCH3, -OC2H5, -OC3H7, -OPh, -OCH2Ph, -OC2H4Ph, -OC3H6Ph, -OCH2OCH3, and -OCH2OC2H5.6.The compound of claim 1 or 2, wherein the one or more Rs3 are each independently selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, a C1-5 alkyl, a C2-5 alkenyl, a C2-5 alkynyl, a C3-6 cycloalkyl, a C1-5 alkoxy, an aryloxy, an aryl, a SO2-C3-6cycloalkyl, a CO-C1-5alkoxy, a C1-5alkyl-CO-C1-5alkoxy, a C1-5alkyl-CO-C1-5alkyl, and a C1-5alkyl-C1-5alkoxy, a C1-5 heteroalkyl, a C2-5 heteroalkenyl, a C2-5 heteroalkynyl, a C3-5 heterocycloalkyl, a C1-5 heteroalkoxy, a heteroaryloxy, a heteroaryl, a SO2-C3-5 heterocycloalkyl, a CO-C1-5 heteroalkoxy, a C1-5 heteroalkyl-CO-C1-5 alkoxy, a C1-5 heteroalkyl-CO-C1-5 heteroalkoxy, a C1-5 alkyl-CO-C1-5 heteroalkoxy, a C1-5 heteroalkyl-CO-C1-5 alkyl, a C1-5 heteroalkyl-C1-5 alkoxy, a C1-5 heteroalkyl-C1-5 heteroalkoxy, and a C1-5 alkyl-C1-5 heteroalkoxy, and the one or more Rs3 are optionally substituted with one or more halogen atoms selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, and Br.7.The compound of claim 6, wherein the one or more Rs3 are each independently selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, CH3, CF3, COOCH3, COOC4H7 (Boc) and 8.The compound of claim 1 or 2, wherein R1 is selected from the group consisting of a phenyl optionally substituted with one or more Rs1.9.The compound of claim 1 or 2, wherein R3 is selected from the group consisting of a C1-5 alkyl, a C2-5 alkenyl, a C2-5 alkynyl, a C1-5 alkoxy, a C1-5alkyl-C1-5alkoxy, a C1-5alkyl-CO-C1-5alkoxy, a C1-5alkyl-CO-C1-5alkyl, and is optionally substituted with one or more Rs3; or R3 is represented by the following structures: wherein Rc is defined as the one or more Rs3.10.The compound of claim 1 or 2, wherein R1 is selected from the group consisting of and / or R3 is selected from the group consisting of H, 11.The compound of claim 1 or 2, wherein the compound is shown in the following table: 12.A method of identifying a SARM1 inhibitor, comprising the following steps:a) contacting the compound of any one of claims 1 to 11 with a screening model to activate SARM1 in the screening model, wherein the screening model is capable of expressing SARM1;b) treating the screening model with a candidate agent; andc) determining the inhibition of SARM1 in the screening model, wherein the candidate agent that inhibits SARM1 is selected as a SARM1 inhibitor.13.The method of claim 12, wherein the screening model is a cell-based screening model, preferably, the screening model is HeLa cells.14.The method of claim 13, wherein the step a) comprises the following steps:a1) allowing the screening model to express SARM1; anda2) contacting the compound with the screening model in which SARM1 has been expressed.15.The method of claim 12, wherein the method further comprises determination of SARM1 activation in the screening model before step b) .16.The method of claim 13, wherein the step c) comprises the following steps:c1) contacting the screening model treated with the candidate agent with a SARM1 substrate to produce a metabolite,c2) determining the amount of the substrate or the metabolite by a suitable means, andc3) the candidate agent is selected as a SARM1 inhibitor when the amount of the substrate is not reduced, or the amount of the metabolite is not increased over time.17.The method of claim 16, wherein the SARM1 substrate is NAD+, and / or the metabolite is a cADPR.18.A method of validating the effectiveness of a neuroprotective drug or therapy, the method comprising the following steps:a) treating a screening model with the neuroprotective drug or therapy,b) contacting the compound of any one of claims 1 to 11 with the screening model, andc) determining SARM1 activation in the subject, wherein no or low SARM1 activation shows that the neuroprotective drug or therapy is effective.19.A kit for identifying a SARM1 inhibitor or a drug for the treatment or prevention of a disease related to SARM1 activation, comprising the compound of any one of claims 1 to 11.20.The kit of claim 19, further comprising a SARM substrate, and optionally at least one reagent and / or material for quantifying the amount of the SARM1 substrate or the amount of the metabolite thereof, and optionally, each of the components in the kits is packaged separately.
Citation Information
Patent Citations
Quinoline and quinazoline derivatives having affinity for 5HT1-type receptors
CN1852896A
Method of obtaining novel derivatives 7-aryl-3-arylsulphopnylamino-5,6-dihydroimidazo [2,1-c][1,2,4] triazole z
PL189949B1