Vivaldi antenna structure with integrated feed network and method of manufacturing

Abstract

Disclosed is an antenna structure comprising at least one Vivaldi antenna structure (602) and an antenna feed network for the Vivaldi antenna structure (602). The antenna feed network includes a hollow conductive outer portion (202) and a conductive inner portion (204) surrounded by the hollow conductive outer portion (202), with the conductive inner portion (204) located at a distance from the hollow conductive outer portion (202). The antenna structure features at least one fixture portion (302) positioned within the hollow conductive outer portion (202), which conductively couples the hollow conductive outer portion (202) to the conductive inner portion (204). The fixture portion (302) is geometrically shaped to prohibit a short circuit between the hollow conductive outer portion (202) and the conductive inner portion (204) at the operating frequency of the Vivaldi antenna structure (602).

Description

1 2023PF01492VIVALDI ANTENNA STRUCTURE WITH INTEGRATED FEED NETWORK AND METHOD OF MANUFACTURINGFIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0001] The invention relates to the field of antenna structures and methods of for manufacturing thereof.BACKGROUND

[0002] Vivaldi antennas, known for their wide bandwidth and high gain, have been widely used in various applications such as radar systems, telecommunications, and automobiles. These antennas are typically designed as planar, end-fire antennas with an exponentially tapered slot structure, which allows them to operate over a broad frequency range while maintaining a relatively simple and compact form factor.

[0003] In traditional Vivaldi antenna designs, the feed network plays a crucial role in ensuring efficient signal transmission and reception. Conventional feed networks often comprises coaxial cables or microstrip lines that provide the necessary connectivity between the antenna and the associated electronic components. These feed networks must be carefully designed to match the impedance of the antenna and minimize signal losses, reflections, and other forms of degradation that can negatively impact the antenna's performance.

[0004] CN216120726U describes a small-sized circular polarization Vivaldi antenna and a mobile communication system. The small-sized circular polarization Vivaldi antenna comprises seven dielectric substrates and a coaxial line feed cable. Four dielectric slabs are printed with Vivaldi antennas, one dielectric slab is printed with a bending part of the Vivaldi antennas, one dielectric slab is printed with a micro-strip Wilkinson feed network, and one dielectric slab coated with metal serves as a reflecting plate.2 2023PF01492

[0005] CN106549233A describes a kind of Antonio Vivaldi circular array antenna of the horizontally polarized omnidirectional connecting-type of ultra broadband. It includes a radiating element, a feeding network, and a dielectric slab.SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0006] It is an objective to provide for an antenna structure comprising at least one Vivaldi antenna structure and an antenna feed network for the Vivaldi antenna structure and method for manufacturing thereof. The objectives underlying the invention are solved by the features of the independent claims.

[0007] In one aspect an antenna structure comprising at least one Vivaldi antenna structure and an antenna feed network for the Vivaldi antenna structure is disclosed. The antenna feed network comprises a hollow conductive outer portion and a conductive inner portion surrounded by the hollow conductive outer portion. The conductive inner portion is located at a distance to the hollow conductive outer portion. The antenna feed network further comprises at least one fixture portion located within the hollow conductive outer portion. The fixture portion is conductively coupling the hollow conductive outer portion and the conductive inner portion and is geometrically shaped to prohibit a short circuit between the hollow conductive outer portion and the conductive inner portion at an operating frequency of the Vivaldi antenna structure

[0008] An antenna could be a device that may transmit and / or receive electromagnetic waves. It might be used in various applications such as telecommunications, broadcasting, automotives and / or radar systems. For example, in conjunction with a transceiver chip, which could convert electrical signals into radio waves (and vice versa), the antenna may play a crucial role in wireless communication systems. For example, a transceiver chip might generate radio waves from electrical signals, and the antenna could then radiate these waves into the air. Similarly, the antenna might receive radio waves and the transceiver chip could convert them back into electrical signals for further processing. The design and structure of an antenna could significantly affect its performance, making it a critical component in any wireless communication system.

[0009] An antenna structure might refer to the physical configuration of the antenna, e.g., encompassing all its components and / or their arrangement. The antenna structure may comprise the antenna feed structure. The feed structure may be a feed line or the antenna feed network. The feed line and / or the antenna feed network may comprise means for feeding data and / or signals to and from the antenna structure to other components such as e.g., a transceiver chip and / or other circuits and / or integrated circuits. The antenna structure could further comprise3 2023PF01492 elements like the radiating elements and / or any supporting structures. The design of the antenna structure could play a crucial role in determining the antenna's operational characteristics such as its bandwidth, gain, and radiation pattern. For instance, a parabolic dish antenna structure might focus radio waves into a narrow beam, enhancing signal strength in a specific direction.

[0010] A Vivaldi antenna structure may specifically refer to a type of antenna known for e.g., its exponentially tapered slot, which could allow it to operate over a wide frequency range. This structure might be characterized by a simple and compact form factor, e.g., making it suitable for applications requiring high gain and wide bandwidth. For example, the Vivaldi antenna comprises a flared slot line with an exponentially tapered opening that gradually widens from the feed point to the aperture. The unique design might enable e.g., efficient radiation and reception of electromagnetic waves over a broad frequency range. For example, Vivaldi antennas might be used in radar systems where they could offer excellent performance across a broad spectrum of frequencies.

[0011] The antenna feed network might be the system responsible for connecting the antenna to the transmitter, receiver and / or transceiver. It could play a key role in delivering the signal to the antenna or receiving the signal from the antenna. It may minimize signal loss and / or reflection. This feed network might recreate a coaxial feed network. Proper design of the feed network could ensure that the impedance of the antenna is matched, thereby e.g., minimizing signal losses and reflections.

[0012] The term "hollow" as used herein could refer to a space or cavity within a component and / or portion. For example, in the context of the antenna structure, the hollow conductive outer portion refers to the outer shell that encases inner components, providing a pathway for the signal while preventing external interference.

[0013] The term "conductive" as used herein may describe a material's ability to e.g., allow the flow of electrical current. In the antenna structure, conductive materials could be used for the inner and outer portions to ensure efficient signal transmission. For example, metal is used as a material to allow for conductivity. For example, metal may be coated onto other materials, in particular onto FR4, to allow for conductivity. For example, the material may be sheet metal. For example, the metal may comprise steel, copper, aluminum, iron, silver, gold, nickel, tungsten, titanium, platinum, palladium, zinc, tin, and / or a mixture or alloy thereof.4 2023PF01492

[0014] The outer portion might be the external or outer part of the antenna feed network, e.g., facing the surrounding environment. This outer portion could provide structural support and electromagnetic shielding, preventing external interference from affecting the signal.

[0015] The inner portion could refer to the central conductor within the antenna feed network, which might be responsible for carrying the signal. For example, this inner portion is surrounded by the hollow conductive outer portion, maintaining a specific distance to ensure proper impedance matching and signal integrity.

[0016] Located at a distance might describe the spatial separation between the inner and outer portions of the antenna feed network. This distance could be crucial in maintaining the correct impedance and preventing electrical short circuits.

[0017] A fixture and / or fixture portion could refer to an element that provides mechanical support and stability to the components within the antenna structure. For example, fixtures might hold the inner and outer portions in place, ensuring they remain at the correct distance from each other. The fixture portion might be a specific part of a fixture that conductively couples the hollow conductive outer portion and the conductive inner portion. This portion might be designed to maintain the necessary separation between these components while allowing electrical connectivity.

[0018] Located within could describe the positioning of the fixture portion inside the hollow conductive outer portion. This internal placement might help in maintaining the structural integrity and functionality of the antenna feed network.

[0019] Conductively coupling might refer to a conductive and / or electrical connection between different portions. For example, it may refer to a conductive and / or electrical connection between the inner and outer portion through the fixture portion. This coupling could allow or prevent the transfer of electrical signals while maintaining the necessary physical separation to prevent short circuits. For example, this coupling may prevent the transfer of high-frequency electrical signals, wherein high-frequency is a frequency of 73 GHz or more, in particular of 76 GHz or more.

[0020] Geometrically shaped might describe the specific design and / or form of a portion, in particular of the fixture portion. For example, this geometric shaping is crucial in ensuring that the fixture maintains the correct spacing between the inner and outer portions and prevents any unintended electrical contact.5 2023PF01492

[0021] A short circuit might occur when there is an unintended conductive path between two portions and / or components. It may allow current to flow directly between them. The short circuit may be limited to certain frequencies. It may be limited to direct current. It may be limited to frequencies less than 76 GHz, in particular to frequencies less than 73 GHz. For example, in the context of the antenna structure, a short circuit between the hollow conductive outer portion and the conductive inner portion via the fixture portions may not influence the performance of the antenna structure, as the antenna structure may operate at an operating frequency in which the short circuit does not arise. The antenna structure may be designed so that a short circuit at an operating frequency of the Vivaldi antenna structure may be prohibited. Prohibiting a short circuit might refer to the design features of the fixture portion that may prevent the inner and outer portions from coming into unintended contact and / or short circuiting at the operating frequency of the Vivaldi antenna structure. This could be achieved through careful geometric shaping and placement of the fixture.

[0022] Operating frequency could describe the specific frequency range over which the antenna may be designed to operate. This frequency range might determine the antenna's suitability for different applications, such as telecommunications, radar, automotive and / or broadcasting. The Vivaldi antenna structure, with its wide bandwidth, could operate over a broad range of frequencies, making it versatile for various uses. For example, the operating frequency of the Vivaldi antenna structure is in between 73 to 83 GHz, in particular in between 76 to 81 GHz.

[0023] One advantage could be that the antenna feed network, which may comprise a hollow conductive outer portion and a conductive inner portion surrounded by the outer portion, with the inner portion located at a distance, could ensure efficient signal transmission by minimizing losses and reflections. This separation might help maintain proper impedance matching, which could be crucial for optimal performance.

[0024] Another advantage of this design might be cost savings. By designing the feed network in such a way that the inner and outer portions could be manufactured from e.g., metal or sheet metal as e.g., a one-piece pick-and-place part, production costs might be significantly reduced. This method of manufacturing may streamline the production process, potentially allowing for quicker and more efficient assembly. The ease of manufacture could make the antenna structure highly suitable for mass production, enabling, for example, automotive manufacturers to produce these components in large quantities at a lower cost.6 2023PF01492

[0025] For example, the wide frequency range over which the Vivaldi antenna could operate may be a significant advantage. The exponentially tapered slot design of the Vivaldi antenna structure might allow it to handle a broad spectrum of frequencies, from 73 to 83 GHz, particularly between 76 to 81 GHz, making it ideal for automotive radar systems. This high- frequency range might be essential for e.g., achieving high-resolution detection of objects, potentially providing precise distance measurements and accurate velocity calculations, which could be critical for advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS) and autonomous driving technologies.

[0026] The geometrically shaped fixture portions within the hollow conductive outer portion may prohibit short circuits at the operating frequency. This could enhance the reliability and safety of the antenna by preventing unintended conductive paths that might degrade performance or damage components. For example, by ensuring that the inner and outer portions remain properly spaced and electrically isolated, the design might offer enhanced operational stability, which may be crucial in the automotive environment where vibrations and mechanical stresses are common.

[0027] Another potential advantage might be the structural integrity potentially provided by the outer portion. For example, by acting as a shield, the hollow conductive outer portion could protect the inner components from external interference, thereby maintaining signal integrity. This shielding might be particularly beneficial in automotive environments, where the presence of various electronic devices may cause electromagnetic interference. Potentially ensuring signal integrity could result in more reliable radar performance, e.g., improving safety and functionality in various driving conditions.

[0028] The design of the antenna feed network might allow for efficient connectivity between the antenna and other electronic components such as e.g., transceiver chips and integrated circuits. This connectivity could minimize signal loss and reflection, potentially ensuring that the data transmitted and / or received by the antenna is of high quality. For example, in an automotive radar system, an efficient feed network might enhance the reliability and clarity of the detected signals, leading to better object detection and collision avoidance.

[0029] For example, the compact and simple form factor of the Vivaldi antenna structure may make it easy to integrate into various automotive systems. Its design could allow for high gain and wide bandwidth without e.g., requiring large amounts of space, potentially making it ideal for applications where size and weight might be critical factors.7 2023PF01492

[0030] Additionally, the streamlined manufacturing process could not only reduce costs but could potentially also speed up production. For example, the ability to mass-produce these components as pick-and-place parts might lead to faster assembly times, which may be highly advantageous in the automotive industry where production efficiency and time-to-market are crucial. The simplicity of the design might also reduce the likelihood of manufacturing errors, leading to e.g., higher quality and consistency in the final products.

[0031] For example, the conductive inner portion is comprised of the same material as the at least one fixture portion.

[0032] Both portions might be manufactured using an identical material, which could streamline the production process. For example, both the inner portion and the fixture portion could be made from a sheet metal or metal. Both portions might be combined as one piece. They may be a single one-piece pick-and-place part.

[0033] For example, if the inner portion and the fixture portion are both made of sheet metal or metal, they could be produced together in a single manufacturing step. They also may be assembled in a single manufacturing step. This one-piece construction could thus simplify assembly, reduce the number of parts, and minimize manufacturing time. By using a single material and producing the components as a unified piece, manufacturers might achieve better consistency and quality control.

[0034] One advantage of manufacturing both portions as a one-piece pick-and-place part may be cost-effectiveness. This approach could reduce material costs by eliminating the need for multiple types of materials and separate production processes. Additionally, it might lower labor costs because fewer assembly steps are required. The streamlined production process could also decrease the likelihood of manufacturing errors, further reducing costs associated with rework or quality control issues.

[0035] For example, if the conductive inner portion and the fixture portion are comprised of the same material, it might streamline the production process. Both portions could be manufactured using an identical material, such as sheet metal or another type of metal, which may allow them to be combined into a single piece. This one-piece construction might simplify the assembly process, as both portions could be produced together in a single manufacturing step and assembled in one go. This could reduce the number of parts required and minimize manufacturing time. By utilizing a single material and producing the components as a unified piece, manufacturers might achieve better consistency and quality control.8 2023PF01492

[0036] For example, the hollow conductive outer portion comprises a bottom portion, a middle portion and an upper portion. For example, parts of the middle portion are conductively connected to parts of the upper portion and parts of the bottom portion. For example, the bottom portion, the middle portion and the upper portion comprise a conductive material, preferably wherein the middle portion, the at least one fixture portion and the conductive inner portion are a one-piece part.

[0037] For example, the middle portion, the at least one fixture portion and the conductive inner portion are comprised of the same material.

[0038] The bottom portion might be the base of the structure, potentially providing foundational support and possibly housing certain elements comprising e.g., circuit board coated with a conductive material. The middle portion could serve as an intermediary segment that connects the bottom and upper portions, potentially playing a key role in maintaining the structural integrity and alignment of the antenna. The upper portion might be the top segment of the structure, potentially interacting with the antenna's radiating elements and ensuring proper signal transmission.

[0039] The bottom portion of the antenna structure might serve as the foundational base of the antenna feed network. For example, the bottom portion is a circuit board coated with a conductive material such as copper. This conductive coating could help in transmitting electrical signals efficiently while providing mechanical support to the antenna. The bottom portion's role may be crucial as it may ensure that the antenna is securely anchored and that all other components are properly aligned and connected.

[0040] The middle portion may be the intermediary section of the antenna structure that could serve as a bridge between the bottom and upper portions. The middle portion could play a role in conducting electrical signals between the bottom and upper portions. If the middle portion is e.g., part of a one-piece construction along with the fixture and conductive inner portions, it might simplify the manufacturing process by reducing the number of components that need to be assembled separately.

[0041] The upper portion of the antenna structure may be the topmost segment and might interact directly with the radiating elements of the antenna. This portion could be crucial for the antenna's ability to transmit and receive signals. In some designs, the upper portion might be connected to the middle portion and subsequently to the bottom portion. For example, they form a continuous path for the signal flow within the antenna structure from the bottom portion9 2023PF01492 to the middle portion to the upper portion. The upper portion might be designed to work in tandem with the other portions to ensure that e.g., the antenna operates efficiently across its intended frequency range, possibly enhancing the overall performance of the device.

[0042] The conductive material used e.g., in the bottom, middle, and upper portions may refer to a substance that allows for the efficient flow of electrical current. The conductive material may comprise metals, in particular metals like copper, aluminum, and / or various alloys. The choice of conductive material may be crucial as it may directly impact the efficiency of signal transmission and the overall performance of the antenna. By e.g., using a high-quality conductive material, the antenna structure could minimize signal losses, could reduce the likelihood of interference, and could maintain strong, reliable connections between the different components.

[0043] The concept of a one-piece part may refer to the integration of multiple components— e.g., the middle portion, the fixture portion, and the conductive inner portion— into a single, unified piece. This approach could significantly streamline the manufacturing process, as it eliminates the need for separate assembly of these components. By creating a one-piece part, manufacturers might reduce the chances of misalignment or defects that can occur when multiple pieces are assembled individually. This unified construction could lead to enhanced structural stability, improved consistency in production, and possibly a reduction in overall manufacturing costs.

[0044] For example, if the bottom portion is a circuit board coated with a conductive material like copper, it provides a stable and efficient platform for the antenna's operation. The middle portion, potentially being part of the one-piece structure, might ensure that the conductive inner portion and fixture portion are securely and precisely positioned. The upper portion, connected to the middle and bottom portions, might play a crucial role in the antenna's signal emission and reception, especially if it is integrated with the radiating elements.

[0045] The use of conductive materials in all these portions might ensure efficient electrical performance, might minimize signal loss and might maintaining the integrity of the transmitted or received signals. Moreover, the conductive connection between the middle portion and the upper and bottom portions could enhance the overall electrical performance of the antenna, potentially ensuring that the signal is efficiently transmitted through the entire structure. This design might also allow for better impedance matching and reduced signal reflection, which may be crucial for optimal antenna performance. As a result, the antenna structure might be more reliable and effective in its applications, particularly in environments where precise signal10 2023PF01492 transmission and reception are critical, such as in automotive radar systems or telecommunications.

[0046] For example, the conductive inner portion, the at least one fixture portion, the upper portion and the middle portion are comprised of the same material, in particular wherein the material is a sheet metal.

[0047] Sheet metal could refer to thin, flat pieces of metal. For example, thin could refer to the sheet metal having a thickness that ranges from 0.2 mm (about 0.008 inches) over 6 mm (about 0.24 inches) up to 1 cm (about 0.4 inches). In industry, the thickness is often measured in gauges, with lower gauge numbers indicating thicker sheets. For instance, 18-gauge steel sheet might be approximately 1.2 mm thick, while 26-gauge sheet metal could be around 0.5 mm thick. For example, flat refers to the even, level surface of the sheet metal, meaning that the material has minimal curvature or waviness. The flatness of sheet metal might be specified based on its deviation from a perfectly level surface over a given length. For example, the flatness tolerance may be within 10 millimeters over a meter of sheet length. Sheet metal could be made from different metals, e.g., steel, copper, aluminum, iron, silver, gold, nickel, tungsten, titanium, platinum, palladium, zinc, tin, and / or a mixture or alloy thereof.

[0048] For example, in the context of the antenna structure, sheet metal might be used as the primary material for the conductive inner portion, the fixture portion, the upper portion, and the middle portion. This material may allow for the efficient flow of electrical signals while providing the necessary structural support. The use of sheet metal could also enable the components to be manufactured as a one-piece part, which e.g., might simplify the production process, improve the overall durability of the antenna, reduce cost and reduce production time.

[0049] Using the same material for the conductive inner portion, fixture portion, upper portion, and middle portion of the antenna could streamline the manufacturing process by e.g., allowing all components to be produced in a single step. This uniformity might reduce production complexity, lower costs, and simplify quality control, as monitoring a single material type could reduce defects and improve product reliability. Additionally, the consistent material properties might ensure that all parts expand and contract uniformly with temperature changes, enhancing the structural integrity of the antenna.

[0050] Furthermore, e.g., employing a single material across these portions could improve the antenna's electrical performance by ensuring better impedance matching, which might reduce signal loss and reflection. This consistency could lead to more efficient signal transmission and11 2023PF01492 reception, making the antenna more effective in high-performance applications like radar and telecommunications.

[0051] The potential advantages of using sheet metal in this application could include its ability to maintain the structural integrity of the antenna while e.g., ensuring excellent electrical conductivity. For example, the uniformity and consistency of sheet metal might help in achieving precise manufacturing tolerances, which could be crucial for the antenna's performance. Additionally, sheet metal may offer cost-effectiveness, as it could be readily available and easily fabricated into the desired shapes, potentially reducing production costs and time. This material might also provide resistance to environmental factors such as corrosion, which could enhance the longevity and reliability of the antenna structure in various operating conditions.

[0052] For example, the bottom portion is comprised of a circuit board coated with a conductive metal, in particular wherein the circuit board comprises FR4 epoxy laminate material, in particular wherein the conductive metal is copper.

[0053] A circuit board might be a flat, thin board used in electronic devices to e.g., mechanically support and electrically connect various electronic components. For example, it comprises conductive pathways, tracks, and / or signal traces etched from copper sheets laminated onto a non-conductive substrate. The circuit board could serve as the foundation for mounting electronic components. In the context of the antenna structure, the bottom portion being a circuit board coated with a conductive metal like copper may enable efficient signal transmission and provide a stable base for the antenna's operation. The copper coating might enhance the board's conductivity, ensuring that electrical signals may flow seamlessly between components.

[0054] FR4 epoxy laminate material could refer to a specific type of material commonly used as the substrate in circuit boards. This material might comprise woven fiberglass cloth with an epoxy resin binder. It may be flame resistant (hence the designation "FR"). For example, FR4 may be chosen for its mechanical strength, good electrical insulation properties, and / or stability under varying environmental conditions. The material might also provide resistance to moisture, making it suitable for use in a wide range of electronic applications. In the antenna structure, using FR4 epoxy laminate material as the core of the circuit board could ensure durability and reliable performance, even in harsh environments. FR4 may refer to a material that is compliant with various standards and regulations, in particular IPC-4101 / 21.

[0055] The possible advantages of using a circuit board in the antenna structure's bottom portion could include enhanced structural stability and improved electrical connectivity. For12 2023PF01492 example, the circuit board might provide a precise and reliable platform for mounting the antenna's components, ensuring consistent performance. Additionally, the use of a copper- coated circuit board might facilitate efficient signal transmission, reducing potential losses and ensuring that the antenna operates effectively.

[0056] Similarly, employing FR4 epoxy laminate material for the circuit board could offer significant benefits. This material might provide excellent insulation and mechanical strength, potentially ensuring the antenna's reliability and longevity. For example, the moisture resistance of FR4 could prevent degradation in humid environments, while its flame resistance might enhance safety. It may also be a cheap material to utilize within the manufacturing process. Overall, the combination of a circuit board with FR4 material could result in a durable, efficient, and reliable foundation for the antenna structure, potentially supporting its optimal performance in various conditions.

[0057] For example, the Vivaldi antenna structure is comprised of a first antenna portion and a second antenna portion. For example, the first antenna portion is comprised by the upper portion and comprises a first coupling slot electromagnetically coupled to the conductive inner portion of the antenna feed network. For example, the second antenna portion extends orthogonal to the first antenna portion and comprises two wing shaped elements. For example, the first antenna portion and the second antenna portion form the Vivaldi antenna structure.

[0058] A coupling slot might refer to an elongated opening or gap in the antenna portion that may facilitate the transfer of electromagnetic energy between different components of the antenna. This slot might allow for the efficient transfer of energy from the feed network to the antenna elements.

[0059] Electromagnetically coupled could describe the interaction between two components that allows them to transfer energy through electromagnetic fields and / or through direct electrical connections. The electromagnetic coupling could enable the antenna to e.g., receive signals from the feed network and radiate them, or vice versa.

[0060] Orthogonal could refer to the geometric relationship between two components that are positioned at right angles to each other. In the described Vivaldi antenna structure, the second antenna portion might extend orthogonally to the first antenna portion, meaning that the two portions are arranged at a 90-degree angle with a tolerance of 2-degrees, in particular 4-degrees, in particular 6-degrees. This orthogonal arrangement could be important for achieving the desired radiation pattern or polarization characteristics of the antenna. For example, positioning13 2023PF01492 the antenna portions orthogonally might help in isolating different signal paths or in enhancing the antenna's directional properties, which could be crucial in applications like radar systems.

[0061] One advantage could be that the coupling slot might enable efficient energy transfer, reducing losses and improving signal strength. Electromagnetic coupling between components could allow for a more compact and integrated design, potentially leading to better overall efficiency. The orthogonal arrangement of antenna portions might enhance the antenna's ability to isolate signals or achieve desired directional properties, which could be particularly beneficial in applications like radar.

[0062] For example, the Vivaldi antenna structure is comprised of the same material as the upper portion.

[0063] One advantage could be that by e.g., using the same material throughout the Vivaldi antenna structure and / or the upper portion (and / or other portions), this might lead to improved manufacturing efficiency. For example, this uniformity could streamline the production process by reducing the need for multiple material types, simplifying assembly, and lowering production costs. Manufacturers might benefit from using a single material as it could allow for bulk purchasing and minimize the need for different fabrication techniques, leading to a more cost- effective and faster production process.

[0064] For example, having the Vivaldi antenna structure and the upper portion made from the same material could enhance the structural integrity and consistency of the antenna. For example, this material uniformity might ensure that both the Vivaldi antenna structure and the upper portion expand and contract at the same rate when exposed to temperature variations, reducing the risk of mechanical stress, warping, or misalignment. This could be particularly important in environments subject to fluctuating temperatures, where different materials might behave differently, potentially compromising the antenna's performance and durability.

[0065] Additionally, e.g., the use of the same material could improve the electrical performance of the antenna. For example, the consistent material properties throughout the structure might lead to better impedance matching, potentially reduce signal loss and reflections, and thereby may enhance the efficiency of signal transmission and reception. This uniformity could ensure that the antenna operates optimally within its designated frequency range, potentially making it more reliable in high-performance applications.14 2023PF01492

[0066] For example, one end of the at least one fixture portion is connected to the middle portion and another end of the at least one fixture portion is connected to the conductive inner portion. For example, the distance from the one end to the another end is a quarter of the wavelength of the Vivaldi antenna structure with a tolerance of 10%, in particular 5%. For example, the wavelength corresponds to the operating frequency.

[0067] For example, the conductive inner portion and the hollow conductive outer portion comprise a curved segment. For example, the at least one fixture portion forms a bow so that two ends of the at least one fixture portion are connected to the middle portion and a middle part of the at least one fixture portion is connected to the conductive inner portion. For example, the distance from the one end to the another end is a quarter of the wavelength of the Vivaldi antenna structure with a tolerance of 10%, in particular 5%.

[0068] For example, a quarter of the wavelength, denoted as X / 4, may refer to one-fourth of the distance that a wave travels during one complete cycle of oscillation. It may be calculated with the following formula: A = with the variables denoting the wavelength (X) of the signal, the frequency (f) and the speed of light (c) in a vacuum, c may be 3*108meters per second (m / s). Thequarter wavelength may then be calculated using the formula Quarter Wavelength = ~ =For a frequency between 73 to 83 GHz, the quarter wavelength may be 1.027 mm at 73 GHz down to 0.904 mm at 83 GHz.

[0069] The design where one end of the fixture portion is connected to the middle portion and the other end to the conductive inner portion, with the distance being a quarter of the wavelength of the Vivaldi antenna structure, may offer significant advantages in preventing short circuits at the operating frequency. This specific quarter-wavelength distance might create a high impedance path at the operating frequency, potentially preventing unintended conductive paths that could lead to short circuits. As a result, the antenna structure could maintain its integrity and functionality, e.g., ensuring reliable performance at applications utilizing the operating frequency.

[0070] Additionally, the inclusion of a curved segment in the conductive inner and outer portions may allow for the antenna structure to e.g., incorporate angled or non-linear designs without compromising signal integrity. This flexibility in design could be particularly useful in situations where space constraints or specific installation requirements may necessitate an angled conductive outer portion. The bow-shaped fixture portion, in this context, might ensure15 2023PF01492 that the inner and outer conductors may remain properly aligned even in e.g., curved or angled sections, potentially maintaining the necessary spacing and potentially preventing electrical interference or performance degradation. For example, this could make the antenna structure more versatile and adaptable to various installation environments, while still operating efficiently at its designated frequency.

[0071] For example, the distance between the conductive inner portion (204) and the hollow outer portion (202) in a first plane is at least a tenth of the wavelength of the Vivaldi antenna structure (602), in particular at least an eighth of the wavelength of the Vivaldi antenna structure (602), and wherein the distance between the conductive inner portion (204) and the hollow outer portion (202) in a second plane is at least one-twenty-second of the wavelength of the Vivaldi antenna structure (602), in particular at least one-twentieth of the wavelength of the Vivaldi antenna structure (602), the wavelength corresponding to the operating frequency, wherein the first plane and second plane are orthogonal to each other.

[0072] For example, the terms "first plane" and "second plane" as used herein refer to specific orientations within a three-dimensional space that describe the positioning and alignment of components within a structure, such as the Vivaldi antenna. The first plane may be parallel to the ground or a flat surface, e.g., extending left to right and front to back, like the surface of a table.In the context of the Vivaldi antenna structure, the first plane may refer to the plane in which the conductive inner portion and the hollow conductive outer portion are spaced apart along a level, flat axis.

[0073] The second plane may be orthogonal to the first plane and may extend up and down. It may be akin to the wall of a room or a vertical sheet standing upright. In the case of the Vivaldi antenna structure, the vertical plane may describe the separation between the conductive inner portion and the hollow outer portion along the vertical axis, which may be viewed from the side of the antenna.

[0074] For example, the Vivaldi antenna structure may extend upwards in the direction of the second plane. The Vivaldi antenna structure may be oriented vertically, with the second plane running e.g., parallel with a tolerance of 2°, in particular 4°, in particular 6°, to the direction in which the antenna's radiating elements (wing-shaped portions) extend. The first plane may be orthogonal to the second plane, running e.g., horizontally at the base where the antenna structure may connect with the upper portion of the feed network. The second plane may be parallel to the vertical dimension of the antenna's height, while the first plane may be parallel16 2023PF01492 with a tolerance of 2°, in particular 4°, in particular 6°, to the horizontal spread of the antenna's base and the feed network.

[0075] For example, the specification that the distance between the conductive inner portion and the hollow outer portion is at least a tenth of the wavelength in the first plane ensures that there is adequate spacing to maintain signal integrity and prevent unwanted electromagnetic interactions that could degrade performance. Similarly, by e.g., maintaining a specific distance in the second plane, such as at least one-twenty-second of the wavelength, could help in achieving proper impedance matching and avoiding signal reflections that might arise from e.g., insufficient separation between the antenna components.

[0076] These specific separations in the first and second planes could offer several advantages. For example, maintaining a defined distance between the conductive inner and outer portions in both planes might help optimize the antenna's performance by minimizing signal loss and ensuring efficient electromagnetic wave propagation. By e.g., precisely controlling these distances, the antenna structure could achieve better impedance matching, which may be crucial for reducing signal reflection and enhancing overall transmission quality. This careful alignment may also reduce the likelihood of electromagnetic interference between components, potentially leading to more stable and reliable antenna operation.

[0077] For example, the ability to define and maintain specific distances in the first and second planes could enhance the manufacturability and consistency of the antenna structure. For example, precise spacing can lead to better repeatability in production, ensuring that each antenna performs as expected without significant variations. This consistency might be particularly important in applications where e.g., the antenna needs to operate within tight performance specifications, such as e.g., in automotive radar systems or high-frequency telecommunications. Additionally, these defined separations could contribute to the overall mechanical stability of the antenna, potentially preventing structural issues that might arise from misalignment or incorrect assembly, thereby potentially enhancing the antenna's longevity and reliability in various environmental conditions.

[0078] In another aspect, a method for manufacturing an antenna structure comprising at least one Vivaldi antenna structure and an antenna feed network for the Vivaldi antenna structure is disclosed. The method comprises providing a middle portion, at least one fixture portion and a conductive inner portion. The middle portion, the at least one fixture portion and the conductive inner portion are joined together forming a joint middle portion in which the conductive inner17 2023PF01492 portion is located at a distance to the middle portion. The fixture portion is geometrically shaped to prohibit a short circuit between the middle portion and the conductive inner portion at an operating frequency of the Vivaldi antenna structure. The method further comprises providing a bottom portion. The method further comprises providing an upper portion. The method further comprises joining the bottom portion, joint middle portion and upper portion together so that parts of the middle portion are conductively connected to parts of the upper portion and parts of the bottom portion and so that the conductive inner portion is located at a distance to the bottom portion and upper portion.

[0079] It is understood that aspects and / or examples of the aspect of the antenna structure comprising at least one Vivaldi antenna structure and an antenna feed network for the Vivaldi antenna structure can be combined with the aspect of a method for manufacturing an antenna structure comprising at least one Vivaldi antenna structure and an antenna feed network for the Vivaldi antenna structure, as long as the combined aspects and / or examples are not mutually exclusive.

[0080] It is understood that one or more of the aforementioned examples may be combined as long as the combined examples are not mutually exclusive.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0081] In the following, examples are described in greater detail making reference to the drawings in which:

[0082] Fig. 1 is a schematic of an antenna structure comprising at least one Vivaldi antenna structure and an antenna feed network for the Vivaldi antenna structure;

[0083] Fig. 2 is a schematic of a hollow conductive outer portion and a conductive inner portion;

[0084] Fig. 3 is a schematic of a straight hollow conductive outer portion and a conductive inner portion;

[0085] Fig. 4 is a schematic of a curved hollow conductive outer portion and a conductive inner portion;

[0086] Fig. 5 is a schematic of a curved hollow conductive outer portion and a curved conductive inner portion;18 2023PF01492

[0087] Fig. 6 is a schematic of a cascaded antenna structure comprising four Vivaldi antenna structures and an antenna feed network for the Vivaldi antenna structures.DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0088] In the following, similar elements are denoted by the same reference numerals.

[0089] Figure 1 shows a schematic of an antenna structure comprising at least one Vivaldi antenna structure and an antenna feed network for the Vivaldi antenna structure.

[0090] In Figure 1, the antenna feed network may comprise of a bottom portion 102, a middle portion 104 and an upper portion 106, forming a hollow conductive outer portion. Integrated into the hollow conductive outer portion may be a Vivaldi antenna structure e.g., comprising of a first antenna portion 108 (which is comprised by the upper portion) and a second antenna portion 110. The second antenna portion may extend orthogonal to the first antenna portion. It may comprise two wing shaped elements, which may be shaped as shown in Figure 1. The Vivaldi antenna structure may be formed by the first antenna portion and the second antenna portion.

[0091] The Vivaldi antenna structure, as disclosed, could find extensive application in modern automotive radar systems, particularly in advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS) and autonomous driving technologies. The wide bandwidth and high gain of the Vivaldi antenna might make it ideally suited for detecting objects at varying distances and speeds, providing realtime data that may be critical for collision avoidance and safe navigation. In such systems, the antenna could operate effectively within the 76 to 81 GHz range, offering precise resolution and reliable performance in complex driving environments.

[0092] Additionally, this antenna structure might be utilized in blind-spot detection systems, where its ability to cover a broad frequency range could help in identifying vehicles or objects in the driver's blind spots. The Vivaldi antenna's design may allow for continuous monitoring of adjacent lanes, potentially alerting the driver to potential hazards and thereby enhancing overall vehicle safety.

[0093] Furthermore, the Vivaldi antenna could be integrated into parking assistance systems, where its high-frequency operation might enable the detection of obstacles at close range with great accuracy. This capability could assist in automated parking features, potentially helping vehicles navigate tight spaces and avoid collisions with surrounding objects, even in challenging environments such as low light or adverse weather conditions.19 2023PF01492

[0094] The Vivaldi antenna structure may also play a crucial role in adaptive cruise control systems, where maintaining a safe distance from other vehicles is paramount. The antenna's ability to operate over a wide frequency range could provide the necessary data for the system to adjust the vehicle's speed in real-time, potentially ensuring smooth and safe driving on highways and in congested traffic.

[0095] In addition to these applications, the Vivaldi antenna could be employed in vehicle-to- vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communication systems. These systems might rely on the antenna's wide bandwidth to facilitate the rapid exchange of information between vehicles and road infrastructure, potentially reducing traffic congestion and improving road safety by e.g., enabling coordinated driving maneuvers and providing timely warnings of road hazards.

[0096] For example, by using the same material for the Vivaldi antenna structure (comprised of the first antenna portion and the second antenna potion), the middle portion 104, and the upper portion 106, significant advantages could be offered in manufacturing. By employing a uniform material, such as sheet metal, across these components, production costs might be reduced, and the manufacturing process could be streamlined. This material consistency may also ensure better structural integrity, as all parts could expand and contract uniformly under varying environmental conditions, reducing the risk of mechanical stress or misalignment.

[0097] Furthermore, the choice of a single material for these components might speed up the manufacturing process. The ability to produce the middle portion, upper portion, and Vivaldi antenna structure as a one-piece part could simplify assembly, reduce the number of required manufacturing steps, and enhance quality control. This approach could lead to faster production cycles and lower the overall cost of the antenna structure, making it more attractive for mass production in the automotive industry.

[0098] The durability and reliability of the Vivaldi antenna structure could also be crucial in the harsh environments often encountered in automotive applications. The use of robust materials that can withstand temperature fluctuations, vibrations, and exposure to the elements might ensure that the antenna performs consistently over the lifetime of the vehicle. This reliability could be particularly important in critical safety systems where consistent performance is paramount.

[0099] Figure 2 shows a schematic of a hollow conductive outer portion and a conductive inner portion.20 2023PF01492

[0100] In Figure 2, only the bottom portion and middle portion of the antenna feed network are shown, forming the hollow conductive outer portion 202 (however, the upper portion is not shown / missing, which is also part of the hollow conductive outer portion. Hence the hollow conductive outer portion 202 may be comprised of a bottom portion, a middle portion and an upper portion).

[0101] Inside is the conductive inner portion 204 surrounded by the hollow conductive outer portion 202. The conductive inner portion 204 is located at a distance to the hollow conductive outer portion 202. Furthermore, a single fixture portion, serving as a back short 206, is depicted, suggesting that this could be the initial element of the antenna feed network, e.g., marking the starting point of the antenna feed network.

[0102] Figure 3 shows a schematic of a straight hollow conductive outer portion and a conductive inner portion.

[0103] In addition to the hollow conductive outer portion 202 and the conductive inner portion 204, Figure 3 depicts several fixture portions 302. The fixture portions 302 are located within the hollow conductive outer portion 202. They conductively couple the hollow conductive outer portion 202 and the conductive inner portion 204 and are geometrically shaped to prohibit a short circuit between the hollow conductive outer portion 202 and the conductive inner portion 204 at an operating frequency of the Vivaldi antenna structure.

[0104] Figure 4 shows a schematic of a curved hollow conductive outer portion 402 and a curved conductive inner portion 404.

[0105] The curved hollow conductive outer portion 402 may comprise a curved conductive inner portion 404 surrounded by the curved hollow conductive outer portion 402. The curved conductive inner portion 404 is located at a distance to the curved hollow conductive outer portion 402.

[0106] Figure 5 shows a schematic of a curved hollow conductive outer portion and a curved conductive inner portion.

[0107] In Figure 5, for example, the curved hollow conductive outer portion comprises of a curved bottom portion 504 and a curved middle portion 506. It may further comprise of a curved upper portion, which is not shown in Figure 5. Furthermore, the curved middle portion 506 may comprise a curved fixture portion 502 forming a bow and / or a curve, e.g., conductively coupling21 2023PF01492 the curved middle portion 502 and the curved inner portion 404 while e.g., prohibiting a short circuit between the curved hollow conductive outer portion and the curved conductive inner portion 404 at an operating frequency of the Vivaldi antenna structure. The curved middle portion 506, the curved fixture portion 502 and the curved conductive inner portion 404 may be comprised of the same material, in particular of a sheet metal. The curved middle portion 506, the curved fixture portion 502 and the curved conductive inner portion 404 may be a one-piece part.

[0108] Figure 6 shows a schematic of a cascaded antenna structure comprising four Vivaldi antenna structures and an antenna feed network for the Vivaldi antenna structures.

[0109] In Figure 6, four Vivaldi antenna structures 602 are shown. The four Vivaldi antenna structures 602 may be cascaded and fed by a corresponding antenna feed network, e.g., comprising of fixture portions 302 and a conductive inner portion 204. The conductive inner portion is also surrounded by a hollow conductive outer portion in Figure 6, which is depicted schematically for clarity and ease of understanding.

[0110] While the invention has been illustrated and described in detail in the drawings and foregoing description, such illustration and description are to be considered illustrative or exemplary and not restrictive; the invention is not limited to the disclosed examples.22 2023PF01492REFERENCE SIGNS LIST102 bottom portion104 middle portion 106 upper portion108 first antenna portion110 second antenna portion202 hollow conductive outer portion204 conductive inner portion 206 back short (single fixture portion)302 fixture portion402 curved hollow conductive outer portion404 curved conductive inner portion502 curved fixture portion 504 curved bottom portion506 curved middle portion602 Vivaldi antenna structures

Claims

23 2023PF01492CLAIMS1. An antenna structure comprising at least one Vivaldi antenna structure (602) and an antenna feed network for the Vivaldi antenna structure (602), the antenna feed network comprising:• a hollow conductive outer portion (202);• a conductive inner portion (204) surrounded by the hollow conductive outer portion (202), the conductive inner portion (204) being located at a distance to the hollow conductive outer portion (202);• at least one fixture portion (302) located within the hollow conductive outer portion (202), the fixture portion (302) conductively coupling the hollow conductive outer portion (202) and the conductive inner portion (204) and being geometrically shaped to prohibit a short circuit between the hollow conductive outer portion (202) and the conductive inner portion (204) at an operating frequency of the Vivaldi antenna structure (602).

2. The antenna structure of claim 1, wherein the conductive inner portion (204) is comprised of the same material as the at least one fixture portion (302).

3. The antenna structure of any of the previous claims, wherein the hollow conductive outer portion (202) comprises a bottom portion (102), a middle portion (104), and an upper portion (106), wherein parts of the middle portion (104) are conductively connected to parts of the upper portion (106) and parts of the bottom portion (102), wherein the bottom portion (102), the middle portion (104), and the upper portion (106) comprise a conductive material, preferably wherein the middle portion (104), the at least one fixture portion (302), and the conductive inner portion (204) are a one-piece part.

4. The antenna structure of claim 3, wherein the conductive inner portion (204), the at least one fixture portion (302), the upper portion (106), and the middle portion (104) are comprised of the same material, in particular wherein the material is a sheet metal.

5. The antenna structure of any of claims 3 or 4, wherein the bottom portion (102) is comprised of a circuit board coated with a conductive metal, in particular wherein the circuit board comprises FR4 epoxy laminate material, in particular wherein the conductive metal is copper.

6. The antenna structure of any of claims 3-5, wherein the Vivaldi antenna structure (602) is comprised of a first antenna portion (108) and a second antenna portion (110), wherein the first antenna portion (108) is comprised by the upper portion (106) and comprises a first coupling slot electromagnetically coupled to the conductive inner portion (204) of the antenna feed network, wherein the second antenna portion (110) extends orthogonal to the first antenna portion (108) and comprises two wing-shaped elements, wherein the first antenna portion (108) and the second antenna portion (110) form the Vivaldi antenna structure (602).

7. The antenna structure of any of claims 3-6, wherein the Vivaldi antenna structure (602) is comprised of the same material as the upper portion (106).24 2023PF014928. The antenna structure of any of claims 3-7, wherein one end of the at least one fixture portion (302) is connected to the middle portion (104) and another end of the at least one fixture portion (302) is connected to the conductive inner portion (204), wherein the distance from the one end to the other end is a quarter of the wavelength of the Vivaldi antenna structure (602) with a tolerance of 10%, in particular 5%, the wavelength corresponding to the operating frequency.

9. The antenna structure of any of the previous claims, wherein the distance between the conductive inner portion (204) and the hollow outer portion (202) in a first plane is at least a tenth of the wavelength of the Vivaldi antenna structure (602), in particular at least an eighth of the wavelength of the Vivaldi antenna structure (602), and wherein the distance between the conductive inner portion (204) and the hollow outer portion (202) in a second plane is at least one-twenty-second of the wavelength of the Vivaldi antenna structure (602), in particular at least one-twentieth of the wavelength of the Vivaldi antenna structure (602), the wavelength corresponding to the operating frequency, wherein the first plane and second plane are orthogonal to each other.

10. A method for manufacturing an antenna structure comprising at least one Vivaldi antenna structure (602) and an antenna feed network for the Vivaldi antenna structure (602), the method comprising:• providing a middle portion (104), at least one fixture portion (302), and a conductive inner portion (204), wherein the middle portion (104), the at least one fixture portion (302), and the conductive inner portion (204) are joined together forming a joint middle portion in which the conductive inner portion (204) is located at a distance to the middle portion (104), wherein the fixture portion (302) is geometrically shaped to prohibit a short circuit between the middle portion (104) and the conductive inner portion (204) at an operating frequency of the Vivaldi antenna structure (602);• providing a bottom portion (102);• providing an upper portion (106);• joining the bottom portion (102), joint middle portion (104), and upper portion (106) together so that parts of the middle portion (104) are conductively connected to parts of the upper portion (106) and parts of the bottom portion (102) and so that the conductive inner portion (204) is located at a distance to the bottom portion (102) and upper portion (106).

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