Electrostatically active compositions and uses thereof

Abstract

Provided herein are particle compositions useful in sanitizing fluid compositions (e.g., comprising biological material).

Description

WSGR Docket No. 54241-702.601ELECTROSTATICALLY ACTIVE COMPOSITIONS AND USES THEREOFCROSS-REFERENCE

[0001] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 692,840, filed September 10, 2024.BACKGROUND

[0002] Beverages, during production, storage, or transportation, may get contaminated with microorganisms. Purification and / or sterilization of beverages generally require the input of external power supply, e.g., electroporation by a pulsed electric field or thermal treatment by a thermal source. Electric or thermal sterilization, in some cases, may break down active ingredients or change the taste or flavor of the beverages. There is a need for a new or improved sterilization or purification method that does not need external power supply and does not alter the composition, taste, and flavor of the beverages.SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE

[0003] In some aspects, provided herein are methods of sanitizing a fluid composition, the method comprising contacting the fluid composition with particles, wherein the particles interact with the fluid composition thereby sanitizing the fluid composition.

[0004] In some aspects, provided herein are methods of sanitizing a fluid composition comprising biological material, the method comprising contacting the fluid composition with a filter system comprising a first filter wall, a plurality of particles, and a second filter wall, wherein a pore size of the first filter wall and the second filter wall is about 10 cm or less (e.g., 200 pm or less, or 10 pm or less); thereby sanitizing the fluid composition.

[0005] In some embodiments, in any method provided herein, the method delays microbial spoilage of the fluid composition, suppresses or stops cell growth in the fluid composition, suppresses viable cell count of the biological material in the fluid composition, accelerates maturation of the fluid composition, reduces turbidity of the fluid composition, reduces the biological material in the fluid composition, increases light transmission of the fluid composition, alters the enzymatic activity of the fluid composition, generates material foruse in cell-free protein synthesis, inactivates or weakens one or more viruses in the fluid composition, or a combination of two or more thereof. In some embodiments, in any method provided herein, the method suppresses or stops cell growth in the fluid composition. In some embodiments, in any method provided herein, the method reduces the biological material in the fluid composition.WSGR Docket No. 54241-702.601

[0006] In some embodiments, any method provided herein, may comprise extraction of nucleic acid for analysis and / or replication, accelerating the decomposition of biological material, delaying the microbial spoilage of the fluid, suppressing and / or stopping cell growth, suppressing viable cell count, accelerating maturation of a fluid, reducing the number of colony -forming units (CFU), reducing turbidity, increasing light transmission of a fluid, extracting viral particles, extracting proteins, extracting metabolites, extracting lipids, extracting carbohydrates, extracting enzymes, producing oncolytic adjuvants, producing immunotherapy adjuvants, extracting peptides, extracting polypeptides, extracting plasmids, analyzing intracellular structures, analyzing intrac ellular content, generating material for use in cell-free protein synthesis, producing vaccines, producing food additives, producing biofuels, detection of diagnostic biomarkers, altering microbiome composition, enhancing crop yield, suppressing non-desirable plants, protecting crops from pests, producing antigen material, and / or altering enzymatic activity

[0007] In some embodiments, in any method provided herein, the biological material comprises viable cells capable of forming a colony forming unit (CFU) when cultured . In some embodiments, in any method provided herein, the pore size of the first filter wall and the second filter wall is about 200 pm or less. In some embodiments, in any method provided herein, the pore size of the first filter wall and the second filter wall is about 10 pm or less. In some embodiments, in any method provided herein, the particles comprise electro statically -active particles. In some embodiments, in any method provided herein, the fluid composition is flowed through the filter system. In some embodiments, in any method provided herein, the fluid composition is flowed: (i) radially, (ii) axially, or (iii) a combination of radially and axially through the filter system. In some embodiments, in any method provided herein, the filter system comprises a cartridge or a vial (e.g., a nested centrifuge tube).

[0008] In some embodiments, in any method provided herein, the fluid composition is flowed through the filter system with a syringe, a pump (e.g., a peristaltic pump), a vacuum (e.g., negative pressure), and / or a combination of two or more thereof. In some embodiments, in any method provided herein, wherein afterthe sanitized fluid compositionis obtained, abiological intra -envelope material of the biological material is retained in the filter system . In some embodiments, in any method provided herein, biological intra-envelope material of the biological material binds to the particles. In some embodiments, in any method provided herein, the biological intra-envelope material comprises proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, enzymes, small molecules, metabolites, viral particles, viral proteins, viral enzymes, viral genetic material, or a combination of two or more thereof. In some embodiments, in any method provided herein, the fluid composition is a human consumable fluid composition (e.g., a beverage, a soup, a sauce, a pharmaceutical, a cosmetic, a personal hygiene product, and / or a flavoring oil).WSGR Docket No. 54241-702.601

[0009] In some embodiments, in any method provided herein, the fluid composition is a non -human consumable fluid composition. In someembodiments, in any method provided herein, the non-human consumable fluid composition comprises a cutting fluid, a coolant, a lubricant, agricultural water (e.g., for irrigation of crops or livestock), recreational water (e.g., spa water or pool water), a hydraulic fluid, a petrochemical fluid (e.g., diesel fuel), a hydrophobic solution, or aquatic water (e.g., aquarium water).

[0010] In some embodiments, in any method provided herein, the human consumable fluid composition comprises a dissolved gas. In some embodiments, in any method provided herein, after the sanitized fluid composition is obtained, the pH of the fluid composition is changed by about 0.1 or less. In some embodiments, in any method provided herein, after the sanitized fluid composition is obtained, dissolved oxygen in the fluid composition is changed by about 50% or less (e.g., about 40% or less, about 30% or less, about 20% or less, about 10% or less). In some embodiments, in any method provided herein, the dissolved oxygen in the fluid composition is changed by about 10% or less.

[0011] In some embodiments, in any method provided herein, after the sanitized fluid composition is obtained, the electrical conductivity of the fluid composition is changed by about 50% or less (e.g, about 40% or less, about 30% or less, about 20% or less, about 10% or less). In some embodiments, in any method provided herein, after the sanitized fluid composition is obtained, the electrical conductivity of the fluid composition is changed by about 10% or less.

[0012] In some embodiments, in any method provided herein, after the sanitized fluid composition is obtained, oxidative-reductive potential of the fluid composition is changed by about 50% or less (e.g., about 40% or less, about 30% or less, about 20% or less, about 10% or less). In some embodiments, in any method provided herein, after the sanitized fluid composition is obtained, oxidative-reductive potential of the fluid composition is changed by about 10% or less. In some embodiments, in any method provided herein, the turbidity of the fluid composition changes by no greater than 50%.

[0013] In some embodiments, in any method provided herein, the turbidity of the fluid composition changes by no greater than 10%. In some embodiments, in any method provided herein, after the sanitized fluid composition is obtained, average difference of absorbance in the UV-Vis spectra between 300 to 1100 nm of the fluid composition is changed by about 50% or less (e.g., about 40% or less, about 30% or less, about 20% or less, about 10% or less). In some embodiments, in any method provided herein, after the sanitized fluid composition is obtained, average difference of absorbance in the UV-Vis spectra between 300 to 1100 nm of the fluid composition is changed by about 10% or less. In some embodiments, in any method provided herein, after the sanitized fluidWSGR Docket No. 54241-702.601 composition is obtained, the biological material in the fluid composition is reduced by about 90% or more.

[0014] In some embodiments, in any method provided herein, the biological material comprises cells of Absidia, Acanthamoeba spp., Acetobacter, Acetobacteriaceae, Acinetobacter, Actinomycetales, Alcaligenes, Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris, Alternaria, Anisakis simplex, Ascaris lumbricoides, Aspergillus, Astrovirus, Aureobasidium, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus spp., Bifidobacterium spp., Botrytis, Botrytis cinerea, Brettanomyces, Brucella spp., Campylobacter jejuni, Candida, Cladosporum, Clostridium botulinum, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium spp., Cory neb ac terium ulcerans, Cryptosporidium parvum, Cyclospora cayetanensis, Debaryomyces, Dengue virus, Entamoeba histolytica, Enter obacteriaceae, Enterobius vermicularis, Enterococcus faecalis, Enterovirus, Epicoccum, Escherichia coli, Fasciola hepatica, Flavobacterium, Fusarium, Giardia lamblia, Gluconobacter, Hanseniaspora, Hanseniaspora spp., Hansenula, Hantavirus, Hepatitis A virus, Influenza virus, Klebsiella, Kloeckera apiculata, Kocuria, Lactobacillus, Legionella, Leptospira spp., Leuconostoc spp., Listeria, Listeria monocytogenes, Megasphaera, Metschnikowia pulcherrima, Micrococcus, Mycobacterium bovis, Naegleria fowleri, Norovirus, Obe sumbacterium, Oenococcus oeni, Pectinatus, Pediococcus, Penicillium, Pichia, prions, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas spp., Rhanella aquatilis, Rhodospirillales, Rhodotorula, Rotavirus, Saccharomyces spp., Salmonella, Salmonella spp., Sapovirus, Sarcocystis spp., Schizosaccharomyces, Selenomonas, Shigella spp., Sporobolomyces, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus spp., Taenia solium, Torulaspora delbrueckii, Torulopsis, Toxoplasma gondii, Trichinella spiralis, Trichosporon, Veillonellaceae, Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio vulnificus, Yersinia enterocolitica, Zika virus, Zy go saccharomyces spp., Zymomonas, and / or Zymophilus. In some embodiments, in any method provided herein, after the sanitized fluid composition is obtained, the biodiversity of the fluid composition is reducedby at least about 50%. In some embodiments, in any method provided herein, the sanitized fluid is reduced by at least 1.5 logic CFU / mL compared to the fluid composition. In some embodiments, in any method provided herein, the sanitized fluid is reduced by atleast 3 logic CFU / mL compared to the fluid composition. In some embodiments, in any method provided herein, the sanitized fluid is reduced by at least 9 logic CFU / mL compared to the fluid composition. In some embodiments, in any method provided herein, a bulk constituent of the sanitized fluid composition is substantially identical to a bulk constituent of the fluid composition (e.g., as determined by HPLC, NMR, LC-MS, GC-MS, MS, UV-Vis spectroscopy, rheometry, viscometry, hydrometry, nephelometry, turbidimetry, laser diffraction, x-ray scattering, dynamic light scattering, pH, titration, refractometry, conductivity, FTIR, fluorescence spectroscopy, qPCR, and / or ELISA).WSGR Docket No. 54241-702.601

[0015] In some aspects, provided herein is a sanitized fluid composition comprising a composition produced by any method provided herein.

[0016] In some aspects, provided herein is a filter system comprising a first filter wall, a plurality of electrostatically-active particles, and a second filter wall, and: an electrostatically -active composition comprising: an insulator or a semiconductor having a dielectric constant of greater than 1 ; a first surface of the insulator or the semiconductor disposed opposite a dielectric gap from a second surface of the insulator or the semiconductor; and a sharp interface of the first surface or the second surface configured to increase a charge density of an electrostatically accumulated potential between the first surface and the second surface; wherein a pore size of the first filter wall and the second filter wall is about 10 pm or less.

[0017] In some embodiments, in any filter system provided herein, a fluid composition comprising enzymes has altered enzymatic activity after being flowed through the filter system. In some embodiments, in any filter system provided herein, the filter comprises an elution chamber.

[0018] In some aspects, provided herein is an intra-envelop material extracting vessel, the vessel comprising a plurality of electrostatically-active particles and a filter wall, wherein the pore size of the filteris about 100 pm or less; wherein the particles are configuredto extract intra -envelop material from a biological material comprised in a fluid composition within the vessel. In some embodiments, nucleic acid is retained within the vessel. In some embodiments virus particles are retained within the vessel. In some embodiments, wherein the vessel is comprised in a nested centrifuge tube.

[0019] In some aspects, described herein are beverage dispensing systems comprising one or more beverage dispensing outlets, one or more beverage reservoirs, and one or more of any of the filter systems described herein. In some embodiments, the beverage dispensing system comprises a plurality of beverage dispensing outlets (e.g., at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 beverage dispensing outlets). In some embodiments, the beverage dispensing system is configured to flow a fluid from the one or more beverage reservoirs through at least one of the one or more filter systems prior to the one or more beverage dispensing outlets to thereby provide a cold -pasteurized fluid at the one or more beverage dispensing outlets. In some embodiments each of the plurality of beverage dispensing outlets is associated with a separate one of a plurality of the one or more filter systems. In some embodiments, the system is a beer tap system. In some embodiments, the system further comprises one or more pressure vessels configured to provide a CO2or nitrogen flow to drive fluid from the one or more beverage reservoirs to the one or more beverage dispensing outlets.WSGR Docket No. 54241-702.601INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE

[0020] All publications, patents, and patent applications mentioned in this specification are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication, patent, or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0021] The novel features of the invention are set forth with particularity in the appended claims. A better understanding of the features and advantages of the present invention will be obtained by reference to the following detailed description that sets forth illustrative embodiments, in which the principles of the invention are utilized, and the accompanying drawings of which:

[0022] FIG. 1A shows an exemplary assembled extraction column that comprises a removable nestling barrel in a tube, FIG. IB shows the removable nestling barrel, and FIG. 1C shows the tube 102 that is configured to collect fluid that has passed through the MAC materials in the barrel, in accordance with some embodiments;

[0023] FIG. 2A illustrates a perspective view of an exemplary filter cartridge; FIG. 2B illustrates an exploded and cutaway view of an exemplary filter cartridge with line drawing; FIG. 2C illustrates an exemplary filter cartridge with line drawing and labeling of each part of the filter cartridge for designing parameters; FIG. 2D illustrates a perspective view of an exemplary filter cartridge; FIG. 2E illustrates an exploded and cutaway view of an exemplary filter cartridge with line drawing; FIG. 2F illustrates an exemplary filter cartridge with line drawing and labeling of each part of the filter cartridge for designing parameters, in accordance with some embodiments;

[0024] FIG. 3A shows an exemplary MAC transformation system comprising a plurality of MAC cartridges, FIG. 3B shows an exemplary MAC transformation system comprising a plurality of MAC cartridges, and FIG. 3C shows an exemplary MAC transformation system comprising a plurality of MAC cartridges within a vessel, in accordance with some embodiments;

[0025] FIG. 4A shows an exploded view of an exemplary filter cartridge, FIG. 4B shows a side view of an assembled filter cartridge, FIG. 4C shows a perspective view of an assembled filter cartridge, and FIG. 4D shows another side view of an assembled filter cartridge, in accordance with some embodiments;

[0026] FIG. 5A shows an exemplary MAC cartridge, FIG. 5B illustrates an exemplary MAC cartridge drawing and labeling of each part of the cartridge for designing parameters, in accordance with some embodiments;

[0027] FIG. 6 shows a scanning electron microscope (SEM) image of a yeast cell that has released intracellular material due to contact with the structured surface of a MAC material, in accordance with some embodiments;WSGR Docket No. 54241-702.601

[0028] FIG. 7 shows the background corrected UV-vis spectra collected for S. cerevisiae samples passed through the extraction vessels, in accordance with some embodiments; and

[0029] FIG. 8A shows exemplary UV-vis spectra of untreated, filtered, and MAC treated samples, FIG. 8B shows exemplary difference absorbance spectra for untreated, filtered, and MAC treated samples, and FIG. 8C shows exemplary percent differences in absorbance spectra for the MAC treated and filtered samples relative to untreated samples, in accordance with some embodiments.DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DISCLOSURE

[0030] While various embodiments have been shown and described herein, such embodiments are provided by way of example only. Numerous variations, changes, and substitutions may occur without departing from the present disclosure. It should be understood that various alternatives to the embodiments described herein may be employed.

[0031] Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood to which the present disclosure belongs. In case of conflict, the present application including the definitions will control. Also, unless otherwise required by context, singular terms shall include pluralities and plural terms shall include the singular.

[0032] As used herein, the following terms have the meanings given:

[0033] The singular forms “a,” “an” and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to “a gas” includes, but is not limited to, mixtures or combinations of two or more such gases, and the like.

[0034] “Comprising” indicates the presence of the stated features, integers, steps, or components as referred to, but does not preclude the presence or addition of one or more features, integers, steps, or components, or groups thereof. Moreover, each of the terms “by,” “comprising,” “comprises,” “comprised of,” “including,” “includes,” “included,” “involving,” “involves,” “involved,” and “such as” are used in their open, non -limiting sense and may be used interchangeably. Further, the term “comprising” includes examples and aspects encompassed by the terms “consisting essentially of’ and “consisting of.” Similarly, the term “consisting essentially of’ includes examples encompassed by the term “consisting of’.

[0035] Disclosed herein are electrostatically active compositions, and methods and apparatuses of using the electrostatically active compositions in a variety of applications.Electrostatically Active Composition

[0036] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides an electrostatically active composition. In some embodiments, the composition may comprise an insulator or a semiconductor. In some embodiments, the insulator or the semiconductor may have a dielectric constant of greater than 1 .WSGR Docket No. 54241-702.601In some embodiments, a first surface of the insulator or the semiconductor may be disposed opposite a dielectric gap from a second surface of the insulator or the semiconductor. In some embodiments, the first surface or the second surface of the insulator or the semiconductor may have one or more sharp interfaces. In some embodiments, the one or more sharp interfaces of the first surface or the second surface may be configured to increase a charge density of an electrostatically accumulated potential between the first surface and the second surface.

[0037] In some embodiments, the insulator or semiconductor may comprise a plurality of surfaces separated by a plurality of dielectric gaps. In some embodiments, the insulator or semiconductor may comprise a plurality of sharp interfaces.

[0038] In some embodiments, the electrostatically active composition may comprise a particle. In some embodiments, the insulator or semiconductor may be comprised within the particle. In some embodiments, the particle may consist essentially of the insulator or the semiconductor. In some embodiments, particles may comprise an electrically conductive core and further comprise an insulator or semiconductor shell. In certain embodiments, particles may comprise subsurface voids. In some embodiments, particles may further comprise electrically conductive material (e.g., embedded or coated on a portion of the surface). In some embodiments, the particle may be regular in shape. In some embodiments, the particle may have a diameter from about 0.01 pm to about 10,000 pm, such as from about 0.1 pm to about 10,000 pm or from about 0.1 pm to about 1,000 pm. In some embodiments, the particle may have a diameter of at least about 0.01 pm, at least about 0.1 pm, at least about 1 pm, at least about 10 pm, at least about 100 pm, at least about 1,000 pm, at least about 10,000 pm, or more. In some embodiments, the particle may have a diameter of no more than about 10,000 pm, no more than about 1,000 pm, no more than about 100 pm, no more than about 10 pm, no more than about 1 pm, no more than about 0.1 pm, no more than about 0.01 pm, or less.

[0039] In some embodiments, the particle may have an irregular shape. In some embodiments, the particle may have an average effective diameter based upon the longest and shortest aspects of the particle. In some embodiments, the average effective diameter of the particle may be from about 0.01 pm to about 10,000 pm, such as from about O. l pm to about 10,000 pm or from about 0.1 pm to about 1,000 pm. In some embodiments, the average effective diameter of the particle may be at least about 0.01 pm, at least about 0.1 pm, at least about 1 pm, at least about 10 pm, at least about 100 pm, at least about 1,000 pm, at least about 10,000 pm or more. In some embodiments, the average effective diameter of the particle may be no more than about 10,000 pm, no more than about 1,000 pm, no more than about 100 pm, no more than about 10 pm, no more than about 1 pm, no more than about 0.1 pm, no more than about 0.01 pm, or less.WSGR Docket No. 54241-702.601

[0040] In some embodiments, the insulator or semiconductor may be comprised within a surface of a bulk material. In some embodiments, the bulk material may comprise a sheet. In some embodiments, the sheet may have a dimension of about 1 cm2to about 1 m2. In some embodiments, the bulk material may comprise a rod. In some embodiments, the rod may have a cross-sectional diameter of about 100 pm to about 5 mm and / or a length of about 1 mm to about 1 m. In some embodiments, the bulk material may comprise a coil. In some embodiments, the coil may have a diameter of at least about 0.050 mm or more. In some embodiments, the bulk material may comprise an elongate hollow member. In some embodiments, the elongate hollow member may have an inner diameter of at least about 0.015 mm or more. In some embodiments, the bulk material may be crystalline, polycrystalline, semi-crystalline, or amorphous. In some embodiments, the surface of the bulk material may comprise a substantially planar surface. In some embodiments, the surface of the bulk material may comprise a non -planar surface. In some embodiments, a portion of the surface of the bulk material may be substantially planar and an additional portion of the surface of the bulk material may be non-planar. In some embodiments, the bulk material may consist essentially of the insulator or the semiconductor. In some embodiments, the bulk material may comprise one or more polymeric compounds. In some embodiments, the bulk material may comprise additional components (e.g., a combination of two or more insulators or semiconductors and / or an insulator and a semiconductor).

[0041] In some embodiments, a length of the dielectric gap may be from about 0.1 nanometers (nm) to about 0.5 nm, from about 0. 1 nm to about 1 nm, from about 0.1 nm to about 10 nm, from about 0. 1 nm to about 50 nm, from about 0.1 nm to about 100 nm, from about 0. 1 nm to about 500 nm, from about 0.1 nm to about 1 micrometer (pm), from about 0.1 nm to about 5 pm, from about 0.5 nm to about 1 nm, from about 0.5 nmto about 10 nm, from about 0.5 nm to about 50 nm, from about 0.5 nm to about lOO nm, from about 0.5 nm to about 500 nm, from about 0.5 nm to about 1 pm, from about 0.5 nm to about 5 pm, from about 1 nm to about 10 nm, from about 1 nm to about 50 nm, from about 1 nm to about 100 nm, from about 1 nm to about 500 nm, from about 1 nm to about 1 pm, from about 1 nm to about 5 pm, from about 10 nm to about 50 nm, from about 10 nm to about 100 nm, from about 10 nm to about 500 nm, from about 10 nm to about 1 pm, from about 10 nm to about 5 pm, from about 50 nm to about lOO nm, from about 50 nm to about 500 nm, from about 50 nm to about 1 pm, from about 50 nm to about 5 pm, from about 100 nm to about 500 nm, from about 100 nm to about 1 pm, from about 100 nm to about 5 pm, from about 500 nm to about 1 pm, from about 500 nm to about 5 pm, or from about 1 pm to about 5 pm. In some embodiments, an axis of the dielectric gap may form an angle of about 0 to about 180 degrees with respect to the first surface or the second surface.WSGR Docket No. 54241-702.601

[0042] In some embodiments, the one or more sharp interfaces may comprise nanowires, cones, pinnacles, hoodoos, coral, cords, walls, fins, ridges, crags, pyramids, inverted pyramids, pits, pores, or combinations thereof.

[0043] In some embodiments, a sharp interface may be characterized by more than one characteristic or feature dimension. Characteristic or feature dimensions may comprise widths, heights, depths, spacings, diameters, tip diameters, aperture widths, tip-to-tip distances, base diameters, and widths at peak. In some embodiments, the characteristic or feature dimensions may have characteristic values or ranges. A range may be defined by a minimum and / or maximum dimension for a structural dimension. Table 1 below highlights some approximate characteristic dimensions for various structures of the present disclosure. Actual observed feature dimensions may vary by as much as about 5%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25% or more above or below the stated feature dimension ranges.Table 1. Characteristic dimensions of exemplary sharp interfaces

[0044] In some embodiments, a sharp interface may have a characteristic dimension of at least about 1 nm, atleast about 10 nm, at least about 25 nm, at least about 50 nm, at least about 75 nm, at least about 100 nm, at least about 200 nm, at least about 300 nm, at least about 400 nm, at least about 500 nm, at least about 600 nm, at least about 700 nm, at least about 800 nm, at least about 900 nm, at least about 1 pm, at least about 10 pm, at least about 100 pm, at least about 1000 pm, orWSGR Docket No. 54241-702.601 more. In some embodiments, a sharp interface may have a characteristic dimension of no more than about 1000 pm, no more than about 100 pm, no more than about 10 pm, no more than about 1 pm, no more than about 900 nm, no more than about 800 nm, no more than about 700 nm, no more than about 600 nm, no more than about 500 nm, no more than about 400 nm, no more than about 300 nm, no more than about 200 nm, no more than about lOO nm, no more than about 75 nm, no more than about 50 nm, no more than about 25 nm, no more than about 10 nm, no more than about 1 nm, or less. In some embodiments, a sharp interface may have a characteristic dimension of about 1 nm, about 10 nm, about25 nm, about 50 nm, about 75 nm, about 100 nm, about200 nm, about 300 nm, about 400 nm, about 500 nm, about 600 nm, about 700 nm, about 800 nm, about 900 nm, about 1 pm, about 10 pm, about 100 pm, or about 1000 pm.

[0045] In some embodiments, the one or more sharp interfaces may comprise a point and / or an edge. In some embodiments, the point may be comprised within a spike structure of the first surface or the second surface. In some embodiments, the point may have a diameter of less than about 10 pm, less than about 5 pm, less than about 2 pm, less than about 1 pm, less than about 900 nm, less than about 800 nm, less than about 700 nm, less than about 600 nm, less than about 500 nm, less than about 400 nm, less than about 300 nm, less than about 200 nm, less than about 100 nm, less than about 50 nm, or less than about 1 nm. In some embodiments, the sharp interface may have an edge apex thickness of less than about 1 pm, less than about 900 nm, less than about 800 nm, less than about 700 nm, less than about 600 nm, less than about 500 nm, less than about 400 nm, less than about 300 nm, less than about 200 nm, less than about 100 nm, less than about 50 nm, less than about 10 nm, or less than about 5 nm.

[0046] In some embodiments, two characteristic dimensions of a sharp interface may have a particular aspect ratio. In some embodiments, an aspect ratio may comprise the ratio of length to width for a sharp interface. In some embodiments, the aspect ratio may be calculated based upon the average value of a characteristic dimension. In some embodiments, a sharp interface with a variable diameter may have an aspect ratio based upon the average diameter over the length of the sharp interface. In some embodiments, a particular characteristic aspect ratio or range of aspect ratios may be correlated to certain physical properties of the electrostatically active composition. In some embodiments, aspect ratios of a particular sharp interface may vary over a single electrostatically active composition or between two different electrostatically active compositions.

[0047] In some embodiments, a sharp interface may be characterized as having an average aspect ratio of at least about 1 :1000, at least about 1 :100, at least about 1 : 10, at least about 1 :5, at least about 1 :2, at least about 1 :1, at least about 2:1, at least about 5 :1, at least about 10:1, at least about 100:1, atleast about 1000:1, ormore. In some embodiments, a sharp interface may be characterizedWSGR Docket No. 54241-702.601 as having an average aspect ratio of no more than about 1000: 1, no more than about 100: 1, no more than about 10:1, no more than about 5: 1, no more than about 2:1, no more than about 1 :1, no more than about 1 :2, no more than about 1 :5, no more than about 1 : 10, no more than about 1 :100, no more than about 1 : 1000, or less. In some embodiments, a sharp interface may be characterized as having an average aspect ratio of about 1 : 1000, about 1 :100, about 1 :10, about 1 :5, about 1 :2, about 1 :1, about 2:1, about 5 :1, about 10:1, about 100:1, or about 1000: 1.

[0048] In some embodiments, a sharp interface may have a characteristic surface density. The surface density may be defined as the number of sharp interfaces per unit of area. A surface density may be calculated for a single type of sharp interface (e.g., pillars) or may include the density of two or more types of sharp interfaces (e.g., the total surface density of all sharp interfaces on an electrostatically active composition). A particular characteristic surface density may be correlated to certain physical properties of the electrostatically active composition. The surface density of a particular structure may vary between regions of a single electrostatically active composition or between two different electrostatically active compositions.

[0049] In some embodiments, an electrostatically active composition may have a surface density of at least about 1 sharp interface per pm2, at least about 5 sharp interfaces per pm2, at least about 10 sharp interfaces per pm2, at least about 15 sharp interfaces per pm2, at least about 20 sharp interfaces per pm2, at least about 25 sharp interfaces per pm2, at least about 30 sharp interfaces per pm2, at least about 40 sharp interfaces per pm2, at least about 50 sharp interfaces per pm2, at least about 100 sharp interfaces per pm2, at least about 250 sharp interfaces per pm2, at least about 500 sharp interfaces per pm2, at least about 1000 sharp interfaces per pm2, at least about 10000 sharp interfaces per pm2, or more. In some embodiments, an electrostatically active composition may have a surface density of no more than about 10000 sharp interfaces per pm2, no more than about 1000 sharp interfaces per pm2, no more than about 500 sharp interfaces per pm2, no more than about 250 sharp interfaces per pm2, no more than about 100 sharp interfaces per pm2, no more than about 50 sharp interfaces per pm2, no more than about 40 sharp interfaces per pm2, no more than about 30 sharp interfaces per pm2, no more than about 25 sharp interfaces per pm2, no more than about 20 sharp interfaces per pm2, no more than about 15 sharp interfaces per pm2, no more than about 10 sharp interfaces per pm2, no more than about 5 sharp interfaces per pm2, no more than about 1 sharp interface per pm2, or less.

[0050] In some embodiments, the electrostatically active composition may have a characteristic size dispersion. In some embodiments, a size dispersion may be monomodal, bimodal, trimodal, or multimodal. In some embodiments, a size dispersion may be determined based upon a characteristic size of the electrostatically active composition, e.g., average diameter. In some embodiments, a sizeWSGR Docket No. 54241-702.601 dispersion may be determinedby sieve sizing of the electrostatically active composition. In some embodiments, the size dispersity of the electrostatically active composition may be determined such that at least about 10%, at least about 20%, at least about 30%, at least about 40%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, at least about 90%, or at least about 95% of the particles are within 50% of the average size of the particle. In some embodiments, the size dispersity of the electrostatically active composition may be determined such that no more than about 95%, no more than about 90%, no more than about 80%, no more than about 70%, no more than about 60%, no more than about 50%, no more than about 40%, no more than about 30%, no more than about 20%, or no more than about 10% of particles are within 50% of the average size of the particle. A particular characteristic particle size dispersity may be correlated to certain physical properties of the electrostatically active composition. In some embodiments, the average effective diameter and dispersion of particle sizes may be selected based upon the application and the desired properties of the electrostatically active composition.

[0051] In some embodiments, the sharp surface may increase a localized charge density of the electrostatically active composition. In some embodiments, a localized charge density at an apex of the sharp interface may be at least about 1 pC / cm2, at least about 5 pC / cm2, at least about 10 pC / cm2, at least about 15 pC / cm2, at least about 20 pC / cm2, at least about 50 pC / cm2, or at least about 100 pC / cm2.

[0052] In some embodiments, the localized charge density at the apex of the sharp interface may be at least about 10%, at least about 20%, at least about 30%, at least about 40%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, at least about 90%, at least about 100%, or more, higher than the charge density at the first surface or the second surface.

[0053] In some embodiments, the sharp surface may alter one or more properties of the electrostatically active composition. In some embodiments, the altering may comprise one or more of reducing absorbance of visible light, increasing absorbance of visible light, increasing reflectivity of light, reducing reflectivity of light, increasing cell lysis activity, increasing antimicrobial activity, increasing antifouling activity, increasing hydrophobicity, increasing hydrophilicity, increasing electrical conductivity, increasing electrical resistivity, increasing luminescence, increasing the surface energy, reducing the surface energy, increasing the coefficient of friction, and reducing the coefficient of friction of the article.

[0054] In some embodiments, the dielectric constant of the insulator or the dielectric material may be greater than about 1.5, greater than about 2, greater than about 3, greater than about 4, greater than about 5, greater than about 6, greater than about 7, greater than about 8, greater than about 9, or greater than about 10.WSGR Docket No. 54241-702.601

[0055] In some embodiments, the insulator or semiconductor may comprise undoped silicon, Silicon Carbide (SiC), Silicon Oxide (SixOy), Gallium Arsenide (GaAs), Gallium Nitride (GaN), Germanium (Ge), Indium Phosphide (InP), Zinc Oxide (ZnO), Cadmium Telluride (CdTe), Copper Indium Gallium Selenide (CIGS), Zinc Selenide (ZnSe), Indium Gallium Arsenide (In GaAs), Aluminium Gallium Arsenide (AlGaAs), Titanium Dioxide (TiO?), Lead Sulfide (PbS), Mercury Cadmium Telluride (HgCdTe), Boron Nitride (BN), Bismuth Telluride (Bi2Tes), Tin(II) Sulfide (SnS), Tungsten Diselenide (WSe?), and / or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the insulator or semiconductor may be doped. In some embodiments, the semiconductor may comprise germanium-doped silicon, indium-doped silicon, gallium-doped silicon, and / or gallium arsenide. In some embodiments, the insulator may comprise a glass, a plastic, a rubber, and / or a ceramic. In some embodiments, the sharp interface may have the same composition as the insulator or semiconductor. In some embodiments, the sharp interface may have different composition than the insulator or semiconductor.

[0056] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a morphologically activated composition (MAC) material. In some embodiments, the MAC material may comprise one or more electrostatically active compositions. In some embodiments, the MAC material may comprise at least one, at least two, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 10, at least 20, or more electrostatically active compositions.

[0057] In some embodiments, the MAC material may be crystalline, polycrystalline, semicrystalline, or amorphous. In some embodiments, the MAC material may comprise one or more crystal grains. In some embodiments, the MAC material may comprise a single crystal grain. In some embodiments, the MAC material may comprise 2, 3, 4, or more crystal grains held in close physical contact. In some embodiments, the MAC material may alter reaction characteristics in a chemical transformation reaction or a biological transformation reaction, including reaction rates and dynamics.

[0058] In some embodiments, the structure and texture of the electrostatically active composition may alter the physical and / or chemical properties of at least a portion of the MAC material. In some embodiments, the properties may vary radially and / or angularly. In some embodiments, the properties and characteristics that may be altered due to the structure and texture include, but are not limited to, surface energies, surface area, surface roughness, density profile, refractive index, optical constant, electrostatic, band structure, bandgap, shear modulus, plasticity, coefficient of friction, specific weight, acoustical properties, thermal properties, optical properties, electrical properties, chemical properties, non-covalent interactions, photoluminescence, photo absorption, cell lysis, omniphobicity, hydrophobicity, and hydrophilicity.WSGR Docket No. 54241-702.601

[0059] In some embodiments, the MAC material may have altered crystalline lattice structure and / or band structure. In some embodiments, the sharp interfaces may induce lattice expansion and contraction of the MAC material, including the solid core and the surface, even though the sharp interfaces may account for a small portion of the volume of the MAC material. In some embodiments, the sharp interfaces may alter the band structure, without changing the bulk chemical composition or introducing bulk crystalline defects. In some embodiments, the sharp interfaces may alter the band structure of the MAC material heterogeneously.

[0060] In some embodiments, the MAC material may have altered thermal properties. In certain instances, thermal expansion and contraction may have diminished impact on the nanostructures. Cracking and other mechanical disruptions may be reduced in the MAC material.

[0061] In some embodiments, the MAC material may form part of a homogeneous mixture of like materials or part of a heterogeneous mixture of two or more variants of the electrostatically active compositions. One variant may differ from another by at least one physical or chemical property, such as chemical composition, size, shape, surface modification, type of structure on the surface, type of structure on the subsurface, chemical functionalization, nanoparticle decoration, surface termination, or doping.

[0062] In some embodiments, two or more variants of the electrostatically active compositions may be blended to achieve a desired physical property. For example, a mixture of electrostatically active compositions comprising different elemental or compound species, such as Si or Ge, can be used to provide a blend having preferred optical properties. The packing density of the electrostatically active compositions may be increased by mixing the electrostatically active compositions having different sizes, such that smaller electrostatically active compositions occupy or fill in the voids between larger electrostatically active compositions. A mass density gradient may be formed by mixing electrostatically active compositions of different sizes. A graded optical index of refraction may also be formed by mixing electrostatically active compositions of different sizes. A mixture of electrostatically active compositions may be formed wherein some electrostatically active compositions have durable or delicate features. For example, large electrostatically active compositions with inverted pyramid structures may be mixed with small electrostatically active compositions covered in nanowires. The small electrostatically active compositions may occupy the voids between the larger electrostatically active compositions such that the more delicate nanowires are protected from mechanical or other disruptions.

[0063] In some embodiments, the electrostatically active composition (and / or the MAC material) may be used in a variety of applications. In some embodiments, due to the increased charge density of the sharp interface, the electrostatically active composition (and / or the MAC material) may beWSGR Docket No. 54241-702.601 used in catalytic transformation of chemical or biological samples. In some embodiments, the electrostatically active composition (and / or the MAC material) may be used in a filter, such as a fluid or gas filter, that comprises a vessel containing one or more electrostatically active compositions. The electrostatically active compositions may mechanically or chemically bind, interact, or react with elements, compounds, molecules, particles, or cells as the fluid or gas flows through the filter. The application of such a filter would include the extraction of contaminants from a fluid or gas, catalysis or enhancement of certain chemical reactions, lysing of cells for intracellular analysis and harvesting of cellular components, and the removal of unwanted microorganisms from a fluid. This high surface area of the electrostatically active compositions allow for a greater amount of chemicals to be embedded or decorated per electrostatically active composition than nonfunctionalized compositions. In some embodiments, the electrostatically active compositions may be utilized in an analytical column. In some embodiments, the electrostatically active compositions may be modified with a functional group such as a flavor or scent compound. In some embodiments, the electrostatically active compositions may be used to transfer or replicate nanostructures on other materials. For example, electrostatically active compositions with nanowires could be used as a mold, stamp, or template to create structures in the surface of a softer material.Biological Transformation

[0064] The electrostatically active composition and / or the MAC material disclosed herein can be used in biological transformation of a biological sample, e.g., to sanitize or sterilize a fluid, through the interaction of the biological sample and the electrostatically active composition and / or the MAC material.

[0065] In certain embodiments, particles (e.g., as provided herein) interact with a composition (e.g, a fluid composition provided herein) or biological material within a composition. In certain embodiments, interacting as used herein may comprise binding to, lysing, suppressing the viable cell count of, stopping cell growth of, or the like, of a composition (e.g., as provided herein). In some embodiments, a particle interacting with a composition comprises the particle binding to biological material (e.g., intra-envelope biological material) in the composition. In specific embodiments, a particle interacting with a composition comprises the particle binding to intra- envelope biological material in the composition. In yet more specific embodiments, interaction between particles and a composition thereby sanitizes the composition.

[0066] In certain embodiments, sanitizing as used herein refers to cleaning, removing, sterilizing, or the like. In some embodiments, sanitizing can transform a (e.g., fluid) composition. In certain instances, sanitizing refers to cleaning or removing harmful components such as disease-causingWSGR Docket No. 54241-702.601 microbes, viruses, impurities and the like. Sanitizing is referred to interchangeably herein with sanitize, sanitation, sterilize, sterilization, and the like. In some embodiments, sanitizing a (e.g., fluid) composition comprises removing harmful components of the composition (e.g., biological material capable of forming a colony forming unit). In certain embodiments, provided herein is a composition or a method comprising sanitizing a fluid composition. In specific embodiments, sanitizing a composition (e.g., a composition provided herein) comprises delaying microbial spoilage of the composition, suppressing or stopping cell growth of the composition, reducing turbidity of the (e.g., fluid) composition, reducing the biological material of the composition, increasing light transmission of the (e.g., fluid) composition, altering the enzymatic activity of the (e.g., fluid) composition, inactivating or weakening one or more viruses in the (e.g., fluid) composition, and / or a combination of two or more thereof.

[0067] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method of sanitizing or sterilizing a fluid composition comprising biological material.

[0068] The method may comprise contacting the fluid composition with a plurality of MAC materials (e.g., particles). In certain embodiments, contacting as used herein refers to touching an object (e.g., fluid composition provided herein) with another object (e.g., a MAC material provided herein). In certain embodiments, contacting can comprise touching, bringing in immediate proximity with, connecting, bringing together, amalgamating or the like. In specific embodiments, methods and compositions provided herein may comprise contacting a fluid composition (e.g., a beverage) with particles.

[0069] In certain embodiments, a particle (e.g., a particle or plurality of particles provided herein) can be comprised in a filter system. In some embodiments, a plurality of particles can be comprised in a filter system. In some embodiments, the MAC materials may be comprised in a filter system. In some embodiments, the filter system may comprise at least a first filter wall. In some embodiments, the filter system may comprise a second filter wall. In some embodiments, a pore size of the first filter wall and the second filter wall may be at most about 10 cm, at most about 5 cm, at most about 1 cm, at most about 5 mm, at most about 2 mm, at most about 1 mm, at most about 500 pm, at most about 200 pm, atmost about 100 pm, atmost about 50 pm, atmost about 10 pm, at most about 5 pm, at most about 1 pm, or less.

[0070] In some embodiments, the method may delay microbial spoilage of the fluid composition. In some embodiments, the method may suppress or stop cell growth in the fluid composition. In some embodiments, the method may suppress viable cell count of the biological material in the fluid composition. In some embodiments, the method may accelerate maturation of the fluid composition. In some embodiments, the method may reduce turbidity of the fluid composition. InWSGR Docket No. 54241-702.601 some embodiments, the method may reduce the biological material in the fluid composition. In some embodiments, the method may increase light transmission of the fluid composition. In some embodiments, the method may alter the enzymatic activity of the fluid composition. In some embodiments, the method may release and / or concentrate viral material in the fluid composition. In some embodiments, the method may inactivate or weaken one or more viruses in the fluid composition. In some embodiments, the method may have a combination of two or more of the above effects.

[0071] In some embodiments, the biological material comprises viable cells capable of forming a colony forming unit (CFU) when cultured.

[0072] In some embodiments, the filter system may comprise a cartridge or a vial (e.g., a nested centrifuge tube). In certain embodiments, the filter system may comprise a cartridge. In some embodiments, the filter system can comprise a vial. In specific embodiments, the filter system comprises a nested centrifuge tube. In some embodiments, the cartridge or vial may comprise a barrel. In some embodiments, the cartridge may comprise the MAC materials in the barrel. In some embodiments, the fluid composition is flowed through the filter system. In some embodiments, the fluid composition may be flowed radially, axially, or a combination of radially and axially through the filter system. In certain embodiments, the fluid composition is flowed radially through the filter system. In some embodiments, the fluid composition is flowed axially through the filter system. In some embodiments, the fluid composition is flowed axially and radially through the filter system. In some embodiments, the fluid composition is flowed through the filter system with a syringe, a pump (e.g., a peristaltic pump), a vacuum (e.g., negative pressure), and / or a combination of two or more thereof. In certain embodiments, the fluid composition is flowed through the filter system by applying an external force (e.g., with a syringe). In specific embodiments, the fluid composition is flowed through the filter system with a syringe. In yet more specific embodiments, the fluid composition is flowed through the filter system with a pump. In still more specific embodiments, the fluid composition is flowed through the filter system with negative pressure (e.g., with a vacuum).

[0073] In some embodiments, contacting the biological material with the MAC material may dismantle the envelope of the cells. As used herein damage, dismantle, break, lyse, rupture, lacerate, split, injure, and synonyms thereof, are used interchangeably. In some embodiments, contacting the biological material with the MAC material may liberate intra-cellular materials from the cells. In some embodiments, contacting the biological material with the MAC material may kill the cells.

[0074] In some embodiments, contacting the biological material with the MAC material may leadWSGR Docket No. 54241-702.601 to adsorption of the intra-cellular materials on the MAC material. In some embodiments, after the sanitized fluid composition is obtained, a biological intra-envelope material of the biological material may be retained in the filter system. In some embodiments, biological intra-envelope material of the biological material may bind to the MAC materials. In some embodiments, the biological intra-envelope material may comprise proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, enzymes, small molecules, viral proteins, viral enzymes, viral genetic material, or a combination of two or more thereof.

[0075] In some embodiments, the fluid composition may comprise a human consumable fluid composition. In some embodiments, the human consumable fluid composition may comprise a beverage, a soup, a sauce, a pharmaceutical, a cosmetic, a personal hygiene product, a flavoring oil, and / or a combination thereof. In certain embodiments, the human consumable fluid composition comprises a beverage (e.g., a carbonated beverage). In some embodiments, the fluid composition is a fermented fluid composition. In some embodiments, the human consumable fluid composition may comprise a dissolved gas. In some embodiments, the human consumable fluid composition may be in the gas phase.

[0076] In some embodiments, the fluid composition may comprise a non-human consumable fluid composition. In some embodiments, the non-human consumable fluid composition may comprise a cutting fluid, a coolant, a lubricant, agricultural water (e.g., for irrigation of crops or livestock), recreational water (e.g., spa water or pool water), a hydraulic fluid, a petrochemical fluid (e.g., diesel fuel), a hydrophobic solution, or aquatic water (e.g., aquarium water). In certain embodiments, the non-human consumable fluid composition comprises a cutting fluid, a coolant, a lubricant, water for irrigation of crops or livestock, spa water, pool water, a hydraulic fluid, diesel fuel, a hydrophobic solution, aquarium water, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the non-human consumable fluid composition may be in the gas phase.

[0077] In some embodiments, sanitizing the fluid may not change the chemical properties of the fluid. In some embodiments, after the sanitized fluid composition is obtained, the pH of the fluid composition may remain substantially unchanged. In some embodiments, the pH of the fluid composition is changed by about 1 or less, about 0.9 or less, about 0.8 or less, about 0.7 or less, about 0.6 or less, about 0.5 or less, about 0.4 or less, about 0.3 or less, about 0.2 or less, or about 0.1 or less.

[0078] In some embodiments, after the sanitized fluid composition is obtained, dissolved oxygen in the fluid composition may be changed by about 50% or less, about 40% or less, about 30% or less, about 20% or less, about 10% or less, or about 5% or less. In some embodiments, after the sanitized fluid composition is obtained, the oxidized species in the fluid composition may be changed byWSGR Docket No. 54241-702.601 about 50% or less, about 40% or less, about 30% or less, about 20% or less, about 10% or less, or about 5% or less.

[0079] In some embodiments, after the sanitized fluid composition is obtained, the electrical conductivity of the fluid composition may be changed by about 50% or less, about 40% or less, about 30% or less, about 20% or less, about 10% or less, or about 5% or less.

[0080] In some embodiments, after the sanitized fluid composition is obtained, the total dissolved solids of the fluid composition may be changed by about 50% or less, about 40% or less, about 30% or less, about 20% or less, about 10% or less, or about 5% or less.

[0081] In some embodiments, after the sanitized fluid composition is obtained, oxidative -reductive potential of the fluid composition maybe changed by about 50% or less, about 40% or less, about 30% or less, about 20% or less, about 10% or less, or about 5% or less.

[0082] In some embodiments, the turbidity of the fluid composition maybe changed by about 50% or less, about 40% or less, about 30% or less, about 20% or less, about 10% or less, or about 5% or less.

[0083] In some embodiments, after the sanitized fluid composition is obtained, average difference of absorbance in the UV-Vis spectra between 300 to 1100 nm of the fluid composition may be changed by about 50% or less, about 40% or less, about 30% or less, about 20% or less, about 10% or less, or about 5% or less.

[0084] In some embodiments, after the sanitized fluid composition is obtained, the biological material in the fluid composition may be reduced by at least about 70%, at least about 80%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 99%, at least about 99.9%, at least about 99.99%, or more. In some embodiments, the biological material comprises cells of Absidia, Acanthamoeba spp., Acetobacter, Acetobacteriaceae, Acinetobacter, Actinomycetales, Alcaligenes, Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris, Alternaria, Anisakis simplex, Ascaris lumbricoides, Aspergillus, Astrovirus, Aureobasidium, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus spp., Bifidobacterium spp., Botrytis, Botrytis cinerea, Brettanomyces, Brucella spp., Campylobacter jejuni, Candida, Cladosporum, Clostridium botulinum, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium spp., Corynebacterium ulcerans, Cryptosporidium parvum, Cyclospora cayetanensis, Debaryomyces, Dengue virus, Entamoeba histolytica, Enter obacteriaceae, Enterobius vermicularis, Enterococcus faecalis, Enterovirus, Epicoccum, Escherichia coli, Fasciola hepatica, Flavobacterium, Fusarium, Giardia lamblia, Gluconobacter, Hanseniaspora, Hanseniaspora spp., Hansenula, Hantavirus, Hepatitis A virus, Influenza virus, Klebsiella, Kloeckera apiculata, Kocuria, Lactobacillus, Legionella, Leptospira spp., Leuconostoc spp., Listeria, Listeria monocytogenes, Megasphaera, Metschnikowia pulcherrima, Micrococcus, Mycobacterium bovis, Naegleria fowleri, Norovirus, Obe sumbacterium, Oenococcus oeni,WSGR Docket No. 54241-702.601Pectinatus, Pediococcus, Penicillium, Pichia, prions, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas spp., Rhanella aquatilis, Rhodospirillales, Rhodotorula, Rotavirus, Saccharomyces spp., Salmonella, Salmonella spp., Sapovirus, Sarcocystis spp., Schizosaccharomyces, Selenomonas, Shigella spp., Sporobolomyces, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus spp., Taenia solium, Torulaspora delbrueckii, Torulopsis, Toxoplasma gondii, Trichinella spiralis, Trichosporon, Veillonellaceae, Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio vulnificus, Yersinia enterocolitica, Zika virus, Zygosaccharomyces spp., Zymomonas, and / or Zymophilus. In certain embodiments, biological material (e.g., as provided herein) comprises viable cells capable of forming a colony forming unit (CFU) when cultured.

[0085] In some embodiments, after the sanitized fluid composition is obtained, the biodiversity of the fluid composition may be reduced by at least about 10%, at least about 20%, at least about 30%, at least about 40%, at least about 50%, or more. In some embodiments, the microbial concentration of the sanitized fluid is reduced by at least about 1 CFU / mL, at least about 1.5 logic CFU / mL, at least about 2 logic CFU / mL, at least about 3 logic CFU / mL, at least about 4 logic CFU / mL, 5 logic CFU / mL, at least about 9 logic CFU / mL, or more, compared to the fluid composition. In some embodiments, a bulk constituent of the sanitized fluid composition is substantially identical to a bulk constituent of the fluid composition (e.g., as determined by HPLC, NMR, LC-MS, GC-MS, MS, UV-Vis spectroscopy, rheometry, viscometry, hydrometry, nephelometry, turbidimetry, laser diffraction, x-ray scattering, dynamic light scattering, pH, titration, refractometry, conductivity, FTIR, fluorescence spectroscopy, qPCR, and / or ELISA). In certain embodiment, bulk constituent as used herein refers to more than 50% of something (e.g., fluid composition). In some embodiments, the bulk constituent refers to more than 50%, about 55% or more, about 60% or more, about 65% or more, about 70% or more, about 75% or more, about 80% ormore, about 85% or more, about 90% or more, about 95% or more, about 96% or more, about 97% or more, about 98% or more, about 99% or more, or about 99.5% or more.

[0086] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a sanitized fluid composition comprising a composition produced by the method disclosed herein.

[0087] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a filter system comprising a first filter wall, a plurality of electrostatically -active compositions, and a second filter wall. In some embodiments, the electrostatically-active composition may comprise an insulator or a semiconductor having a dielectric constant of greater than 1; a first surface of the insulator or the semiconductor disposed opposite a dielectric gap from a second surface of the insulator or the semiconductor; and a sharp interface of the first surface or the second surface configured to increase a charge density of an electrostatically accumulated potential between the first surface andWSGR Docket No. 54241-702.601 the second surface. In some embodiments, a pore size of the first filter wall and the second filter wall may be at most about 100 pm, at most about 50 pm, at most about 10 pm, at most about 5 pm, or at most about 1 pm. In certain embodiments, the pore size is about 10 cm or less, about 200 pm or less, or about 10 pm or less.

[0088] In certain embodiments, biological material (e.g., biological intra-envelope material) is retained (e.g., in the filter system). In certain embodiments, retained as used herein refers to maintaining or keeping possession of. In some embodiments, retain may be referred to interchangeably with maintained, preserved, held, kept, possessed, withheld, reserved, restrained, or the like. In certain embodiments, biological intra-envelope material is retained in the filter system (e.g., after the fluid composition is flowed through).

[0089] In some embodiments, a fluid composition comprising enzymes may have altered enzymatic activity after being flown through the filter system. In some embodiments, the filter may comprise an elution chamber.

[0090] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides an intra-envelop material extracting vessel. In some embodiments, the vessel may comprise a plurality of electrostatically -active compositions (e.g., particles) and a filter wall, wherein the pore size of the filter may be at most about 100 pm, at most about 50 pm, at most about 10 pm, at most about 5 pm, or at most about 1 pm. In some embodiments, the plurality of electrostatically-active compositions maybe configured to extract intra-envelop material from a biological material comprised in a fluid composition within the vessel.

[0091] In some embodiments, nucleic acid is retained within the vessel. In some embodiments, virus is retained within the vessel.

[0092] In some embodiments, the vessel may be comprised in a nested centrifuge tube. In some embodiments, the treated fluid, after passing the vessel, may be collected by the nested centrifuge tube. In some embodiments, a centripetal force may be applied when the fluid is flowing through the vessel, e.g., the plurality of electrostatically-active compositions in the vessel. In some embodiments, the centripetal force may be applied by a centrifuge machine. In some embodiments, the centrifuge tube may spin at a spin speed of at least 100 rpm, at least 1000 rpm, at least 10000 rpm, or higher.

[0093] In some embodiments, a fluid comprising one or more biological cells, cellular components, viruses, and / or virus components may be transformed by contacting the biological material with one or more electrostatically-active compositions or MAC materials (e.g., particles). In some embodiments, the transformation may comprise extraction and / or separation of the biological material. In some embodiments, the transformation may comprise structural alteration / deformationWSGR Docket No. 54241-702.601 of the biological material.

[0094] Non-limiting examples of the extraction and / or separation of the biological material may comprise extraction of nucleic acid from the fluid and / or separation of intracellular components from the fluid. In some embodiments, separation of intracellular components may comprise separation of intra-env elope components from the envelope material, or liberation of intracellular material or intra-envelope material from the cell or viral envelope. In some embodiments, the intracellular material or intra-envelope may comprise proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, enzymes, peptides, polypeptides, metabolites, small molecules, viral particles, viral proteins, viral enzymes, or viral genetic material, and / or a combination of two or more thereof.

[0095] Non-limiting examples of physical alteration / deformation of the biological material may comprise breaking the cellular envelope of the biological cell or rupturing the envelope of a virus.

[0096] In some embodiments, the transformation of the fluid comprising biological material may have broad utility. Non-limiting examples may include extraction of nucleic acid for analysis and / or replication, accelerating the decomposition of biological material, delaying the microbial spoilage of the fluid, suppressing and / or stopping cell growth, suppressing viable cell count, accelerating maturation of a fluid, reducing the number of colony -forming units (CFU), reducing turbidity, increasing light transmission of a fluid, extracting viral particles, extracting proteins, extracting metabolites, extracting lipids, extracting carbohydrates, extracting enzymes, producing oncolytic adjuvants, producing immunotherapy adjuvants, extracting peptides, extracting polypeptides, extracting plasmids, analyzing intracellular structures, analyzing intracellular content, generating material for use in cell-free protein synthesis, producing vaccines, producing food additives, producing biofuels, detection of diagnostic biomarkers, altering microbiome composition, enhancing crop yield, suppressing non-desirable plants, protecting crops from pests, producing antigen material, or altering enzymatic activity.

[0097] In some embodiments, intracellular material may be extracted from a fluid by contact with one or more MAC materials. In some embodiments, the biological material may be adsorbed by one or more MAC materials. In some embodiments, the intracellular material may be adsorbed by one or more MAC materials.

[0098] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method of extracting intracellular material from a fluid. In some embodiments, the fluid may comprise one or more biological cell(s) or biological virus particle(s). In some embodiments, the method may comprise contacting the fluid with a MAC material.

[0099] In some embodiments, contact between the envelopes of biological cells and / or viruses and the MAC material may result in a break in the envelopes and allow for the release of materials fromWSGR Docket No. 54241-702.601 within the envelopes. FIG. 6 shows an SEM image of a yeast cell that has released intracellular material due to contact with the structured surface of a MAC material 603. The image shows a disrupted cell envelope 601 and released intracellular materials 602 from interaction with contactingthe structured surface of the MAC material 603. The scale bar is 5 pm. Intra-envelope material located outside of the envelope may bind to the surface of the MAC material, e.g., one or more MAC particle(s).

[0100] In some embodiments, the method may further comprise separating the fluid and MAC material. In some embodiments, the fluid and MAC particle(s) may be separated using any suitable method, e.g., filtration, centrifugation, or magnetic separation.

[0101] In some embodiments, the adsorbed intra-envelope material may be extracted from the surface of the MAC material by eluting with any suitable solution. In some embodiments, the extracted intracellular material may be separated from the MAC materials. In some embodiments, the separation may comprise contacting the MAC materials with an elution solution. In some embodiments, the elution solution may comprise a solution with a certain pH range, e.g., from about 2 to 7. In some embodiments, the elution solution may comprise a buffer solution. In some embodiments, the solution comprising extracted intra-envelope material may be used for subsequent analysis and / or propagation.

[0102] In some embodiments, intra-envelope material located outside of the envelope may bind to one or more active sites on the MAC surface due to complementary charges. In some embodiments, the binding of intra-envelope material may alter the electric field around the MAC surface. In some embodiments, the charge at the active sites on the MAC surface may be redistributed by the contacting intra-envelope material. In some embodiments, the intra-envelope material may increase the electric field gradient around the MAC surface. In some embodiments, the electric field gradient may be increased by at least about 10%, at least about 20%, at least about 30%, at least about 40%, at least about 50%, or more. In some embodiments, the intra-envelope material may decrease the electric field gradient around the MAC surface. In some embodiments, the electric field gradient may be decreased by transferring charge to and / or from an active site on the MAC surface. In some embodiments, the electric field gradient may be decreased by at least about 10%, at least about 20%, at least about 30%, at least about 40%, at least about 50%, or more.

[0103] In some embodiments, the intra-envelope material may bind to two or more active sites and redistribute charge between the active sites.

[0104] In some embodiments, the attraction between the intra-envelope material and the MAC surface may be changed using an elution solution, which may allow for the elution of the intra- envelope material. Non-limiting examples of elution solutions include a buffered solution, aWSGR Docket No. 54241-702.601 solution with high ionic strength, or an organic solvent.

[0105] In some embodiments, interaction between the anisotropic electric field and / or morphology of the MAC surface and biological cells and / or viruses may disrupt the envelope of cells and / or viruses. In some embodiments, the envelope may be distorted by conforming to the contacting structures of the MAC surface. In some embodiments, the envelope may be disrupted by overstretching and conforming to a large surface area of the MAC surface structures. In some embodiments, the integrity of the envelope may be compromised due to the interaction with the electric field from the MAC surface. In some embodiments, the integrity of the envelope may be compromised by a combination of mechanical distortion by conforming to the structures of the MAC surface and interactions with the electric field. In some embodiments, the charge at the active sites of the MAC surface may be redistributed by the contacting biological envelope and result in the disruption of the envelope.

[0106] In some embodiments, intra-envelope material may be released by the disruption of the biological envelope.Apparatus

[0107] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides apparatuses for transforming one or more reactants. In some embodiments, the one or more reactants may comprise biological reactants, e.g., a microorganism.

[0108] In some embodiments, an apparatus may comprise a plurality of electrostatically active compositions disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the apparatus may comprise a vial, a vessel, a filter, a cartridge, a syringe, or any container that can contain and / or flow a fluid sample.

[0109] In some embodiments, the apparatus comprising MAC materials may extract from a fluid one or more component(s) of one or more biological cell(s) and / or viruses. In some embodiments, the one or more biological cell and / or virus components may comprise nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, intracellular molecules, enzymes, carbohydrates, metabolites, peptides, or intracellular material. In some embodiments, the components may be extracted, either individually or in combination from one or more cells and / or viruses that previously contained the components within their envelopes or the fluid where the components were previously released from the biological envelope.

[0110] In some embodiments, the apparatus may be configured for batch treatment. In some embodiments, the apparatus may be configured for continuous treatment.

[0111] As illustrated in FIGS. 1A-1C, an apparatus, e.g., an extraction column, may comprise a vessel containing one or more MAC materials and one or more permeable supports or barriers. In some embodiments, the one or more permeable supports or barriers may be configured to retain theWSGR Docket No. 54241-702.601MAC materials in the apparatus. In some embodiments, the supports or barriers may comprise a filter, e.g., a metal filter or a plastic filter. The filter may be configured to have a pore size that is smaller than the MAC materials, therefore the MAC materials do not penetrate the filter. The vessel may be an insert or attached to another apparatus.

[0112] FIG. 1A shows an exemplary assembled extraction column that comprises a removable nestling barrel 101 in a tube 102 (e.g., a centrifuge tube). FIG. IB shows the removable nestling barrel. The barrel 101 may comprise MAC materials 103, e.g., powder or particles, sandwiched between two permeable barriers, e.g., 104 and 105. The barriers retain the powder within the barrel. In some embodiments, the permeable barrier material may independently collect biological and / or non-biological material. In some embodiments, the top barrier may selectively collect previously released intra-envelope material and / or fluid components above its pore size. In some embodiments, the bottom barrier may selectively collect released intra-envelope material and / or fluid components above its pore size. The barrel may comprise a hinged cap 106 or any suitable covering. In some embodiments, the covering may comprise a septa. FIG. 1C shows the tube 102 that is configured to collect fluid that has passed through the MAC materials in the barrel. A fluid sample to be treated may be loaded to the barrel 101 e.g., above the barrier 105 , with the cap 106 open. After the loading, the cap 106 may be closed. The fluid may flow through the layer of the MAC materials (e.g., the powder bed) and permeable barriers unassisted or assisted. In some embodiments, the fluid may flow through the powder bed by gravity. In some embodiments, the barrel may be nested in the tube 102 and placed in a centrifuge machine. The centripetal force may assist the pass of the fluid through the powder bed and the barriers.

[0113] During the biological transformation, a fluid, in liquid and / or gas phase, comprising biological materials may be added to the vessel (e.g., the barrel of the column). The fluid is allowed to contact the MAC materials with one or more suitable modes, including but not limited to static, agitation, and / or flow.

[0114] In some embodiments, the extraction efficiency may be related to the exposure of the biological material to the MAC surface, therefore introducing motion to the vessel and / or fluid may increase the probability of interaction between the biological material and the MAC surface. The fluid may be removed from the vessel after contacting the MAC materials. In some embodiments, the fluid may be added back to the vessel for subsequent interaction and / or extraction.

[0115] In some embodiments, the intra-envelope material may be extracted from intact biological cells and / or viruses without a preceding lysis treatment. In some embodiments, lysis and extraction may occur in the same vessel.

[0116] FIG. 2A shows a perspective view of an exemplary filter cartridge. The filter cartridge 200WSGR Docket No. 54241-702.601 comprises a double wall MAC portion 205 for loading of MAC materials. The filter cartridge 200 further comprises a nut 201, a cap 202, and a gasket 203 for closing the filter cartridge after MAC materials are loaded inside the cartridge. In some embodiments, the cap 202 may be comprised of a solid material and / or a fluid-permeable material. FIG. 2B shows an exemplary filter cartridge. The double wall MAC portion 205 of the filter cartridge 200 comprises a chamber 206. In some embodiments, the MAC materials can be loaded in the chamber 206. In some embodiments, the MAC materials can be loaded between the double wall 207. The exemplary filter cartridge 205 comprises an inner disk 212 with threaded post 211 configured to connect with the cap. Inner disk 212 terminates one end of the inner filter 215 configured to separate chambers of the cartridge. 213 shows a tri-clamp ferrule configured to connect the cartridge to another cartridge, to a cap, or to a fluid tube. 214 shows an outer filter. 215 shows an inner filter. In some embodiments, MAC materials can be loaded between the outer filter 214 and the inner filter 215. 216 shows a tri-clamp reducer configured to connect the cartridge to another cartridge or to a fluid tube. 202 shows a cap and 203 shows a gasket. FIG. 2C illustrates an exemplary double wall MAC portion 205 with line drawing and labeling of each part of the filter cartridge for designing parameters. FIG. 2D shows a perspective view of an exemplary filter cartridge. The filter cartridge 250 comprises a double wall MAC portion 255 for loading of MAC materials. The filter cartridge 250 further comprises a bolt 251, a filter cap 252, and a gasket 253 for closing the filter cartridge after MAC materials are loaded inside the cartridge. FIG. 2E shows an exemplary filter cartridge. The double wall MAC portion 255 of the filter cartridge 250 comprises a chamber 256. In some embodiments, the MAC materials can be loaded in the chamber 256. In some embodiments, the MAC materials can be loaded between the double wall 257. The exemplary double wall MAC portion 255 comprises an inner cone 262 with tapped hole 261 configured to connect with the filter cap 252 using bolt 251 . Inner cone 262 terminates one end of the inner filter 265 configured to separate chambers of the cartridge. The filter cartridge 250 further comprises a bolt 251, a filter cap 252, an inner gasket 254, and an outer gasket 253 for closing the filter cartridge after MAC materials are loaded inside the cartridge. 263 shows a tri-clamp ferrule configured to connect the cartridge to another cartridge, to a cap, or to a fluid tube. 264 shows an outer filter. 265 shows an inner filter. In some embodiments, MAC materials can be loaded between the outer filter 264 and the inner filter 265. 266 shows a tri- clamp reducer configured to connect the cartridge to another cartridge or to a fluid tube. FIG. 2F illustrates an exemplary filter cap 252 and double wall MAC portion 255 with line drawing and labeling of each part of the filter cartridge for designing parameters.

[0117] FIG. 3A shows an exemplary MAC transformation system comprising a plurality of MAC cartridges. The plurality of MAC cartridges configured within a vessel, e.g., 301 can be arranged inWSGR Docket No. 54241-702.601 parallel or in series. In some embodiments, the MAC cartridge can be connected to the transformation system via tri-clamp reducer (e.g., 216 as shown in more details in FIG. 2B). The cartridge may comprise an inlet for a fluid sample to flow in and through the MAC materials. The cartridge may comprise an outlet for the fluid sample to flow out of the cartridge. For biological transformation applications, e.g., fluid sanitization or purification, when the fluid sample flows through the cartridge, e.g., the MAC materials in the cartridge, the MAC materials may interact with one or more cells (or microorganisms) of the fluid sample to purify the fluid sample. The cartridge may be replaceable. In some embodiments, the cartridge can be removed and replaced by a new cartridge. In some embodiments, the used cartridge can be reused. In some embodiments, the MAC materials in the used cartridge can be regenerated, e.g., by an elution solution. In some embodiments, the MAC materials in the used cartridge can be replenished with new and fresh MAC materials. FIG. 3B illustrates an exemplary MAC transformation system comprising a plurality of MAC cartridges 311, configured inside a vessel 318. The MAC cartridges may be replaceable. 312 shows a filter housing wherein one or more filters may be configured inside the housing. 313 shows chassis allowing the system to be mobile. 314 and 315 show fluid tubes to reverse the direction of fluid flow through the MAC cartridges 311 or bypass the MAC cartridges. 316 and 317 show valves, fluid may flow through 311 and one or more valves 316 and 317. In some embodiments, the MAC cartridges may be operated independently, in parallel, and / or in series. In some embodiments, the MAC cartridges may be independently backflushed. In some embodiments, the system may be stationary. In some embodiments, the system may be electrically insulated or grounded. FIG. 3C shows an exemplary MAC transformation system comprising a plurality of MAC cartridges 321. The MAC transformation system 320 comprises a plurality of MAC cartridges 321, a vessel 322, a pipe fitting 323, and a clamp 324. The MAC cartridge may be removed and replaced by a new cartridge. Fluid may flow through the 321 MAC cartridges in a series and / or parallel arrangement. In some embodiments, the fluid through the 321 MAC cartridges may flow independently with respect to other cartridges. In some embodiments, a plurality of systems 320 may be arranged in a series and / or parallel arrangement. In some embodiments, the system may comprise a plurality of pipe fittings 323. In some embodiments, the system may comprise a vessel and / or pipe combining flow between MAC cartridges. In some embodiments, MAC transformation systems may comprise one or more instruments and / or sensors. In some embodiments, the cartridge 321 maybe attached to the vessel 322 with clamp 324 or other mechanical fasteners. In some embodiments, the cartridges may be permanently attached to the vessel.

[0118] FIG. 4 A shows an exploded view of an exemplary filter cartridge. The filter cartridge 400WSGR Docket No. 54241-702.601 comprises a powder chamber 404 encased by an inner sintered filter cylinder 405 and an outer sintered filter cylinder 406. The filter cartridge 400 further comprises a removable end cap, e.g., 402, an O-ring403, and a flat gasket 401 at each end of the filter cartridge. In some embodiments, one or more end caps 402 may be affixed to one or more filter cylinders 405 and / or 406. FIG. 4B shows a side view of an assembled filter cartridge. FIG. 4C shows a perspective view of an assembled filter cartridge. FIG. 4D shows another side view of an assembled filter cartridge.

[0119] FIG. 5A shows a cross-sectional view illustration of an exemplary MAC transformation cartridge. The MAC cartridge 500 comprises MAC material in a powder chamber 501 encased by filters 502 and solid wall 503 . The cartridge may be connected to an article and / or machine where fluid is allowed to flow through the MAC cartridge and contact the enclosed MAC material. In some embodiments, a plurality of cartridges may be configured in series and / or parallel. In some embodiments, the cartridge may comprise of one or more fittings to connect the cartridge to an article or machine. FIG. 5B illustrates an exemplary MAC transformation cartridge 500 with line drawing and labeling of each part of the MAC transformation cartridge for designing parameters.

[0120] In some embodiments, the apparatus may comprise an article and / or machine. In some embodiments, the article and / or machine may comprise one or more MAC structures that may transform one or more contacting reactants and / or biological materials. In some embodiments, the MAC structures may be on a MAC surface. In some embodiments, the MAC structures may be on a MAC particle. In some embodiments, the article and / or machine may comprise multiple MAC surfaces. In some embodiments, the article and / or machine may comprise multiple MAC particles.

[0121] In some embodiments, a machine may comprise one or more articles comprising MAC structures. In some embodiments, transformation products may provide thermal energy in additional transformations. In some embodiments, fluid comprising one or more biological materials may recirculate and / or flow through the article and / or machine.

[0122] In some embodiments, a machine may comprise a fluid-modifying MAC Machine. In some embodiments, a fluid-modifying MAC machine may comprise one or more chambers that comprise one or more MAC structures. In some embodiments, contacting fluid(s) with the one or more MAC structures may be chemically transformed. In some embodiments, static charge may be dynamic between opposite curvature sites of one or more MAC structures. In some embodiments, one or more MAC structures may be on one or more MAC surfaces. In some embodiments, one or more MAC surfaces may be on one or more MAC particles.

[0123] In some embodiments, the chamber envelope maybe closed or may comprise one or more temporary and / or permanent openings that may permit the ingress and / or egress of fluid(s). In some embodiments, at least a portion of the chamber envelope may be fluid-permeable. In someWSGR Docket No. 54241-702.601 embodiments, the chamber may be temporarily and / or permanently attached to a machine. In some embodiments, the chamber may comprise of one or more connections. In some embodiments, the type of connection may be threaded, weld, flange, barb, compression, flare, push-on, push-to- connect, push-to-pull, push-fit, quick-connect, quick-disconnect, sanitary, hygienic, solder, braze, sweat, socket, beveled seat, cam and groove, crimp, press, swage, cinch, rubber sleeve, friction, grooved coupling, mechanical, coupler, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the bulk fluid within the chamber may be static and / or dynamic. In some embodiments, fluid(s) may flow through, recirculate, cycle, flow dynamically, and / or be stored within the machine or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, thermal energy may passively and / or actively ingress and / or egress the machine. In some embodiments, the machine may reduce the microbial viability concentration of the fluid contacting one or more MAC structures. In some embodiments, the machine may extract biological material from a fluid. In some embodiments, the machine may actively store thermal energy. In some embodiments, the machine may comprise one or more ports for the egress and / or ingress of transformational products and / or reactants.

[0124] In some embodiments, the motion of the chamber may be dynamic and / or static relative to other components of the machine. In some embodiments, the machine may separate one or more components of the fluid(s). In some embodiments, the machine may comprise control system(s), pump(s), storage vessel(s), valve(s), heat pump(s), heater(s), heat exchanger(s), combustion chamber(s), or any combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the machine may comprise the combustion of one or more components of MAC transformation product(s). In some embodiments, mechanical energy from the production of gas-phase products may be converted into electrical energy. In some embodiments, the MAC transformation product(s) may comprise one or more components of a fuel. In some embodiments, chemical potential energy released from the combustion of one or more components of produced fuel may be converted into mechanical energy, and optionally, further into electrical energy.

[0125] In some embodiments, a machine may comprise a fluid purifying machine. In some embodiments, the machine may comprise a vessel comprising the electrostatically active composition disclosed herein, a fluid inlet, and a fluid outlet. In some embodiments, the machine may be configured to purify a fluid.

[0126] In some embodiments, a machine may comprise a water purifying machine. In some embodiments, the machine may comprise a fluid mixing vessel having a fluid inlet, the fluid mixing vessel being operably coupled to a gas mixing vessel. In some embodiments, the machine may comprise the electrostatically active composition disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the machine may comprise a fluid collection vessel. In some embodiments, the machine may beWSGR Docket No. 54241-702.601 configured to purify water.

[0127] In some embodiments, electrostatic charge may be dynamic between opposite curvature sites of one or more MAC structures. In some embodiments, one or more MAC structures may be on one or more MAC surfaces. In some embodiments, one or more MAC surfaces may be on one or more MAC particles. In some embodiments, the chamber envelope may be closed or may comprise one or more temporary and / or permanent openings that may permit the ingress and / or egress of fluid(s). In some embodiments, at least a portion of the chamber envelope may be fluid- permeable. In some embodiments, the bulk fluid within a chamber may be static and / or dynamic. In some embodiments, the fluid(s) may flowthrough, recirculate, cycle, flow dynamically, and / or be stored within the machine or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, thermal energy may passively and / or actively ingress and / or egress the machine. In some embodiments, the machine may reduce the microbial viability concentration of the fluid contacting one or more MAC structures. In some embodiments, the machine may actively store thermal energy. In some embodiments, the machine comprises one or more ports for the egress and / or ingress of transformational products and / or reactants. In some embodiments, the motion of the chamber may be dynamic and / or static relative to other components of the machine. In some embodiments, the machine may separate one or more components of the fluid(s). In some embodiments, the machine may comprise control system(s), pump(s), vessel(s), valve(s), heat pump(s), heater(s), heat exchanger(s), combustion chamber(s), or any combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the machine may comprise combustion of one or more components of MAC transformation.

[0128] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a purification system. In some embodiments, the purification system may comprise a machine comprising a vessel comprising the electrostatically active composition disclosed herein, a fluid inlet, and a fluid outlet.

[0129] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a fluid dispensing apparatus. In some embodiments, the apparatus may comprise the electrostatically active composition disclosed herein. In some embodiments, at least a portion of the apparatus surface may comprise one or more MAC structures. In some embodiments, the apparatus may comprise one or more chambers comprising one or more MAC particles. In some embodiments, the apparatus may comprise an elongate hollow member. In some embodiments, the apparatus may comprise one or more valve(s). In some embodiments, the apparatus may comprise one or more connections. In some embodiments, the type of connection may be threaded, weld, flange, barb, compression, flare, push -on, push-to- connect, push-to-pull, push-fit, quick-connect, quick-disconnect, sanitary, hygienic, solder, braze, sweat, socket, beveled seat, cam and groove, crimp, press, swage, cinch, rubber sleeve, friction, grooved coupling, mechanical, coupler, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, theWSGR Docket No. 54241-702.601 apparatus may dispense beverage.EXAMPLESExample 1: biological transformation in centrifuge extraction columns

[0130] To demonstrate the functionality of centrifuge extraction columns, several treatment and control vessels were prepared and tested. The following is a non -limiting example of this type of configuration.

[0131] The exemplary vessel is shown in FIG. 1 A. Each of the vessels used in the test comprised a barrel, e.g. 101, which included two 5 pm filters, e.g. 104 and 105. The barrel was nestled into a 2 mL microcentrifuge collection tube, e.g. 102.

[0132] Two control sample vessels were used. One control sample vessel had an unfilled barrel, e.g. without 103, (control sample CO) and the other control sample vessel had raw Si powder filled in the barrel, e.g. substituting for 103, (control sample C2). The treatment samples vessels comprised barrels filled with Si MAC powder 103. Multiple morphologies of MAC powder were used to demonstrate the effectiveness and adjustability of the underlying morphology. The filters, e.g. 104 and 105, were positionedabove andbelowthe powderbedin the vessels. The powder ID, powder mass, and use class are summarized in Table 2.Table 2. Centrifuge extraction column samples.WSGR Docket No. 54241-702.601

[0133] Monoculture test solutions were prepared, each solution comprised one of the following organisms suspended in a phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) solution: Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Escherichia coli. The concentrations of viable cells in the cultures ranged between 5.79 and 9.78 Logio CFU / mL.

[0134] For each trial, a 500 pL aliquot of the prepared monoculture solution was added to each sterile test barrel, within the sterile vessel. The test solution passed through the barrel during centrifugation and the resulting eluate was collected in individual sterile 2 mL microcentrifuge collection tubes. The samples were centrifuged at forces ranging from l,000x G to 10,000 x G for durations ranging from 1 to 10 min. The temperature was maintained at 4 °C to avoid any thermal denaturation of the test solutions.

[0135] The optical absorbance was measured for the collected eluate with a Shimadzu UV-1700 spectrophotometer. The resulting microbial viability was determined by inoculating plates of Yeast- Peptone-Dextrose (YPD) and Luria Broth (LB) with the diluted collected eluate. The inoculated plates were then incubated at 30 °C with a relative humidity of >95% for up to 5 days. The viable colony -forming units (CFU) concentration were then quantified through standard plate counts, with CFU values reported in Logio CFU / mL. The difference in concentration of viable microbes between the initial and the collected solutions is reported as the log reduction. Table 3 shows the results from testing the samples with different microbes at a centrifuge speed of 1000 x G for 1 min.Table 3. Results from testing with different microbes.WSGR Docket No. 54241-702.601

[0136] The low CFU log reduction values for the empty control samples (CO) indicate that the initial microbes were not significantly retained by the barrel or the filters but rather the majority of the initial microbes passed through the filters and were collected in the vial.

[0137] The MAC particles had significantly greater effectiveness in reducing microbial activity across a broad-spectrum of microbes than raw Si powder (control sample C2). The treatment samples (comprising MAC particles) had a significant CFU log reduction from the initial, compared to both controls (CO and C2). The T1.5 sample consistently had a greater CFU log reduction than the T1. 1 sample. As the mass of MAC powder increases, the CFU log reduction increases proportionately. T1.5 had roughly five times the mass of MAC powder of Tl . l, which also corresponds to roughly five times of MAC surface area for the solution to contact. The greater surface area allows for more retention of intra-envelope material. In some embodiments, SiCh may be included in the barrel to also retain intra-envelope material. In some embodiments, the SiO2may be mixed with the MAC particles and / or segregated.

[0138] The CFU log reduction is an indicator of the extraction efficiency for the treatment samples. These results show an extraction efficiency ranging between 99.4% to 99.99999993%.

[0139] FIG. 7 shows the background corrected UV-vis absorption spectra for the initial flow through eluate of S. cerevisiae samples passed through the extraction vessels T1.5 (containing 0.5001 gMAC-9), curve T1.5-FT, and T5.5 (containing 0.5025 g MAC-11), curve T5.5-FT. Both sample vessels liberated nucleic acids through contact with the MAC powder, as indicated by the absorbance peak at approximately 260 nm. When the barrels were subsequently eluted with sterile buffer solution, the eluate from each barrel contained roughly comparable concentrations of nucleic acids, as indicated by the overlapping curves T1.5-E1 and T5.5-E1 around the 260 nm peak. Subsequently, the barrels were then soaked for approximately two hours in sterile elution buffer. The second elution, curves T1.5-E2 and T5.5-E2, further released nucleic acids from T1.5 and T5.5. There was a significantly greater amount of nucleic acid released from T5.5. The purity of nucleic acids, as measured by the 260 nm / 280 nm ratio, for all treatment samples was high, including the initial flow through eluate and subsequent buffer solution elution.

[0140] The purity of the collected nucleic acids increased when the columns were subsequently eluted with a buffer, which demonstrates the selective adsorption of nucleic acids onto the MAC materials. Further, the amount of nucleic acid retained was dependent on the surface morphology ofWSGR Docket No. 54241-702.601 the MAC powder. In some embodiments the surface morphology of the MAC material may be adjusted to enhance or reduce adsorption.

[0141] The flow through eluate curves (solid, T 1.5 -FT and T5.5-FT) shows that nucleic acid was released from the cell by passing through the treatment vessels. The short-dashed curves, T1.5-E1 and T.5.5-E1, show similar amounts of nucleic acid were subsequently released from both vessels during the first elution. The long-dashed curves, T1 .5-E2 and T5.5-E2, show further release of nucleic acid during a subsequent elution. The amount of nucleic acid in the subsequent elution exceeded the initial flow through. Additionally, the amount of nucleic acid released by T5.5 was much greater than by T1.5, which demonstrates the selective adsorption of nucleic acids onto the MAC powder and roughly correlates with the differences in the surface morphology of MAC powder in each treatment vessel. The spectra also indicate high purity nucleic acid for the T1 .5 -FT, T1.5-E2, and T5.5-E2, based on the 260 / 280 nm absorbance ratio.

[0142] Table 4 shows results with S. cerevisiae from testing different centrifugation durations at the same spin speed. The CFU log reduction for the treatment samples did not significantly change by centrifuging the vessels for different durations.Table 4. Test results from testing different centrifugation durations and same spin speed.

[0143] The minimum spin duration may be at most about one minute to achieve extraction. After the minimum duration, the CFU log reduction for the treatment samples may be independent of centrifugation duration.

[0144] Table 5 shows results with S. cerevisiae from testing different centrifugation speeds for the same duration with sample vessels that comprise different types and amounts of MAC powder. The results show that the treatment vessel samples containing more MAC powder have larger CFU log reductions.WSGR Docket No. 54241-702.601Table 5. Testing results from testing different MAC types and different centrifugation speeds for the same duration with S. cerevisiae.

[0145] Corroborating FIG. 7, Table 5 shows that many different types of MAC surfaces were effective at extracting intra-envelope material as indicated by the significant CFU log reduction values. All of the treatment samples had CFU log reduction values that were significantly greater than the control samples.

[0146] The treatment samples that contained approximately 0.5 g of MAC particles generally showed larger CFU log reductions compared to the treatment samples with 0.1 g of MAC particles. The cells passing through the 0.5 g powder bed had a higher probability of contacting the MAC surface and had a greater number of subsequent contacts in comparison with cells passing throughWSGR Docket No. 54241-702.601 the 0.1 g powder bed. The average CFU log reduction increased by more than 2 Logio CFU / mL when the vessels contained 0.5 g of MAC particles compared to 0.1 g, which may result from higher contact probability.

[0147] The CFU log reduction for T1 .1 was greater when the centrifuge was spinning slower, whereas the other 0.1 g treatment sample vessels had a greater CFU log reduction when the centrifuge was spinning faster. The variation in the CFU log reduction trends may be attributed to a range of damage severity of the cell envelope due to the different MAC surface morphologies between the types of MAC particles. The range of damage severity is noticeable from the CFU log reductions of the treatment samples with approximately 0.1 g of MAC particles. At the slower spin speed, the CFU log reduction for these samples had a lower mean (4.52 vs. 5.24 Logio CFU / mL) and higher standard deviation (0.99 vs. 0.73) than at higher spin speeds. At the higher spin speeds, the eluate was subjected to 10 times the compression force than at the lower spin speeds. A compromised cell envelope may be able to sustain the lower external forces at the lower spin speed but not at the higher spin speed, as seen by the difference in average CFU log reductions.

[0148] The 0.5 g treatment sample results show an overall higher CFU log reduction than the 0.1 g treatment samples.

[0149] The standard deviation of the CFU log reduction between the two spin speeds was smaller with the 0.5 g samples than with the 0.1 g samples, (0.21 vs. 0.73 Logio CFU / mL), which indicates that the CFU log reductions of the 0.5 g samples were less dependent, if not independent, on the spin speed. This relationship suggests the cell envelope sustained greater damage from subsequent contact with the larger MAC powder bed when compared to the 0.1 g samples.

[0150] These results demonstrate that the disruption of the cell and / or virus envelope with the MAC surface can be modulated, e.g., by spin speed, MAC composition, MAC morphology, amount of MAC material, contact duration, etc.

[0151] The degree of disruption may at least depend on the probability of interaction and the number of subsequent interactions between the cell or cell component with the MAC surface. In some cases, the envelope disruption can be comparatively minor where the cell can repair and survive after contacting the MAC surface. In some cases, the overall damage to the cell can be fatal.

[0152] The time series of CFU plating illustrates a typical decay pattern of the eluate after contacting the MAC surface: an initial reduction was followed by a steady decrease in CFU as cells succumb to their injuries from contacting the MAC surface. Although the nutrient-rich media can potentially allow some injured cells to repair and multiply, many succumb during the interim between exposure to the MAC surface and access to this growth media, resulting in ongoingWSGR Docket No. 54241-702.601 decline. The CFU concentration eventually stabilizes at a minimum value, after which it may either remain constant or potentially increase depending on the condition of the surviving cells and their environmental conditions. This characteristic decay trajectory maybe influenced by various factors, including the physiology of both injured and healthy cells, the conditions of the carrier, the agar growth media, and the environmental conditions during CFU quantification.Example 2: biological transformation in syringe cartridge format

[0153] The vessel comprising MAC particles may be configured as a modular cartridge, where a fluid comprising biological components may be passed through the cartridge. The modular cartridge may be attached to any suitable article that may pass fluid through the cartridge. A syringe was used in the following non-limiting example to pass fluid through the cartridge. One or more syringes may be connected to the cartridge and may provide positive or negative pressure to move the fluid through the cartridge. The fluid may be passed through the cartridge unidirectionally, bidirectionally, multi-directionally, and / or omnidirectionally.

[0154] The syringe cartridge comprised a disk-shaped powder bed of 0.1 gMAC particles between two 5 pm polypropylene filter disks. The cartridge comprised of two connections, allowing fluid to pass through the powder bed. A standard syringe was attached to the cartridge.

[0155] Monocultures of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Staphylococcus epidermidis , and Escherichia COH WQVQ prepared in phosphate-buffered saline. The initial concentrations of viable cells ranged between 3.52 and 9.20 Logic CFU / mL.

[0156] Up to 20 mL of each prepared monoculture solution was added to a sterile syringe. The inoculum solution was passed through a sterile cartridge from the syringe using the syringe plunger. The eluate (the output of the cartridge) was then aseptically collected and prepared for standard plate count analysis. The residual microbial activity was determined by inoculating plates of YPD and LB with diluted collected eluate. The inoculated plates were then incubated at 30 °C with a relative humidity of >95% for up to 5 days. Viable CFU was then quantified through direct counting, with CFU values reported in Logic CFU / mL. The difference in concentration of viable microbes between the initial and collected eluate is reported as the log reduction. Table 6 shows experimental results from passing the test liquids through the syringe cartridge.Table 6. Experimental results from passing the inoculum through a syringe cartridge.WSGR Docket No. 54241-702.601

[0157] The results demonstrate the broad-spectrum efficacy of the cartridge comprising MAC particles at disrupting the cell envelope as indicated by the reduction in CFU in all test solutions.Example 3: biological transformation in syringe barrel format

[0158] The vessel comprising MAC particles may be configured in a syringe, where a fluid comprising biological components may pass through a bed of MAC particles within the syringe. The syringe comprising MAC particles may attach to any suitable article. In some embodiments, the article may pass fluid through and / or collect fluid from the MAC particle bed. In some embodiments, the syringe may be externally and / or internally driven. In some embodiments, the syringe may comprise valves to ingress and egress fluid in and / or out of the barrel.

[0159] The sterile syringe comprised 0.1 g of MAC particles between two 5 pm polypropylene filter disks, which formed a cylindrical-shaped powder bed in the barrel of the syringe.Monocultures of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Staphylococcus epidermidis. and Escherichia coli were prepared in phosphate-buffered saline. The initial concentrations of viable cells ranged between 2.99 and 4.46 Logic CFU / mL. An environmental water sample was collected from a creek, which contained a broad spectrum of microorganisms. This environmental water sample harbored microorganisms identifiable by microscopic methods but unculturable using the employed media preparations and did not contribute to the quantified result. The complex inoculum sourced from the environment was assessed through microscopic techniques and was determined to contain Prokarya, including bacteria and archaea, and Eukarya, including fungi and protozoa.

[0160] Up to 20 mL of each sample fluid was passed through the MAC particle bed in the syringe. The eluate(s) (the output of the syringe) were then aseptically collected and prepared for plate count analysis. The syringe was cleaned and sterilized before each trial. The residual microbial activity was determined by inoculating plates of YPD and LB with each of the diluted eluates. The inoculated plates were then incubated at 30°C with a relative humidity of >95% for up to 5 days. Viable CFUs were then quantified through direct counting, with CFU values reported in Logic CFU / mL. The difference in concentration of viable microbes between the initial and collected eluate is reported as the log reduction. Table 7 shows experimental results from passing the test liquids through a syringe comprising MAC particles.Table 7. Experimental results from passing test liquids through a syringe comprising MAC particles.WSGR Docket No. 54241-702.601

[0161] The results demonstrate the broad-spectrum efficacy of the syringe comprising MAC particles at disrupting the cell envelope as indicated by the reduction in CFU. The results also demonstrate the efficacy with different carriers (phosphate -buffered saline and environmental creek water).

[0162] Comparingthe creek water before and after passing through the syringe demonstrates that Eukaryotes are highly susceptible to cell envelope disruption by interaction with the MAC surface. Initially, the staining and microscopic analysis of this sample contained a mixture of Prokarya, including bacteria and archaea, and Eukarya, including fungi and protozoa. Whereas the population of viable microorganisms isolated from the Creek Water eluent was exclusively comprised of Prokaryotic microbes.

[0163] The same mass of MAC powder was used in both the syringe barrel and syringe cartridge format example and resulted in similar CFU reductions. However, the aspect ratios of the two cylindrical powder beds were different. The powder bed in the syringe barrel was over twice as tall as in the cartridge format. In these examples, the aspect ratio of the powder bed did not have a noticeable impact on the measured CFU reduction.Example 4: biological transformation in single open-ended powder bed configuration

[0164] A vessel may comprise a bed of MAC powder (Si), where the powder bed is constrained on at least one side by a permeable barrier (e.g. filter screen) and at least one side of the powder bed is unconstrained. Fluid may pass through the powder bed and permeable barrier(s).

[0165] A test vessel comprised MAC powder within either a single 1” or 1.5”, or two 1.5” triclamp sight glasses, which had 5 pm pore size stainless steel tri-clamp gasket filter screens at either end to contain the powder within the sight glass. Monocultures of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Escherichia co / z were prepared in phosphate-buffered saline. The initial concentrations of viable cells ranged between 4.70 and 6.97 Logio CFU / mL. A solution inoculated with a monoculture was pumped through the test cell with a peristaltic pump.

[0166] 4 to 5 L of inoculum were pumped through the sterile test system. Samples of the testWSGR Docket No. 54241-702.601 solution were aseptically collected immediately before entering and immediately after exiting the test vessel for analysis. Two modes of fluid flow were used during this study, flow through and recirculation.

[0167] In the flow-through mode, the output from the test vessel was collected in a separate sterile vessel. In the recirculation mode, the output from the test vessel was returned to the supply reservoir. The test vessel was reset, cleaned, and sterilized before and after every trial. Resetting included cycling the direction of flow forward and backward through the powder. Running the flow backward lofted and suspended the powder. Material accumulation in the powder bed was not observed during the resetting process. The residual microbial activity was determined by inoculating plates of YPD and LB with diluted, collected eluate. The inoculated plates were then incubated at 30 °C with a relative humidity of >95% for up to 5 days. Viable CFU were then quantified through direct counting, with CFU values reported in Logio CFU / mL. The difference in concentration of viable microbes between the initial and collected eluent is reported as the log reduction. Table 8 shows experimental results from passing the test liquid through a powder test vessel in flow through mode.Table 8. Experimental results from passing the test liquid through a powder test vessel in flow through mode.

[0168] The CFU concentrations were reduced across all tested configurations and test organisms. Log reductions ranged between 1.58 and 3.71 Logio CFU / mL. The 10 g of MAC powder from configuration 115-100 was evenly splitbetween two chambers in series for configuration 215-100. There were 3 tri-clamp filter gaskets for this two chamber configuration. In the two chamber configuration, the surface area of the bulk powder bed doubled compared to configuration 115-100.WSGR Docket No. 54241-702.601

[0169] The results with S. cerevisiae indicate that the head-on impact of the microbial cells onto the exposed face of the MAC powder bed (configuration 115-100 vs. 215-100) is not mode of action that significantly contributes to CFU reduction. An increase in the log reduction would have been expected in configuration 215-100 compared to 115-100 if a head-on collision with the exposed surface was a significant mode of action.

[0170] The results show that the amount and configuration of the MAC powder influence the CFU reduction. The CFU reduction of E. Coli shows a correlation with the amount of powder that is available to interact with the microbial cells. Similarly, the CFU reductions of S. cerevisiae with configurations 110-050, 110-075, and 115-100 also show a correlation between the amount of powder and CFU reduction, in other words more powder results in greater CFU reductions.

[0171] The results from configurations 110-050 and 115-050 suggest the formation of the powder bed may influence the CFU reduction. With the same amount of powder (5.0 g), configuration 115- 050 reduced the CFU concentration by nearly two orders of magnitude more than configuration 110-050. Meanwhile, configuration 115-050 resulted in comparable CFU reduction with configuration 115-100, which had twice the amount of powder (10.0 g).

[0172] The S. cerevisiae inoculum dramatically changed in appearance when it was repeatedly treated by the MAC powder test vessel. The input and output inoculum started with a nearly opaque milky appearance due to the high concentration of suspended yeast cells. After recirculating through configuration 115-100 for 20 minutes the solution became transparent. The significant decrease in turbidity was due to the deconstruction of the yeast cells. The cells were fragmented by the repeated contact with the MAC surface. The cell fragments are smaller than the scattering limit of visible light and therefore optical clarity was increased. The fragmentation of the yeast cells was verified by SEM. The decrease in turbidity was not attributed to biological material accumulating in the powder bed.Example 5: biological transformation in dead-ended powder bed with a rigid confinement

[0173] A vessel may comprise MAC powder confined by a rigid permeable barrier. An exemplary vessel is shown in FIG. 5 A. The rigid barrier 502 contains the MAC powder within the vessel and maintains the configuration and shape of the powder bed. Fluid may pass through the powder bed and permeable rigid barrier. Several treatment test vessels were used in this study. The test vessel comprised MAC powder within a stainless steel tri -clamp spool, between two rigid stainless steel 5 pm pore size filter disks. A comparison test vessel comprised a 0.45 pm filter. The test apparatus included sample ports immediately before and after the test vessel to collect liquid samples for analysis aseptically. TD-01 vessel had 28.52 g MAC-10 (Si) powder within a 2” tri-clamp spool and between two 5 pm stainless steel filters. TD-02 vessel had 14.68 g MAC-9 (Si) powder withinWSGR Docket No. 54241-702.601 a 2” tri-clamp spool and between two 5 pm stainless steel filters. TD-03 vessel had 15.90 g MAC-9 (Si) powder within a 2” tri-clamp spool and between two 5 pm stainless steel filters. TD-02 and TD-03 were configured in parallel forthis study. TD-04 vessel had 10.48 g of MAC-9 (Si) powder within a 1.5” tri-clamp spool and between two 5 pm stainless steel filters.

[0174] Several beverages were used during this study, including beer, hard apple cider, hard seltzer, wine, cold brew coffee, and cow's milk. The set of beverages had a broad range of characteristics including non-carbonated, carbonated, alcoholic, non-alcoholic, low turbidity, and high turbidity. A variety of microorganisms were present in the beverage test samples when they were collected. The beverage test samples were not further inoculated. A testing apparatus was used to flow the beverage test samples through multiple test vessels in parallel. All vessels were thoroughly cleaned and sterilized before each test. During each test, beverage samples were pumped through the test vessels from a supply vessel, through the testing apparatus, and into receiving vessels. Test samples were aseptically collected from sampling ports immediately before and after the test vessels. Sets of collected samples were analyzed immediately and after aging for several days. During aging, the milk samples were stored at 4 °C and the rest were stored at room temperature. The collected samples were used to inoculate complex nutrient media for CFU enumeration and species identification. The media used to culture and enumerate the microorganisms used in this study included YPD and LB. The inoculated plates were then incubated at 30 °C with a relative humidity of >95% for up to 5 days. The number of viable CFUs was quantified by direct counting. CFU concentrations are reported in Logio CFU / mL and samples with too few colonies to count are indicated as TFTC. The difference in concentration of viable microbes between the initial and collected eluent is reported as the log reduction. pH, total dissolved solids (TDS) concentration, andUV-vis absorption profile measurements were performed to analyze the chemical and physical characteristics of the collected samples. Table 9 shows significant reductions in CFU concentration across the diverse set of beverages.Table 9. Experimental data for beverage samples.WSGR Docket No. 54241-702.601

[0175] Initial CFU reductions ranged between 1.3 to 5.08 Logic CFU / mL, while the treated beverages maintained their chemical and physical integrity. The carbonation in the beer, hard cider, and hard seltzer was maintained while passing through the treatment test vessels. The presence of carbonation had no measurable difference in the outcome of the treated samples compared to non - carbonated treated samples. The integrity of the beverage was maintained as indicated by the negligible changes in the pH, TDS, and UV-Vis profiles immediately after treatment compared to untreated. Different flow rates had no measurable impact on the character of the treated samples.

[0176] FIG. 8A shows UV-vis absorption spectra for MAC treated hard seltzer, curve S-MAC, untreated hard seltzer, curve S-O, and 0.45 pm filtered hard seltzer, curve S-F. Compared to the absorption of the untreated hard seltzer sample, curve S-O, the S-MAC increased slightly, while S- F noticeably decreased. The reduction in the absorbance throughout the spectrum, seen in curve S- F, indicates the removal of material from the beverage by the 0.45 pm filter. FIG 8B. shows theWSGR Docket No. 54241-702.601 difference in the UV-vis spectra between the treated and untreated. Curve MAC-0 is the difference between the MAC treated (S-MAC) and untreated (S-0). Curve F-0 is the difference between the filtered (S-F) and the untreated (S-0). The MAC treated sample has a slight increase in absorption in the spectra between 300 and 600 nm, which is attributed to the increase scattering from the disruption of the cell envelope as a result of interacting with the MAC material. The disruption of the cell envelope is corroborated by the decrease in the microbial concentration of the treated hard seltzer sample relative to the untreated sample, seen in Table 9. The increase in absorption of the MAC treated sample is further highlighted in FIG. 8C, which shows the precent difference of the UV-vis spectra relative to the untreated sample. Curves D-MAC and D-F are the percent difference in absorption of the MAC treated sample and filtered sample relative to the untreated, respectively. The increased absorbance of the MAC treated samples, relative to the untreated, is in sharp contrast with the significant decreased absorbance of the 0.45 pm filtered sample. The decrease in absorbance across the measured UV-vis spectrum of the 0.45 pm filtered sample is attributed to the removal of material.

[0177] Furthermore, after aging, the pH and TDS values of the MAC treated samples agreed with the untreated sample, indicating the stability of the liquid chemistry of the treated sample during the treatment.

[0178] The CFU concentration increased after aging for most of the untreated samples. The CFU concentration of untreated cold brew decreased, while remaining constant for the untreated beer sample. All treated samples, except for cold brew coffee and cow’s milk, after aging, maintained their TFTC concentration, which indicates their microbial stability. The aged-treated (Tl) cold brew coffee and cow’s milk samples both had an increase in CFU concentration compared to immediately after treatment (TO), but the concentration is noticeably lower than the aged untreated samples.Example 6: biological transformation in a cylindrical powder bed with rigid confinement

[0179] A vessel may comprise MAC powder confined by rigid curved permeable barrier. The rigid barrier contains the MAC powder within the vessel and maintains the configuration and shape of the curved powder bed.

[0180] Cylindrical treatment cartridges were used in this study. An exemplary vessel is shown in FIG. 2A. Each cartridge comprised powder confined between two rigid (e.g. FIG. 2B 214 and 215), approximately 10-inch tall, concentric cylindrical stainless steel 5 pm pore size filters. The cartridge was placed inside an outer housing. Exemplary housings are shown in FIG. 3 A and FIG 3B as components of MAC transformation systems. The flow may travel axially before and after traveling radially across the powder and filter walls. At least a portion of the flow may flowWSGR Docket No. 54241-702.601 tangentially to the cartridge's outermost surface and / or innermost surface. The housing may comprise ports to ingress or egress of material. Due to the powder packing density and curvature of the powder bed, the operational dynamics and treatment efficiency may be asymmetric when the flow is radially inward compared with outward.

[0181] Several beverages were used during this study, including beer and hard apple cider. A variety of microorganisms were present in the beverage test samples when they were collected. The beverage test samples were not further inoculated. Beverage test samples flowed through the treatment cartridge, which was mounted on a testing apparatus (e.g. FIG. 3 A and FIG. 3B). All cartridges were thoroughly cleaned and sterilized before each test. During each test, beverage samples were pumped through the cartridges from a supply vessel, through the testing apparatus, and into receiving vessels. Test samples were aseptically collected from sampling ports immediately before and after the treatment cartridge. Sets of collected samples were analyzed immediately after flowing through the test apparatus. Sets of collected samples were aged for several days and then analyzed. During aging, the samples were stored at room temperature. The collected samples were used to inoculate complex nutrient media for CFU enumeration and species identification. The media used to culture and enumerate the microorganisms used in this study included YPD and LB. The inoculated plates were then incubated at 30 °C with a relative humidity of >95% for up to 5 days. The number of viable CFUs was quantified by direct counting. CFU concentrations are reported in Logio CFU / mL and samples with too few colonies to count are indicated as TFTC. The difference in concentration of viable microbes between the initial and collected eluent is reported as the log reduction. To analyze the chemical and physical characteristics of the collected samples, pH, total dissolved solid (TDS) concentration, and UV -vis absorption profile measurements were performed. Table 10 and Table 11 show characterization results for both treated and untreated samples from two different beer samples using the cylindrical treatment cartridge. The sets of treated and untreated samples were then aged after initial sample collection. The aged samples were characterized again one week, 1.5 months, and 3.5 months after initial collection.Table 10. Experimental data for untreated and treated beer samples.WSGR Docket No. 54241-702.601Table 11 . Experimental data for untreated and treated pre-filtered beer samples.

[0182] The treated samples all show a reduced CFU concentration compared with the untreated reference sample. Initially, there is a noticeable reduction in CFU concentration for the treated samples. One week after treatment, the CFU concentration in treated samples was below the limit of detection. This continued reduction in CFU concentration is indicative of the type of damage the microbial cell experiences from interacting with the MAC surface. When the damaged microbial cells are provided with nutrient rich media, such as on the petri dishes, some of the microbial cells may be able to repair and recover from the gentle damage caused by the MAC surface. However, in a suboptimal growth environment, the damaged cells may not be able to recover after being damaged by interaction with the MAC surface. The higher CFU concentration measured at 1.5 months followed by TFTC at 3.5 months for the treated samples is attributed to the ability ofWSGR Docket No. 54241-702.601 damaged cells to repair and recover when provided optimal growth conditions with nutrient rich media.

[0183] The aged treatment samples exhibited a reduced microbial diversity compared to the initial and aged untreated samples. Initially, the untreated beer sample shown in Table 10 contained S. cerevisiae and Lactobacillus spp . Following treatment, only S. cerevisiae was found in the treated sample initially and after 1.5 months. The beer sample shown in Table 11 had Pediococcus spp., S. cerevisiae, Bacillus spp., and Lactobacillus spp . in both the initial untreated and the initial treated samples. After aging, only S. cerevisiae was identified in the treated sample, while S. cerevisiae, Bacillus spp., and Lactobacillus spp . remained in the untreated samples. The sensory profile of the treated and untreated unaged samples were indistinguishable.

[0184] Table 12 shows characterization results from samples of untreated hard apple cider and samples treated using a cylindrical treatment cartridge.Table 12. Experimental data for untreated and treated pre-filtered hard apple cider samples.

[0185] Samples of the treated and untreated cider were stored at two different temperatures. One set was refrigerated at 4 °C and the other set was stored at room temperature, 21 °C. The data shows that in the cooler storage environment, the damaged cells were not able to recover when plated on nutrient rich media after interacting with the MAC surface. In the warmer storage environment, the conditions were more favorable for growth, as seen by the systematically higher CFU concentration when compared to the cold-stored samples. The CFU concentration of the untreated samples stored at 21 °C suggests that the beverage had sufficient nutrients to support over 4 Logw CFU / mL of microorganisms. However, after recovering from the initial treatment, the surviving cells in the treated sample did not continue to proliferate at the warmer storage temperature.WSGR Docket No. 54241-702.601

[0186] Flowing the hard cider through the MAC cartridge had no significant measurable impact on the pH or the TDS. The stability of these liquid chemistry values corroborates the results from blind sensory taste testing, which also indicated the preservation of flavor in the treated samples.

[0187] The treatment samples had a lower microbe diversity than the untreated samples. Saccharomyces spp. and Lactobacillus spp. were identified in the untreated samples. However, only Saccharomyces spp. was identified in treated samples stored at 21 °C.

[0188] A significant decrease in CFU concentration and microbial diversity was observed from other tests with hard apple cider samples that flowed through the cylindrical MAC cartridge. During one test with 2,000 gallons of fermented apple cider, the CFU concentration was reduced by 4.77 Logio CFU / mL from 7.37 to 2.60 Logio CFU / mL. Actinomyces spp., Pseudomonas spp., Bacillus spp., and Staphylococcus spp. were identified in the pre-treatment liquid. While in the treated liquid only Actinomyces spp. and Bacillus spp. were identified. Additionally, the flavor sensory profile was not degraded by flowing through the MAC cartridge.Example 7: treatment with single open-ended powder bed configuration

[0189] A vessel may be comprised of a bed of loose MAC powder, where the powder bed is constrained by a permeable barrier. The vessel may also comprise TiO2, which may be artificially or naturally illuminated with UV light. A fluid may pass through the MAC powder bed and past the UV light illuminated TiO2.

[0190] The test apparatus comprised of a tube with several components within the tube. A MAC powder bed was atop an in-line filter in a tube, followed by a 5-W LED UV lamp (385 - 400 nm emission wavelength) positioned above a bed of TiO2powder that was atop an in-line filter in the tube. A 5-pm pore size filter was placed at the entrance to the tube, above the MAC powder to aerosolized liquid inoculum. For control measurements, the MAC powder bed and TiO2powder bed were independently removed and replaced with empty in-line filters. A sterile water trap was located on the output of the testing apparatus to collect viable microorganisms. A vacuum tank provided negative pressure on the apparatus and water trap allowing gasses to flow through the inline filters and the powder beds in a controlled and reproducible manner.

[0191] Before each trial, the apparatus was cleaned and sterilized. A liquid inoculum of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (3.08 x 1010CFU, per trial) was aerosolized through a 5 pm pore size stainless steel mesh screen at the entrance to the apparatus. The output was collected in a water trap. The water from the trap was used to inoculate complex nutrient media for CFU enumeration. The inoculated plates were then incubated at 30 °C with a relative humidity of >95% for up to 5 days. Viable CFU were then quantified through direct counting. A control configuration was used to measure the quantity of CFU that was systematically lost from the apparatus and to establish aWSGR Docket No. 54241-702.601 systematic baseline. The control configuration included all physical components except for the MAC powder or TiO2powder; all of the inline filters were in place along with an unpowered UV light. Table 13 shows a significant CFU reduction when the aerosolized cells flow through a bed of MAC powder and were then exposed to UV light illuminating TiO2.Table 13. Experimental data of treatment of aerosolized cells flown through a bed of MAC powder and exposed to UV light illuminating TiO2.

[0192] Interaction with the MAC surface resulted in the highest CFU reduction of any of the treatment components individually (e.g., comparing configurations 1, 2, and 6). The CFU reduction from configuration 6 was over an order of magnitude higher than either configurations 1 and 2. Configuration 6 results in a higher CFU reduction than the combination of UV light and TiO2in configuration 3, 78.2%versus55.8%, respectively. When combined with TiCE Powder and / or UV light, there was a synergistic effect.

[0193] There was a 99.96% reduction in viable CFU (3.37 Logic) with the combined configurations (MAC powder, TiCE Powder, and UV light). Compounding the individual reductions from each of the components, e.g., configuration 6, configuration 2, and configuration 1 , resulted in a 0.70 Logic reduction (0.66 Log™ + 0.03 Logic + 0.01 Logic = 0.70 Logic), which was significantly lower than the combined effect (3.37 Log™).

[0194] There was a noticeable combination effect when TiO2was UV light illuminated, which increased the CFU reduction to 55.79% (0.35 Logic). For comparison, compounding the reductions of the TiO2and UV light would only account for a 0.04 Logic reduction.

[0195] When the aerosolized cells interacted with the MAC particles before the combination of UV illuminated TiO2the CFU reduction increased by nearly 3 orders of magnitude. The data suggestsWSGR Docket No. 54241-702.601 the cell envelope is damaged from interacting with the MAC surface. Some of the cell damage may be able to be repaired when the MAC treated cells were subsequently provided optimal growth conditions (e.g., incubation in nutrient rich growth media) in configuration 6. However, in configuration 4 the damaged cells were subsequently exposed to an inhospitable environment before plating, which resulted in a further CFU reduction.

[0196] The data suggests that the type of cell damage from interaction with the MAC surface did not make the cells more susceptible to the antimicrobial properties of UV light. The data also suggests that the compromised cell from interaction with the MAC surface was then further damaged by -products from UV activated TiO2.Example 8: machine for the infusion of coffee and subsequent MAC stabilization

[0197] A machine may comprise infusion and / or extraction stages. The machine may comprise one or more chambers with permeable barriers, which may hold infusion and / or extraction media . The machine may further comprise a MAC treatment stage, where the machine may comprise a bed of loose MAC powder that is constrained by a permeable barrier.

[0198] Infused fluid - A process of producing a fluid with reduced CFU and / or nucleic acid content and decreased concentration of the primary chemical component.

[0199] In some embodiments, the process may comprise diluting the primary component of the fluid by infusing the fluid with other matter, and reducing the CFU count and / or nucleic acid content by passing the fluid across one or more MAC particles.

[0200] In some embodiments, the process may be performed in a forward or reverse sequence. In some embodiments, the process may be performed multiple subsequent times.

[0201] Filtered fluid - A process of producing a fluid with reduced CFU and / or nucleic acid content and increased concentration of the primary chemical component. In some embodiments, the process may comprise excluding a component of a fluid and reducing the CFU count and / or nucleic acid content by passing the fluid across one or more MAC particles.

[0202] In some embodiments, the process may be performed in a forward or reverse sequence. In some embodiments, the process may be performed multiple subsequent times.

[0203] A vessel comprising a chamber with a filter mesh screen barrier filled with ground coffee beans was used. A peristaltic pump was used. However, any suitable pump may be used.

[0204] A dead-end powder bed with rigid confinement was used in this experiment. All hardware was thoroughly cleaned and sanitized prior to loading the ground coffee and reverse osmosis water (RO-H2O). The RO-H2O, at 4 °C, was recirculated through the infusion vessel for several hours. Samples of the coffee infused water were aseptically collected at several time points for characterization and analysis. After recirculating for several hours, the coffee infused water passedWSGR Docket No. 54241-702.601 through a MAC powder cartridge. Samples were aseptically collected before and after passing through the MAC powder cartridge. pH, total dissolved solids (TDS) concentration, and UV-vis absorption profile measurements between 190 -1,100 nm were performed to analyze the chemical and physical characteristics of the collected samples.

[0205] Some of the collected samples were used to inoculate complex nutrient media for CFU enumeration and species identification. The media used to culture and enumerate the microorganisms used in this study included YPD and LB. The inoculated plates were then incubated at 30 °C with a relative humidity of >95% for up to 5 days. The number of viable CFU was quantified by direct counting, and microorganism type was determined by microscopy and immunohistochemical staining techniques. CFU concentrations are reported in Logic CFU / mL and samples with too few colonies to count are indicated as TFTC. The difference in concentration of viable microbes between the samples collected before and after MAC treatment is reported as the log reduction. Table 14 shows a time course over 240 min while infusing water with coffee.Table 14. Data for infusing water with coffee.

[0206] In both trials, the pH reached its asymptotic value within the first hour of recirculation. The TDS value gradually increased with infusion duration and plateaued after 120 -180 minutes.

[0207] In trial 2, a microbial concentration of 40 CFU / mL was eluted during the initial cycle of the water. The concentration remained constant after 240 minutes of recirculation, which suggests that the microbial load was predominantly eluted during the initial cycle of water.

[0208] Both trials showed no increase in CFU concentration over the course of the infusion period. This observation suggests the infusion conditions and duration were not conducive to microbial growth.

[0209] UV-vis spectroscopy measurements indicate a continuous infusion of coffee into the water.WSGR Docket No. 54241-702.601The absorption profiles suggest the composition of the infusion was consistent after the initial circulation of water.

[0210] The results from Trial 3 are shown in Table 15. Two batches of R0-H20 were infused, at 21 °C, with coffeefor a duration of 180 and 360 minutes. The infused water was then passed through a cartridge comprising MAC powder. Samples were collected aseptically before and after passing through the MAC powder cartridge.Table 15. Data for infusing water with coffee.

[0211] The pH and TDS were consistent across all collected samples. Over 2 Logic CFU / mL concentration of Pseudomonas spp. were found in both post batches of pre-MAC treatment samples. There was no significant change in the CFU concentration between the two batches. The results suggest the microorganisms were not growing significantly in the infusion duration and environment. After passing the fluid through the MAC powder there were no detectable CFU.

[0212] While preferred embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described herein, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that such embodiments are provided by way of example only. Numerous variations, changes, and substitutions will now occur to those skilled in the art without departing from the invention. It should be understood that various alternatives to the embodiments of the invention described herein may be employed in practicing the invention. It is intended that the following claims define the scope of the invention and that methods and structures within the scope of these claims and their equivalents be covered thereby.

Claims

1. WSGR Docket No. 54241-702.601CLAIMSWHAT IS CLAIMED IS:1 . A method of sanitizing a fluid composition, the method comprising contacting the fluid composition with particles, wherein the particles interact with the fluid composition thereby sanitizing the fluid composition.

2. A method of sanitizing a fluid composition comprising biological material, the method comprising contacting the fluid composition with a filter system comprising a first filter wall, a plurality of particles, and a second filter wall, wherein a pore size of the first filter wall and the second filter wall is about 10 cm or less (e.g., 200 pm or less, or 10 pm or less); thereby sanitizing the fluid composition.

3. The method of claim 2, wherein the method delays microbial spoilage of the fluid composition, suppresses or stops cell growth in the fluid composition, suppresses viable cell count of the biological material in the fluid composition, accelerates maturation of the fluid composition, reduces turbidity of the fluid composition, reduces the biological material in the fluid composition, increases light transmission of the fluid composition, alters the enzymatic activity of the fluid composition, releases and / or concentrates viral material in the fluid composition, inactivates or weakens one or more viruses in the fluid composition, or a combination of two or more thereof.

4. The method of claim 3, wherein the method suppresses or stops cell growth in the fluid composition.

5. The method of claim 3, wherein the method reduces the biological material in the fluid composition.

6. The method of claim 2, wherein the biological material comprises viable cells capable of forming a colony forming unit (CFU) when cultured.

7. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the pore size of the first filter wall and the second filter wall is about 200 pm or less.WSGR Docket No. 54241-702.6018. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the pore size of the first filter wall and the second filter wall is about 10 pm or less.

9. The method of any of the preceding claims, wherein the particles comprise electro statically - active particles.

10. The method of claim 2, wherein the fluid composition is flowed through the filter system.

11. The method of claim 10, wherein the fluid composition is flowed:(i) radially,(ii) axially, or(iii) a combination of radially and axially through the filter system.

12. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the filter system comprises a cartridge or a vial (e.g., a nested centrifuge tube).

13. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the fluid composition is flowed through the filter system with a syringe, a pump (e.g., a peristaltic pump), a vacuum (e.g., negative pressure), and / or a combination of two or more thereof.

14. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein after the sanitized fluid composition is obtained, a biological intra -envelope material of the biological material is retained in the filter system.

15. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein biological intra-envelope material of the biological material binds to the particles.

16. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the biological intra-envelope material comprises proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, enzymes, peptides, polypeptides, small molecules, viral proteins, viral particles, viral enzymes, viral genetic material, or a combination of two or more thereof.

17. The method of any of the preceding claims, wherein the fluid composition is a humanWSGR Docket No. 54241-702.601 consumable fluid composition (e.g., a beverage, a soup, a sauce, a pharmaceutical, a cosmetic, a personal hygiene product, and / or a flavoring oil).

18. The method of any of the preceding claims wherein, the fluid composition is a non -human consumable fluid composition.

19. The method of claim 18, wherein the non-human consumable fluid composition comprises a cutting fluid, a coolant, a lubricant, agricultural water (e.g., for irrigation of crops or livestock), recreational water (e.g., spa water or pool water), a hydraulic fluid, a petrochemical fluid (e.g., diesel fuel), a hydrophobic solution, or aquatic water (e.g., aquarium water).

20. The method of claim 15, wherein the human consumable fluid composition comprises a dissolved gas.

21. The method of any of the preceding claims, wherein after the sanitized fluid composition is obtained, the pH of the fluid composition is changed by about 0.1 or less.

22. The method of any of the preceding claims, wherein after the sanitized fluid composition is obtained, dissolved oxygen in the fluid composition is changed by about 50% or less (e.g., about 40% or less, about 30% or less, about 20% or less, about 10% or less).

23. The method of claim 18, wherein the dissolved oxygen in the fluid composition is changed by about 10% or less.

24. The method of any of the preceding claims, wherein after the sanitized fluid composition is obtained, the electrical conductivity of the fluid composition is changed by about 50% or less (e.g., about 40% or less, about 30% or less, about 20% or less, about 10% or less).

25. The method of any of the preceding claims, wherein after the sanitized fluid composition is obtained, the electrical conductivity of the fluid composition is changed by about 10% or less.

26. The method of any of the preceding claims, wherein after the sanitized fluid composition is obtained, oxidative-reductive potential of the fluid composition is changed by about 50% orWSGR Docket No. 54241-702.601 less (e.g., about 40% or less, about 30% or less, about 20% or less, about 10% or less).

27. The method of any of the preceding claims, wherein after the sanitized fluid composition is obtained, oxidative-reductive potential of the fluid composition is changed by about 10% or less.

28. The method of any of the preceding claims, wherein the turbidity of the fluid composition changes by no greater than 50%.

29. The method of any of the preceding claims, wherein the turbidity of the fluid composition changes by no greater than 10%.

30. The method of any of the preceding claims, wherein after the sanitized fluid composition is obtained, average difference of absorbance in the UV -Vis spectra between 300 to 1100 nm of the fluid composition is changed by about 50% or less (e.g., about 40% or less, about 30% or less, about 20% or less, about 10% or less).

31. The method of any of the preceding claims, wherein after the sanitized fluid composition is obtained, average difference of absorbance in the UV -Vis spectra between 300 to 1100 nm of the fluid composition is changed by about 10% or less.

32. The method of any of the preceding claims, wherein after the sanitized fluid composition is obtained, the biological material in the fluid composition is reduced by about 90% or more.

33. The method of claim 32, wherein the biological material comprises cells of Absidia, Acanthamoeba spp., Acetobacter, Acetobacteriaceae, Acinetobacter, Actinomycetales, Alcaligenes, Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris, Alternaria, Anisakis simplex, Ascaris lumbricoides, Aspergillus, Astrovirus, Aureobasidium, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus spp., Bifidobacterium spp., Botrytis, Botrytis cinerea, Brettanomyces, Brucella spp., Campylobacter jejuni, Candida, Cladosporum, Clostridium botulinum, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium spp., Corynebacterium ulcerans, Cryptosporidium parvum, Cyclospora cayetanensis, Debaryomyces, Dengue virus, Entamoeba histolytica, Enter obacteriaceae, Enterobius vermicularis, Enterococcus faecalis, Enterovirus, Epicoccum, Escherichia coli, Fasciola hepatica, Flavobacterium, Fusarium, Giardia lamblia, Gluconobacter, Hanseniaspora, Hanseniaspora spp., Hansenula, Hantavirus,WSGR Docket No. 54241-702.601Hepatitis A virus, Influenza virus, Klebsiella, Kloeckeraapiculata, Kocuria, Lactobacillus, Legionella, Leptospira spp., Leuconostoc spp., Listeria, Listeria monocytogenes, Megasphaera, Metschnikowia pulcherrima, Micrococcus, Mycobacterium bovis, Naegleria fowleri, Norovirus, Obesumbacterium, Oenococcus oeni, Pectinatus, Pediococcus, Penicillium, Pichia, prions, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas spp., Rhanella aquatilis, Rhodospirillales, Rhodotorula, Rotavirus, Saccharomyces spp., Salmonella, Salmonella spp., Sapovirus, Sarcocystis spp., Schizosaccharomyces, Selenomonas, Shigella spp., Sporobolomyces, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus spp., Taenia solium, Torulaspora delbrueckii, Torulopsis, Toxoplasma gondii, Trichinella spiralis, Trichosporon, Veillonellaceae, Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio vulnificus, Yersinia enterocolitica, Zika virus, Zygosaccharomyces spp., Zymomonas, and / or Zymophilus .

34. The method of any of the preceding claims, wherein after the sanitized fluid composition is obtained, the biodiversity of the fluid composition is reduced by at least about 50%.

35. The method of any of the preceding claims, wherein the sanitized fluid is reduced by at least 1.5 logio CFU / mL compared to the fluid composition.

36. The method of any of the preceding claims, wherein the sanitized fluid is reduced by at least 3 logio CFU / mL compared to the fluid composition.

37. The method of any of the preceding claims, wherein the sanitized fluid is reduced by at least 9 logio CFU / mL compared to the fluid composition.

38. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein a bulk constituent of the sanitized fluid composition is substantially identical (e.g., changed by about 50% or less) compared to a bulk constituent of the fluid composition (e.g., as determined by HPLC, NMR, LC-MS, GC-MS, MS, UV-Vis spectroscopy, rheometry, viscometry, hydrometry, nephelometry, turbidimetry, laser diffraction, x-ray scattering, dynamic light scattering, pH, titration, refractometry, conductivity, FTIR, fluorescence spectroscopy, qPCR, and / or ELISA).

39. A sanitized fluid composition comprising a composition produced by the method of any one of the preceding claims.

40. A filter system comprising a first filter wall, a plurality of electrostatically -active particles,WSGR Docket No. 54241-702.601 and a second filter wall, and: an electrostatically -active composition comprising: an insulator or a semiconductor having a dielectric constant of greater than 1; a first surface of the insulator or the semiconductor disposed opposite a dielectric gap from a second surface of the insulator or the semiconductor; and a sharp interface of the first surface or the second surface configured to increase a charge density of an electrostatically accumulated potential between the first surface and the second surface; wherein a pore size of the first filter wall and the second filter wall is about 10 pm or less.

41. The filter system of claim 40, wherein a fluid composition comprising enzymes has altered enzymatic activity after being flowed through the filter system.

42. The filter system of claim 40 or 41, wherein the filter comprises an elution chamber.

43. An intra-envelop material extracting vessel, the vessel comprising: a plurality of electrostatically-active particles and a filter wall, wherein the pore size of the filter is about 100 pm or less; wherein the particles are configured to extract intra- envelop material from a biological material comprised in a fluid composition within the vessel.

44. The intra-envelope material extracting vessel of claim 43, wherein nucleic acid is retained within the vessel.

45. The intra-envelope material extracting vessel of claim 43 or 44, wherein the vessel is comprised in a nested centrifuge tube.

46. A beverage dispensing system comprising one or more beverage dispensing outlets, one or more beverage reservoirs, and one or more of any of the filter systems of any one of claims 40-42.

47. The beverage dispensing system of claim 46, wherein the beverage dispensing system comprises a plurality of beverage dispensing outlets (e.g., at least2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 beverage dispensing outlets).WSGR Docket No. 54241-702.60148. The beverage dispensing system of claim 47, wherein the beverage dispensing system is configured to flow a fluid from the one or more beverage reservoirs through at least one of the one or more filter systems prior to the one or more beverage dispensing outlets to thereby provide a cold-pasteurized fluid at the one or more beverage dispensing outlets.

49. The beverage dispensing system of claim 48, wherein each of the plurality of beverage dispensing outlets is associated with a separate one of a plurality of the one or more filter systems.

50. The beverage dispensing system of any one of claims 46-49, wherein the system is a beer tap system and / or further comprises one or more pressure vessels configured to provide a CO2or nitrogen flow to drive fluid from the one or more beverage reservoirs to the one or more beverage dispensing outlets.

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