Electrostatically active compositions and uses thereof

Abstract

Provided herein are electrostatically active compositions useful for interacting with and transforming reactants into products.

Description

[0001] WSGR Docket No. 54241-703.601

[0002] ELECTROSTATICALLY ACTIVE COMPOSITIONS AND USES THEREOF

[0003] CROSS-REFERENCE

[0004] [1] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 692,849, filed September 10, 2024.

[0005] BACKGROUND

[0006] [2] Catalysis is a process in which a reaction rate may be altered, e.g., increased or decreased, in the presence of a catalyst. The catalytic activity of the catalyst may be affected by a composition, a structure, and / or a morphology of the catalyst. Modification of the composition, structure, and / or morphology of the catalyst may improve the catalytic performance. In a catalytic reaction, high temperature or pressure may be required. There is a need for a catalyst with a modified structure or morphology that can catalyze a transformation of a reactant without requiring any external power supply.

[0007] SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE

[0008] [3] In some aspects, described herein are electrostatically -active compositions which initiate, catalyze, or otherwise facilitate electrochemical processes without a need for an external power source. In some embodiments, the compositions comprise an insulator or a semiconductor having a dielectric constant of greater than 1. In some embodiments, the compositions comprise a first surface of the insulator or the semiconductor disposed opposite a dielectric gap from a second surface of the insulator or the semiconductor. In some embodiments, the compositions comprise a sharp interface of the first surface or the second surface configured to increase a charge density of an electrostatically accumulated potential between the first surface and the second surface.

[0009] [4] In some embodiments, the insulator or semiconductor is comprised within a particle. In some embodiments, the insulator or semiconductor is comprised within a surface of a bulk material (e.g., a substantially planar surface).

[0010] [5] In some embodiments, a length of the dielectric gap is about 0.1 nm to 5 pm (e.g., about 0.1 nm to about 1 pm). In some embodiments, the sharp interface comprises a point and / or an edge.

[0011] [6] In some embodiments, the point is comprised within a spike structure of the first surface or the second surface. In some embodiments, the point has a diameter of less than 10 pm (e.g., less than 1 pm, less than 600 nm, or less than 100 nm).

[0012] [7] In some embodiments, the sharp interface comprises an edge apex thickness of less than 1 pm. In some embodiments, the sharp interface comprises an edge apex thickness of less than 100 nm. In some embodiments, the dielectric constant of the insulator or the dielectric material is WSGR Docket No. 54241-703.601 greater than 3. In some embodiments, the dielectric constant of the insulator or the dielectric material is greater than 10.

[0013] [8] In some embodiments, the particle or bulk material consists essentially of the insulator or the semiconductor. In some embodiments, the semiconductor comprises germanium -doped silicon, indium-doped silicon, gallium -doped silicon, and / or gallium arsenide.

[0014] [9] In some embodiments, the insulator comprises a glass, a plastic, a rubber, and / or a ceramic. In some embodiments, the insulator or semiconductor comprises undoped silicon, Silicon Carbide (SiC), Silicon Oxide (SixOy), Gallium Arsenide (GaAs), Gallium Nitride (GaN), Germanium (Ge), Indium Phosphide (InP), Zinc Oxide (ZnO), Cadmium Telluride (CdTe), Copper Indium Gallium Selenide (CIGS), Zinc Selenide (ZnSe), Indium Gallium Arsenide (InGaAs), Aluminium Gallium Arsenide (Al GaAs), Titanium Dioxide (TiO?), Lead Sulfide (PbS), Mercury Cadmium Telluride (HgCdTe), Boron Nitride (BN), Bismuth Telluride (Bi2Tes), Tin(II) Sulfide (SnS), Tungsten Diselenide (WSe?), and / or combinations thereof.

[0015]

[0010] In some embodiments, a localized charge density at an apex of the sharp interface is at least 10 pC / cm2. In some embodiments, an axis of the dielectric gap forms an angle of about 0 to about 180 degrees with respect to the first surface or the second surface.

[0016]

[0011] In some embodiments, the insulator or semiconductor comprises a plurality of surfaces separated by a plurality of dielectric gaps and a plurality of sharpened interfaces.

[0017]

[0012] In some aspects, described herein are methods of electrolysis. In some embodiments, the methods comprise combining an electrostatically -active composition with a solution comprising one or more reagents. In some embodiments, the methods comprise electrolyzing the one or more reagents to yield one or more products without use of an external power supply.

[0018]

[0013] In some embodiments, the one or more reagents comprise a solvent or a solution, and the one or more products comprise a fuel (e.g., hydrogen gas or a flammable gas comprising hydrogen). In some embodiments, the method further comprising, combining the fuel with a fuel cell. In some embodiments, the one or more reagents comprise one or more contaminants, and the one or more products comprise one or more contaminant transformation products. In some embodiments, the method is used to sanitize a fluid.

[0019]

[0014] In some embodiments, the one or more contaminants comprise biological cells, and the one or more contaminant transformation products comprise lysed cells. In some embodiments, wherein the sanitized fluid is a human or animal consumable liquid. In some embodiments, the sanitized fluid is a beverage. In some embodiments, the one or more reagents comprise water, and the one or more products comprise one or more components of water. WSGR Docket No. 54241-703.601

[0020]

[0015] In some embodiments, the methods comprises combining the one or more components of water to yield purified water. In some embodiments, the one or more reagents comprise a metal ion, and the one or more products comprise a solid metal.

[0021]

[0016] In some embodiments, the one or more reagents comprise a solid metal, and the one or more products comprise a metal ion. In some embodiments, the one or more reagents comprise a nonpolar molecule, and the one or more products comprise a reduced non-polar molecule and / or an oxidized non-polar molecule.

[0022]

[0017] In some aspects, described herein are fluid purifying machines. In some embodiments, the machines comprise a vessel comprising any electrostatically active composition described herein, a fluid inlet, and a fluid outlet, wherein the machine is configured to perform any of the methods described herein. In some embodiments, the machine comprise a fluid mixing vessel having a fluid inlet, the fluid mixing vessel being operably coupled to a gas mixing vessel, and / or a fluid collection vessel.

[0023]

[0018] In some aspects, described herein are fuel producing machines. In some embodiments, the machines comprise a vessel comprising any electrostatically active composition described herein, a fluid inlet, and a fuel outlet. In some aspects, described herein are electricity -producing machines. In some embodiments, the machines comprise a vessel comprising any electrostatically active composition described herein, a fluid inlet, and a fuel outlet operably coupled with a fuel cell to yield electricity.

[0024]

[0019] In some embodiments, any of the methods described herein may comprise pre-charging or accumulating charge on a surface of the electrostatically -active composition prior to the electrolyzing. In some embodiments, any machine or system described herein may further comprise one or more charge accumulation vessels configured to pre -charge the electrostatically-active composition (e.g., by accumulation of charge on a surface of the composition) prior to the electrolyzing.

[0025] INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE

[0026]

[0020] All publications, patents, and patent applications mentioned in this specification are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication, patent, or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.

[0027] BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0028]

[0021] The novel features of the invention are set forth with particularity in the appended claims. A better understanding of the features and advantages of the present invention will be obtained by reference to the following detailed description that sets forth illustrative embodiments, in which the WSGR Docket No. 54241-703.601 principles of the invention are utilized, and the accompanying drawings of which:

[0029]

[0022] FIG. 1A shows an exemplary assembled extraction column that comprises a removable nestling barrel in a tube, FIG. IB shows the removable nestling barrel, and FIG. 1C shows the tube 102 that is configured to collect fluid that has passed through the MAC materials in the barrel, in accordance with some embodiments;

[0030]

[0023] FIG. 2A illustrates a perspective view of an exemplary filter cartridge; FIG. 2B illustrates an exploded and cutaway view of an exemplary filter cartridge with line drawing; FIG. 2C illustrates an exemplary filter cartridge with line drawing and labeling of each part of the filter cartridge for designing parameters; FIG. 2D illustrates a perspective view of an exemplary filter cartridge; FIG. 2E illustrates an exploded and cutaway view of an exemplary filter cartridge with line drawing; FIG. 2F illustrates an exemplary filter cartridge with line drawing and labeling of each part of the filter cartridge for designing parameters, in accordance with some embodiments;

[0031]

[0024] FIG. 3A shows an exemplary MAC transformation system comprising a plurality of MAC cartridges, FIG. 3B shows an exemplary MAC transformation system comprising a plurality of MAC cartridges, and FIG. 3C shows an exemplary MAC transformation system comprising a plurality of MAC cartridges within a vessel, in accordance with some embodiments;

[0032]

[0025] FIG. 4A shows an exploded view of an exemplary filter cartridge, FIG. 4B shows a side view of an assembled filter cartridge, FIG. 4C shows a perspective view of an assembled filter cartridge, and FIG. 4D shows another side view of an assembled filter cartridge, in accordance with some embodiments;

[0033]

[0026] FIG. 5A shows an exemplary MAC transformation system comprising an MAC cartridge, FIG. 5B illustrates an exemplary MAC cartridge drawing and labeling of each part of the cartridge for designing parameters, in accordance with some embodiments;

[0034]

[0027] FIGS. 6A and 6B show exemplary UV-vis absorption profiles of the treatment samples, in accordance with some embodiments; and

[0035]

[0028] FIG. 7 shows exemplary UV-vis absorbance spectra for ethanolic and aqueous iodine treatment samples and controls, in accordance with some embodiments;

[0036]

[0029] FIG. 8 shows an exemplary optical microscopy image of an aggregate comprised of solid copper and a plurality of MAC particles, in accordance with some embodiments;

[0037]

[0030] FIGS. 9A and 9C shows exemplary scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs and FIGS. 9B and 9D showbackscattered electron (BSE) micrographs, of silver metal formed on the protruding features on the surface of MAC materials, in accordance with some embodiments;

[0038]

[0031] FIG. 10A shows exemplary temperature evolution and the amount of product produced during a MAC transformation; FIG. 10B shows exemplary time rate of change of the temperature WSGR Docket No. 54241-703.601 differential and the time rate of change of the amount product produced during a MAC transformation; FIG. IOC shows exemplary temperature differential during a MAC transformation and the difference in temperature relative to a control, in accordance with some embodiments; and

[0039]

[0032] FIG. 11 shows an SEM micrograph of an exemplary MAC transformation material, in accordance with some embodiments.

[0040] DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DISCLOSURE

[0041]

[0033] While various embodiments have been shown and described herein, such embodiments are provided by way of example only. Numerous variations, changes, and substitutions may occur without departing from the present disclosure. It should be understood that various alternatives to the embodiments described herein may be employed.

[0042]

[0034] Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood to which the present disclosure belongs. In case of conflict, the present application including the definitions will control. Also, unless otherwise required by context, singular terms shall include pluralities and plural terms shall include the singular.

[0043]

[0035] As used herein, the following terms have the meanings given:

[0044]

[0036] The singular forms “a,” “an” and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to “a gas” includes, but is not limited to, mixtures or combinations of two or more such gases, and the like.

[0045]

[0037] “Comprising” indicates the presence of the stated features, integers, steps, or components as referred to, but does not preclude the presence or addition of one or more features, integers, steps, or components, or groups thereof. Moreover, each of the terms “by,” “comprising,” “comprises,” “comprised of,” “including,” “includes,” “included,” “involving,” “involves,” “involved,” and “such as” are used in their open, non -limiting sense and may be used interchangeably. Further, the term “comprising” includes examples and aspects encompassed by the terms “consisting essentially of’ and “consisting of.” Similarly, the term “consisting essentially of’ includes examples encompassed by the term “consisting of’.

[0046]

[0038] Disclosed herein are electrostatically active compositions, and methods and apparatuses of using the electrostatically active compositions in a variety of applications.

[0047] Electrostatically Active Composition

[0048]

[0039] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides an electrostatically active composition. In some embodiments, the composition may comprise an insulator or a semiconductor. In some embodiments, the insulator or the semiconductor may have a dielectric constant of greater than 1 . In some embodiments, a first surface of the insulator or the semiconductor may be disposed WSGR Docket No. 54241-703.601 opposite a dielectric gap from a second surface of the insulator or the semiconductor. In some embodiments, the first surface or the second surface of the insulator or the semiconductor may have one or more sharp interfaces. In some embodiments, the one or more sharp interfaces of the first surface or the second surface may be configured to increase a charge density of an electrostatically accumulated potential between the first surface and the second surface.

[0049]

[0040] In some embodiments, the insulator or semiconductor may comprise a plurality of surfaces separated by a plurality of dielectric gaps. In some embodiments, the insulator or semiconductor may comprise a plurality of sharp interfaces.

[0050]

[0041] In some embodiments, the electrostatically active composition may comprise a particle. In some embodiments, the insulator or semiconductor may be comprised within the particle. In some embodiments, the particle may consist essentially of the insulator or the semiconductor. In some embodiments, the particle may comprise an electrically conductive core and an insulator or semiconductor shell. In some embodiments, the particle may comprise subsurface voids. In some embodiments, the particle may comprise an electrically conductive material embedded or coated on at least a portion of the particle surface. In some embodiments, the particle may comprise additional components (e.g., a combination of two or more insulators or semiconductors and / or an insulator and a semiconductor).

[0051]

[0042] In some embodiments, the particle may be regular in shape. In some embodiments, the particle may have a diameter from about 0.01 pm to about 10,000 pm, such as from about 0.1 pm to about 10,000 pm or from about 0.1 pm to about 1,000 pm. In some embodiments, the particle may have a diameter of at least about 0.01 pm, at least about 0.1 pm, at least about 1 pm, at least about 10 pm, at least about 100 pm, at least about 1,000 pm, at least about 10,000 pm, or more. In some embodiments, the particle may have a diameter of no more than about 10,000 pm, no more than about 1,000 pm, no more than about 100 pm, no more than about 10 pm, no more than about 1 pm, no more than about 0.1 pm, no more than about 0.01 pm, or less.

[0052]

[0043] In some embodiments, the particle may have an irregular shape. In some embodiments, the particle may have an average effective diameter based upon the longest and shortest aspects of the particle. In some embodiments, the average effective diameter of the particle may be from about 0.01 pm to about 10,000 pm, such as from about O. l pm to about 10,000 pm or from about 0.1 pm to about 1,000 pm. In some embodiments, the average effective diameter of the particle may be at least about 0.01 pm, at least about 0. 1 pm, at least about 1 pm, at least about 10 pm, at least about 100 pm, at least about 1,000 pm, at least about 10,000 pm or more. In some embodiments, the average effective diameter of the particle may be no more than about 10,000 pm, no more than about 1,000 pm, no more than about 100 pm, no more than about 10 pm, no more than about 1 pm, WSGR Docket No. 54241-703.601 no more than about 0.1 m, no more than about 0.01 pm, or less.

[0053]

[0044] In some embodiments, the insulator or semiconductor may be comprised within a surface of a bulk material. In some embodiments, the bulk material may comprise a sheet. In some embodiments, the sheet may have a dimension of at least about 1 mm, at least about 10 m or more. In some embodiments, the sheet may have a dimension of about 1 cm2to about 1 m2. In some embodiments, the bulk material may comprise a rod. In some embodiments, the rod may have a diameter of about 100 pm to about 5 mm and / or a length of about 1 mm to about 1 m.

[0054]

[0045] In some embodiments, the bulk material may comprise a coil. In some embodiments, the coil may have a cross-sectional diameter of about 100 pm to about 5 mm and / or a length of about 1 mm to about 1 m. In some embodiments, the coil may have a diameter of at least about 0.050 mm or more. In some embodiments, the bulk material may be crystalline, poly crystalline, semicrystalline, or amorphous. In some embodiments, the surface of the bulk material may comprise a substantially planar surface. In some embodiments, the surface of the bulk material may comprise a non-planar surface. In some embodiments, a portion of the surface of the bulk material may be substantially planar and an additional portion of the surface of the bulk material may be non-planar. In some embodiments, the bulk material may consist essentially of the insulator or the semiconductor. In some embodiments, the bulk material may comprise additional components (e.g, a combination of two or more insulators or semiconductors and / or an insulator and a semiconductor). In some embodiments, the bulk material may comprise one or more polymeric compounds. In some embodiments, a portion of the surface may comprise one or more electrically conductive materials.

[0055]

[0046] In some embodiments, a length of the dielectric gap may be from about 0.1 nanometers (nm) to about 0.5 nm, from about 0. 1 nm to about 1 nm, from about 0.1 nm to about 10 nm, from about 0. 1 nm to about 50 nm, from about 0.1 nm to about 100 nm, from about 0. 1 nm to about 500 nm, from about 0.1 nm to about 1 micrometer (pm), from about 0.1 nm to about 5 pm, from about 0.5 nm to about 1 nm, from about 0.5 nmto about 10 nm, from about 0.5 nm to about 50 nm, from about 0.5 nm to about lOO nm, from about 0.5 nm to about 500 nm, from about 0.5 nm to about 1 pm, from about 0.5 nm to about 5 pm, from about 1 nm to about 10 nm, from about 1 nm to about 50 nm, from about 1 nm to about 100 nm, from about 1 nm to about 500 nm, from about 1 nm to about 1 pm, from about 1 nm to about 5 pm, from about 10 nm to about 50 nm, from about 10 nm to about 100 nm, from about 10 nm to about 500 nm, from about 10 nm to about 1 pm, from about 10 nm to about 5 pm, from about 50 nm to about lOO nm, from about 50 nm to about 500 nm, from about 50 nm to about 1 pm, from about 50 nm to about 5 pm, from about 100 nm to about 500 nm, from about 100 nm to about 1 pm, from about 100 nm to about 5 pm, from about 500 nm to about 1 WSGR Docket No. 54241-703.601 m, from about 500 nm to about 5 pm, or from about 1 pm to about 5 pm. In some embodiments, an axis of the dielectric gap may form an angle of about 0 to about 180 degrees with respect to the first surface or the second surface.

[0056]

[0047] In some embodiments, the one or more sharp interfaces may comprise nanowires, cones, pinnacles, hoodoos, coral, cords, walls, fins, ridges, crags, pyramids, inverted pyramids, pits, pores, or combinations thereof.

[0057]

[0048] In some embodiments, a sharp interface may be characterized by more than one characteristic or feature dimension. Characteristic or feature dimensions may comprise widths, heights, depths, spacings, diameters, tip diameters, aperture widths, tip-to-tip distances, base diameters, and widths at peak. In some embodiments, the characteristic or feature dimensions may have characteristic values or ranges. A range may be defined by a minimum and / or maximum dimension for a structural dimension. Table 1 below highlights some approximate characteristic dimensions for various structures of the present disclosure. Actual observed feature dimensions may vary by as much as about 5%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25% or more above or below the stated feature dimension ranges.

[0058] Table 1. Characteristic dimensions of exemplary sharp interfaces

[0059]

[0049] In some embodiments, a sharp interface may have a characteristic dimension of at least about 1 nm, atleast about 10 nm, at least about 25 nm, at least about 50 nm, at least about 75 nm, at WSGR Docket No. 54241-703.601 least about 100 nm, at least about 200 nm, at least about 300 nm, at least about 400 nm, at least about 500 nm, at least about 600 nm, at least about 700 nm, at least about 800 nm, at least about 900 nm, at least about 1 m, at least about 10 pm, at least about 100 pm, at least about 1000 pm, or more. In some embodiments, a sharp interface may have a characteristic dimension of no more than about 1000 pm, no more than about 100 pm, no more than about 10 pm, no more than about 1 pm, no more than about 900 nm, no more than about 800 nm, no more than about 700 nm, no more than about 600 nm, no more than about 500 nm, no more than about 400 nm, no more than about 300 nm, no more than about 200 nm, no more than about lOO nm, no more than about 75 nm, no more than about 50 nm, no more than about 25 nm, no more than about lO nm, no more than about 1 nm, or less. In some embodiments, a sharp interface may have a characteristic dimension of about 1 nm, about 10 nm, about25 nm, about 50 nm, about 75 nm, about 100 nm, about200 nm, about 300 nm, about 400 nm, about 500 nm, about 600 nm, about 700 nm, about 800 nm, about 900 nm, about 1 pm, about 10 pm, about 100 pm, or about 1000 pm.

[0060]

[0050] In some embodiments, the one or more sharp interfaces may comprise a point and / or an edge. In some embodiments, the point may be comprised within a spike structure of the first surface or the second surface. In some embodiments, the point may have a diameter of less than about 10 pm, less than about 5 pm, less than about 2 pm, less than about 1 pm, less than about 900 nm, less than about 800 nm, less than about 700 nm, less than about 600 nm, less than about 500 nm, less than about 400 nm, less than about 300 nm, less than about 200 nm, less than about 100 nm, less than about 50 nm, or less than about 1 nm. In some embodiments, the sharp interface may have an edge apex thickness of less than about 1 pm, less than about 900 nm, less than about 800 nm, less than about 700 nm, less than about 600 nm, less than about 500 nm, less than about 400 nm, less than about 300 nm, less than about 200 nm, less than about 100 nm, less than about 50 nm, less than about 10 nm, or less than about 1 nm.

[0061]

[0051] In some embodiments, two characteristic dimensions of a sharp interface may have a particular aspect ratio. In some embodiments, an aspect ratio may comprise the ratio of length to width for a sharp interface. In some embodiments, the aspect ratio may be calculated based upon the average value of a characteristic dimension. In some embodiments, a sharp interface with a variable diameter may have an aspect ratio based upon the average diameter over the length of the sharp interface. In some embodiments, a particular characteristic aspect ratio or range of aspect ratios may be correlated to certain physical properties of the electrostatically active composition. In some embodiments, aspect ratios of a particular sharp interface may vary over a single electrostatically active composition or between two different electrostatically active compositions.

[0062]

[0052] In some embodiments, a sharp interface may be characterized as having an average aspect WSGR Docket No. 54241-703.601 ratio of at least about 1 :1000, at least about 1 :100, at least about 1 : 10, at least about 1 :5, at least about 1 :2, at least about 1 :1, at least about 2:1, at least about 5 :1, at least about 10:1, at least about 100:1, atleast about 1000:1, ormore. In some embodiments, a sharp interface may be characterized as having an average aspect ratio of no more than about 1000: 1, no more than about 100: 1, no more than about 10:1, no more than about 5: 1, no more than about 2:1, no more than about 1 :1, no more than about 1 :2, no more than about 1 :5, no more than about 1 : 10, no more than about 1 : 100, no more than about 1 : 1000, or less. In some embodiments, a sharp interface may be characterized as having an average aspect ratio of about 1 : 1000, about 1 :100, about 1 :10, about 1 :5, about 1 :2, about 1 :1, about 2:1, about 5 :1, about 10: 1, about 100: 1, or about 1000:1.

[0063]

[0053] In some embodiments, a sharp interface may have a characteristic surface density. The surface density may be defined as the number of sharp interfaces per unit of area. A surface density may be calculated for a single type of sharp interfaces (e.g., pillars) or may include the density of two or more types of sharp interfaces (e.g., the total surface density of all sharp interfaces on an electrostatically active composition). A particular characteristic surface density may be correlated to certain physical properties of the electrostatically active composition. The surface density of a particular structure may vary between regions of a single electrostatically active composition or between two different electrostatically active compositions.

[0064]

[0054] In some embodiments, an electrostatically active composition may have a surface density of at least about 1 sharp interface per pm2, atleast about 5 sharp interfaces per pm2, at least about 10 sharp interfaces per pm2, at least about 15 sharp interfaces per pm2, at least about 20 sharp interfaces per pm2, at least about 25 sharp interfaces per pm2, at least about 30 sharp interfaces per pm2, at least about 40 sharp interfaces per pm2, at least about 50 sharp interfaces per pm2, at least about 100 sharp interfaces per pm2, at least about 250 sharp interfaces per pm2, at least about 500 sharp interfaces per pm2, atleast about 1000 sharp interfaces per pm2, at least about 10000 sharp interfaces per pm2, or more. In some embodiments, an electrostatically active composition may have a surface density of no more than about 10000 sharp interfaces per pm2, no more than about 1000 sharp interfaces per pm2, no more than about 500 sharp interfaces per pm2, no more than about 250 sharp interfaces per pm2, no more than about 100 sharp interfaces per pm2, no more than about 50 sharp interfaces per pm2, no more than about 40 sharp interfaces per pm2, no more than about 30 sharp interfaces per pm2, no more than about 25 sharp interfaces per pm2, no more than about 20 sharp interfaces per pm2, no more than about 15 sharp interfaces per pm2, no more than about 10 sharp interfaces per pm2, no more than about 5 sharp interfaces per pm2, no more than about 1 sharp interface per pm2, or less.

[0065]

[0055] In some embodiments, the electrostatically active composition may have a characteristic WSGR Docket No. 54241-703.601 size dispersity. In some embodiments, a size dispersity may be monomodal, bimodal, trimodal, or multimodal. In some embodiments, a size dispersity may be determined based upon a characteristic size of the electrostatically active composition, e.g., average diameter. In some embodiments, a size dispersity may be determined by sieve sizing of the electrostatically active composition. In some embodiments, the size dispersity of the electrostatically active composition may be determined such that at least about 10%, at least about 20%, at least about 30%, at least about 40%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, at least about 90%, or at least about 95% of the particles are within 50% of the average size of the particle. In some embodiments, the size dispersity of the electrostatically active composition may be determined such that no more than about 95%, no more than about 90%, no more than about 80%, no more than about 70%, no more than about 60%, no more than about 50%, no more than about 40%, no more than about 30%, no more than about 20%, or no more than about 10% of particles are within 50% of the average size of the particle. A particular characteristic particle size dispersity may be correlated to certain physical properties of the electrostatically active composition. In some embodiments, the average effective diameter and dispersity of particle sizes may be selected based upon the application and the desired properties of the electrostatically active composition.

[0066]

[0056] In some embodiments, the sharp surface may increase a localized charge density of the electrostatically active composition. In some embodiments, a localized charge density at an apex of the sharp interface may be at least about 1 pC / cm2, at least about 5 pC / cm2, at least about 10 pC / cm2, at least about 15 pC / cm2, at least about 20 pC / cm2, at least about 50 pC / cm2, or at least about 100 pC / cm2.

[0067]

[0057] In some embodiments, the localized charge density at the apex of the sharp interface may be at least about 10%, at least about 20%, at least about 30%, at least about 40%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, at least about 90%, at least about 100%, or more, higher than the charge density at the first surface or the second surface.

[0068]

[0058] In some embodiments, the sharp surface may alter one or more properties of the electrostatically active composition. In some embodiments, the altering may comprise one or more of reducing absorbance of visible light, increasing absorbance of visible light, increasing reflectivity of light, reducing reflectivity of light, increasing antimicrobial activity, increasing antifouling activity, increasing hydrophobicity, increasing hydrophilicity, increasing electrical conductivity, increasing electrical resistivity, increasing luminescence, increasing the surface energy, reducing the surface energy, increasing the coefficient of friction, and reducing the coefficient of friction of the article.

[0069]

[0059] In some embodiments, the dielectric constant of the insulator or the dielectric material may WSGR Docket No. 54241-703.601 be greater than about 1.5, greater than about 2, greater than about 3, greater than about 4, greater than about 5, greater than about 6, greaterthan about 7, greater than about 8, greater than about 9, or greater than about 10.

[0070]

[0060] In some embodiments, the insulator or semiconductor may comprise undoped silicon, Silicon Carbide (SiC), Silicon Oxide (SixOy), Gallium Arsenide (GaAs), Gallium Nitride (GaN), Germanium (Ge), Indium Phosphide (InP), Zinc Oxide (ZnO), Cadmium Telluride (CdTe), Copper Indium Gallium Selenide (CIGS), Zinc Selenide (ZnSe), Indium Gallium Arsenide (In GaAs), Aluminium Gallium Arsenide (AlGaAs), Titanium Dioxide (TiO?), Lead Sulfide (PbS), Mercury Cadmium Telluride (HgCdTe), Boron Nitride (BN), Bismuth Telluride (Bi2Tes), Tin(II) Sulfide (SnS), Tungsten Diselenide (WSe?), and / or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the insulator or semiconductor may be doped. In some embodiments, the semiconductor may comprise germanium-doped silicon, indium-doped silicon, gallium-doped silicon, and / or gallium arsenide. In some embodiments, the insulator may comprise a glass, a plastic, a rubber, and / or a ceramic. In some embodiments, the sharp interface may have the same composition as the insulator or semiconductor. In some embodiments, the sharp interface may have different composition than the insulator or semiconductor.

[0071]

[0061] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a morphologically activated composition (MAC) material. In some embodiments, the MAC material may comprise one or more electrostatically active compositions. In some embodiments, the MAC material may comprise at least one, at least two, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 10, at least 20, or more electrostatically active compositions.

[0072]

[0062] In some embodiments, the MAC material may be crystalline, polycrystalline, semicrystalline, or amorphous. In some embodiments, the MAC material may comprise one or more crystal grains. In some embodiments, the MAC material may comprise a single crystal grain. In some embodiments, the MAC material may comprise 2, 3, 4 or more crystal grains held in close physical contact. In some embodiments, the MAC material may alter reaction characteristics in a chemical transformation reaction or a biological transformation reaction, including reaction rates and dynamics.

[0073]

[0063] In some embodiments, the structure and texture of the electrostatically active composition may alter the physical and / or chemical properties of at least a portion of the MAC material. In some embodiments, the properties may vary radially and / or angularly. In some embodiments, the properties and characteristics that may be altered due to the structure and texture include, but are not limited to, surface energies, surface area, surface roughness, density profile, refractive index, optical constant, electrostatic, band structure, bandgap, shear modulus, plasticity, coefficient of WSGR Docket No. 54241-703.601 friction, specific weight, acoustical properties, thermal properties, optical properties, electrical properties, chemical properties, non-covalent interactions, photoluminescence, photo absorption, cell lysis, omniphobicity, hydrophobicity, and hydrophilicity.

[0074]

[0064] In some embodiments, the MAC material may have altered crystalline lattice structure and / or band structure. In some embodiments, the sharp interfaces may induce lattice expansion and contraction of the MAC material, including the solid core and the surface, even though the sharp interfaces may account for a small portion of the volume of the MAC material. In some embodiments, the sharp interfaces may alter the band structure, without changing the bulk chemical composition or introducing bulk crystalline defects. In some embodiments, the sharp interfaces may alter the band structure of the MAC material heterogeneously.

[0075]

[0065] In some embodiments, the MAC material may have altered thermal properties. Thermal expansion and contraction may have diminished impact on the nanostructures. Cracking and other mechanical disruptions may be reduced in the MAC material.

[0076]

[0066] In some embodiments, the MAC material may form part of a homogeneous mixture of like materials or part of a heterogeneous mixture of two or more variants of the electrostatically active compositions. One variant may differ from another by at least one physical or chemical property, such as chemical composition, size, shape, surface modification, type of structure on the surface, type of structure on the subsurface, chemical functionalization, nanoparticle decoration, surface termination, or doping.

[0077]

[0067] In some embodiments, two or more variants of the electrostatically active compositions may be blended to achieve a desired physical property. For example, a mixture of electrostatically active compositions comprising different elemental or compound species, such as Si or Ge, can be used to provide a blend having preferred optical properties. The packing density of the electrostatically active compositions may be increased by mixing the electrostatically active compositions having different sizes, such that smaller electrostatically active compositions occupy or fill in the voids between larger electrostatically active compositions. A mass density gradient may be formed by mixing electrostatically active compositions of different sizes. A graded optical index of refraction may also be formed by mixing electrostatically active compositions of different sizes. A mixture of electrostatically active compositions may be formed wherein some electrostatically active compositions have durable or delicate features. For example, large electrostatically active compositions with inverted pyramid structures may be mixed with small electrostatically active compositions covered in nanowires. The small electrostatically active compositions may occupy the voids between the larger electrostatically active compositions such that the more delicate nanowires are protected from mechanical or other disruptions. WSGR Docket No. 54241-703.601

[0078]

[0068] In some embodiments, the electrostatically active composition (and / or the MAC material) may be used in a variety of applications. In some embodiments, due to the increased charge density of the sharp interface, the electrostatically active composition (and / or the MAC material) may be used in catalytic transformation of chemical or biological samples. In some embodiments, the electrostatically active composition (and / or the MAC material) may be used in a filter, such as a fluid or gas filter, that comprises a vessel containing one or more electrostatically active compositions. The electrostatically active compositions may mechanically or chemically bind, interact or react with elements, compounds, molecules, particles or cells as the fluid or gas flows through the filter. The application of such a filter would include the extraction of contaminants from a fluid or gas, catalysis or enhancement of certain chemical reactions, lysing of cells for intracellular analysis and harvesting of cellular components, and the removal of unwanted microorganisms from a fluid. This high surface area of the electrostatically active compositions allow for a greater amount of chemicals to be embedded or decorated per electrostatically active composition than nonfunctionalized compositions. In some embodiments, the electrostatically active compositions may be utilized in an analytical column. In some embodiments, the electrostatically active compositions may be modified with a functional group such as a flavor or scent compound. In some embodiments, the electrostatically active compositions may be used to transfer or replicate nanostructures on other materials. For example, electrostatically active compositions with nanowires could be used as a mold, stamp or template to create structures in the surface of a softer material.

[0079] Chemical Transformations

[0080]

[0069] In some aspects, the present disclosure provides methods and compositions for transforming one or more reactant(s) into one or more product(s). In some embodiments, a method of transforming a reactant may comprise contacting the reactant with one or more MAC materials. In some embodiments, the one or more MAC materials may comprise a morphologically activated catalytic feature on the surface of the one or more MAC materials. In some embodiments, a MAC material may comprise a plurality of electrostatically active compositions disclosed in the present disclosure.

[0081]

[0070] In some embodiments, the transformation can be performed without applying any external power. In some embodiments, electrostatically active compositions may catalyze the one or more reactants to transform the one or more reactants to one or more products. In some embodiments, an external power may be applied.

[0082]

[0071] In some embodiments, one or more MAC material(s) may accumulate charge. FIG. 11 shows a SEM micrograph of a MAC material comprised of silicon monoxide. Electrons irradiate WSGR Docket No. 54241-703.601 the MAC material during the SEM imaging process and have accumulated on the MAC material. The arrangement of the electrons is influenced by the features of the material morphology. Bright features in the image are attributed to concentration of charge. Convex and sharp features appear bright in the image due to the concentration of charge at these features. In contrast, the concave features appear dark due to the relatively lower charge density at the features. In some embodiments, the accumulation of charge may enhance and / or reduce the transformation of one or more reactants with one or more MAC materials. In some embodiments, charge accumulation on one or more surface features of one or more MAC material(s) may be influenced by fluid dynamics relative to one or more surface features of one or more MAC material(s). In some embodiments, the dynamic fluid maybe in direct contact with one or more MAC material(s). In some embodiments, charge may transfer to and / or from one or more features of one or more MAC material(s) due to direct and / or indirect fluid movement. In some embodiments, charge may transfer between one or more features of one or more MAC materials.

[0083]

[0072] In some embodiments, the transformation may comprise an addition, a removal, or a rearrangement of the electrons of the reactant(s), or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the transformation may comprise a chemical reaction. In some embodiments, the chemical reaction may comprise an oxidation reaction. In some embodiments, the chemical reaction may comprise a reduction reaction. In some embodiments, the reactant(s) and product(s) individually may comprise one or more chemical species. In some embodiments, one or more chemical product(s) may be produced from one or more chemical reactant(s) by chemical transformation comprising the contact between at least one reactant(s) and at least one MAC material(s).

[0084]

[0073] In some embodiments, the reactant may comprise a polar molecule. In some embodiments, the polar molecule may comprise a water molecule. In some embodiments, the polar molecule may comprise an organic molecule. In some embodiments, the polar molecule may comprise a methanol, an ethanol, an isopropanol, or any suitable polar molecule.

[0085]

[0074] In some embodiments, the reactant may comprise a non-polar molecule. In some embodiments, the non-polar molecule may comprise an iodine molecule.

[0086]

[0075] In some embodiments, the reactant may comprise a metal ion. In some embodiments, the metal ion can comprise a copper ion, a gold ion, a silver ion, a platinum ion, a palladium ion, or a titanium ion.

[0087]

[0076] In some embodiments, the reactant may comprise a metal. In some embodiments, the metal can comprise copper, gold, silver, iron, or platinum.

[0088]

[0077] In some embodiments, the reactant may be comprised in a carrier. In some embodiments, WSGR Docket No. 54241-703.601 the carrier may comprise a liquid or a gas. In some embodiments, the carrier may comprise a plurality of additional compounds. In some embodiments, the carrier may comprise a plurality of agents. In some embodiments, an agent may comprise one or more chemical substance(s) that do not undergo MAC chemical transformation. In some embodiments, agent(s) may or may not alter the chemical transformation. In some embodiments, agent(s) may modify the physical and / or chemical properties of the reactant(s). In some embodiments, agent(s) may comprise one or more substances that alter, by promoting and / or inhibiting, the transformation of one or more reactant(s) and / or the creation of one or more product(s). In some embodiments, agent(s) may alter the interaction between one or more MAC structures and other substances, including but not limited to product(s) and / or reactant(s). In some embodiments, agent(s) may comprise one or more element(s), or compound(s), or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, agent(s) may comprise one or more chemical species. In some embodiments, agent(s) may be a product(s) from a previous transformation(s).

[0089]

[0078] In some embodiments, the carrier may comprise one or more ionic compounds. In some embodiments, the ionic compounds may comprise anionic compounds. In some embodiments, the ionic compounds may comprise cationic compounds. In some embodiments, an additional compound may promote the transformation performance of the MAC materials. In some embodiments, an additional compound may inhibit the transformation performance of the MAC materials.

[0090]

[0079] In some embodiments, the product may comprise a liquid molecule. In some embodiments, the product may comprise a gas molecule (e.g., hydrogen, oxygen, CO, CO2, or NO2). In some embodiments, the product may comprise a metal. In some embodiments, the product may comprise a metal ion. In some embodiments, the product may comprise a mixture of any of the products provided herein.

[0091]

[0080] In some embodiments, one or more components of the product(s) may undergo one or more subsequent transformation(s). In some embodiments, sub sequent transformations may occur with or without additional contact with the MAC structure(s). In some embodiments, the subsequent transformation(s) may or may not comprise a MAC chemical transformation(s). In some embodiments, matter comprising one or more components of the product(s) may be processed. Examples of methods of processing include, but are not limited to filtration, distillation, membrane separation, solvent extraction, phase separation, density separation, size exclusion, mass separation, charge separation, inductive separation, magnetic separation, pressure swing adsorption, temperature swing adsorption, differential pressure separation, ultrasonic degassing, centrifugation, or induced gas floatation. WSGR Docket No. 54241-703.601

[0092]

[0081] In some embodiments, reactant(s) and product(s) may independently comprise one or more chemical species. In some embodiments, reactant(s) and product(s) may comprise the same number of or dissimilar number of chemical species. In some embodiments, reactant(s) and product(s) may independently comprise any combination of one or more element(s) and / or one or more compounds. In some embodiments, compounds may comprise any combination of homonuclear compounds, heteronuclear compounds, ionic compounds, polar covalent compounds, non-polar covalent compounds, coordination compounds, or metals. In some embodiments, the reactant(s) and product(s) may be in any phase of matter and may comprise one or more phases of matter. In some embodiments, the distribution of reactant(s) and product(s), independently, may be heterogeneous and / or homogeneous.

[0093]

[0082] In some embodiments, one or more physical properties of the reactant(s), agent(s), and / or product(s) may be altered to promote and / or inhibit the rate of transformation of reactant(s) to product(s). In some embodiments, different amounts of reactant(s), or agent(s), or MAC structure(s), and / or product(s) may result in different rates of transformation. In some embodiments, different physical conditions of reactant(s), agent(s), MAC structure(s), and / or product(s) may result in different rates of transformation. In some embodiments, different reaction conditions of reactant(s), agent(s), MAC structure(s), and / or product(s) may result in different rates of transformation. In some embodiments, one or more components of product(s), reactant(s), or agent(s), individually or in combination, may undergo purification. In some embodiments, the reactant(s) and / or agent(s) may be static and or dynamic relative to the MAC structure(s).

[0094] Electrolysis

[0095]

[0083] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method of electrolysis. In some embodiments, the method may comprise combining an electrostatically active composition with a solution comprising one or more reagents; and electrolyzing the one or more reagents to yield one or more products without use of an external power supply.

[0096]

[0084] In some embodiments, the one or more reagents may comprise a solvent or a solution. In some embodiments, the one or more reagents may comprise water. In some embodiments, the one or more reagents may comprise an organic solvent.

[0097]

[0085] In some embodiments, the one or more reagents may comprise water, and the one or more products may comprise one or more components of water. In some embodiments, the one or more components of water may comprise hydrogen gas or oxygen gas. In some embodiments, the method may further comprise separating the one or more components of water. In some embodiments, the method may further comprise combining the one or more components of water to yield purified water. WSGR Docket No. 54241-703.601

[0098]

[0086] In some embodiments, the one or more reagents may comprise a metal ion, and the one or more products may comprise a solid metal. In some embodiments, the one or more reagents may comprise a solid metal, and the one or more products may comprise a metal ion. In some embodiments, the one or more reagents may comprise a non-polar molecule, and the one or more products may comprise a reduced non-polar molecule and / or an oxidized non-polar molecule.

[0099]

[0087] In some embodiments, the one or more reagents may comprise one or more contaminants, and the one or more products may comprise one or more contaminant transformation products. In some embodiments, the method may be used to sanitize a fluid. In some embodiments, the one or more contaminants may comprise biological cells, and the one or more contaminant transformation products may comprise lysed cells and intra-cellular components. In some embodiments, the sanitized fluid may comprise a human or animal consumable liquid. In some embodiments, the sanitized fluid may be a beverage. In some embodiments, the sanitized fluid may comprise a beer, a wine, a soup, a juice, a cider, a coffee, a tea, or a purified water.

[0100]

[0088] In certain embodiments, sanitizing as used herein refers to cleaning, removing, sterilizing, or the like. In some embodiments, sanitizing can transform a (e.g., fluid) composition. In certain instances, sanitizing refers to cleaning or removing harmful components such as disease-causing microbes, viruses, impurities and the like. Sanitizing is referred to interchangeably herein with sanitize, sanitation, sterilize, sterilization, and the like. In some embodiments, sanitizing a (e.g., fluid) composition comprises removing harmful components of the composition (e.g., biological material capable of forming a colony forming unit). In certain embodiments, provided herein is a composition or a method comprising sanitizing a fluid composition. In specific embodiments, sanitizing a composition (e.g., a composition provided herein) comprises delaying microbial spoilage of the composition, suppressing or stopping cell growth of the composition, reducing turbidity of the (e.g., fluid) composition, reducing the biological material of the composition, increasing light transmission of the (e.g., fluid) composition, altering the enzymatic activity of the (e.g., fluid) composition, inactivating or weakening one or more viruses in the (e.g., fluid) composition, and / or a combination of two or more thereof.

[0101]

[0089] In some embodiments, the one or more products may comprise a fuel. In some embodiments, the fuel may comprise hydrogen gas or a flammable gas comprising hydrogen. In some embodiments, the one or more products may comprise oxygen gas. In some embodiments, the one or more products canbe further processed to remove oxygen gas. In some embodiments, the further processing may comprise adsorption. In some embodiments, the method may further comprise combining the fuel with a fuel cell. In some embodiments, the method may further comprise generating electricity from the fuel cell. WSGR Docket No. 54241-703.601

[0102]

[0090] In some cases, compositions and methods described herein are useful to facilitate electroplating, e.g., wherein depositing a layer of metal onto a surface to provide a decorative finish, resistance to corrosion, or to improve hardness.

[0103]

[0091] In some cases, compositions and methods described herein are useful to facilitate electrochemical machining (ECM), for example, where metal is removed using an electrochemical process. It's used for working extremely hard materials or materials that are difficult to machine. In some cases, compositions and methods described herein are useful to facilitate break down of compounds into one or more subcomponents. In some cases, compositions and methods described herein are useful to facilitate electroforming, whereby an electroplating process creates a metal part from a model by the selective transfer of metal to target locations without a need for external application of an electric current.

[0104]

[0092] In some cases, compositions and methods described herein are useful to facilitate electrochemical deposition, whereby a solid metal or alloy through the reduction of metal ions at a cathode. In some cases, compositions and methods described herein are useful to facilitate anodizing, whereby an electrolytic process is used to increase the thickness of the natural oxide layer on the surface of metal parts to prevent further oxidation. In some cases, compositions and methods described herein are useful to facilitate electropolishing.

[0105]

[0093] In some cases, compositions and methods described herein are useful to drive a reduction reaction, and / or an oxidation reaction. In some cases, compositions and methods described herein are useful in the construction of fuel cells which convert chemical energy directly into electricity by a chemical reaction with oxidizing agents. In some cases, compositions and methods described herein are useful in the construction of electrochemical sensors which measure and / or detect changes in chemical composition by initiating and measuring electrochemical reactions.

[0106] Apparatus

[0107]

[0094] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides apparatuses for transforming one or more reactants. In some embodiments, the one or more reactants may comprise chemical reactants, e.g., water, organic molecules, ions, or metals. In some embodiments, the one or more reactants may comprise biological reactants, e.g., a microorganism.

[0108]

[0095] In some embodiments, an apparatus may comprise a plurality of electrostatically active compositions disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the apparatus may comprise a vial, a vessel, a filter, a cartridge, a syringe, or any container that can contain and / or flow a fluid sample.

[0109]

[0096] In some embodiments, the apparatus comprising the MAC materials may transform one or more chemical reactants to one or more products.

[0110]

[0097] In some embodiments, the apparatus may be configured for batch treatment. In some WSGR Docket No. 54241-703.601 embodiments, the apparatus may be configured for continuous treatment.

[0111]

[0098] As illustrated in FIGS. 1A-1C, an apparatus, e.g., an extraction column, may comprise a vessel containing one or more MAC materials and one or more permeable supports or barriers. In some embodiments, the one or more permeable supports or barriers may be configured to retain the MAC materials in the apparatus. In some embodiments, the supports or barriers may comprise a filter, e.g., a stainless steel (SS) filter or a plastic filter. The filter may be configured to have a pore size that is smaller than the MAC materials, therefore the MAC materials do not penetrate the filter. The vessel may be an insert or attached to another apparatus.

[0112]

[0099] FIG. 1A shows an exemplary assembled extraction column that comprises a removable nestling barrel 101 in a tube 102 (e.g., a centrifuge tube). FIG. IB shows the removable nestling barrel. The barrel 101 may comprise MAC materials 103, e.g., powder or particles, sandwiched between two permeable barriers, e.g., 104 and 105. The barriers retain the powder within the barrel. In some embodiments, the permeable barrier material may independently collect biological and / or non-biological material. In some embodiments, the top barrier may selectively collect previously released intra-envelope material and / or fluid components above its pore size. In some embodiments, the bottom barrier may selectively collect released intra-envelope material and / or fluid components above its pore size. The barrel may comprise a hinged cap 106 or any suitable covering. In some embodiments, the covering may comprise a septa. FIG. 1C shows the tube 102 that is configured to collect fluid that has passed through the MAC materials in the barrel. A fluid sample to be treated may be loaded to the barrel 101 e.g., above the barrier 105 , with the cap 106 open. After the loading, the cap 106 may be closed. The fluid may flow through the layer of the MAC materials (e.g., the powder bed) and permeable barriers unassisted or assisted. In some embodiments, the fluid may flow through the powder bed by gravity. In some embodiments, the barrel may be nested in the tube 102 and placed in a centrifuge machine. The centripetal force may assist the pass of the fluid through the powder bed and the barriers.

[0113]

[0100] In some embodiments, the fluid is allowed to contact the MAC materials with one or more suitable modes, including but not limited to static, agitation, and / or flow.

[0114]

[0101] In some embodiments, the transformation efficiency may be related to the exposure of the reactants to the MAC surface, therefore introducing motion to the vessel and / or fluid may increase the probability of interaction between the reactants and the MAC surface. The fluid may be removed from the vessel after contacting the MAC materials. In some embodiments, the fluid may be added back to the vessel for subsequent interaction and / or extraction.

[0115]

[0102] FIG. 2A shows a perspective view of an exemplary filter cartridge. The filter cartridge 200 comprises a double wall MAC portion 205 for loading of MAC materials. The filter cartridge 200 WSGR Docket No. 54241-703.601 further comprises a nut 201, a cap 202, and a gasket 203 for closing the filter cartridge after MAC materials are loaded inside the cartridge. In some embodiments, the cap 202 may be comprised of a solid material and / or a fluid-permeable material. FIG. 2B shows an exemplary filter cartridge. The double wall MAC portion 205 of the filter cartridge 200 comprises a chamber 206. In some embodiments, the MAC materials can be loaded in the chamber 206. In some embodiments, the MAC materials can be loaded between the double wall 207. The exemplary filter cartridge 205 comprises an inner disk 212 with threadedpost 211 configured to connect with the cap. Inner disk 212 terminates one end of the inner filter 215 configured to separate chambers of the cartridge. 213 shows a tri-clamp ferrule configured to connect the cartridge to another cartridge, to a cap, or to a fluid tube. 214 shows an outer filter. 215 shows an inner filter. In some embodiments, MAC materials can be loaded between the outer filter 214 and the inner filter 215. 216 shows a tri-clamp reducer configured to connect the cartridge to another cartridge or to a fluid tube. 202 shows a cap and 203 shows a gasket. FIG. 2C illustrates an exemplary double wall MAC portion 205 with line drawing and labeling of each part of the filter cartridge for designing parameters. FIG. 2D shows a perspective view of an exemplary filter cartridge. The filter cartridge 250 comprises a double wall MAC portion 255 for loading of MAC materials. The filter cartridge 250 further comprises a bolt 251, a filter cap 252, and a gasket 253 for closing the filter cartridge after MAC materials are loaded inside the cartridge. FIG. 2E shows an exemplary filter cartridge. The double wall MAC portion 255 of the filter cartridge 250 comprises a chamber 256. In some embodiments, the MAC materials can be loaded in the chamber 256. In some embodiments, the MAC materials can be loaded between the double wall 257. The exemplary double wall MAC portion 255 comprises an inner cone 262 with tapped hole 261 configured to connect with the filter cap 252 using bolt 251. Inner cone 262 terminates one end of the inner filter 265 configured to separate chambers of the cartridge. The filter cartridge 250 further comprises a bolt 251, a filter cap 252, an inner gasket 254, and an outer gasket 253 for closing the filter cartridge after MAC materials are loaded inside the cartridge. 263 shows a tri-clamp ferrule configured to connect the cartridge to another cartridge, to a cap, or to a fluid tube. 264 shows an outer filter. 265 shows an inner filter. In some embodiments, MAC materials can be loaded between the outer filter 264 and the inner filter 265. 266 shows a tri- clamp reducer configured to connect the cartridge to another cartridge or to a fluid tube. FIG. 2F illustrates an exemplary filter cap 252 and double wall MAC portion 255 with line drawing and labeling of each part of the filter cartridge for designing parameters.

[0116]

[0103] FIG. 3 A shows an exemplary MAC transformation system comprising a plurality of MAC cartridges. The plurality of MAC cartridges configured within a vessel, e.g., 301 can be arranged in parallel or in series. In some embodiments, the MAC cartridge can be connected to the WSGR Docket No. 54241-703.601 transformation system via tri-clamp reducer (e.g., 216 as shown in more details in FIG. 2B). The cartridge may comprise an inlet for a fluid sample to flow in and through the MAC materials. The cartridge may comprise an outlet for the fluid sample to flow out of the cartridge. For biological transformation applications, e.g., fluid sanitization or purification, when the fluid sample flows through the cartridge, e.g., the MAC materials in the cartridge, the MAC materials may interact with one or more cells (or microorganisms) of the fluid sample to purify the fluid sample. The cartridge may be replaceable. In some embodiments, the cartridge can be removed and replaced by a new cartridge. In some embodiments, the used cartridge can be reused. In some embodiments, the MAC materials in the used cartridge can be regenerated, e.g., by an elution solution. In some embodiments, the MAC materials in the used cartridge can be replenished with new and fresh MAC materials. FIG. 3B illustrates an exemplary MAC transformation system comprising a plurality of MAC cartridges 311, configured inside a vessel 318. The MAC cartridges may be replaceable. 312 shows a filter housing wherein one or more filters may be configured inside the housing. 313 shows chassis allowing the system to be mobile. 314 and 315 show fluid tubes to reverse the direction of fluid flow through the MAC cartridges 311 or bypass the MAC cartridges. 316 and 317 show valves, fluid may flow through 311 and one or more valves 316 and 317. In some embodiments, the MAC cartridges may be operated independently, in parallel, and / or in series. In some embodiments, the MAC cartridges may be independently backflushed. In some embodiments, the system may be stationary. In some embodiments, the system may be electrically insulated or grounded. FIG. 3C shows an exemplary MAC transformation system comprising a plurality of MAC cartridges 321. The MAC transformation system 320 comprises a plurality of MAC cartridges 321, a vessel 322, a pipe fitting 323, and a clamp 324. The MAC cartridge may be removed and replaced by a new cartridge. Fluid may flow through the 321 MAC cartridges in a series and / or parallel arrangement. In some embodiments, the fluid through the 321 MAC cartridges may flow independently with respect to other cartridges. In some embodiments, a plurality of systems 320 may be arranged in a series and / or parallel arrangement. In some embodiments, the system may comprise a plurality of connections 323. In some embodiments, the system may comprise a vessel and / or pipe combining flow between MAC cartridges. In some embodiments, MAC transformation systems may comprise one or more instruments and / or sensors. In some embodiments, the cartridge 321 maybe attached to the vessel 322 with clamp 324 or other mechanical fasteners. In some embodiments, the cartridges may be permanently attached to the vessel.

[0117]

[0104] FIG. 4 A shows an exploded view of an exemplary filter cartridge. The filter cartridge 400 comprises a powder chamber 404 encased by an inner sintered filter cylinder 405 and an outer WSGR Docket No. 54241-703.601 sintered filter cylinder 406. The filter cartridge 400 further comprises a removable end cap, e.g., 402, an O-ring403, and a flat gasket 401 at each end of the filter cartridge. In some embodiments, one or more end caps 402 may be affixed to one or more filter cylinders 405 and / or 406. FIG. 4B shows a side view of an assembled filter cartridge. FIG. 4C shows a perspective view of an assembled filter cartridge. FIG. 4D shows another side view of an assembled filter cartridge.

[0118]

[0105] FIG. 5 shows a cross-sectional view illustration of an exemplary MAC transformation cartridge. The MAC cartridge 500 comprises MAC material in a powder chamber 501 encased by filters 502 and solid wall 503. The cartridge may be connected to an article and / or machine where fluid is allowed to flow through the MAC cartridge and contact the enclosed MAC material. In some embodiments, a plurality of cartridges may be configured in series and / or parallel. In some embodiments, the cartridge may comprise of one or more fittings to connect the cartridge to an article or machine. FIG. 5B illustrates an exemplary MAC transformation cartridge 500 with line drawing and labeling of each part of the MAC transformation cartridge for designing parameters.

[0119]

[0106] In some embodiments, the apparatus may comprise an article and / or machine. In some embodiments, the article and / or machine may comprise one or more MAC structures that may transform one or more contacting reactants and / or biological materials. In some embodiments, the MAC structures may be on a MAC surface. In some embodiments, the MAC structures may be on a MAC particle. In some embodiments, the article and / or machine may comprise multiple MAC surfaces. In some embodiments, the article and / or machine may comprise multiple MAC particles.

[0120]

[0107] In some embodiments, a machine may comprise one or more articles comprising MAC structures. In some embodiments, the machine may absorb and / or emit thermal energy from one or more chemical transformations. In some embodiments, transformation products may provide thermal energy in additional transformations.

[0121]

[0108] In some embodiments, a machine may produce fuel. In some embodiments, a machine may generate electricity. In some embodiments, a machine may produce water. In some embodiments, a machine may refine fluids comprised of mixtures of chemical species and / or phases of matter. In some embodiments, fluid comprising one or more reactants and / or biological materials may recirculate and / or flow through the article and / or machine.

[0122]

[0109] In some embodiments, a machine may comprise a fluid-modifying MAC machine. In some embodiments, a fluid-modifying MAC machine may comprise one or more chambers that comprise one or more MAC structures. In some embodiments, contacting fluid(s) with the one or more MAC structures may be chemically transformed. In some embodiments, static charge may be dynamic between opposite curvature sites of one or more MAC structures. In some embodiments, one or more MAC structures may be on one or more MAC surfaces. In some embodiments, one or more WSGR Docket No. 54241-703.601

[0123] MAC surfaces may be on one or more MAC particles.

[0124] [HO] In some embodiments, the chamber envelope maybe closed or may comprise one or more temporary and / or permanent openings that may permit the ingress and / or egress of fluid(s). In some embodiments, at least a portion of the chamber envelope may be fluid-permeable. In some embodiments, the bulk fluid within the chamber may be static and / or dynamic. In some embodiments, fluid(s) may flow through, recirculate, cycle, flow dynamically and / or be stored within the machine or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, thermal energy may passively and / or actively ingress and / or egress the machine. In some embodiments, the machine may reduce the microbial viability concentration of the fluid contacting one or more MAC structures. In some embodiments, the machine may actively store thermal energy. In some embodiments, the machine may comprise one or more ports for the egress and / or ingress of transformational products and / or reactants.

[0125] [Hl] In some embodiments, the motion of the chamber may be dynamic and / or static relative to other components of the machine. In some embodiments, the machine may separate one or more components of the fluid(s). In some embodiments, the machine may comprise control system(s), pump(s), storage vessel(s), valve(s), heat pump(s), heater(s), heat exchanger(s), combustion chamber(s), compression chamber(s), or any combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the machine may be configured to MAC transform liquid condensed from gas. In some embodiments, the machine may be configured to MAC transform gas-phase reactants. In some embodiments, the machine may be configured to transfer electrostatic charge. In some embodiments, the machine may comprise the combustion of one or more components of MAC transformation product(s). In some embodiments, mechanical energy from the production of gas-phase products may be converted into electrical energy. In some embodiments, the MAC transformation product(s) may comprise one or more components of a fuel. In some embodiments, chemical potential energy released from the combustion of one or more components of produced fuel may be converted into mechanical energy, and optionally, further into electrical energy.

[0126]

[0112] In some embodiments, a machine may comprise a water purifying machine. In some embodiments, the machine may comprise a fluid mixing vessel having a fluid inlet, the fluid mixing vessel being operably coupled to a gas mixing vessel. In some embodiments, the machine may comprise the electrostatically active composition disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the machine may comprise a fluid collection vessel. In some embodiments, the machine may be configured to purify water.

[0127]

[0113] In some embodiments, a machine may comprise a fuel producing machine. In some embodiments, the machine may comprise a vessel comprising the electrostatically active WSGR Docket No. 54241-703.601 composition disclosed herein, a fluid inlet, and a fuel outlet. In some embodiments, wherein the machine is configured to produce a fuel. In some embodiments, a machine may comprise a hydrogen fuel-generating machine. In some embodiments, the machine may comprise a vessel comprising the electrostatically active composition disclosed herein, a fluid inlet, and a fuel outlet. In some embodiments, the machine may produce fuel to generate electricity via combustion.

[0128]

[0114] In some embodiments, the machine may comprise an electricity -producing MAC machine. In some embodiments, an electricity -producing MAC machine may comprise one or more fuel cells and one or more chambers comprising one or more MAC structures. In some embodiments, contacting fluid(s) (comprising elemental components of a fuel) may chemically transform at least a component of the fluids to produce at least a component of a fuel. In some embodiments, static charge may be dynamic between opposite curvature sites of one or more MAC structures. In some embodiments, one or more MAC structures may be on one or more MAC surfaces. In some embodiments, one or more MAC surfaces may be on one or more MAC particles. In some embodiments, the chamber envelope may be closed or may comprise one or more temporary and / or permanent openings that may permit the ingress and / or egress of fluid(s). In some embodiments, at least a portion of the chamber envelope may be fluid-permeable. In some embodiments, the bulk fluid within a chamber may be static and / or dynamic. In some embodiments, the fluid(s) may flow through, recirculate, cycle, flow dynamically, and / or be stored within the machine or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, thermal energy may passively and / or actively ingress and / or egress the machine. In some embodiments, the machine may reduce the microbial viability concentration of the fluid contacting one or more MAC structures. In some embodiments, the machine may actively store thermal energy. In some embodiments, the machine comprises one or more ports for the egress and / or ingress of transformational products and / or reactants. In some embodiments, the motion of the chamber may be dynamic and / or static relative to other components of the machine. In some embodiments, the machine may separate one or more components of the fluid(s). In some embodiments, the machine may comprise control system(s), pump(s), storage vessel(s), valve(s), heat pump(s), heater(s), heat exchanger(s), combustion chamber(s), or any combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the machine may comprise combustion of one or more components of MAC transformation. In some embodiments, mechanical energy from the production of gas-phase products may be converted into electrical energy. In some embodiments, chemical potential energy released from the combustion of one or more components of produced fuel may be converted into mechanical energy, and optionally, into electrical energy. In some embodiments, at least a portion of one or more fuel cells may be located in any combination of inside and / or outside a chamber. In some embodiments, one or more WSGR Docket No. 54241-703.601 chemical products of one or more fuel cells may egress the machine. In some embodiments, one or more chemical products of one or more fuel cells may remain within the machine. In some embodiments, thermal energy from the fuel cell may be transferred to one or more components of, and / or within, a chamber. In some embodiments, one or more chamber(s) and / or vessel(s) may store one or more MAC transformation product(s) and / or one or more fuel cell products. In some embodiments, the machine may store any of the generated electrical energy. In some embodiments, the machine may produce water. In some embodiments, up to 100% of the produced water may egress the machine.

[0129]

[0115] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides an electricity -generating system. In some embodiments, the electricity -generating system may comprise a fuel cell.

[0130] EXAMPLES

[0131] Example 1: MAC transformation of polar molecules

[0132]

[0116] This example illustrates the performance of the MAC materials in the catalytical transformation of polar molecules. Four treatment samples were prepared in closed polypropylene vials. The treatment samples contained reactants, methanol (CH3OH), ethanol (C2H5OH), isopropanol (CH3CHOHCH3), or Milli-Q water (H2O), and MAC samples (e.g., MAC powder or particles). Control samples (or controls) were prepared with each reactant in respective closed polypropylene vials but without any MAC samples. The vials (treatment samples and controls) were kept at 37 °C in a non-illuminated Thermo Fisher Scientific incubator for 35 or 36.4 days (the “test”). The masses of the samples were measured initially and at the end of the test. Table 2 shows data for the transformation of methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, and Milli-Q water. All four treatment samples had a decrease in sample mass, which indicates the transformation of the reactants. The sample mass was maintained in all control samples, which confirms that the mass loss in the treatment samples was not due to evaporative loss or leakage of the reactants. A change in liquid level in the treatment samples corroborated the change in mass. The liquid levels in several treatment samples decreased noticeably, while those in the control samples remained unchanged. In the treatment samples, the mass difference corresponds to transformation products that are in the gas phase.

[0133] Table 2. MAC Transformation of Polar Molecules WSGR Docket No. 54241-703.601

[0134]

[0117] FIGS. 6 A and 6B show exemplary UV-vis absorption profiles of the treatment samples, with vertical offset for visual clarity. FIG. 6A shows absorption profiles of the supernatant in the treatment samples. The spectra of the supernatants of the treatment samples (FIG. 6A) comprise a mixture of products and untransformed reactants. The spectra contribution of the mixture was deconvoluted by subtracting the spectra from the control sample. The difference spectra reveal the contributions of the transformation. FIG. 6B shows the change in absorbance relative to the control samples (difference spectra), which confirms the transformation of the reactants. The positive absorption values correspond to transformation products comprising new species and / or the concentration of product components of the supernatant. For example, the difference spectra of the treatment methanol and ethanol samples had positive absorption below 350 nm, which indicates the increased concentration of material that absorbs light below 350 nm. The negative values correspond to the depletion and / or dilution of reactant components of the supernatant. For example, the difference spectra of the isopropanol treatment sample had a negative valley feature below 350 nm, which indicates a decrease in the concentration of components of the reactant. The valley located approximately at 270 nmmay be attributed to the transformation of a contaminant that was present in the initial isopropanol stock. The spectra of the control subtracted water treatment sample show the presence of material in the supernatant that was not present in the control sample. The absorption below 400 nm may be attributed to the presence of one or more polymeric materials. Material from the vial and / or transformation products may have contributed to the absorption in this region of the measured spectra. Components of the transformation products may have contributed to eluting more material from the vial than in the control sample. The transformation of the water treatment sample was confirmed by selective gas detection. The transformation products from water may comprise hydrogen and oxygen, which may be in the gas phase and attribute to the mass loss of the treatment sample. The presence of hydrogen gas (H2) in the headspace of the treatment sample vial was confirmed by a NIST-traceable hydrogen gas detector. No H2was detected in the control samples.

[0135]

[0118] The difference spectra of the treatment samples are distinct among the reactants. The dissimilar difference spectra indicate that these absorption profiles are not due to systematic experimental contaminates. The variation of the spectra is an indicator of the distinct transformations that occurred across the treatment samples and the variety of transformation WSGR Docket No. 54241-703.601 products that were produced.

[0136]

[0119] Visual inspection of the samples revealed further indicators of the transformation of the treated reactants. The liquid level noticeably decreased for all of the treatment samples as the transformation products comprise gas-phase components. By contrast, the liquid level of the control samples was constant.

[0137]

[0120] After the test, visible gas bubbles were present within the MAC materials of the treatment samples of methanol, ethanol, and water. No gas bubbles were present in the control samples throughout the test. The precipitate recovered from the treatment of the isopropanol sample has been observed utilizing optical microscopy.

[0138]

[0121] These results demonstrate a variety of polar reactants were transformed upon interaction with the MAC materials. The transformation products may result from either individual or combined bond breakage and / or formation.

[0139]

[0122] These results also demonstrate that various transformation products may be formed. A reactant may be transformed into several product species. The same transformation product species may be formed from transforming different reactant species.

[0140] Example 2: MAC transformation of water

[0141]

[0123] This example illustrates the effect of the morphology of the MAC materials on the catalytical transformation of water.

[0142]

[0124] Four MAC powder variants comprising different surface morphologies were used in the chemical transformation of water. Powder IDs are shown in Table 3. MAC-2 and MAC-3 powders were crystalline elemental silicon (Si) with a native surface oxide (SiO2), which were electrical semiconductors and insulators, respectively. MAC-4 was a crystalline silicon carbide (SiC) semiconductor powder, which has unique, anisotropic, wall -like structures, unlike other variants in this sample set. MAC-5 was an amorphous silicon monoxide (SiO) insulator powder. Notably, the set of MAC powders comprise a variety of material compositions, morphologies, crystallographic structures, and electrical conductivities.

[0143]

[0125] The four treatment samples comprising the respective MAC material and Milli-Q water, and a control sample comprising Milli-Q water but no MAC material, were prepared in individual closed-top polypropylene vials. The samples were initially massed and then placed inside a non- illuminated Thermo Fisher Scientific incubator at 37 °C for several weeks. After 35 days the samples were visually inspected, weighed, and the headspace gas was analyzed for the presence of H2gas with a NIST-traceable hydrogen gas detector. The mass data is summarized in Table 3. WSGR Docket No. 54241-703.601

[0144] Table 3. Transformation of water by different MAC variants

[0145]

[0126] All MAC variants led to a decrease in mass of the sample due to transformation of water. Gas bubbles were visible in all treatment samples at the end of the test. The MAC particles were not consumed in any of the treatment samples. Gas bubbles and reduced mass within the treatment samples confirm reactant transformation, which indicates that some products were in the gas phase. The presence of H2in the headspace of the MAC samples was confirmed by the NIST-traceable hydrogen gas detector. In contrast, the mass of the control sample remained constant, and no H2was detected.

[0146]

[0127] This example demonstrates that water was catalytically transformed and H2was produced by all the MAC powder variants. The magnitude of the transformation depends on the morphology and material composition of the MAC material. MAC-5 had the greatest transformation of water per mass of powder, followed by MAC-1.

[0147] Example 3: MAC transformation of water

[0148]

[0128] This example illustrates the effect of the configuration of the reactant and the MAC particles on the transformation of water. A treatment sample was prepared in a closed-top polypropylene vial containing MAC particles and Milli-Q water. A control sample, consisting of Milli-Q water but no MAC particles, was enclosed in a closed-top polypropylene vial. The samples were kept at 37 °C inside a non -illuminated Thermo Fisher Scientific incubator. The samples were first oriented vertically for 5.2 days and then horizontally for the following 3.1 days. In the vertical orientation, the MAC particles were fully submerged in water at the bottom of the vial. In the horizontal orientation, the MAC particles were distributed along the length of the vial. The height of the particle bed in the horizontal orientation was 1 / 5 of the height of the particle bed in the vertical orientation. The masses of the samples were measured at the beginning and end of each period. The samples were agitated to separate the gas bubbles from the solution before each mass WSGR Docket No. 54241-703.601 measurement. A NIST-traceable hydrogen gas detector was used to detect the presence of H2in the headspace of the vials.

[0149]

[0129] The data is summarized in Table 4. Table 4 shows an inconsistent change in the treatment sample mass between the two orientations, while the control sample exhibited no change in mass. Gas bubbles were observed on the MAC particles in both orientations, whereas no bubbles were observed in the control sample. In both orientations, the production of H2was confirmed by the NIST-traceable hydrogen gas detector. H2was not detected in the control sample.

[0150] Table 4. Configuration of Reactants and MAC Particles.

[0151]

[0130] The MAC particles were conserved in the treatment sample throughout the test. The total volume in the treatment sample significantly decreased in both orientations. Notably, in the horizontal orientation, the decrease in mass was 100% greater and in 40% less time compared to the vertical orientation. The diffusion field around the MAC particles was different in the two sample orientations, which may account for the observed differences in mass reduction. When the depth of the particle bed and water decreased, the mass loss rate increased.

[0152] Example 4: MAC transformation of water in the presence of ionic compounds

[0153]

[0131] This example illustrates the influence of ionic compounds on the catalytical transformation of water with MAC material.

[0154]

[0132] Three treatment samples and three control samples (vials without MAC material) were prepared in closed-top polypropylene vials respectively. The three treatment samples included the same MAC powder and Milli-Q H2O. Two of the treatment samples further included 50 mM of sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) or sodium chloride (NaCl). The samples were kept at 37 °C inside a nonilluminated Thermo Fisher Scientific incubator for 3.1 days. The masses of the samples were measured at the beginning and the end of the test. The samples were agitated to separate the gas bubbles from the solution before each mass measurement. ANIST-traceable hydrogen gas detector was used to detect the presence of H2in the headspace of the vials.

[0155]

[0133] No mass change or H2was detected in the control samples. The data of the treatment samples is summarized in Table 5. The transformation of water and the formation of gas-phase products were impacted by the presence of ionic compounds. No bubbles were observed and no H2 WSGR Docket No. 54241-703.601 was detected in the vial’s headspace in the treatment sample containing Milli-Q H2O and Na2SO4.

[0156] Bubbles were observed and H2was detected in the vial’s headspace in the other two treatment samples (Milli-Q H2O and Milli-Q H2O + NaCl).

[0157] Table 5. MAC transformation of water with ionic compounds

[0158]

[0134] The mass change was also significantly lower for the sample containing Milli-Q H2O + Na2SO4than the other two treatment samples. The change in mass in the sample containing Milli-Q H2O + Na2SO4was less than 10% of the mass change of the Milli-Q H2O sample. The low mass change and the lack of visible gas bubble formation in the sample containing Milli -Q H2O + Na2SO4indicates the transformation of water was inhibited and / or the transformation products were in the liquid phase in this sample.

[0159]

[0135] The noticeable decrease in mass and liquid volume of the two treatment samples (Milli-Q H2O and Milli-Q H2O + NaCl) indicates the transformation of at least a portion of the reactant into gas-phase products. The decrease in mass of the Milli-Q H2O + NaCl sample was significantly greater than the other treatment samples. The decrease in mass was nearly an order of magnitude greater than the Milli-Q H2O sample and was over two orders of magnitude greater than the sample containing Milli-Q H2O + Na2SO4. The transformation of water is impacted by ionic compounds. Ch promoted the transformation of water and SO42inhibited the transformation of water.

[0160] Example 5: MAC transformation of non-polar molecules

[0161]

[0136] This example illustrates the performance of the MAC materials in the catalytical transformation of non-polar molecules.

[0162]

[0137] Two treatment samples were prepared in closed-top borosilicate vials respectively. Both treatment samples comprised the same MAC particles. One treatment sample comprised aqueous iodine (I2) in Milli-Q water, while the other comprised iodine (I2) dissolved (near saturation concentration) in 200-proof ethanol. Respective control samples were prepared in borosilicate vials, WSGR Docket No. 54241-703.601 which did not include MAC particles. The samples were kept at 37 °C inside a non -illuminated Thermo Fisher Scientific incubator for 6.9 days. The masses of the samples were measured at the beginning and the end of the test. The samples were agitated to separate any trapped gas bubbles from the solution before each mass measurement. The data is summarized in Table 6. Both treatment samples had a reduction in mass.

[0163] Table 6. Transformation of iodine (I2) by MAC powder.

[0164]

[0138] The appearance of the treatment samples changed drastically after 6.9 days, which indicates the transformation of I2. After 6.9 days, the color of the liquid in the treatment samples changed from orange-brown to clear. The color of the control samples remained orange-brown, the characteristic color of molecular iodine. The change in appearance of the samples was observed in the UV-vis absorption spectra measured on a Shimadzu UV-1700 spectrophotometer. FIG. 7 shows exemplary UV-vis absorbance spectra for ethanolic and aqueous iodine treatment samples and controls. Curve 701 is the aqueous iodine control, curve 702 is the ethanolic iodine control, curve 703 is the ethanolic treated sample, and curve 704 is the aqueous treated sample. Both treatment samples exhibited a reduction in absorption (which corresponds to concentration) with the aqueous iodine treatment decreasing by 91% and the ethanolic iodine decreasing by 58%. The UV-vis spectra indicate that the concentration of molecular iodine was 91% and 58% lower than the control for the treatment samples comprising Milli-Q H2O and ethanol, respectively.

[0165] Example 6: MAC transformation of a metal ion

[0166]

[0139] These examples illustrate the performance of the MAC samples in the catalytical transformation of metal ions.

[0167]

[0140] Transformation of Cu2+ion: A treatment sample was prepared with MAC particles and aqueous copper ion (Cu2+) solution in a closed-top polypropylene vial. The sample was kept at 37 °C inside a non-illuminated Thermo Fisher Scientific incubator for 35 days. The mass of the sample was measured at the beginning and the end of the test. The sample was agitated to separate the gas bubbles from the solution before each mass measurement. ANIST-traceable hydrogen gas detector was used to detect the presence of H2in the headspace of the sample vial. The data is summarized WSGR Docket No. 54241-703.601 in Table 7.

[0168] Table 7. Transformation of a metal ion.

[0169]

[0141] After 35 days, multiple transformations of the reactants were observed. The liquid volume noticeably decreased, and correspondingly, the mass of the sample decreased. The decrease in mass was nearly 8% of the initial reactant mass. Bubbles were visible in the liquid and powder bed, correspondingly H2was detected in the headspace of the vial, which confirms the transformation of water and the production of H2. The noticeable sample mass and liquid volume loss, along with the detection of H2indicate the transformation of at least a portion of the reactant into gas phase products.

[0170]

[0142] The transformation products also included visible solid Cu that had formed atop the MAC powder bed. FIG. 8 shows an optical microscope image of an aggregate comprising a plurality of powder, MAC-7(Si), 802 and Cu metal 801. Inspection of the solid transformation products using SEM and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) confirmed the formation of solid elemental copper dendrites. This example demonstrates the transformation of two reactants, H2O and Cu2+ion, and the production of H2and solid Cu metal.

[0171]

[0143] Transformation ofAg+ion: A treatment sample was prepared with MAC-8 (Si) particles and aqueous silver ion (Ag+) in Milli-Q water in a sealed borosilicate flask. The sample was kept at ambient temperature for several weeks and observed periodically. No external electrical potential was applied to any component of the sample. Throughout the observation period, gas bubbles were observed to originate from the powder media bed. The production of H2was confirmed by sampling the head space with a NIST-traceable hydrogen gas detector. The liquid volume noticeably decreased during the observation period. The formation of solid Ag metal was observed. Some of the solid Ag metal formed aggregates comprisingMAC (Si) particles. The composition of the solid metal and particles was verified by SEM and EDS measurements. FIGS. 9A through 9D show SEM and BSE micrographs of Ag metal formed on the surface of the MAC material. FIGS. 9A and 9B show large Ag metal formations on a MAC material surface and FIGS. 9C and 9D show small Ag metal formations on another MAC material surface at higher magnification. The Ag metal formations are concentrated on the protruding features, which is attributed to heterogeneous charge distribution on the MAC material surface. FIGS. 9C and 9D show a higher concentration of Ag particles toward the edge of the MAC material, which is attributed to higher charge at the edge WSGR Docket No. 54241-703.601 of the MAC material. Charge accumulation along the edge of the MAC material is corroborated by the bright edge seen in FIG. 9C from the irradiation and accumulation of charge during SEM imaging. This example demonstrates the transformation of two reactants, H2O and Ag+ion, and the production of H2and solid Ag metal.

[0172] Example 7: MAC transformation of a metal

[0173]

[0144] This example illustrates the performance of the MAC samples in the catalytical transformation of a metal. An aqueous silver ions (Ag+) solution was produced from Ag metal.

[0174]

[0145] Approximately 300 g of MAC particles (MAC-8 (Si)) decorated with Ag nanoparticles were combined with approximately 500 mL of RO-JLO in a borosilicate flask. This sample was stored at room temperature for several weeks and occasionally manually swirled. No external electrical potential was applied to any component of the sample. Periodically, a silver ion-selective electrode was used to measure the concentration of Ag+in the solution. The Ag+concentration increased with the elapsed transformation duration, indicating the production of Ag+from the transformation of solid silver on the MAC surface.

[0175] Example 8: MAC transformation of a flowing aqueous solutions

[0176]

[0146] Transformation products were produced by flowing aqueous solutions through different fluid permeable cartridges comprising MAC powder (MAC-9 (Si)) in multiple experiments.

[0177]

[0147] Several non-limiting examples of cartridges comprising MAC powder were used in multiple experiments.

[0178]

[0148] In some cases, the cartridge comprises an embedded SS filter cartridge, which comprises a 5 -layer sintered SS cylindrical filter embedded with MAC particles. The flow path was radial across the filter material.

[0179]

[0149] In some cases, the cartridge comprises an embedded plastic fiber filter cartridge, which comprises a plastic fiber depth filter 20” long and 4.5” in diameter embedded with MAC particles. The flow path was radial across the filter material.

[0180]

[0150] In some cases, the cartridge comprises a puck style SS cartridge (e.g. 500 in FIG. 5A), which comprises a SS cylindrical tube (e.g. 503) with two 5-layer sintered SS filter disks (e.g. 502) oriented perpendicular to the long axis of the cylinder. The puck-shaped cavity between the parallel disks is filled with MAC powder (e.g. 501). The flow path was axial across the cartridge. The position of the disks may be fixed or dynamic along the long axis of the tube. In some embodiments, the distance between the disks may be variable (e.g. L504 in FIG. 5B).

[0181]

[0151] In some cases, the cartridge comprises a cylindrical SS cartridge (e.g. 200 in FIG 2A), which comprises a MAC powder bed in the shape of a hollow cylinder constrained between the WSGR Docket No. 54241-703.601 outer and inner walls of two, rigid, concentric, cylindrical, 5 -layer sintered SS filters. The flow path was radial across the cartridge.

[0182]

[0152] Test hardware included cartridge housing and plumbing. The cartridges were inside a cartridge housing that contained and directed fluid in and out of the cartridge. Housings of different sizes and materials were used in these experiments. A variety of sizes and materials of plumbing components were used in these experiments including but not limited to hoses, tubing, fittings, tanks, and pipes.

[0183]

[0153] Aqueous solutions were usedin these experiments, including Milli-Q H2O, reverse osmosis water (RO-H2O), non-potable well water, potable municipal water, and RO-H2O with ionic compounds.

[0184]

[0154] Separate solutions of RO-H2O with ionic compounds were used, e.g., sodium carbonate (Na2CO3), sodium peroxyhydrate (2 NaCO3-3 H2O2), disodium metasilicate (Na2SiO3), sodium nitrate (NaNO3), sodium carbonate (Na2CO3), or a mixture thereof.

[0185]

[0155] The cartridges were primed to remove trapped air and the test solutions flowed through the cartridges after the initial priming. Observations and / or measurements were performed during and / or after stopping the flow.

[0186]

[0156] Tests with Cylindrical SS Cartridge, transformation products were generated from components of the test solutions. Gas bubbles were present on the downstream (output) side of the cartridge, while bubbles were absent on the upstream (input) side. H2, O2, CO, and CO2gasses were detected in the output from the cartridges by selective gas detectors. The test solution volume decreased during recirculation. Changes to the liquid chemistry were observed in the oxidation - reduction potential (ORP), pH, electrical conductivity (EC), and dissolved oxygen measurements as the test solutions were recirculated through the cartridges.

[0187]

[0157] In some cases, the EC decreased, which indicates the transformation of the ionic reactants. In some cases, the EC increased, which indicates the transformation of water that concentrated the ions in the solution. In some cases, increased back pressure was observed, which may be attributed to fouling caused by the accumulation of gas phase products in the flow path of the solution. In some cases, the pH increased, which indicates the transformation of H+from the aqueous solution. In some cases, the pH decreases, which indicates the release of H+from the transformation of water.

[0188]

[0158] The transformation of components within the test solutions was affected by different physical conditions, e.g., pressure, temperature, electrostatics, electrodynamics, and / or fluid dynamics.

[0189]

[0159] The eluate flowing out of the cartridge comprised different chemical species and phases of WSGR Docket No. 54241-703.601 matter. Various components of products were separated from the eluate flowing out of the cartridge. The selective separation process was carried out using density and / or phase separation techniques. Phase separation was achieved through the modulation of pressure, volume, and temperature in various combinations.

[0190]

[0160] In some cases, H2was selectively extracted from the eluate exiting the cartridge and the collected gas had a concentration of 99 ± 5 % H2.

[0191]

[0161] Electricity and water were generated by flowing collected product gasses through a fuel cell, which confirms the detection of H2in the eluent from the cartridge. Some samples collected of the gas phase products were flammable.

[0192]

[0162] Tests with puck style SS cartridge', n on-re circulated, non-potable well water flowed through this cartridge. H2was generated and detected by a NIST -traceable gas detector. In some cases, dissolved products were extracted by reducing the pressure on the solution exiting the cartridge.

[0193]

[0163] Tests with embedded SS filter cartridge: three cartridges were arranged in parallel within a common SS housing, through which different test solutions flowed during separate trials. The generated gas phase products were observed within the housing on the inlet side of the cartridges, but no gas bubbles were seen entering or exiting the housing. The flow direction of the test solution and gas phase products were not aligned, with the former flowing radially inward across the MAC particle-embedded filter while the latter flowed radially outward from the filter. During the trials, H2was detected by a NIST-traceable gas detector in the gas-phase products accumulated at the top of the multi-cartridge housing. Flammability testing also confirmed H2presence. In static flow trials, gas phase products also accumulated at the top of the multi -cartridge housing, which displaced the liquid test solution and resulted in an increase in pressure within the housing. The pressure increased while the temperature of the solution and housing decreased.

[0194]

[0164] Tests with embedded plastic fiber filter cartridge: different test solutions were passed through plastic filter cartridges in metal or plastic housings during separate trials. Gas phase products were observed on the outer surface of the cartridge (on the inlet side) and H2was detected in the outlet fluid. When the inlet flow was low enough, gas-phase products (bubbles) flowed upstream. In static flow trials, the pressure in the housings increased while the temperature of both the solution and housing decreased which is attributed to the generation of gas-phase products.

[0195] Example 9: transforming static aqueous solutions

[0196]

[0165] This example illustrates the transformation of static R0-H20 using a MAC machine and compares the transformation rates under two different operating conditions. The results indicate a significant enhancement in the transformation rate within a closed chamber containing MAC material when liquid is flowing through an electrically connected parallel elongate hollow member, WSGR Docket No. 54241-703.601 relative to static conditions.

[0197]

[0166] The MAC machine comprises a SS filter cartridge comprising a double wall MAC portion comprising MAC material (MAC-9 (Si)), a filter cartridge housing, valves, EPDM and silicone gaskets, SS process pipe, flexible PVC hose, liquid pump, liquid storage vessel, and PP filters. Instrumentation monitored the operating conditions of the MAC machine. Instrumentation comprised, liquid flow meters, liquid pressure transducers, analog liquid pressure gauges, liquid temperature sensors, H2selective gas sensors, and an ambient air temperature sensor. Process pipe was configured to allow liquid to recirculate in a sealed closed loop. A one-way air lock on the liquid storage vessel kept the head space of the vessel from exceeding ambient pressure and did not allow the ingress of ambient air. Starting at the liquid storage vessel, the liquid path comprised of i) a pump, ii) PP filters, iii) a tee, allowing liquid to flow through either a) the filter cartridge housing and cartridge comprising MAC material or b) a bypass channel, and iv) the storage vessel. The filter cartridge housing and the bypass channel were configured in parallel.

[0198]

[0167] FIGS. 10A-10C, show exemplary data from this MAC machine during two sequential conditions, 1001 and 1002. The vertical dashed line delineates the boundary of the conditions. During condition 1001, the pump was off - no liquid was flowing. During condition 1002, the pump was on - liquid was flowing through the bypass channel and the filter cartridge housing (comprising MAC material) remained closed. The pump and instrumentation were electrically isolated from the liquid and MAC material, and no electricity was applied to the MAC material or the liquid. The initial conditions for 1001 : the flow path was fully primed (i.e. absent of gas bubbles), the MAC machine was at thermal equilibrium, and the temperature of the MAC machine and room were approximately 45 °C and 23 °C, respectively. The filter cartridge housing comprising the cartridge with MAC material was closed (i.e. all valves were closed) throughout both conditions. T1 and T2 are the temperatures of the vertically oriented filter cartridge housing at the top and bottom, respectively. T3 is the temperature differential between T1 and T2.

[0199]

[0168] FIG. 10A shows T1 and T2 decreasing while the amount of product, Nl, increased throughout the two conditions. The amount of product Nl was calculated using the ideal gas law using the static pressure within the closed filter cartridge housing, temperature, and accounting for the temperature and pressure dependance of the density of water and gas solubility. Notably, the pressure continued to increase while the temperature decreased, which is attributed to the transformation of water into gas phase products, hydrogen and oxygen. The diverging values of T1 and T2 is attributed to a temperature gradient between the top and bottom of the housing.

[0200]

[0169] FIG. 10B shows time rate of change of the temperature differential between T1 and T2, T3, and the time rate of change of the product, N2. The magnitude of T3 gradually decreased over the WSGR Docket No. 54241-703.601 first 225 minutes then increases. N2 shows that product is produced during static conditions, 1001, and notably increases the production rate during 1002. The rate of production in the static and closed housing increases by -160% immediately after flow commences in the bypass channel and then further increases by -240% by the 290-minute mark. This contrast in production rate is attributed to the change in electrostatic charge imparted by flowing liquid through a parallel channel.

[0201]

[0170] Cumulatively, at least 6,800 coulombs of charge were involved in the transformation of H2O during both conditions. At least 2,500 coulombs and 4,300 coulombs of charge were involved in the transformation of H2O during conditions 1001 and 1002, respectively. Accordingly, the equivalent average electrical current during conditions 1001 and 1002 was 0.21 A and 0.79 A, respectively. During condition 1002, flowing H2O through the parallel channel further charged the MAC machine with an average equiv alate amount of at least 0.58 A. An equivalent of at least 0.60 A and 2.26 A per kg of MAC material was involved in the transformation during conditions 1001 and 1002, respectively.

[0202]

[0171] FIG. 10C shows the temperature differential between T1 and T2 for the experimental condition, E, and a control trial, C. C is the temperature differential from heat dissipated to the environment. Curve C represents the component of heat loss in E that is not attributed to the transformation of reactants in data E. C-E shows the difference in the temperature differential between the control and experimental. E and C diverge noticeably during condition 1002, which is attributed to heat being consumed by the transformation of H2O. The difference between E and C agrees with the heat loss calculated from the heat of reaction associated with product production N1 . At the end of the 290-minute trial, the cartridge housing was opened, which allowed the release of gas phase products. H2products were confirmed by selective H2gas detectors.

[0203]

[0172] While preferred embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described herein, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that such embodiments are provided by way of example only. Numerous variations, changes, and substitutions will now occur to those skilled in the art without departing from the invention. It should be understood that various alternatives to the embodiments of the invention described herein may be employed in practicing the invention. It is intended that the following claims define the scope of the invention and that methods and structures within the scope of these claims and their equivalents be covered thereby.

Claims

WSGR Docket No. 54241-703.601CLAIMSWHAT IS CLAIMED IS:1 . An electrostatically-active composition, the composition comprising: an insulator or a semiconductor having a dielectric constant of greater than 1; a first surface of the insulator or the semiconductor disposed opposite a dielectric gap from a second surface of the insulator or the semiconductor; and a sharp interface of the first surface or the second surface configured to increase a charge density of an electrostatically accumulated potential between the first surface and the second surface.

2. The electrostatically active composition of claim 1, wherein the insulator or semiconductor is comprised within a particle.

3. The electrostatically active composition of claim 1 , wherein the insulator or semiconductor is comprised within a surface of a bulk material (e.g., a substantially planar surface).

4. The electrostatically-active composition of claim 1, 2, or 3, wherein a length of the dielectric gap is about 0.1 nm to 5 pm (e.g., about 0.1 nm to about 1 pm).

5. The electrostatically-active composition of claim 1, 2, or 3, wherein the sharp interface comprises a point and / or an edge.

6. The electrostatically-active composition of claim 5, wherein the point is comprised within a spike structure of the first surface or the second surface.

7. The electrostatically-active composition of claim 5, wherein the point has a diameter of less than 10 pm (e.g., less than 1 pm, less than 600 nm, or less than 100 nm).

8. The electrostatically-active composition of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the sharp interface comprises an edge apex thickness of less than 1 pm.

9. The electrostatically-active composition of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the sharp interface comprises an edge apex thickness of less than 100 nm.WSGR Docket No. 54241-703.60110. The electrostatically-active composition of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the dielectric constant of the insulator or the dielectric material is greater than 3.

11. The electrostatically-active composition of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the dielectric constant of the insulator or the dielectric material is greater than 10.

12. The electrostatically-active composition of any one of claims 2-11, wherein the particle or bulk material consists essentially of the insulator or the semiconductor.

13. The electrostatically-active composition of claim 12, wherein the semiconductor comprises germanium-doped silicon, indium -doped silicon, gallium-doped silicon, and / or gallium arsenide.

14. The electrostatically-active composition of claim 12, wherein the insulator comprises a glass, a plastic, a rubber, and / or a ceramic.

15. The electrostatically-active composition of claim 12, wherein the insulator or semiconductor comprises undoped silicon, Silicon Carbide (SiC), Silicon Oxide (SixOy), Gallium Arsenide (GaAs), Gallium Nitride (GaN), Germanium (Ge), Indium Phosphide (InP), Zinc Oxide (ZnO), Cadmium Telluride (CdTe), Copper Indium Gallium Selenide (CIGS), Zinc Selenide (ZnSe), Indium Gallium Arsenide (InGaAs), Aluminium Gallium Arsenide (Al GaAs), Titanium Dioxide (TiO?), Lead Sulfide (PbS), Mercury Cadmium Telluride (HgCdTe), Boron Nitride (BN), Bismuth Telluride (Bi2Tes), Tin(II) Sulfide (SnS), Tungsten Diselenide (WSe?), and / or combinations thereof.

16. The electrostatically-active composition of any of the preceding claims, wherein a localized charge density at an apex of the sharp interface is at least 10 pC / cm2.

17. The electrostatically-active composition of any of the preceding claims, wherein an axis of the dielectric gap forms an angle of about 0 to about 180 degrees with respect to the first surface or the second surface.

18. The electrostatically-active composition of any of the preceding claims, wherein theWSGR Docket No. 54241-703.601 insulator or semiconductor comprises a plurality of surfaces separated by a plurality of dielectric gaps and a plurality of sharpened interfaces.

19. A method of electrolysis, the method comprising: combining an electrostatically -active composition with a solution comprising one or more reagents; and electrolyzing the one or more reagents to yield one or more products without use of an external power supply.

20. The method of claim 19, wherein the one or more reagents comprise a solvent or a solution, and the one or more products comprise a fuel (e.g., hydrogen gas or a flammable gas comprising hydrogen).

21. The method of claim 20, wherein the method further comprising, combining the fuel with a fuel cell.

22. The method of claim 19, wherein the one or more reagents comprise one or more contaminants, and the one or more products comprise one or more contaminant transformation products.

23. The method of claim 22, wherein the method is used to sanitize a fluid.

24. The method of claim 22 or 23, wherein the one or more contaminants comprise biological cells, and the one or more contaminant transformation products comprise lysed cells.

25. The method of claim 23 or 24, wherein the sanitized fluid is a human or animal consumable liquid.

26. The method of claim 25, wherein the sanitized fluid is a beverage.

27. The method of any of claims 19-26, wherein the one or more reagents comprise water, and the one or more products comprise one or more components of water.

28. The method of claim 27, further comprising combining the one or more components of water to yield purified water.WSGR Docket No. 54241-703.60129. The method of any one of claims 19-28, wherein the one or more reagents comprise a metal ion, and the one or more products comprise a solid metal.

30. The method of any one of claims 19-28, wherein the one or more reagents comprise a solid metal, and the one or more products comprise a metal ion.

31. The method of any one of claims 19-28, wherein the one or more reagents comprise a nonpolar molecule, and the one or more products comprise a reduced non-polar molecule and / or an oxidized non-polar molecule.

32. A fluid purifying machine, the machine comprising a vessel comprising the electrostatically active composition of any one of claims 1 -18, a fluid inlet, and a fluid outlet, wherein the machine is configured to perform the method of any one of claims 19-31.

33. A water purifying machine, the machine comprising a fluid mixing vessel having a fluid inlet, the fluid mixing vessel being operably coupled to a gas mixing vessel, and comprising the electrostatically active composition of any one of claims 1 -18, and a fluid collection vessel, wherein the machine is configured to perform the method of claim 27 or 28.

34. A fuel producing machine, the machine comprising: a vessel comprising the electrostatically active composition of any one of claims 1 -18, a fluid inlet, and a fuel outlet, wherein the machine is configured to perform the method of any one of claims 19-31.

35. An electricity -producing machine, the machine comprising a vessel comprising the electrostatically active composition of any one of claims 1 -18, a fluid inlet, and a fuel outlet operably coupled with a fuel cell to yield electricity.

36. The method of any one of claims 19-31, further comprising accumulating charge on a surface of the electrostatically-active composition prior to the electrolyzing.

37. The machine of any one of claims 32-35, further comprising a charge accumulation vessel configured to pre-charge the electrostatically-active composition (e.g., by accumulation of charge on a surface of the composition) prior to the electrolyzing.

Images