Devices, methods and computer readable medium for communication
By generating and transmitting time stamps combining UTC time and frame or slot numbers, the challenges of data format in AI/ML-based positioning are addressed, improving accuracy and reducing overhead in telecommunication systems.
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- NEC CORP
- Filing Date
- 2024-09-19
- Publication Date
- 2026-04-23
AI Technical Summary
There is a need to study a format for time stamps in training data collection for AI/ML-based positioning to improve accuracy and reduce data overhead in telecommunication systems.
Generate and transmit time stamps for channel measurements and ground truth labels using a combination of UTC time and frame or slot numbers to enhance training data sample accuracy and reduce data set size.
Provides accurate time stamps for improved model performance with reduced data overhead, enhancing the efficiency of AI/ML-based positioning in telecommunication systems.
Smart Images

Figure CN2024119847_23042026_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
DEVICES, METHODS AND COMPUTER READABLE MEDIUM FOR COMMUNICATIONTECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] Embodiments of the present disclosure generally relate to the field of telecommunication, and in particular, to devices, methods and computer readable medium for communication.BACKGROUND
[0002] The third generation partnership project (3GPP) is currently working on support for positioning accuracy enhancement based on an artificial intelligence (AI) or machine learning (ML) model for new radio (NR) air interface. For training data collection of positioning a terminal device based on the AI or ML model, a collected data sample may comprise a first set of information generated by a network device or the terminal device as well as a second set of information generated by the terminal device or a location server.
[0003] The first set of information may comprise a first time stamp of a channel measurement for a training data sample and the second set of information may comprise a second time stamp of a ground truth label for the training data sample. At least one of the first time stamp or the second time stamp may be transmitted from a first device to a second device. Thus, there is a need to study a format for the first time stamp and the second time stamp.SUMMARY
[0004] In general, example embodiments of the present disclosure provide devices, methods and computer readable medium for communication.
[0005] In a first aspect, there is provided a first device. The first device comprises a processor. The processor is configured to cause the first device to: generate at least one of the following: a first time stamp of a channel measurement for a training data sample, or a second time stamp of a ground truth label for the training data sample, wherein the training data sample is used for positioning a terminal device based on an artificial intelligence (AI) or machine learning (ML) model; and transmit at least one of the following to a second device: the first time stamp of the channel measurement or the second time stamp of the ground truth label, wherein each of the first time stamp and the second time stamp comprises a combination of a coordinated universal time (UTC) time and at least one of a frame number or a slot number.
[0006] In a second aspect, there is provided a second device. The second device comprises a processor. The processor is configured to cause the second device to: receive at least one of the following from a first device: a first time stamp of a channel measurement for a training data sample or a second time stamp of a ground truth label for the training data sample, wherein the training data sample is used for positioning a terminal device based on an AI or ML model, each of the first time stamp and the second time stamp comprises a combination of a UTC time and at least one of a frame number or a slot number; and determine the training data sample based at least on the first time stamp and the second time stamp.
[0007] In a third aspect, there is provided a method for communication. The method comprises: generating at least one of the following: a first time stamp of a channel measurement for a training data sample, or a second time stamp of a ground truth label for the training data sample, wherein the training data sample is used for positioning a terminal device based on an AI or ML model; and transmitting at least one of the following to a second device: the first time stamp of the channel measurement or the second time stamp of the ground truth label, wherein each of the first time stamp and the second time stamp comprises a combination of a UTC time and at least one of a frame number or a slot number.
[0008] In a fourth aspect, there is provided a method for communication. The method comprises: receiving at least one of the following from a first device: a first time stamp of a channel measurement for a training data sample or a second time stamp of a ground truth label for the training data sample, wherein the training data sample is used for positioning a terminal device based on an AI or ML model, each of the first time stamp and the second time stamp comprises a combination of a UTC time and at least one of a frame number or a slot number; and determining the training data sample based at least on the first time stamp and the second time stamp.
[0009] In a fifth aspect, there is provided a computer readable medium having instructions stored thereon. The instructions, when executed on at least one processor of a device, cause the device to perform the method according to the third aspect or the fourth aspect.
[0010] It is to be understood that the summary section is not intended to identify key or essential features of embodiments of the present disclosure, nor is it intended to be used to limit the scope of the present disclosure. Other features of the present disclosure will become easily comprehensible through the following description.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0011] Through the more detailed description of some embodiments of the present disclosure in the accompanying drawings, the above and other objects, features and advantages of the present disclosure will become more apparent, wherein:
[0012] Fig. 1A illustrates an example communication network in which embodiments of the present disclosure can be implemented;
[0013] Fig. 1B illustrates another example communication network in which embodiments of the present disclosure can be implemented;
[0014] Fig. 2 illustrates a signaling chart illustrating an example process for Location Service Support by Next Generation Radio Access Network (NG-RAN) in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0015] Fig. 3 illustrates a further example communication network in which embodiments of the present disclosure can be implemented;
[0016] Fig. 4 illustrates a signaling chart illustrating an example process for communications in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0017] Fig. 5 illustrates a second example of a first time stamp in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0018] Fig. 6 illustrates a flowchart of an example method in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0019] Fig. 7 illustrates a flowchart of an example method in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure; and
[0020] Fig. 8 is a simplified block diagram of a device that is suitable for implementing embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0021] Throughout the drawings, the same or similar reference numerals represent the same or similar element.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0022] Principle of the present disclosure will now be described with reference to some example embodiments. It is to be understood that these embodiments are described only for the purpose of illustration and help those skilled in the art to understand and implement the present disclosure, without suggesting any limitations as to the scope of the disclosure. The disclosure described herein can be implemented in various manners other than the ones described below.
[0023] In the following description and claims, unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skills in the art to which this disclosure belongs.
[0024] As used herein, the term “terminal device” refers to any device having wireless or wired communication capabilities. Examples of the terminal device include, but not limited to, user equipment (UE) , personal computers, desktops, mobile phones, cellular phones, smart phones, personal digital assistants (PDAs) , portable computers, tablets, wearable devices, internet of things (IoT) devices, Ultra-reliable and Low Latency Communications (URLLC) devices, Internet of Everything (IoE) devices, machine type communication (MTC) devices, device on vehicle for V2X communication where X means pedestrian, vehicle, or infrastructure / network, devices for Integrated Access and Backhaul (IAB) , Small Data Transmission (SDT) , mobility, Multicast and Broadcast Services (MBS) , positioning, dynamic / flexible duplex in commercial networks, reduced capability (RedCap) , Space borne vehicles or Air borne vehicles in Non-terrestrial networks (NTN) including Satellites and High Altitude Platforms (HAPs) encompassing Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) , eXtended Reality (XR) devices including different types of realities such as Augmented Reality (AR) , Mixed Reality (MR) and Virtual Reality (VR) , the unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) commonly known as a drone which is an aircraft without any human pilot, devices on high speed train (HST) , or image capture devices such as digital cameras, sensors, gaming devices, music storage and playback appliances, or Internet appliances enabling wireless or wired Internet access and browsing and the like. The ‘terminal device’ can further has ‘multicast / broadcast’ feature, to support public safety and mission critical, V2X applications, transparent IPv4 / IPv6 multicast delivery, IPTV, smart TV, radio services, software delivery over wireless, group communications and IoT applications. It may also incorporate one or multiple Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) as known as Multi-SIM. The term “terminal device” can be used interchangeably with a UE, a mobile station, a subscriber station, a mobile terminal, a user terminal or a wireless device.
[0025] The term “network device” refers to a device which is capable of providing or hosting a cell or coverage where terminal devices can communicate. Examples of a network device include, but not limited to, a Node B (NodeB or NB) , an evolved NodeB (eNodeB or eNB) , a next generation NodeB (gNB) , a transmission reception point (TRP) , a remote radio unit (RRU) , a radio head (RH) , a remote radio head (RRH) , an IAB node, a low power node such as a femto node, a pico node, a reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) , Network-controlled Repeaters, and the like.
[0026] The terminal device or the network device may have Artificial intelligence (AI) or Machine learning capability. It generally includes a model which has been trained from numerous collected data for a specific function, and can be used to infer some target information.
[0027] The terminal or the network device may work on several frequency ranges, e.g. FR1 (410 MHz –7125 MHz) , FR2 (24.25GHz to 71GHz) , frequency band larger than 100GHz as well as Tera Hertz (THz) . It can further work on licensed / unlicensed / shared spectrum. The terminal device may have more than one connection with the network devices under Multi-Radio Dual Connectivity (MR-DC) application scenario. The terminal device or the network device can work on full duplex, flexible duplex and cross division duplex modes.
[0028] The network device may have the function of network energy saving, Self-Organizing Networks (SON) / Minimization of Drive Tests (MDT) . The terminal may have the function of power saving.
[0029] The embodiments of the present disclosure may be performed in test equipment, e.g. signal generator, signal analyzer, spectrum analyzer, network analyzer, test terminal device, test network device, channel emulator.
[0030] The embodiments of the present disclosure may be performed according to any generation communication protocols either currently known or to be developed in the future. Examples of the communication protocols include, but not limited to, the first generation (1G) , the second generation (2G) , 2.5G, 2.75G, the third generation (3G) , the fourth generation (4G) , 4.5G, the fifth generation (5G) communication protocols, 5.5G, 5G-Advanced networks, or the sixth generation (6G) networks.
[0031] As used herein, the singular forms ‘a’ , ‘an’ and ‘the’ are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. The term ‘includes’ and its variants are to be read as open terms that mean ‘includes, but is not limited to. ’ The term ‘based on’ is to be read as ‘at least in part based on. ’ The term ‘some embodiments’ and ‘an embodiment’ are to be read as ‘at least some embodiments. ’ The term ‘another embodiment’ is to be read as ‘at least one other embodiment. ’ The terms ‘first, ’ ‘second, ’ and the like may refer to different or same objects. Other definitions, explicit and implicit, may be included below.
[0032] In some examples, values, procedures, or apparatus are referred to as ‘best, ’ ‘lowest, ’ ‘highest, ’ ‘minimum, ’ ‘maximum, ’ or the like. It will be appreciated that such descriptions are intended to indicate that a selection among many used functional alternatives can be made, and such selections need not be better, smaller, higher, or otherwise preferable to other selections.
[0033] As described above, at least one of the first time stamp or the second time stamp may be transmitted from a first device to a second device. Thus, for training data collection of AI / ML based positioning, there is a need to study a format for the first time stamp and the second time stamp.
[0034] In view of the above, embodiments of the present disclosure provide a solution for communication. In this solution, a first device generates at least one of the following: a first time stamp of a channel measurement for a training data sample, or a second time stamp of a ground truth label for the training data sample. The training data sample is used for positioning a terminal device based on an AI or ML model. In turn, the first device transmits at least one of the following to a second device: the first time stamp of the channel measurement or the second time stamp of the ground truth label. At least one of the first time stamp and the second time stamp comprises a combination of a UTC time and at least one of a frame number or a slot number. With this solution, accurate time stamp are provided to improve model performance. In addition, low overhead is needed to transmit at least one of the first time stamp and the second time stamp. Thus, data set size may be reduced because of massive data samples.
[0035] Hereinafter, principle of the present disclosure will be described with reference to Figs. 1A to 8.
[0036] Fig. 1A illustrates a schematic diagram of an example communication network 100 in which embodiments of the present disclosure can be implemented. As shown in Fig. 1A, the communication network 100 comprises a terminal device 110, a network device 120 and a location server 130.
[0037] In some embodiments, the location server 130 may be a physical or logical entity that manages positioning for a target device by obtaining measurements and other location information from one or more positioning units and providing assistance data to positioning units to help determine this. The location server 130 may also compute or verify the final location estimate.
[0038] In some embodiments, the location server 130 may comprise one of the following: an Enhanced Serving Mobile Location Centre (E-SMLC) , a Location Management Function (LMF) or Secure User Plane Location (SUPL) Location Platform (SLP) .
[0039] In some embodiments, positioning reference unit (PRU) functionality may be realized by the terminal device 110 with known location. In such embodiments, the terminal device 110 may be referred to as a PRU UE.
[0040] In some embodiments, PRU functionality may not be realized by the terminal device 110 with known location. In such embodiments, the terminal device 110 may be referred to as a Non-PRU UE.
[0041] In some embodiments, a PRU at a known location can perform positioning measurements (e.g., Reference Signal Time Difference (RSTD) , Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP) , UE reception-transmission (Rx-Tx) Time Difference measurements, etc. ) and report these measurements to a location server. In addition, the PRU can transmit Sounding Reference Signal (SRS) to enable TRPs to measure and report uplink (UL) positioning measurements (e.g., Return To Origin Time of Arrival (RTOA) , UL-Angle of Arrival (AoA) , gNB Rx-Tx Time Difference, etc. ) from PRU at a known location. The PRU measurements can be compared by the location server 130 with the measurements expected at the known PRU location to determine correction terms for other nearby target devices. The DL-and / or UL location measurements for other target devices can then be corrected based on the previously determined correction terms.
[0042] In some embodiments, the terminal device 110 may communicate with the location server 130 based on LPP. LPP is used point-to-point between the location server 130 and a target device in order to position the target device using position-related measurements obtained by one or more reference sources. For example, the target device may comprise a UE or SUPL Enabled Terminal (SET) .
[0043] In some embodiments, the network device 120 may communicate with the location server 130 based on a New Radio (NR) Positioning Protocol A (NRPPa) . The NRPPa procedure modules are divided into two modules as follows: NRPPa Location Information Transfer Procedures and NRPPa Management Procedures.
[0044] The NRPPa Location Information Transfer Procedures module contains procedures used to handle the transfer of positioning related information between NG-RAN Node and LMF. The Management Procedures module contains procedures that are not related specifically to positioning, i.e., error handling.
[0045] It is to be understood that the number of network devices and terminal devices is only for the purpose of illustration without suggesting any limitations. The communication network 100 may comprise any suitable number of network devices and terminal devices adapted for implementing embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0046] Fig. 1B illustrates another example communication network 100B in which embodiments of the present disclosure can be implemented. Specifically, Fig. 1B illustrates UE Positioning Overall Architecture applicable to NG-RAN.
[0047] As shown in Fig. 1B, the communication network 100B comprises the terminal device 110 and the location server 130 in Fig. 1A. The communication network 100B also comprises a NG-RAN node 140. The NG-RAN node 140 may comprise an ng-eNB 140-1 and a gNB 140-2. Each of the ng-eNB 140-1 and the gNB 140-2 may act as the terminal device 120 in Fig. 2. The location server 130 is implemented as an LMF 130.
[0048] The communication network 100B also comprises an access and mobility management functions (AMF) 150, an Enhanced Serving Mobile Location Centre (E-SMLC) 160 and a SUPL Location Platform (SLP) 170.
[0049] The AMF 150 receives a request for some location service associated with a particular target UE from another entity (e.g., GMLC or UE) or the AMF 150 itself decides to initiate some location service on behalf of a particular target UE (e.g., for an IMS emergency call from the UE) as described in TS 23.502 and TS 23.273. The AMF 150 then sends a location services request to an LMF 130. The LMF 130 processes the location services request which may include transferring assistance data to the target UE to assist with UE-based and / or UE-assisted positioning and / or may include positioning of the target UE. The LMF 130 then returns the result of the location service back to the AMF 150 (e.g., a position estimate for the UE. In the case of a location service requested by an entity other than the AMF 150 (e.g., a GMLC or UE) , the AMF 150 returns the location service result to this entity.
[0050] The NG-RAN node 140 may control several TRPs / TPs, such as remote radio heads, or DL-PRS-only TPs for support of PRS-based TBS.
[0051] The LMF 130 may have a proprietary signalling connection to the E-SMLC 160 which may enable the LMF 130 to access information from E UTRAN (e.g. to support the OTDOA for E-UTRA positioning method using downlink measurements obtained by a target UE of signals from eNBs and / or PRS-only TPs in E-UTRAN) . Details of the signalling interaction between the LMF 130 and E-SMLC 160 are outside the scope of this specification.
[0052] The LMF 130 may have a proprietary signalling connection to the SLP 170. The SLP 170 is the SUPL entity responsible for positioning over the user plane.
[0053] Fig. 2 illustrates a signaling chart illustrating an example process 200 for Location Service Support by NG-RAN in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. For the purpose of discussion, the process 200 will be described with reference to Fig. 1B.
[0054] [Rectified under Rule 91, 16.10.2024]In the process 200, when the AMF 150 receives a Location Service Request in case of the UE 110 is in CM-IDLE state, the AMF 150 performs a network triggered service Request as defined in TS 23.502 and TS 23.273 in order to establish a signalling connection with the UE 110 and assign a specific serving gNB or ng-eNB. The UE 110 is assumed to be in connected mode before the beginning of the flow shown in Fig.2; that is, any signalling that might be required to bring the UE 110 to connected mode prior to step 1a is not shown. The signalling connection may, however, be later released (e.g. by the NG-RAN node 140 as a result of signalling and data inactivity) while positioning is still ongoing.
[0055] At step 1a, some entity in the 5GC (e.g. GMLC) requests some location service (e.g. positioning) for a target UE 110 to the serving AMF 150.
[0056] Alternatively, at step 1b, the serving AMF 150 for a target UE 110 determines the need for some location service (e.g. to locate the UE 110 for an emergency call) .
[0057] Alternatively, at step 1c, the UE 110 Requests some location service (e.g. positioning or delivery of assistance data) to the serving AMF 150 at the NAS level.
[0058] At step 2, the AMF 150 transfers the location service Request to an LMF 130.
[0059] At step 3a, the LMF 130 instigates location procedures with the serving and possibly neighbouring ng-eNB or gNB in the NG-RAN –e.g. to obtain positioning measurements or assistance data.
[0060] In addition to step 3a or instead of step 3a, the LMF 130 instigates, at step 3b, location procedures with the UE 110 –e.g. to obtain a location estimate or positioning measurements or to transfer location assistance data to the UE 110.
[0061] At step 4, the LMF 130 provides a location service response to the AMF 150 and includes any needed results –e.g. success or failure indication and, if Requested and obtained, a location estimate for the UE 110.
[0062] If step 1a was performed, the AMF 150 returns, at step 5a, a location service response to the 5GC entity in step 1a and includes any needed results –e.g. a location estimate for the UE 110.
[0063] If step 1b occurred, the AMF 150 uses, at step 5b, the location service response received in step 4 to assist the service that triggered this in step 1b (e.g. may provide a location estimate associated with an emergency call to a GMLC) .
[0064] If step 1c was performed, the AMF 150 returns, at step 5c, a location service response to the UE 110 and includes any needed results –e.g. a location estimate for the UE 110.
[0065] Location procedures applicable to NG-RAN occur in steps 3a and 3b in Fig. 1C and are defined in greater detail in this specification. Other steps in Fig. 1C are applicable only to the 5GC and are described in greater detail and in TS 23.502 and TS 23.273.
[0066] Steps 3a and 3b can involve the use of different position methods to obtain location related measurements for a target UE 110 and from these compute a location estimate and possibly additional information like velocity. Positioning methods supported in this release are summarized in clause 4.3 and described in detail in clause 8 of TS 38.305.
[0067] Fig. 3 illustrates a further example communication network 300 in which embodiments of the present disclosure can be implemented. As shown in Fig. 3, the communication network 300 may comprise a first device 310 and a second device 320.
[0068] In some embodiments, the first device 310 may be implemented as the terminal device 110 or the network device 120 in Fig. 1A or a TRP in Fig. 1B. In such embodiments, the second device 320 may be implemented as a further terminal device (not shown in Fig. 1A or 1B) or an LMF 130 in Fig. 1A or 1B.
[0069] Alternatively, in some embodiments, the first device 310 may be implemented as a further terminal device (not shown in Fig. 1A or 1B) or an LMF 130 in Fig. 1A or 1B. In such embodiments, the second device 320 may be implemented as the terminal device 110 or the network device 120 in Fig. 1A or a TRP in Fig. 1B.
[0070] In some embodiments, for training data collection of AI / ML based positioning, a training data sample can include a first set of information and a second set of information.
[0071] In some embodiments, the first set of information may comprise at least one of the following:
[0072] · a channel measurement,
[0073] · a quality indicator of the channel measurement, or
[0074] · a first time stamp of the channel measurement.
[0075] In some embodiments, the second set of information may comprise at least one of the following:
[0076] · a ground truth label,
[0077] · a quality indicator of the ground truth label, or
[0078] · a second time stamp of the ground truth label.
[0079] In some embodiments, the ground truth label may indicate a location of the terminal device 110. Alternatively, in some embodiments, the ground truth label may comprise a line of sight (LOS) indicator or a non-line of sight (NLOS) indicator, timing information (e.g., TDOA, RX-TX time difference, etc) .
[0080] As used herein, the term “ground truth label” may be used interchangeably with the term “ground truth” .
[0081] In some embodiments, UE-based positioning with UE-side model may be performed in the communication network 300. In such embodiments, direct AI / ML positioning may be achieved. In such embodiments, the second device 320 may be implemented as the terminal device 110 in Fig. 1A or 1B and the first device 310 may be implemented as the location server in Fig. 1A or 1B. Alternatively, the second device 320 may be implemented as the terminal device 110 in Fig. 1A or 1B and the first device 310 may be implemented as a further terminal device not shown in Fig. 1A or 1B. The first device 310 may generate at least part of the second set of information and transmit the at least part of the second set of information to the second device 320. For example, the first device 310 may generate the second time stamp of the ground truth label and transmit the second time stamp of the ground truth label to the second device 320. Hereinafter, such embodiments are also referred to as Case 1.
[0082] In some embodiments, UE-assisted / LMF-based positioning with UE-side model may be performed in the communication network 300. In such embodiments, AI / ML assisted positioning may be achieved. In such embodiments, the second device 320 may be implemented as the terminal device 110 in Fig. 1A or 1B and the first device 310 may be implemented as a further terminal device not shown in Fig. 1A or 1B. The first device 310 may generate at least part of the second set of information and transmit the at least part of the second set of information to the second device 320. For example, the first device 310 may generate the second time stamp of the ground truth label and transmit the second time stamp of the ground truth label to the second device 320. Hereinafter, such embodiments are also referred to as Case 2a.
[0083] In some embodiments, UE-assisted / LMF-based positioning with LMF-side model may be performed in the communication network 300. In such embodiments, direct AI / ML positioning may be achieved. In such embodiments, the first device 310 may be implemented as the terminal device 110 in Fig. 1A or 1B and the second device 320 may be implemented as the location server 130 in Fig. 1A or 1B. The first device 310 may generate the first set of information and transmit the first set of information to the second device 320. The first device 310 or a further terminal device may generate the second set of information and transmit the second set of information to the second device 320. For example, the first device 310 may generate the first time stamp of the channel measurement and the second time stamp of the ground truth label. In turn, the first device 310 may transmit the first time stamp of the channel measurement and the second time stamp of the ground truth label to the second device. Hereinafter, such embodiments are also referred to as Case 2b.
[0084] In some embodiments, NG-RAN node assisted positioning with gNB-side model may be performed in the communication network 300. In such embodiments, AI / ML assisted positioning may be achieved. In such embodiments, the first device 310 may be implemented as the network device 120 in Fig. 1A or TRP in Fig. 1B and the second device 320 may be implemented as the location server 130 in Fig. 1A or 1B. The first device 310 may generate the first set of information and transmit the first set of information to the second device 320. For example, the first device 310 may generate the first time stamp of the channel measurement and transmit the first time stamp of the channel measurement to the second device 320. Hereinafter, such embodiments are also referred to as Case 3a.
[0085] In some embodiments, NG-RAN node assisted positioning with LMF-side model may be performed in the communication network 300. In such embodiments, direct AI / ML positioning may be achieved. In such embodiments, the first device 310 may be implemented as the network device 120 in Fig. 1A or TRP in Fig. 1B and the second device 320 may be implemented as the location server 130 in Fig. 1A or 1B. The first device 310 may generate the first set of information and transmit the first set of information to the second device 320. For example, the first device 310 may generate the first time stamp of the channel measurement and transmit the first time stamp of the channel measurement to the second device 320. Hereinafter, such embodiments are also referred to as Case 3b.
[0086] Alternatively, in Case 3b, the first device 310 may be implemented as the terminal device 110 in Fig. 1A or TRP in Fig. 1B and the second device 320 may be implemented as the location server 130 in Fig. 1A or 1B. The first device 310 may generate the second set of information and transmit the second set of information to the second device 320. For example, the first device 310 may generate the second time stamp of the ground truth label and transmit the second time stamp of the ground truth label to the second device 320. v
[0087] Fig. 4 illustrates a signaling chart illustrating an example process 400 for communications in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. For the purpose of discussion, the process 400 will be described with reference to Fig. 3. The process 400 may involve the first device 310 and the second device 320 in Fig. 3.
[0088] As shown in Fig. 4, the first device 310 generates 410 at least one of the following: a first time stamp of a channel measurement for a training data sample, or a second time stamp of a ground truth label for the training data sample. The training data sample is used for positioning a terminal device based on an AI or ML model.
[0089] Hereinafter, an AI or ML model is also referred to as AI / ML model.
[0090] In some embodiments, a model may be used interchangeably with AI model, ML model, AI or ML model, (AI / ML / auto-) encoder, channel state information (CSI) generation part or UE part / side model, functionality, AI-enabled feature / FG, which means a data driven algorithm that applies AI / ML techniques to generate a set of (AI / ML) outputs based on a set of (AI / ML) inputs.
[0091] In turn, the first device 310 transmits 420 at least one of the following to the second device 420: the first time stamp of the channel measurement or the second time stamp of the ground truth label. At least one of the first time stamp and the second time stamp comprises a combination of a UTC time and at least one of a frame number or a slot number.
[0092] Then, the second device 420 determines 430 the training data sample based at least on the first time stamp and the second time stamp.
[0093] As described above, in some embodiments, for training data collection of AI / ML based positioning, a training data sample can include a first set of information and a second set of information.
[0094] In some embodiments, the first set of information may comprise at least one of the following:
[0095] · a channel measurement,
[0096] · a quality indicator of the channel measurement, or
[0097] · a first time stamp of the channel measurement.
[0098] In some embodiments, the second set of information may comprise at least one of the following:
[0099] · a ground truth label,
[0100] · a quality indicator of the ground truth label, or
[0101] · a second time stamp of the ground truth label.
[0102] Based on the first time stamp and the second time stamp, the second device 320 may pair the first set of information and the second set of information. In turn, the second device 320 may determine the training data sample based on the first set of information and the second set of information.
[0103] The UTC time may take a form of YYMMDDhhmmssZ to indicate the time when the channel measurement was performed, where “YY” represents year, “MM” represents month, “DD” represents date, “hh” represents hour, “mm” represents minute, “ss” represents second, “Z” indicates “YYMMDDhhmmss” is the UTC time. The resolution of the UTC time may be one second. Thus, the UTC time itself is not finer enough to indicate the accurate time of the channel measurement, e.g., frame, slot, symbol. On the other hand, the frame number may takes values between (0…1023) . Thus, the frame number itself is not long enough to indicate a possible time period of the channel measurement. In the process 400, at least one of the first time stamp and the second time stamp comprises a combination of the UTC time and at least one of a frame number or a slot number. Thus, accurate time stamp are provided to improve model performance. In addition, low overhead is needed to transmit at least one of the first time stamp and the second time stamp. Thus, data set size may be reduced because of massive data samples.
[0104] In some embodiments, the frame number may comprise the frame number within one second indicated by the UTC time. In such embodiments, the first time stamp may comprise a combination of the UTC time and the frame number within one second indicated by the UTC time.
[0105] Consider a first example of the first time stamp. In the first example, the first device 310 may transmit the first time stamp via an information element (IE) “channelMeasurementTime” as below:
[0106] · channelMeasurementTime : : = SEQUENCE {
[0107] sfn-time-r16 NR-TimeStamp-r16,
[0108] utc-time-r16 UTCTime
[0109] }
[0110] In the first example of the first time stamp, the IE “channelMeasurementTime” comprises a field “sfn-time-r16” and a field “utc-time-r16” . The contents of the field “sfn-time-r16” is an IE “NR-TimeStamp-r16” , and the contents of the field “utc-time-r16” is UTCTime.
[0111] A first example of the IE “NR-TimeStamp-r16” is provided as below:
[0112] Descriptions of fields in the IE “NR-TimeStamp-r16” in the first example are provided in Table 1.
[0113] Table 1
[0114] In Table 1, a value in the field “nr-SFN” may be in a range of 0 to 1023. That is, the system frame number (SFN) may be in the range of 0 to 1023. SFN 0 corresponds to the first frame index 0 within one second indicated by the UTC time, and SFN 99 corresponds to the last frame index 99, and so on. Other SFNs 100-1023 will be repeatedly used to indicate the frame index 0-99 within the one second indicated by the UTC time.
[0115] In some embodiments, upon receiving the first time stamp comprising the combination of the UTC time and the SFN, the second device 320 may update the SFN based on the SFN Modulo 100. That is, the second device 320 may update the SNF based on the following:Frame index = (SFN Mod 100) (1)
[0116] where the updated SFN corresponds to “Frame index” .
[0117] In turn, the second device 320 may update the first time stamp based on the UTC time and the updated SFN. Then, the second device 320 may determine the training data sample based at least on the updated first time stamp and the second time stamp.
[0118] In some embodiments, each of the first time stamp and the second time stamp comprises the combination of the UTC time, the frame number within one second indicated by the UTC time and the slot number within a frame indicated by the frame number.
[0119] Consider a second example of the first time stamp. In the second example, the first device 310 may transmit the first time stamp via an IE “channelMeasurementTime” as below:
[0120] · channelMeasurementTime : : = SEQUENCE {
[0121] sfn-time-r16 NR-TimeStamp-r16,
[0122] utc-time-r16 UTCTime
[0123] }
[0124] In the second example of the first time stamp, the IE “channelMeasurementTime” comprises a field “sfn-time-r16” and a field “utc-time-r16” . The contents of the field “sfn-time-r16” is an IE “NR-TimeStamp-r16” , and the contents of the field “utc-time-r16” is UTCTime.
[0125] A second example of the IE “NR-TimeStamp-r16” is provided as below:
[0126] In the second example of the IE “NR-TimeStamp-r16” , a field “FrameNumberInSecond” is introduced to indicate the frame number within one second indicated by the UTC time. The frame number is in a range of 0 to 99. That is, a value of the field “FrameNumberInSecond” is in a range of 0 to 99, where a frame number (also referred to as a frame index) 0 and a frame number 99 correspond to the first frame and last frame within one second indicated by the UTC time, respectively.
[0127] In addition, in the second example of the IE “NR-TimeStamp-r16” , a field “nr-Slot-r16” indicates the slot number within a frame indicated by “FrameNumberInSecond” . Descriptions of other fields in the IE “NR-TimeStamp-r16” in the second example are provided in Table 1 above.
[0128] Fig. 5 illustrates the second example of the first time stamp in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. As shown in Fig. 5, a frame number comprises the frame number within one second indicated by the UTC time. The frame number is in a range of 0 to 99. A frame number 0 and a frame number 99 correspond to the first frame and last frame within one second indicated by the UTC time, respectively. For example, in the example of Fig. 5, the frame number is 2 and corresponds to the third frame within one second indicated by the UTC time. The slot number indicates a slot within a frame indicated by the frame number of 2. If SCS is equal to 15KHz, the slot number is in a range of 0 to 9. For example, in the example of Fig. 5, the slot number is 8 and indicates the ninth slot within the frame indicated by the frame number of 2.
[0129] In some embodiments, each of the first time stamp and the second time stamp comprises the combination of the UTC time and the slot number within one second indicated by the UTC time.
[0130] Consider a third example of the first time stamp. In the third example, the first device 310 may transmit the first time stamp via an IE “channelMeasurementTime” as below:
[0131] · channelMeasurementTime : : = SEQUENCE {
[0132] sfn-time-r16 NR-TimeStamp-r16,
[0133] utc-time-r16 UTCTime
[0134] }
[0135] In the third example of the first time stamp, the IE “channelMeasurementTime” comprises a field “sfn-time-r16” and a field “utc-time-r16” . The contents of the field “sfn-time-r16” is an IE “NR-TimeStamp-r16” , and the contents of the field “utc-time-r16” is UTCTime.
[0136] A third example of the IE “NR-TimeStamp-r16” is provided as below:
[0137] In the third example of the IE “NR-TimeStamp-r16” , a field “SlotNumberInSecond” is introduced to indicate the slot number within one second indicated by the UTC time. A value of the field “SlotNumberInSecond” is (0…999) , (0…1999) , (0…3999) and (0…7999) for SCS = 15, 30, 60 and 120KHz respectively, where the minimum slot index and the maximum slot index correspond to the first slot and the last slot within one second indicated by the UTC time. Descriptions of other fields in the IE “NR-TimeStamp-r16” in the third example are provided in Table 1 above.
[0138] In some embodiments, when UTC time provides further millisecond information within one second in a range of 0 to 999 in addition to yymmddhhmmssZ, the slot indication may be modified. In such embodiments, each of the first time stamp and the second time stamp comprises the combination of the UTC time and the slot number within one millisecond indicated by the UTC time.
[0139] Consider a fourth example of the first time stamp. In the fourth example, the first device 310 may transmit the first time stamp via an IE “channelMeasurementTime” as below:
[0140] · channelMeasurementTime : : = SEQUENCE {
[0141] sfn-time-r16 NR-TimeStamp-r16,
[0142] utc-time-r16 UTCTime
[0143] }
[0144] In the fourth example of the first time stamp, the IE “channelMeasurementTime” comprises a field “sfn-time-r16” and a field “utc-time-r16” . The contents of the field “sfn-time-r16” is an IE “NR-TimeStamp-r16” , and the contents of the field “utc-time-r16” is UTCTime.
[0145] A fourth example of the IE “NR-TimeStamp-r16” is provided as below:
[0146] In the fourth example of the IE “NR-TimeStamp-r16” , a field “SlotNumberInMillisecond” is introduced to indicate the slot number within one millisecond indicated by the UTC time. A value of the field “SlotNumberInMillisecond” is 0, (0…1) , (0…3) and (0…7) for SCS = 15, 30, 60 and 120KHz respectively, where the minimum slot index and the maximum slot index correspond to the first slot and the last slot within one millisecond indicated by the UTC time. Descriptions of other fields in the IE “NR-TimeStamp-r16” in the fourth example are provided in Table 1 above.
[0147] In some embodiments, the first time stamp may comprise a combination of the UTC time and the frame number. For example, if the first time stamp is generated by the TRP in Fig. 1B or the network device 130 in Fig. 1A, the first time stamp may comprise IEs in Table 2 below.
[0148] Table 2
[0149] As shown in Table 2, the UTC time and the frame number are both mandatory for the first time stamp. The frame number is in the range of 0 to 1023.
[0150] In some embodiments, the first time stamp may comprise a combination of the UTC time, the frame number within one second indicated by the UTC time and the slot number within a frame indicated by the frame number. For example, if the first time stamp is generated by the TRP in Fig. 1B or the network device 130 in Fig. 1A, the first time stamp may comprise IEs in Table 3 below.
[0151] Table 3
[0152] As shown in Table 3, the UTC time and the frame number are both mandatory for the first time stamp. The frame number is in the range of 0 to 99.
[0153] In some embodiments, each of the first time stamp and the second time stamp comprises the combination of the UTC time and the slot number within one second indicated by the UTC time. For example, if the first time stamp is generated by the TRP in Fig. 1B or the network device 130 in Fig. 1A, the first time stamp may comprise IEs in Table 4 below.
[0154] Table 4
[0155] As shown in Table 4, the UTC time and the slot number in one second are both mandatory for the first time stamp.
[0156] In some embodiments, when UTC time provides further millisecond information within one second in a range of 0 to 999 in addition to yymmddhhmmssZ, the slot indication may be modified. In such embodiments, each of the first time stamp and the second time stamp comprises the combination of the UTC time and the slot number within one millisecond indicated by the UTC time. For example, if the first time stamp is generated by the TRP in Fig. 1B or the network device 130 in Fig. 1A, the first time stamp may comprise IEs in Table 5 below.
[0157] Table 5
[0158] As shown in Table 5, the UTC time and the slot number in one millisecond are both mandatory for the first time stamp.
[0159] It shall be understood that the examples of the first time stamp described above are also applicable to the second time stamp. Details of the examples of the second time stamp are omitted for brevity.
[0160] In some embodiments, the first time stamp comprises only a measurement time of the channel measurement.
[0161] Consider a fifth example of the first time stamp in Table 6. In the fifth example, the first time stamp comprises only a measurement time of the channel measurement.
[0162] In Table 6, the “measurement time” is mandatory for the first time stamp.
[0163] In some embodiments, in Table 6, the “measurement time” refers to “Time in seconds relative to a predefined time” . In some embodiments, the predefined time may be later than 00: 00: 00 on 1 January 1900. For example, the predefined time may be 00: 00: 00 on 1 January 2024 or other proper year. The “measurement time” may be a bit string with a length of 64 bits.
[0164] Alternatively, in some embodiments, in Table 6, the “measurement time” refers to “Time in seconds relative to 00: 00: 00 on 1 January 1900” . In such embodiments, the “measurement time” may be a bit string with a length of 64 bits. The binary encoding of the integer part of the “measurement time” is in the first (32+n) bits and binary encoding of the fraction part of the “measurement time” is in the last (32-n) bits, where n may be a proper value based on a defined time resolution and n is greater than zero.
[0165] Alternatively, in some embodiments, in Table 6, the “measurement time” refers to “Time in seconds relative to 00: 00: 00 on 1 January 1900” . In such embodiments, the “measurement time” may be a bit string with a length greater than 64 bits. For example, the “measurement time” may be a bit string with a length of (64+n) bits, where n may be a proper value greater than zero based on time resolution, and the binary encoding of the integer part of the “measurement time” is in the first (32+n) bits and binary encoding of the fraction part of the “measurement time” is in the last 32 bits.
[0166] In some embodiments, a unified time format may be defined to indicate the first time stamp of the channel measurement generated by the terminal device 110 and the TRP in Fig. 1B or the network device 130 in Fig. 1A.
[0167] In such embodiments, the first time stamp comprises the combination of the UTC time, the frame number and the slot number within a frame indicated by the frame number. For example, the first time stamp may be in a format of “yymmddhhmmssZffss” , where “YY” represents year, “MM” represents month, “DD” represents date, “hh” represents hour, “mm” represents minute, “ss” represents second, “Z” indicates “YYMMDDhhmmss” is the UTC time, “ff” is a frame index (indexed from 0) within one second and “ss” is the slot number within a frame indicated by “ff” .
[0168] Alternatively, in such embodiments, the first time stamp comprises the combination of the UTC time, the frame number, the slot number within a frame indicated by the frame number, and a symbol index within a slot indicated by the slot number. For example, the first time stamp may be in a format of “yymmddhhmmssZffssmm” , where “YY” represents year, “MM” represents month, “DD” represents date, “hh” represents hour, “mm” represents minute, “ss” represents second, “ZZ” indicates “YYMMDDhhmmss” is the UTC time, “ff” is a frame index (indexed from 0) within one second and “ss” is the slot number within a frame indicated by “ff” , “mm” is a symbol index within one slot indicated by “ss” .
[0169] It shall be noted that the unified time formats for the first time stamp are also applicable to the second time stamp.
[0170] In some embodiments, when the terminal device 110 or the TRP generates the first time stamp of the channel measurement or the second time stamp of the ground truth label, the terminal device 110 or the TRP receives a time stamp format requirement from the location server 130.
[0171] The terminal device 110 or the TRP converts the current time stamp format of the channel measurement or ground truth label to the time stamp format that is required by the location server 130.
[0172] The terminal device 110 or the TRP may drop the channel measurement or ground truth label if the time stamp resolution cannot fulfill the required time stamp resolution derived from requirement of the location server 130.
[0173] The location server 130 may transmit an assistance message to the terminal device 110 or the TRP to help them to immigrate the time stamp error cause by SFN error or internal clock of the terminal device 110.
[0174] The terminal device 110 or the TRP may report time stamp capability to the location server 130 to indicate which time stamp resolution is supported by the terminal device 110 or the TRP.
[0175] In some embodiments, the first device 310 may transmit a first plurality of time stamps of the channel measurement together to the second device 320. In such embodiments, if there is common or the same time information for the first plurality of time stamps of the channel measurement, the common or the same time information may be shared among the first plurality of time stamps of the channel measurement. For example, each of the first plurality of time stamps of the channel measurement comprises a UTC time “20240112145634” and a respective frame number. The UTC time “20240112145634” is common time information for the first plurality of time stamps of the channel measurement. Thus, the first device 310 may transmit a single UTC time “20240112145634” for the first plurality of time stamps of the channel measurement and their respective frame numbers. Therefore, signaling overhead may be reduced.
[0176] Fig. 6 illustrates a flowchart of an example method in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, the method 600 can be implemented at a first device, such as the first device 310 as shown in Fig. 3. For the purpose of discussion, the method 600 will be described with reference to Fig. 3.
[0177] At block 610, the first device 310 generates at least one of the following: a first time stamp of a channel measurement for a training data sample, or a second time stamp of a ground truth label for the training data sample. The training data sample is used for positioning a terminal device based on an AI or ML model.
[0178] At block 620, the first device 310 transmits at least one of the following to a second device: the first time stamp of the channel measurement or the second time stamp of the ground truth label. Each of the first time stamp and the second time stamp comprises a combination of a UTC time and at least one of a frame number or a slot number.
[0179] In some embodiments, the frame number comprises the frame number within one second indicated by the UTC time.
[0180] In some embodiments, each of the first time stamp and the second time stamp comprises the combination of the UTC time, the frame number and the slot number within a frame indicated by the frame number.
[0181] In some embodiments, each of the first time stamp and the second time stamp comprises the combination of the UTC time, the frame number, the slot number within a frame indicated by the frame number, and a symbol index within a slot indicated by the slot number.
[0182] In some embodiments, each of the first time stamp and the second time stamp comprises the combination of the UTC time and the slot number within one second indicated by the UTC time.
[0183] In some embodiments, each of the first time stamp and the second time stamp comprises the combination of the UTC time and the slot number within one millisecond indicated by the UTC time.
[0184] In some embodiments, the frame number is in a first range of 0 to 99 or in a second range of 0 to 1023.
[0185] Fig. 7 illustrates a flowchart of an example method in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, the method 700 can be implemented at a second device, such as the second device 320 as shown in Fig. 3. For the purpose of discussion, the method 700 will be described with reference to Fig. 3.
[0186] At block 710, the second device 320 receives at least one of the following from a first device: a first time stamp of a channel measurement for a training data sample or a second time stamp of a ground truth label for the training data sample. The training data sample is used for positioning a terminal device based on an AI or ML model. Each of the first time stamp and the second time stamp comprises a combination of a UTC time and at least one of a frame number or a slot number.
[0187] At block 720, the second device 320 determines the training data sample based at least on the first time stamp and the second time stamp.
[0188] In some embodiments, the frame number comprises the frame number within one second indicated by the UTC time.
[0189] In some embodiments, each of the first time stamp and the second time stamp comprises the combination of the UTC time, the frame number and the slot number within a frame indicated by the frame number.
[0190] In some embodiments, each of the first time stamp and the second time stamp comprises the combination of the UTC time, the frame number, the slot number within a frame indicated by the frame number, and a symbol index within a slot indicated by the slot number.
[0191] In some embodiments, each of the first time stamp and the second time stamp comprises the combination of the UTC time and the slot number within one second indicated by the UTC time.
[0192] In some embodiments, each of the first time stamp and the second time stamp comprises the combination of the UTC time and the slot number within one millisecond indicated by the UTC time.
[0193] In some embodiments, the frame number is in a first range of 0 to 99.
[0194] In some embodiments, the frame number is in a second range of 0 to 1023.
[0195] In some embodiments, the method 700 further comprises: updating the frame number based on the frame number Modulo 100; and updating at least one of the first time stamp or the second time stamp based on the UTC time and at least one of the updated frame number or the slot number.
[0196] Fig. 8 is a simplified block diagram of a device 800 that is suitable for implementing embodiments of the present disclosure. The device 800 can be considered as a further example embodiment of the first device 310 or the second device 320 as shown in Fig. 3. Accordingly, the device 800 can be implemented at or as at least a part of the first device 310 or the second device 320.
[0197] As shown, the device 800 includes a processor 810, a memory 820 coupled to the processor 810, a suitable transceiver 840 coupled to the processor 810, and a communication interface coupled to the transceiver 840. The memory 810 stores at least a part of a program 830. The transceiver 840 may be for bidirectional communications or a unidirectional communication based on requirements. The transceiver 840 may include at least one of a transmitter 842 and a receiver 844. The transmitter 842 and the receiver 844 may be functional modules or physical entities. The transceiver 840 has at least one antenna to facilitate communication, though in practice an Access Node mentioned in this application may have several ones. The communication interface may represent any interface that is necessary for communication with other network elements, such as X2 / Xn interface for bidirectional communications between eNBs / gNBs, S1 / NG interface for communication between a Mobility Management Entity (MME) / Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) / SGW / UPF and the eNB / gNB, Un interface for communication between the eNB / gNB and a relay node (RN) , or Uu interface for communication between the eNB / gNB and a terminal device.
[0198] The components included in the apparatuses and / or devices of the present disclosure may be implemented in various manners, including software, hardware, firmware, or any combination thereof. In one embodiment, one or more units may be implemented using software and / or firmware, for example, machine-executable instructions stored on the storage medium. In addition to or instead of machine-executable instructions, parts or all of the units in the apparatuses and / or devices may be implemented, at least in part, by one or more hardware logic components. For example, and without limitation, illustrative types of hardware logic components that can be used include Field-programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) , Application-specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs) , Application-specific Standard Products (ASSPs) , System-on-a-chip systems (SOCs) , Complex Programmable Logic Devices (CPLDs) , and the like.
Claims
1.A first device, comprising:a processor configured to cause the first device to:generate at least one of the following: a first time stamp of a channel measurement for a training data sample, or a second time stamp of a ground truth label for the training data sample, wherein the training data sample is used for positioning a terminal device based on an artificial intelligence (AI) or machine learning (ML) model; andtransmit at least one of the following to a second device: the first time stamp of the channel measurement or the second time stamp of the ground truth label, wherein each of the first time stamp and the second time stamp comprises a combination of a coordinated universal time (UTC) time and at least one of a frame number or a slot number.2.The first device of claim 1, wherein the frame number comprises the frame number within one second indicated by the UTC time.3.The first device of claim 1 or 2, wherein each of the first time stamp and the second time stamp comprises the combination of the UTC time, the frame number and the slot number within a frame indicated by the frame number.4.The first device of claim 2, wherein each of the first time stamp and the second time stamp comprises the combination of the UTC time, the frame number, the slot number within a frame indicated by the frame number, and a symbol index within a slot indicated by the slot number.5.The first device of claim 1, wherein each of the first time stamp and the second time stamp comprises the combination of the UTC time and the slot number within one second indicated by the UTC time.6.The first device of claim 1, wherein each of the first time stamp and the second time stamp comprises the combination of the UTC time and the slot number within one millisecond indicated by the UTC time.7.The first device of claim 1, wherein the frame number is in a first range of 0 to 99 or in a second range of 0 to 1023.8.A second device, comprising:a processor configured to cause the second device to:receive at least one of the following from a first device: a first time stamp of a channel measurement for a training data sample or a second time stamp of a ground truth label for the training data sample, wherein the training data sample is used for positioning a terminal device based on an artificial intelligence (AI) or machine learning (ML) model, each of the first time stamp and the second time stamp comprises a combination of a coordinated universal time (UTC) time and at least one of a frame number or a slot number; anddetermine the training data sample based at least on the first time stamp and the second time stamp.9.The second device of claim 8, wherein the frame number comprises the frame number within one second indicated by the UTC time.10.The second device of claim 8 or 9, wherein each of the first time stamp and the second time stamp comprises the combination of the UTC time, the frame number and the slot number within a frame indicated by the frame number.11.The second device of claim 9, wherein each of the first time stamp and the second time stamp comprises the combination of the UTC time, the frame number, the slot number within a frame indicated by the frame number, and a symbol index within a slot indicated by the slot number.12.The second device of claim 8, wherein each of the first time stamp and the second time stamp comprises the combination of the UTC time and the slot number within one second indicated by the UTC time.13.The second device of claim 8, wherein each of the first time stamp and the second time stamp comprises the combination of the UTC time and the slot number within one millisecond indicated by the UTC time.14.The second device of claim 8, wherein the frame number is in a first range of 0 to 99.15.The second device of claim 8, wherein the frame number is in a second range of 0 to 1023.16.The second device of claim 15, wherein the second device is further caused to:update the frame number based on the frame number Modulo 100; andupdate at least one of the first time stamp or the second time stamp based on the UTC time and at least one of the updated frame number or the slot number.17.A method for communication, comprising:generating at least one of the following: a first time stamp of a channel measurement for a training data sample, or a second time stamp of a ground truth label for the training data sample, wherein the training data sample is used for positioning a terminal device based on an artificial intelligence (AI) or machine learning (ML) model; andtransmitting at least one of the following to a second device: the first time stamp of the channel measurement or the second time stamp of the ground truth label, wherein each of the first time stamp and the second time stamp comprises a combination of a coordinated universal time (UTC) time and at least one of a frame number or a slot number.18.A method for communication, comprising:receiving at least one of the following from a first device: a first time stamp of a channel measurement for a training data sample or a second time stamp of a ground truth label for the training data sample, wherein the training data sample is used for positioning a terminal device based on an artificial intelligence (AI) or machine learning (ML) model, each of the first time stamp and the second time stamp comprises a combination of a coordinated universal time (UTC) time and at least one of a frame number or a slot number; anddetermining the training data sample based at least on the first time stamp and the second time stamp.19.A computer readable medium having instructions stored thereon, the instructions, when executed on at least one processor of a device, causing the device to carry out the method according to claim 17 or 18.