Devices, methods, and medium for communication
By generating a positioning model associated with a validity area and ensuring data consistency, the solution addresses the challenge of aligning training and inference data for AI/ML-based positioning, improving accuracy and reliability.
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2024-09-23
- Publication Date
- 2026-03-26
AI Technical Summary
Ensuring consistency between training data and inference data is critical for the effective performance of AI/ML-based positioning models deployed at user equipment (UE), particularly when training data is provided by another device, as the UE may not be aware of the validity areas associated with the training data.
A terminal device generates a positioning model associated with a first validity area, determines a second validity area for collected inference data, and ensures consistency by using the first validity area to determine a model output, while a location server provides assistance data including TRP identifiers and location information to facilitate this process.
This approach ensures accurate and reliable positioning by maintaining consistency between training and inference data, thereby enhancing the performance of AI/ML-based positioning models.
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Figure CN2024120418_26032026_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
DEVICES, METHODS, AND MEDIUM FOR COMMUNICATIONFIELD
[0001] Example embodiments of the present disclosure generally relate to the field of communication techniques and in particular, to devices, methods, and a computer readable medium for communication.BACKGROUND
[0002] Supporting various positioning methods to provide reliable, timely, and accurate user equipment (UE) location is one of key features of the third generation partnership project (3GPP) standard. It has been agreed to investigate the potential for artificial intelligence (AI) / machine learning (ML) in air interface to improve comprehensive performance in 5G-adcanced (5G-A) . AI / ML based mechanism to improve the positioning accuracy is one of the use cases to apply AI / ML in air interface.
[0003] A consistency between training data and inference data is critical to ensure the good performance for a trained model. In case the AI / ML positioning model is deployed at UE side, and the training data is provided by another device, how to enable the consistency between training data and inference data should be studied.SUMMARY
[0004] In general, example embodiments of the present disclosure provide devices, methods, and a computer storage medium for communication.
[0005] In a first aspect, there is provided a terminal device. The terminal device comprises at least one processor configured to cause the terminal device at least to: generate at least one positioning model using training data, wherein at least part of the training data is received from a communication device, and wherein a first positioning model in the at least one positioning model is associated with a first validity area; determine a second validity area associated with collected inference data; in accordance with a determination that the second validity area is within the first validity area, determine that the second validity area is consistent with the first validity area; in accordance with a determination that the second validity area is consistent with the first validity area, determine a model output based on the collected inference data using the first positioning model; and transmit, to a location server, output information at least comprising the model output.
[0006] In a second aspect, there is provided a location server. The location server comprises at least one processor configured to cause the location server at least to: transmit, to a terminal device deployed with at least one positioning model, assistance data comprising at least one of: at least one identifier of at least one transmission reception point (TRP) associated with training data, location information of at least one TRP associated with the training data, or assistance data of positioning reference signal (PRS) which comprises a first validity area; and receive, from the terminal device, output information comprising a model output of a first positioning model which is associated with the first validity area, wherein the model output is determined based on collected inference data associated with a second validity area, and wherein the first validity area is consistent with the second validity area.
[0007] In a third aspect, there is provided a method of communication performed by a terminal device. The method comprises: generating, at a terminal device, at least one positioning model using training data, wherein at least part of the training data is received from a communication device, and wherein a first positioning model in the at least one positioning model is associated with a first validity area; determining a second validity area associated with collected inference data; in accordance with a determination that the second validity area is within the first validity area, determining that the second validity area is consistent with the first validity area; in accordance with a determination that the second validity area is consistent with the first validity area, determining a model output based on the collected inference data using the first positioning model; and transmitting, to a location server, output information at least comprising the model output.
[0008] In a fourth aspect, there is provided a method of communication performed by a location server. The method comprises: transmitting, at a location server to a terminal device deployed with at least one positioning model, assistance data comprising at least one of: at least one identifier of at least one TRP associated with training data, location information of at least one TRP associated with the training data, or assistance data of PRS which comprises a first validity area; and receiving, from the terminal device, output information comprising a model output of a first positioning model which is associated with the first validity area, wherein the model output is determined based on collected inference data associated with a second validity area, and wherein the first validity area is consistent with the second validity area.
[0009] In a fifth aspect, there is provided a computer readable medium having instructions stored thereon, the instructions, when executed on at least one processor, cause the at least one processor to carry out the method according to any one of the third to fourth aspects above.
[0010] It is to be understood that the summary section is not intended to identify key or essential features of embodiments of the present disclosure, nor is it intended to be used to limit the scope of the present disclosure. Other features of the present disclosure will become easily comprehensible through the following description.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0011] Through the more detailed description of some example embodiments of the present disclosure in the accompanying drawings, the above and other objects, features and advantages of the present disclosure will become more apparent, wherein:
[0012] FIG. 1A an example communication network in which some embodiments of the present disclosure can be implemented;
[0013] FIGS. 1B-1E illustrate some example schematics for AI / ML based positioning;
[0014] FIG. 2 illustrates a signalling chart illustrating a communication process in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0015] FIGS. 3A-3B illustrate some examples of training data subsets in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0016] FIG. 3C illustrates an example of model training in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0017] FIGS. 3D-3E illustrate some examples of training data subsets in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0018] FIG. 4A illustrates an example for determining the first validity area that associated with training data in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0019] FIG. 4B illustrates an example for determining the second validity area that associated with inference data in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0020] FIG. 5 illustrates a flowchart of an example method implemented at a terminal device in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0021] FIG. 6 illustrates a flowchart of an example method implemented at a location server in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure; and
[0022] FIG. 7 illustrates a simplified block diagram of a device that is suitable for implementing embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0023] Throughout the drawings, the same or similar reference numerals represent the same or similar element.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0024] Principle of the present disclosure will now be described with reference to some example embodiments. It is to be understood that these embodiments are described only for the purpose of illustration and help those skilled in the art to understand and implement the present disclosure, without suggesting any limitation as to the scope of the disclosure. Embodiments described herein can be implemented in various manners other than the ones described below.
[0025] In the following description and claims, unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skills in the art to which this disclosure belongs.
[0026] References in the present disclosure to “one embodiment, ” “an embodiment, ” “an example embodiment, ” and the like indicate that the embodiment described may include a particular feature, structure, or characteristic, but it is not necessary that every embodiment includes the particular feature, structure, or characteristic. Moreover, such phrases are not necessarily referring to the same embodiment. Further, when a particular feature, structure, or characteristic is described in connection with an embodiment, it is submitted that it is within the knowledge of one skilled in the art to affect such feature, structure, or characteristic in connection with other embodiments whether or not explicitly described.
[0027] It shall be understood that although the terms “first” and “second” etc. may be used herein to describe various elements, these elements should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element from another. For example, a first element could be termed a second element, and similarly, a second element could be termed a first element, without departing from the scope of example embodiments. As used herein, the term “and / or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the listed terms.
[0028] The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of example embodiments. As used herein, the singular forms “a” , “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises” , “comprising” , “has” , “having” , “includes” and / or “including” , when used herein, specify the presence of stated features, elements, and / or components etc., but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, elements, components and / or combinations thereof.
[0029] In some examples, values, procedures, or apparatus are referred to as “best, ” “lowest, ” “highest, ” “minimum, ” “maximum, ” or the like. It will be appreciated that such descriptions are intended to indicate that a selection among many used functional alternatives can be made, and such selections need not be better, smaller, higher, or otherwise preferable to other selections.
[0030] As used herein, the term “communication network” refers to a network following any suitable communication standards or technologies, such as New Radio (NR) , Long Term Evolution (LTE) , LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) , Code Divided Multiple Address (CDMA) , Frequency Divided Multiple Address (FDMA) , Time Divided Multiple Address (TDMA) , Frequency Divided Duplexer (FDD) , Time Divided Duplexer (TDD) , Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) , Orthogonal Frequency Divided Multiple Access (OFDMA) , cdma2000, Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) , High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA) , Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) , Narrow Band Internet of Things (NB-IoT) and so on. Furthermore, the communications between a terminal device and a network device in the communication network may be performed according to any suitable generation communication protocols, including, but not limited to, the first generation (1G) , the second generation (2G) , 2.5G, 2.75G, the third generation (3G) , the fourth generation (4G) , 4.5G, the fifth generation (5G) , 5.5G, 5G-Advanced networks, beyond 5G (B5G) , the sixth generation (6G) communication protocols, wireless local network communication protocols such as Institute for Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 and the like, and / or any other protocols either currently known or to be developed in the future. The techniques described herein may be used for the wireless networks and radio technologies mentioned above as well as other wireless networks and radio technologies. Embodiments of the present disclosure may be applied in various communication systems. Given the rapid development in communications, there will of course also be future type communication technologies and systems with which the present disclosure may be embodied. It should not be seen as limiting the scope of the present disclosure to only the aforementioned system.
[0031] As used herein, the term “terminal device” refers to any device having wireless or wired communication capabilities. Examples of terminal device include, but not limited to, user equipment (UE) , personal computers, desktops, mobile phones, cellular phones, smart phones, personal digital assistants (PDAs) , portable computers, tablets, wearable devices, internet of things (IoT) devices, Ultra-reliable and Low Latency Communications (URLLC) devices, Internet of Everything (IoE) devices, machine type communication (MTC) devices, device on vehicle for V2X communication where X means pedestrian, vehicle, or infrastructure / network, devices for Integrated Access and Backhaul (IAB) , Space borne vehicles or Air borne vehicles in Non-terrestrial networks (NTN) including Satellites and High Altitude Platforms (HAPs) encompassing Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) , eXtended Reality (XR) devices including different types of realities such as Augmented Reality (AR) , Mixed Reality (MR) and Virtual Reality (VR) , the unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) commonly known as a drone which is an aircraft without any human pilot, devices on high speed train (HST) , or image capture devices such as digital cameras, sensors, gaming devices, music storage and playback appliances, or Internet appliances enabling wireless or wired Internet access and browsing and the like. The ‘terminal device’ can further has ‘multicast / broadcast’ feature, to support public safety and mission critical, V2X applications, transparent IPv4 / IPv6 multicast delivery, IPTV, smart TV, radio services, software delivery over wireless, group communications and IoT applications. It may also be incorporated one or multiple Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) as known as Multi-SIM. The term “terminal device” can be used interchangeably with a UE, a mobile station, a subscriber station, a mobile terminal, a user terminal or a wireless device.
[0032] As used herein, the term “network device” refers to a device which is capable of providing or hosting a cell or coverage where terminal devices can communicate. Examples of a network device include, but not limited to, a satellite, an unmanned aerial systems (UAS) platform, a Node B (NodeB or NB) , an evolved NodeB (eNodeB or eNB) , a next generation NodeB (gNB) , a transmission reception point (TRP) , a remote radio unit (RRU) , a radio head (RH) , a remote radio head (RRH) , an IAB node, a low power node such as a femto node, a pico node, a reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) , and the like.
[0033] As used herein, the term “TRP” may refer to an antenna port or an antenna array (with one or more antenna elements) available to the network device located at a specific geographical location, or a set of geographically co-located antennas (e.g. antenna array (with one or more antenna elements) ) supporting transmission point (TP) and / or reception point (RP) functionality. For example, a network device may be coupled with multiple TRPs in different geographical locations to achieve better coverage. Alternatively, or in addition, multiple TRPs may be incorporated into a network device, or in other words, the network device may comprise the multiple TRPs. The term “TRP” may be also referred to as a cell, such as a macro-cell, a micro-cell, a small cell, a pico-cell, a femto-cell, a remote radio head, a relay node, etc. It is to be understood that the term “TRP” may refer to a logical concept which may be physically implemented by various manners. There may be an explicit TRP identification for a TRP.
[0034] In one embodiment, the terminal device may be connected with a first network device and a second network device. One of the first network device and the second network device may be a master node (MN) and the other one may be a secondary node (SN) . The first network device and the second network device may use different radio access technologies (RATs) . In one embodiment, the first network device may be a first RAT device and the second network device may be a second RAT device. In one embodiment, the first RAT device is eNB and the second RAT device is gNB. Information related with different RATs may be transmitted to the terminal device from at least one of the first network device and the second network device. In one embodiment, first information may be transmitted to the terminal device from the first network device and second information may be transmitted to the terminal device from the second network device directly or via the first network device. In one embodiment, information related with configuration for the terminal device configured by the second network device may be transmitted from the second network device via the first network device. Information related with reconfiguration for the terminal device configured by the second network device may be transmitted to the terminal device from the second network device directly or via the first network device.
[0035] The terminal device or the network device may have Artificial intelligence (AI) or machine learning capability. It generally includes a model which has been trained from numerous collected data for a specific function, and can be used to predict some information.
[0036] The terminal device or the network device may work on several frequency ranges, e.g. frequency range 1 (FR1) (410 MHz –7125 MHz) , frequency range 2 (FR2) (24.25GHz to 71GHz) , frequency band larger than 100GHz as well as Tera Hertz (THz) . It can further work on licensed / unlicensed / shared spectrum. The terminal device may have more than one connection with the network device under Multi-Radio Dual Connectivity (MR-DC) application scenario. The terminal device or the network device can work on full duplex, flexible duplex and cross division duplex modes.
[0037] The embodiments of the present disclosure may be performed in test equipment, e.g., signal generator, signal analyzer, spectrum analyzer, network analyzer, test terminal device, test network device, or channel emulator.
[0038] The embodiments of the present disclosure may be performed according to any generation communication protocols either currently known or to be developed in the future. Examples of the communication protocols include, but not limited to, the 1G, 2G, 2.5G, 2.75G, 3G, 4G, 4.5G, 5G, 5.5G, 5G-Advanced networks, or 6G networks.
[0039] The term “circuitry” used herein may refer to hardware circuits and / or combinations of hardware circuits and software. For example, the circuitry may be a combination of analog and / or digital hardware circuits with software / firmware. As a further example, the circuitry may be any portions of hardware processors with software including digital signal processor (s) , software, and memory (ies) that work together to cause an apparatus, such as a terminal device or a network device, to perform various functions. In a still further example, the circuitry may be hardware circuits and or processors, such as a microprocessor or a portion of a microprocessor, that requires software / firmware for operation, but the software may not be present when it is not needed for operation. As used herein, the term circuitry also covers an implementation of merely a hardware circuit or processor (s) or a portion of a hardware circuit or processor (s) and its (or their) accompanying software and / or firmware.
[0040] As used herein, the singular forms “a” , “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. The term “includes” and its variants are to be read as open terms that mean “includes, but is not limited to. ” The term “based on” is to be read as “based at least in part on. ” The term “one embodiment” and “an embodiment” are to be read as “at least one embodiment. ” The term “another embodiment” is to be read as “at least one other embodiment. ” The terms “first, ” “second, ” and the like may refer to different or same objects. Other definitions, explicit and implicit, may be included below.
[0041] In some examples, values, procedures, or apparatus are referred to as “best, ” “lowest, ” “highest, ” “minimum, ” “maximum, ” or the like. It will be appreciated that such descriptions are intended to indicate that a selection among many used functional alternatives can be made, and such selections need not be better, smaller, higher, or otherwise preferable to other selections.
[0042] The terminal device or the network device may have AI or ML capability. It generally includes a model which has been trained from numerous collected data for a specific function, and can be used to predict some information.
[0043] As used herein, a model may be equivalent to at least one of the following: an AI / ML model, an ML model, an AI model, a data-driven, a data processing model, an algorithm, a functionality, a procedure, a process, an entity, a function, a feature, a feature group, a model identifier (ID) , an ID, a functionality ID, a configuration ID, a scenario ID, a site ID, an associated ID, or a dataset ID. As a result, the above terms may be used interchangeably. An “ID” may refer to an identifier, an identity, an identification, etc.
[0044] In some embodiments, the model may be represented by or associated with a channel, a resource, a resource set, a reference signal (RS) resource, an RS resource set, an RS port, a set of RS ports, an RS port ID, or a set of RS port IDs.
[0045] In some embodiments, the model may comprise a set of weights values that may be learned during training, e.g., for a specific architecture or configuration, where a set of weights values may also be called a parameter set.
[0046] In some embodiments, the model may be used to predict a target cell, or measurements of a set of beams of a set of candidate cells in future based on at least historical measurements (e.g., layer 1 (L1) -reference signal received power (RSRP) , L1-signal to interference plus noise ratio (SINR) ) of a set of beams of a set of candidate cells.
[0047] In some embodiments, an input of the AI / ML model (i.e., AI input) may refer to the input of a model and indicate data inputted into the model, which may be equivalent to data.
[0048] In some embodiments, an output of AI / ML model (i.e., AI output) may refers to the output of a model and indicate result (s) outputted by the model, which is equivalent to label / data.
[0049] In some embodiments, “ground truth” , “ground truth label” , “ground truth label of data” , “input label” , “input data” and “data” can be used interchangeably.
[0050] In some embodiments, “target UE” and “UE deployed with AI / ML model” can be used interchangeably.
[0051] In some embodiments, a ground truth label of data (or ground-truth label) for monitoring or training the ML model (i.e., AI output) may refers to the authoritative, accepted data, or true answer or outcome for AI / ML model.
[0052] In some embodiments, the ground truth can be interpreted as actual / factual (i.e. actual / factual measured) data / values / results / collections / parameters, which can be used as reference, compared to prediction or inference.
[0053] In some embodiments, the positioning reference unit (PRU) is a normal terminal device with known location at some network device (e.g., a location server or gNB) .
[0054] AI / ML techniques play a significant role in enhancing the accuracy and reliability of positioning, which is particularly useful in indoor environments where global position system (GPS) signals might be weak or unavailable.
[0055] An AI / ML model may be deployed at a terminal device (such as a UE) , a network device (such as one or more gNBs or TRPs) , or a core network entity (such as a location management function (LMF) ) . The AI / ML model may be used for positioning, e.g. determining a positon (or location) of a UE. Some cases (case 1, case 2b, and case 3b below) are discussed as direct AI / ML positioning, and some other cases (case 2a, and case 3a below) are discussed as AI / ML assisted positioning:
[0056] · Case 1: UE-based positioning with UE-side model, direct AI / ML positioning.
[0057] · Case 2b: UE-assisted / LMF-based positioning with LMF-side model, direct AI / ML positioning.
[0058] · Case 3b: NG-RAN node assisted positioning with LMF-side model, direct AI / ML positioning.
[0059] · Case 2a: UE-assisted / LMF-based positioning with UE-side model, AI / ML assisted positioning.
[0060] · Case 3a: NG-RAN node assisted positioning with gNB-side model, AI / ML assisted positioning.
[0061] An enhancement for AI / ML based positioning accuracy has been agreed as a work item (WI) in release 19. An AI / ML model can be deployed at UE side, gNB side, or LMF side. A model input may be integrated information of timing, power and phase, such as channel impulse response (CIR) , power delay profile (PDP) , or delay of path (DP) . A model output may be a UE location (i.e., direct AI / ML positioning) or an intermediate measurement (i.e., AI / ML assisted positioning) .
[0062] For an AI / ML assisted positioning, the candidate output may include a light of sight (LOS) or non-line of sight (NLOS) indicator, or timing information like reference signal time difference (RSTD) , downlink reference signal time of arrival (DL-RTOA) , or UE Rx-Tx time difference for DL positioning, or uplink reference signal time of arrival (UL-RTOA) or gNB Rx-Tx time difference for UL positioning.
[0063] For a model targeting for positioning cases specified in 3GPP, it has demonstrated that the generalization of a model affects the positioning accuracy heavily. Therefore, it must consider the consistency between model training and model inference, i.e., the data for inference should be consistent with the data for training this model. This contribution design the procedure by using the validity area, e.g., reuse existing signal AreaID-CellList introduced in Rel-17 in order to reduce the positioning latency, to achieve the consistency between training and inference for UE side model.
[0064] Embodiments of the present disclosure provide a solution of communication. In the solution, a terminal device generates at least a first positioning model which is associated with a first validity area. The terminal device further determines a second validity area associated with collected inference data, and determines a model output in case the second validity area is consistent with the first validity area. As such, a consistency between the inference data and the training data can be determined based on a validity area, and thus a good performance of the positioning model can be ensured. Principles and implementations of the present disclosure will be described in detail below with reference to the figures.
[0065] FIG. 1A illustrates an example communication network 100 in which some embodiments of the present disclosure can be implemented. The communication network 100 may also be called as a network environment, a network system, a communication environment, a communication system, or the like, the present disclosure does not limit for this aspect. The communication network 100 includes a terminal device 110, multiple network devices 120-1 to 120-N, and an LMF 130. It should be appreciated that the LMF 130 may be a location server, which is located in the access network or in a core network. The communication network 100 further includes a PRU 140.
[0066] In the present disclosure, there may be at least one positioning model deployed at the terminal device 110, for example, the terminal device 110 may also be referred to as a target terminal device or a target UE or a target device.
[0067] The multiple network devices 120-1 to 120-N (N is a positive integer, e.g. N≥3) may be separately or collectively be referred to as a network device 120, which may be a gNB or a TRP. For example, N may equal to 18 or another integer.
[0068] In some examples, one of the network devices 120-1 to 120-N may be a serving network device (e.g., a serving gNB) of the terminal device 110, which can control and manage other network devices 120 (e.g., one or more TRPs) . In some other examples, there may be an independent serving gNB of the terminal device 110 which is different from any of the multiple TRPs.
[0069] In some examples, a serving gNB of the PRU 140 may be one of the network devices 120-1 to 120-N, as illustrated. In some other examples, a serving gNB of the PRU 140 may be a gNB that is independent from the network devices 120-1 to 120-N, which is not shown in FIG. 1A.
[0070] In the communication network 100, the network device 120 can communicate / transmit data and control information to the terminal device 110, and the terminal device 110 can also communicate / transmit data and control information to the network device 120. A link from the network device 120 to the terminal device 110 is referred to as a DL, while a link from the terminal device 110 to the network device 120 is referred to as a UL. DL may comprise one or more logical channels, including but not limited to a Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) and a Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH) . UL may comprise one or more logical channels, including but not limited to a Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH) and a Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH) . As used herein, the term “channel” may refer to a carrier or a part of a carrier consisting of a contiguous set of resource blocks (RBs) on which a channel access procedure is performed in shared spectrum.
[0071] In the communication network 100, the terminal device 110 can communicate with the LMF 130 according to any proper communication protocol, such as an LTE positioning protocol (LPP) . In the communication network 100, the network device 120 can communicate with the LMF 130 according to any proper communication protocol, such as an NR positioning protocol A (NRPPa) . It is to be understood that other protocol may also be applied and will not be listed herein.
[0072] In the communication network 100, the PRU 140 at a known location can perform positioning measurements (e.g., RSTD, RSRP, UE Rx-Tx Time Difference measurements, DL-RSCPD, DL-RSCP, etc. ) and report these measurements to a location server such as the LMF 130. In addition, the PRU 140 can transmit SRS to enable TRPs (such as part or all of the network devices 120 or some different nodes) to measure and report UL positioning measurements (e.g., RTOA, UL-AoA, gNB Rx-Tx Time Difference, UL-RSCP, etc. ) from PRU 140 at a known location. The PRU measurements can be compared by a location server with the measurements expected at the known PRU location to determine correction terms for other nearby target devices. The DL-and / or UL location measurements for other target devices can then be corrected based on the previously determined correction terms. In some examples, the PRU measurements may also be provided to the target device in the assistance data. In some examples, from a location server perspective, the PRU 140 functionality is realized by a UE with known location.
[0073] In some implementations, the PRU 140 can communicate with the LMF 130 in a manner similar as that of the terminal device 110 and the LMF 130, e.g., according to any proper communication protocol, such as LPP. It is to be noted that the PRU 140 may be with a different name, such as a positioning-assisted-UE, and the present disclosure does not limit for this aspect.
[0074] Embodiments of the present disclosure can be applied to any suitable scenarios. For example, embodiments of the present disclosure can be implemented at reduced capability NR devices. Alternatively, embodiments of the present disclosure can be implemented in one of the followings: NR multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) , NR sidelink enhancements, NR systems with frequency above 52.6GHz, an extending NR operation up to 71GHz, narrow band-Internet of Thing (NB-IOT) / enhanced Machine Type Communication (eMTC) over non-terrestrial networks (NTN) , NTN, UE power saving enhancements, NR coverage enhancement, NB-IoT and LTE-MTC, Integrated Access and Backhaul (IAB) , NR Multicast and Broadcast Services, or enhancements on Multi-Radio Dual-Connectivity.
[0075] It is to be understood that the numbers of devices (i.e., the terminal devices 110, the network device 120, and the PRU 140) and their connection relationships and types shown in FIG. 1A are only for the purpose of illustration without suggesting any limitation. The communication network 100 may include any suitable numbers of devices adapted for implementing embodiments of the present disclosure. The communication network 100 may include one or more entities which are not shown in FIG. 1A.
[0076] It is to be understood that although the terminal device 110 and the PRU 140 are illustrated as a mobile phone in FIG. 1A, the type of the terminal device 110 or the PRU 140 can be another type and the present disclosure does not limit for this aspect.
[0077] For AI / ML-assisted positioning, a “single-TRP construction” and a “multi-TRP construction” are being discussed. Single-TRP construction: the input of the ML model is the channel measurement between the target UE and a single TRP, and the output of the ML model is for the same pair of UE and TRP. Multi-TRP construction: the input of the ML model contains N sets of channel measurements between the target UE and N (N>1) TRPs, and the output of the ML model contains N sets of values, one for each of the N TRPs.
[0078] In some cases, three constructions may be evaluated for the AI / ML assisted positioning: Single-TRP, same model for N TRPs; Single-TRP, N models for N TRPs; and Multi-TRP (i.e., one model for N TRPs) .
[0079] In some cases, there may be N TRPs (TRP 0, TRP 1, …, TRP (N-1) ) used for AI / ML based positioning, and direct AI / ML positioning (FIG. 1B) and AI / ML assisted positioning (FIGS. 1C-1E) may be evaluated. FIG. 1B illustrates an example schematic of direct AI / ML positioning with an output is the UE location. FIG. 1C illustrates an example schematic of AI / ML assisted positioning with multi-TRP construction for model input, FIG. 1D illustrates an example schematic of AI / ML assisted positioning with single-TRP construction for model input and one same model for N TRPs, and FIG. 1E illustrates an example schematic of AI / ML assisted positioning with single-TRP construction and N different models for N TRPs.
[0080] As shown in FIGS. 1C-1E, the AI / ML assisted positioning can be applied using input data (such as CIR, PDP, or DP) associated with one single TRP or multiple TPRs. For the former scenario, N models with different parameters or a single model may be deployed to estimate time information (e.g., time of arrival (TOA) ) for N TRPs, which may be regarded as a distributed model on each TRP. In the latter scenario, a single comprehensive model (i.e. a centralized model) utilizes the data from multiple TRPs as the input and produces the multiple TOAs corresponding to the multiple TRPs.
[0081] For inference for UE-side models, to ensure consistency between training and inference regarding NW-side additional conditions (if identified) , the following options can be taken as potential approaches:
[0082] - Model identification to achieve alignment on the NW-side additional condition between NW-side and UE-side;
[0083] - Model training at NW and transfer to UE, where the model has been trained under the additional condition;
[0084] - Information and / or indication on NW-side additional conditions is provided to UE;
[0085] - Consistency assisted by monitoring (by UE and / or NW, the performance of UE-side candidate models / functionalities to select a model / functionality) ;
[0086] - Other approaches are not precluded.
[0087] An information element (IE) “NR-DL-TDOA-ProvideAssistanceData” is used by the location server to provide assistance data to enable UE-assisted and UE-based NR DL-TDOA. It may also be used to provide NR DL-TDOA positioning specific error reason. For example, the IE “NR-DL-TDOA-ProvideAssistanceData” includes assistanceDataValidityArea, which may be AreaID-CellList. The IE “AreaID-CellList” provides the NR Cell-IDs of the TRPs belonging to a particular network area where the associated assistance data are valid. Each cell is included in only one area. The NR Cell-ID may be a cell global ID, a physical cell ID, or an absolute radio frequency channel number (ARFCN) .
[0088] For AI / ML positioning Case 1 and 2a, it is proposed that model training validity area and model inference validity area are needed for ensuing consistency between training and inference. However, from the perspective of UE, it cannot categorize the training data to different areas since the UE does not aware of information of validity area of the training data received from other entities, e.g., PRU, other UE, or LMF, and the UE may not be able to determine the consistency between training and inference.
[0089] In the present disclosure, “AI / ML model” is a data driven algorithm that applies AI / ML techniques to generate a set of outputs based on a set of inputs; “data collection” is a process of collecting data by the network nodes, management entity, or UE for the purpose of AI / ML model training, data analytics and inference; “model training” is a process to train an AI / ML Model by learning the input / output relationship in a data driven manner and obtain the trained AI / ML Model for inference; “model inference” is a process of using a trained AI / ML model to produce a set of outputs based on a set of inputs; and “UE side model” means an AI / ML model whose inference is performed entirely at the UE.
[0090] In the present disclosure, an entity for transmitting a PRS may be interchangeably used with one of: a TRP, a network device, a PRS, a reference TRP, a reference PRS, a reference entity, etc., and the present disclosure does not limit for this aspect.
[0091] In the present disclosure, a term “validity area” is used. A validity area associated with a positioning model may be equivalent to the validity area associated with training data that is used for training the positioning model.
[0092] Reference is further made to FIG. 2, which illustrates a signalling chart illustrating communication process 200 in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure. The process 200 may involve a terminal device 110 and an LMF 130 with reference to FIG. 1A. It would be appreciated that the process 200 may be applied to other communication scenarios, which will not be described in detail.
[0093] The terminal device 110 is deployed with at least one positioning model, for example, the positioning model may be trained using training data. In some examples, the positioning model is deployed at UE side, which may be applied for above-mentioned Case 1: UE-based positioning with UE-side model, direct AI / ML positioning; or Case 2a: UE-assisted / LMF-based positioning with UE-side model, AI / ML assisted positioning.
[0094] In the process 200, the terminal device 110 receives at least part of training data at 210. In some implementations, the at least part of the training data may be the training data or Part B of the training data.
[0095] In some embodiments, training data may include Part A and Part B. Part A refers to channel measurement and its related data, which may correspond to model input. Part B refers to ground truth and its related data, which may correspond to model output.
[0096] The training data or Part B may be generated at a communication device different from the terminal device 110, where the communication device may be a PRU 140, an LMF 130, or another non-PRU UE (not illustrated in FIG. 1A) . In some examples, the terminal device 110 may receive the at least part of training data at 210 from the communication device which generates the at least part of training data. In some examples, the terminal device 110 may receive the at least part of training data at 210 from the LMF 130 via an LPP message.
[0097] In some examples, the terminal device 110 may transmit a request to the communication device, where the request may be used for requesting the at least part of training data; and accordingly, the communication device may provide the at least part of training data based on the request. In some examples, the request may indicate a desired validity area (such as a first validity area) , and accordingly the at least part of training data is collected in the first validity area.
[0098] In some example embodiments, for direct AI / ML positioning in Case 1, each label of training data may indicate a ground truth of a location.
[0099] In some example embodiments, for AI / ML assisted positioning in Case 2a, each label of training data may indicate a ground truth of an intermediate measurement, such as a LOS / NLOS indicator or timing information.
[0100] In the process 200, the terminal device 110 receives assistance information from the LMF 130 at 220.
[0101] In some example embodiments, for direct AI / ML positioning in Case 1, the LMF 130 may transmit assistance data of PRS to the terminal device 110. The assistance data of PRS may be carried in an IE “assistanceDataValidityArea” . In some examples, the assistance data of PRS may include a validity area, such as a first validity area, which may be the area within which the current NR-DL-TDOA-ProvideAssistanceData is valid, and within which the at least part of training data is collected. For example, the assistance data of PRS may include the first validity area within which first training data is determined.
[0102] In some examples, the assistance information at 220 may also be referred to as identification information which may be represented by a signal “LPP-TransactionID” in an LPP message. In some examples, the LMF 130 may also transmit one or more pieces of another assistance data to the terminal device 110, where another assistance data may include a different validity area such as validity area (VA) 2.
[0103] In some example embodiments, for AI / ML assisted positioning in Case 2a, the LMF 130 provide the assistance information to the terminal device 110. In some examples, if the model output is a LOS / NLOS indicator, the assistance information includes identity related information of at least one TRP that involves in the training data. In some examples, if the model output is timing information or angle information, the assistance information includes identity related information of at least one TRP that involves in the training data and location information of at least one TRP that involves in the training data.
[0104] In some examples, the assistance information may include at least one ID of at least one TRP associated with the training data. For example, an IE “dl-PRS-ID” may be used for indicating the at least one ID of at least one TRP associated with the training data. In some examples, the at least one ID of at least one TRP associated with the training data may be included in an LPP message, such as “NR-DL-TDOA-SignalMeasurementInformation” which is used by the LMF 130 to transfer PRU’s measurements to the terminal device 110.
[0105] In some examples, the assistance information may include location information of at least one TRP associated with the training data. For example, an IE “nr-TRP- LocationInfo” may be used for indicating the location information of at least one TRP associated with the training data.
[0106] In some examples, for AI / ML assisted positioning in Case 2a, the assistance information may further include assistance data of PRS which may include a validity area. The assistance data of PRS may be carried in an IE “assistanceDataValidityArea” . The assistance data of PRS can also be carried in other LPP message. In some examples, the assistance data of PRS may include a validity area, such as a first validity area. In some examples, the LMF 130 may also transmit one or more pieces of another assistance data to the terminal device 110, where another assistance data may include a different validity area such as validity area 2.
[0107] In the process 200, the terminal device 110 generates at least one positioning model using the training data at 230. In some implementations, the at least one positioning model includes a first positioning model which is associated with the first validity area.
[0108] In some example embodiments, for direct AI / ML positioning in Case 1, the terminal device 110 may select first training data with a location that is within the first validity area, and in addition, the terminal device 110 may develop the first positioning model based on the first training data.
[0109] In some examples, if a request which indicates the first validity area is transmitted by the terminal device 110, then the at least part of training data collected within the first validity area is received by the terminal device 110. For example, the terminal device 110 will not receive training data that is outside the first validity area.
[0110] In some examples, the terminal device 110 may receive multiple pieces of training data (or Part B) , and the terminal device 110 may select (or pick up) the first training data (or Part B) with a label that inside the first validity area. For example, the first validity area may be indexed by AreaID-CellList contained in ProvideAssistanceData. In some examples, some training data other than the first training data may be regarded as invalid for training the first positioning model.
[0111] With reference to FIG. 3A, which illustrates an example 310 for determining first training data. As illustrated, data subset 1 is determined as first training data and other training data is regarded as invalid. A location labeled by the first training data in the data subset 1 is inside a validity area of assistance data, such as a first validity area.
[0112] In some example embodiments, for direct AI / ML positioning in Case 1, the terminal device 110 may divide the training data into a plurality of subsets, where the plurality of subsets may be corresponding to a plurality of validity areas respectively. For example, different subsets may be associated with different validity areas.
[0113] In some examples, the terminal device 110 may categorize the training data or Part B into different subsets according to identification information from the LMF 130. For example, first assistance data of PRS may include validity area 1 and second assistance data PRS may include validity area 2. The terminal device 110 may determine first training data or Part B that associated with the validity area 1 based on a label of the first training data or Part B, e.g., the label indicates a location in the validity area 1. The terminal device 110 may determine second training data or Part B that associated with the validity area 2 based on a label of the second training data or Part B, e.g., the label indicates a location in the validity area 2. Optionally, the terminal device 110 may classify some training data or Part B with a label (indicating a location) that is not within any validity area.
[0114] With reference to FIG. 3B, which illustrates an example 320 for dividing the training data. As illustrated, data subset 1 and data subset 2 are determined, where data subset 1 is associated with validity area 1, data subset 2 is associated with validity area 2. As illustrated, data subset 3 is determined, since a location of which does not belong to validity area 1 or validity area 2.
[0115] In addition, the terminal device 110 may determine at least one positioning model based on the plurality of subsets. In some examples, the terminal device 110 may train (or retrain or fine-tune) one or more positioning models according to the categorized data subsets. For example, the first positioning model is determined based on a data subset including first training data.
[0116] With reference to FIG. 3C, which illustrates some positioning models trained based on the data subsets in FIG. 3B. For example, the terminal device 110 may train model 1 and model 2 based on data subset 1, train model 3 based on a combination of data subset 1 and data subset 2, train model 4 based on data subset 2, and train model 5 based on data subset 3. In some examples, each positioning model may be associated with a validity area. For example, first training data may be associated with a first validity area (e.g., each label of the first training data is within the first validity area) , then a first positioning model (which is determined based on first training data) is associated with the first validity area too.
[0117] In some examples, each positioning model may be identified by an identification, such as a model identification, a functionality identification, an associated ID, or other identification.
[0118] In addition or alternatively, the terminal device 110 may transmit model information to the LMF 130. In some examples, the model information may include at least one positioning model and information about one or more validity areas associated with the at least one positioning model.
[0119] In some examples, the terminal device 110 may report each trained model’s validity area and the corresponding model to the LMF 130. In some examples, the validity area associated with a positioning model may be indicated by an IE “AreaID-CellList” or by newly defined signalling which includes a physical cell ID of the validity area. In some examples, each model may be identified by an identification, such as a model identification, a functionality identification, an associated ID, or other identification.
[0120] In some example embodiments, for AI / ML assisted positioning in Case 2a, the terminal device 110 may select first training data associated with a first validity area, and in addition, the terminal device 110 may generate the first positioning model based on the first training data.
[0121] In some examples, the terminal device 110 has received (e.g., at 220) identity related information of at least one TRP that involves in the training data, and the terminal device 110 may select the first training data with a TRP that is used for generating channel measurement of the first training data, and this TRP is located inside a first validity area (e.g., indicated by an IE “AreaID-CellList” ) included in ProvideAssistanceData. In some examples, other training data with a TRP that outside the first validity area is regarded as invalid.
[0122] With reference to FIG. 3D, which illustrates an example 340 for determining first training data. As illustrated, data subset 1 is determined as first training data and other training data is regarded as invalid. For example, TRPs that related to training data 1, training data 2, and training data 3 are inside a validity area of assistance data (such as the first validity area) , and thus training data 1, training data 2, and training data 3 associated with the validity area of assistance data (such as the first validity area) may be regarded as first training data.
[0123] In some example embodiments, for AI / ML assisted positioning in Case 2a, the terminal device 110 may divide the training data into a plurality of subsets, where the plurality of subsets may be corresponding to a plurality of validity areas respectively. For example, different subsets may be associated with different validity areas.
[0124] In some examples, the terminal device 110 has received (e.g., at 220) identity related information of at least one TRP that involves in the training data, location information of at least one TRP that involves in the training data, and assistance data of PRS which may include a validity area (e.g., indicated by AreaID_CellList) .
[0125] In some examples, the terminal device 110 may categorize the training data into multiple subsets, for example a first subset of training data is associated with the first validity area. For example, the terminal device 110 may determine a location of training data, and determine that this training data belongs to the first training data is the location of this training data is within the first validity area. For example, the terminal device 110 may determine the location of this training data based on the timing or angle information in this training data and locations of TRPs that used for collecting this training data.
[0126] In some examples, multiple pieces of training data with a location belonging to a same validity area may be categorized in a same subset. For example, a first subset of training data is associated with the first validity area. In some examples, a first positioning model is determined based on the first training data, and the first positioning model is associated with the first validity area, e.g., a validity area of assistance data (AreaID-CellList in ProvideAssistanceData) .
[0127] With reference to FIG. 3E, which illustrates an example 350 for dividing the training data. As illustrated, data subset 1 and data subset 2 are determined, where data subset 1 is associated with validity area 1, data subset 2 is associated with validity area 2. As illustrated, data subset 3 is determined, since a location of which does not belong to validity area 1 or validity area 2.
[0128] In addition, the terminal device 110 may determine at least one positioning model based on the plurality of subsets. In some examples, the terminal device 110 may train (or retrain or fine-tune) one or more positioning models according to the categorized data subsets. For example, the first positioning model is determined based on a data subset including first training data.
[0129] Referring back to FIG. 2, the terminal device 110 determines a second validity area of inference data at 240. In some examples, the terminal device 110 may take a validity area where a serving cell of the terminal device locates as the second validity area. In some examples, the terminal device 110 may take a validity area where a majority of TRPs locate as the second validity area, wherein the majority of TRPs are part of a plurality of TRPs associated with the collected inference data.
[0130] It is understood that a determination of a first validity area that associated with training data and a determination of a second validity area that associated with inference data are different. FIG. 4A illustrates an example 410 for determining the first validity area that associated with training data. Multiple TRPs including TRP1, TRP2, and TRP3 may be involved in the training data collection. A location of a UE may be determined, e.g., based on a label for direct AI / ML positioning in Case 1, or based on a label and locations of the multiple TRPs for AI / ML assisted positioning in Case 2a.
[0131] In some examples, for collected inference data, if a serving gNB (e.g., TRP1 in FIG. 4A) of UE is inside the validity area 1, then it is determined that the inference data is associated with the validity area 1.
[0132] FIG. 4B illustrates an example 420 for determining the second validity area that associated with inference data. Multiple TRPs (such as Nm TRPs) may be involved in the inference data collection. The multiple TRPs may be located in different validity areas, one validity area with most TRPs is determined as the second validity area associated with inference data. For example, if a number of TRPs located in a second validity area is larger than a number of TRPs located in any one of other validity area, then it is determined that the second validity area is associated with inference data. For instance, if the inference data is composed by the channel measurement of TRP 12, TRP 13, TRP 32, and TRP 23, then Validity area 1 is taken as the second validity area since a number of TRPs in validity area 1 is larger than that in validity area 2 or in validity area 3.
[0133] In some examples, the terminal device 110 may determine a validity area within which the channel measurement from a TRP, and then take the validity area within which the channel measurement from a TRP as the second validity area. For example, for AI / ML assisted positioning in Case 2a, if single-TRP construction or one model for N TRPs as shown in FIG. 1D is applied, it is feasible for determining the second validity area.
[0134] In the process 200, the terminal device 110 determines a model output based on the inference data using a first positioning model if the first validity area is consistent with or the same as the second validity area at 250. In some implementations, the terminal device 110 may determine a consistency between the inference data and the first training data, e.g., if at least one of the following conditions is met: a serving cell of the terminal device 110 is inside the first validity area of the first training data, or majority TPRs that involved in the inference data collection are inside the first validity area of the first training data. For example, if the second validity area of the inference data is within the first validity area, then the inference data is consistent with the first training data. In some implementations, for AI / ML assisted positioning in Case 2a, the terminal device 110 may determine a consistency between the inference data and the first training data, e.g., if at least one of the following conditions is met: the channel measurement from a TRP (e.g., for AI / ML assisted positioning with single-TRP construction for model input and one same model for N TRPs) is inside the first validity area of the first training data, a serving cell of the terminal device 110 is inside the first validity area of the first training data, or majority TPRs that involved in the inference data collection are inside the first validity area of the first training data.
[0135] In some example embodiments, the terminal device 110 may determine that the inference data is not consistent with the first training data. In some examples, the terminal device 110 may determine refined inference data based on the inference data, to make the refined inference data is consistent with the first training data, for example, the refined inference data is composed with the channel measurement that generated within the second validity area which is inside the first validity area. In some examples, the number of TRPs associated with the inference data is not smaller than 3, then a channel measurement associated with a first TRP may be removed from the inference data if the channel measurement generated for the first TRP is located outside the first validity area. For example, the first TRP does not locate in AreaID-CellList of ProvideAssistanceData.
[0136] In the process 200, the terminal device 110 transmits output information to the LMF 130 at 260. In some examples, the output information includes the model output corresponding to the inference data, or refined inference data in some examples. In some examples, the output information may further include one or more of the following: a model ID of the first positioning model, the first validity area which is associated with the first positioning model, the second validity area of the inference data, etc. In some examples, the output information may further include IDs of TRPs that are associated with the model input, such as the inference data or the refined inference data discussed above. In some examples, the output information may be used by the LMF 130 for life cycle management (LCM) of the positioning model.
[0137] According to embodiments in the present disclosure, a validity area is used to achieve the consistency between the inference data and the training data for a UE-side positioning model, therefore a good performance of the model can be ensured. For example, a signal “AreaID-CellList” may be reused for determining the validity area.
[0138] According to some embodiments, a validity area is defined for assisting the terminal device 110 and the LMF 130 to ensure the consistency between the inference data and the training data without sharing unnecessary proprieties and information related to the network vendors and operators. Specifically, a first validity area of the first training data may be determined, and in addition the inference data can be collected in the first validity area.
[0139] It is to be appreciated that the processes described above are only for illustration without any limitation. In some examples, one or more steps may be omitted or combined or modified. In some examples, one or more additional steps may be added. One or more steps in a process may be combined into another process. It is to be understood that some further embodiments may be obtained and are still in the protection scope of the present disclosure.
[0140] FIG. 5 illustrates a flowchart of an example method 500 implemented at a terminal device in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. For example, the terminal device may be the terminal device 110 with reference to FIG. 1A which has at least one deployed AI / ML positioning model.
[0141] At block 510, the terminal device 110 generates at least one positioning model using training data, wherein at least part of the training data is received from a communication device, and wherein a first positioning model in the at least one positioning model is associated with a first validity area. At block 520, the terminal device 110 determines a second validity area associated with collected inference data. At block 530, in accordance with a determination that the second validity area is within the first validity area, the terminal device 110 determines that the second validity area is consistent with the first validity area. At block 540, in accordance with a determination that the second validity area is consistent with the first validity area, the terminal device 110 determines a model output based on the collected inference data using the first positioning model. At block 550, the terminal device 110 transmits, to a location server, output information at least comprising the model output.
[0142] It should be noted that the method 500 may include various other operations which may be performed by the terminal device 110 as described above with reference to FIGS. 2-4B.
[0143] FIG. 6 illustrates a flowchart of an example method 600 implemented at a location server in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. For example, the location server may be the LMF 130 with reference to FIG. 1A.
[0144] At block 610, the LMF 130 transmits, to a terminal device deployed with at least one positioning model, assistance data comprising at least one of: at least one identifier of at least one TRP associated with training data, location information of at least one TRP associated with the training data, or assistance data of PRS which comprises a first validity area. At block 620, the LMF 130 receives, from the terminal device, output information comprising a model output of a first positioning model which is associated with the first validity area, wherein the model output is determined based on collected inference data associated with a second validity area, and wherein the first validity area is consistent with the second validity area.
[0145] It should be noted that the method 600 may include various other operations which may be performed by the LMF 130 as described above with reference to FIGS. 2-4B.
[0146] Details of some embodiments according to the present disclosure have been described with reference to FIGS. 1A-6. Now an example implementation of the device deployed with at least one positioning model will be discussed below.
[0147] In some example embodiments, a terminal device comprises circuitry configured to: generate at least one positioning model using training data, wherein at least part of the training data is received from a communication device, and wherein a first positioning model in the at least one positioning model is associated with a first validity area; determine a second validity area associated with collected inference data; in accordance with a determination that the second validity area is within the first validity area, determine that the second validity area is consistent with the first validity area; in accordance with a determination that the second validity area is consistent with the first validity area, determine a model output based on the collected inference data using the first positioning model; and transmit, to a location server, output information at least comprising the model output.
[0148] It should be noted that the terminal device comprises circuitry configured to perform various other operations as described above with reference to FIGS. 2-4B.
[0149] In some example embodiments, a location server comprises circuitry configured to: transmit, to a terminal device deployed with at least one positioning model, assistance data comprising at least one of: at least one identifier of at least one TRP associated with training data, location information of at least one TRP associated with the training data, or assistance data of PRS which comprises a first validity area; and receive, from the terminal device, output information comprising a model output of a first positioning model which is associated with the first validity area, wherein the model output is determined based on collected inference data associated with a second validity area, and wherein the first validity area is consistent with the second validity area.
[0150] It should be noted that the location server comprises circuitry configured to perform various other operations as described above with reference to FIGS. 2-4B.
[0151] FIG. 7 illustrates a simplified block diagram of a device 700 that is suitable for implementing embodiments of the present disclosure. The device 700 can be considered as a further example implementation of the terminal device 110 or the LMF 130 as described above. Accordingly, the device 700 can be implemented at or as at least a part of the terminal device 110 or the LMF 130 as shown in FIG. 1A.
[0152] As shown, the device 700 includes a processor 710, a memory 720 coupled to the processor 710, a suitable transceiver 740 coupled to the processor 710, and a communication interface coupled to the transceiver 740. The memory 720 stores at least a part of a program 730. The transceiver 740 may be for bidirectional communications or a unidirectional communication based on requirements. The transceiver 740 may include at least one of a transmitter and a receiver. The transmitter and the receiver may be functional modules or physical entities. The transceiver 740 has at least one antenna to facilitate communication, though in practice an Access Node mentioned in this application may have several ones. The communication interface may represent any interface that is necessary for communication with other network elements, such as X2 / Xn interface for bidirectional communications between eNBs / gNBs, S1 / NG interface for communication between a Mobility Management Entity (MME) / Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) / serving gateway (SGW) / user plane function (UPF) and the eNB / gNB, Un interface for communication between the eNB / gNB and a relay node (RN) , or Uu interface for communication between the eNB / gNB and a terminal device.
[0153] The program 730 is assumed to include program instructions that, when executed by the associated processor 710, enable the device 700 to operate in accordance with the embodiments of the present disclosure, as discussed herein with reference to FIGS. 1A-6. The embodiments herein may be implemented by computer software executable by the processor 710 of the device 700, or by hardware, or by a combination of software and hardware. The processor 710 may be configured to implement various embodiments of the present disclosure. Furthermore, a combination of the processor 710 and memory 720 may form processing means 750 adapted to implement various embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0154] The memory 720 may be of any type suitable to the local technical network and may be implemented using any suitable data storage technology, such as a non-transitory computer readable storage medium, semiconductor-based memory devices, magnetic memory devices and systems, optical memory devices and systems, fixed memory and removable memory, as non-limiting examples. While only one memory 720 is shown in the device 700, there may be several physically distinct memory modules in the device 700. The processor 710 may be of any type suitable to the local technical network, and may include one or more of general purpose computers, special purpose computers, microprocessors, digital signal processors (DSPs) and processors based on multicore processor architecture, as non-limiting examples. The device 700 may have multiple processors, such as an application specific integrated circuit chip that is slaved in time to a clock which synchronizes the main processor.
[0155] In summary, embodiments of the present disclosure may provide the following solutions.
[0156] The present disclosure provides a terminal device for model performance monitoring, comprising at least one processor configured to cause the terminal device at least to:generate at least one positioning model using training data, wherein at least part of the training data is received from a communication device, and wherein a first positioning model in the at least one positioning model is associated with a first validity area; determine a second validity area associated with collected inference data; in accordance with a determination that the second validity area is within the first validity area, determine that the second validity area is consistent with the first validity area; in accordance with a determination that the second validity area is consistent with the first validity area, determine a model output based on the collected inference data using the first positioning model; and transmit, to a location server, output information at least comprising the model output.
[0157] In one embodiment, the terminal device as above, the at least one processor is configured to cause the terminal device to: receive, from the communication device, the at least part of the training data, wherein each label of the training data indicates a ground truth of a device location.
[0158] In one embodiment, the terminal device as above, the at least one processor is configured to cause the terminal device to: determine the first positioning model based on first training data, where each label of the first training data indicates a device location that is inside the first validity area.
[0159] In one embodiment, the terminal device as above, the at least one processor is configured to cause the terminal device to: receive, from the communication device, assistance data of PRS, wherein the assistance data of PRS comprises the first validity area within which first training data is determined.
[0160] In one embodiment, the terminal device as above, the at least one processor is configured to cause the terminal device to: receive, from the communication device, another assistance data of PRS comprising another validity area which is different from the first validity area.
[0161] In one embodiment, the terminal device as above, the at least one processor is configured to cause the terminal device to: divide the training data into a plurality of subsets, wherein the plurality of subsets are corresponding to a plurality of validity areas respectively, and wherein one of the plurality of subsets comprises first training data associated with the first validity area.
[0162] In one embodiment, the terminal device as above, the at least one processor is configured to cause the terminal device to: transmit, to the location server, model information comprising the at least one positioning model and information about one or more validity areas associated with the at least one positioning model.
[0163] In one embodiment, the terminal device as above, the at least one processor is configured to cause the terminal device to determine the second validity area by at least one of:taking a validity area within which a serving cell of the terminal device locates as the second validity area; or taking a validity area within which a majority of TRPs locate as the second validity area, wherein the majority of TRPs are part of a plurality of TRPs associated with the collected inference data.
[0164] In one embodiment, the terminal device as above, the at least one processor is configured to cause the terminal device to: in accordance with a determination that a first TRP does not locate in the second validity area and a number of the plurality of TRPs associated with the collected inference data is not smaller than 3, remove a channel measurement associated with the first TRP from the collected inference data to determine refined inference data, and wherein the model output is determined based on the refined inference data using the first positioning model.
[0165] In one embodiment, the terminal device as above, the at least one processor is configured to cause the terminal device to: receive, from the communication device, the at least part of the training data, wherein each label of the training data indicates a ground truth of an intermediate measurement, wherein the intermediate measurement comprises at least one of: a LOS / NLOS indicator, or timing information.
[0166] In one embodiment, the terminal device as above, the at least one processor is configured to cause the terminal device to: receive, from the location server, assistance information comprising at least one of: at least one identifier of at least one TRP associated with the training data, location information of at least one TRP associated with the training data, or assistance data of PRS which comprises the first validity area.
[0167] In one embodiment, the terminal device as above, the at least one processor is configured to cause the terminal device to: determine first training data associated with the first validity area based on the assistance information, wherein a device location of the first training data is within the first validity area; and determine the first positioning model based on the first training data.
[0168] In one embodiment, the terminal device as above, the at least one processor is configured to cause the terminal device to: determine the device location of the first training data based on at least one of: a label of the first training data, or locations of TRPs associated with the first training data.
[0169] In one embodiment, the terminal device as above, the at least one processor is configured to cause the terminal device to: in accordance with a determination that a channel measurement from a TRP is inside the second validity area, determine that the second validity area is associated with the collected inference data.
[0170] In one embodiment, the terminal device as above, the output information further comprises at least one of: a model identifier of the first positioning model, the first validity area which is associated with the first positioning model, the second validity area of the collected inference data, or identifiers of TRPs that are associated with model input.
[0171] In one embodiment, the terminal device as above, the communication device is one of:the location server, a PRU, or a different terminal device.
[0172] The present disclosure provides a location server, comprising at least one processor configured to cause the location server at least to: transmit, to a terminal device deployed with at least one positioning model, assistance data comprising at least one of: at least one identifier of at least one TRP associated with training data, location information of at least one TRP associated with the training data, or assistance data of PRS which comprises a first validity area; and receive, from the terminal device, output information comprising a model output of a first positioning model which is associated with the first validity area, wherein the model output is determined based on collected inference data associated with a second validity area, and wherein the first validity area is consistent with the second validity area.
[0173] In one embodiment, the location server as above, the at least one processor is configured to cause the location server to: transmit, to the terminal device, at least part of the training data, wherein each label of the training data indicates a ground truth of a device location.
[0174] In one embodiment, the location server as above, the at least one processor is configured to cause the location server to: transmit, to the terminal device, at least part of the training data, wherein each label of the training data indicates a ground truth of an intermediate measurement, wherein the intermediate measurement comprises at least one of: a LOS / NLOS indicator, or timing information.
[0175] In one embodiment, the location server as above, the at least one processor is configured to cause the location server to: receive, from the terminal device, model information comprising the at least one positioning model and information about one or more validity areas associated with the at least one positioning model.
[0176] In one embodiment, the location server as above, the output information further comprises at least one of: a model identifier of the first positioning model, the first validity area which is associated with the first positioning model, the second validity area of the collected inference data, or identifiers of TRPs that are associated with model input.
[0177] The present disclosure provides a method of communication, comprising the operations implemented at one of: the terminal device or the location server.
[0178] The present disclosure provides a device, comprising: a processor; and a memory storing computer program codes; the memory and the computer program codes configured to, with the processor, cause the device to perform the method implemented at one of: the terminal device or the location server discussed above.
[0179] The present disclosure provides a non-transitory computer readable storage medium having instructions stored thereon, the instructions, when executed by a processor of an apparatus, cause the apparatus to perform the method implemented at one of: the terminal device or the location server discussed above.
[0180] The present disclosure provides a computer program product having instructions stored thereon, the instructions, when executed by a processor of an apparatus, cause the apparatus to perform the method implemented at one of: the terminal device or the location server discussed above.
[0181] Generally, various embodiments of the present disclosure may be implemented in hardware or special purpose circuits, software, logic or any combination thereof. Some aspects may be implemented in hardware, while other aspects may be implemented in firmware or software which may be executed by a controller, microprocessor or other computing device. While various aspects of embodiments of the present disclosure are illustrated and described as block diagrams, flowcharts, or using some other pictorial representation, it will be appreciated that the blocks, apparatus, systems, techniques or methods described herein may be implemented in, as non-limiting examples, hardware, software, firmware, special purpose circuits or logic, general purpose hardware or controller or other computing devices, or some combination thereof.
[0182] The present disclosure also provides at least one computer program product tangibly stored on a non-transitory computer readable storage medium. The computer program product includes computer-executable instructions, such as those included in program modules, being executed in a device on a target real or virtual processor, to carry out the process or method as described above. Generally, program modules include routines, programs, libraries, objects, classes, components, data structures, or the like that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. The functionality of the program modules may be combined or split between program modules as desired in various embodiments. Machine-executable instructions for program modules may be executed within a local or distributed device. In a distributed device, program modules may be located in both local and remote storage media.
[0183] Program code for carrying out methods of the present disclosure may be written in any combination of one or more programming languages. These program codes may be provided to a processor or controller of a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, or other programmable data processing apparatus, such that the program codes, when executed by the processor or controller, cause the functions / operations specified in the flowcharts and / or block diagrams to be implemented. The program code may execute entirely on a machine, partly on the machine, as a stand-alone software package, partly on the machine and partly on a remote machine or entirely on the remote machine or server.
[0184] The above program code may be embodied on a machine readable medium, which may be any tangible medium that may contain, or store a program for use by or in connection with an instruction execution system, apparatus, or device. The machine readable medium may be a machine readable signal medium or a machine readable storage medium. A machine readable medium may include but not limited to an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, or semiconductor system, apparatus, or device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. More specific examples of the machine readable storage medium would include an electrical connection having one or more wires, a portable computer diskette, a hard disk, a random access memory (RAM) , a read-only memory (ROM) , an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or Flash memory) , an optical fiber, a portable compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM) , an optical storage device, a magnetic storage device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing.
[0185] Further, while operations are depicted in a particular order, this should not be understood as requiring that such operations be performed in the particular order shown or in sequential order, or that all illustrated operations be performed, to achieve desirable results. In certain circumstances, multitasking and parallel processing may be advantageous. Likewise, while several specific implementation details are contained in the above discussions, these should not be construed as limitations on the scope of the present disclosure, but rather as descriptions of features that may be specific to particular embodiments. Certain features that are described in the context of separate embodiments may also be implemented in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features that are described in the context of a single embodiment may also be implemented in multiple embodiments separately or in any suitable sub-combination.
[0186] Although the present disclosure has been described in language specific to structural features and / or methodological acts, it is to be understood that the present disclosure defined in the appended claims is not necessarily limited to the specific features or acts described above. Rather, the specific features and acts described above are disclosed as example forms of implementing the claims.
Claims
1.A terminal device comprising at least one processor configured to cause the terminal device to:generate at least one positioning model using training data, wherein at least part of the training data is received from a communication device, and wherein a first positioning model in the at least one positioning model is associated with a first validity area;determine a second validity area associated with collected inference data;in accordance with a determination that the second validity area is within the first validity area, determine that the second validity area is consistent with the first validity area;in accordance with a determination that the second validity area is consistent with the first validity area, determine a model output based on the collected inference data using the first positioning model; andtransmit, to a location server, output information at least comprising the model output.2.The terminal device of claim 1, wherein the at least one processor is configured to cause the terminal device to:receive, from the communication device, the at least part of the training data, wherein each label of the training data indicates a ground truth of a device location.3.The terminal device of claim 2, wherein the at least one processor is configured to cause the terminal device to:determine the first positioning model based on first training data, where each label of the first training data indicates a device location that is inside the first validity area.4.The terminal device of claim 2, wherein the at least one processor is configured to cause the terminal device to:receive, from the communication device, assistance data of positioning reference signal (PRS) , wherein the assistance data of PRS comprises the first validity area within which first training data is determined.5.The terminal device of claim 4, wherein the at least one processor is configured to cause the terminal device to:receive, from the communication device, another assistance data of PRS comprising another validity area which is different from the first validity area.6.The terminal device of claim 1, wherein the at least one processor is configured to cause the terminal device to:divide the training data into a plurality of subsets, wherein the plurality of subsets are corresponding to a plurality of validity areas respectively, and wherein one of the plurality of subsets comprises first training data associated with the first validity area.7.The terminal device of claim 1, wherein the at least one processor is configured to cause the terminal device to:transmit, to the location server, model information comprising the at least one positioning model and information about one or more validity areas associated with the at least one positioning model.8.The terminal device of claim 1, wherein the at least one processor is configured to cause the terminal device to determine the second validity area by at least one of:taking a validity area within which a serving cell of the terminal device locates as the second validity area; ortaking a validity area within which a majority of transmission reception points (TRP) locate as the second validity area, wherein the majority of TRPs are part of a plurality of TRPs associated with the collected inference data.9.The terminal device of claim 1, wherein the at least one processor is configured to cause the terminal device to:in accordance with a determination that a first TRP does not locate in the second validity area and a number of the plurality of TRPs associated with the collected inference data is not smaller than 3, remove a channel measurement associated with the first TRP from the collected inference data to determine refined inference data, and whereinthe model output is determined based on the refined inference data using the first positioning model.10.The terminal device of claim 1, wherein the at least one processor is configured to cause the terminal device to:receive, from the communication device, the at least part of the training data, wherein each label of the training data indicates a ground truth of an intermediate measurement, wherein the intermediate measurement comprises at least one of: an indicator indicating light of sight (LOS) or non-line of sight (NLOS) , or timing information.11.The terminal device of claim 10, wherein the at least one processor is configured to cause the terminal device to:receive, from the location server, assistance information comprising at least one of: at least one identifier of at least one TRP associated with the training data, location information of at least one TRP associated with the training data, or assistance data of PRS which comprises the first validity area.12.The terminal device of claim 11, wherein the at least one processor is configured to cause the terminal device to:determine first training data associated with the first validity area based on the assistance information, wherein a device location of the first training data is within the first validity area; anddetermine the first positioning model based on the first training data.13.The terminal device of claim 12, wherein the at least one processor is configured to cause the terminal device to:determine the device location of the first training data based on at least one of: a label of the first training data, or locations of TRPs associated with the first training data.14.The terminal device of claim 10, wherein the at least one processor is configured to cause the terminal device to:in accordance with a determination that a channel measurement from a TRP is inside the second validity area, determine that the second validity area is associated with the collected inference data.15.The terminal device of claim 1, wherein the output information further comprises at least one of:a model identifier of the first positioning model,the first validity area which is associated with the first positioning model,the second validity area of the collected inference data, oridentifiers of TRPs that are associated with model input.16.A location server comprising at least one processor configured to cause the terminal device to:transmit, to a terminal device deployed with at least one positioning model, assistance data comprising at least one of:at least one identifier of at least one transmission reception point (TRP) associated with training data,location information of at least one TRP associated with the training data, orassistance data of positioning reference signal (PRS) which comprises a first validity area; andreceive, from the terminal device, output information comprising a model output of a first positioning model which is associated with the first validity area, wherein the model output is determined based on collected inference data associated with a second validity area, and wherein the first validity area is consistent with the second validity area.17.The location server of claim 16, wherein the output information further comprises at least one of:a model identifier of the first positioning model,the first validity area which is associated with the first positioning model,the second validity area of the collected inference data, oridentifiers of TRPs that are associated with model input.18.A communication method comprising:generating, at a terminal device, at least one positioning model using training data, wherein at least part of the training data is received from a communication device, and wherein a first positioning model in the at least one positioning model is associated with a first validity area;determining a second validity area associated with collected inference data;in accordance with a determination that the second validity area is within the first validity area, determining that the second validity area is consistent with the first validity area;in accordance with a determination that the second validity area is consistent with the first validity area, determining a model output based on the collected inference data using the first positioning model; andtransmitting, to a location server, output information at least comprising the model output.19.A communication method comprising:transmitting, at a location server to a terminal device deployed with at least one positioning model, assistance data comprising at least one of:at least one identifier of at least one transmission reception point (TRP) associated with training data,location information of at least one TRP associated with the training data, orassistance data of positioning reference signal (PRS) which comprises a first validity area; andreceiving, from the terminal device, output information comprising a model output of a first positioning model which is associated with the first validity area, wherein the model output is determined based on collected inference data associated with a second validity area, and wherein the first validity area is consistent with the second validity area.20.A computer readable medium having instructions stored thereon, the instructions, when executed by a processor of an apparatus, causing the apparatus to perform the method according to any of claims 18-19.
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