Consistency of frequency domain parameters for user equipment (UE) beam prediction
By ensuring consistent frequency domain parameters during training and inference, the proposed techniques enhance the accuracy and efficiency of AI/ML models for beam prediction in wireless communications systems, addressing the inefficiencies caused by parameter variations.
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2024-09-24
- Publication Date
- 2026-04-02
AI Technical Summary
Existing wireless communications systems face challenges in maintaining consistent frequency domain parameters during beam prediction, leading to inefficient and unreliable performance of AI/ML models due to variations in bandwidth and resource block-level density between training and inference phases.
Implement techniques to ensure consistency of frequency domain parameters, such as bandwidth value, frequency range, and resource block-level density, during both training and inference phases of AI/ML models for beam prediction, thereby enhancing the model's performance and reliability.
The proposed techniques improve the accuracy and efficiency of beam prediction by maintaining consistent frequency domain parameters, resulting in better performance of AI/ML models in wireless communications systems.
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Figure CN2024120685_02042026_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
CONSISTENCY OF FREQUENCY DOMAIN PARAMETERS FOR USER EQUIPMENT (UE) BEAM PREDICTIONBACKGROUND
[0001] Field of the Disclosure
[0002] Aspects of the present disclosure relate to wireless communications, and more particularly, to techniques for managing frequency domain parameters associated with different sets of beams for beam prediction.
[0003] Description of Related Art
[0004] Wireless communications systems are widely deployed to provide various telecommunication services such as telephony, video, data, messaging, broadcasts, or other similar types of services. These wireless communications systems may employ multiple-access technologies capable of supporting communications with multiple users by sharing available wireless communications system resources with those users.
[0005] Although wireless communications systems have made great technological advancements over many years, challenges still exist. For example, complex and dynamic environments can still attenuate or block signals between wireless transmitters and wireless receivers. Accordingly, there is a continuous desire to improve the technical performance of wireless communications systems, including, for example: improving speed and data carrying capacity of communications, improving efficiency of the use of shared communications mediums, reducing power used by transmitters and receivers while performing communications, improving reliability of wireless communications, avoiding redundant transmissions and / or receptions and related processing, improving the coverage area of wireless communications, increasing the number and types of devices that can access wireless communications systems, increasing the ability for different types of devices to intercommunicate, increasing the number and type of wireless communications mediums available for use, and the like. Consequently, there exists a need for further improvements in wireless communications systems to overcome the aforementioned technical challenges and others.SUMMARY
[0006] One aspect provides a method for wireless communications at method for wireless communications at a wireless node. The method includes receiving first signaling configuring the wireless node to perform measurements on resources associated with a first set of prediction targets and a first set of measurement resources to generate measurement data to train a prediction algorithm; training the prediction algorithm based on the measurement data corresponding to the measurements on the resources associated with the first set of the prediction targets and the first set of the measurement resources; receiving second signaling configuring the wireless node to use measurements on a second set of the measurement resources as an input to the prediction algorithm to predict channel characteristics associated with a second set of the prediction targets; and predicting the channel characteristics associated with the second set of the prediction targets via the prediction algorithm, wherein: each of resources associated with the prediction targets and the measurement resources is associated with one or more frequency domain parameters, and values of the one or more frequency domain parameters associated with each of the resources associated with the prediction targets and the measurement resources applicable for at least one of the training or the predicting are same or within a range.
[0007] Other aspects provide: an apparatus operable, configured, or otherwise adapted to perform the aforementioned methods as well as those described elsewhere herein; a non-transitory, computer-readable media comprising instructions that, when executed by a processor of an apparatus, cause the apparatus to perform the aforementioned methods as well as those described elsewhere herein; a computer program product embodied on a computer-readable storage medium comprising code for performing the aforementioned methods as well as those described elsewhere herein; and an apparatus comprising means for performing the aforementioned methods as well as those described elsewhere herein. By way of example, an apparatus may comprise a processing system, a device with a processing system, or processing systems cooperating over one or more networks.
[0008] The following description and the appended figures set forth certain features for purposes of illustration.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
[0009] The appended figures depict certain features of the various aspects described herein and are not to be considered limiting of the scope of this disclosure.
[0010] FIG. 1 depicts an example wireless communications network.
[0011] FIG. 2 depicts an example disaggregated base station (BS) architecture.
[0012] FIG. 3 depicts aspects of an example BS and an example user equipment (UE) .
[0013] FIG. 4A, FIG. 4B, FIG. 4C, and FIG. 4D depict various example aspects of data structures for a wireless communications network.
[0014] FIG. 5 depicts example beam refinement procedures, in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure.
[0015] FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating example operations where beam management may be performed, in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure.
[0016] FIG. 7 depicts a framework applied for artificial intelligence (AI) / machine learning (ML) enabled radio access network (RAN) intelligence, in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure.
[0017] FIG. 8 depicts example call flow diagram illustrating communication among different devices for managing frequency domain parameters associated with different sets of beams, in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure.
[0018] FIG. 9 depicts example consistency of frequency domain resource occupation for different sets of beams across training of a prediction algorithm and inference using the prediction algorithm, in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure.
[0019] FIG. 10 depicts example consistency of bandwidth part (BWP) for different sets of beams across training of a prediction algorithm and inference using the prediction algorithm, in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure.
[0020] FIG. 11 depicts example consistency of a physical resource block (PRB) level density for different sets of beams across training of a prediction algorithm and inference using the prediction algorithm, in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure.
[0021] FIG. 12 depicts example consistency of a resource element (RE) level density for different sets of beams across training of a prediction algorithm and inference using the prediction algorithm, in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure.
[0022] FIG. 13 depicts example method for wireless communications at a wireless node for managing frequency domain parameters associated with different sets of beams, in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure.
[0023] FIG. 14 depicts example communications device configured for managing frequency domain parameters associated with different sets of beams, in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0024] New radio (NR) provides the prospect of a thoroughly interconnected and mobile society characterized by the expectation of a high throughput, energy efficient, immersive and data-driven radio access networks (RANs) . Coupled with data-driven approaches, a RAN has the potential to develop predictive capabilities that learn from an environment through the use of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) techniques.
[0025] Beam management (BM) represents one use case for applying AI / ML models. A legacy BM process is time-inefficient and not scalable when a size of antenna arrays of a device increases. ML algorithms may replace sequential beam sweeping by predicting beams in both time and spatial domains.
[0026] For beam prediction, a user equipment (UE) may measure a set of beams defined as set B beams and predict another set of beams defined as set A beams using an AI / ML model. The set A beams may include channel state information -reference signal (CSI-RS) beams and the set B beams may include synchronization signal block (SSB) beams.
[0027] The AI / ML model is initially trained using measurements associated with the set A / set B beams (e.g., training data) , and then the AI / ML model may be used to predict channel characteristics associated with the set A beams. In some cases, training data collection on the set A / set B beams may be carried out based on a first bandwidth value (e.g., 20 megahertz) associated with the set A / set B beams, and inference (or prediction) may be carried out based on a second bandwidth value (e.g., 100 megahertz) associated with the set A / set B beams. Since a difference between the first bandwidth value and the second bandwidth value is significant, performance of the AI / ML model during the inference may not be reasonable (and thus prediction results may be incorrect) .
[0028] Aspects of the present disclosure describe techniques for managing consistency of frequency domain parameters (e.g., a bandwidth value, a frequency range, a resource block-level density) associated with different sets of beams (e.g., set A beams, set B beams) used during training of an AI / ML model and inference via the AI / ML model for beam prediction. For example, a same bandwidth value may be associated with the set A beams and the set B beams used during the training and the inference. In another example, a same frequency range may be associated with the set A beams and the set B beams used during the training and the inference. In another example, a same resource block-level density may be associated with the set A beams and the set B beams used during the training and the inference. The described techniques may enable a good and reliable performance of the AI / ML model during the inference, which may improve beam prediction by the AI / ML model.
[0029] Introduction to Wireless Communications Networks
[0030] The techniques and methods described herein may be used for various wireless communications networks. While aspects may be described herein using terminology commonly associated with 3G, 4G, 5G and / or 6G wireless technologies, aspects of the present disclosure may likewise be applicable to other communications systems and standards not explicitly mentioned herein.
[0031] FIG. 1 depicts an example of a wireless communications network 100, in which aspects described herein may be implemented.
[0032] Generally, wireless communications network 100 includes various network entities (alternatively, network elements or network nodes) . A network entity is generally a communications device and / or a communications function performed by a communications device (e.g., a user equipment (UE) , a base station (BS) , a component of a BS, a server, etc. ) . For example, various functions of a network as well as various devices associated with and interacting with a network may be considered network entities. Further, wireless communications network 100 includes terrestrial aspects, such as ground-based network entities (e.g., BSs 102) , and non-terrestrial aspects, such as satellite 140 and aircraft 145, which may include network entities on-board (e.g., one or more BSs) capable of communicating with other network elements (e.g., terrestrial BSs) and UEs.
[0033] In the depicted example, wireless communications network 100 includes BSs 102, UEs 104, and one or more core networks, such as an Evolved Packet Core (EPC) 160 and 5G Core (5GC) network 190, which interoperate to provide communications services over various communications links, including wired and wireless links.
[0034] FIG. 1 depicts various example UEs 104, which may more generally include: a cellular phone, smart phone, session initiation protocol (SIP) phone, laptop, personal digital assistant (PDA) , satellite radio, global positioning system, multimedia device, video device, digital audio player, camera, game console, tablet, smart device, wearable device, vehicle, electric meter, gas pump, large or small kitchen appliance, healthcare device, implant, sensor / actuator, display, internet of things (IoT) devices, always on (AON) devices, edge processing devices, or other similar devices. UEs 104 may also be referred to more generally as a mobile device, a wireless device, a wireless communications device, a station, a mobile station, a subscriber station, a mobile subscriber station, a mobile unit, a subscriber unit, a wireless unit, a remote unit, a remote device, an access terminal, a mobile terminal, a wireless terminal, a remote terminal, a handset, and others.
[0035] BSs 102 wirelessly communicate with (e.g., transmit signals to or receive signals from) UEs 104 via communications links 120. The communications links 120 between BSs 102 and UEs 104 may include uplink (UL) (also referred to as reverse link) transmissions from a UE 104 to a BS 102 and / or downlink (DL) (also referred to as forward link) transmissions from a BS 102 to a UE 104. The communications links 120 may use multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) antenna technology, including spatial multiplexing, beamforming, and / or transmit diversity in various aspects.
[0036] BSs 102 may generally include: a NodeB, enhanced NodeB (eNB) , next generation enhanced NodeB (ng-eNB) , next generation NodeB (gNB or gNodeB) , access point, base transceiver station, radio BS, radio transceiver, transceiver function, transmission reception point, and / or others. Each of BSs 102 may provide communications coverage for a respective geographic coverage area 110, which may sometimes be referred to as a cell, and which may overlap in some cases (e.g., small cell 102’ may have a coverage area 110’ that overlaps the coverage area 110 of a macro cell) . A BS may, for example, provide communications coverage for a macro cell (covering relatively large geographic area) , a pico cell (covering relatively smaller geographic area, such as a sports stadium) , a femto cell (relatively smaller geographic area (e.g., a home) ) , and / or other types of cells.
[0037] While BSs 102 are depicted in various aspects as unitary communications devices, BSs 102 may be implemented in various configurations. For example, one or more components of a BS 102 may be disaggregated, including a central unit (CU) , one or more distributed units (DUs) , one or more radio units (RUs) , a Near-Real Time (Near-RT) RAN Intelligent Controller (RIC) , or a Non-Real Time (Non-RT) RIC, to name a few examples. In another example, various aspects of a BS 102 may be virtualized. More generally, a BS (e.g., BS 102) may include components that are located at a single physical location or components located at various physical locations. In examples in which a BS 102 includes components that are located at various physical locations, the various components may each perform functions such that, collectively, the various components achieve functionality that is similar to a BS 102 that is located at a single physical location. In some aspects, a BS 102 including components that are located at various physical locations may be referred to as a disaggregated radio access network (RAN) architecture, such as an Open RAN (O-RAN) or Virtualized RAN (VRAN) architecture. FIG. 2 depicts and describes an example disaggregated BS architecture.
[0038] Different BSs 102 within wireless communications network 100 may also be configured to support different radio access technologies, such as 3G, 4G, and / or 5G. For example, BSs 102 configured for 4G LTE (collectively referred to as Evolved Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN) ) may interface with the EPC 160 through first backhaul links 132 (e.g., an S1 interface) . BSs 102 configured for 5G (e.g., 5G NR or Next Generation RAN (NG-RAN) ) may interface with 5GC 190 through second backhaul links 184. BSs 102 may communicate directly or indirectly (e.g., through the EPC 160 or 5GC 190) with each other over third backhaul links 134 (e.g., X2 interface) , which may be wired or wireless.
[0039] Wireless communications network 100 may subdivide the electromagnetic spectrum into various classes, bands, channels, or other features. In some aspects, the subdivision is provided based on wavelength and frequency, where frequency may also be referred to as a carrier, a subcarrier, a frequency channel, a tone, or a subband. For example, 3GPP currently defines Frequency Range 1 (FR1) as including 600 MHz –6 GHz, which is often referred to (interchangeably) as “Sub-6 GHz” . Similarly, 3GPP currently defines Frequency Range 2 (FR2) as including 26 –41 GHz, which is sometimes referred to (interchangeably) as a “millimeter wave” ( “mmW” or “mmWave” ) . A BS configured to communicate using mmWave / near mmWave radio frequency bands (e.g., a mmWave BS such as BS 180) may utilize beamforming (e.g., 182) with a UE (e.g., 104) to improve path loss and range.
[0040] The communications links 120 between BSs 102 and, for example, UEs 104, may be through one or more carriers, which may have different bandwidths (e.g., 5, 10, 15, 20, 100, 400, and / or other MHz) , and which may be aggregated in various aspects. Carriers may or may not be adjacent to each other. Allocation of carriers may be asymmetric with respect to DL and UL (e.g., more or fewer carriers may be allocated for DL than for UL) .
[0041] Communications using higher frequency bands may have higher path loss and a shorter range compared to lower frequency communications. Accordingly, certain BSs (e.g., 180 in FIG. 1) may utilize beamforming 182 with a UE 104 to improve path loss and range. For example, BS 180 and the UE 104 may each include a plurality of antennas, such as antenna elements, antenna panels, and / or antenna arrays to facilitate the beamforming. In some cases, BS 180 may transmit a beamformed signal to UE 104 in one or more transmit directions 182’. UE 104 may receive the beamformed signal from the BS 180 in one or more receive directions 182”. UE 104 may also transmit a beamformed signal to the BS 180 in one or more transmit directions 182”. BS 180 may also receive the beamformed signal from UE 104 in one or more receive directions 182’. BS 180 and UE 104 may then perform beam training to determine the best receive and transmit directions for each of BS 180 and UE 104. Notably, the transmit and receive directions for BS 180 may or may not be the same. Similarly, the transmit and receive directions for UE 104 may or may not be the same.
[0042] Wireless communications network 100 further includes a Wi-Fi AP 150 in communication with Wi-Fi stations (STAs) 152 via communications links 154 in, for example, a 2.4 GHz and / or 5 GHz unlicensed frequency spectrum.
[0043] Certain UEs 104 may communicate with each other using device-to-device (D2D) communications link 158. D2D communications link 158 may use one or more sidelink channels, such as a physical sidelink broadcast channel (PSBCH) , a physical sidelink discovery channel (PSDCH) , a physical sidelink shared channel (PSSCH) , a physical sidelink control channel (PSCCH) , and / or a physical sidelink feedback channel (PSFCH) .
[0044] EPC 160 may include various functional components, including: a Mobility Management Entity (MME) 162, other MMEs 164, a Serving Gateway 166, a Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service (MBMS) Gateway 168, a Broadcast Multicast Service Center (BM-SC) 170, and / or a Packet Data Network (PDN) Gateway 172, such as in the depicted example. MME 162 may be in communication with a Home Subscriber Server (HSS) 174. MME 162 is the control node that processes the signaling between the UEs 104 and the EPC 160. Generally, MME 162 provides bearer and connection management.
[0045] Generally, user Internet protocol (IP) packets are transferred through Serving Gateway 166, which itself is connected to PDN Gateway 172. PDN Gateway 172 provides UE IP address allocation as well as other functions. PDN Gateway 172 and the BM-SC 170 are connected to IP Services 176, which may include, for example, the Internet, an intranet, an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) , a Packet Switched (PS) streaming service, and / or other IP services.
[0046] BM-SC 170 may provide functions for MBMS user service provisioning and delivery. BM-SC 170 may serve as an entry point for content provider MBMS transmission, may be used to authorize and initiate MBMS Bearer Services within a public land mobile network (PLMN) , and / or may be used to schedule MBMS transmissions. MBMS Gateway 168 may be used to distribute MBMS traffic to the BSs 102 belonging to a Multicast Broadcast Single Frequency Network (MBSFN) area broadcasting a particular service, and / or may be responsible for session management (start / stop) and for collecting eMBMS related charging information.
[0047] 5GC 190 may include various functional components, including: an Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) 192, other AMFs 193, a Session Management Function (SMF) 194, and a User Plane Function (UPF) 195. AMF 192 may be in communication with Unified Data Management (UDM) 196.
[0048] AMF 192 is a control node that processes signaling between UEs 104 and 5GC 190. AMF 192 provides, for example, quality of service (QoS) flow and session management.
[0049] Internet protocol (IP) packets are transferred through UPF 195, which is connected to the IP Services 197, and which provides UE IP address allocation as well as other functions for 5GC 190. IP Services 197 may include, for example, the Internet, an intranet, an IMS, a PS streaming service, and / or other IP services.
[0050] Wireless communication network 100 further includes beam component 198, which may be configured to perform method 1300 of FIG 13. Wireless communication network 100 further includes beam component 199, which may be configured to perform method 1300 of FIG. 13.
[0051] In various aspects, a network entity or network node can be implemented as an aggregated BS, as a disaggregated BS, a component of a BS, an integrated access and backhaul (IAB) node, a relay node, a sidelink node, to name a few examples.
[0052] FIG. 2 depicts an example disaggregated BS 200 architecture. The disaggregated BS 200 architecture may include one or more central units (CUs) 210 that can communicate directly with a core network 220 via a backhaul link, or indirectly with the core network 220 through one or more disaggregated BS units (such as a Near-Real Time (Near-RT) RAN Intelligent Controller (RIC) 225 via an E2 link, or a Non-Real Time (Non-RT) RIC 215 associated with a Service Management and Orchestration (SMO) Framework 205, or both) . A CU 210 may communicate with one or more distributed units (DUs) 230 via respective midhaul links, such as an F1 interface. The DUs 230 may communicate with one or more radio units (RUs) 240 via respective fronthaul links. The RUs 240 may communicate with respective UEs 104 via one or more radio frequency (RF) access links. In some implementations, the UE 104 may be simultaneously served by multiple RUs 240.
[0053] Each of the units, e.g., the CUs 210, the DUs 230, the RUs 240, as well as the Near-RT RICs 225, the Non-RT RICs 215 and the SMO Framework 245, may include one or more interfaces or be coupled to one or more interfaces configured to receive or transmit signals, data, or information (collectively, signals) via a wired or wireless transmission medium. Each of the units, or an associated processor or controller providing instructions to the communications interfaces of the units, can be configured to communicate with one or more of the other units via the transmission medium. For example, the units can include a wired interface configured to receive or transmit signals over a wired transmission medium to one or more of the other units. Additionally or alternatively, the units can include a wireless interface, which may include a receiver, a transmitter or transceiver (such as a radio frequency (RF) transceiver) , configured to receive or transmit signals, or both, over a wireless transmission medium to one or more of the other units.
[0054] In some aspects, the CU 210 may host one or more higher layer control functions. Such control functions can include radio resource control (RRC) , packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) , service data adaptation protocol (SDAP) , or the like. Each control function can be implemented with an interface configured to communicate signals with other control functions hosted by the CU 210. The CU 210 may be configured to handle user plane functionality (e.g., Central Unit –User Plane (CU-UP) ) , control plane functionality (e.g., Central Unit –Control Plane (CU-CP) ) , or a combination thereof. In some implementations, the CU 210 can be logically split into one or more CU-UP units and one or more CU-CP units. The CU-UP unit can communicate bidirectionally with the CU-CP unit via an interface, such as the E1 interface when implemented in an O-RAN configuration. The CU 210 can be implemented to communicate with the DU 230, as necessary, for network control and signaling.
[0055] The DU 230 may correspond to a logical unit that includes one or more BS functions to control the operation of one or more RUs 240. In some aspects, the DU 230 may host one or more of a radio link control (RLC) layer, a medium access control (MAC) layer, and one or more high physical (PHY) layers (such as modules for forward error correction (FEC) encoding and decoding, scrambling, modulation and demodulation, or the like) depending, at least in part, on a functional split, such as those defined by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) . In some aspects, the DU 230 may further host one or more low PHY layers. Each layer (or module) can be implemented with an interface configured to communicate signals with other layers (and modules) hosted by the DU 230, or with the control functions hosted by the CU 210.
[0056] Lower-layer functionality can be implemented by one or more RUs 240. In some deployments, an RU 240, controlled by a DU 230, may correspond to a logical node that hosts RF processing functions, or low-PHY layer functions (such as performing fast Fourier transform (FFT) , inverse FFT (iFFT) , digital beamforming, physical random access channel (PRACH) extraction and filtering, or the like) , or both, based at least in part on the functional split, such as a lower layer functional split. In such an architecture, the RU (s) 240 can be implemented to handle over the air (OTA) communications with one or more UEs 104. In some implementations, real-time and non-real-time aspects of control and user plane communications with the RU (s) 240 can be controlled by the corresponding DU 230. In some scenarios, this configuration can enable the DU (s) 230 and the CU 210 to be implemented in a cloud-based RAN architecture, such as a vRAN architecture.
[0057] The SMO Framework 205 may be configured to support RAN deployment and provisioning of non-virtualized and virtualized network elements. For non-virtualized network elements, the SMO Framework 205 may be configured to support the deployment of dedicated physical resources for RAN coverage requirements which may be managed via an operations and maintenance interface (such as an O1 interface) . For virtualized network elements, the SMO Framework 205 may be configured to interact with a cloud computing platform (such as an open cloud (O-Cloud) 290) to perform network element life cycle management (such as to instantiate virtualized network elements) via a cloud computing platform interface (such as an O2 interface) . Such virtualized network elements can include, but are not limited to, CUs 210, DUs 230, RUs 240 and Near-RT RICs 225. In some implementations, the SMO Framework 205 can communicate with a hardware aspect of a 4G RAN, such as an open eNB (O-eNB) 211, via an O1 interface. Additionally, in some implementations, the SMO Framework 205 can communicate directly with one or more RUs 240 via an O1 interface. The SMO Framework 205 also may include a Non-RT RIC 215 configured to support functionality of the SMO Framework 205.
[0058] The Non-RT RIC 215 may be configured to include a logical function that enables non-real-time control and optimization of RAN elements and resources, Artificial Intelligence / Machine Learning (AI / ML) workflows including model training and updates, or policy-based guidance of applications / features in the Near-RT RIC 225. The Non-RT RIC 215 may be coupled to or communicate with (such as via an A1 interface) the Near-RT RIC 225. The Near-RT RIC 225 may be configured to include a logical function that enables near-real-time control and optimization of RAN elements and resources via data collection and actions over an interface (such as via an E2 interface) connecting one or more CUs 210, one or more DUs 230, or both, as well as an O-eNB, with the Near-RT RIC 225.
[0059] In some implementations, to generate AI / ML models to be deployed in the Near-RT RIC 225, the Non-RT RIC 215 may receive parameters or external enrichment information from external servers. Such information may be utilized by the Near-RT RIC 225 and may be received at the SMO Framework 205 or the Non-RT RIC 215 from non-network data sources or from network functions. In some examples, the Non-RT RIC 215 or the Near-RT RIC 225 may be configured to tune RAN behavior or performance. For example, the Non-RT RIC 215 may monitor long-term trends and patterns for performance and employ AI / ML models to perform corrective actions through the SMO Framework 205 (such as reconfiguration via O1) or via creation of RAN management policies (such as A1 policies) .
[0060] FIG. 3 depicts aspects of an example BS 102 and a UE 104.
[0061] Generally, BS 102 includes various processors (e.g., 324, 330, 338, and 340) , antennas 334a-t (collectively 334) , transceivers 332a-t (collectively 332) , which include modulators and demodulators, and other aspects, which enable wireless transmission of data (e.g., data source 312) and wireless reception of data (e.g., data sink 339) . For example, BS 102 may send and receive data between BS 102 and UE 104. BS 102 includes controller / processor 340, which may be configured to implement various functions described herein related to wireless communications.
[0062] BS 102 includes controller / processor 340, which may be configured to implement various functions related to wireless communications. In the depicted example, controller / processor 340 includes beam component 341, which may be representative of beam component 199 of FIG. 1. Notably, while depicted as an aspect of controller / processor 340, beam component 341 may be implemented additionally or alternatively in various other aspects of BS 102 in other implementations.
[0063] Generally, UE 104 includes various processors (e.g., 358, 364, 366, and 380) , antennas 352a-r (collectively 352) , transceivers 354a-r (collectively 354) , which include modulators and demodulators, and other aspects, which enable wireless transmission of data (e.g., retrieved from data source 362) and wireless reception of data (e.g., provided to data sink 360) . UE 104 includes controller / processor 380, which may be configured to implement various functions described herein related to wireless communications.
[0064] UE 104 includes controller / processor 380, which may be configured to implement various functions related to wireless communications. In the depicted example, controller / processor 380 includes beam component 381, which may be representative of beam component 138 of FIG. 1. Notably, while depicted as an aspect of controller / processor 380, beam component 381 may be implemented additionally or alternatively in various other aspects of UE 104 in other implementations.
[0065] In regards to an example downlink transmission, BS 102 includes a transmit processor 320 that may receive data from a data source 312 and control information from a controller / processor 340. The control information may be for the physical broadcast channel (PBCH) , physical control format indicator channel (PCFICH) , physical HARQ indicator channel (PHICH) , physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) , group common PDCCH (GC PDCCH) , and / or others. The data may be for the physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) , in some examples.
[0066] Transmit processor 320 may process (e.g., encode and symbol map) the data and control information to obtain data symbols and control symbols, respectively. Transmit processor 320 may also generate reference symbols, such as for the primary synchronization signal (PSS) , secondary synchronization signal (SSS) , PBCH demodulation reference signal (DMRS) , and channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS) .
[0067] Transmit (TX) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) processor 330 may perform spatial processing (e.g., precoding) on the data symbols, the control symbols, and / or the reference symbols, if applicable, and may provide output symbol streams to the modulators (MODs) in transceivers 332a-332t. Each modulator in transceivers 332a-332t may process a respective output symbol stream to obtain an output sample stream. Each modulator may further process (e.g., convert to analog, amplify, filter, and upconvert) the output sample stream to obtain a downlink signal. Downlink signals from the modulators in transceivers 332a-332t may be transmitted via the antennas 334a-334t, respectively.
[0068] In order to receive the downlink transmission, UE 104 includes antennas 352a-352r that may receive the downlink signals from the BS 102 and may provide received signals to the demodulators (DEMODs) in transceivers 354a-354r, respectively. Each demodulator in transceivers 354a-354r may condition (e.g., filter, amplify, downconvert, and digitize) a respective received signal to obtain input samples. Each demodulator may further process the input samples to obtain received symbols.
[0069] MIMO detector 356 may obtain received symbols from all the demodulators in transceivers 354a-354r, perform MIMO detection on the received symbols if applicable, and provide detected symbols. Receive processor 358 may process (e.g., demodulate, deinterleave, and decode) the detected symbols, provide decoded data for the UE 104 to a data sink 360, and provide decoded control information to a controller / processor 380.
[0070] In regards to an example uplink transmission, UE 104 further includes a transmit processor 364 that may receive and process data (e.g., for the PUSCH) from a data source 362 and control information (e.g., for the physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) ) from the controller / processor 380. Transmit processor 364 may also generate reference symbols for a reference signal (e.g., for the SRS) . The symbols from the transmit processor 364 may be precoded by a TX MIMO processor 366 if applicable, further processed by the modulators in transceivers 354a-354r (e.g., for SC-FDM) , and transmitted to BS 102.
[0071] At BS 102, the uplink signals from UE 104 may be received by antennas 334a-t, processed by the demodulators in transceivers 332a-332t, detected by a MIMO detector 336 if applicable, and further processed by a receive processor 338 to obtain decoded data and control information sent by UE 104. Receive processor 338 may provide the decoded data to a data sink 339 and the decoded control information to the controller / processor 340.
[0072] Memories 342 and 382 may store data and program codes for BS 102 and UE 104, respectively.
[0073] Scheduler 344 may schedule UEs 104 for data transmission on the downlink and / or uplink.
[0074] In various aspects, BS 102 may be described as transmitting and receiving various types of data associated with the methods described herein. In these contexts, “transmitting” may refer to various mechanisms of providing or outputting data, such as outputting data from data source 312, scheduler 344, memory 342, transmit processor 320, controller / processor 340, TX MIMO processor 330, transceivers 332a-t, antenna 334a-t, and / or other aspects described herein. Similarly, “receiving” may refer to various mechanisms of obtaining data, such as obtaining data from antennas 334a-t, transceivers 332a-t, RX MIMO detector 336, controller / processor 340, receive processor 338, scheduler 344, memory 342, and / or other aspects described herein.
[0075] In various aspects, UE 104 may likewise be described as transmitting and receiving various types of data associated with the methods described herein. In these contexts, “transmitting” may refer to various mechanisms of outputting data, such as outputting data from data source 362, memory 382, transmit processor 364, controller / processor 380, TX MIMO processor 366, transceivers 354a-t, antenna 352a-t, and / or other aspects described herein. Similarly, “receiving” may refer to various mechanisms of obtaining data, such as obtaining data from antennas 352a-t, transceivers 354a-t, RX MIMO detector 356, controller / processor 380, receive processor 358, memory 382, and / or other aspects described herein.
[0076] In some aspects, a processor may be configured to perform various operations, such as those associated with the methods described herein, and transmit (output) to or receive (obtain) data from another interface that is configured to transmit or receive, respectively, the data.
[0077] FIG. 4A, FIG. 4B, FIG. 4C, and FIG. 4D depict aspects of data structures for a wireless communications network, such as wireless communications network 100 of FIG. 1.
[0078] In particular, FIG. 4A is a diagram 400 illustrating an example of a first subframe within a 5G (e.g., 5G NR) frame structure, FIG. 4B is a diagram 430 illustrating an example of DL channels within a 5G subframe, FIG. 4C is a diagram 450 illustrating an example of a second subframe within a 5G frame structure, and FIG. 4D is a diagram 480 illustrating an example of UL channels within a 5G subframe.
[0079] Wireless communications systems may utilize orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) with a cyclic prefix (CP) on the uplink and downlink. Such systems may also support half-duplex operation using time division duplexing (TDD) . OFDM and single-carrier frequency division multiplexing (SC-FDM) partition the system bandwidth (e.g., as depicted in FIG. 4B and FIG. 4D) into multiple orthogonal subcarriers. Each subcarrier may be modulated with data. Modulation symbols may be sent in the frequency domain with OFDM and / or in the time domain with SC-FDM.
[0080] A wireless communications frame structure may be frequency division duplex (FDD) , in which, for a particular set of subcarriers, subframes within the set of subcarriers are dedicated for either DL or UL. Wireless communications frame structures may also be TDD, in which, for a particular set of subcarriers, subframes within the set of subcarriers are dedicated for both DL and UL.
[0081] In FIG. 4A and 4C, the wireless communications frame structure is TDD where D is DL, U is UL, and X is flexible for use between DL / UL. UEs 104 may be configured with a slot format through a received slot format indicator (SFI) (dynamically through DL control information (DCI) , or semi-statically / statically through radio resource control (RRC) signaling) . In the depicted examples, a 10 ms frame is divided into 10 equally sized 1 ms subframes. Each subframe may include one or more time slots. In some examples, each slot may include 7 or 14 symbols, depending on the slot format. Subframes may also include mini-slots, which generally have fewer symbols than an entire slot. Other wireless communications technologies may have a different frame structure and / or different channels.
[0082] In certain aspects, the number of slots within a subframe is based on a slot configuration and a numerology. For example, for slot configuration 0, different numerologies (μ) 0 to 5 allow for 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 32 slots, respectively, per subframe. For slot configuration 1, different numerologies 0 to 2 allow for 2, 4, and 8 slots, respectively, per subframe. Accordingly, for slot configuration 0 and numerology μ, there are 14 symbols / slot and 2μ slots / subframe. The subcarrier spacing and symbol length / duration are a function of the numerology. The subcarrier spacing may be equal to 2μ×15 kHz, where μ is the numerology 0 to 5. As such, the numerology μ=0 has a subcarrier spacing of 15 kHz and the numerology μ=5 has a subcarrier spacing of 480 kHz. The symbol length / duration is inversely related to the subcarrier spacing. FIG. 4A, FIG. 4B, FIG. 4C, and FIG. 4D provide an example of slot configuration 0 with 14 symbols per slot and numerology μ=2 with 4 slots per subframe. The slot duration is 0.25 ms, the subcarrier spacing is 60 kHz, and the symbol duration is approximately 16.67 μs.
[0083] As depicted in FIG. 4A, FIG. 4B, FIG. 4C, and FIG. 4D, a resource grid may be used to represent the frame structure. Each time slot includes a resource block (RB) (also referred to as physical RBs (PRBs) ) that extends, for example, 12 consecutive subcarriers. The resource grid is divided into multiple resource elements (REs) . The number of bits carried by each RE depends on the modulation scheme.
[0084] As illustrated in FIG. 4A, some of the REs carry reference (pilot) signals (RS) for a UE (e.g., UE 104 of FIG. 1 and FIG. 3) . The RS may include demodulation RS (DMRS) and / or channel state information reference signals (CSI-RS) for channel estimation at the UE. The RS may also include beam measurement RS (BRS) , beam refinement RS (BRRS) , and / or phase tracking RS (PT-RS) .
[0085] FIG. 4B illustrates an example of various DL channels within a subframe of a frame. The physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) carries DCI within one or more control channel elements (CCEs) , each CCE including, for example, nine RE groups (REGs) , each REG including, for example, four consecutive REs in an OFDM symbol.
[0086] A primary synchronization signal (PSS) may be within symbol 2 of particular subframes of a frame. The PSS is used by a UE (e.g., 104 of FIG. 1 and FIG. 3) to determine subframe / symbol timing and a physical layer identity.
[0087] A secondary synchronization signal (SSS) may be within symbol 4 of particular subframes of a frame. The SSS is used by a UE to determine a physical layer cell identity group number and radio frame timing.
[0088] Based on the physical layer identity and the physical layer cell identity group number, the UE can determine a physical cell identifier (PCI) . Based on the PCI, the UE can determine the locations of the aforementioned DMRS. The physical broadcast channel (PBCH) , which carries a master information block (MIB) , may be logically grouped with the PSS and SSS to form a synchronization signal (SS) / PBCH block. The MIB provides a number of RBs in the system bandwidth and a system frame number (SFN) . The physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) carries user data, broadcast system information not transmitted through the PBCH such as system information blocks (SIBs) , and / or paging messages.
[0089] As illustrated in FIG. 4C, some of the REs carry DMRS (indicated as R for one particular configuration, but other DMRS configurations are possible) for channel estimation at the BS. The UE may transmit DMRS for the PUCCH and DMRS for the PUSCH. The PUSCH DMRS may be transmitted, for example, in the first one or two symbols of the PUSCH. The PUCCH DMRS may be transmitted in different configurations depending on whether short or long PUCCHs are transmitted and depending on the particular PUCCH format used. UE 104 may transmit sounding reference signals (SRS) . The SRS may be transmitted, for example, in the last symbol of a subframe. The SRS may have a comb structure, and a UE may transmit SRS on one of the combs. The SRS may be used by a BS for channel quality estimation to enable frequency-dependent scheduling on the UL.
[0090] FIG. 4D illustrates an example of various UL channels within a subframe of a frame. The PUCCH may be located as indicated in one configuration. The PUCCH carries uplink control information (UCI) , such as scheduling requests, a channel quality indicator (CQI) , a precoding matrix indicator (PMI) , a rank indicator (RI) , and HARQ ACK / NACK feedback. The PUSCH carries data, and may additionally be used to carry a buffer status report (BSR) , a power headroom report (PHR) , and / or UCI.
[0091] Introduction to mmWave Wireless Communications
[0092] In wireless communications, an electromagnetic spectrum is often subdivided into various classes, bands, channels, or other features. The subdivision is often provided based on wavelength and frequency, where frequency may also be referred to as a carrier, a subcarrier, a frequency channel, a tone, or a subband.
[0093] 5th generation (5G) networks may utilize several frequency ranges, which in some cases are defined by a standard, such as 3rd generation partnership project (3GPP) standards. For example, 3GPP technical standard TS 38.101 currently defines Frequency Range 1 (FR1) as including 600 MHz –6 GHz, though specific uplink and downlink allocations may fall outside of this general range. Thus, FR1 is often referred to (interchangeably) as a “Sub-6 GHz” band.
[0094] Similarly, TS 38.101 currently defines Frequency Range 2 (FR2) as including 26 –41 GHz, though again specific uplink and downlink allocations may fall outside of this general range. FR2, is sometimes referred to (interchangeably) as a “millimeter wave” ( “mmW” or “mmWave” ) band, despite being different from the extremely high frequency (EHF) band (30 GHz –300 GHz) that is identified by the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) as a “millimeter wave” band because wavelengths at these frequencies are between 1 millimeter and 10 millimeters.
[0095] Communications using mmWave / near mmWave radio frequency band (e.g., 3 GHz –300 GHz) may have higher path loss and a shorter range compared to lower frequency communications. As described above with respect to FIG. 1, a base station (BS) (e.g., 180) configured to communicate using mmWave / near mmWave radio frequency bands may utilize beamforming (e.g., 182) with a user equipment (UE) (e.g., 104) to improve path loss and range.
[0096] Overview of Beam Refinement Procedures
[0097] In mmWave systems, beam forming may be important to overcome high path-losses. As described herein, beamforming may refer to establishing a link between a base station (BS) and a user equipment (UE) , wherein both of the devices form a beam corresponding to each other. Both the BS and the UE find at least one adequate beam to form a communication link. BS-beam and UE-beam form what is known as a beam pair link (BPL) . As an example, on a downlink (DL) , a BS may use a transmit beam and a UE may use a receive beam corresponding to the transmit beam to receive the transmission. The combination of a transmit beam and corresponding receive beam may be a BPL.
[0098] As a part of beam management, beams which are used by BS and UE have to be refined from time to time because of changing channel conditions, for example, due to movement of the UE or other objects. Additionally, the performance of a BPL may be subject to fading due to Doppler spread. Because of changing channel conditions over time, the BPL should be periodically updated or refined. Accordingly, it may be beneficial if the BS and the UE monitor beams and new BPLs.
[0099] At least one BPL has to be established for network access. As described above, new BPLs may need to be discovered later for different purposes. The BS may decide to use different BPLs for different channels, or for communicating with different BSs (such as transmit receive points (TRPs) ) or as fallback BPLs in case an existing BPL fails.
[0100] The UE monitors the quality of a BPL and the BS may refine a BPL from time to time.
[0101] FIG. 5 illustrates a diagram 500 depicting for BPL discovery and refinement. In 5G new radio (NR) , P1, P2, and P3 procedures are used for BPL discovery and refinement. A network entity (e.g., a BS such as a gNodeB (gNB) ) uses a P1 procedure to enable the discovery of new BPLs. In the P1 procedure, as illustrated in FIG. 5, the BS transmits different symbols of a reference signal, each beam formed in a different spatial direction such that several (e.g., most or all) relevant places of the cell are reached. Stated otherwise, the BS transmits beams using different transmit beams over time in different directions.
[0102] For successful reception of at least a symbol of this “P1-signal” , the UE has to find an appropriate receive beam. It searches using available receive beams and applying a different UE-beam during each occurrence of the periodic P1-signal.
[0103] Once the UE has succeeded in receiving a symbol of the P1-signal it has discovered a BPL. The UE may not want to wait until it has found the best UE receive beam, since this may delay further actions. The UE may measure a reference signal receive power (RSRP) and report the symbol index together with the RSRP to the BS. Such a report will typically contain the findings of one or more BPLs.
[0104] In an example, the UE may determine a received signal having a high RSRP. The UE may not know which beam the BS used to transmit; however, the UE may report to the BS the time at which it observed the signal having a high RSRP. The BS may receive this report and may determine which BS beam the BS used at the given time.
[0105] The BS may then offer P2 and P3 procedures to refine an individual BPL. The P2 procedure refines the BS-beam of a BPL. For example, the BS may transmit a few symbols of a reference signal with different BS-beams that are spatially close to the BS-beam of the BPL (the BS performs a sweep using neighboring beams around the selected beam) . In P2, the UE keeps its beam constant. Thus, while the UE uses the same beam as in the BPL (as illustrated in P2 procedure in FIG. 5) . The BS-beams used for P2 may be different from those for P1 in that they may be spaced closer together or they may be more focused. The UE may measure the RSRP for the various BS-beams and indicate the best one to the BS.
[0106] The P3 procedure refines the UE-beam of a BPL (see P3 procedure in FIG. 5) . While the BS-beam stays constant, the UE scans using different receive beams (the UE performs a sweep using neighboring beams) . The UE may measure the RSRP of each beam and identify the best UE-beam. Afterwards, the UE may use the best UE-beam for the BPL and report the RSRP to the BS.
[0107] Over time, the BS and UE establish several BPLs. When the BS transmits a certain channel or signal, it lets the UE know which BPL will be involved, such that the UE may tune in the direction of the correct UE receive beam before the signal starts. In this manner, every sample of that signal or channel may be received by the UE using the correct receive beam. In an example, the BS may indicate for a scheduled signal (e.g., a sounding reference signal (SRS) , a channel state information –reference signal (CSI-RS) ) or a channel (e.g., a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) , a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) , a physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) , a physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) ) which BPL is involved.
[0108] Overview of Beam Management
[0109] In wireless communications, various procedures may be performed for beam management. FIG. 6 illustrates a diagram 600 depicting example operations where beam management may be performed. In initial access 602, a network entity (e.g., a base station (BS) ) may sweep through several beams, for example, via synchronization signal blocks (SSBs) . The network entity may configure a user equipment (UE) with random access channel (RACH) resources associated with beamformed SSBs to facilitate an initial access via the RACH resources. In certain aspects, an SSB may have a wider beam shape compared to other reference signals, such as a channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS) . A UE may use SSB detection to identify a RACH occasion (RO) for sending a RACH preamble (e.g., as part of a contention-based Random Access (CBRA) procedure) .
[0110] In connected mode 604, the network entity and the UE may perform hierarchical beam refinement including beam selection (e.g., a process referred to as P1) , beam refinement for the transmitter (e.g., a process referred to as P2) , and beam refinement for the receiver (e.g., a process referred to as P3) . In beam selection (P1) , the network entity may sweep through beams, and the UE may report the beam with the best channel properties, for example. In beam refinement for the transmitter (P2) , the network entity may sweep through narrower beams, and the UE may report the beam with the best channel properties among the narrow beams. In beam refinement for the receiver (P3) , the network entity may transmit using the same beam repeatedly, and the UE may refine spatial reception parameters (e.g., a spatial filter) for receiving signals from the network entity via the beam. In certain aspects, the network entity and UE may perform complementary procedures (e.g., U1, U2, and U3) for uplink beam management.
[0111] In certain cases where a beam failure occurs (e.g., due to beam misalignment and / or blockage) , the UE may perform a beam failure recovery (BFR) procedure 606, which may allow a UE to return to connected mode 604 without performing a radio link failure (RLF) procedure 608. For example, the UE may be configured with candidate beams for beam failure recovery. In response to detecting a beam failure, the UE may request the network entity to perform beam failure recovery via one of the candidate beams (e.g., one of the candidate beams with a reference signal received power (RSRP) above a certain threshold) . In certain cases where RLF occurs, the UE may perform the RLF procedure 608 (e.g., a RACH procedure) to recover from the RLF.
[0112] Overview of Framework for Artificial Intelligence (AI) / Machine Learning (ML) in a Radio Access Network (RAN)
[0113] FIG. 7 illustrates a diagram 700 depicting an example of artificial intelligence (AI) / machine learning (ML) functional framework for radio access network (RAN) intelligence. The AI / ML functional framework includes a data collection function 702, a model (or prediction algorithm) training function 704, a model (or prediction algorithm) inference function 706, and an actor function 708, which interoperate to provide a platform for collaboratively applying AI / ML to various procedures in the RAN.
[0114] The data collection function 702 provides input data to the model training function 704 and the model inference function 706. AI / ML algorithm specific data preparation (e.g., data pre-processing and cleaning, formatting, and transformation) may not be carried out in the data collection function 702.
[0115] Examples of input data to the data collection function 702 (or other functions) may include measurements from UEs or different network entities, feedback from the actor function, and output from an AI / ML model (e.g., such as a prediction algorithm) . In some cases, analysis of data needed at the model training function 704 and the model inference function 706 may be performed at the data collection function 702. As illustrated, the data collection function 702 may deliver training data to the model training function 704 and inference data to the model inference function 706.
[0116] The model training function 704 may perform AI / ML model training, validation, and testing, which may generate model performance metrics as part of the model testing procedure. The model training function 704 may also be responsible for data preparation (e.g., data pre-processing and cleaning, formatting, and transformation) based on the training data delivered by the data collection function 702, if required.
[0117] The model training function 704 may provide model deployment / update data to the Model interface function 706. The model deployment / update data may be used to initially deploy a trained, validated, and tested AI / ML model to the model inference function 706 or to deliver an updated model to the model inference function 706.
[0118] As illustrated, the model inference function 706 may provide AI / ML model inference output (e.g., predictions or decisions) to the actor function 708 and may also provide model performance feedback to the model training function 704, at times. The model inference function 706 may be responsible for data preparation (e.g., data pre-processing and cleaning, formatting, and transformation) based on inference data delivered by the data collection function 702, at times.
[0119] The inference output of the AI / ML model may be produced by the model inference function 706. Specific details of this output may be specific in terms of use cases. The model performance feedback may be used for monitoring the performance of the AI / ML model, at times. In some cases, the model performance feedback may be delivered to the model training function 704, for example, if certain information derived from the model inference function is suitable for improvement of the AI / ML model trained in the model training function 704.
[0120] The model inference function 706 may signal the outputs of the model to nodes that have requested them (e.g., via subscription) , or nodes that take actions based on the output from the model inference function. An AI / ML model used in a model inference function 706 may need to be initially trained, validated and tested by a model training function before deployment. The model training function 704 and model inference function 706 may be able to request specific information to be used to train or execute the AI / ML algorithm and to avoid reception of unnecessary information. The nature of such information may depend on the use case and on the AI / ML algorithm.
[0121] The actor function 708 may receive the output from the model inference function 706, which may trigger or perform corresponding actions. The actor function 708 may trigger actions directed to other entities or to itself. The feedback generated by the actor function 708 may provide information used to derive training data, inference data or to monitor the performance of the AI / ML model. As noted above, input data for a data collection function 702 may include this feedback from the actor function 708. The feedback from the actor function 708 or other network entities (e.g., via data collection function) may also be used at the model inference function 706.
[0122] The AI / ML functional framework may be deployed in various RAN intelligence-based use cases. Such use cases may include channel state information (CSI) feedback enhancement, enhanced beam management (BM) , positioning and location accuracy enhancement, and various other use cases.
[0123] Overview of Artificial Intelligence (AI) / Machine Learning (ML) Beam Prediction
[0124] 5G-Advanced wireless networks herald the prospect of a thoroughly interconnected and mobile society characterized by the expectation of a high throughput, energy efficient, immersive and data-driven radio access networks (RANs) . Coupled with data-driven approaches, a RAN has the potential to develop predictive capabilities that learn from an environment through the use of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) techniques. Therefore, companies are presently integrating AI / ML technologies into the existing 5G network and devices.
[0125] Beam management (BM) represents one use case for applying AI / ML models. A legacy BM process is time-inefficient and not scalable when a size of antenna arrays of a device increases. ML algorithms may replace sequential beam sweeping by predicting beams in both time and spatial domains.
[0126] For beam prediction, a user equipment (UE) may measure a first set of transmit (TX) beams defined as set B beams and may predict a second set of Tx beams defined as set A beams. The set B beams may have different characteristics such as beam shape, width and / or set of angular directions in comparison to the beams in a set A. For instance, the set B beams may be wide synchronization signal block (SSB) beams used for transmitting synchronization signals and providing coverage, whereas the set A beams may be refined channel state information -reference signal (CSI-RS) beams used for improving signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) at the UE. A wide SSB beam in a set B may be generated by a linear combination of adjacent CSI-RS beams in the set A where one SSB beam may encompass multiple (e.g., three) adjacent CSI-RS beams in azimuth direction and two CSI-RS beams in elevation direction. Thus, given an input constituted by measurements of the SSB beams, an AI / ML model may provide as output top K number of predicted CSI-RS beam indices.
[0127] The AI / ML model for the beam prediction may be trained and deployed at the UE and at a gNodeB (gNB) .
[0128] Data collection for AI / ML model training may use beam measurement and reporting frameworks. For instance, the gNB configures the UE with a CSI reporting configuration to perform measurements of the set A and set B beams. The measurements collected across various UEs and time occasions may be uploaded to a server for offline AI / ML model training. The UE may measure reference signal (RS) resources corresponding to different TX beams using an optimal receive (RX) beam determined by previous measurements. The UE may filter instantaneous reference signal receive power (RSRP) measurements to mitigate the effects of fast fading with a layer-1 (L1) filter and collect L1-RSRP measurements.
[0129] For a UE-sided AI / ML model, data may be collected by measuring RSs corresponding to the set A and set B beams at the UE, where the set A measurements may be used to derive a best beam index to be used as a label and L1-RSRP measurements associated with the set B beams to be used as input data. For a gNB-sided AI / ML model, the UE is configured to measure the set A and set B beams and report to the gNB a best beam index in the set A beams to be used as the label in addition to the L1-RSRP measurements of the set B beams for the input data.
[0130] Once the trained AI / ML model may be deployed at the UE or the gNB, the gNB configures the UE to measure the set B beams to be used as input to the AI / ML model during inference. For the UE-sided AI / ML model, the UE predicts a top K number of beams in the set A based on L1-RSRP measurements associated with the set B beams and then reports the predicted top K number of beams to the gNB. For the NW-sided AI / ML model, the UE may be configured to report all set B beam measurements to be used as input of the AI / ML model for inference.
[0131] After the UE performs inference and reports the predicted top K number of beams to the gNB or after the gNB obtains the predicted top K number of beams based on the inference, the gNB may perform an additional step of refined measurements of the top K number of predicted beams. Alternatively, the predicted top K number of predicted beams may be used directly without a step of refined measurements to make informed decisions (e.g., about transmission control information (TCI) state activation and indication to the UE) . A downlink control message (DCI) including a TCI state may be transmitted to the UE to indicate a downlink TX beam to use for receiving downlink channels.
[0132] Aspects Related to Consistency of Frequency Domain Parameters for UE-Side Beam Prediction
[0133] Aspects of the present disclosure describe techniques for managing consistency of frequency domain parameters (e.g., a bandwidth value, a frequency range, a resource block-level density) associated with different sets of beams (e.g., set A beams, set B beams) used during training of an AI / ML model and inference via the AI / ML model for beam prediction. For example, a same bandwidth value may be associated with the set A beams and the set B beams used during the training and the inference. In another example, a same frequency range may be associated with the set A beams and the set B beams used during the training and the inference. In another example, a same resource block-level density may be associated with the set A beams and the set B beams used during the training and the inference.
[0134] Particular aspects of the subject matter described in this disclosure can be implemented to realize one or more of the following potential advantages. In some examples, the described techniques may enable a good and reliable performance of the AI / ML model during the inference, which may improve beam prediction by the AI / ML model.
[0135] The techniques proposed herein for managing the frequency domain parameters associated with the different sets of beams may be further understood with reference to FIG. 8 -FIG. 14.
[0136] FIG. 8 depicts a call flow diagram 800 illustrating example communication among wireless nodes (e.g., a user equipment (UE) , a gNodeB (gNB) ) for managing frequency domain parameters (e.g., frequency domain components) associated with different sets of beams (e.g., set A beams and set B beams) across training of an AI / ML model (e.g., a prediction algorithm) and inference (or prediction) using the AI / ML model. The set A beams may be CSI-RS beams and the set B beams may be SSB beams.
[0137] The UE shown in FIG. 8 may be an example of the UE 104 depicted and described with respect to FIG. 1 and FIG. 3. The gNB depicted in FIG. 8 may be an example of the BS 102 depicted and described with respect to FIG. 1 and FIG. 3, or the disaggregated BS depicted and described with respect to FIG. 2.
[0138] As indicated at 810, the gNB transmits first signaling to the UE. The first signaling may carry a first configuration, which may configure the UE to perform measurements on resources associated with a first set of prediction targets and a first set of measurement resources (e.g., to generate measurement data to train the AI / ML model) . The first signaling may indicate an AI / ML model identifier associated with the AI / ML model.
[0139] The resources associated with the first set of prediction targets may be set A resources (e.g., such as the set A beams) such as CSI-RS resources (or beams) . The first set of measurement resources may be set B resources (e.g., such as the set B beams) such as SSB resources (or beams) . The measurements on the resources associated with the first set of the prediction targets and the first set of measurement resources may include reference signal receive power (RSRP) values and / or signal to interference and noise ratio (SINR) values.
[0140] For example, the UE may be signaled with a certain associated identification (ID) . The UE may also be scheduled with a certain number (RA, RB) of SSB / CSI-RS resources as set A, set B beams. The associated ID may be interpreted as dataset / configuration / scenario / codebook / functionality / model identifer, which may identify gNB-side conditions related with UE assumptions associated with AI / ML model life cycle management (e.g., data collection for the AI / ML model, training the AI / ML model, deployment of the AI / ML model, inference using the AI / ML model, performance monitoring of the AI / ML model, activation of the AI / ML model, deactivation of the AI / ML model, and / or switching of the AI / ML model) .
[0141] In some cases, as long as the same associated ID is identified across training of the AI / ML model and inference using the AI / ML model, gNB-side conditions for beam prediction may be assumed to be the same by the UE across the training and the inference. The gNB-side conditions for the beam prediction may include number / ordering / indexing of the set A / B beams, absolute / relative pointing directions (e.g., with respect to boresight direction relative to a center of transmit antenna panel) , beam shapes (i.e., angular specific beam forming gains) , quasi colocation (QCL) relationships across / within the set A / B beams, and temporal parameters (e.g., periodicity of the set A / B beams, target future occasions for temporal prediction) .
[0142] As indicated at 820, the UE trains the AI / ML model based on the measurement data corresponding to the measurements on the resources associated with the first set of the prediction targets and the first set of the measurement resources.
[0143] For example, the UE may train the AI / ML model based on measurements of the SSB / CSI-RS resources, to predict channel characteristics (e.g., layer 1 (L1) RSRP values, SINR values, probabilities to be top 1 / top K set A beams, and top K set A beam IDs with respect to L1-RSRP / SINR or with respect to probabilities to be top 1 / top K set A beams) on the set A beams based on actual measurements on the set B beams.
[0144] As indicated at 830, the gNB transmits second signaling to the UE. The second signaling may carry a second configuration, which may configure the UE to use measurements on a second set of the measurement resources as an input to the AI / ML model to predict channel characteristics associated with a second set of the prediction targets. The second signaling may also indicate the AI / ML model identifier associated with the AI / ML model. The second set of the prediction targets may be set A resources (e.g., such as the set A beams) . The first second set of the measurement resources may be set B resources (e.g., such as the set B beams) .
[0145] For example, the UE may be signaled with the same associated ID (e.g., the AI / ML model identifier) and further scheduled with RB number of SSB / CSI-RS resources configured as set B beams, to predict and report channel characteristics regarding RA number of prediction targets configured as set A beams, via the AI / ML model.
[0146] As indicated at 840, the UE predicts the channel characteristics associated with the second set of the prediction targets via the AI / ML model.
[0147] For example, the UE may predict, using the AI / ML model, the channel characteristics corresponding to the RA number of prediction targets configured as the set A beams.
[0148] In certain aspects, each of resources associated with the prediction targets and the measurement resources may be associated with one or more frequency domain parameters. Values of the one or more frequency domain parameters associated with each of the resources associated with the prediction targets and the measurement resources applicable for training of the AI / ML model and inference via the AI / ML model may be same or within a range.
[0149] For example, there may be consistency of the frequency domain parameters for the set A beams and the set B beams across the training of the AI / ML model and the inference via the AI / ML model, based at least on signaled associated IDs. For example, the UE may expect the consistency of the frequency domain parameters for the set A beams and the set B beams across the training of the AI / ML model and the inference via the AI / ML model, as long as the UE may determine or receive an identical associated ID (e.g., the AI / ML model identifier) , through the first signaling and the second signaling.
[0150] In certain aspects, the one or more frequency domain parameters may include a frequency domain resource occupation.
[0151] In one aspect, the frequency domain resource occupation may indicate a frequency range. As illustrated in a diagram 900 of FIG. 9, there may be consistency of frequency ranges for the set A beams and the set B beams across the training of the AI / ML model and the inference via the AI / ML model. For instance, the frequency ranges for the set A beams and the set B beams across the training of the AI / ML model may be same as or similar to the frequency ranges for the set A beams and the set B beams across the inference via the AI / ML model. In one example, when training data collection on the set A beams and the set B beams is carried out based on a first frequency range, the inference may also be carried out based on the first frequency range. In another example, when training data collection on the set A beams and the set B beams is carried out based on a first frequency range, and the inference is carried out based on a second frequency range, a difference between the first frequency range and the second frequency range has to be within a certain range.
[0152] In another aspect, the frequency domain resource occupation may indicate a component carrier (CC) , and there may be consistency of CCs for the set A beams and the set B beams across the training of the AI / ML model and the inference via the AI / ML model. For instance, the CCs for the set A beams and the set B beams across the training of the AI / ML model may be same as or similar to the CCs for the set A beams and the set B beams across the inference via the AI / ML model.
[0153] In certain aspects, the one or more frequency domain parameters may include a bandwidth of a bandwidth part (BWP) . As illustrated in a diagram 1000 of FIG. 10, there may be consistency of the bandwidth of the BWP for the set A beams and the set B beams across the training of the AI / ML model and the inference via the AI / ML model. For instance, the BWP for the set A beams and the set B beams across the training of the AI / ML model may be same as or similar to the BWP for the set A beams and the set B beams across the inference via the AI / ML model. In one example, when training data collection on the set A beams and the set B beams is carried out based on a first bandwidth, the inference may also be carried out based on the first bandwidth. In another example, when training data collection on the set A beams and the set B beams is carried out based on a first bandwidth, and the inference is carried out based on a second bandwidth, a difference between the first bandwidth and the second bandwidth has to be within a certain range.
[0154] In certain aspects, the one or more frequency domain parameters may include a density of physical resource blocks. As illustrated in a diagram 1100 of FIG. 11, there may be consistency of a physical resource block-level density for the set A beams and the set B beams across the training of the AI / ML model and the inference via the AI / ML model. For example, the physical resource block-level density for the set A beams and the set B beams across the training of the AI / ML model may be same as (or similar to) the physical resource block-level density for the set A beams and the set B beams across the inference via the AI / ML model.
[0155] In certain aspects, the one or more frequency domain parameters may include a density of physical resource elements. As illustrated in a diagram 1200 of FIG. 12, there may be consistency of a physical resource element-level density for the set A beams and the set B beams across the training of the AI / ML model and the inference via the AI / ML model. For example, the physical resource element-level density for the set A beams and the set B beams across the training of the AI / ML model may be same as (or similar to) the physical resource element-level density for the set A beams and the set B beams across the inference via the AI / ML model.
[0156] In certain aspects, values of the frequency domain parameters associated with resources associated with the first set of prediction targets are consistent with (e.g., same as or related to) values of the frequency domain parameters associated with resources associated with the second set of the prediction targets. In one example, a difference between the values of the frequency domain parameters associated with the resources associated with the first set of prediction targets and the values of the frequency domain parameters associated with the resources associated with the second set of the prediction targets may be equal to a predefined value. In another example, a difference between the values of the frequency domain parameters associated with the resources associated with the first set of prediction targets and the values of the frequency domain parameters associated with the resources associated with the second set of the prediction targets may be within a predefined range.
[0157] In certain aspects, values of the frequency domain parameters associated with the first set of measurement resources are consistent with (e.g., same as or related to) values of the frequency domain parameters associated with the second set of the measurement resources. In one example, a difference between the values of the frequency domain parameters associated with first set of measurement resources and the values of the frequency domain parameters associated with the second set of the measurement resources may be equal to a predefined value. In another example, a difference between the values of the frequency domain parameters associated with first set of measurement resources and the values of the frequency domain parameters associated with the second set of the measurement resources may be within a predefined range.
[0158] In certain aspects, different predefined values and / or different predefined ranges may be applicable for different frequency domain parameters. For example, a first predefined value and / or a first predefined range may be applicable for a first frequency domain parameter (e.g., the frequency domain resource occupation) . In another example, a second predefined value and / or a second predefined range may be applicable for a second frequency domain parameter (e.g., the bandwidth of the BWP) .
[0159] For example, consistency of the frequency domain parameters across the training of the AI / ML model and the inference using the AI / ML model may be varied within a predefined tolerance (s) . Such tolerance (s) may be defined for different frequency domain parameters and / or defined for different frequency domain parameter range (s) . In some cases, there may strict consistency of the frequency domain parameters (i.e., zero tolerance) across the training of the AI / ML model and the inference using the AI / ML model.
[0160] In one example case, consistency of the frequency domain resource occupation for the set A beams and the set B beams across the training of the AI / ML model and the inference using the AI / ML model may be varied within a predefined tolerance (s) . For frequency range-specific consistency for the set A beams and the set B beams across the training and the inference: if data collection for the training is carried out via a frequency range 2 with respect to set A / B beams for a given associated ID, the inference may be carried out within the frequency range 2 with respect to set A / B beams for the same associated ID. For CC-specific consistency for the set A beams and the set B beams across the training and the inference: if data collection for the training was carried out via CC (s) with respect to the set A / B beams spanning [F1, F2] megahertz (MHz) , the inference may be carried out via the CC (s) with respect to the set A / B beams within [F1-ΔF1, F2+ΔF2] MHz. Values of {ΔF1, ΔF2} ≥0 and may be predefined (e.g., and may depend on values of F1 &F2) .
[0161] In another example case, consistency of the bandwidth for the set A beams and the set B beams across the training of the AI / ML model and the inference using the AI / ML model may be varied within a predefined tolerance (s) . For instance, if data collection for the training is carried out via BWP (s) with respect to the set A / B beams spanning a bandwidth of B MHz, the inference may be carried out via the BWP (s) with respect to the set A / B beams within B±ΔB MHz. A value of ΔB≥0 and may be predefined (e.g., and may depend on a value of B) .
[0162] In another example case, consistency of the physical resource block-level density for the set A beams and the set B beams across the training of the AI / ML model and the inference using the AI / ML model may be varied within a predefined tolerance (s) . For instance, if data collection for the training is carried out via physical resource block density 1 / N where N≥1 (i.e., every N PRBs may include one physical resource block with the set A / B beam reference signals (RSs) or targets) , then the inference may be based on physical resource block density 1 / (N±ΔN) . A value of ΔN≥0 and may be predefined (e.g., and may depend on a value of N) .
[0163] In another example case, consistency of the physical resource element-level density for the set A beams and the set B beams across the training of the AI / ML model and the inference using the AI / ML model may be varied within a predefined tolerance (s) . For instance, if data collection for the training is carried out via physical resource element density 1 / M where M≥1 (i.e., in a physical resource block where the set A / B beams are presented, every M resource elements may include one resource element with the set A / B beam RSs or targets) , then the inference may be based on physical resource element density 1 / (M±ΔM) . A value of ΔM≥0 is and may be predefined (e.g., and may depend on a value of M) .
[0164] In certain aspects, the UE may receive an indication of multiple values associated with the frequency domain parameters from the gNodeB. The UE may perform the measurements on the resources associated with the first set of the prediction targets and the second set of the measurement resources across the multiple values associated with the frequency domain parameters.
[0165] For example, during training data collection (e.g., for the AI / ML model) corresponding to a given associated ID of the AI / ML model, inference candidates regarding one or more of the frequency domain parameters for the set A / B beams may be signaled by the gNB to the UE.
[0166] In certain aspects, the UE may receive an indication of a subset of the multiple values associated with the frequency domain parameters from the gNB. The UE may perform the inference, via the AI / ML model, to predict the channel characteristics associated with the second set of the prediction targets, based on the measurements on the second set of the measurement resources across the subset of the multiple values associated with the frequency domain parameters.
[0167] For example, during the inference (e.g., via the AI / ML model) corresponding to the same associated ID, specific parameters within the frequency domain parameters, may be one of candidate frequency domain parameters signaled by the gNB during the training data collection.
[0168] In some cases, the UE may train separate AI / ML models for such different candidates (or combinations of candidates with respect to different frequency domain parameters) , and carry out AI / ML model switch for the same associated ID.
[0169] In one example case (e.g., for frequency range-specific consistency for the set A beams and the set B beams across the training of the AI / ML model and the inference using the AI / ML model) , training data collection (e.g., for the AI / ML model) may be carried out across various frequency ranges for the set A / B beam RSs. The gNB may signal candidate frequency ranges (e.g., frequency range 2 and frequency range 4) that the UE may be supposed to observe during the inference, together with indicating the associated ID for the training data collection. During the inference with respect to the same associated ID, only frequency ranges among the candidate frequency ranges identified during the training data collection may be associated with the set A / B beams.
[0170] In another example case (e.g., for CC-specific consistency for the set A beams and the set B beams across the training of the AI / ML model and the inference using the AI / ML model) , training data collection (e.g., for the AI / ML model) may be carried out across various CCs occupying 24 gigahertz (GHz) –28 GHz for the set A / B beam RSs. The gNB may signal candidate upper and lower frequencies on the CCs that the UE may be supposed to observe during the inference, together with indicating the associated ID for the training data collection. During the inference with respect to the same associated ID, only CCs including the candidate upper and lower frequencies identified during the training data collection may be associated with the set A / B beams.
[0171] In another example case (e.g., for consistency of the bandwidth for the set A beams and the set B beams across the training of the AI / ML model and the inference using the AI / ML model) , training data collection (e.g., for the AI / ML model) may be carried out based on BWPs with various bandwidths. The gNB may signal candidate bandwidths (e.g., such as 5 MHz, 10 MHz, 20 MHz, 50 MHz, 100 MHz, 200 MHz, and / or 400 MHz) that the UE may be supposed to observe during the inference, together with indicating the associated ID for the training data collection. During the inference with respect to the same associated ID, only BWPs based on bandwidths among the candidate bandwidths identified during training data collection may be associated with the set A / B beams.
[0172] In another example case (e.g., for consistency of the physical resource block / element-level density for the set A beams and the set B beams across the training of the AI / ML model and the inference using the AI / ML model) , training data collection (e.g., for the AI / ML model) may be carried out based on various physical resource block / element level densities (i.e., different values of N and / or M) . The gNB may signal candidate physical resource block / element level densities that the UE may be supposed to observe during the inference, together with indicating the associated ID for the training data collection. During the inference with respect to the same associated ID, only physical resource block / element level densities among the candidate physical resource block / element level densities identified during the training data collection may be associated with the set A / B beams.
[0173] In certain aspects, the UE may determine a subset of the multiple values associated with the frequency domain parameters based on capability information of the UE.The UE may transmit an indication of the subset of the multiple values associated with the one or more frequency domain parameters to the gNB. The UE may also perform the inference, via the AI / ML model, to predict the channel characteristics associated with the second set of the prediction targets, based on the measurements on the second set of the measurement resources across the subset of the multiple values associated with the frequency domain parameters.
[0174] In some cases, during training data collection (e.g., for the AI / ML model) corresponding to a given associated ID, various candidates regarding one or more of the frequency domain parameters for the set A / B beams may be scheduled by the gNB.
[0175] In some cases, before the inference (e.g., via the AI / ML model) corresponding to the same associated ID, the UE may report supported candidates on the one or more frequency domain parameters. Some optional candidates of the frequency domain parameters may be predefined or signaled by the gNB during the training data collection (e.g., for the AI / ML model) and / or before the inference.
[0176] In some cases, it may be up to UE implementation to decide which candidates of the frequency domain parameters may be prepared for AI / ML model training. This may be based on UE capability for different associated IDs for different AI / ML models. A specific frequency domain parameter may be one of candidate frequency domain parameters reported by the UE.
[0177] In one example case (e.g., for frequency range-specific consistency for the set A beams and the set B beams across the training of the AI / ML model and the inference using the AI / ML model) , training data collection (e.g., for the AI / ML model) with respect to an associated ID may be carried out across various frequency ranges for the set A / B beam RSs. The UE may report to the gNB candidate frequency ranges (e.g., a frequency range 2) that the UE may be supposed to observe during the inference with respect to the same associated ID as UE capability. During the inference with respect to the same associated ID, only frequency ranges among the candidate frequency ranges reported by the UE may be associated with the set A / B beams.
[0178] In another example case (e.g., for CC-specific consistency for the set A beams and the set B beams across the training of the AI / ML model and the inference using the AI / ML model) , training data collection (e.g., for the AI / ML model) with respect to an associated ID may be carried out across various CCs occupying 24 GHz –28 GHz for the set A / B beam RSs. The UE may report to the gNB candidate upper and lower frequencies on the CCs that the UE may be supposed to observe during the inference with respect to the same associated ID as UE capability. During the inference with respect to the same associated ID, only CCs including the upper and lower frequencies reported by the UE may be associated with the set A / B beams.
[0179] In another example case (e.g., for consistency of the bandwidth for the set A beams and the set B beams across the training of the AI / ML model and the inference using the AI / ML model) , training data collection (e.g., for the AI / ML model) with respect to an associated ID may be carried out based on BWPs with various bandwidths. The UE may report to the gNB candidate bandwidths (e.g., 5 MHz, 10 MHz, 20 MHz, 50 MHz, 100 MHz, 200 MHz, and / or 400 MHz) that the UE may be supposed to observe during the inference with respect to the same associated ID as UE capability. During the inference with respect to the same associated ID, only BWPs based on the bandwidths among candidate bandwidths reported by the UE may be associated with the set A / B beams.
[0180] In another example case (e.g., for consistency of the physical resource block / element-level density for the set A beams and the set B beams across the training of the AI / ML model and the inference using the AI / ML model) , training data collection (e.g., for the AI / ML model) may be carried out based on various physical resource block / element-level density (i.e., different values of N and / or M) . The UE may report to the gNB candidate physical resource block / element-level densities that the UE may be supposed to observe during the inference with respect to the same associated ID as UE capability. During the inference with respect to the same associated ID, only physical resource block / element-level densities among the candidate physical resource block / element-level densities reported by the UE may be associated with the set A / B beams.
[0181] In certain aspects, a same value of a first frequency domain parameter associated with resources associated with the first set of the prediction targets and resources associated with the second set of the prediction targets may be dependent on a same value of a second frequency domain parameter associated with the resources associated with the first set of the prediction targets and the resources associated with the second set of the prediction targets.
[0182] In certain aspects, a same value of a first frequency domain parameter associated with the first set of the measurement resources and the second set of the measurement resources may be dependent on a same value of a second frequency domain parameter associated with the first set of the measurement resources and the second set of the measurement resources.
[0183] For example, for a certain associated ID identified across the training of the AI / ML model and the inference using the AI / ML model, consistency across the training and the inference of a certain frequency domain parameter (or a sub-parameter) associated with the set A / set B beams may be dependent on consistency of another frequency domain parameter (or a sub-parameter) associated with the set A / set B beams.
[0184] In one example, consistency of the bandwidth associated with the set A / set B beams across the training of the AI / ML model and the inference using the AI / ML model may be dependent on consistency of the frequency domain resource occupation associated with the set A / set B beams being ensured across the training and the inference.
[0185] In another example, consistency of the physical resource block / element-level density associated with the set A / set B beams across the training of the AI / ML model and the inference using the AI / ML model may be dependent on consistency of the frequency domain resource occupation and consistency of the bandwidth associated with the set A / set B beams being ensured across the training and the inference.
[0186] In another example, consistency of the physical resource element-level density associated with the set A / set B beams across the training of the AI / ML model and the inference using the AI / ML model may be dependent on consistency of physical resource block-level density associated with the set A / set B beams being ensured across the training and the inference.
[0187] In certain aspects, the UE may receive scheduling information indicating scheduling of RSs for transmission on the resources associated with the prediction targets as well as on the measurement resources. The UE may apply one or more frequency domain parameters to the RSs.
[0188] In one example, the frequency domain resource occupation may be applied to RSs (e.g., such as the set A / B beam RSs during the training or the set B beam RSs during the inference) based on a frequency range / CC where the RSs may be scheduled.
[0189] In another example, the bandwidth of the BWP may be applied to RSs (e.g., such as the set A / B beam RSs during the training or the set B beam RSs during the inference) based on the bandwidth of the BWP where the RSs may be scheduled.
[0190] In another example, the physical resource block / element-level density may be applied to RSs (e.g., such as the set A / B beam RSs during the training or the set B beam RSs during the inference) based on the physical resource block / element-level density where the RSs may be scheduled via non zero power (NZP) CSI-RSs.
[0191] In another example, the frequency domain resource occupation may be applied to prediction targets (e.g., the set A beams as the prediction targets during the inference, if these are not completely transmitted) and predicted channel characteristics on the prediction targets may be virtually considered.
[0192] In another example, the bandwidth of the BWP may be applied to prediction targets (e.g., the set A beams as the prediction targets during the inference, if these are not completely transmitted) and predicted channel characteristics on the prediction targets may be virtually considered.
[0193] In another example, the physical resource block / element-level density may be applied to prediction targets (e.g., the set A beams as the prediction targets during the inference, if these are not completely transmitted) and predicted channel characteristics on the prediction targets may be virtually considered.
[0194] Example Method for Wireless Communications
[0195] FIG. 13 shows an example of a method 1300 for wireless communications at a wireless node for managing frequency domain parameters associated with different types of beams. The wireless node may be a user equipment (UE) , such as the UE 104 of FIG. 1 and FIG. 3.
[0196] Method 1300 begins at 1310 with receiving first signaling configuring the wireless node to perform measurements on resources associated with a first set of prediction targets and a first set of measurement resources to generate measurement data to train a prediction algorithm. In some cases, the operations of this step refer to, or may be performed by, circuitry for receiving and / or code for receiving as described with reference to FIG. 14.
[0197] Method 1300 then proceeds to 1320 with training the prediction algorithm based on the measurement data corresponding to the measurements on the resources associated with the first set of the prediction targets and the first set of the measurement resources. In some cases, the operations of this step refer to, or may be performed by, circuitry for training and / or code for training as described with reference to FIG. 14.
[0198] Method 1300 then proceeds to 1330 with receiving second signaling configuring the wireless node to use measurements on a second set of the measurement resources as an input to the prediction algorithm to predict channel characteristics associated with a second set of the prediction targets. In some cases, the operations of this step refer to, or may be performed by, circuitry for receiving and / or code for receiving as described with reference to FIG. 14.
[0199] Method 1300 then proceeds to 1340 with predicting the channel characteristics associated with the second set of the prediction targets via the prediction algorithm. In some cases, the operations of this step refer to, or may be performed by, circuitry for predicting and / or code for predicting as described with reference to FIG. 14.
[0200] In certain aspects, each of resources associated with the prediction targets and the measurement resources is associated with one or more frequency domain parameters.
[0201] In certain aspects, values of the one or more frequency domain parameters associated with each of the resources associated with the prediction targets and the measurement resources applicable for at least one of the training or the predicting are same or within a range.
[0202] In certain aspects, the one or more frequency domain parameters include at least one of: a frequency domain resource occupation indicating at least one of a frequency range or a component carrier (CC) , a bandwidth of a bandwidth part (BWP) , or a density of physical resource blocks or physical resource elements.
[0203] In certain aspects, the first signaling indicates a prediction algorithm identifier associated with the prediction algorithm; and the second signaling indicates the prediction algorithm identifier associated with the prediction algorithm. In certain aspects, the method 1300 further includes expecting and / or determining that the values of the one or more frequency domain parameters associated with each of the resources associated with the prediction targets and the measurement resources applicable for at least one of the training or the predicting are the same or within the range, based on the first signaling and the second signaling indicating a same prediction algorithm identifier associated with the prediction algorithm.
[0204] In certain aspects, the resources associated with the prediction targets include channel state information -reference signal (CSI-RS) resources; and the measurement resources include synchronization signal block (SSB) resources.
[0205] In certain aspects, the measurements on each of the resources associated with the first set of the prediction targets and the first set of each of the measurement resources include at least one of: reference signal receive power (RSRP) values or signal to interference and noise ratio (SINR) values.
[0206] In certain aspects, the channel characteristics associated with the second set of the prediction targets include CSI-RS measurements.
[0207] In certain aspects, one or more first values of the one or more frequency domain parameters associated with at least one of the resources associated with the first set of prediction targets are same as or related to one or more second values of the one or more frequency domain parameters associated with at least one of resources associated with the second set of the prediction targets; one or more third values of the one or more frequency domain parameters associated with at least one of the first set of measurement resources are same as or related to one or more fourth values of the one or more frequency domain parameters associated with at least one of the second set of the measurement resources; and a difference between at least one of: the one or more first values and the one or more second values or the one or more third values and the one or more fourth values is equal to a predefined value or is between a predefined range.
[0208] In certain aspects, different predefined values and different predefined ranges are applicable for different frequency domain parameters of the one or more frequency domain parameters.
[0209] In certain aspects, at least one of the predefined value or the predefined range is based on one of: the one or more first values, the one or more second values, the one or more third values, or the one or more fourth values.
[0210] In certain aspects, the method 1300 further includes receiving a first indication of multiple values associated with the one or more frequency domain parameters from a network entity, and performing the measurements on the resources associated with the first set of the prediction targets and the second set of the measurement resources across the multiple values associated with the one or more frequency domain parameters.
[0211] In certain aspects, the method 1300 further includes receiving a second indication of a subset of the multiple values associated with the one or more frequency domain parameters from the network entity; and performing inference, via the prediction algorithm, to predict the channel characteristics associated with the second set of the prediction targets, based on the measurements on the second set of the measurement resources across the subset of the multiple values associated with the one or more frequency domain parameters.
[0212] In certain aspects, the first indication indicates a prediction algorithm identifier associated with the prediction algorithm; and the second indication indicates the prediction algorithm identifier associated with the prediction algorithm.
[0213] In certain aspects, the method 1300 further includes determining a subset of the multiple values associated with the one or more frequency domain parameters based on capability information of the wireless node; transmitting a second indication of the subset of the multiple values associated with the one or more frequency domain parameters to the network entity; and performing inference, via the prediction algorithm, to predict the channel characteristics associated with the second set of the prediction targets, based on the measurements on the second set of the measurement resources across the subset of the multiple values associated with the one or more frequency domain parameters.
[0214] In certain aspects, a same value of a first frequency domain parameter of the one or more frequency domain parameters associated with each of the resources associated with the first set of the prediction targets and each of resources associated with the second set of the prediction targets is dependent on a same value of a second frequency domain parameter of the one or more frequency domain parameters associated with each of the resources associated with the first set of the prediction targets and each of the resources associated with the second set of the prediction targets.
[0215] In certain aspects, a same value of a first frequency domain parameter of the one or more frequency domain parameters associated with each of the first set of the measurement resources and the second set of the measurement resources is dependent on a same value of a second frequency domain parameter of the one or more frequency domain parameters associated with each of the first set of the measurement resources and the second set of the measurement resources.
[0216] In certain aspects, the method 1300 further includes receiving scheduling information indicating scheduling of reference signals (RSs) for transmission on the resources associated with the prediction targets and the measurement resources; and applying the one or more frequency domain parameters to the RSs.
[0217] In one aspect, the method 1300, or any aspect related to it, may be performed by an apparatus, such as a communications device 1400 of FIG. 14, which includes various components operable, configured, or adapted to perform the method 1300. The communications device 1400 is described below in further detail.
[0218] Note that FIG. 13 is just one example of a method, and other methods including fewer, additional, or alternative steps are possible consistent with this disclosure.
[0219] Example Communications Device
[0220] FIG. 14 depicts aspects of an example communications device 1400. In some aspects, the communications device 1400 may be a wireless node, such as UE 104 described above with respect to FIG. 1 and FIG. 3.
[0221] The communications device 1400 includes a processing system 1405 coupled to a transceiver 1445 (e.g., a transmitter and / or a receiver) . The transceiver 1445 is configured to transmit and receive signals for the communications device 1400 via an antenna 1450, such as the various signals as described herein. The processing system 1405 may be configured to perform processing functions for the communications device 1400, including processing signals received and / or to be transmitted by the communications device 1400.
[0222] The processing system 1405 includes one or more processors 1410. In various aspects, the one or more processors 1410 may be representative of one or more of receive processor 358, transmit processor 364, TX MIMO processor 366, and / or controller / processor 380, as described with respect to FIG. 3. The one or more processors 1410 are coupled to a computer-readable medium / memory 1425 via a bus 1440. In certain aspects, the computer-readable medium / memory 1425 is configured to store instructions (e.g., computer-executable code) that when executed by the one or more processors 1410, cause the one or more processors 1410 to perform the method 1300 described with respect to FIG. 13, and / or any aspect related to it. Note that reference to a processor performing a function of communications device 1400 may include the one or more processors 1410 performing that function of communications device 1400.
[0223] In the depicted example, the computer-readable medium / memory 1425 stores code (e.g., executable instructions) , such as code for receiving (or obtaining) 1430, code for training 1431, and / or code for predicting 1432. Processing of the code for receiving (or obtaining) 1430, the code for training 1431, and / or the code for predicting 1432 may cause the communications device 1400 to perform the method 1300 described with respect to FIG. 13, and / or any aspect related to it.
[0224] The one or more processors 1410 include circuitry configured to implement (e.g., execute) the code stored in the computer-readable medium / memory 1425, including circuitry such as circuitry for receiving (or obtaining) 1415, circuitry for training 1416, and / or circuitry for predicting 1417. Processing with the circuitry for receiving (or obtaining) 1415, the circuitry for training 1416, and / or the circuitry for predicting 1417 may cause the communications device 1400 to perform the method 1300 described with respect to FIG. 13, and / or any aspect related to it.
[0225] Various components of the communications device 1400 may provide means for performing the method 1300 described with respect to FIG. 13, and / or any aspect related to it.
[0226] Means for receiving or obtaining may include transceivers 354 and / or antenna (s) 352 of the UE 104 illustrated in FIG. 3 and / or the code for receiving 1430, the circuitry for receiving 1415, the transceiver 1445 and the antenna 1450 of the communications device 1400 in FIG. 14.
[0227] Mean for transmitting, sending or outputting (e.g., for transmission) may include transceivers 354 and / or antenna (s) 352 of the UE 104 illustrated in FIG. 3 and / or a code for transmitting, a circuitry for transmitting, the transceiver 1445 and the antenna 1450 of the communications device 1400 in FIG. 14.
[0228] Means for training may include processors, transceivers 354 and / or antenna (s) 352 of the UE 104 illustrated in FIG. 3 and / or the code for training 1431, the circuitry for training 1416, the processors 1410, the transceiver 1445 and the antenna 1450 of the communications device 1400 in FIG. 14.
[0229] Means for predicting may include processors, transceivers 354 and / or antenna (s) 352 of the UE 104 illustrated in FIG. 3 and / or the code for predicting 1432, the circuitry for predicting 1417, the processors 1410, the transceiver 1445 and the antenna 1450 of the communications device 1400 in FIG. 14.
[0230] In some cases, rather than actually transmitting, for example, signals and / or data, a device may have an interface to output signals and / or data for transmission (ameans for outputting) . For example, a processor may output signals and / or data, via a bus interface, to a radio frequency (RF) front end for transmission. In various aspects, an RF front end may include various components, including transmit and receive processors, transmit and receive MIMO processors, modulators, demodulators, and the like, such as depicted in the examples in FIG. 3.
[0231] [Rectified under Rule 91, 21.11.2024]In some cases, rather than actually receiving signals and / or data, a device may have an interface to obtain the signals and / or data received from another device (a means for obtaining) . For example, a processor may obtain (or receive) the signals and / or data, via a bus interface, from an RF front end for reception. In various aspects, an RF front end may include various components, including transmit and receive processors, transmit and receive MIMO processors, modulators, demodulators, and the like, such as depicted in the examples in FIG. 3. Notably, FIG. 14 is an example, and many other examples and configurations of communication device 1400 are possible.
[0232] Example Clauses
[0233] Implementation examples are described in the following numbered clauses:
[0234] Clause 1: A method for wireless communication at a wireless node, comprising: receiving first signaling configuring the wireless node to perform measurements on resources associated with a first set of prediction targets and a first set of measurement resources to generate measurement data to train a prediction algorithm; training the prediction algorithm based on the measurement data corresponding to the measurements on the resources associated with the first set of the prediction targets and the first set of the measurement resources; receiving second signaling configuring the wireless node to use measurements on a second set of the measurement resources as an input to the prediction algorithm to predict channel characteristics associated with a second set of the prediction targets; and predicting the channel characteristics associated with the second set of the prediction targets via the prediction algorithm, wherein: each of resources associated with the prediction targets and the measurement resources is associated with one or more frequency domain parameters, and values of the one or more frequency domain parameters associated with each of the resources associated with the prediction targets and the measurement resources applicable for at least one of the training or the predicting are same or within a range.
[0235] Clause 2: The method of clause 1, wherein the one or more frequency domain parameters comprise at least one of: a frequency domain resource occupation indicating at least one of a frequency range or a component carrier (CC) , a bandwidth of a bandwidth part (BWP) , or a density of physical resource blocks or physical resource elements.
[0236] Clause 3: The method of any one of clauses 1-2, wherein: the first signaling indicates a prediction algorithm identifier associated with the prediction algorithm; the second signaling indicates the prediction algorithm identifier associated with the prediction algorithm, and determining that the values of the one or more frequency domain parameters associated with each of the resources associated with the prediction targets and the measurement resources applicable for at least one of the training or the predicting are the same or within the range, based on the first signaling and the second signaling indicating a same prediction algorithm identifier associated with the prediction algorithm.
[0237] Clause 4: The method of any one of clauses 1-3, wherein: the resources associated with the prediction targets comprise channel state information -reference signal (CSI-RS) resources; and the measurement resources comprise synchronization signal block (SSB) resources.
[0238] Clause 5: The method of any one of clauses 1-4, wherein the measurements on each of the resources associated with the first set of the prediction targets and the first set of each of the measurement resources comprise at least one of: reference signal receive power (RSRP) values or signal to interference and noise ratio (SINR) values.
[0239] Clause 6: The method of any one of clauses 1-5, wherein the channel characteristics associated with the second set of the prediction targets comprise channel state information -reference signal (CSI-RS) measurements.
[0240] Clause 7: The method of any one of clauses 1-6, wherein: one or more first values of the one or more frequency domain parameters associated with at least one of the resources associated with the first set of prediction targets are same as or related to one or more second values of the one or more frequency domain parameters associated with at least one of resources associated with the second set of the prediction targets; one or more third values of the one or more frequency domain parameters associated with at least one of the first set of measurement resources are same as or related to one or more fourth values of the one or more frequency domain parameters associated with at least one of the second set of the measurement resources; and a difference between at least one of: the one or more first values and the one or more second values or the one or more third values and the one or more fourth values is equal to a predefined value or is between a predefined range.
[0241] Clause 8: The method of clause 7, wherein different predefined values and different predefined ranges are applicable for different frequency domain parameters of the one or more frequency domain parameters.
[0242] Clause 9: The method of clause 7, wherein at least one of the predefined value or the predefined range is based on one of: the one or more first values, the one or more second values, the one or more third values, or the one or more fourth values.
[0243] Clause 10: The method of any one of clauses 1-9, further comprising: receiving a first indication of multiple values associated with the one or more frequency domain parameters from a network entity, and performing the measurements on the resources associated with the first set of the prediction targets and the second set of the measurement resources across the multiple values associated with the one or more frequency domain parameters.
[0244] Clause 11: The method of clause 10, further comprising: receiving a second indication of a subset of the multiple values associated with the one or more frequency domain parameters from the network entity; and performing inference, via the prediction algorithm, to predict the channel characteristics associated with the second set of the prediction targets, based on the measurements on the second set of the measurement resources across the subset of the multiple values associated with the one or more frequency domain parameters.
[0245] Clause 12: The method of clause 11, wherein: the first indication indicates a prediction algorithm identifier associated with the prediction algorithm; and the second indication indicates the prediction algorithm identifier associated with the prediction algorithm.
[0246] Clause 13: The method of clause 10, further comprising: determining a subset of the multiple values associated with the one or more frequency domain parameters based on capability information of the wireless node; transmitting a second indication of the subset of the multiple values associated with the one or more frequency domain parameters to the network entity; and performing inference, via the prediction algorithm, to predict the channel characteristics associated with the second set of the prediction targets, based on the measurements on the second set of the measurement resources across the subset of the multiple values associated with the one or more frequency domain parameters.
[0247] Clause 14: The method of any one of clauses 1-13, wherein a same value of a first frequency domain parameter of the one or more frequency domain parameters associated with each of the resources associated with the first set of the prediction targets and each of resources associated with the second set of the prediction targets is dependent on a same value of a second frequency domain parameter of the one or more frequency domain parameters associated with each of the resources associated with the first set of the prediction targets and each of the resources associated with the second set of the prediction targets.
[0248] Clause 15: The method of any one of clauses 1-14, wherein a same value of a first frequency domain parameter of the one or more frequency domain parameters associated with each of the first set of the measurement resources and the second set of the measurement resources is dependent on a same value of a second frequency domain parameter of the one or more frequency domain parameters associated with each of the first set of the measurement resources and the second set of the measurement resources.
[0249] Clause 16: The method of any one of clauses 1-15, further comprising: receiving scheduling information indicating scheduling of reference signals (RSs) for transmission on the resources associated with the prediction targets and the measurement resources; and applying the one or more frequency domain parameters to the RSs.
[0250] Clause 17: An apparatus, comprising: at least one memory comprising instructions; and one or more processors configured, individually or in any combination, to execute the instructions and cause the apparatus to perform a method in accordance with any one of Clauses 1-16.
[0251] Clause 18: An apparatus, comprising means for performing a method in accordance with any one of Clauses 1-16.
[0252] Clause 19: A non-transitory computer-readable medium comprising executable instructions that, when executed by one or more processors of an apparatus, cause the apparatus to perform a method in accordance with any one of Clauses 1-16.
[0253] Clause 20: A computer program product embodied on a computer-readable storage medium comprising code for performing a method in accordance with any one of Clauses 1-16.
[0254] Additional Considerations
[0255] The preceding description is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to practice the various aspects described herein. The examples discussed herein are not limiting of the scope, applicability, or aspects set forth in the claims. Various modifications to these aspects will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the general principles defined herein may be applied to other aspects. For example, changes may be made in the function and arrangement of elements discussed without departing from the scope of the disclosure. Various examples may omit, substitute, or add various procedures or components as appropriate. For instance, the methods described may be performed in an order different from that described, and various actions may be added, omitted, or combined. Also, features described with respect to some examples may be combined in some other examples. For example, an apparatus may be implemented or a method may be practiced using any number of the aspects set forth herein. In addition, the scope of the disclosure is intended to cover such an apparatus or method that is practiced using other structure, functionality, or structure and functionality in addition to, or other than, the various aspects of the disclosure set forth herein. It should be understood that any aspect of the disclosure disclosed herein may be embodied by one or more elements of a claim.
[0256] The various illustrative logical blocks, modules and circuits described in connection with the present disclosure may be implemented or performed with a general purpose processor, a digital signal processor (DSP) , an ASIC, a field programmable gate array (FPGA) or other programmable logic device (PLD) , discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described herein. A general-purpose processor may be a microprocessor, but in the alternative, the processor may be any commercially available processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. A processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices, e.g., a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, a system on a chip (SoC) , or any other such configuration.
[0257] As used herein, “a processor, ” “at least one processor” or “one or more processors” generally refers to a single processor configured to perform one or multiple operations or multiple processors configured to collectively perform one or more operations. In the case of multiple processors, performance the one or more operations could be divided amongst different processors, though one processor may perform multiple operations, and multiple processors could collectively perform a single operation. Similarly, “a memory, ” “at least one memory” or “one or more memories” generally refers to a single memory configured to store data and / or instructions, multiple memories configured to collectively store data and / or instructions.
[0258] As used herein, a phrase referring to “at least one of” a list of items refers to any combination of those items, including single members. As an example, “at least one of: a, b, or c” is intended to cover a, b, c, a-b, a-c, b-c, and a-b-c, as well as any combination with multiples of the same element (e.g., a-a, a-a-a, a-a-b, a-a-c, a-b-b, a-c-c, b-b, b-b-b, b-b-c, c-c, and c-c-c or any other ordering of a, b, and c) .
[0259] As used herein, the term “determining” encompasses a wide variety of actions. For example, “determining” may include calculating, computing, processing, deriving, investigating, looking up (e.g., looking up in a table, a database or another data structure) , ascertaining and the like. Also, “determining” may include receiving (e.g., receiving information) , accessing (e.g., accessing data in a memory) and the like. Also, “determining” may include resolving, selecting, choosing, establishing and the like.
[0260] As used herein, the term wireless node may refer to, for example, a network entity or a UE. In this context, a network entity may be a base station (e.g., a gNB) or a module (e.g., a CU, DU, and / or RU) of a disaggregated base station.
[0261] While the present disclosure may describe certain operations as being performed by one type of wireless node, the same or similar operations may also be performed by another type of wireless node. For example, operations performed by a network entity may also (or instead) be performed by a UE. Similarly, operations performed by a UE may also (or instead) be performed by a network entity.
[0262] Further, while the present disclosure may describe certain types of communications between different types of wireless nodes (e.g., between a network entity and a UE) , the same or similar types of communications may occur between same types of wireless nodes (e.g., between network entities or between UEs, in a peer-to-peer scenario) . Further, communications may occur in reverse order than described.
[0263] The methods disclosed herein comprise one or more actions for achieving the methods. The method actions may be interchanged with one another without departing from the scope of the claims. In other words, unless a specific order of actions is specified, the order and / or use of specific actions may be modified without departing from the scope of the claims. Further, the various operations of methods described above may be performed by any suitable means capable of performing the corresponding functions. The means may include various hardware and / or software component (s) and / or module (s) , including, but not limited to a circuit, an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) , or processor.
[0264] The following claims are not intended to be limited to the aspects shown herein, but are to be accorded the full scope consistent with the language of the claims. Within a claim, reference to an element in the singular is not intended to mean “one and only one” unless specifically so stated, but rather “one or more. ” Unless specifically stated otherwise, the term “some” refers to one or more. No claim element is to be construed under the provisions of 35 U.S.C. §112 (f) unless the element is expressly recited using the phrase “means for” . All structural and functional equivalents to the elements of the various aspects described throughout this disclosure that are known or later come to be known to those of ordinary skill in the art are expressly incorporated herein by reference and are intended to be encompassed by the claims. Moreover, nothing disclosed herein is intended to be dedicated to the public regardless of whether such disclosure is explicitly recited in the claims.
Claims
1.An apparatus for wireless communications at a wireless node, comprising:at least one memory comprising instructions; andone or more processors, individually or collectively, configured to execute the instructions and cause the apparatus to:receive first signaling configuring the wireless node to perform measurements on resources associated with a first set of prediction targets and a first set of measurement resources to generate measurement data to train a prediction algorithm;train the prediction algorithm based on the measurement data corresponding to the measurements on the resources associated with the first set of the prediction targets and the first set of the measurement resources;receive second signaling configuring the wireless node to use measurements on a second set of the measurement resources as an input to the prediction algorithm to predict channel characteristics associated with a second set of the prediction targets; andpredict the channel characteristics associated with the second set of the prediction targets via the prediction algorithm, wherein:each of resources associated with the prediction targets and the measurement resources is associated with one or more frequency domain parameters, andvalues of the one or more frequency domain parameters associated with each of the resources associated with the prediction targets and the measurement resources applicable for at least one of the training or the predicting are same or within a range.2.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the one or more frequency domain parameters comprise at least one of:a frequency domain resource occupation indicating at least one of a frequency range or a component carrier (CC) ,a bandwidth of a bandwidth part (BWP) , ora density of physical resource blocks or physical resource elements.3.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein:the first signaling indicates a prediction algorithm identifier associated with the prediction algorithm;the second signaling indicates the prediction algorithm identifier associated with the prediction algorithm; andthe one or more processors, individually or collectively, are configured to execute the instructions and cause the apparatus to determine that the values of the one or more frequency domain parameters associated with each of the resources associated with the prediction targets and the measurement resources applicable for at least one of the training or the predicting are the same or within the range, based on the first signaling and the second signaling indicating a same prediction algorithm identifier associated with the prediction algorithm.4.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein:the resources associated with the prediction targets comprise channel state information -reference signal (CSI-RS) resources; andthe measurement resources comprise synchronization signal block (SSB) resources.5.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the measurements on each of the resources associated with the first set of the prediction targets and the first set of each of the measurement resources comprise at least one of: reference signal receive power (RSRP) values or signal to interference and noise ratio (SINR) values.6.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the channel characteristics associated with the second set of the prediction targets comprise channel state information -reference signal (CSI-RS) measurements.7.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein:one or more first values of the one or more frequency domain parameters associated with at least one of the resources associated with the first set of prediction targets are same as or related to one or more second values of the one or more frequency domain parameters associated with at least one of resources associated with the second set of the prediction targets;one or more third values of the one or more frequency domain parameters associated with at least one of the first set of measurement resources are same as or related to one or more fourth values of the one or more frequency domain parameters associated with at least one of the second set of the measurement resources; anda difference between at least one of: the one or more first values and the one or more second values or the one or more third values and the one or more fourth values is equal to a predefined value or is between a predefined range.8.The apparatus of claim 7, wherein different predefined values and different predefined ranges are applicable for different frequency domain parameters of the one or more frequency domain parameters.9.The apparatus of claim 7, wherein at least one of the predefined value or the predefined range is based on one of:the one or more first values,the one or more second values,the one or more third values, orthe one or more fourth values.10.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors, individually or collectively, are configured to execute the instructions and cause the apparatus to:receive a first indication of multiple values associated with the one or more frequency domain parameters from a network entity, andperform the measurements on the resources associated with the first set of the prediction targets and the second set of the measurement resources across the multiple values associated with the one or more frequency domain parameters.11.The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the one or more processors, individually or collectively, are configured to execute the instructions and cause the apparatus to:receive a second indication of a subset of the multiple values associated with the one or more frequency domain parameters from the network entity; andperform inference, via the prediction algorithm, to predict the channel characteristics associated with the second set of the prediction targets, based on the measurements on the second set of the measurement resources across the subset of the multiple values associated with the one or more frequency domain parameters.12.The apparatus of claim 11, wherein:the first indication indicates a prediction algorithm identifier associated with the prediction algorithm; andthe second indication indicates the prediction algorithm identifier associated with the prediction algorithm.13.The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the one or more processors, individually or collectively, are configured to execute the instructions and cause the apparatus to:determine a subset of the multiple values associated with the one or more frequency domain parameters based on capability information of the wireless node;transmit a second indication of the subset of the multiple values associated with the one or more frequency domain parameters to the network entity; andperform inference, via the prediction algorithm, to predict the channel characteristics associated with the second set of the prediction targets, based on the measurements on the second set of the measurement resources across the subset of the multiple values associated with the one or more frequency domain parameters.14.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein a same value of a first frequency domain parameter of the one or more frequency domain parameters associated with each of the resources associated with the first set of the prediction targets and each of resources associated with the second set of the prediction targets is dependent on a same value of a second frequency domain parameter of the one or more frequency domain parameters associated with each of the resources associated with the first set of the prediction targets and each of the resources associated with the second set of the prediction targets.15.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein a same value of a first frequency domain parameter of the one or more frequency domain parameters associated with each of the first set of the measurement resources and the second set of the measurement resources is dependent on a same value of a second frequency domain parameter of the one or more frequency domain parameters associated with each of the first set of the measurement resources and the second set of the measurement resources.16.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors, individually or collectively, are configured to execute the instructions and cause the apparatus to:receive scheduling information indicating scheduling of reference signals (RSs) for transmission on the resources associated with the prediction targets and the measurement resources; andapply the one or more frequency domain parameters to the RSs.17.A method for wireless communication at a wireless node, comprising:receiving first signaling configuring the wireless node to perform measurements on resources associated with a first set of prediction targets and a first set of measurement resources to generate measurement data to train a prediction algorithm;training the prediction algorithm based on the measurement data corresponding to the measurements on the resources associated with the first set of the prediction targets and the first set of the measurement resources;receiving second signaling configuring the wireless node to use measurements on a second set of the measurement resources as an input to the prediction algorithm to predict channel characteristics associated with a second set of the prediction targets; andpredicting the channel characteristics associated with the second set of the prediction targets via the prediction algorithm, wherein:each of resources associated with the prediction targets and the measurement resources is associated with one or more frequency domain parameters, andvalues of the one or more frequency domain parameters associated with each of the resources associated with the prediction targets and the measurement resources applicable for at least one of the training or the predicting are same or within a range.18.The method of claim 17, wherein the one or more frequency domain parameters comprise at least one of:a frequency domain resource occupation indicating at least one of a frequency range or a component carrier (CC) ,a bandwidth of a bandwidth part (BWP) , ora density of physical resource blocks or physical resource elements.19.The method of claim 17, wherein:the first signaling indicates a prediction algorithm identifier associated with the prediction algorithm;the second signaling indicates the prediction algorithm identifier associated with the prediction algorithm; anddetermining that the values of the one or more frequency domain parameters associated with each of the resources associated with the prediction targets and the measurement resources applicable for at least one of the training or the predicting are the same or within the range, based on the first signaling and the second signaling indicating a same prediction algorithm identifier associated with the prediction algorithm.20.A non-transitory computer-readable medium comprising instructions that, when executed by one or more processors of a wireless node, cause the wireless node to perform a method of wireless communications, comprising: :receiving first signaling configuring the wireless node to perform measurements on resources associated with a first set of prediction targets and a first set of measurement resources to generate measurement data to train a prediction algorithm;training the prediction algorithm based on the measurement data corresponding to the measurements on the resources associated with the first set of the prediction targets and the first set of the measurement resources;receiving second signaling configuring the wireless node to use measurements on a second set of the measurement resources as an input to the prediction algorithm to predict channel characteristics associated with a second set of the prediction targets; andpredicting the channel characteristics associated with the second set of the prediction targets via the prediction algorithm, wherein:each of resources associated with the prediction targets and the measurement resources is associated with one or more frequency domain parameters, andvalues of the one or more frequency domain parameters associated with each of the resources associated with the prediction targets and the measurement resources applicable for at least one of the training or the predicting are same or within a range.
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