Self-assembling molecule, perovskite solar cell, photovoltaic module, power generation device, and electric device

Abstract

The present application relates to a self-assembling molecule, a perovskite solar cell, a photovoltaic module, a power generation device, and an electric device. The perovskite solar cell comprises a first electrode, a functional layer, a perovskite light-absorbing layer, and a second electrode stacked in a thickness direction of the perovskite solar cell. The functional layer comprises the self-assembling molecule, and the self-assembling molecule comprise a hole extraction group. The maximum size of the self-assembling molecule in a first direction is a first size, the maximum size of the self-assembling molecule in a second direction is a second size, and the maximum size of the self-assembling molecule in a third direction is a third size, wherein at least one of the first size, the second size, and the third size is greater than or equal to 1.6 nm, and any two of the first direction, the second direction, and the third direction are perpendicular to each other. The photoelectric conversion efficiency and device stability of the perovskite solar cell in the present application can be effectively improved.

Description

Self-assembled molecules, perovskite solar cells, photovoltaic modules, power generation devices, and power consumption devices

[0001] Cross-reference to Related Applications

[0002] This application claims priority to Chinese Patent Application No. 202411359362.X, filed on September 27, 2024, entitled “Self-assembled molecules, perovskite solar cells, photovoltaic modules, power generation devices, and power consumption devices”, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. TECHNICAL FIELD

[0003] The present application relates to the field of solar cells, in particular to a self-assembled molecule, a perovskite solar cell, a photovoltaic module, a power generation device, and a power consumption device. BACKGROUND

[0004] Perovskite solar cells are solar cells that use organic metal halide perovskite materials as light-absorbing layers, have excellent photoelectric properties, and simple preparation methods, bringing new space and hope for photovoltaic power generation.

[0005] Currently, how to further improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency and device stability of perovskite solar cells is a problem to be solved. SUMMARY

[0006] The present application provides a self-assembled molecule, a perovskite solar cell, a photovoltaic module, a power generation device, and a power consumption device. The photoelectric conversion efficiency and device stability of the perovskite solar cell described in the present application can be effectively improved.

[0007] In a first aspect, the embodiments of the present application provide a perovskite solar cell, the perovskite solar cell comprising a first electrode, a functional layer, a perovskite light-absorbing layer, and a second electrode stacked along a thickness direction of the perovskite solar cell, wherein the functional layer comprises a self-assembled molecule, the self-assembled molecule comprises a hole extraction group, a maximum dimension of the self-assembled molecule along a first direction is a first dimension, a maximum dimension of the self-assembled molecule along a second direction is a second dimension, a maximum dimension of the self-assembled molecule along a third direction is a third dimension, at least one of the first dimension, the second dimension, and the third dimension is greater than or equal to 1.6 nm, and the first direction, the second direction, and the third direction are perpendicular to each other.

[0008] Thus, in the embodiments of the present application, in the case where at least one of the first dimension, the second dimension, and the third dimension is greater than or equal to 1.6 nm, the self-assembled molecule is relatively long, the self-assembled molecule can reduce its movement in the perovskite solar cell when applied to the perovskite solar cell, improve the device stability, and improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency.

[0009] In some embodiments, at least two of the first size, the second size, and the third size are greater than or equal to 1.6 nm; optionally, at least one of the first size, the second size, and the third size is greater than or equal to 1.6 nm and less than or equal to 10 nm. When the self-assembled molecules satisfy the above conditions, it is more difficult to move in the perovskite solar cell, which can further improve the device stability and improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency.

[0010] In some embodiments, the self-assembled molecules have a molecular weight of 500 to 2000, optionally 600 to 1200. When the self-assembled molecules have a molecular weight in the above range, the volume of the self-assembled molecules is relatively large, which can further increase the difficulty of movement of the self-assembled molecules, which can further improve the device stability and improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency.

[0011] In some embodiments, the self-assembled molecules include a compound represented by Formula A,

[0012] In Formula A,

[0013] Ar represents the hole extraction group;

[0014] L includes a single bond, an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom, a substituted or unsubstituted alkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted arylene group, or a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclylene group;

[0015] Q includes a hydrogen atom or an oxygen-containing group;

[0016] T includes a hydrogen atom, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group, and when the above group is substituted, the substituent group includes one or more of a halogen atom, -R 1 , -O-R 1 , -S-R 1 , -N(R 1 )2, -NHR 1 , -NH2, -OH, -NHCOR 1 , -OCOR 1 , -(CH2) p COOH, a C6 to C10 aromatic hydrocarbon group, or a C5 to C10 aromatic heterocyclic group; R 1 , a C6 to C10 aromatic hydrocarbon group, or a C5 to C10 aromatic heterocyclic group is each independently unsubstituted or substituted with one or more of a halogen atom, -N(R 2 )2, -NHR 2 , or -NH2; R 1 , R 2each independently comprises a C1 to C5 alkyl group; p comprises 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5;

[0017] m represents the number of connection sites of L to Ar, and m is any positive integer from 1 to 8;

[0018] n represents the number of connection sites of T to Ar, and n is any positive integer from 1 to 6;

[0019] wherein the first direction is parallel to the longest axis of the self-assembled molecule.

[0020] Thus, when the self-assembled molecule in the embodiments of the present application satisfies the above structural formula, the self-assembled molecule has a hole transport ability, and the volume of the self-assembled molecule is relatively large, which can further increase the difficulty of movement of the self-assembled molecule, and can further improve the stability of the device and the photoelectric conversion efficiency.

[0021] In some embodiments, T comprises a hydrogen atom, a substituted or unsubstituted C1 to C8 alkyl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group having a ring-forming atom number of C5 to C30. When the T group is the above group, the volume of the self-assembled molecule can be further increased, and the difficulty of movement of the self-assembled molecule can be increased.

[0022] In some embodiments, T comprises a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group having a ring-forming atom number of C5 to C30, and the substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group having a ring-forming atom number of C5 to C30 comprises a substituted or unsubstituted aniline group having a ring-forming atom number of C6 to C30, a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon group having a ring-forming atom number of C6 to C30, or a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic heterocyclic group having a ring-forming atom number of C5 to C30.

[0023] In some embodiments, T comprises a substituted or unsubstituted aniline group having a ring-forming atom number of C6 to C30, and the substituted or unsubstituted aniline group having a ring-forming atom number of C6 to C30 comprises a diphenylamine group or a triphenylamine group.

[0024] In some embodiments, T comprises a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon group having a ring-forming atom number of C6 to C30, and the substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon group having a ring-forming atom number of C6 to C30 comprises a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, or a fluorene ring group.

[0025] In some embodiments, T comprises a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic heterocyclic group having a ring-forming atom number of C5 to C30, and the substituted or unsubstituted aromatic heterocyclic group having a ring-forming atom number of C5 to C30 comprises a carbazole group, a thiophene group, a furan group, or a benzothiophene group.

[0026] In some embodiments, the hole-extracting group includes a substituted or unsubstituted aniline-based group, or a substituted or unsubstituted nitrogen-containing aromatic heterocyclic group. In the case where the hole-extracting group includes the above-mentioned group, it has excellent hole-transporting ability, which is advantageous in improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the perovskite solar cell.

[0027] In some embodiments, the substituted or unsubstituted aniline-based group includes one or more of a structure represented by Formula A1,

[0028] In Formula A1,

[0029] M 11 and M 12 each independently includes a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group having a ring-forming atom number of C5 to C30;

[0030] M 13 each independently includes a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group having a ring-forming atom number of C5 to C30;

[0031] In the case where the above-mentioned group is substituted, the substituent group includes one or more of an amine group, a halogen group, an alkylthio group, an oxygen-containing substituent group, or a C1 to C5 alkyl group. Alternatively, the oxygen-containing substituent group includes one or more of an alkoxy group, an amide group, a carboxylic acid group, a phosphorous acid group, a phosphoric acid group, a sulfonic acid group, a silicic acid group, a siloxane group, a boronic acid group, a carboxylic acid ester group, a phosphoric acid ester group, a sulfonic acid ester group, a silicic acid ester group, a boronic acid ester group, a carboxylate group, a phosphite group, a phosphate group, a borate group, or a silicate group.

[0032] Thus, in the case where the hole-extracting group includes the above-mentioned group, it has excellent hole-transporting ability, which is advantageous in improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the perovskite solar cell.

[0033] In some embodiments, the substituted or unsubstituted aniline-based group includes one or more of a substituted or unsubstituted structure represented by Formula A 1-1 to a substituted or unsubstituted structure represented by Formula A 1-7

[0034] in the formula, * indicates a connection site of Ar and L, each of m1, m2, m3, m4, m5, and m6 is independently any one of integers from 0 to 3, and in the same structural formula, m1, m2, m3, m4, m5, and m6 are not simultaneously 0;

[0035] ​denotes the connection site of Ar to T, each of n1, n2, n3, n4, n5, and n6 is independently any integer from 0 to 3, and in the same structural formula, n1, n2, n3, n4, n5, and n6 are not simultaneously 0.

[0036] In some embodiments, the substituted or unsubstituted aniline-based group includes a substituted or unsubstituted formula A 1-11 one or more of the structures shown in the formula A 1-111 one or more of the structures shown in the formula A

[0037] in the formula A2, denotes the connection site of Ar to T; * denotes the connection site of Ar to L.

[0038] In some embodiments, the substituted or unsubstituted nitrogen-containing aromatic heterocyclic group includes a substituted or unsubstituted carbazole-based group, a substituted or unsubstituted phenothiazine-based group, a substituted or unsubstituted phenoxazine-based group, or a substituted or unsubstituted acridine group. In this case, the hole-extracting group has excellent hole-transporting ability, which is beneficial to improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the perovskite solar cell.

[0039] In some embodiments, the substituted or unsubstituted nitrogen-containing aromatic heterocyclic group includes a substituted or unsubstituted carbazole-based group, the substituted or unsubstituted carbazole-based group including a structure shown in the formula A2,

[0040] in the formula A2,

[0041] M 14 including a single bond, a substituted or unsubstituted C6 to C30 aralkylene group, or a substituted or unsubstituted C5 to C30 aromatic heterocyclic group;

[0042] M 15 and M 16 each independently including a substituted or unsubstituted C6 to C30 aralkylene group, or a substituted or unsubstituted C5 to C30 aromatic heterocyclic group;

[0043] In the case where the above group is substituted, the substituent group includes one or more of an amine group, a halogen group, an alkylthio group, an oxygen-containing substituent group, or a C1 to C5 alkyl group. Optionally, the oxygen-containing substituent group includes one or more of an alkoxy group, an amide group, a carboxylic acid group, a phosphorous acid group, a phosphoric acid group, a sulfonic acid group, a silicic acid group, a siloxane group, a boronic acid group, a carboxylic acid ester group, a phosphoric acid ester group, a sulfonic acid ester group, a silicic acid ester group, a boronic acid ester group, a carboxylate group, a phosphite group, a phosphate group, a borate group, or a silicate group.

[0044] In some embodiments, the substituted or unsubstituted carbazolyl group comprises one or more of the structures shown below: 2-a1 In some embodiments, the substituted or unsubstituted carbazolyl group comprises one or more of the structures shown below: 2-b9 In some embodiments, the substituted or unsubstituted carbazolyl group comprises one or more of the structures shown below,

[0045] In some embodiments, the substituted or unsubstituted carbazolyl group comprises one or more of the structures shown below,

[0046] * indicates the connection site of Ar to L, m1, m2, m3, m4, m5, m6, m7, and m8 are each independently any integer between 0 and 3, and in the same structural formula, m1, m2, m3, m4, m5, m6, m7, and m8 are not simultaneously 0;

[0047] * indicates the connection site of Ar to T, n1, n2, n3, n4, n5, n6, n7, and n8 are each independently any integer between 0 and 3, and in the same structural formula, n1, n2, n3, n4, n5, n6, n7, and n8 are not simultaneously 0;

[0048] In some embodiments, the substituted or unsubstituted carbazolyl group comprises one or more of the structures shown below: 2-a11 In some embodiments, the substituted or unsubstituted carbazolyl group comprises one or more of the structures shown below: 2-b19 In some embodiments, the substituted or unsubstituted carbazolyl group comprises one or more of the structures shown below,

[0049] In some embodiments, the substituted or unsubstituted carbazolyl group comprises one or more of the structures shown below, * indicates the connection site of Ar to T; * indicates the connection site of Ar to L.

[0050] In some embodiments, the substituted or unsubstituted nitrogen-containing aromatic heterocyclic group comprises a substituted or unsubstituted phenothiazine group, which comprises a structure shown in Formula A3,

[0051] In Formula A3,

[0052] M 17 comprises a single bond, a substituted or unsubstituted C6 to C30 arylenic group, or a substituted or unsubstituted C5 to C30 aromatic heterocyclic group;

[0053] M 18 and M 19each independently includes a substituted or unsubstituted C6 to C30 aromatic hydrocarbon group having a ring-forming atom number, or a substituted or unsubstituted C5 to C30 aromatic heterocyclic group having a ring-forming atom number;

[0054] In the case where the above group is substituted, the substituent group includes one or more of an amine group, a halogen group, an alkylthio group, an oxygen-containing substituent group, or a C1 to C5 alkyl group. Alternatively, the oxygen-containing substituent group includes one or more of an alkoxy group, an amide group, a carboxylic acid group, a phosphorous acid group, a phosphoric acid group, a sulfonic acid group, a silicic acid group, a siloxane group, a boronic acid group, a carboxylate group, a phosphate group, a sulfonate group, a silicate group, a borate group, a carboxylate group, a phosphite group, a phosphate group, a borate group, or a silicate group.

[0055] In some embodiments, the substituted or unsubstituted phenothiazine group includes one or more of a substituted or unsubstituted structure of Formula A4 3-1 to a substituted or unsubstituted structure of Formula A4 3-6 to a substituted or unsubstituted structure of Formula A4

[0056] in which,

[0057] * indicates a connection site of Ar to L;

[0058] indicates a connection site of Ar to T, each of n1 and n2 is independently any integer from 0 to 3, and n1 and n2 are not simultaneously 0 in the same structural formula.

[0059] In some embodiments, the substituted or unsubstituted phenothiazine group includes one or more of a substituted or unsubstituted structure of Formula A4 3-11 to a substituted or unsubstituted structure of Formula A4 3-16 to a substituted or unsubstituted structure of Formula A4

[0060] in which, indicates a connection site of Ar to T; and * indicates a connection site of Ar to L.

[0061] In some embodiments, the substituted or unsubstituted nitrogen-containing aromatic heterocyclic group includes a substituted or unsubstituted phenoxazine group, which includes one or more of a structure of Formula A4

[0062] in Formula A4,

[0063] M 20 includes a single bond, a substituted or unsubstituted C6 to C30 aromatic hydrocarbon group having a ring-forming atom number, or a substituted or unsubstituted C5 to C30 aromatic heterocyclic group having a ring-forming atom number;

[0064] M 21 and M 22 each independently comprises a substituted or unsubstituted C6 to C30 aromatic hydrocarbon group, or a substituted or unsubstituted C5 to C30 aromatic heterocyclic group;

[0065] In the case where the above-mentioned group is substituted, the substituent group comprises one or more of an amine group, a halogen group, an alkylthio group, an oxygen-containing substituent group, or a C1 to C5 alkyl group. Alternatively, the oxygen-containing substituent group comprises one or more of an alkoxy group, an amide group, a carboxylic acid group, a phosphorous acid group, a phosphoric acid group, a sulfonic acid group, a silicic acid group, a siloxane group, a boronic acid group, a carboxylate group, a phosphate group, a sulfonate group, a silicate group, a borate group, a carboxylate group, a phosphite group, a phosphate group, a borate group, or a silicate group.

[0066] In some embodiments, the substituted or unsubstituted phenoxazine group comprises one or more of a substituted or unsubstituted formula A 4-1 to a substituted or unsubstituted formula A 4-6 to a substituted or unsubstituted formula A

[0067] wherein

[0068] *denotes the connection site of Ar to L;

[0069] denotes the connection site of Ar to T, and each of n1, n2 independently is any integer from 0 to 3, and n1, n2 are not simultaneously 0 in the same structural formula.

[0070] In some embodiments, the substituted or unsubstituted phenoxazine group comprises one or more of a substituted or unsubstituted formula A 4-11 to a substituted or unsubstituted formula A 4-16 to a substituted or unsubstituted formula A

[0071] wherein denotes the connection site of Ar to T; and *denotes the connection site of Ar to L.

[0072] In some embodiments, the substituted or unsubstituted nitrogen-containing aromatic heterocyclic group comprises a substituted or unsubstituted acridine group, the substituted or unsubstituted acridine group comprising a structure of formula A5

[0073] in formula A5,

[0074] M 25a single bond, a substituted or unsubstituted C6 to C30 aralkylene group, or a substituted or unsubstituted C5 to C30 heteroaralkylene group;

[0075] M 23 and M 34 each independently includes a substituted or unsubstituted C6 to C30 aralkylene group, or a substituted or unsubstituted C6 to C30 heteroaralkylene group;

[0076] In the case where the above group is substituted, the substituent group includes one or more of an amine group, a halogen group, an alkylthio group, an oxygen-containing substituent group, or a C1 to C5 alkyl group. Alternatively, the oxygen-containing substituent group includes one or more of an alkoxy group, an amide group, a carboxylic acid group, a phosphorous acid group, a phosphoric acid group, a sulfonic acid group, a silicic acid group, a siloxane group, a boric acid group, a carboxylic acid ester group, a phosphoric acid ester group, a sulfonic acid ester group, a silicic acid ester group, a boric acid ester group, a carboxylate group, a phosphite group, a phosphate group, a borate group, or a silicate group.

[0077] In some embodiments, the substituted or unsubstituted acridine group includes one or more of a substituted or unsubstituted formula A 5-1 to a substituted or unsubstituted formula A 5-3 to a substituted or unsubstituted formula A

[0078] wherein

[0079] * indicates a connection site of Ar to L;

[0080] indicates a connection site of Ar to T, and n1, n2 are each independently any integer from 0 to 3, and n1, n2 are not simultaneously 0 in the same structural formula.

[0081] In some embodiments, the substituted or unsubstituted acridine group includes one or more of a substituted or unsubstituted formula A 5-11 to a substituted or unsubstituted formula A 5-13 to a substituted or unsubstituted formula A

[0082] wherein indicates a connection site of Ar to T; and * indicates a connection site of Ar to L.

[0083] In some embodiments, the substituent groups in the hole-extracting group include oxygen-containing substituent groups, which include one or more of an alkoxy group, an amide group, a carboxylic acid group, a phosphorous acid group, a phosphoric acid group, a sulfonic acid group, a silicic acid group, a siloxane group, a boronic acid group, a carboxylate group, a phosphonate group, a sulfonate group, a silicate group, a borate group, a carboxylate, a phosphite, a phosphate, a borate, or a silicate.

[0084] In some embodiments, L includes a substituted or unsubstituted alkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group, or a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic group.

[0085] In the case where L includes a substituted or unsubstituted alkylene group, or a substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkylene group, in the case where the aforementioned group is substituted, the substituent groups include one or more of a halogen group, an alkylthio group, or an oxygen-containing substituent group.

[0086] In the case where L includes a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group, or a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic group, in the case where the aforementioned group is substituted, the substituent groups include one or more of a halogen group, an alkylthio group, an oxygen-containing substituent group, or a C1 to C5 alkyl group.

[0087] In some embodiments, L includes a substituted or unsubstituted C1 to C8 alkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1 to C8 heteroalkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group having a ring-forming atom number of C6 to C15, or a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic group having a ring-forming atom number of C3 to C15.

[0088] In some embodiments, Q includes an oxygen-containing group, which includes one or more of a carboxylic acid group, a phosphorous acid group, a phosphoric acid group, a sulfonic acid group, a silicic acid group, a siloxane group, a boronic acid group, a carboxylate group, a phosphonate group, a sulfonate group, a silicate group, a borate group, a carboxylate, a phosphite, a phosphate, a borate, or a silicate. The aforementioned oxygen-containing group can increase the anchoring ability with the hole-transporting layer, and improve the binding force between the two.

[0089] In some embodiments, the oxygen-containing group includes one or more of a carboxylic acid group, a phosphoric acid group, a boronic acid group, a carboxylate, a phosphate, a borate.

[0090] In some embodiments, the self-assembling molecule includes one or more of a compound represented by Formula A-1 to a compound represented by Formula A-9,

[0091] In some embodiments, the functional layer is disposed on a surface of the first electrode, and the functional layer is in contact with at least a portion of the surface of the first electrode. The functional layer can effectively extract and transport holes, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the perovskite solar cell.

[0092] In some embodiments, the functional layer has a thickness of 1.6 nm to 30 nm. When the thickness of the functional layer is within the above range, the functional layer can effectively transport holes, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the device.

[0093] In some embodiments, the perovskite solar cell further comprises a hole transport layer, and the functional layer is disposed between the hole transport layer and the perovskite light-absorbing layer. The functional layer can effectively passivate defects of the perovskite light-absorbing layer, thereby further improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the device.

[0094] In some embodiments, the functional layer has a thickness of 0.1 nm to 20 nm. When the thickness of the functional layer is within the above range, the functional layer can effectively passivate defects of the perovskite light-absorbing layer, thereby further improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the device.

[0095] In some embodiments, the hole transport layer comprises a hole transport material, and the hole transport material comprises one or more of a hole transport organic material, a hole transport inorganic material, or a combination thereof. The hole transport organic material comprises one or more of poly[bis(4-phenyl)(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)amine], poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-polystyrene sulfonic acid, 2,2',7,7'-tetrakis[N,N-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)amino]-9,9'-spirobifluorene, poly-3-hexylthiophene, methoxytriphenylamine-fluoromethylformamidine, triptycene-core triphenylamine, 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene-methoxytriphenylamine, N-4-anilino carbazole-spirofluorene, polythiophene, phosphonic acid-based monomer, carboxylic acid-based monomer, carbazolyl-based monomer, sulfonic acid-based monomer, triphenylamine-based monomer, or aromatic-based monomer. The hole transport inorganic material comprises one or more of a metal oxide, cuprous iodide, or cuprous thiocyanate.

[0096] Thus, in the embodiments of the present application, the hole transport material has excellent hole extraction and transport capability, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the perovskite solar cell.

[0097] In some embodiments, the perovskite light-absorbing layer comprises a perovskite material, and the perovskite material comprises one or more of a compound having a molecular formula of ABX3 or M2CDN6, A and M each independently comprise Li + , Na + , K + , Rb + , Cs +one or more of a methylamine cation, an ethylamine cation, a propylamine cation, a butylamine cation, a pentylamine cation, a hexylamine cation, a formamidinium cation, or an imidazolium cation; B comprises one or more of Ca 2+ 2+ 2+ 2+ 2+ 2+ 2+ 2+ 2+ 2+ 2+ 2+ 2+ 2+ one or more of F - - - - one or more of Cs + + + + one or more of Bi 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+

[0098] In some embodiments, the perovskite solar cell further comprises an electron transport layer between the perovskite light-absorbing layer and the second electrode. The electron transport layer can improve the transport of electrons, which is beneficial to improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the perovskite solar cell.

[0099] In a second aspect, the embodiments of the present application further provide a photovoltaic module, which comprises one or more perovskite solar cells according to any of the embodiments of the first aspect of the present application.

[0100] In a third aspect, the embodiments of the present application further provide a power generation device, which comprises a photovoltaic module according to any of the embodiments of the second aspect of the present application.

[0101] In a fourth aspect, the embodiments of the present application further provide a power consumption device, which comprises a photovoltaic module according to any of the embodiments of the second aspect of the present application.

[0102] ​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​In a fifth aspect, the embodiments of the present application further provide a self-assembled molecule, the self-assembled molecule comprising a hole extraction group, a maximum dimension of the self-assembled molecule along a first direction being a first dimension, a maximum dimension of the self-assembled molecule along a second direction being a second dimension, a maximum dimension of the self-assembled molecule along a third direction being a third dimension, at least one of the first dimension, the second dimension and the third dimension being equal to or greater than 1.6 nm, the first direction, the second direction and the third direction being perpendicular to each other. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

[0103] In order to more clearly illustrate the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present application, the following will briefly introduce the drawings needed to be used in the embodiments of the present application. Obviously, the drawings described below are only some embodiments of the present application, and other drawings can also be obtained by the drawings without creative labor.

[0104] FIG. 1 is a structural schematic diagram of a perovskite solar cell provided by some embodiments of the present application;

[0105] FIG. 2 is a structural schematic diagram of a perovskite solar cell provided by some other embodiments of the present application;

[0106] FIG. 3 is a structural schematic diagram of a perovskite solar cell provided by still other embodiments of the present application;

[0107] FIG. 4 is a structural schematic diagram of a perovskite solar cell provided by still other embodiments of the present application;

[0108] FIG. 5 is a structural schematic diagram of a perovskite solar cell provided by still other embodiments of the present application;

[0109] FIG. 6 is a structural schematic diagram of a perovskite solar cell provided by still other embodiments of the present application;

[0110] FIG. 7 is a structural schematic diagram of a photovoltaic module provided by some embodiments of the present application;

[0111] FIG. 8 is a structural schematic diagram of an electric device provided by some embodiments of the present application;

[0112] FIG. 9 is a nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum of a compound shown in formula A-1 provided by the present application;

[0113] FIG. 10 is a nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum of a compound shown in formula A-2 provided by the present application;

[0114] FIG. 11 is a nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum of a compound shown in formula A-3 provided by the present application;

[0115] FIG. 12 is a nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum of a compound shown in formula A-7 provided by the present application;

[0116] FIG. 13 is a nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum of a compound represented by Formula A-8 according to the present application;

[0117] FIG. 14 is a nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum of a compound represented by Formula A-9 according to the present application;

[0118] In the drawings, the drawings are not necessarily drawn in actual proportions.

[0119] In the drawings, the drawings are not necessarily drawn in actual proportions. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0120] Hereinafter, specific embodiments of the self-assembled molecules, perovskite solar cells, photovoltaic modules, power generation devices, and power consumption devices according to the present application are described in detail with appropriate reference to the accompanying drawings. However, there are cases where unnecessary detailed descriptions are omitted. For example, there are cases where detailed descriptions of matters that are well known, repeated descriptions of substantially the same structures are omitted. This is to avoid the following description from becoming unnecessarily lengthy and to facilitate understanding by those skilled in the art. In addition, the drawings and the following description are provided so that those skilled in the art can fully understand the present application, and are not intended to limit the subject matter recited in the claims.

[0121] The ranges disclosed herein are defined by the lower and upper limits in the form of a range, and the given range is defined by selecting one lower limit and one upper limit, and the selected lower limit and upper limit define the boundaries of the particular range. The ranges defined in this way can include or exclude the end values, and can be arbitrarily combined, i.e., any lower limit can be combined with any upper limit to form a range. For example, if ranges of 60 to 120 and 80 to 110 are listed for a particular parameter, it is understood that ranges of 60 to 110 and 80 to 120 are also contemplated. In addition, if the minimum range values of 1 and 2 are listed, and if the maximum range values of 3, 4, and 5 are listed, the following ranges are all contemplated: 1 to 3, 1 to 4, 1 to 5, 2 to 3, 2 to 4, and 2 to 5. In the present application, unless otherwise specified, the numerical range "a to b" indicates a shorthand notation for any real combination of integers between a and b, where a and b are both real numbers. For example, the numerical range "0 to 5" indicates that all real numbers between "0 to 5" have been listed herein, and "0 to 5" is just a shorthand notation for these numerical combinations. In addition, when it is stated that a certain parameter is an integer ≥ 2, it is equivalent to disclose that the parameter is, for example, an integer of 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, etc.

[0122] If there is no special indication, all the embodiments and optional embodiments of the present application can be combined with each other to form new technical solutions.

[0123] If there is no special indication, all the technical features and optional technical features of the present application can be combined with each other to form new technical solutions.

[0124] If there is no special indication, all the steps of the present application can be performed in sequence or randomly, and the preferred sequence is in sequence. For example, the method comprises steps (a) and (b), which means that the method can comprise steps (a) and (b) in sequence, or steps (b) and (a) in sequence. For example, it is mentioned that the method can further comprise step (c), which means that step (c) can be added to the method in any order, for example, the method can comprise steps (a), (b) and (c), or steps (a), (c) and (b), or steps (c), (a) and (b), etc.

[0125] In the present application, "a plurality of" refers to two or more (including two).

[0126] The perovskite solar cell can convert solar energy into electrical energy, and its working process mainly includes: generation and separation of excitons, transport of free carriers, collection of carriers and generation of current. The specific process is as follows: in the perovskite solar cell, sunlight is absorbed by the perovskite light absorbing layer, and the perovskite light absorbing layer absorbs photons to generate excitons. Due to the low Coulomb force binding of the perovskite light absorbing layer, the excitons are then separated into free electrons and holes. The separated free carriers are transported in the perovskite light absorbing layer, and the electrons and holes are collected by the electrodes to form a current after connecting an external load.

[0127] In order to improve the extraction and transport efficiency of carriers, a hole transport layer can be arranged between the electrode and the perovskite light absorbing layer, and a side reaction may occur between the perovskite light absorbing layer and the hole transport layer, such as nickel oxide, for example, trivalent nickel leading to decomposition of the perovskite material; in the related art, a passivation material such as a small molecule is usually used for passivation, but the above-mentioned passivation material may move in the perovskite solar cell and other problems, resulting in weakening of the passivation effect, and may deteriorate the stability and photoelectric conversion efficiency of the device.

[0128] In view of this, the embodiments of the present application also provide a self-assembled molecule, which comprises a hole extraction group and can effectively extract and transport holes, and the size of the self-assembled molecule is relatively large, which can reduce its movement in the perovskite solar cell when applied to the perovskite solar cell, improve the stability of the device, and improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency.

[0129] Self-assembled molecule

[0130] In a first aspect, the embodiments of the present application provide a self-assembled molecule.

[0131] The self-assembled molecule comprises a hole extraction group, a maximum dimension of the self-assembled molecule along a first direction is a first dimension, a maximum dimension of the self-assembled molecule along a second direction is a second dimension, a maximum dimension of the self-assembled molecule along a third direction is a third dimension, at least one of the first dimension, the second dimension and the third dimension is greater than or equal to 1.6 nm, and the first direction, the second direction and the third direction are perpendicular to each other.

[0132] A Cartesian three-dimensional rectangular coordinate system comprises an X axis, a Y axis and a Z axis, the X axis, the Y axis and the Z axis are perpendicular to each other, and one of the first direction, the second direction and the third direction can be considered to be parallel to the X axis, another to be parallel to the Y axis, and the last to be parallel to the Z axis. Optionally, the first direction is parallel to the longest axis of the self-assembled molecule, for example, the Z axis is parallel to the longest axis of the self-assembled molecule.

[0133] The self-assembled molecule is a molecule with a three-dimensional structure. When the self-assembled molecule is placed in a Cartesian three-dimensional rectangular coordinate system, it has dimensions along the first direction, the second direction and the third direction, i.e., the first dimension, the second dimension and the third dimension. In the embodiments of the present application, when at least one of the first dimension, the second dimension and the third dimension is greater than or equal to 1.6 nm, the self-assembled molecule is relatively long, and when the self-assembled molecule is applied to a perovskite solar cell, it can reduce its movement in the perovskite solar cell, improve the stability of the device, and improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency.

[0134] In the embodiments of the present application, at least one of the first dimension, the second dimension and the third dimension is greater than or equal to 1.6 nm, for example, 1.6 nm, 1.8 nm, 2 nm, 2.5 nm, 3 nm, 3.5 nm, 4 nm, 4.5 nm, 5 nm, 5.5 nm, 6 nm, 6.5 nm, 7 nm, 7.5 nm, 8 nm, 8.5 nm, 9 nm, 9.5 nm, 10 nm or a range composed of any two of the above values; optionally, 1.6 nm to 10 nm, further optionally, 1.6 nm to 3.5 nm, and more further optionally, 2.0 nm to 3.5 nm.

[0135] For example, one of the first dimension, the second dimension and the third dimension is greater than or equal to 1.6 nm, specifically, the first dimension is greater than or equal to 1.6 nm, optionally, 1.6 nm to 10 nm; or the second dimension is greater than or equal to 1.6 nm, optionally, 1.6 nm to 10 nm; or the third dimension is greater than or equal to 1.6 nm, optionally, 1.6 nm to 10 nm.

[0136] Optionally, at least two of the first size, the second size, and the third size are greater than or equal to 1.6 nm, optionally 1.6 nm to 10 nm. For example, two of the first size, the second size, and the third size are greater than or equal to 1.6 nm, or all of the first size, the second size, and the third size are greater than or equal to 1.6 nm. The self-assembled molecules are more difficult to move in the perovskite solar cell, which can further improve the device stability and improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency.

[0137] In some embodiments, the self-assembled molecule has a molecular weight of 500 to 1200, for example, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800, 850, 900, 950, 1000, 1050, 1100, 1150, 1200, or a range between any two of the foregoing values, optionally 600 to 1200. When the self-assembled molecule has a molecular weight in the foregoing range, the self-assembled molecule has a relatively large volume, which can further increase the difficulty of movement of the self-assembled molecule, which can further improve the device stability and improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency.

[0138] In some embodiments, the self-assembled molecule comprises a compound represented by Formula A,

[0139] In Formula A,

[0140] Ar represents the hole extraction group;

[0141] L comprises a single bond, an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom, a substituted or unsubstituted alkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted arylene group, or a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclylene group;

[0142] Q comprises a hydrogen atom or an oxygen-containing group;

[0143] T comprises a hydrogen atom, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group, wherein the substituted group comprises one or more of a halogen atom, -R 1 , -O-R 1 , -S-R 1 , -N(R 1 )2, -NHR 1 , -NH2, -OH, -NHCOR 1 , -OCOR 1 , -(CH2) p COOH, a C6 to C10 aromatic hydrocarbon group, or a C5 to C10 aromatic heterocyclic group; R 1 , a C6 to C10 aromatic hydrocarbon group, or a C5 to C10 aromatic heterocyclic group are each independently unsubstituted or substituted with a halogen atom, -N(R 2 )2, -NHR 2or one or more substitutions in -NH2; R 1 R 2 Each independently comprises C1 to C5 alkyl groups; p includes 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5;

[0144] m represents the number of connection sites between L and Ar, where m is any positive integer from 1 to 8;

[0145] n represents the number of connection sites between T and Ar, and n is any positive integer from 1 to 6.

[0146] In the embodiments of this application, a subgroup can be understood as a group that has lost two hydrogen atoms.

[0147] For example, alkylene is an alkane group that has lost two hydrogen atoms in an alkane compound, while alkyl is an alkane group that has lost one hydrogen atom.

[0148] For example, a heteroalkylene group is a heteroalkane group that has lost two hydrogen atoms, while a heteroalkyl group is a heteroalkane group that has lost one hydrogen atom. Heteroalkane can include alkane compounds containing at least one heteroatom of O, S, N, or P, such as ethers and thioethers.

[0149] For example, a dehydroaromatic group is an aromatic group formed by the loss of two hydrogen atoms in an aromatic compound, while an aromatic group is an aromatic group that has lost one hydrogen atom. Aromatic compounds refer to compounds with aromatic properties, such as aromatic hydrocarbons and aromatic heterocyclic compounds. Aromatic hydrocarbons include compounds such as benzene, biphenyl, and fluorene; aromatic heterocyclic compounds include compounds such as carbazole, thiophene, furan, or benzothiophene.

[0150] For example, a subheterocyclic group is a heterocyclic group in a heterocyclic compound that has lost two hydrogen atoms, while a heterocyclic group is a heterocyclic group that has lost one hydrogen atom. Heterocyclic compounds can include heterocyclic compounds containing at least one heteroatom from O, S, N, and P, such as ethylene oxide, pentane oxide, and phosphonopentane.

[0151] When m is 1, one hydrogen atom in Ar is replaced by L, and the structure of the self-assembled molecule is as follows:

[0152] When m is greater than or equal to 2, at least two hydrogen atoms in Ar are replaced by L, for example, 2, 3, 4, or 5. Taking m as an example, the structure of the self-assembled molecule is as follows:

[0153] When n is 1, one hydrogen atom in Ar is replaced by T, and the structure of the self-assembled molecule is as follows:

[0154] In the case where n is equal to or greater than 2, at least two hydrogen atoms in Ar are substituted with L, for example, 2, 3, 4, or 5, etc. In the case where n is 2, the structure of the self-assembly molecule is as follows:

[0155] For example, the structure of the self-assembly molecule can be one or more of the following structures:

[0156] [Ar]

[0157] Ar represents a hole extraction group, and has a hole extraction function.

[0158] Ar includes a substituted or unsubstituted aniline-based group, or a substituted or unsubstituted nitrogen-containing aromatic heterocyclic group.

[0159] In some embodiments, the substituted or unsubstituted aniline-based group includes a structure represented by Formula A1,

[0160] In Formula A1,

[0161] M 11 and M 12 each independently includes a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group having a ring-forming atom number of C5 to C30;

[0162] M 13 includes a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group having a ring-forming atom number of C5 to C30;

[0163] In the case where the above group is substituted, the substituent group includes one or more of an amine group, a halogen group, an alkylthio group, an oxygen-containing substituent group, or a C1 to C5 alkyl group, and in the case where the substituent group includes a carbon atom, the number of carbon atoms is 1 to 5. For example, the oxygen-containing substituent group includes one or more of an alkoxy group, an amide group, a carboxylic acid group, a phosphorous acid group, a phosphoric acid group, a sulfonic acid group, a silicic acid group, a siloxane group, a boronic acid group, a carboxylic acid ester group, a phosphoric acid ester group, a sulfonic acid ester group, a silicic acid ester group, a boronic acid ester group, a carboxylate group, a phosphite group, a phosphate group, a borate group, or a silicate group.

[0164] Optionally, the substituted or unsubstituted aniline-based group includes one or more of a substituted or unsubstituted structure represented by Formula A 1-1 to a substituted or unsubstituted structure represented by Formula A 1-7

[0165] in which,

[0166] ​* indicates the connection site of Ar to L, each of m1, m2, m3, m4, m5, and m6 is independently any integer from 0 to 3, and in the same structural formula, m1, m2, m3, m4, m5, and m6 are not simultaneously 0; it can be understood that at least one of m1, m2, m3, m4, m5, and m6 is not 0, for example, in the case where m1 to m5 are 0, m6 is a positive integer; of course, at least two of m1, m2, m3, m4, m5, and m6 can not be 0, or all of m1, m2, m3, m4, m5, and m6 can not be 0, and are all positive integers.

[0167] * indicates the connection site of Ar to T, each of n1, n2, n3, n4, n5, and n6 is independently any integer from 0 to 3, and in the same structural formula, n1, n2, n3, n4, n5, and n6 are not simultaneously 0; it can be understood that at least one of n1, n2, n3, n4, n5, and n6 is not 0, for example, in the case where n1 to n5 are 0, n6 is a positive integer; of course, at least two of n1, n2, n3, n4, n5, and n6 can not be 0, or all of n1, n2, n3, n4, n5, and n6 can not be 0, and are all positive integers.

[0168] Optionally, the substituted or unsubstituted aniline-based group includes a substituted or unsubstituted formula A 1-11 the structures shown to a substituted or unsubstituted formula A 1-111 one or more of the structures shown,

[0169] in the formula, * indicates the connection site of Ar to T; * indicates the connection site of Ar to L.

[0170] For example, formula A 1-11 in the formula, may be connected to any one carbon in the benzene ring in triphenylamine, and the connection sites in other structures are substantially the same as formula A 1-11 For example, formula A 1-11 the structures shown can include one or more of the following structural formulas,

[0171] The above structures can be substituted or unsubstituted, and in the case of being substituted, the substituted formula A 1-1 the structures shown include one or more of the following structural formulas,

[0172] Ar1, Ar2, and Ar3each independently represent a hydrogen atom or the substituent group, and at least one of Ar1, Ar2, and Ar3is the substituent group. In other words, where Ar1, Ar2, and Ar3each independently are not a hydrogen atom, Ar1, Ar2, and Ar3each independently substitute any hydrogen atom on the aromatic ring or the arylene ring. For example, the substituent group includes one or more of an amine group, a halogen group, an alkylthio group, an oxygen-containing substituent group, or an alkyl group.

[0173] For example, Ar1, Ar2are a fluorine atom, and Ar3is a hydrogen atom, the substituted formula A 1-1 The structures shown include one or more of the following structural formulas,

[0174] In some embodiments, the substituted or unsubstituted nitrogen-containing aromatic heterocyclic group includes a substituted or unsubstituted carbazole group, a substituted or unsubstituted phenothiazine group, a substituted or unsubstituted phenoxazine group, or a substituted or unsubstituted acridine group.

[0175] In some embodiments, the substituted or unsubstituted nitrogen-containing aromatic heterocyclic group includes a substituted or unsubstituted carbazole group, the substituted or unsubstituted carbazole group including a structure shown in formula A2,

[0176] In formula A2,

[0177] M 14 including a single bond, a substituted or unsubstituted C6 to C30 arylene group, or a substituted or unsubstituted C5 to C30 arylene heterocyclic group;

[0178] M 15 and M 16 each independently including a substituted or unsubstituted C6 to C30 aryl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted C5 to C30 aromatic heterocyclic group;

[0179] Where the above groups are substituted, the substituent group includes one or more of an amine group, a halogen group, an alkylthio group, an oxygen-containing substituent group, or a C1 to C5 alkyl group. Illustratively, the oxygen-containing substituent group includes one or more of an alkoxy group, an amide group, a carboxylic acid group, a phosphorous acid group, a phosphoric acid group, a sulfonic acid group, a silicic acid group, a siloxane group, a boronic acid group, a carboxylate group, a phosphate group, a sulfonate group, a silicate group, a borate group, a carboxylate group, a phosphite group, a phosphate group, a borate group, or a silicate group.

[0180] Optionally, the substituted or unsubstituted carbazole group includes a substituted or unsubstituted formula A 2-a1 The structures shown include one or more of the following structural formulas,2-b9 one or more of the structures shown,

[0181] in the formula,

[0182] * indicates the connection site of Ar to L, m1, m2, m3, m4, m5, m6, m7, and m8 are each independently any one of 0 to 3, and in the same structural formula, m1, m2, m3, m4, m5, m6, m7, and m8 are not simultaneously 0;

[0183] * indicates the connection site of Ar to T, n1, n2, n3, n4, n5, n6, n7, and n8 are each independently any one of 0 to 3, and in the same structural formula, n1, n2, n3, n4, n5, n6, n7, and n8 are not simultaneously 0.

[0184] Optionally, the substituted or unsubstituted carbazole-based group includes a substituted or unsubstituted formula A 2-a11 the structures shown to a substituted or unsubstituted formula A 2-b19 one or more of the structures shown,

[0185] in the formula, * indicates the connection site of Ar to T; * indicates the connection site of Ar to L.

[0186] The above structure can be substituted or unsubstituted, and in the case of being substituted, exemplarily, a substituted formula A 2-a1 the structures shown include one or more of the following structural formulas,

[0187] Ar1, Ar2 each independently indicates a hydrogen atom or the substitution group, and at least one of Ar1, Ar2 is the substitution group; in other words, in the case where Ar1, Ar2 each independently is not a hydrogen atom, Ar1, Ar2 each independently substitutes any hydrogen atom on an aromatic ring or an arylene ring. For example, the substitution group includes one or more of an amine-based group, a halogen-based group, an alkylthio group, an oxygen-containing substitution group, or an alkyl group.

[0188] For example, Ar1, Ar2 is a methoxy group, a substituted formula A 2-a1 the structures shown include one or more of the following structural formulas,

[0189] The above structure can be substituted or unsubstituted, and in the case of being substituted, exemplarily, a substituted formula A2-b1 The structures shown include one or more of the following structural formulas,

[0190] Ar1, Ar2, and Ar3 each independently represent a hydrogen atom or the substituent group, and at least one of Ar1, Ar2, and Ar3 is the substituent group; in other words, in the case where Ar1, Ar2, and Ar3 each independently are not a hydrogen atom, Ar1, Ar2, and Ar3 each independently substitute any hydrogen atom on an aromatic ring or an arylene ring. For example, the substituent group includes one or more of an amine group, a halogen group, an alkylthio group, an oxygen-containing substituent group, or an alkyl group.

[0191] For example, Ar1, Ar3 is an ethyl group, Ar2 is a hydrogen atom, the substituted formula A 2-b1 The structures shown include one or more of the following structural formulas,

[0192] In some embodiments, the substituted or unsubstituted nitrogen-containing aromatic heterocyclic group includes a substituted or unsubstituted phenothiazine group, which includes a structure shown in formula A3,

[0193] In formula A3,

[0194] M 17 includes a single bond, a substituted or unsubstituted C6 to C30 arylene group, or a substituted or unsubstituted C5 to C30 arylene heterocyclic group;

[0195] M 18 and M 19 each independently includes a substituted or unsubstituted C6 to C30 arylene group, or a substituted or unsubstituted C5 to C30 arylene heterocyclic group;

[0196] In the case where the above group is substituted, the substituent group includes one or more of an amine group, a halogen group, an alkylthio group, an oxygen-containing substituent group, or a C1 to C5 alkyl group. Exemplarily, the oxygen-containing substituent group includes one or more of an alkoxy group, an amide group, a carboxylic acid group, a phosphorous acid group, a phosphoric acid group, a sulfonic acid group, a silicic acid group, a siloxane group, a boric acid group, a carboxylic acid ester group, a phosphoric acid ester group, a sulfonic acid ester group, a silicic acid ester group, a boric acid ester group, a carboxylate group, a phosphite group, a phosphate group, a borate group, or a silicate group.

[0197] Optionally, the substituted or unsubstituted phenothiazine group includes a substituted or unsubstituted formula A 3-1 The structures shown include one or more of the following structural formulas, 3-6 The structures shown include one or more of the following structural formulas,

[0198] in which

[0199] * indicates a connection site of Ar to L;

[0200] indicates a connection site of Ar to T, and n1, n2 are each independently any one of 0 to 3, and n1, n2 are not simultaneously 0 in the same structural formula.

[0201] Optionally, the substituted or unsubstituted phenothiazine group includes a substituted or unsubstituted formula A 3-11 indicated in the structure to a substituted or unsubstituted formula A 3-16 one or more of the structures indicated in the structure,

[0202] in which indicates a connection site of Ar to T, and * indicates a connection site of Ar to L.

[0203] The above structure can be substituted or unsubstituted, and in the case of being substituted, exemplarily, a substituted formula A 3-1 indicated in the structure includes one or more of the following structural formulas,

[0204] Ar1, Ar2 each independently indicates a hydrogen atom or the substituent group, and at least one of Ar1, Ar2 is the substituent group; in other words, in the case where Ar1, Ar2 each independently is not a hydrogen atom, Ar1, Ar2 each independently substitutes any hydrogen atom on an aromatic ring or an aromatic ring. For example, the substituent group includes one or more of an amine group, a halogen group, an alkylthio group, an oxygen-containing substituent group, or an alkyl group.

[0205] For example, Ar1, Ar2 is a methylthio group, a substituted A 3-1 indicated in the structure includes one or more of the following structural formulas,

[0206] In some embodiments, the substituted or unsubstituted nitrogen-containing aromatic heterocyclic group includes a substituted or unsubstituted phenoxazine group, and the substituted or unsubstituted phenoxazine group includes a structure indicated in a formula A4,

[0207] in the formula A4,

[0208] M 20 includes a single bond, a substituted or unsubstituted C6 to C30 arylenic group, or a substituted or unsubstituted C5 to C30 aromatic heterocyclic group;

[0209] M 21 and M 22 each independently comprises a substituted or unsubstituted C6 to C30 aromatic hydrocarbon group, or a substituted or unsubstituted C5 to C30 aromatic heterocyclic group;

[0210] In the case where the above-mentioned group is substituted, the substituent group comprises one or more of an amine group, a halogen group, an alkylthio group, an oxygen-containing substituent group, or a C1 to C5 alkyl group. Illustratively, the oxygen-containing substituent group comprises one or more of an alkoxy group, an amide group, a carboxylic acid group, a phosphorous acid group, a phosphoric acid group, a sulfonic acid group, a silicic acid group, a siloxane group, a boronic acid group, a carboxylate group, a phosphate group, a sulfonate group, a silicate group, a borate group, a carboxylate group, a phosphite group, a phosphate group, a borate group, or a silicate group.

[0211] Optionally, the substituted or unsubstituted phenoxazine group comprises one or more of a substituted or unsubstituted formula A 4-1 to a substituted or unsubstituted formula A 4-6 to a substituted or unsubstituted formula A

[0212] wherein,

[0213] * indicates the connection site of Ar to L;

[0214] indicates the connection site of Ar to T, and each of n1, n2 is independently any integer from 0 to 3, and n1, n2 are not simultaneously 0 in the same structural formula.

[0215] Optionally, the substituted or unsubstituted phenoxazine group comprises one or more of a substituted or unsubstituted formula A 4-11 to a substituted or unsubstituted formula A 4-16 to a substituted or unsubstituted formula A

[0216] wherein, indicates the connection site of Ar to T; and * indicates the connection site of Ar to L.

[0217] The above-mentioned structure can be substituted or unsubstituted, and in the case of being substituted, illustratively, the substituted formula A 4-1 comprises one or more of the following structural formulae,

[0218] Ar1, Ar2each independently represents a hydrogen atom or the substituent group, and at least one of Ar1, Ar2is the substituent group; in other words, in the case where Ar1, Ar2each independently is not a hydrogen atom, Ar1, Ar2each independently substitutes any hydrogen atom on an aromatic ring or an aromatic ring moiety. For example, the substituent group includes one or more of an amine group, a halogen group, an alkylthio group, an oxygen-containing substituent group, or an alkyl group.

[0219] For example, Ar1, Ar2is an amine group, the substituted A 4-1 The structures shown include one or more of the following structural formulas,

[0220] In some embodiments, the substituted or unsubstituted nitrogen-containing aromatic heterocyclic group includes a substituted or unsubstituted acridine group including a structure shown in Formula A5,

[0221] In Formula A5,

[0222] M 25 including a single bond, a substituted or unsubstituted C6 to C30 arylenic group, or a substituted or unsubstituted C5 to C30 aromatic heterocyclic ring group;

[0223] M 23 and M 34 each independently including a substituted or unsubstituted C6 to C30 aryl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted C6 to C30 aromatic heterocyclic ring group;

[0224] In the case where the above group is substituted, the substituent group includes one or more of an amine group, a halogen group, an alkylthio group, an oxygen-containing substituent group, or a C1 to C5 alkyl group. Exemplarily, the oxygen-containing substituent group includes one or more of an alkoxy group, an amide group, a carboxylic acid group, a phosphorous acid group, a phosphoric acid group, a sulfonic acid group, a silicic acid group, a siloxane group, a boronic acid group, a carboxylate group, a phosphate group, a sulfonate group, a silicate group, a borate group, a carboxylate group, a phosphite group, a phosphate group, a borate group, or a silicate group.

[0225] Optionally,

[0226] The substituted or unsubstituted acridine group includes a substituted or unsubstituted Formula A 5-1 The structures shown include one or more of the following structural formulas, 5-3 The structures shown include one or more of the following structural formulas,

[0227] In the formula,

[0228] * indicates the connection site of Ar and L;

[0229] denotes a connection site of Ar to T, each of n1, n2 independently represents any one integer from 0 to 3, and n1, n2 are not simultaneously 0 in the same structural formula;

[0230] Optionally, the substituted or unsubstituted acridine group includes a substituted or unsubstituted formula A 5-11 the structure shown includes one or more of the following structural formulas, 5-13

[0231] In the formula, denotes a connection site of Ar to T; * denotes a connection site of Ar to L.

[0232] The above structure can be substituted or unsubstituted. In the case of being substituted, the substituted formula A 5-1 the structure shown includes one or more of the following structural formulas,

[0233] Each of Ar1, Ar2, and Ar3 independently represents a hydrogen atom or the substituent group, and at least one of Ar1, Ar2, and Ar3 is the substituent group. In other words, in the case where each of Ar1, Ar2, and Ar3 is not a hydrogen atom, each of Ar1, Ar2, and Ar3 independently substitutes any hydrogen atom on an aromatic ring or an aromatic ring. For example, the substituent group includes one or more of an amine group, a halogen group, an alkylthio group, an oxygen-containing substituent group, or an alkyl group.

[0234] For example, Ar1, Ar3 are carboxylate groups, and Ar2 is a hydrogen atom, the substituted A 5-1 the structure shown includes one or more of the following structural formulas,

[0235] In each of the above embodiments, the aromatic group is a group having an aromatic function.

[0236] The substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group having 5 to 30 ring-forming atoms can include a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon group having 6 to 30 ring-forming atoms, or a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic heterocyclic group having 6 to 30 ring-forming atoms.

[0237] ​For example, the substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group having 5 to 30 ring-forming atoms is an aromatic group having 5 ring-forming atoms, an aromatic group having 6 ring-forming atoms, an aromatic group having 7 ring-forming atoms, an aromatic group having 8 ring-forming atoms, an aromatic group having 9 ring-forming atoms, an aromatic group having 10 ring-forming atoms, an aromatic group having 11 ring-forming atoms, an aromatic group having 12 ring-forming atoms, an aromatic group having 13 ring-forming atoms, an aromatic group having 14 ring-forming atoms, an aromatic group having 15 ring-forming atoms, an aromatic group having 16 ring-forming atoms, an aromatic group having 17 ring-forming atoms, an aromatic group having 18 ring-forming atoms, an aromatic group having 19 ring-forming atoms, an aromatic group having 20 ring-forming atoms, an aromatic group having 21 ring-forming atoms, an aromatic group having 22 ring-forming atoms, an aromatic group having 23 ring-forming atoms, an aromatic group having 24 ring-forming atoms, an aromatic group having 25 ring-forming atoms, an aromatic group having 26 ring-forming atoms, an aromatic group having 27 ring-forming atoms, an aromatic group having 28 ring-forming atoms, an aromatic group having 29 ring-forming atoms, an aromatic group having 30 ring-forming atoms, or a range defined by any two of the foregoing.

[0238] [T]

[0239] T includes a hydrogen atom, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group.

[0240] In the case where T is a hydrogen atom, it is understood that Ar is directly connected to the hydrogen atom; in the case where T is a non-hydrogen atom, it is understood that the hydrogen atom on Ar is substituted by T.

[0241] Optionally, T includes a hydrogen atom, a substituted or unsubstituted C1 to C8 alkyl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group having 5 to 30 ring-forming atoms. In the case where T includes a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group having 5 to 30 ring-forming atoms, the substituent group includes one or more of an amine group, a halogen group, an alkylthio group, an oxygen-containing substituent group, or a C1 to C5 alkyl group. Illustratively, the oxygen-containing substituent group includes one or more of an alkoxy group, an amide group, a carboxylic acid group, a phosphorous acid group, a phosphoric acid group, a sulfonic acid group, a silicic acid group, a siloxane group, a boronic acid group, a carboxylate group, a phosphate group, a sulfonate group, a silicate group, a borate group, a carboxylate radical, a phosphite radical, a phosphate radical, a borate radical, or a silicate radical.

[0242] Alkyl groups encompass straight-chain and branched-chain alkyl groups. For example, the alkyl group can be a C1 to C8 alkyl group, including methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, t-butyl, pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, t-pentyl, hexyl, isohexyl, heptyl, isoheptyl, octyl, and the like.

[0243] In each of the above embodiments, the aromatic group is a group having an aromatic function. For example, the substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group having 5 to 30 ring-forming atoms is a group having 5 ring-forming atoms, a group having 6 ring-forming atoms, a group having 7 ring-forming atoms, a group having 8 ring-forming atoms, a group having 9 ring-forming atoms, a group having 10 ring-forming atoms, a group having 11 ring-forming atoms, a group having 12 ring-forming atoms, a group having 13 ring-forming atoms, a group having 14 ring-forming atoms, a group having 15 ring-forming atoms, a group having 16 ring-forming atoms, a group having 17 ring-forming atoms, a group having 18 ring-forming atoms, a group having 19 ring-forming atoms, a group having 20 ring-forming atoms, a group having 21 ring-forming atoms, a group having 22 ring-forming atoms, a group having 23 ring-forming atoms, a group having 24 ring-forming atoms, a group having 25 ring-forming atoms, a group having 26 ring-forming atoms, a group having 27 ring-forming atoms, a group having 28 ring-forming atoms, a group having 29 ring-forming atoms, a group having 30 ring-forming atoms, or a range consisting of any two of the above.

[0244] Optionally, the substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group having 5 to 30 ring-forming atoms includes a substituted or unsubstituted aniline group having 6 to 30 ring-forming atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon group having 6 to 30 ring-forming atoms, or a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic heterocyclic group having 5 to 30 ring-forming atoms.

[0245] The aniline group having 6 to 30 ring-forming atoms includes an aniline group having 6 ring-forming atoms, an aniline group having 7 ring-forming atoms, an aniline group having 8 ring-forming atoms, an aniline group having 9 ring-forming atoms, an aniline group having 10 ring-forming atoms, an aniline group having 11 ring-forming atoms, an aniline group having 12 ring-forming atoms, an aniline group having 13 ring-forming atoms, an aniline group having 14 ring-forming atoms, an aniline group having 15 ring-forming atoms, an aniline group having 16 ring-forming atoms, an aniline group having 17 ring-forming atoms, an aniline group having 18 ring-forming atoms, an aniline group having 19 ring-forming atoms, an aniline group having 20 ring-forming atoms, an aniline group having 21 ring-forming atoms, an aniline group having 22 ring-forming atoms, an aniline group having 23 ring-forming atoms, an aniline group having 24 ring-forming atoms, an aniline group having 25 ring-forming atoms, an aniline group having 26 ring-forming atoms, an aniline group having 27 ring-forming atoms, an aniline group having 28 ring-forming atoms, an aniline group having 29 ring-forming atoms, or an aniline group having 30 ring-forming atoms.

[0246] Illustratively, the substituted or unsubstituted aniline group having 6 to 30 ring-forming atoms includes a diphenylamine group or a triphenylamine group.

[0247] The aromatic hydrocarbon group having 5 to 30 ring-forming atoms is an aromatic hydrocarbon group having 5 ring-forming atoms, an aromatic hydrocarbon group having 6 ring-forming atoms, an aromatic hydrocarbon group having 7 ring-forming atoms, an aromatic hydrocarbon group having 8 ring-forming atoms, an aromatic hydrocarbon group having 9 ring-forming atoms, an aromatic hydrocarbon group having 10 ring-forming atoms, an aromatic hydrocarbon group having 11 ring-forming atoms, an aromatic hydrocarbon group having 12 ring-forming atoms, an aromatic hydrocarbon group having 13 ring-forming atoms, an aromatic hydrocarbon group having 14 ring-forming atoms, an aromatic hydrocarbon group having 15 ring-forming atoms, an aromatic hydrocarbon group having 16 ring-forming atoms, an aromatic hydrocarbon group having 17 ring-forming atoms, an aromatic hydrocarbon group having 18 ring-forming atoms, an aromatic hydrocarbon group having 19 ring-forming atoms, an aromatic hydrocarbon group having 20 ring-forming atoms, an aromatic hydrocarbon group having 21 ring-forming atoms, an aromatic hydrocarbon group having 22 ring-forming atoms, an aromatic hydrocarbon group having 23 ring-forming atoms, an aromatic hydrocarbon group having 24 ring-forming atoms, an aromatic hydrocarbon group having 25 ring-forming atoms, an aromatic hydrocarbon group having 26 ring-forming atoms, an aromatic hydrocarbon group having 27 ring-forming atoms, an aromatic hydrocarbon group having 28 ring-forming atoms, an aromatic hydrocarbon group having 29 ring-forming atoms, an aromatic hydrocarbon group having 30 ring-forming atoms, or a range consisting of any two of the foregoing.

[0248] Illustratively, the substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon group having 6 to 30 ring-forming atoms includes a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, or a fluorene ring group.

[0249] The aromatic heterocyclic group having 5 to 30 ring-forming atoms is an aromatic heterocyclic group having 5 ring-forming atoms, an aromatic heterocyclic group having 6 ring-forming atoms, an aromatic heterocyclic group having 7 ring-forming atoms, an aromatic heterocyclic group having 8 ring-forming atoms, an aromatic heterocyclic group having 9 ring-forming atoms, an aromatic heterocyclic group having 10 ring-forming atoms, an aromatic heterocyclic group having 11 ring-forming atoms, an aromatic heterocyclic group having 12 ring-forming atoms, an aromatic heterocyclic group having 13 ring-forming atoms, an aromatic heterocyclic group having 14 ring-forming atoms, an aromatic heterocyclic group having 15 ring-forming atoms, an aromatic heterocyclic group having 16 ring-forming atoms, an aromatic heterocyclic group having 17 ring-forming atoms, an aromatic heterocyclic group having 18 ring-forming atoms, an aromatic heterocyclic group having 19 ring-forming atoms, an aromatic heterocyclic group having 20 ring-forming atoms, an aromatic heterocyclic group having 21 ring-forming atoms, an aromatic heterocyclic group having 22 ring-forming atoms, an aromatic heterocyclic group having 23 ring-forming atoms, an aromatic heterocyclic group having 24 ring-forming atoms, an aromatic heterocyclic group having 25 ring-forming atoms, an aromatic heterocyclic group having 26 ring-forming atoms, an aromatic heterocyclic group having 27 ring-forming atoms, an aromatic heterocyclic group having 28 ring-forming atoms, an aromatic heterocyclic group having 29 ring-forming atoms, an aromatic heterocyclic group having 30 ring-forming atoms, or a range consisting of any two of the aforementioned.

[0250] Illustratively, the substituted or unsubstituted aromatic heterocyclic group having 5 to 30 ring-forming atoms includes a carbazole group, a thiophene group, a furan group, or a benzothiophene group.

[0251] [L]

[0252] L includes a single bond, an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom, a substituted or unsubstituted alkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted arylene group, or a substituted or unsubstituted heteroarylene group.

[0253] In the case where L is a single bond, it can be understood that Ar and Q are directly connected, for example, Q is a hydrogen atom, and Ar and the hydrogen atom are directly connected; in the case where L is a non-single bond, Ar and Q are connected through L.

[0254] Optionally, L includes a substituted or unsubstituted alkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted arylene group, or a substituted or unsubstituted heteroarylene group; optionally, the arylene group can include an aralkylene group or a heteroarylene group.

[0255] In the case where L includes a substituted or unsubstituted alkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkylene group, in the case where the above group is substituted, the substituent group includes one or more of a halogen group, an alkylthio group, or an oxygen-containing substituent group; illustratively, the oxygen-containing substituent group includes one or more of an alkoxy group, an amide group, a carboxylic acid group, a phosphorous acid group, a phosphoric acid group, a sulfonic acid group, a silicic acid group, a siloxane group, a boronic acid group, a carboxylate group, a phosphonate group, a sulfonate group, a silicate group, a borate group, a carboxylate, a phosphite, a phosphate, a borate, or a silicate.

[0256] In the case where L includes a substituted or unsubstituted arylene group, or a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic group, in the case where the above group is substituted, the substituent group includes one or more of a halogen group, an alkylthio group, an oxygen-containing substituent group, or a C1 to C5 alkyl group; illustratively, the oxygen-containing substituent group includes one or more of an alkoxy group, an amide group, a carboxylic acid group, a phosphorous acid group, a phosphoric acid group, a sulfonic acid group, a silicic acid group, a siloxane group, a boronic acid group, a carboxylate group, a phosphonate group, a sulfonate group, a silicate group, a borate group, a carboxylate, a phosphite, a phosphate, a borate, or a silicate.

[0257] Optionally, L includes a substituted or unsubstituted C1 to C8 alkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1 to C8 heteroalkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted arylene group having a ring-forming atom number of C6 to C15, or a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic group having a ring-forming atom number of C3 to C15.

[0258] An alkylene group encompasses straight-chain and branched-chain alkylene groups. For example, the alkylene group can be a C1 to C8 alkylene group, including a methylene group, an ethylene group, a propylene group, an isopropylene group, a butylene group, an isobutylene group, a sec-butylene group, a t-butylene group, a pentylene group, an isopentylene group, a neopentylene group, a t-pentylene group, a hexylene group, an isohexylene group, a heptylene group, an isoheptylene group, an octylene group, and the like.

[0259] A C1 to C8 heteroalkylene group can include a heteromethylene group, a heteroethylene group, a heteropropylene group, a heterobutylene group, a heteropentylene group, a heterohexylene group, a heteroheptylene group, or a heterooctylene group; a C1 to C8 heteroalkylene group can include an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom, a nitrogen atom, or a phosphorus atom, and the like, a C1 to C8 heteroalkylene group can include a methyleneoxy group, an ethyleneoxy group, a propylthio group, or a butylthio group.

[0260] Aryl ene groups having a ring-forming atom number of C6 to C15 include arylene groups having a ring-forming atom number of C6, arylene groups having a ring-forming atom number of C7, arylene groups having a ring-forming atom number of C8, arylene groups having a ring-forming atom number of C9, arylene groups having a ring-forming atom number of C10, arylene groups having a ring-forming atom number of C11, arylene groups having a ring-forming atom number of C12, arylene groups having a ring-forming atom number of C13, arylene groups having a ring-forming atom number of C14, or arylene groups having a ring-forming atom number of C15. For example, arylene groups having a ring-forming atom number of C6 to C15 include phenylene groups, bisphenylene groups, naphthylene groups, and the like.

[0261] Heteroaromatic groups having a ring-forming atom number of C5 to C15 include heteroaromatic groups having a ring-forming atom number of C5, heteroaromatic groups having a ring-forming atom number of C6, heteroaromatic groups having a ring-forming atom number of C7, heteroaromatic groups having a ring-forming atom number of C8, heteroaromatic groups having a ring-forming atom number of C9, heteroaromatic groups having a ring-forming atom number of C10, heteroaromatic groups having a ring-forming atom number of C11, heteroaromatic groups having a ring-forming atom number of C12, heteroaromatic groups having a ring-forming atom number of C13, heteroaromatic groups having a ring-forming atom number of C14, or heteroaromatic groups having a ring-forming atom number of C15. For example, heteroaromatic groups having a ring-forming atom number of C5 to C15 include thiophene groups, carbazole groups, and the like.

[0262] Heterocyclic groups having a ring-forming atom number of C3 to C15 include heterocyclic groups having a ring-forming atom number of C3, heterocyclic groups having a ring-forming atom number of C4, heterocyclic groups having a ring-forming atom number of C5, heterocyclic groups having a ring-forming atom number of C6, heterocyclic groups having a ring-forming atom number of C7, heterocyclic groups having a ring-forming atom number of C8, heterocyclic groups having a ring-forming atom number of C9, heterocyclic groups having a ring-forming atom number of C10, heterocyclic groups having a ring-forming atom number of C11, heterocyclic groups having a ring-forming atom number of C12, heterocyclic groups having a ring-forming atom number of C13, heterocyclic groups having a ring-forming atom number of C14, or heterocyclic groups having a ring-forming atom number of C15. For example, heterocyclic groups can include oxirane groups, azacyclobutane groups, or thiacyclopentane groups, and the like.

[0263] [Q]

[0264] Q includes a hydrogen atom or an oxygen-containing group.

[0265] In the case where Q is a hydrogen atom, it is understood that L is directly connected to the hydrogen atom; in the case where Q is an oxygen-containing group, it is understood that the hydrogen atom on L is replaced by Q.

[0266] When Q is an oxygen-containing group, one of the hole transport layer and the first electrode has an anchoring effect with Q, which can improve the binding force between the self-assembled molecules and the hole transport layer, and improve the stability of the device.

[0267] In some embodiments, Q comprises an oxygen-containing group comprising one or more of a carboxylic acid group, a phosphorous acid group, a phosphoric acid group, a sulfonic acid group, a silicic acid group, a siloxane group, a boric acid group, a carboxylate group, a phosphonate group, a sulfonate group, a silicate group, a borate group, a carboxylate, a phosphite, a phosphate, a borate, or a silicate.

[0268] Optionally, the oxygen-containing group comprises one or more of a carboxylic acid group, a phosphoric acid group, a boric acid group, a carboxylate, a phosphate, a borate.

[0269] Exemplarily, the self-assembled molecule comprises one or more of a compound represented by formula A-1 to a compound represented by formula A-9,

[0270] In the above embodiments of the present application, the structure in the compound can be tested by nuclear magnetic resonance technology.

[0271] In the above embodiments of the present application, the molecular weight of the self-assembled molecule is in the meaning known in the art, which can be detected by using the devices and methods known in the art, for example, by using a liquid chromatograph-mass spectrometer. The specific steps are as follows: when the self-assembled molecule is located in the perovskite solar cell, the perovskite solar cell is disassembled, the film layer containing the self-assembled molecule is peeled off, and then dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). A 0.22 μm filter membrane is used for filtration to obtain a filtrate. According to the testing requirements, the filtrate is concentrated or diluted as a sample, and then transferred to a liquid chromatograph-mass spectrometer for testing. The specific testing conditions are as follows: the mobile phase needs to be selected according to the solubility of the sample, the chromatographic column is a C18 reversed-phase column, and the mass spectrometer is a single quadrupole mass spectrometer. By using the above testing conditions, the molecular weight of the sample in the solution can be obtained.

[0272] Perovskite solar cell

[0273] In a second aspect, the embodiments of the present application provide a perovskite solar cell.

[0274] As shown in FIG. 1, the perovskite solar cell 10 includes a first electrode 11, a functional layer 12, a perovskite light-absorbing layer 14, and a second electrode 16 stacked along a thickness direction M of the perovskite solar cell 10, wherein the functional layer 12 includes self-assembled molecules, the self-assembled molecules include hole extraction groups, a maximum dimension of the self-assembled molecules along a first direction is a first dimension, a maximum dimension of the self-assembled molecules along a second direction is a second dimension, and a maximum dimension of the self-assembled molecules along a third direction is a third dimension, at least one of the first dimension, the second dimension, and the third dimension is greater than or equal to 1.6 nm, and the first direction, the second direction, and the third direction are perpendicular to each other.

[0275] The functional layer 12 includes self-assembled molecules, which facilitates extraction and transport of holes; in the embodiments of the present application, when at least one of the first dimension, the second dimension, and the third dimension is greater than or equal to 1.6 nm, the self-assembled molecules are longer, are less likely to move at the interface of the film layer, can reduce movement in the perovskite solar cell 10, improve device stability, and can improve photoelectric conversion efficiency.

[0276] The self-assembled molecules in the functional layer 12 can be the self-assembled molecules of any of the embodiments of the first aspect of the present application.

[0277] The functional layer 12 can serve as a hole transport layer, or can serve as a passivation layer between the hole transport layer and the perovskite light-absorbing layer 14.

[0278] In some embodiments, the functional layer 12 can serve as a hole transport layer, and is disposed on a surface of the first electrode 11, and the functional layer 12 is in contact with at least part of the surface of the first electrode 11.

[0279] In some embodiments, the thickness of the functional layer 12 is 1 nm to 30 nm, for example, 1 nm, 2 nm, 3 nm, 4 nm, 5 nm, 6 nm, 7 nm, 8 nm, 9 nm, 10 nm, 11 nm, 12 nm, 13 nm, 14 nm, 15 nm, 16 nm, 17 nm, 18 nm, 19 nm, 20 nm, 21 nm, 22 nm, 23 nm, 24 nm, 25 nm, 26 nm, 27 nm, 28 nm, 29 nm, 30 nm, or a range defined by any two of the above values. When the thickness of the functional layer 12 is in the above range, holes can be effectively transported, and photoelectric conversion efficiency of the device can be improved.

[0280] As shown in FIG. 2, in other embodiments, the perovskite solar cell 10 can further include a hole transport layer 13, and the functional layer 12 is located between the hole transport layer 13 and the perovskite light-absorbing layer 14. The functional layer 12 can effectively passivate defects of the perovskite light-absorbing layer 14, and further improve photoelectric conversion efficiency of the device.

[0281] Optionally, the thickness of the functional layer 12 is 0.1 nm to 20 nm, for example, 0.1 nm, 0.5 nm, 0.8 nm, 1 nm, 2 nm, 3 nm, 4 nm, 5 nm, 6 nm, 7 nm, 8 nm, 9 nm, 10 nm, 11 nm, 12 nm, 13 nm, 14 nm, 15 nm, 16 nm, 17 nm, 18 nm, 19 nm, 20 nm, or a range between any two of the above values. When the thickness of the functional layer 12 is in the above range, the defects of the perovskite light-absorbing layer 14 can be effectively passivated, and the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the device can be further improved.

[0282] The hole transport layer 13, as a kind of carrier transport layer, can effectively transport holes, reduce the carrier recombination at the interface between the perovskite light-absorbing layer 14 and the hole transport layer 13, and improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the perovskite solar cell 10.

[0283] The hole transport layer 13 comprises a hole transport material, and the hole transport material comprises one or more of the following materials and derivatives thereof and materials obtained by doping or passivation of the following materials: hole transport organic matter and hole transport inorganic matter.

[0284] The hole transport organic matter comprises one or more of poly[bis(4-phenyl)(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)amine], poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-polystyrene sulfonic acid, 2,2',7,7'-tetrakis[N,N-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)amino]-9,9'-spirobifluorene, poly-3-hexylthiophene, methoxytriphenylamine-fluoromethylformamide, triptycene-core triphenylamine, 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene-methoxytriphenylamine, N-4-aniline carbazole-spirofluorene, polythiophene, phosphonic acid-based monomer, carboxylic acid-based monomer, carbazolyl monomer, sulfonic acid-based monomer, triphenylamine-based monomer, or aromatic-based monomer.

[0285] The hole transport inorganic matter comprises one or more of metal oxide, cuprous iodide CuI, or cuprous thiocyanate; wherein the metal element in the metal oxide comprises one or more of Ni, Mo, and Cu, for example, one or more of nickel oxide NiO x , molybdenum oxide MoO3, cuprous oxide CuO.

[0286] When the hole transport material comprises nickel oxide NiO xIn the case that the nickel oxide layer is rich in trivalent nickel, it has strong oxidizing property and can accelerate the degradation of the perovskite material. In the embodiments of the present application, the functional layer 12 containing self-assembled molecules is further included, the self-assembled molecules can isolate the perovskite material from the trivalent nickel and delay the degradation rate of the perovskite material. Moreover, the size of the self-assembled molecules is relatively large, and it is difficult to move after being fixed at the interface, thereby improving the stability of the device. Optionally, the self-assembled molecules further include hydrophobic groups such as aromatic groups, heterocyclic groups and the like, which can improve the hydrophobicity, reduce the risk of water and oxygen eroding the perovskite material, further improve the stability of the device, and can improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the device.

[0287] The perovskite light-absorbing layer 14 includes a perovskite material. After the perovskite material absorbs photons, an electron-hole pair is generated, and is thermalized to form an exciton, and then charge separation occurs. The photo-generated electron jumps to the LUMO energy level of the perovskite light-absorbing layer 14, and the photo-generated hole jumps to the HOMO energy level of the perovskite light-absorbing layer 14.

[0288] The perovskite material refers to a compound having a perovskite structure. The perovskite material includes one or more of compounds having a molecular formula of ABX3 or M2CDN6. A, B, M, C, and D are cations, and X and N are anions.

[0289] Taking ABX3 as an example, in an ideal cubic crystal structure, the B cation has a 6-fold coordination and is surrounded by anion octahedra, and the A cation has a 12-fold cubic octahedral coordination. The cubic cell of the compound is composed of A cations located at the corner positions, B cations located at the body center positions, and X anions occupying the face center positions.

[0290] In some embodiments, A and M each independently include one or more of Li + , Na + , K + , Rb + , Cs + , methylamine cation, ethylamine cation, propylamine cation, butylamine cation, pentylamine cation, hexylamine cation, formamidine cation, or imidazole cation.

[0291] In some embodiments, B includes Ca 2+ , Sr 2+ , Cd 2+ , Cu 2+ , Ni 2+ , Mn 2+ , Fe 2+ , Co 2+ , Pd 2+ , Ge 2+ , Sn 2+ , Pb 2+ , Yb 2+ , and Eu2+ One or more cations in it.

[0292] In some implementations, X and N each independently include F. - Cl - ,Br - Or I - One or more of them.

[0293] In some implementations, C includes Cs + Ag + K + Or Ru + One or more of them.

[0294] In some implementations, D includes Bi. 3+ Ni 3+ Fe 3+ Sb 3+ In 3+ or Cu 3+ One or more of them.

[0295] For example, perovskite materials include CH8I3N2Pb (FAPbI3) and Cs. 0.05 (FA 0.83 MA 0.17 ) 0.95 Pb(I 0.83 Br 0.17 3. One or more of methylammonium lead iodide (CH3NH3PbI3, MAPbI3), CsPbBr3, CsPbI3, CsFAPbI3, and MAFAPbI3, wherein MA + The methylamine cation CH3NH3 + FA represents formamidinium cation ((NH2)2CH + ).

[0296] In some embodiments, the thickness of the perovskite light-absorbing layer 14 is between 200 nm and 1000 nm, for example, 200 nm, 250 nm, 300 nm, 400 nm, 500 nm, 600 nm, 700 nm, 800 nm, 900 nm, 1000 nm, or any combination of two of the above values. When the thickness of the perovskite light-absorbing layer 14 is within the above range, the photoelectric conversion function of the perovskite light-absorbing layer 14 can be effectively utilized, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the perovskite solar cell 10.

[0297] As shown in Figure 3, in some embodiments, the perovskite solar cell 10 further includes an electron transport layer 15, which is disposed between the perovskite light-absorbing layer 14 and the second electrode 16.

[0298] The electron transport layer 15, as a kind of carrier transport layer, can effectively transport electrons, reduce carrier recombination at the interface between the photoelectric conversion layer and the electron transport layer 15, and improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the perovskite solar cell 10.

[0299] The electron transport layer 15 can include an electron transport material, which can include one or more of doped or undoped tin oxide, doped or undoped titanium oxide, doped or undoped zinc oxide, and doped or undoped organic molecular material. The doping elements can include one or more of Mg, Zn, Ag, Li, Rb, Ta, and Nb, for example, doped with chlorides of the above elements. Specifically, the electron transport material can include one or more of [6,6]-phenyl C 61 methyl butyrate (PC 61 BM), [6,6]-phenyl C 71 methyl butyrate PC 71 BM, fullerene C 60 , fullerene C 70 SnO2, ZnO, etc.

[0300] In some embodiments, one or both of the first electrode 11 and the second electrode 16 is a transparent electrode to allow light to enter.

[0301] In some embodiments, the electrode material in the first electrode 11 includes one or more of a transparent conductive oxide, a metal, a carbon material, etc., wherein the transparent conductive oxide includes one or more of indium tin oxide ITO, fluorine-doped tin oxide FTO, indium-doped zinc oxide IZO, aluminum-doped zinc oxide AZO, boron-doped zinc oxide BZO, antimony-doped tin oxide, indium-doped tungsten oxide IWO; the metal includes but is not limited to one or more of the following materials silver, copper, gold, aluminum, platinum. The carbon material includes one or more of graphite, graphene, carbon nanotubes.

[0302] In some embodiments, the electrode material of the second electrode 16 includes one or more of a transparent conductive oxide, a metal, a carbon material, etc., wherein the transparent conductive oxide includes one or more of indium tin oxide ITO, fluorine-doped tin oxide FTO, indium-doped zinc oxide IZO, aluminum-doped zinc oxide AZO, boron-doped zinc oxide BZO, antimony-doped tin oxide, indium-doped tungsten oxide IWO; the metal includes but is not limited to one or more of the following materials silver, copper, gold, aluminum, platinum. The carbon material includes one or more of graphite, graphene, carbon nanotubes.

[0303] In some embodiments, the perovskite solar cell 10 further comprises a substrate layer, which is a rigid substrate layer or a flexible substrate layer; further, the rigid substrate layer is transparent glass; the material of the flexible substrate layer comprises an organic polymer material; further, the material of the flexible substrate layer can be mixed by one or more of the following materials in different proportions: polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyester (PET), polyimide (PI), polyethylene naphthalate glycol (PEN), polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), etc.

[0304] The perovskite solar cell 10 can be a formal structure (n-i-p) or an inverse structure (p-i-n).

[0305] In the case where the perovskite solar cell 10 comprises a hole transport layer 13 and an electron transport layer 15,

[0306] The perovskite solar cell 10 comprises a first electrode 11, a hole transport layer 13, a functional layer 12, a perovskite light-absorbing layer 14, an electron transport layer 15 and a second electrode 16 which are sequentially stacked along the thickness direction M thereof. Optionally, a functional layer structure such as a buffer layer, a passivation layer, etc. can be further included between the transport layer and the perovskite light-absorbing layer 14. The perovskite solar cell 10 shown in FIG. 3 is an inverse structure; the arrow in FIG. 3 represents the direction of incident light.

[0307] As shown in FIG. 4, the perovskite solar cell 10 comprises a second electrode 16, an electron transport layer 15, a perovskite light-absorbing layer 14, a functional layer 12, a hole transport layer 13 and a first electrode 11 which are sequentially stacked along the thickness direction M thereof. Optionally, a functional layer structure such as a buffer layer, a passivation layer, etc. can be further included between the transport layer and the perovskite light-absorbing layer 14. The perovskite solar cell 10 shown in FIG. 4 is a formal structure; the arrow in FIG. 4 represents the direction of incident light.

[0308] In the case where the functional layer 12 in the perovskite solar cell 10 is a hole transport layer,

[0309] As shown in FIG. 5, the perovskite solar cell 10 comprises a first electrode 11, a functional layer 12, a perovskite light-absorbing layer 14, an electron transport layer 15 and a second electrode 16 which are sequentially stacked along the thickness direction M thereof. Optionally, a functional layer structure such as a buffer layer, a passivation layer, etc. can be further included between the transport layer and the perovskite light-absorbing layer 14. The perovskite solar cell 10 shown in FIG. 5 is an inverse structure; the arrow in FIG. 5 represents the direction of incident light.

[0310] As shown in FIG. 6, the perovskite solar cell 10 includes a second electrode 16, an electron transport layer 15, a perovskite light-absorbing layer 14, a functional layer 12, and a first electrode 11, which are sequentially stacked along the thickness direction M of the perovskite solar cell 10. Optionally, a functional layer structure such as a buffer layer or a passivation layer can be further included between the transport layer and the perovskite light-absorbing layer 14. The perovskite solar cell 10 shown in FIG. 6 is a formal structure; and the arrow in FIG. 6 represents the direction of incident light.

[0311] In the embodiments of the present application, the thickness of each film layer in the perovskite solar cell 10 can be detected by using devices and methods known in the art, for example, an ellipsometer can be used to detect the film thickness, and the testing method can refer to the standard test.

[0312] Photovoltaic module

[0313] In a third aspect, the embodiments of the present application further provide a photovoltaic module 1.

[0314] As shown in FIG. 7, the photovoltaic module 1 includes the perovskite solar cell 10 according to any one of the embodiments of the first aspect of the present application.

[0315] In some embodiments, the photovoltaic module 1 can include at least one perovskite solar cell 10, for example, the photovoltaic module 1 can include one perovskite solar cell 10, or include a plurality of perovskite solar cells 10. In the case where the photovoltaic module 1 includes a plurality of perovskite solar cells 10, the plurality of perovskite solar cells 10 can be connected in series, in parallel, or in a mixed manner. The mixed manner means that the plurality of perovskite solar cells 10 are divided into a plurality of groups, each group is connected in series internally, and then adjacent two groups are connected in parallel; or each group is connected in parallel internally, and then adjacent two groups are connected in series. As shown in FIG. 7, the photovoltaic module 1 includes at least one perovskite solar cell 10.

[0316] In some embodiments, the photovoltaic module 1 includes a single-junction perovskite cell made of the perovskite cell described above, or includes a stacked cell including the perovskite cell described above.

[0317] The aforementioned tandem solar cell, by connecting a wide-bandgap cell and a narrow-bandgap cell in series, can more rationally utilize photons across the entire spectrum and reduce energy loss. Specifically, the tandem solar cell includes a bottom cell and a top cell. The bottom cell has a relatively narrow bandgap and can be a silicon cell, or it can be a perovskite solar cell 10. The top cell has a relatively wide bandgap and can be a perovskite solar cell 10. Exemplarily, the tandem solar cell can include one or more of a crystalline silicon perovskite tandem solar cell or a full perovskite solar cell 10. Exemplarily, the aforementioned crystalline silicon perovskite tandem solar cell can include a crystalline silicon bottom cell and a perovskite top cell arranged in sequence, wherein the aforementioned perovskite solar cell 10 can be used as the perovskite top cell in the crystalline silicon perovskite tandem solar cell. Exemplarily, the aforementioned full perovskite solar cell 10 can include a first perovskite cell and a second perovskite cell arranged in sequence, wherein both the first perovskite cell and the second perovskite cell can be the perovskite solar cell 10 of this application.

[0318] Power generation unit

[0319] Fourthly, the embodiments of this application also provide a power generation device, including a photovoltaic module 1 according to any embodiment of the third aspect of this application. By using the photovoltaic module 1, the transparency of the power generation device can be guaranteed, and the power generation device can have a high photoelectric conversion efficiency, which can be applied to application scenarios that require both transparency and conductivity.

[0320] Electrical appliances

[0321] Fifthly, the embodiments of this application also provide an electrical device 2.

[0322] As shown in Figure 8, the electrical device 2 includes a photovoltaic module 1 according to any embodiment of the third aspect of this application.

[0323] Photovoltaic module 1 can be used as a power source for electrical device 2, or it can be used as an energy storage unit for photovoltaic module 1. Electrical device 2 can be, but is not limited to, mobile devices (such as mobile phones, laptops, etc.), electric vehicles (such as pure electric vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, electric bicycles, electric scooters, electric golf carts, electric trucks, etc.), electric trains, ships and satellites, energy storage systems, etc.

[0324] Figure 8 is a schematic diagram of an example electrical device 2. This electrical device 2 is a pure electric vehicle, a hybrid electric vehicle, or a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle, etc. The electrical device 2 includes a photovoltaic module 1.

[0325] As another example, the electrical device 2 can be a mobile phone, tablet, laptop, etc.

[0326] Example

[0327] The present application is more particularly described in the following examples that are intended to be illustrative only since modifications and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art. The following examples are reported in terms of parts, percentages and ratios on a weight basis unless otherwise stated. All reagents used in the examples are commercially available or synthesized according to conventional methods and used as received without further purification. The instruments used in the examples are commercially available.

[0328] Preparation of compound of formula A-1:

[0329] Step 1:

[0330] Take a reaction vessel and add [5H-dipyrido[3,2-a:3',2'-c]carbazole (formula: C 24 H 12 Br3N3, CAS number: 1357148-51-6) (30 mmol), 1,4-dibromobutane (0.8 mol), tetrabutylammonium bromide (5 mmol) and 50% aqueous potassium hydroxide (0.15 mmol) and stir at 60 °C for 12 h. After confirming completion of the reaction by TLC, cool to room temperature. Extract the product with dichloromethane and water, extract the organic phase with saturated brine, dry the organic phase over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filter and rotary evaporate to get the crude product. Purify the crude product by column chromatography (acetone: hexane 1: 12 4 v / v) to get the product as a white solid in 80% yield. Dry the product in a vacuum oven at 70 °C overnight;

[0331] The reaction proceeds as follows:

[0332] Step 2: This process involves the reaction of the product of step 1 with 4,4'- dimethoxydiphenylamine (CAS number: 101-70-2) and the reaction proceeds as follows:

[0333] Prepare a Schlenk flask, add the magnetic stir bar, the product of step 1 (10 mmol), 4,4'-dimethoxydiphenylamine (10 mmol), Pd2(dba)3(0.2 mmol), tri-tert-butylphosphine (0.8 mmol), cesium carbonate (20 mmol), add 20 mL of toluene, seal with a stopper, turn on the Schlenk flask switch, and perform vacuum-pumping and argon-flushing for three times, each for two minutes. Insert an argon balloon into the Schlenk flask, and place the Schlenk flask into an oil bath, and react at 110°C for 8 hours. After the reaction is completed, cool to room temperature. Extract the product with dichloromethane and water, extract the obtained organic phase with saturated brine, dry the obtained organic phase with anhydrous magnesium sulfate, and extract, filter, and dry under reduced pressure to obtain the crude product. Purify the crude product by column chromatography (ethyl acetate / n-hexane = 1:20 v / v) to obtain the product in a yield of 50%, which is a white solid. Dry the product in a vacuum oven at 70°C overnight.

[0334] Step 3: Take a reaction container, dissolve the product of step 2 (20 mmol) in triethyl phosphite (0.5 mol), and heat the reaction mixture to reflux overnight. After the reaction is completed, develop the plate with acetone:n-hexane = 6:19, v:v. Distill off the excess triethyl phosphite under reduced pressure. Purify the crude product by column chromatography (acetone / n-hexane = 1:4, v / v) to obtain the product in a yield of 80%, which is a yellow resin. Dry the product in a vacuum oven at 70°C overnight.

[0335] Step 4:

[0336] Take a reaction container, dissolve the product of step 3 in 1,4-dioxane, and drop in trimethylsilyl bromide (10 eq). Stir the reaction at 25°C for 22 hours under an argon atmosphere. Then, add methanol and continue stirring for 3 hours, and finally drop in distilled water until the solution becomes opaque, and stir overnight. If no solid is precipitated, distill off the liquid under reduced pressure and add distilled water until the solid is precipitated. Filter the product, dissolve it in tetrahydrofuran, and precipitate it with n-hexane. Wash the product with n-hexane, filter, and dry under reduced pressure to obtain the product. FIG. 9 shows the nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum of the product, in which the abscissa represents the chemical shift in ppm, and the ordinate represents the signal intensity, and the peak position and intensity reflect the characteristic information of the product. The reaction process is as follows:

[0337] Preparation of the compound represented by formula A-2:

[0338] Step 1:

[0339] N4-(4'-(diphenylamino)-[1,1 '-biphenyl]-4-yl)-N4',N4'-diphenyl-[1,1 '-biphenyl]-4,4'-diamine (CAS No.: 167218-39-5) is subjected to a C-N coupling reaction with 4-(4-bromophenyl)butyric acid ethyl ester (CAS No.: 105986-54-7),

[0340] Specifically, a reaction vessel is taken, a magnet is added, and then N4-(4'-(diphenylamino)-[1,1 '-biphenyl]-4-yl)-N4',N4'-diphenyl-[1,1 '-biphenyl]-4,4'-diamine (1 eq), 4-(4-bromophenyl)butyric acid ethyl ester (1 eq), tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium (0.02 eq), tri-tert-butylphosphine (0.08 eq), cesium carbonate (2 eq) are added, an appropriate amount of toluene is added, the bottle is degassed three times to make the bottle an inert atmosphere. The temperature is raised to 110°C and the reaction is carried out overnight. The obtained product is extracted with saturated brine and water, the oil phase is dried with anhydrous magnesium sulfate, then filtered and concentrated. The final product is separated by column chromatography, and different materials are separated using different polarities.

[0341] The reaction process is as follows:

[0342] Step 2: A reaction vessel is taken, the product of step 1 (1 eq) is dispersed in an appropriate amount of ethanol, and an aqueous NaOH solution (2 eq) is added. The reaction is carried out at 70°C for a period of time, and the reaction is stopped when the reaction is complete. The solution is then cooled to room temperature, hydrochloric acid is added to adjust the pH, and the solution is extracted with dichloromethane. The oil phase is dried with anhydrous magnesium sulfate, then filtered and concentrated. The final product is separated by column chromatography, and different materials are separated using different polarities. Figure 10 shows the nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum of the product, with the abscissa representing the chemical shift in ppm and the ordinate representing the signal strength. The peak position and peak intensity reflect the characteristic information of the product.

[0343] The reaction process is as follows:

[0344] Preparation of the compound represented by formula A-3:

[0345] Step 1:

[0346] Indeno[3,2-B]carbazole (CAS: 6336-32-9) is subjected to a C-N coupling reaction with p-bromophenylpropionic acid ethyl ester (CAS No.: 40640-98-0), and 2 equivalents of p-bromophenylpropionic acid ethyl ester are required relative to indeno[3,2-B]carbazole,

[0347] Specifically, a reaction vessel was taken, a magnetic stirrer was added, and then indolo[3,2-B]carbazole (1 eq), ethyl p-bromophenylacetate (1 eq), tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium (0.02 eq), tri-tert-butylphosphine (0.08 eq), cesium carbonate (2 eq), and an appropriate amount of toluene were added, the bottle was degassed three times to make the bottle an inert atmosphere. The temperature was raised to 110°C, and the reaction was allowed to proceed overnight. The obtained product was extracted with saturated brine and water, and the oil phase was dried with anhydrous magnesium sulfate, followed by filtration, concentration, and separation of the final product by column chromatography, with different materials being separated using different polarities.

[0348] The reaction process was as follows:

[0349] Step 2: A reaction vessel was taken, the product of step 1 (1 eq) was dispersed in an appropriate amount of ethanol, and aqueous NaOH (2 eq) was added, and the reaction was allowed to proceed at 70°C for a period of time, the reaction was stopped according to the judgment of the plate, and the reaction was ensured to be complete, and then the temperature was lowered to room temperature, hydrochloric acid was added to adjust the pH, when the pH of the solution reached 2-3, the addition was stopped, the product was extracted with dichloromethane, and then dried with anhydrous magnesium sulfate, followed by filtration, concentration, and separation of the final product by column chromatography, with different materials being separated using different polarities.

[0350] FIG. 11 shows the nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum of the product, with the abscissa being the chemical shift in ppm, and the ordinate representing the signal strength, the peak position and peak intensity reflecting the characteristic information of the product.

[0351] The reaction process was as follows:

[0352] Preparation of the compound represented by formula A-7:

[0353] Step 1:

[0354] C-N coupling reaction of benzidine (CAS: 92-87-5) with ethyl p-bromophenylacetate (CAS No.: 40640-98-0), ethyl p-bromophenylacetate needs to be used in an amount of 4 equivalents relative to benzidine, to obtain the product of step 1,

[0355] Specifically, the reaction steps are similar to step 1 of the preparation of the compound represented by formula A-3, which will not be described here, and the reaction process is as follows:

[0356] Step 2: The reaction steps are similar to step 1 of the preparation of the compound represented by formula A-3, which will not be described here.

[0357] FIG. 12 shows the nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum of the product, with the abscissa being the chemical shift in ppm, and the ordinate representing the signal strength, the peak position and peak intensity reflecting the characteristic information of the product.

[0358] The reaction process is as follows:

[0359] Preparation of the compound represented by Formula A-8:

[0360] Step 1:

[0361] C-N coupling reaction of tris(4-aminophenyl)amine (CAS: 5981-09-9) with ethyl p-bromophenylacetate (CAS No.: 40640-98-0), which requires a dosage of 4 equivalents relative to tris(4-aminophenyl)amine, to obtain the product of Step 1,

[0362] Specifically, the reaction step is similar to Step 1 of the preparation of the compound represented by Formula A-3, which will not be repeated here, and the reaction process is as follows:

[0363] Step 2: The reaction step is similar to Step 1 of the preparation of the compound represented by Formula A-3, which will not be repeated here.

[0364] FIG. 13 shows the nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum of the product, with the abscissa being the chemical shift in ppm and the ordinate representing the signal strength, whose peak position and peak intensity reflect the characteristic information of the product.

[0365] The reaction process is as follows:

[0366] Preparation of the compound represented by Formula A-9:

[0367] Step 1:

[0368] C-N coupling reaction of 4,4',4",4"'-([9,9'-bicarbazole]-3,3',6,6'-tetrayl)tetraphenylamine (CAS: 2559708-42-6) with ethyl p-bromophenylacetate (CAS No.: 40640-98-0), which requires a dosage of 4 equivalents relative to 4,4',4",4"'-([9,9'-bicarbazole]-3,3',6,6'-tetrayl)tetraphenylamine, to obtain the product of Step 1,

[0369] Specifically, the reaction step is similar to Step 1 of the preparation of the compound represented by Formula A-3, which will not be repeated here, and the reaction process is as follows:

[0370] Step 2: The reaction step is similar to Step 1 of the preparation of the compound represented by Formula A-3, which will not be repeated here.

[0371] FIG. 14 shows the nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum of the product, with the abscissa being the chemical shift in ppm and the ordinate representing the signal strength, whose peak position and peak intensity reflect the characteristic information of the product.

[0372] The reaction process is as follows:

[0373] Comparative Example 1

[0374] (4-(3,6-dimethyl-9H-carbazol-9-yl)butyl)phosphonic acid Me-4PACz, CAS: 2747959-96-0, which is represented as a compound shown in formula D-1, has the following structural formula:

[0375] Preparation of perovskite solar cells of Example 1 to Example 8

[0376] (1) First electrode

[0377] A 1.5m x 1.5cm FTO layer (FTO layer thickness of 500nm) was etched by 1 / 3 of the FTO layer using zinc powder and 1mol / L hydrochloric acid, cleaned with acetone and isopropyl alcohol multiple times, immersed in deionized water for ultrasonic cleaning for 10min, finally dried with nitrogen and put into an ultraviolet ozone machine for further cleaning, as the first electrode.

[0378] (2) Nickel oxide NiO x Preparation of hole transport layer

[0379] The surface of the first electrode was spin-coated with nickel oxide NiO at a speed of 5000rpm x The precursor of the nanoparticles (10mg / mL, solvent is water) was then moved to a constant temperature hot plate and heated at 100°C for 15min, and after cooling to room temperature, a hole transport layer was formed with a thickness of 20nm.

[0380] (3) Preparation of functional layer

[0381] The surface of the hole transport layer was spin-coated with 1mg / mL ethanol solution of self-assembled molecules at a speed of 4000rpm, and then moved to a constant temperature hot plate and heated at 100°C for 10min, and after cooling to room temperature, a functional layer was formed.

[0382] (4) Preparation of perovskite light-absorbing layer

[0383] The surface of the functional layer was spin-coated with 1.5mol / L precursor solution of methylammonium lead iodide (CH3NH3PbI3, MAPbI3) at a speed of 4000rpm, wherein the solvent is DMF, and then moved to a constant temperature hot plate and heated at 100°C for 30min, and after cooling to room temperature, a perovskite light-absorbing layer was formed with a thickness of 500nm.

[0384] (5) Preparation of electron transport layer and second electrode

[0385] A 30-nm C60, 7-nm bathocuproin BCP, and 60-nm Cu electrode (as a second electrode) were sequentially evaporated on the perovskite light-absorbing layer at a rate of 0.1 A / s to obtain a perovskite solar cell device.

[0386] After the perovskite solar cell device was prepared, a layer of encapsulating glue was coated around and on the surface of the device. The encapsulating glue was colorless and transparent epoxy resin glue. A glass back plate layer was overlaid on the encapsulating glue and press-fit. The device was static for 2 h, and the encapsulating glue was cured to obtain the perovskite solar cell.

[0387] In the examples 1 to 6, the materials of the self-assembled molecules were different. In the examples 1, 7, and 8, the thicknesses of the functional layers were different.

[0388] Comparative example 1

[0389] A perovskite solar cell was prepared by a method similar to that of the example 1. Different from the example 1, the material of the functional layer was adjusted.

[0390] Comparative example 2

[0391] A perovskite solar cell was prepared by a method similar to that of the example 1. Different from the example 1, no functional layer was set, and a perovskite light-absorbing layer was directly set on the surface of the hole transport layer.

[0392] Examples 9 and 10

[0393] A perovskite solar cell was prepared by a method similar to that of the example 1. Different from the example 1, no nickel oxide hole transport layer was set. The preparation steps of the perovskite solar cell included:

[0394] (1) First electrode

[0395] A 1.5 m x 1.5 cm FTO layer (500 nm in thickness) was etched by zinc powder and 1 mol / L hydrochloric acid to remove 1 / 3 of the FTO layer. The FTO layer was cleaned by acetone and isopropyl alcohol multiple times, immersed in deionized water for ultrasonic cleaning for 10 min, and finally dried with nitrogen. The FTO layer was further cleaned in an ultraviolet ozone machine and used as the first electrode.

[0396] (2) Preparation of functional layer

[0397] An ethanol solution of 1 mg / mL self-assembled molecules was spin-coated on the surface of the hole transport layer at a speed of 4000 rpm. Then, the solution was moved to a constant-temperature hot table and heated at 100°C for 10 min. After cooling to room temperature, the functional layer was formed.

[0398] (3) Preparation of perovskite light-absorbing layer

[0399] A precursor solution of 1.5 mol / L methylammonium lead iodide (CH3NH3PbI3, MAPbI3) with DMF as solvent was spin-coated on the surface of the functional layer at a speed of 4000 rpm, and then moved to a constant temperature hot stage and heated at 100°C for 30 min. After cooling to room temperature, a perovskite light-absorbing layer with a thickness of 500 nm was formed.

[0400] (4) Preparation of an electron transport layer and a second electrode

[0401] A 30 nm layer of C60, a 7 nm layer of bathocuproine BCP, and a 60 nm Cu electrode (as a second electrode) were sequentially evaporated on the perovskite light-absorbing layer at an evaporation rate of 0.1 A / s, to obtain a perovskite solar cell device.

[0402] After the perovskite solar cell device was prepared, a layer of encapsulating glue was applied around and on the surface of the device. The encapsulating glue was colorless and transparent epoxy resin glue. A glass back plate layer was overlaid on the encapsulating glue and press-fit, and the encapsulating glue was cured after being stationary for 2 h, to obtain a perovskite solar cell.

[0403] In the examples, the material of the self-assembled molecules was different.

[0404] Performance test

[0405] 1. Photoelectric conversion efficiency

[0406] At normal temperature and pressure, a standard light source AM1.5G was used as a solar light simulation light source, which met the national standard IEC61215. The intensity of the light was corrected by using a crystalline silicon solar cell, so that it reached a solar intensity. A four-channel digital source meter (Keithley 2440) was used to measure the volt-ampere characteristic curve of the solar cell under the irradiation of the light source, to obtain the open-circuit voltage Voc, the short-circuit current density Jsc, the fill factor FF (Fill Factor), and the photoelectric conversion efficiency Eff (Efficiency) of the solar cell. The photoelectric conversion efficiency was calculated as follows:

[0407] Eff = Pout / Pin x 100%, wherein Pout and Pin are the working output power and the incident light power of the perovskite solar cell, respectively, and the incident light power is 100 mW / cm 2 .

[0408] The photoelectric conversion efficiency obtained by the test was taken as the initial efficiency.

[0409] 2. Device stability determination

[0410] After the photoelectric conversion efficiency test is completed, the perovskite solar cell is placed in an atmospheric environment (relative humidity is 65-85%, ambient temperature is about 15-40℃), and is placed for 500 hours without light shielding. Then, the photoelectric conversion efficiency is tested again (each test is until the positive and negative scans have no hysteresis phenomenon, and the photoelectric conversion efficiency is recorded), and the ratio of the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the perovskite solar cell after being placed in the atmosphere for 500 hours to the initial efficiency is calculated as the normalized efficiency of the solar cell after being placed for 500 hours.

[0411] The initial normalized efficiency = retest efficiency / initial efficiency * 100%.

[0412] The test results are shown in Table 1.

[0413] Table 1

[0414] As can be seen from Table 1, the comparative example 2 does not set a functional layer between the hole transport layer and the perovskite light-absorbing layer, and the interface between the hole transport layer and the perovskite light-absorbing layer may have a side reaction, and the perovskite material in the perovskite light-absorbing layer may be decomposed, resulting in poor device stability and photoelectric conversion efficiency of the perovskite solar cell.

[0415] Compared with the comparative example 2, the comparative example 1 sets a functional layer between the hole transport layer and the perovskite light-absorbing layer, and the functional layer includes a small molecule compound Me-4PACz. The small molecule compound has a relatively small volume, and its three-dimensional maximum size is less than 1.5 nm, which may diffuse and move, so that the passivation effect of the small molecule compound is poor, and the improvement of the device stability and the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the perovskite solar cell is limited.

[0416] However, the embodiment of the present application sets a relatively large self-assembled molecule in the functional layer. Since the size of the self-assembled molecule is relatively large, at least one of the first size, the second size and the third size is greater than or equal to 1.6 nm, and the self-assembled molecule is difficult to move at the interface, the self-assembled molecule can stably exert the passivation effect, and can effectively improve the device stability and the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the perovskite solar cell.

[0417] It is found through experiments that the self-assembled molecules with different large sizes in the embodiment 1 to the embodiment 8 can effectively improve the device stability and the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the perovskite solar cell. When the thickness of the functional layer is 0.1 nm to 20 nm, the device stability and the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the perovskite solar cell can be effectively improved.

[0418] Moreover, the functional layer of the embodiment of the present application also has a hole transport function, for example, the functional layer in the embodiment 9 and the embodiment 10 can be used as a hole transport layer, and when the thickness of the functional layer is 1 nm to 30 nm, the device stability and the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the perovskite solar cell can be effectively improved.

[0419] While the illustrative implementations have been demonstrated and described, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that the implementations described above are not to be interpreted in a limiting sense but are intended merely to illustrate various implementations of the application. Changes and modifications to the implementations described can be made without departing from the spirit, nature or scope of the application.

Claims

1. A perovskite solar cell comprising a first electrode, a functional layer, a perovskite light-absorbing layer, and a second electrode, which are stacked in a thickness direction of the perovskite solar cell, wherein the functional layer comprising a self-assembled molecule, the self-assembled molecule comprising a hole-extracting group, a maximum dimension of the self-assembled molecule in a first direction being a first dimension, a maximum dimension of the self-assembled molecule in a second direction being a second dimension, a maximum dimension of the self-assembled molecule in a third direction being a third dimension, at least one of the first dimension, the second dimension, and the third dimension being equal to or greater than 1.6 nm, the first direction, the second direction, and the third direction being perpendicular to each other.

2. The perovskite solar cell according to claim 1, wherein at least two of the first dimension, the second dimension, and the third dimension are equal to or greater than 1.6 nm.

3. The perovskite solar cell according to claim 1 or 2, wherein at least one of the first dimension, the second dimension, and the third dimension is equal to or greater than 1.6 nm and equal to or less than 10 nm.

4. The perovskite solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein a molecular weight of the self-assembled molecule is 500 to 2000.

5. The perovskite solar cell of claim 4, wherein, a molecular weight of the self-assembled molecule is 600 to 1200.

6. The perovskite solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein The self-assembling molecules include compounds represented by Formula A, in formula A, Ar represents the hole-extracting group; L includes a single bond, an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom, a substituted or unsubstituted alkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted arylene group, or a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclene group; Q includes a hydrogen atom or an oxygen-containing group; T includes a hydrogen atom, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group, the above-mentioned groups being substituted with one or more of a halogen atom, -R 1 , -O-R 1 , -S-R 1 , -N(R 1 )2, -NHR 1 , -NH2, -OH, -NHCOR 1 , -OCOR 1 , -(CH2) p COOH, a C6 to C10 aromatic hydrocarbon group, or a C5 to C10 aromatic heterocyclic group; R 1 , a C6 to C10 aromatic hydrocarbon group, or a C5 to C10 aromatic heterocyclic group is each independently unsubstituted or substituted with one or more of a halogen atom, -N(R 2 )2, -NHR 2 , or -NH2; R 1 , R 2 each independently includes a C1 to C5 alkyl group; p includes 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; m represents a number of connection sites of L to Ar, m being any positive integer of 1 to 8; n represents a number of connection sites of T to Ar, n being any positive integer of 1 to 6; wherein the first direction is parallel to a longest axis of the self-assembled molecule.

7. The perovskite solar cell of claim 6, wherein, T includes a hydrogen atom, a substituted or unsubstituted C1 to C8 alkyl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group having a ring atom number of C5 to C30.

8. The perovskite solar cell of claim 7, wherein, the substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group having a ring atom number of C5 to C30 includes a substituted or unsubstituted aniline group having a ring atom number of C6 to C30, a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon group having a ring atom number of C6 to C30, or a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic heterocyclic group having a ring atom number of C5 to C30. 9.The perovskite solar cell according to claim 8, wherein the substituted or unsubstituted aniline group having a ring atom number of C6 to C30 includes a diphenylamine group or a triphenylamine group; and / or the substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon group having a ring atom number of C6 to C30 includes a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, or a fluorene ring group; and / or the substituted or unsubstituted aromatic heterocyclic group having a ring atom number of C5 to C30 includes a carbazole group, a thiophene group, a furan group, or a benzothiophene group.

10. The perovskite solar cell according to any one of claims 6 to 9, wherein, the hole-extracting group includes a substituted or unsubstituted aniline group, or a substituted or unsubstituted nitrogen-containing aromatic heterocyclic group.

11. The perovskite solar cell of claim 10, wherein, The substituted or unsubstituted anilines group includes a structure represented by Formula A1, in formula A1, M 11 and M 12 each independently comprises a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group having a ring-forming atom number of C5 to C30; M 13 including substituted or unsubstituted arylene groups having a ring-forming atom number of C5 to C30; in the case where the above group is substituted, the substituent group includes one or more of an amine group, a halogen group, an alkylthio group, an oxygen-containing substituent group, or a C1 to C5 alkyl group.

12. The perovskite solar cell of claim 11, wherein, The substituted or unsubstituted anilines group includes a substituted or unsubstituted formula A 1-1 one or more of the structures shown to a substituted or unsubstituted formula A 1-7 one or more of the structures shown to a substituted or unsubstituted formula A in formula A1, * indicates the point of attachment of Ar to L, each of m1, m2, m3, m4, m5, and m6 is independently any integer from 0 to 3, and in the same structural formula, m1, m2, m3, m4, m5, and m6 are not simultaneously 0; * indicates the point of attachment of Ar to L, each of m1, m2, m3, m4, m5, and m6 is independently any integer from 0 to 3, and in the same structural formula, m1, m2, m3, m4, m5, and m6 are not simultaneously 0; 13. The perovskite solar cell according to claim 11 or 12, wherein, The substituted or unsubstituted anilines group includes a substituted or unsubstituted formula A 1-11 one or more of the structures shown to a substituted or unsubstituted formula A 1-111 one or more of the structures shown to a substituted or unsubstituted formula A In the formulae, * indicates the point of attachment of Ar to L, each of m1, m2, m3, m4, m5, and m6 is independently any integer from 0 to 3, and in the same structural formula, m1, m2, m3, m4, m5, and m6 are not simultaneously 0; 14. The perovskite solar cell of claim 10, wherein, The substituted or unsubstituted nitrogen-containing aromatic heterocyclic group includes a substituted or unsubstituted carbazole-based group, a substituted or unsubstituted phenothiazine-based group, a substituted or unsubstituted phenoxazine-based group, or a substituted or unsubstituted acridine group.

15. The perovskite solar cell of claim 14, wherein, The substituted or unsubstituted nitrogen-containing aromatic heterocyclic group includes a substituted or unsubstituted carbazole-based group including a structure represented by Formula A2, In the case where the above group is substituted, the substituent group includes one or more of an amine group, a halogen group, an alkylthio group, an oxygen-containing substituent group, or a C1 to C5 alkyl group. M 14 comprises a single bond, a substituted or unsubstituted C6 to C30 arylene group, or a substituted or unsubstituted C5 to C30 heteroarylene group; M 15 and M 16 each independently comprises a substituted or unsubstituted C6 to C30 aromatic hydrocarbon group, or a substituted or unsubstituted C5 to C30 aromatic heterocyclic group; In the case where the above group is substituted, the substituent group includes one or more of an amine group, a halogen group, an alkylthio group, an oxygen-containing substituent group, or a C1 to C5 alkyl group.

16. The perovskite solar cell of claim 15, wherein, The substituted or unsubstituted carbazolyl group includes a substituted or unsubstituted formula A 2-a1 one or more of the structures shown below to a substituted or unsubstituted formula A 2-b9 one or more of the structures shown below to a substituted or unsubstituted formula A * indicates the point of attachment of Ar to L, each of m1, m2, m3, m4, m5, and m6 is independently any integer from 0 to 3, and in the same structural formula, m1, m2, m3, m4, m5, and m6 are not simultaneously 0; * indicates the point of attachment of Ar to L, each of m1, m2, m3, m4, m5, and m6 is independently any integer from 0 to 3, and in the same structural formula, m1, m2, m3, m4, m5, and m6 are not simultaneously 0; * indicates the point of attachment of Ar to L, each of m1, m2, m3, m4, m5, and m6 is independently any integer from 0 to 3, and in the same structural formula, m1, m2, m3, m4, m5, and m6 are not simultaneously 0; 17. The perovskite solar cell according to claim 15 or 16, wherein The substituted or unsubstituted carbazolyl group includes a substituted or unsubstituted formula A 2-a11 one or more of the structures shown below to a substituted or unsubstituted formula A 2-b19 one or more of the structures shown below to a substituted or unsubstituted formula A In the formulae, In the case where the above group is substituted, the substituent group includes one or more of an amine group, a halogen group, an alkylthio group, an oxygen-containing substituent group, or a C1 to C5 alkyl group.

18. The perovskite solar cell of claim 14, wherein, The substituted or unsubstituted nitrogen-containing aromatic heterocyclic group includes a substituted or unsubstituted phenothiazine group, which includes a structure represented by formula A3, In the case where the above group is substituted, the substituent group includes one or more of an amine group, a halogen group, an alkylthio group, an oxygen-containing substituent group, or a C1 to C5 alkyl group. M 17 comprises a single bond, a substituted or unsubstituted C6 to C30 arylene group, or a substituted or unsubstituted C5 to C30 heteroarylene group; M 18 and M 19 each independently comprises a substituted or unsubstituted C6 to C30 aromatic hydrocarbon group, or a substituted or unsubstituted C5 to C30 aromatic heterocyclic group; * indicates the point of attachment of Ar to L, each of m1, m2, m3, m4, m5, and m6 is independently any integer from 0 to 3, and in the same structural formula, m1, m2, m3, m4, m5, and m6 are not simultaneously 0; 19. The perovskite solar cell of claim 18, wherein, The substituted or unsubstituted phenothiazine group includes a substituted or unsubstituted formula A 3-1 one or more of the structures shown below to a substituted or unsubstituted formula A 3-6 one or more of the structures shown below to a substituted or unsubstituted formula A * indicates the point of attachment of Ar to L, each of m1, m2, m3, m4, m5, and m6 is independently any integer from 0 to 3, and in the same structural formula, m1, m2, m3, m4, m5, and m6 are not simultaneously 0; * indicates the point of attachment of Ar to L, each of m1, m2, m3, m4, m5, and m6 is independently any integer from 0 to 3, and in the same structural formula, m1, m2, m3, m4, m5, and m6 are not simultaneously 0; In the case where the above group is substituted, the substituent group includes one or more of an amine group, a halogen group, an alkylthio group, an oxygen-containing substituent group, or a C1 to C5 alkyl group.

20. The perovskite solar cell of claim 18 or 19, wherein, The substituted or unsubstituted phenothiazine group includes a substituted or unsubstituted formula A 3-11 one or more of the structures shown below to a substituted or unsubstituted formula A 3-16 one or more of the structures shown below to a substituted or unsubstituted formula A In the formulae, In the case where the above group is substituted, the substituent group includes one or more of an amine group, a halogen group, an alkylthio group, an oxygen-containing substituent group, or a C1 to C5 alkyl group.

21. The perovskite solar cell of claim 14, wherein, The substituted or unsubstituted nitrogen-containing aromatic heterocyclic group includes a substituted or unsubstituted phenoxazine group, the substituted or unsubstituted phenoxazine group includes a structure represented by formula A4, * indicates the point of attachment of Ar to L, each of m1, m2, m3, m4, m5, and m6 is independently any integer from 0 to 3, and in the same structural formula, m1, m2, m3, m4, m5, and m6 are not simultaneously 0; M 20 comprises a single bond, a substituted or unsubstituted C6 to C30 arylene group, or a substituted or unsubstituted C5 to C30 heteroarylene group; M 21 and M 22 each independently comprises a substituted or unsubstituted C6 to C30 aromatic hydrocarbon group, or a substituted or unsubstituted C5 to C30 aromatic heterocyclic group; * indicates the point of attachment of Ar to L, each of m1, m2, m3, m4, m5, and m6 is independently any integer from 0 to 3, and in the same structural formula, m1, m2, m3, m4, m5, and m6 are not simultaneously 0; 22. The perovskite solar cell of claim 21, wherein, The substituted or unsubstituted phenoxazine group includes a substituted or unsubstituted formula A 4-1 one or more of the structures shown below to a substituted or unsubstituted formula A 4-6 one or more of the structures shown below to a substituted or unsubstituted formula A * indicates the point of attachment of Ar to L, each of m1, m2, m3, m4, m5, and m6 is independently any integer from 0 to 3, and in the same structural formula, m1, m2, m3, m4, m5, and m6 are not simultaneously 0; ​ ​ 23. The perovskite solar cell according to claim 21 or 22, wherein, The substituted or unsubstituted phenoxazine group includes a substituted or unsubstituted formula A 4-11 one or more of the structures shown below to a substituted or unsubstituted formula A 4-16 one or more of the structures shown below to a substituted or unsubstituted formula A In the formulae, ​ 24. The perovskite solar cell of claim 14, wherein, The substituted or unsubstituted nitrogen-containing aromatic heterocyclic group includes a substituted or unsubstituted acridine group including a structure represented by formula A5, ​ M 25 comprises a single bond, a substituted or unsubstituted C6 to C30 arylene group, or a substituted or unsubstituted C5 to C30 heteroarylene group; M 23 and M 34 each independently comprises a substituted or unsubstituted C6 to C30 aromatic hydrocarbon group, or a substituted or unsubstituted C6 to C30 aromatic heterocyclic group; ​ 25. The perovskite solar cell of claim 24, wherein, The substituted or unsubstituted acridine group includes a substituted or unsubstituted formula A 5-1 one or more of the structures shown below to a substituted or unsubstituted formula A 5-3 one or more of the structures shown below to a substituted or unsubstituted formula A ​ ​ ​ 26. The perovskite solar cell of claim 24 or 25, wherein, The substituted or unsubstituted acridine group includes a substituted or unsubstituted formula A 5-11 one or more of the structures shown below to a substituted or unsubstituted formula A 5-13 one or more of the structures shown below to a substituted or unsubstituted formula A In the formulae, ​ 27. The perovskite solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 26, wherein, The substituent groups in the hole-extracting group include oxygen-containing substituent groups, which include one or more of an alkoxy group, an amide group, a carboxylic acid group, a phosphorous acid group, a phosphoric acid group, a sulfonic acid group, a silicic acid group, a siloxane group, a boronic acid group, a carboxylate group, a phosphate group, a sulfonate group, a silicate group, a borate group, a carboxylate, a phosphite, a phosphate, a borate, or a silicate.

28. The perovskite solar cell according to any one of claims 6 to 27, wherein, L includes a substituted or unsubstituted alkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group, or a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic group; In the case where L includes a substituted or unsubstituted alkylene group, or a substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkylene group, in the case where the aforementioned group is substituted, the substituent groups include one or more of a halogen group, an alkylthio group, or an oxygen-containing substituent group; In the case where L includes a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group, or a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic group, in the case where the aforementioned group is substituted, the substituent groups include one or more of a halogen group, an alkylthio group, an oxygen-containing substituent group, or a C1 to C5 alkyl group.

29. The perovskite solar cell of claim 28, wherein, L includes a substituted or unsubstituted C1 to C8 alkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1 to C8 heteroalkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group having a ring-forming atom number of C6 to C15, or a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic group having a ring-forming atom number of C3 to C15.

30. The perovskite solar cell according to any one of claims 6 to 29, wherein, Q includes an oxygen-containing group, which includes one or more of a carboxylic acid group, a phosphorous acid group, a phosphoric acid group, a sulfonic acid group, a silicic acid group, a siloxane group, a boronic acid group, a carboxylate group, a phosphate group, a sulfonate group, a silicate group, a borate group, a carboxylate, a phosphite, a phosphate, a borate, or a silicate.

31. The perovskite solar cell of claim 30, wherein, The oxygen-containing group includes one or more of a carboxylic acid group, a phosphoric acid group, a boronic acid group, a carboxylate, a phosphate, a borate.

32. The perovskite solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 31, wherein, The self-assembling molecules include one or more of compounds represented by Formula A-1 to Formula A-9, 33. The perovskite solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 32, wherein, The functional layer is disposed on a surface of the first electrode, and the functional layer is in contact with at least a part of the surface of the first electrode.

34. The perovskite solar cell of claim 33, wherein, The thickness of the functional layer is 1 nm to 30 nm.

35. The perovskite solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 32, further comprising a hole-transporting layer, the functional layer being located between the hole-transporting layer and the perovskite light-absorbing layer.

36. The perovskite solar cell of claim 35, wherein, The thickness of the functional layer is 0.1 nm to 20 nm.

37. The perovskite solar cell of claim 35 or 36, wherein, The hole-transporting layer includes a hole-transporting material, The hole-transporting material includes a hole-transporting organic material, which includes one or more of poly[bis(4-phenyl)(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)amine], poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-polystyrene sulfonic acid, 2,2',7,7'-tetrakis[N,N-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)amino]-9,9'-spirobifluorene, poly-3-hexylthiophene, methoxytriphenylamine-fluoromethylformamide, triptycene-core triphenylamine, 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene-methoxytriphenylamine, N-4-anilino carbazole-spirofluorene, polythiophene, phosphonic acid-based monomer, carboxylic acid-based monomer, carbazolyl-based monomer, sulfonic acid-based monomer, triphenylamine-based monomer, or aromatic-based monomer; and / or The hole transport layer comprises a hole transport inorganic material, the hole transport inorganic material comprising one or more of a metal oxide, cuprous iodide, or cuprous thiocyanate.

38. The perovskite solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 37, wherein, The perovskite light absorbing layer comprises a perovskite material, the perovskite material comprising one or more of a compound of formula ABX3 or M2CDN6, A and M each independently comprise one or more of Li + , Na + , K + , Rb + , Cs + , a methylamine cation, an ethylamine cation, a propylamine cation, a butylamine cation, a pentylamine cation, a hexylamine cation, a formamidinium cation, or an imidazolium cation; B comprises one or more cations of Ca 2+ , Sr 2+ , Cd 2+ , Cu 2+ , Ni 2+ , Mn 2+ , Fe 2+ , Co 2+ , Pd 2+ , Ge 2+ , Sn 2+ , Pb 2+ , Yb 2+ , and Eu 2+ ; X and N each independently comprise one or more of F - , Cl - , Br - , or I - ; C comprises Cs + , Ag + , K + , or Ru + . D comprises one or more of Bi 3+ , Ni 3+ , Fe 3+ , Sb 3+ , In 3+ , or Cu 3+ .

39. The perovskite solar cell of any one of claims 1 to 38, further comprising an electron transport layer, the electron transport layer being located between the perovskite light absorbing layer and the second electrode.

40. A photovoltaic module comprising one or more perovskite solar cells of any one of claims 1 to 39.

41. A power generation apparatus comprising the photovoltaic module of claim 40.

42. An electrical utilization apparatus comprising the photovoltaic module of claim 40.

43. A self-assembled molecule comprising a hole extraction group, a maximum dimension of the self-assembled molecule along a first direction being a first dimension, a maximum dimension of the self-assembled molecule along a second direction being a second dimension, a maximum dimension of the self-assembled molecule along a third direction being a third dimension, at least one of the first dimension, the second dimension, and the third dimension being greater than or equal to 1.6 nm, the first direction, the second direction, and the third direction being perpendicular to each other.

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