Temporal association between monitoring reference signal instances and beam prediction instances
By comparing monitoring RSs to predicted channel characteristics based on defined time conditions, the accuracy of AI/ML models for beam prediction is assessed, enabling efficient life cycle management and enhancing beam prediction in wireless communications.
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2024-10-03
- Publication Date
- 2026-04-09
AI Technical Summary
Existing wireless communication systems lack a clear method for mapping monitoring reference signals (RSs) to predicted channel characteristics, leading to undefined evaluation of artificial intelligence (AI) or machine learning (ML) model accuracy for beam prediction, which affects the activation, deactivation, and configuration of these models.
The proposed solution involves comparing measurements of monitoring RSs to predicted channel characteristics based on a defined time condition between the RSs and beam prediction instances, such as the closest, latest, or within a threshold time period, to generate a performance monitoring metric for evaluating AI/ML model accuracy.
This approach enables accurate evaluation of AI/ML model performance, allowing for effective life cycle management of these models, thereby improving the precision and efficiency of beam prediction in wireless communications.
Smart Images

Figure CN2024123185_09042026_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
TEMPORAL ASSOCIATION BETWEEN MONITORING REFERENCE SIGNAL INSTANCES AND BEAM PREDICTION INSTANCES
[0001] FIELD OF TECHNOLOGY
[0002] The following relates to wireless communications, including temporal association between monitoring reference signal instances and beam prediction instances.BACKGROUND
[0003] Wireless communications systems are widely deployed to provide various types of communication content such as voice, video, packet data, messaging, broadcast, and so on. These systems may be capable of supporting communication with multiple users by sharing the available system resources (e.g., time, frequency, and power) . Examples of such multiple-access systems include fourth generation (4G) systems such as Long Term Evolution (LTE) systems, LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) systems, or LTE-APro systems, and fifth generation (5G) systems which may be referred to as New Radio (NR) systems. These systems may employ technologies such as code division multiple access (CDMA) , time division multiple access (TDMA) , frequency division multiple access (FDMA) , orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA) , or discrete Fourier transform spread orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (DFT-S-OFDM) . A wireless multiple-access communications system may include one or more base stations, each supporting wireless communication for communication devices, which may be known as user equipment (UE) .SUMMARY
[0004] The systems, methods, and devices of this disclosure each have several innovative aspects, no single one of which is solely responsible for the desirable attributes disclosed herein.
[0005] A method for wireless communications by a user equipment (UE) is described. The method may include generating a set of predicted channel characteristics for a set of prediction targets associated with a beam prediction instance, receiving a set of monitoring reference signals (RSs) via a set of beams, where the set of beams are associated with the set of prediction targets, and transmit a report indicative of a performance monitoring metric associated with the set of predicted channel characteristics, where the performance monitoring metric is based on a comparison of the set of predicted channel characteristics associated with the beam prediction instance with measurements of the set of monitoring RSs, and where the comparison is based on satisfaction of a time condition between the set of monitoring RSs and the beam prediction instance.
[0006] A UE for wireless communications is described. The UE may include one or more memories storing processor executable code, and one or more processors coupled with the one or more memories. The one or more processors may individually or collectively be operable to execute the code to cause the UE to generate a set of predicted channel characteristics for a set of prediction targets associated with a beam prediction instance, receive a set of monitoring RSs via a set of beams, where the set of beams are associated with the set of prediction targets, and transmit a report indicative of a performance monitoring metric associated with the set of predicted channel characteristics, where the performance monitoring metric is based on a comparison of the set of predicted channel characteristics associated with the beam prediction instance with measurements of the set of monitoring RSs, and where the comparison is based on satisfaction of a time condition between the set of monitoring RSs and the beam prediction instance.
[0007] Another UE for wireless communications is described. The UE may include means for generating a set of predicted channel characteristics for a set of prediction targets associated with a beam prediction instance, means for receiving a set of monitoring RSs via a set of beams, where the set of beams are associated with the set of prediction targets, and means for transmit a report indicative of a performance monitoring metric associated with the set of predicted channel characteristics, where the performance monitoring metric is based on a comparison of the set of predicted channel characteristics associated with the beam prediction instance with measurements of the set of monitoring RSs, and where the comparison is based on satisfaction of a time condition between the set of monitoring RSs and the beam prediction instance.
[0008] A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing code for wireless communications is described. The code may include instructions executable by one or more processors to generate a set of predicted channel characteristics for a set of prediction targets associated with a beam prediction instance, receive a set of monitoring RSs via a set of beams, where the set of beams are associated with the set of prediction targets, and transmit a report indicative of a performance monitoring metric associated with the set of predicted channel characteristics, where the performance monitoring metric is based on a comparison of the set of predicted channel characteristics associated with the beam prediction instance with measurements of the set of monitoring RSs, and where the comparison is based on satisfaction of a time condition between the set of monitoring RSs and the beam prediction instance.
[0009] In some examples of the method, UEs, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, the satisfaction of the time condition between the set of monitoring RSs and the beam prediction instance includes the beam prediction instance being a closest beam prediction instance in time to the set of monitoring RSs.
[0010] In some examples of the method, UEs, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, the satisfaction of the time condition between the set of monitoring RSs and the beam prediction instance includes the beam prediction instance being a latest beam prediction instance in time prior to the set of monitoring RSs.
[0011] In some examples of the method, UEs, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, receiving the set of monitoring RSs may include operations, features, means, or instructions for receiving the set of monitoring RSs after a first time corresponding to an end of the beam prediction instance and prior to a second time corresponding to a beginning of a next subsequent beam prediction instance.
[0012] In some examples of the method, UEs, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, the satisfaction of the time condition between the set of monitoring RSs and the beam prediction instance includes the beam prediction instance being a next beam prediction instance in time after the set of monitoring RSs.
[0013] In some examples of the method, UEs, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, receiving the set of monitoring RSs may include operations, features, means, or instructions for receiving the set of monitoring RSs prior to a first time corresponding to a beginning of the beam prediction instance and after a second time corresponding to an end of a latest prior beam prediction instance.
[0014] In some examples of the method, UEs, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, the satisfaction of the time condition between the set of monitoring RSs and the beam prediction instance includes the beam prediction instance being within a threshold time period of reception of the set of monitoring RSs.
[0015] Some examples of the method, UEs, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein may further include operations, features, means, or instructions for receiving control signaling indicating the threshold time period.
[0016] In some examples of the method, UEs, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, the threshold time period may be based on a configured time interval between reception of a set of RSs used to generate the set of predicted channel characteristics for the beam prediction instance and the beam prediction instance.
[0017] Some examples of the method, UEs, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein may further include operations, features, means, or instructions for receiving control signaling indicating the time condition associated with the set of prediction targets.
[0018] Some examples of the method, UEs, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein may further include operations, features, means, or instructions for receiving, via the control signaling or second control signaling, a second time condition associated with a second set of prediction targets.
[0019] In some examples of the method, UEs, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, the control signaling includes one of a first control message that schedules the set of monitoring RSs, a second control message that schedules the report, or a third control message that schedules a set of RSs and the set of predicted channel characteristics may be generated based on measurement of the set of RSs.
[0020] Some examples of the method, UEs, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein may further include operations, features, means, or instructions for receiving a set of RSs via a second set of beams, where the set of predicted channel characteristics may be generated based on measurement of the set of RSs, and where the beam prediction instance includes one of a starting symbol or an ending symbol of reception of the set of RSs.
[0021] In some examples of the method, UEs, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, transmitting the report may include operations, features, means, or instructions for transmitting a channel state information report that includes the report, where the beam prediction instance includes a channel state information reference resource corresponding to the channel state information report.
[0022] In some examples of the method, UEs, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, the beam prediction instance includes one of a starting symbol of the report or an ending symbol of the report.
[0023] Some examples of the method, UEs, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein may further include operations, features, means, or instructions for receiving a downlink control information message that includes scheduling information for the report, where the beam prediction instance includes one of a starting symbol of the downlink control information message or an ending symbol of the downlink control information message.
[0024] In some examples of the method, UEs, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, generating the set of predicted channel characteristics for the set of prediction targets may include operations, features, means, or instructions for generating, at a first time, the set of predicted channel characteristics for the set of prediction targets for a future time occasion with respect to the first time, where the beam prediction instance includes the future time occasion.
[0025] Some examples of the method, UEs, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein may further include operations, features, means, or instructions for generating a second set of predicted channel characteristics for the set of prediction targets associated with a second beam prediction instance, where the second beam prediction instance may be subsequent to the beam prediction instance and receiving a second set of monitoring RSs via the set of beams, where the performance monitoring metric may be further associated with the second set of predicted channel characteristics, where the performance monitoring metric may be based on a second comparison of the second set of predicted channel characteristics associated with the second beam prediction instance with second measurements of the second set of monitoring RSs, and where the second comparison may be based on satisfaction of the time condition between the second set of monitoring RSs and the second beam prediction instance.
[0026] Some examples of the method, UEs, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein may further include operations, features, means, or instructions for performing a life cycle management operation for a prediction model associated with generation of predicted channel characteristics for the set of prediction targets, where the performance monitoring metric may be indicative of the life cycle management operation.
[0027] Details of one or more implementations of the subject matter described in this disclosure are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features, aspects, and advantages will become apparent from the description, the drawings, and the claims. Note that the relative dimensions of the following figures may not be drawn to scale.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0028] FIG. 1 shows an example of a wireless communications system that supports temporal association between monitoring reference signal (RS) instances and beam prediction instances in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.
[0029] FIG. 2 shows an example of process flows that support temporal association between monitoring RS instances and beam prediction instances in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.
[0030] FIG. 3 shows an example of a wireless communications system that supports temporal association between monitoring RS instances and beam prediction instances in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.
[0031] FIG. 4 shows an example of a monitoring RS instance and beam prediction instance timing diagram that supports temporal association between monitoring RS instances and beam prediction instances in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.
[0032] FIG. 5 shows an example of a monitoring RS instance and beam prediction instance timing diagram that supports temporal association between monitoring RS instances and beam prediction instances in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.
[0033] FIG. 6 shows an example of monitoring RS instance and beam prediction instance timing diagram that support temporal association between monitoring RS instances and beam prediction instances in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.
[0034] FIG. 7 shows an example of monitoring RS instance and beam prediction instance timing diagram that support temporal association between monitoring RS instances and beam prediction instances in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.
[0035] FIG. 8 shows an example of monitoring RS instance and beam prediction instance timing diagram that support temporal association between monitoring RS instances and beam prediction instances in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.
[0036] FIG. 9 shows an example of a monitoring RS instance and beam prediction instance timing diagram that supports temporal association between monitoring RS instances and beam prediction instances in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.
[0037] FIG. 10 shows an example of a monitoring RS instance and beam prediction instance timing diagram that supports temporal association between monitoring RS instances and beam prediction instances in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.
[0038] FIG. 11 shows an example of a process flow that supports temporal association between monitoring RS instances and beam prediction instances in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.
[0039] FIGs. 12 and 13 show block diagrams of devices that support temporal association between monitoring RS instances and beam prediction instances in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.
[0040] FIG. 14 shows a block diagram of a communications manager that supports temporal association between monitoring RS instances and beam prediction instances in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.
[0041] FIG. 15 shows a diagram of a system including a device that supports temporal association between monitoring RS instances and beam prediction instances in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.
[0042] FIG. 16 shows a flowchart illustrating methods that support temporal association between monitoring RS instances and beam prediction instances in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0043] Wireless devices may implement artificial intelligence (AI) or machine learning (ML) models to predict parameters for communications. In some examples, a user equipment (UE) may use an AI or ML model to predict channel characteristics for a set of beams for communicating with a network entity. For example, based on measurements of reference signals (RSs) received over a first set of beams (referred to as set B beams) , the UE may predict channel characteristics (e.g., signal to interference and noise ratio (SINR) , reference signal received power (RSRP) , or signal to noise ratio (SNR) ) of a second set of beams (which may be referred to as set A beams or prediction targets) . To evaluate a prediction accuracy of the AI or ML model, the UE or the network may evaluate one or more performance monitoring metrics or performance indicators associated with at least one of the predicted set of channel characteristics.
[0044] In some examples, the UE may receive one or more performance monitoring RSs (e.g., also referred to as monitoring RSs) from the network entity to evaluate the one or more performance metrics or performance indicators. For example, the UE may receive the monitoring RSs over one or more of the set A beams, and may compare measurements of the monitoring RSs to the predicted channel characteristics to determine the accuracy of the AI or ML model. In some examples, the UE may report performance metrics or indicators to the network based on the comparison of the predicted channel characteristics for the prediction targets to measurements of the monitoring RSs. In some such examples, the network may indicate a life cycle management (LCM) action to the UE based on the reported performance metrics or indicators. In some examples, the UE may perform an LCM action for the AI or ML model based on the comparison of the predicted channel characteristics for the prediction targets to measurements of the monitoring RSs (e.g., based on performance metrics or indicators determined by the UE) . In some examples, the performance metrics or indicators and / or the LCM action may be based on multiple comparisons of multiple instances of predicted channel characteristics for the prediction targets to multiple respective instances of monitoring RSs. An LCM action for an AI or ML model may refer to the activation, deactivation, and / or configuration of parameters (e.g., input parameters and output parameters) for the AI or ML model.
[0045] In some cases, the UE may receive the performance monitoring RSs via all of the predicted set of beams (e.g., the set A beams) . In some other cases, the UE may receive the performance monitoring RSs via a portion of the predicted set of beams. Monitoring RSs may be scheduled via various methods. For example, monitoring RSs may be scheduled as periodic or aperiodic channel state information (CSI) RSs (CSI-RSs) . Further, the UE may predict channel characteristics of the set A beams for multiple future occasions. How to map given sets of monitoring RSs to particular sets of predict channel characteristics in order to compare measurements of the sets of monitoring RSs to predicted set of channel characteristics, however, may be undefined.
[0046] Aspects of this disclosure involve comparing measurements of the set of monitoring RSs to a set of predicted channel characteristics associated with a particular beam prediction instance based on the set of monitoring RSs and the particular beam prediction instance satisfying a time condition. In some cases, the UE may transmit a report that indicates a performance monitoring metric associated with the set of predicted channel characteristics based on the comparison of the set of predicted channel characteristics associated with the beam prediction instance to measurements of the set of monitoring RSs. For example, the time condition may be that beam prediction instance is the closest beam prediction instance in time for the set of monitoring RSs. As another example, the time condition may be that the beam prediction instance is the last prior beam prediction instance with respect to the set of monitoring RSs. As another example, the time condition may be that the beam prediction instance is the next beam prediction instance with respect to the set of monitoring RSs. As another example, the time condition may be that the beam prediction instance and the set of monitoring RSs are within a threshold time duration of each other.
[0047] Aspects of the disclosure are initially described in the context of wireless communications systems. Aspects of the disclosure are further illustrated by and described with reference to process flows, monitoring RS instance and beam prediction instance timing diagrams, apparatus diagrams, system diagrams, and flowcharts that relate to temporal association between monitoring RS instances and beam prediction instances.
[0048] FIG. 1 shows an example of a wireless communications system 100 that supports temporal association between monitoring RS instances and beam prediction instances in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The wireless communications system 100 may include one or more devices, such as one or more network devices (e.g., network entities 105) , one or more UEs 115, and a core network 130. In some examples, the wireless communications system 100 may be a Long Term Evolution (LTE) network, an LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) network, an LTE-APro network, a New Radio (NR) network, or a network operating in accordance with other systems and radio technologies, including future systems and radio technologies not explicitly mentioned herein.
[0049] The network entities 105 may be dispersed throughout a geographic area to form the wireless communications system 100 and may include devices in different forms or having different capabilities. In various examples, a network entity 105 may be referred to as a network element, a mobility element, a radio access network (RAN) node, or network equipment, among other nomenclature. In some examples, network entities 105 and UEs 115 may wirelessly communicate via communication link (s) 125 (e.g., a radio frequency (RF) access link) . For example, a network entity 105 may support a coverage area 110 (e.g., a geographic coverage area) over which the UEs 115 and the network entity 105 may establish the communication link (s) 125. The coverage area 110 may be an example of a geographic area over which a network entity 105 and a UE 115 may support the communication of signals according to one or more radio access technologies (RATs) .
[0050] The UEs 115 may be dispersed throughout a coverage area 110 of the wireless communications system 100, and each UE 115 may be stationary, or mobile, or both at different times. The UEs 115 may be devices in different forms or having different capabilities. Some example UEs 115 are illustrated in FIG. 1. The UEs 115 described herein may be capable of supporting communications with various types of devices in the wireless communications system 100 (e.g., other wireless communication devices, including UEs 115 or network entities 105) , as shown in FIG. 1.
[0051] As described herein, a node of the wireless communications system 100, which may be referred to as a network node, or a wireless node, may be a network entity 105 (e.g., any network entity described herein) , a UE 115 (e.g., any UE described herein) , a network controller, an apparatus, a device, a computing system, one or more components, or another suitable processing entity configured to perform any of the techniques described herein. For example, a node may be a UE 115. As another example, a node may be a network entity 105. As another example, a first node may be configured to communicate with a second node or a third node. In one aspect of this example, the first node may be a UE 115, the second node may be a network entity 105, and the third node may be a UE 115. In another aspect of this example, the first node may be a UE 115, the second node may be a network entity 105, and the third node may be a network entity 105. In yet other aspects of this example, the first, second, and third nodes may be different relative to these examples. Similarly, reference to a UE 115, network entity 105, apparatus, device, computing system, or the like may include disclosure of the UE 115, network entity 105, apparatus, device, computing system, or the like being a node. For example, disclosure that a UE 115 is configured to receive information from a network entity 105 also discloses that a first node is configured to receive information from a second node.
[0052] In some examples, network entities 105 may communicate with a core network 130, or with one another, or both. For example, network entities 105 may communicate with the core network 130 via backhaul communication link (s) 120 (e.g., in accordance with an S1, N2, N3, or other interface protocol) . In some examples, network entities 105 may communicate with one another via backhaul communication link (s) 120 (e.g., in accordance with an X2, Xn, or other interface protocol) either directly (e.g., directly between network entities 105) or indirectly (e.g., via the core network 130) . In some examples, network entities 105 may communicate with one another via a midhaul communication link 162 (e.g., in accordance with a midhaul interface protocol) or a fronthaul communication link 168 (e.g., in accordance with a fronthaul interface protocol) , or any combination thereof. The backhaul communication link (s) 120, midhaul communication links 162, or fronthaul communication links 168 may be or include one or more wired links (e.g., an electrical link, an optical fiber link) or one or more wireless links (e.g., a radio link, a wireless optical link) , among other examples or various combinations thereof. A UE 115 may communicate with the core network 130 via a communication link 155.
[0053] One or more of the network entities 105 or network equipment described herein may include or may be referred to as a base station 140 (e.g., a base transceiver station, a radio base station, an NR base station, an access point, a radio transceiver, a NodeB, an eNodeB (eNB) , a next-generation NodeB or giga-NodeB (either of which may be referred to as a gNB) , a 5G NB, a next-generation eNB (ng-eNB) , a Home NodeB, a Home eNodeB, or other suitable terminology) . In some examples, a network entity 105 (e.g., a base station 140) may be implemented in an aggregated (e.g., monolithic, standalone) base station architecture, which may be configured to utilize a protocol stack that is physically or logically integrated within one network entity (e.g., a network entity 105 or a single RAN node, such as a base station 140) .
[0054] In some examples, a network entity 105 may be implemented in a disaggregated architecture (e.g., a disaggregated base station architecture, a disaggregated RAN architecture) , which may be configured to utilize a protocol stack that is physically or logically distributed among multiple network entities (e.g., network entities 105) , such as an integrated access and backhaul (IAB) network, an open RAN (O-RAN) (e.g., a network configuration sponsored by the O-RAN Alliance) , or a virtualized RAN (vRAN) (e.g., a cloud RAN (C-RAN) ) . For example, a network entity 105 may include one or more of a central unit (CU) , such as a CU 160, a distributed unit (DU) , such as a DU 165, a radio unit (RU) , such as an RU 170, a RAN Intelligent Controller (RIC) , such as an RIC 175 (e.g., a Near-Real Time RIC (Near-RT RIC) , a Non-Real Time RIC (Non-RT RIC) ) , a Service Management and Orchestration (SMO) system, such as an SMO system 180, or any combination thereof. An RU 170 may also be referred to as a radio head, a smart radio head, a remote radio head (RRH) , a remote radio unit (RRU) , or a transmission reception point (TRP) . One or more components of the network entities 105 in a disaggregated RAN architecture may be co-located, or one or more components of the network entities 105 may be located in distributed locations (e.g., separate physical locations) . In some examples, one or more of the network entities 105 of a disaggregated RAN architecture may be implemented as virtual units (e.g., a virtual CU (VCU) , a virtual DU (VDU) , a virtual RU (VRU) ) .
[0055] The split of functionality between a CU 160, a DU 165, and an RU 170 is flexible and may support different functionalities depending on which functions (e.g., network layer functions, protocol layer functions, baseband functions, RF functions, or any combinations thereof) are performed at a CU 160, a DU 165, or an RU 170. For example, a functional split of a protocol stack may be employed between a CU 160 and a DU 165 such that the CU 160 may support one or more layers of the protocol stack and the DU 165 may support one or more different layers of the protocol stack. In some examples, the CU 160 may host upper protocol layer (e.g., layer 3 (L3) , layer 2 (L2) ) functionality and signaling (e.g., Radio Resource Control (RRC) , service data adaptation protocol (SDAP) , Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) ) . The CU 160 (e.g., one or more CUs) may be connected to a DU 165 (e.g., one or more DUs) or an RU 170 (e.g., one or more RUs) , or some combination thereof, and the DUs 165, RUs 170, or both may host lower protocol layers, such as layer 1 (L1) (e.g., physical (PHY) layer) or L2 (e.g., radio link control (RLC) layer, medium access control (MAC) layer) functionality and signaling, and may each be at least partially controlled by the CU 160. Additionally, or alternatively, a functional split of the protocol stack may be employed between a DU 165 and an RU 170 such that the DU 165 may support one or more layers of the protocol stack and the RU 170 may support one or more different layers of the protocol stack. The DU 165 may support one or multiple different cells (e.g., via one or multiple different RUs, such as an RU 170) . In some cases, a functional split between a CU 160 and a DU 165 or between a DU 165 and an RU 170 may be within a protocol layer (e.g., some functions for a protocol layer may be performed by one of a CU 160, a DU 165, or an RU 170, while other functions of the protocol layer are performed by a different one of the CU 160, the DU 165, or the RU 170) . A CU 160 may be functionally split further into CU control plane (CU-CP) and CU user plane (CU-UP) functions. A CU 160 may be connected to a DU 165 via a midhaul communication link 162 (e.g., F1, F1-c, F1-u) , and a DU 165 may be connected to an RU 170 via a fronthaul communication link 168 (e.g., open fronthaul (FH) interface) . In some examples, a midhaul communication link 162 or a fronthaul communication link 168 may be implemented in accordance with an interface (e.g., a channel) between layers of a protocol stack supported by respective network entities (e.g., one or more of the network entities 105) that are in communication via such communication links.
[0056] In some wireless communications systems (e.g., the wireless communications system 100) , infrastructure and spectral resources for radio access may support wireless backhaul link capabilities to supplement wired backhaul connections, providing an IAB network architecture (e.g., to a core network 130) . In some cases, in an IAB network, one or more of the network entities 105 (e.g., network entities 105 or IAB node (s) 104) may be partially controlled by each other. The IAB node (s) 104 may be referred to as a donor entity or an IAB donor. A DU 165 or an RU 170 may be partially controlled by a CU 160 associated with a network entity 105 or base station 140 (such as a donor network entity or a donor base station) . The one or more donor entities (e.g., IAB donors) may be in communication with one or more additional devices (e.g., IAB node (s) 104) via supported access and backhaul links (e.g., backhaul communication link (s) 120) . IAB node (s) 104 may include an IAB mobile termination (IAB-MT) controlled (e.g., scheduled) by one or more DUs (e.g., DUs 165) of a coupled IAB donor. An IAB-MT may be equipped with an independent set of antennas for relay of communications with UEs 115 or may share the same antennas (e.g., of an RU 170) of IAB node (s) 104 used for access via the DU 165 of the IAB node (s) 104 (e.g., referred to as virtual IAB-MT (vIAB-MT) ) . In some examples, the IAB node (s) 104 may include one or more DUs (e.g., DUs 165) that support communication links with additional entities (e.g., IAB node (s) 104, UEs 115) within the relay chain or configuration of the access network (e.g., downstream) . In such cases, one or more components of the disaggregated RAN architecture (e.g., the IAB node (s) 104 or components of the IAB node (s) 104) may be configured to operate according to the techniques described herein.
[0057] In the case of the techniques described herein applied in the context of a disaggregated RAN architecture, one or more components of the disaggregated RAN architecture may be configured to support temporal association between monitoring RS instances and beam prediction instances as described herein. For example, some operations described as being performed by a UE 115 or a network entity 105 (e.g., a base station 140) may additionally, or alternatively, be performed by one or more components of the disaggregated RAN architecture (e.g., components such as an IAB node, a DU 165, a CU 160, an RU 170, an RIC 175, an SMO system 180) .
[0058] A UE 115 may include or may be referred to as a mobile device, a wireless device, a remote device, a handheld device, or a subscriber device, or some other suitable terminology, where the “device” may also be referred to as a unit, a station, a terminal, or a client, among other examples. A UE 115 may also include or may be referred to as a personal electronic device such as a cellular phone, a personal digital assistant (PDA) , a tablet computer, a laptop computer, or a personal computer. In some examples, a UE 115 may include or be referred to as a wireless local loop (WLL) station, an Internet of Things (IoT) device, an Internet of Everything (IoE) device, or a machine type communications (MTC) device, among other examples, which may be implemented in various objects such as appliances, vehicles, or meters, among other examples.
[0059] The UEs 115 described herein may be able to communicate with various types of devices, such as UEs 115 that may sometimes operate as relays, as well as the network entities 105 and the network equipment including macro eNBs or gNBs, small cell eNBs or gNBs, or relay base stations, among other examples, as shown in FIG. 1.
[0060] The UEs 115 and the network entities 105 may wirelessly communicate with one another via the communication link (s) 125 (e.g., one or more access links) using resources associated with one or more carriers. The term “carrier” may refer to a set of RF spectrum resources having a defined PHY layer structure for supporting the communication link (s) 125. For example, a carrier used for the communication link (s) 125 may include a portion of an RF spectrum band (e.g., a bandwidth part (BWP) ) that is operated according to one or more PHY layer channels for a given RAT (e.g., LTE, LTE-A, LTE-APro, NR) . Each PHY layer channel may carry acquisition signaling (e.g., synchronization signals, system information) , control signaling that coordinates operation for the carrier, user data, or other signaling. The wireless communications system 100 may support communication with a UE 115 using carrier aggregation or multi-carrier operation. A UE 115 may be configured with multiple downlink component carriers and one or more uplink component carriers according to a carrier aggregation configuration. Carrier aggregation may be used with both frequency division duplexing (FDD) and time division duplexing (TDD) component carriers. Communication between a network entity 105 and other devices may refer to communication between the devices and any portion (e.g., entity, sub-entity) of a network entity 105. For example, the terms “transmitting, ” “receiving, ” or “communicating, ” when referring to a network entity 105, may refer to any portion of a network entity 105 (e.g., a base station 140, a CU 160, a DU 165, a RU 170) of a RAN communicating with another device (e.g., directly or via one or more other network entities, such as one or more of the network entities 105) .
[0061] In some examples, such as in a carrier aggregation configuration, a carrier may have acquisition signaling or control signaling that coordinates operations for other carriers. A carrier may be associated with a frequency channel (e.g., an evolved universal mobile telecommunication system terrestrial radio access (E-UTRA) absolute RF channel number (EARFCN) ) and may be identified according to a channel raster for discovery by the UEs 115. A carrier may be operated in a standalone mode, in which case initial acquisition and connection may be conducted by the UEs 115 via the carrier, or the carrier may be operated in a non-standalone mode, in which case a connection is anchored using a different carrier (e.g., of the same or a different RAT) .
[0062] The communication link (s) 125 of the wireless communications system 100 may include downlink transmissions (e.g., forward link transmissions) from a network entity 105 to a UE 115, uplink transmissions (e.g., return link transmissions) from a UE 115 to a network entity 105, or both, among other configurations of transmissions. Carriers may carry downlink or uplink communications (e.g., in an FDD mode) or may be configured to carry downlink and uplink communications (e.g., in a TDD mode) .
[0063] A carrier may be associated with a particular bandwidth of the RF spectrum and, in some examples, the carrier bandwidth may be referred to as a “system bandwidth” of the carrier or the wireless communications system 100. For example, the carrier bandwidth may be one of a set of bandwidths for carriers of a particular RAT (e.g., 1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20, 40, or 80 megahertz (MHz) ) . Devices of the wireless communications system 100 (e.g., the network entities 105, the UEs 115, or both) may have hardware configurations that support communications using a particular carrier bandwidth or may be configurable to support communications using one of a set of carrier bandwidths. In some examples, the wireless communications system 100 may include network entities 105 or UEs 115 that support concurrent communications using carriers associated with multiple carrier bandwidths. In some examples, each served UE 115 may be configured for operating using portions (e.g., a sub-band, a BWP) or all of a carrier bandwidth.
[0064] Signal waveforms transmitted via a carrier may be made up of multiple subcarriers (e.g., using multi-carrier modulation (MCM) techniques such as orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) or discrete Fourier transform spread OFDM (DFT-S-OFDM) ) . In a system employing MCM techniques, a resource element may refer to resources of one symbol period (e.g., a duration of one modulation symbol) and one subcarrier, in which case the symbol period and subcarrier spacing may be inversely related. The quantity of bits carried by each resource element may depend on the modulation scheme (e.g., the order of the modulation scheme, the coding rate of the modulation scheme, or both) , such that a relatively higher quantity of resource elements (e.g., in a transmission duration) and a relatively higher order of a modulation scheme may correspond to a relatively higher rate of communication. A wireless communications resource may refer to a combination of an RF spectrum resource, a time resource, and a spatial resource (e.g., a spatial layer, a beam) , and the use of multiple spatial resources may increase the data rate or data integrity for communications with a UE 115.
[0065] One or more numerologies for a carrier may be supported, and a numerology may include a subcarrier spacing (Δf) and a cyclic prefix. A carrier may be divided into one or more BWPs having the same or different numerologies. In some examples, a UE 115 may be configured with multiple BWPs. In some examples, a single BWP for a carrier may be active at a given time and communications for the UE 115 may be restricted to one or more active BWPs.
[0066] The time intervals for the network entities 105 or the UEs 115 may be expressed in multiples of a basic time unit which may, for example, refer to a sampling period of Ts=1 / (ΔfmaxNf) seconds, for which Δfmax may represent a supported subcarrier spacing, and Nf may represent a supported discrete Fourier transform (DFT) size. Time intervals of a communications resource may be organized according to radio frames each having a specified duration (e.g., 10 milliseconds (ms) ) . Each radio frame may be identified by a system frame number (SFN) (e.g., ranging from 0 to 1023) .
[0067] Each frame may include multiple consecutively-numbered subframes or slots, and each subframe or slot may have the same duration. In some examples, a frame may be divided (e.g., in the time domain) into subframes, and each subframe may be further divided into a quantity of slots. Alternatively, each frame may include a variable quantity of slots, and the quantity of slots may depend on subcarrier spacing. Each slot may include a quantity of symbol periods (e.g., depending on the length of the cyclic prefix prepended to each symbol period) . In some wireless communications systems, such as the wireless communications system 100, a slot may further be divided into multiple mini-slots associated with one or more symbols. Excluding the cyclic prefix, each symbol period may be associated with one or more (e.g., Nf) sampling periods. The duration of a symbol period may depend on the subcarrier spacing or frequency band of operation.
[0068] A subframe, a slot, a mini-slot, or a symbol may be the smallest scheduling unit (e.g., in the time domain) of the wireless communications system 100 and may be referred to as a transmission time interval (TTI) . In some examples, the TTI duration (e.g., a quantity of symbol periods in a TTI) may be variable. Additionally, or alternatively, the smallest scheduling unit of the wireless communications system 100 may be dynamically selected (e.g., in bursts of shortened TTIs (sTTIs) ) .
[0069] Physical channels may be multiplexed for communication using a carrier according to various techniques. A physical control channel and a physical data channel may be multiplexed for signaling via a downlink carrier, for example, using one or more of time division multiplexing (TDM) techniques, frequency division multiplexing (FDM) techniques, or hybrid TDM-FDM techniques. A control region (e.g., a control resource set (CORESET) ) for a physical control channel may be defined by a set of symbol periods and may extend across the system bandwidth or a subset of the system bandwidth of the carrier. One or more control regions (e.g., CORESETs) may be configured for a set of the UEs 115. For example, one or more of the UEs 115 may monitor or search control regions for control information according to one or more search space sets, and each search space set may include one or multiple control channel candidates in one or more aggregation levels arranged in a cascaded manner. An aggregation level for a control channel candidate may refer to an amount of control channel resources (e.g., control channel elements (CCEs) ) associated with encoded information for a control information format having a given payload size. Search space sets may include common search space sets configured for sending control information to UEs 115 (e.g., one or more UEs) or may include UE-specific search space sets for sending control information to a UE 115 (e.g., a specific UE) .
[0070] A network entity 105 may provide communication coverage via one or more cells, for example a macro cell, a small cell, a hot spot, or other types of cells, or any combination thereof. The term “cell” may refer to a logical communication entity used for communication with a network entity 105 (e.g., using a carrier) and may be associated with an identifier for distinguishing neighboring cells (e.g., a physical cell identifier (PCID) , a virtual cell identifier (VCID) ) . In some examples, a cell also may refer to a coverage area 110 or a portion of a coverage area 110 (e.g., a sector) over which the logical communication entity operates. Such cells may range from smaller areas (e.g., a structure, a subset of structure) to larger areas depending on various factors such as the capabilities of the network entity 105. For example, a cell may be or include a building, a subset of a building, or exterior spaces between or overlapping with coverage areas 110, among other examples.
[0071] A macro cell generally covers a relatively large geographic area (e.g., several kilometers in radius) and may allow unrestricted access by the UEs 115 with service subscriptions with the network provider supporting the macro cell. A small cell may be associated with a network entity 105 operating with lower power (e.g., a base station 140 operating with lower power) relative to a macro cell, and a small cell may operate using the same or different (e.g., licensed, unlicensed) frequency bands as macro cells. Small cells may provide unrestricted access to the UEs 115 with service subscriptions with the network provider or may provide restricted access to the UEs 115 having an association with the small cell (e.g., the UEs 115 in a closed subscriber group (CSG) , the UEs 115 associated with users in a home or office) . A network entity 105 may support one or more cells and may also support communications via the one or more cells using one or multiple component carriers.
[0072] In some examples, a carrier may support multiple cells, and different cells may be configured according to different protocol types (e.g., MTC, narrowband IoT (NB-IoT) , enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) ) that may provide access for different types of devices.
[0073] In some examples, a network entity 105 (e.g., a base station 140, an RU 170) may be movable and therefore provide communication coverage for a moving coverage area, such as the coverage area 110. In some examples, coverage areas 110 (e.g., different coverage areas) associated with different technologies may overlap, but the coverage areas 110 (e.g., different coverage areas) may be supported by the same network entity (e.g., a network entity 105) . In some other examples, overlapping coverage areas, such as a coverage area 110, associated with different technologies may be supported by different network entities (e.g., the network entities 105) . The wireless communications system 100 may include, for example, a heterogeneous network in which different types of the network entities 105 support communications for coverage areas 110 (e.g., different coverage areas) using the same or different RATs.
[0074] The wireless communications system 100 may be configured to support ultra-reliable communications or low-latency communications, or various combinations thereof. For example, the wireless communications system 100 may be configured to support ultra-reliable low-latency communications (URLLC) . The UEs 115 may be designed to support ultra-reliable, low-latency, or critical functions. Ultra-reliable communications may include private communication or group communication and may be supported by one or more services such as push-to-talk, video, or data. Support for ultra-reliable, low-latency functions may include prioritization of services, and such services may be used for public safety or general commercial applications. The terms ultra-reliable, low-latency, and ultra-reliable low-latency may be used interchangeably herein.
[0075] In some examples, a UE 115 may be configured to support communicating directly with other UEs (e.g., one or more of the UEs 115) via a device-to-device (D2D) communication link, such as a D2D communication link 135 (e.g., in accordance with a peer-to-peer (P2P) , D2D, or sidelink protocol) . In some examples, one or more UEs 115 of a group that are performing D2D communications may be within the coverage area 110 of a network entity 105 (e.g., a base station 140, an RU 170) , which may support aspects of such D2D communications being configured by (e.g., scheduled by) the network entity 105. In some examples, one or more UEs 115 of such a group may be outside the coverage area 110 of a network entity 105 or may be otherwise unable to or not configured to receive transmissions from a network entity 105. In some examples, groups of the UEs 115 communicating via D2D communications may support a one-to-many (1: M) system in which each UE 115 transmits to one or more of the UEs 115 in the group. In some examples, a network entity 105 may facilitate the scheduling of resources for D2D communications. In some other examples, D2D communications may be carried out between the UEs 115 without an involvement of a network entity 105.
[0076] The core network 130 may provide user authentication, access authorization, tracking, Internet Protocol (IP) connectivity, and other access, routing, or mobility functions. The core network 130 may be an evolved packet core (EPC) or 5G core (5GC) , which may include at least one control plane entity that manages access and mobility (e.g., a mobility management entity (MME) , an access and mobility management function (AMF) ) and at least one user plane entity that routes packets or interconnects to external networks (e.g., a serving gateway (S-GW) , a Packet Data Network (PDN) gateway (P-GW) , or a user plane function (UPF) ) . The control plane entity may manage non-access stratum (NAS) functions such as mobility, authentication, and bearer management for the UEs 115 served by the network entities 105 (e.g., base stations 140) associated with the core network 130. User IP packets may be transferred through the user plane entity, which may provide IP address allocation as well as other functions. The user plane entity may be connected to IP services 150 for one or more network operators. The IP services 150 may include access to the Internet, Intranet (s) , an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) , or a Packet-Switched Streaming Service.
[0077] The wireless communications system 100 may operate using one or more frequency bands, which may be in the range of 300 megahertz (MHz) to 300 gigahertz (GHz) . Generally, the region from 300 MHz to 3 GHz is known as the ultra-high frequency (UHF) region or decimeter band because the wavelengths range from approximately one decimeter to one meter in length. UHF waves may be blocked or redirected by buildings and environmental features, which may be referred to as clusters, but the waves may penetrate structures sufficiently for a macro cell to provide service to the UEs 115 located indoors. Communications using UHF waves may be associated with smaller antennas and shorter ranges (e.g., less than one hundred kilometers) compared to communications using the smaller frequencies and longer waves of the high frequency (HF) or very high frequency (VHF) portion of the spectrum below 300 MHz.
[0078] The wireless communications system 100 may also operate using a super high frequency (SHF) region, which may be in the range of 3 GHz to 30 GHz, also known as the centimeter band, or using an extremely high frequency (EHF) region of the spectrum (e.g., from 30 GHz to 300 GHz) , also known as the millimeter band. In some examples, the wireless communications system 100 may support millimeter wave (mmW) communications between the UEs 115 and the network entities 105 (e.g., base stations 140, RUs 170) , and EHF antennas of the respective devices may be smaller and more closely spaced than UHF antennas. In some examples, such techniques may facilitate using antenna arrays within a device. The propagation of EHF transmissions, however, may be subject to even greater attenuation and shorter range than SHF or UHF transmissions. The techniques disclosed herein may be employed across transmissions that use one or more different frequency regions, and designated use of bands across these frequency regions may differ by country or regulating body.
[0079] The wireless communications system 100 may utilize both licensed and unlicensed RF spectrum bands. For example, the wireless communications system 100 may employ License Assisted Access (LAA) , LTE-Unlicensed (LTE-U) RAT, or NR technology using an unlicensed band such as the 5 GHz industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) band. While operating using unlicensed RF spectrum bands, devices such as the network entities 105 and the UEs 115 may employ carrier sensing for collision detection and avoidance. In some examples, operations using unlicensed bands may be based on a carrier aggregation configuration in conjunction with component carriers operating using a licensed band (e.g., LAA) . Operations using unlicensed spectrum may include downlink transmissions, uplink transmissions, P2P transmissions, or D2D transmissions, among other examples.
[0080] A network entity 105 (e.g., a base station 140, an RU 170) or a UE 115 may be equipped with multiple antennas, which may be used to employ techniques such as transmit diversity, receive diversity, multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communications, or beamforming. The antennas of a network entity 105 or a UE 115 may be located within one or more antenna arrays or antenna panels, which may support MIMO operations or transmit or receive beamforming. For example, one or more base station antennas or antenna arrays may be co-located at an antenna assembly, such as an antenna tower. In some examples, antennas or antenna arrays associated with a network entity 105 may be located at diverse geographic locations. A network entity 105 may include an antenna array with a set of rows and columns of antenna ports that the network entity 105 may use to support beamforming of communications with a UE 115. Likewise, a UE 115 may include one or more antenna arrays that may support various MIMO or beamforming operations. Additionally, or alternatively, an antenna panel may support RF beamforming for a signal transmitted via an antenna port.
[0081] The network entities 105 or the UEs 115 may use MIMO communications to exploit multipath signal propagation and increase spectral efficiency by transmitting or receiving multiple signals via different spatial layers. Such techniques may be referred to as spatial multiplexing. The multiple signals may, for example, be transmitted by the transmitting device via different antennas or different combinations of antennas. Likewise, the multiple signals may be received by the receiving device via different antennas or different combinations of antennas. Each of the multiple signals may be referred to as a separate spatial stream and may carry information associated with the same data stream (e.g., the same codeword) or different data streams (e.g., different codewords) . Different spatial layers may be associated with different antenna ports used for channel measurement and reporting. MIMO techniques include single-user MIMO (SU-MIMO) , for which multiple spatial layers are transmitted to the same receiving device, and multiple-user MIMO (MU-MIMO) , for which multiple spatial layers are transmitted to multiple devices.
[0082] Beamforming, which may also be referred to as spatial filtering, directional transmission, or directional reception, is a signal processing technique that may be used at a transmitting device or a receiving device (e.g., a network entity 105, a UE 115) to shape or steer an antenna beam (e.g., a transmit beam, a receive beam) along a spatial path between the transmitting device and the receiving device. Beamforming may be achieved by combining the signals communicated via antenna elements of an antenna array such that some signals propagating along particular orientations with respect to an antenna array experience constructive interference while others experience destructive interference. The adjustment of signals communicated via the antenna elements may include a transmitting device or a receiving device applying amplitude offsets, phase offsets, or both to signals carried via the antenna elements associated with the device. The adjustments associated with each of the antenna elements may be defined by a beamforming weight set associated with a particular orientation (e.g., with respect to the antenna array of the transmitting device or receiving device, or with respect to some other orientation) .
[0083] A network entity 105 or a UE 115 may use beam sweeping techniques as part of beamforming operations. For example, a network entity 105 (e.g., a base station 140, an RU 170) may use multiple antennas or antenna arrays (e.g., antenna panels) to conduct beamforming operations for directional communications with a UE 115. Some signals (e.g., synchronization signals, RSs, beam selection signals, or other control signals) may be transmitted by a network entity 105 multiple times along different directions. For example, the network entity 105 may transmit a signal according to different beamforming weight sets associated with different directions of transmission. Transmissions along different beam directions may be used to identify (e.g., by a transmitting device, such as a network entity 105, or by a receiving device, such as a UE 115) a beam direction for later transmission or reception by the network entity 105.
[0084] Some signals, such as data signals associated with a particular receiving device, may be transmitted by a transmitting device (e.g., a network entity 105 or a UE 115) along a single beam direction (e.g., a direction associated with the receiving device, such as another network entity 105 or UE 115) . In some examples, the beam direction associated with transmissions along a single beam direction may be determined based on a signal that was transmitted along one or more beam directions. For example, a UE 115 may receive one or more of the signals transmitted by the network entity 105 along different directions and may report to the network entity 105 an indication of the signal that the UE 115 received with a highest signal quality or an otherwise acceptable signal quality.
[0085] In some examples, transmissions by a device (e.g., by a network entity 105 or a UE 115) may be performed using multiple beam directions, and the device may use a combination of digital precoding or beamforming to generate a combined beam for transmission (e.g., from a network entity 105 to a UE 115) . The UE 115 may report feedback that indicates precoding weights for one or more beam directions, and the feedback may correspond to a configured set of beams across a system bandwidth or one or more sub-bands. The network entity 105 may transmit an RS (e.g., a cell-specific RS (CRS) , a CSI-RS) , which may be precoded or unprecoded. The UE 115 may provide feedback for beam selection, which may be a precoding matrix indicator (PMI) or codebook-based feedback (e.g., a multi-panel type codebook, a linear combination type codebook, a port selection type codebook) . Although these techniques are described with reference to signals transmitted along one or more directions by a network entity 105 (e.g., a base station 140, an RU 170) , a UE 115 may employ similar techniques for transmitting signals multiple times along different directions (e.g., for identifying a beam direction for subsequent transmission or reception by the UE 115) or for transmitting a signal along a single direction (e.g., for transmitting data to a receiving device) .
[0086] A receiving device (e.g., a UE 115) may perform reception operations in accordance with multiple receive configurations (e.g., directional listening) when receiving various signals from a transmitting device (e.g., a network entity 105) , such as synchronization signals, RSs, beam selection signals, or other control signals. For example, a receiving device may perform reception in accordance with multiple receive directions by receiving via different antenna subarrays, by processing received signals according to different antenna subarrays, by receiving according to different receive beamforming weight sets (e.g., different directional listening weight sets) applied to signals received at multiple antenna elements of an antenna array, or by processing received signals according to different receive beamforming weight sets applied to signals received at multiple antenna elements of an antenna array, any of which may be referred to as “listening” according to different receive configurations or receive directions. In some examples, a receiving device may use a single receive configuration to receive along a single beam direction (e.g., when receiving a data signal) . The single receive configuration may be aligned along a beam direction determined based on listening according to different receive configuration directions (e.g., a beam direction determined to have a highest signal strength, highest signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) , or otherwise acceptable signal quality based on listening according to multiple beam directions) .
[0087] The wireless communications system 100 may be a packet-based network that operates according to a layered protocol stack. In the user plane, communications at the bearer or PDCP layer may be IP-based. An RLC layer may perform packet segmentation and reassembly to communicate via logical channels. A MAC layer may perform priority handling and multiplexing of logical channels into transport channels. The MAC layer also may implement error detection techniques, error correction techniques, or both to support retransmissions to improve link efficiency. In the control plane, an RRC layer may provide establishment, configuration, and maintenance of an RRC connection between a UE 115 and a network entity 105 or a core network 130 supporting radio bearers for user plane data. A PHY layer may map transport channels to physical channels.
[0088] UEs 115 may implement AI or ML models to predict parameters for future communications. For example, a UE 115 use an AI or ML model to predict channel characteristics for a set of beams for communicating with a network entity 105. For example, based on measurements of RSs received over a first set of beams (referred to as set B beams) , the UE 115 may predict channel characteristics (e.g., SINR, RSRP, or SNR) of a second set of beams (which may be referred to as set A beams or prediction targets) . In some examples, AI or ML models may be used for spatial-domain downlink transmit beam prediction for set A beams based on measurement results of set B beams. For example, the set A beams may be narrower beams than the set B beams. In some examples, AI or ML models may be used for temporal downlink transmit beam prediction for set A beams based on measurement results of set B beams. For example, temporal transmit beam prediction may involve predictions of channel characteristics of set A beams at a future time based on measurement results of RSs received via set B beams. The UE 115 and the network entity 105 may train AI models and / or ML models based on sets of training data (e.g., training RSs) . In some examples, the UE 115 and the network entity 105 may demand consistency between training and inference (e.g., use of the AI or ML models to predict channel characteristics of a set of prediction targets) .
[0089] To evaluate a prediction accuracy of the AI or ML model, the UE 115 or the network entity 105 may evaluate one or more performance monitoring metrics or indicators associated with at least one of the predicted set of channel characteristics. In some examples, the UE 115 may receive one or more monitoring RSs from the network entity 105 to evaluate the one or more performance metrics. For example, the UE 115 may receive the monitoring RSs over one or more of the second set of beams (e.g., the set A beams) , and may compare measurements of the monitoring RSs to the predicted channel characteristics output by the AI or ML model to determine the accuracy of the AI or ML model. The UE 115 and / or the network entity 105 may make LCM decisions for the AI or ML model based on one or more performance metrics or indicators (e.g., key performance indicators (KPIs) ) . In some examples, the network entity 105 may configure the one or more performance metrics or KPIs for the UE 115 to make LCM decisions. In some examples, the network may configure which measurements and / or which performance metrics or KPIs for the UE 115 to report.
[0090] For example, two types of performance monitoring of beam prediction models may be generally defined, type 1 performance monitoring and type 2 performance monitoring. Type 1 performance monitoring may involve configuration / signaling from the network entity 105 to the UE 115 for measurement and / or reporting. In type 1 performance monitoring, in a first option (network-side performance monitoring) , the UE 115 may send reports to the network entity 105 that indicate measurements generated by the UE 115, and the network entity 105 may calculate performance metrics based on the indicated measurements. In network-side performance monitoring, in some examples, the UE 115 may transmit a report to the network entity 105 for the calculation of the performance metric at the network. For example, the UE 115 may indicate measurement results from a resource set for monitoring performance of the AI or ML model (e.g., L1-RSRP and / or an RS index may be supported as the content of the report) . A report in type 1 network-side performance monitoring may be triggered or configured by the network. In type 1 performance monitoring, in a second option (UE-assisted performance monitoring) the UE 115 may calculate performance metrics and may either report the performance metrics or may report events to the network entity 105 based on the calculated performance metrics. In type 1 performance monitoring, the network entity 105 may indicate LCM commands to the UE 115 for beam predictions (e.g., whether to deactivate or retrain the AI / ML model) based on the performance metrics and / or events.
[0091] In type 1 UE-assisted performance monitoring, for either spatial domain prediction of set A beams based on measurements of set B beams or temporal prediction of Set A beams based on measurements of set B beams, with a UE side AI or ML model, several options may be used for performance monitoring. In a first option, the UE 115 may determine (e.g., may use as a performance monitoring metric) the Top 1 or Top K beam prediction accuracy (with or without margin) by comparing the prediction results and the Top 1 beam or Top K beams based on measurements from a resource set or resources for beam prediction monitoring (e.g., also referred to as monitoring RSs) . In a second option, the UE 115 may determine (e.g., may use as a performance monitoring metric) the L1-RSRP difference information based on an actual measurement of the L1-RSRP of one or more of Top K predicted beam, and the L1-RSRP measurements from a resource set / resources for monitoring. In a third option, the UE 115 may determine the RSRP difference information between the predicted RSRP and measured L1-RSRP of corresponding beam (s) of a resource set / resources for monitoring (e.g., in cases where the AI or ML model is capable of predicting RSRP) . In some such examples, the resources for monitoring the set B beams may also be used. In a fourth option, the UE 115 may determine (e.g., may use as a performance monitoring metric) probability information of the predicted beam (s) to be the Top 1 or Top K beams (e.g., in cases where the AI or ML model is capable of predicting probability information) . In any of the first, second, or third options, in some examples, the full set of Set A beams may be used for measurement (e.g., there may be a monitoring RS for each set A beam) . In any of the first, second, or third options, in some examples, less than all of the Set A beams may be used for measurement (e.g., there may be less monitoring RSs than all of the set A beams) , and the UE 115 may use methods to determine the predicted Top 1 or Top K beam for calculating the prediction accuracy or the RSRP difference. In any of the first, second, third, or fourth options, performance information may be calculated per sample (e.g., per monitoring RS set) or per set of samples (e.g., per multiple monitoring RS sets) .
[0092] In type 2 performance monitoring, the UE 115 may indicate, request, or report to the network entity 105 for performance monitoring of the beam prediction. The network entity 105 may provide configuration / signaling to the UE 115 for performance monitoring and / or reporting. For UE-side AI / ML model monitoring, the UE 115 may make LCM decisions such as AI / ML model selection, AI / ML model activation, AI / ML model deactivation, AI / ML model switching, or AI / ML model fallback (to a default AI / ML model or set of parameters) .
[0093] The UE 115 may compare measurements of a set of monitoring RSs to a set of predicted channel characteristics associated with a particular beam prediction instance based on the set of monitoring RSs and the particular beam prediction instance satisfying a time condition. For example, the UE 115 may transmit a report that indicates a performance monitoring metric for the set of predicted channel characteristics based on the comparison of the set of predicted channel characteristics associated with the beam prediction instance to measurements of the set of monitoring RSs. For example, the time condition may be that beam prediction instance is the closest beam prediction instance in time for the set of monitoring RSs. As another example, the time condition may be that the beam prediction instance is the prior beam prediction instance with respect to the set of monitoring RSs. As another example, the time condition may be that the beam prediction instance is the next beam prediction instance with respect to the set of monitoring RSs. As another example, the time condition may be that the beam prediction instance and the set of monitoring RSs are within a threshold time duration of each other.
[0094] FIG. 2 shows an example of a process flow 200, a process flow 225, and a process flow 250 that support temporal association between monitoring RS instances and beam prediction instances in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The process flow 200, the process flow 225, and the process flow 250 may implement or may be implemented by aspects of the wireless communications system 100. For example, the process flow 200, the process flow 225, and the process flow 250 may include a UE 115-a, which may be an example of a UE 115 as described herein. The process flow 200, the process flow 225, and the process flow 250 may include a network entity 105-a, which may be an example of a network entity 105 as described herein. In the process flow 200, the process flow 225, and the process flow 250, the communications between the network entity 105-a and the UE 115-a may be transmitted in a different order than the example order shown, or the operations performed by the network entity 105-a and the UE 115-a may be performed in different orders or at different times. Some operations may also be omitted from or added to the process flow 200, the process flow 225, and / or the process flow 250.
[0095] The UE 115-a and the network entity 105-b may implement performance monitoring for AI or ML models used for beam prediction. Performance monitoring may include type 1 performance monitoring where the network makes LCM decisions, as shown in the process flow 200 and the process flow 225, or type 2 performance monitoring, where the UE 115 makes LCM decisions, as shown in the process flow 250. The process flow 200 shows an example type 1 network-side performance monitoring. The process flow 225 shows an example of type 2 UE-assisted performance monitoring. The process flow 250 shows an example of type 2 UE side performance monitoring.
[0096] In each of the process flow 200, the process flow 225, and the process flow 250, the UE may receive monitoring RSs in monitoring RS occasions that may correspond to sparsely selective beam prediction occasions. The monitoring RSs may be received via one or more Set A beams. In some examples, the UE 115-a may transmit a request to the network entity 105-a for the monitoring RSs. The UE 115-a may perform measurements on the monitoring RSs (e.g., L1-RSRP measurements on the monitoring RSs) . The measurements on the monitoring RSs may be compared to the predicted channel characteristics for the Set A beams by the AI or ML model of the UE 115-a for the prediction cycle or occasion (also referred to as a beam prediction instance) that corresponds to the set of monitoring RSs.
[0097] As shown in the process flow 200, in type 1 network-side performance monitoring, at 205, the UE 115-a may report measurement results (e.g., L1-RSRPs) of the monitoring RSs. At 210, the network entity 105-a may evaluate the AI or ML model performance based on the reported measurement results. For example, the UE 115-amay also report the predicted channel characteristics for the Set A beams by the AI or ML model of the UE 115-a for the prediction cycle or occasion (also referred to as a beam prediction instance) that corresponds to the set of monitoring RSs. At 215, the network entity 105-a may transmit an LCM command for the AI or ML model of the UE 115-abased on the evaluation of the AI or ML model performance. For example, the LCM command may involve AI / ML model selection, AI / ML model activation, AI / ML model deactivation, AI / ML model switching, or AI / ML model fallback (to a default AI / ML model or set of parameters) .
[0098] As shown in the process flow 225, in type 1 UE-assisted performance monitoring, at 230, the network entity 105-a may configure KPIs and / or events for the UE 115-a to report. The UE 115-a may identify KPIs and / or events based on the configuration from the network entity 105-a and based on comparison of the predicted channel characteristics for the Set A beams by the AI or ML model of the UE 115-a for one or more prediction cycles or occasions (also referred to as a beam prediction instance) that corresponds to one or more sets of monitoring RSs. At 235, the UE 115-amay report identified KPIs or events. At 240, the network entity 105-a may evaluate the AI or ML model performance based on the reported KPIs or events. At 245, the network entity 105-a may transmit an LCM command for the AI or ML model of the UE 115-abased on the evaluation of the AI or ML model performance. For example, the LCM command may involve AI / ML model selection, AI / ML model activation, AI / ML model deactivation, AI / ML model switching, or AI / ML model fallback (to a default AI / ML model or set of parameters) .
[0099] As described herein, in type 1 performance monitoring, as shown in the process flow 200 and the process flow 225, the network may make LCM decisions for the AI or ML model at the UE 115-a. In type 1 network-side performance monitoring, performance monitoring may be based on per instance UE reporting or based on multi-instance UE reporting. In per instance UE reporting, the UE 115-a may transmit a layer 1 report derived from a single monitoring RS transmission occasion (e.g., a set of monitoring RSs transmitted over one or more of the Set A beams) . In multi-instance UE reporting, the UE 115 may report measurements derived from multiple historical monitoring RS transmission occasions (e.g., multiple instances of sets of monitoring RSs transmitted over one or more of the Set A beams) . Multi-instance UE reporting may reduce reporting overhead as compared to per instance UE reporting.
[0100] In type 1 UE-assisted performance monitoring, performance monitoring may be based on per instance UE reporting, based on multi-instance UE reporting, or based on event-triggered UE reporting, where events may be based on single or multiple monitoring RS instances. In per instance UE reporting, the UE 115-a may determine a KPI or performance metric from a single monitoring RS transmission occasion (e.g., from comparison of predicted channel characteristics to a set of monitoring RSs transmitted over one or more of the Set A beams) . ) . In multi-instance UE reporting, the UE 115 may determine one or more statistics of the KPIs or performance metrics from multiple historical monitoring RS transmission occasions (e.g., from comparisons of multiple predicted channel characteristics over time to multiple corresponding instances of sets of monitoring RSs transmitted over one or more of the Set A beams) . Multi-instance UE reporting may reduce reporting overhead as compared to per instance UE reporting. In event-triggered per instance reporting, the UE 115-a may transmit a report when the KPI or performance metric for a given monitoring RS occasion meets a configured event condition. In event-triggered multi-instance reporting, the UE 115-amay transmit a report when the KPI or performance metric statistic over the multiple historical monitoring RS transmission occasions meets a configured event condition.
[0101] In type 1 UE-assisted performance monitoring, an example KPI or performance metric may include prediction accuracy (e.g., whether the Top K predicted beam includes the Top 1 measured beam, or vice versa; or the difference between the predicted RSRP versus the measured RSRP with respect to the Top 1 or Top K beams) . In type 1 UE-assisted performance monitoring, an example KPI or performance metric may include RSRP degradation due to prediction errors. For example, RSRP degradation may include: RSRPGenieTop1-RSRPPredictTop1; RSRPGenieTop1 -measured RSRP (from monitoring RSs) with respect to the measured Top 1 beam; or RSRPPredictTop1 -measured RSRP (from monitoring RSs) with respect to the predicted Top 1 beam, where RSRPGenie refers to a measured RSRP of a monitoring RS.
[0102] As shown in the process flow 250, in UE-side performance monitoring, at 255, the network entity 105-a may indicate information with regard to AI or ML model LCM and monitoring of KPIs. For example, the KPIs may be based on comparisons of the measurements of the monitoring RSs to predicted channel characteristics for the set A beams by the AI or ML model of the UE 115-a. At 260, the UE 115-a may perform an LCM operation based on monitoring of a KPI or detection of an event as configured in the information at 255. For example, the LCM operation may involve AI / ML model selection, AI / ML model activation, AI / ML model deactivation, AI / ML model switching, or AI / ML model fallback (to a default AI / ML model or set of parameters) . At 265, the UE 115-a may report the LCM operation to the network entity 105-a.
[0103] FIG. 3 shows an example of a wireless communications system 300 that supports temporal association between monitoring RS instances and beam prediction instances in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The wireless communications system 300 may implement or may be implemented by aspects of the wireless communications system 100, the process flow 200, the process flow 225, or the process flow 250. For example, the wireless communications system 300 may include a UE 115-b, which may be an example of a UE 115 as described herein. The wireless communications system 300 may include a network entity 105-b, which may be an example of a network entity 105 as described herein.
[0104] The UE 115-b may communicate with the network entity 105-b using a communication link 125-a. The communication link 125-a may be an example of an NR or LTE link between the UE 115-b and the network entity 105-b. The communication link 125-a may include a bi-directional link that enable both uplink and downlink communications. For example, the UE 115-b may transmit uplink signals 305 (e.g., uplink transmissions) , such as uplink control signals or uplink data signals, to the network entity 105-b using the communication link 125-a and the network entity 105-b may transmit downlink signals 310 (e.g., downlink transmissions) , such as downlink control signals or downlink data signals, to the UE 115-b using the communication link 125-a.
[0105] The network entity 105-b may transmit a set of RSs 315 (e.g., CSI-RSs or synchronization signal blocks (SSBs) ) to the UE 115-b. The network entity 105-b may use beamforming techniques to transmit the set of RSs 315 via a set of transmit beams 375 (e.g., a beam 375-a, a beam 375-b, and a beam 375-c as shown in FIG. 3) . The UE 115-b may receive the set of RSs 315 via a set of receive beams 380 (e.g., a beam 380-a, a beam 380-b, and a beam 380-c as shown in FIG. 3) at the UE 115-b that correspond to the set of transmit beams 375. The UE 115-b may perform measurements on the set of RSs 315 to obtain measurement values 320 for the set B beams (e.g., for the set of receive beams 380) . The UE 115-b may generate, for example, using an AI / ML model 325, predicted measurement values 330 for the set A beams (e.g., the set of receive beams 380 at a future time, or a set of narrower beams) based on the measurement values 320. In some examples, the UE 115-b may transmit a predicted beam report 335 to the network entity 105, which may indicate the predicted measurement values 330 for the set A beams. For example, the network entity 105-b may determine to communicate with the UE 115-b via one or more beams of the set of transmit beams 375 based on the predicted beam report 335 (e.g., based on respective predicted beam measurement values being above or below a threshold) . In some examples, the predicted beam report 335 may be included in a CSI report. As described herein, the UE 115-b may train the AI / ML model 325 using measurements of RSs, but channel conditions may change over time. Due to changing channel conditions, the accuracy of the predicted measurements generated by the AI / ML model 325 may change over time. Accordingly, the UE 115-b may transmit performance monitoring reports 345 to the network entity 105-b for the AI / ML model 325 based on monitoring of the accuracy of the predicted measurement values 330. For example, the performance monitoring reports 345 may be include raw measurement values for monitoring RSs 340 in type 1 network-side performance monitoring. For type 1 UE side performance monitoring or type 2 UE side performance monitoring, the UE may determine performance metrics or KPIs based on measurements of the monitoring RSs 340 which may be received via set A beams.
[0106] For example, the network entity 105-b may transmit monitoring RSs 340 via the set A beams. The UE 115-b may perform measurements on the monitoring RSs 340 to obtain measurement values 370 for the set A beams. The UE 115-b may compare the measurement values 370 for the set A beams to the predicted measurement values for the set A beams to determine performance metrics or KPIs for the AI / ML model 325. The performance monitoring reports 345 may be based on the performance metrics or KPIs. For example, in type 1 UE-assisted performance monitoring, the performance monitoring reports 345 may include the performance metrics or KPIs, and the network entity 105 may evaluate the performance of the AI / ML model 325 based on the performance metrics or KPIs. The network entity 105-b may transmit control signaling 350 indicating an LCM command for the AI / ML model 325 based on the evaluation of the AI model. As another example, in type 2 UE-side performance monitoring, the UE 115-b may perform an LCM operation based on evaluation of the performance metrics or KPIs, and the performance monitoring report 345 may indicate the LCM operation.
[0107] As described herein, monitoring RSs 340 may be scheduled via various methods. For example, monitoring RSs may be schedules as periodic or aperiodic CSI-RSs. Further, the UE 115-b may predict channel characteristics of the second set of beams for multiple future occasions. The UE 115-b may associate or map monitoring RSs 340 to particular beam prediction instances (e.g., to particular sets of predicted measurement values 330 for the set A beams) for calculating performance metrics or KPIs based on the monitoring RSs 340 satisfying a time condition with respect to the particular beam prediction instance. Such association or mapping may be used for type 1 UE-assisted and type 2 UE side performance monitoring (e.g., where the UE 115-b identifies the temporal connection between the monitoring RSs 340 and the beam prediction instance) . As described herein, in some examples, set A beams may also be referred to as prediction targets. The predicted measurement values 330 for the set A beams may also be referred to as predicted channel characteristics for the prediction targets or beam prediction results. Such predicted channel characteristics (e.g., beam prediction results) on the prediction targets may include: identifiers of the Top K prediction targets with respect to RSRP / SINR / probabilities; predicted L1-RSRPs or L1-SINRs on the Top K prediction targets; probabilities of predictions targets being the Top 1 or Top K prediction target (s) ; and / or confidence information on the predicted L1-RSRPs or L1-SINRs. As described herein, set B beams may refer to the measurement resources used to derive the predicted channel characteristics of the prediction targets.
[0108] FIG. 4 shows an example of a monitoring RS instance and beam prediction instance timing diagram 400 that supports temporal association between monitoring RS instances and beam prediction instances in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The monitoring RS instance and beam prediction instance timing diagram 400 may implement or may be implemented by aspects of the wireless communications system 100, the process flow 200, the process flow 225, the process flow 250, or the wireless communications system 300.
[0109] There may be various methods to schedule monitoring RSs 425 for transmission via set A beams for AI or ML model performance monitoring. For example, in a first method, monitoring RSs 425 may be scheduled as a set of periodic or semi-persistent CSI-RSs with a fixed periodicity and offset. In such examples, the set B beams (e.g., SSBs or periodic or semi-persistent CSI-RSs) and the beam prediction report (e.g., the predicted beam report 335 of FIG. 3) may be scheduled periodically. In such examples, the linkage between the periodic or semi-persistent CSI-RSs as monitoring RSs 425 and the set B beams or the beam prediction report (e.g., a particular predicted beam report 335) may be indicated via signaling from the network. For example, PCSI-RS=N×PSetB, where {PCSI-RS, PSetB} are the periodicities of the {CSI-RSs as monitoring RSs, SetB beams and prediction report} , respectively.
[0110] As another example, in a second method, monitoring RSs 425 may be scheduled as aperiodic CSI-RSs with (e.g., equivalently) varied periodicity and offset. The linkage between the aperiodic CSI-RSs as monitoring RSs 425 and the set B beams or the beam prediction report (e.g., a particular predicted beam report 335) may be indicated via signaling from the network. In some examples (e.g., referred to as method 2A) , the set B beams (e.g., SSBs or periodic or semi-persistent CSI-RSs) and the beam prediction report (e.g., the predicted beam report 335 of FIG. 3) may be scheduled periodically. In some examples (e.g., referred to as method 2B) , the set B beams (e.g., SSBs or periodic or semi-persistent CSI-RSs) may be periodically scheduled, and the beam prediction report (e.g., the predicted beam report 335 of FIG. 3) may be aperiodically triggered. In some examples (e.g., referred to as method 2C) , the set B beams (e.g., SSBs or periodic or semi-persistent CSI-RSs) and the beam prediction report (e.g., the predicted beam report 335 of FIG. 3) may be aperiodically scheduled.
[0111] As shown in FIG. 4, monitoring RSs 425 with respect to the same monitoring instance or sample may be earlier and / or later than the RSs 405 received via set B beams that are input to the AI or ML model 410 for a particular prediction report 415. For example, in a first prediction and monitoring instance 420-a, the UE 115 may receive RSs 405-a via the set B beams, the UE 115 may input measurements of the RSs 405-a into the AI or ML model 410, and the UE 115 may generate a prediction report 415-a that indicates predicted channel characteristics for set A beams based on the measurements of the RSs 405-a. The set of monitoring RSs 425-a may be received after the RSs 405-a but before the prediction report 415-a. In a second prediction and monitoring instance 420-b, the UE 115 may receive RSs 405-b via the set B beams, the UE 115 may input measurements of the RSs 405-b into the AI or ML model 410, and the UE 115 may generate a prediction report 415-b that indicates predicted channel characteristics for set A beams based on the measurements of the RSs 405-b. The set of monitoring RSs 425-b may be received after the RSs 405-b and after the prediction report 415-b. In a third prediction and monitoring instance 420-c, the UE 115 may receive RSs 405-c via the set B beams, the UE 115 may input measurements of the RSs 405-c into the AI or ML model 410, and the UE 115may generate a prediction report 415-c that indicates predicted channel characteristics for set A beams based on the measurements of the RSs 405-c. The UE 115 may receive a set of monitoring RSs 425-c before the RSs 405-c. The UE 115 may also receive a set of monitoring RSs 425-d after the RSs 405-c but before the prediction report 415-c. The UE 115 may also receive a set of monitoring RSs 425-e after the RSs 405-c and after the prediction report 415-c.
[0112] When the quantity of set A beams is large, the network may have difficulties scheduling corresponding monitoring RSs 425 via a fixed periodicity due to scheduling restrictions with respect to other UEs 115. Accordingly, monitoring RSs 425 using aperiodic scheduling may be more likely than monitoring RSs 425 using periodic or semi-persistent scheduling. The network may dynamically determine whether to schedule a large quantity of aperiodic CSI-RSs (e.g., as monitoring RSs 425) earlier or later than the RSs 405 transmitted over the set B beams or earlier or later than a corresponding prediction report 415 corresponding to the monitoring instance that includes the monitoring RSs 425, as shown in FIG. 4. For example, sometimes the network may schedule part or all of the monitoring RSs 425 in a set of monitoring RSs earlier than the RSs 405 transmitted via the set B beams (e.g., as for the monitoring RSs 425-c as compared to the RSs 405-a) or earlier than the prediction report (e.g., as for the monitoring RSs 425-a as compared to the prediction report 415-a or the monitoring RSs 425-d as compared to the prediction report 415-c) . In some examples, the network may schedule part or all the monitoring RSs 425 in a set of monitoring RSs later than the prediction report 415 (e.g., as for the monitoring RSs 425-b as compared to the prediction report 415-b or the monitoring RSs 425-e as compared to the prediction report 415-c) .
[0113] FIG. 5 shows an example of a monitoring RS instance and beam prediction instance timing diagram 500 that supports temporal association between monitoring RS instances and beam prediction instances in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The monitoring RS instance and beam prediction instance timing diagram 500 may implement or may be implemented by aspects of the wireless communications system 100, the process flow 200, the process flow 225, the process flow 250, or the wireless communications system 300.
[0114] As described herein, monitoring RSs 525 for transmission via set A beams for AI or ML beam prediction performance monitoring may be earlier and / or later than the RSs 505 received via set B beams that are input to the AI or ML model 510 for a particular prediction report 515-a. Accordingly, rules or signaling may define which monitoring RS instances 530 (e.g., sets of monitoring RSs 525) are mapped to which prediction and monitoring instances 520. A monitoring RS instance may refer to a set of aperiodically scheduled monitoring RSs or a single instance of periodically or semi-persistently scheduled monitoring RSs. For example, in a first prediction and monitoring instance 520-a, the UE 115 may receive RSs 505-a via the set B beams, the UE 115 may input measurements of the RSs 505-a into the AI or ML model 510, and the UE 115 may generate a prediction report 515-a that indicates predicted channel characteristics for set A beams based on the measurements of the RSs 505-a. In a prediction and monitoring instance 520-b, the UE 115 may receive RSs 505-b via the set B beams, the UE 115 may input measurements of the RSs 505-b into the AI or ML model 510, and the UE 115 may generate a prediction report 515-b that indicates predicted channel characteristics for set A beams based on the measurements of the RSs 505-b. The UE 115 may receive monitoring RSs 525 (e.g., a monitoring RS 525-a via a first set A beam, a monitoring RS 525-b via a second set A beam, and a monitoring RS 525-c via a third set A beam) in a monitoring RS instance 530 between the first prediction and monitoring instance 520-a and the second prediction and monitoring instance 520-b. Rules or signaling may define whether the UE 115 may compare the measurements of the monitoring RSs 525 of the monitoring RS instance 530 to the predicted channel characteristics in the prediction report 515-a of the first prediction and monitoring instance 520-a or the predicted channel characteristics in the prediction report 515-b of the second prediction and monitoring instance 520-b.
[0115] Such rules or signaling that define which prediction and monitoring instance 520 to map to a monitoring RS instance 530 may be particularly relevant when the quantity of set A beams is large such that monitoring RS 525 may be aperiodically scheduled with dynamically variable (e.g., equivalent) periodicity and / or offset.
[0116] FIG. 6 shows an example of a monitoring RS instance and beam prediction instance timing diagram 600, a monitoring RS instance and beam prediction instance timing diagram 625, and a monitoring RS instance and beam prediction instance timing diagram 630 that support temporal association between monitoring RS instances and beam prediction instances in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The monitoring RS instance and beam prediction instance timing diagram 600, the monitoring RS instance and beam prediction instance timing diagram 625, and the monitoring RS instance and beam prediction instance timing diagram 630 may implement or may be implemented by aspects of the wireless communications system 100, the process flow 200, the process flow 225, the process flow 250, or the wireless communications system 300.
[0117] In some examples (e.g., which may be referred to as option 1) , a rule or signaling from the network may define that monitoring RSs within a monitoring RS instance 610 (e.g., a monitoring RS instance 530 as described with reference to FIG. 5) may be associated with the closest beam prediction instance 605 in the time domain. For example, the UE 115 may expect that monitoring RSs scheduled in a same monitoring RS instance 610 may each be closer in the time domain to a first beam prediction instance 605 than any other beam prediction instance in the time domain. In such examples, a monitoring RS instance 610 may be earlier or later than an associated beam prediction instance 605. In such examples, performance monitoring metrics and / or KPIs for the beam prediction instance 605 associated with the monitoring RS instance 610 may be calculated based on measurements of the monitoring RSs in the monitoring RS instance 610 (e.g., transmitted via the set A beams) and the predicted channel characteristics with respect to the beam prediction instance 605.
[0118] For example, as shown in the monitoring RS instance and beam prediction instance timing diagram 600, the monitoring RS instance 610-a may be closer in the time domain to the beam prediction instance 605-b than the beam prediction instance 605-a (where the beam prediction instance 605-b is after the beam prediction instance 605-a) , and accordingly the monitoring RS instance 610-a may be associated with the beam prediction instance 605-b (e.g., the UE 115 may calculate performance monitoring metrics and / or KPIs for the beam prediction instance 605-b based on comparisons of the predicted channel characteristics in the beam prediction instance 605-b to the measurements of the monitoring RSs in the monitoring RS instance 610-a) .
[0119] As another example, as shown in the monitoring RS instance and beam prediction instance timing diagram 625, the monitoring RS instance 610-b may be closer in the time domain to the beam prediction instance 605-a than the beam prediction instance 605-b (where the beam prediction instance 605-b is after the beam prediction instance 605-a) , and accordingly the monitoring RS instance 610-b may be associated with the beam prediction instance 605-a (e.g., the UE 115 may calculate performance monitoring metrics and / or KPIs for the beam prediction instance 605-abased on comparisons of the predicted channel characteristics in the beam prediction instance 605-ato the measurements of the monitoring RSs in the monitoring RS instance 610-b) .
[0120] As another example, as shown in the monitoring RS instance and beam prediction instance timing diagram 630, the monitoring RS instance 610-c may be closer in the time domain to the beam prediction instance 605-b than the beam prediction instance 605-a (where the beam prediction instance 605-b is after the beam prediction instance 605-a) , and accordingly the monitoring RS instance 610-c may be associated with the beam prediction instance 605-b. Further, multiple monitoring RS instances 610 may be associated with the same beam prediction instance 605. For example, the monitoring RS instance 610-d may also be closer in the time domain to the beam prediction instance 605-b than any other beam prediction instance 605, and accordingly the monitoring RS instance 610-d may also be associated with the beam prediction instance 605-b (e.g., in addition to the monitoring RS instance 610-c) . In such examples, the UE 115 may calculate performance monitoring metrics and / or KPIs for the beam prediction instance 605-b based on comparisons of the predicted channel characteristics in the beam prediction instance 605-b to the measurements of the monitoring RSs in the monitoring RS instance 610-c and to measurements of the monitoring RSs in the monitoring RS instance 610-d.
[0121] In some examples, a beam prediction instance (e.g., a beam prediction instance 605) may be defined as the starting or ending symbol of the instance where all set B beams are transmitted via SSBs or CSI-RSs (e.g., for spatial beam prediction) . In some examples, a beam prediction instance (e.g., a beam prediction instance 605) may be defined as the CSI reference resource with respect to the CSI report that includes the predicted beam measurements for the set A beams (e.g., the CSI reference resource for the predicted beam report 335 described with reference to FIG. 3) . In some examples, a beam prediction instance (e.g., a beam prediction instance 605) may be defined as the starting or ending symbol of the CSI report that includes the predicted beam measurements for the set A beams (e.g., the CSI reference resource for the predicted beam report 335 described with reference to FIG. 3) . In some examples, where the CSI report that includes the predicted beam measurements for the set A beams is aperiodically triggered, a beam prediction instance (e.g., a beam prediction instance 605) may be defined as the starting or ending symbol of the downlink control information (DCI) that triggers the CSI report that includes the predicted beam measurements for the set A beams. In some examples, a beam prediction instance (e.g., a beam prediction instance 605) may be defined as a future time occasion where the beam prediction results are derived for (e.g., for temporal beam prediction) . In some examples, a beam prediction instance (e.g., a beam prediction instance 605) may be defined as the exact monitoring occasions where monitoring RSs with respect to the set A beams are scheduled for a first monitoring instance for a particular beam prediction instance, and subsequent beam prediction instances may be at time offsets with respect to the first beam prediction instance.
[0122] FIG. 7 shows an example of a monitoring RS instance and beam prediction instance timing diagram 700, a monitoring RS instance and beam prediction instance timing diagram 725, and a monitoring RS instance and beam prediction instance timing diagram 730 that support temporal association between monitoring RS instances and beam prediction instances in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The monitoring RS instance and beam prediction instance timing diagram 700, the monitoring RS instance and beam prediction instance timing diagram 725, and the monitoring RS instance and beam prediction instance timing diagram 730 may implement or may be implemented by aspects of the wireless communications system 100, the process flow 200, the process flow 225, the process flow 250, or the wireless communications system 300.
[0123] In some examples (e.g., which may be referred to as option 2) , a rule or signaling from the network may define that monitoring RSs within a monitoring RS instance 710 (e.g., a monitoring RS instance 530 as described with reference to FIG. 5) may be associated with the immediately prior beam prediction instance 705 in the time domain (e.g., the latest beam prediction instance 705 that is prior to the monitoring RS instance 710) . For example, the UE 115 may expect that monitoring RSs scheduled in a same monitoring RS instance 710 may each be associated with or refer to an immediately prior beam prediction instance 705 with respect to the monitoring RS instance 710. In such examples, performance monitoring metrics and / or KPIs for the beam prediction instance 705 associated with the monitoring RS instance 710 may be calculated based on measurements of the monitoring RSs in the monitoring RS instance 710 (e.g., transmitted via the set A beams) and the predicted channel characteristics with respect to the beam prediction instance 705. The UE 115 may expect that the beam prediction instance 705 associated with the monitoring RS instance 710 is no later than any of the monitoring RSs in the monitoring RS instance 710. Monitoring RSs within a monitoring RS instance 710 may not span multiple beam prediction instances 705 (e.g., each monitoring RS instance 710 may be associated with a single beam prediction instance) . For example, monitoring RSs within a monitoring RS instance 710 may each be scheduled later than the associated beam prediction instance 705 and no later than any other beam prediction instance 705 after the associated beam prediction instance 705.
[0124] For example, as shown in the monitoring RS instance and beam prediction instance timing diagram 700, the monitoring RS instance 710-a may be after the beam prediction instance 705-a and before the beam prediction instance 705-b, and accordingly the monitoring RS instance 710-a may be associated with the beam prediction instance 705-a (e.g., the UE 115 may calculate performance monitoring metrics and / or KPIs for the beam prediction instance 705-abased on comparisons of the predicted channel characteristics in the beam prediction instance 705-ato the measurements of the monitoring RSs in the monitoring RS instance 710-a) .
[0125] Similarly, as shown in the monitoring RS instance and beam prediction instance timing diagram 725, the monitoring RS instance 710-b may be after the beam prediction instance 705-a and before the beam prediction instance 705-b, and accordingly the monitoring RS instance 710-b may be associated with the beam prediction instance 705-a (e.g., the UE 115 may calculate performance monitoring metrics and / or KPIs for the beam prediction instance 705-abased on comparisons of the predicted channel characteristics in the beam prediction instance 705-ato the measurements of the monitoring RSs in the monitoring RS instance 710-b) .
[0126] Similarly, as shown in the monitoring RS instance and beam prediction instance timing diagram 730, the monitoring RS instance 710-c and the monitoring RS instance 710-d may be after the beam prediction instance 705-a and before the beam prediction instance 705-b, and accordingly the monitoring RS instance 710-c and the monitoring RS instance 710-d each may be associated with the beam prediction instance 705-a (e.g., the UE 115 may calculate performance monitoring metrics and / or KPIs for the beam prediction instance 705-abased on comparisons of the predicted channel characteristics in the beam prediction instance 705-ato the measurements of the monitoring RSs in the monitoring RS instance 710-c and to measurements of the monitoring RSs in the monitoring RS instance 710-d) . For example, multiple monitoring RS instances 710 may be associated with the same beam prediction instance 705. As shown in the monitoring RS instance and beam prediction instance timing diagram 730, the monitoring RS instance 710-e may be after the beam prediction instance 705-b, and accordingly the monitoring RS instance 710-e may be associated with the beam prediction instance 705-b (e.g., the UE 115 may calculate performance monitoring metrics and / or KPIs for the beam prediction instance 705-b based on comparisons of the predicted channel characteristics in the beam prediction instance 705-b to the measurements of the monitoring RSs in the monitoring RS instance 710-e) .
[0127] FIG. 8 shows an example of a monitoring RS instance and beam prediction instance timing diagram 800, a monitoring RS instance and beam prediction instance timing diagram 825, and a monitoring RS instance and beam prediction instance timing diagram 830 that support temporal association between monitoring RS instances and beam prediction instances in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The monitoring RS instance and beam prediction instance timing diagram 800, the monitoring RS instance and beam prediction instance timing diagram 825, and the monitoring RS instance and beam prediction instance timing diagram 830 may implement or may be implemented by aspects of the wireless communications system 100, the process flow 200, the process flow 225, the process flow 250, or the wireless communications system 300.
[0128] In some examples (e.g., which may be referred to as option 3) , a rule or signaling from the network may define that monitoring RSs within a monitoring RS instance 810 (e.g., a monitoring RS instance 530 as described with reference to FIG. 5) may be associated with the next beam prediction instance 805 in time after the monitoring RS instance 810 (e.g., the upcoming beam prediction instance 805 that is after the monitoring RS instance 810) . For example, the UE 115 may expect that monitoring RSs scheduled in a same monitoring RS instance 810 may each be associated with or refer to an immediately next beam prediction instance 805 with respect to the monitoring RS instance 810. In such examples, performance monitoring metrics and / or KPIs for the beam prediction instance 805 associated with the monitoring RS instance 810 may be calculated based on measurements of the monitoring RSs in the monitoring RS instance 810 (e.g., transmitted via the set A beams) and the predicted channel characteristics with respect to the beam prediction instance 805. The UE 115 may expect that the beam prediction instance 805 associated with the monitoring RS instance 810 is no earlier than any of the monitoring RSs in the monitoring RS instance 810. Monitoring RSs within a monitoring RS instance 810 may not span multiple beam prediction instances 805 (e.g., each monitoring RS instance 810 may be associated with a single beam prediction instance) . For example, monitoring RSs within a monitoring RS instance 810 may each be scheduled earlier than the associated beam prediction instance 805 and no earlier than any other beam prediction instance 805 before the associated beam prediction instance 805.
[0129] For example, as shown in the monitoring RS instance and beam prediction instance timing diagram 800, the monitoring RS instance 810-a may be after the beam prediction instance 805-a and before the beam prediction instance 805-b, and accordingly the monitoring RS instance 810-a may be associated with the beam prediction instance 805-b (e.g., the UE 115 may calculate performance monitoring metrics and / or KPIs for the beam prediction instance 805-b based on comparisons of the predicted channel characteristics in the beam prediction instance 805-b to the measurements of the monitoring RSs in the monitoring RS instance 810-a) .
[0130] Similarly, as shown in the monitoring RS instance and beam prediction instance timing diagram 825, the monitoring RS instance 810-b may be after the beam prediction instance 805-a and before the beam prediction instance 805-b, and accordingly the monitoring RS instance 810-b may be associated with the beam prediction instance 805-b (e.g., the UE 115 may calculate performance monitoring metrics and / or KPIs for the beam prediction instance 805-b based on comparisons of the predicted channel characteristics in the beam prediction instance 805-b to the measurements of the monitoring RSs in the monitoring RS instance 810-b) .
[0131] Similarly, as shown in the monitoring RS instance and beam prediction instance timing diagram 830, the monitoring RS instance 810-c and the monitoring RS instance 810-d may be after the beam prediction instance 805-a and before the beam prediction instance 805-b, and accordingly the monitoring RS instance 810-c and the monitoring RS instance 810-d each may be associated with the beam prediction instance 805-b (e.g., the UE 115 may calculate performance monitoring metrics and / or KPIs for the beam prediction instance 805-b based on comparisons of the predicted channel characteristics in the beam prediction instance 805-b to the measurements of the monitoring RSs in the monitoring RS instance 810-c and to measurements of the monitoring RSs in the monitoring RS instance 810-d) . For example, multiple monitoring RS instances 810 may be associated with the same beam prediction instance 805.
[0132] FIG. 9 shows an example of a monitoring RS instance and beam prediction instance timing diagram 900 that supports temporal association between monitoring RS instances and beam prediction instances in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The monitoring RS instance and beam prediction instance timing diagram 900 may implement or may be implemented by aspects of the wireless communications system 100, the process flow 200, the process flow 225, the process flow 250, or the wireless communications system 300.
[0133] In some examples, a rule or signaling from the network may define a temporal interval upper limit between a monitoring RS instance 910 and an associated beam prediction instance 905. For example, performance monitoring metrics and / or KPIs for the beam prediction instance 905 associated with the monitoring RS instance 910 may be calculated based on measurements of the monitoring RSs in the monitoring RS instance 910 (e.g., transmitted via the set A beams) and the predicted channel characteristics with respect to the beam prediction instance 905, where a time interval 920 between the beam prediction instance 905 and the monitoring RS instance 910 does not exceed a threshold time interval 915. In some examples, the threshold time interval 915 may be identified based on an absolute quantity of symbols, slots, subframes, ms, or seconds. In some examples, the threshold time interval 915 may be identified in reference to the periodicity (if identifiable) of the beam prediction instance 905.
[0134] In some examples, the threshold time interval 915 may be standardized (e.g., predefined to be where PPredictionInstace is the periodicity of beam prediction instances and N may be the standardized value; or to be 3ms) . In some examples, the threshold time interval 915 may be controlled by the network. For example, the network may signal the threshold time interval 915 from multiple standardized candidate threshold time intervals. Signaling schemes used to identify a method for associating beam prediction instances 905 with monitoring RS instances 910 (e.g., as described with reference to FIG. 10) may be used to indicate the threshold time interval 915. In some examples, the threshold time interval 915 may be based on an associated ID and may be consistent across training and inference for a particular AI or ML model. For example, the threshold time interval 915 may be defined as the maximum interval observed between RSs as set B beams and RSs as Set A beams, for the same prediction instance considered during training data collection, for the same associated ID identified across training and inference. For example, an AI or ML model at the UE may be identified with an associated ID known to the UE 115 and the network entity 105 so that the UE 115 and the network entity use consistent set B and set A beams across training and inference, and the UE 115 and the network entity 105 may use the associated ID to identify the same AI or ML model in training and inference for the AI or ML model.
[0135] FIG. 10 shows an example of a monitoring RS instance and beam prediction instance timing diagram 1000 that supports temporal association between monitoring RS instances and beam prediction instances in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The monitoring RS instance and beam prediction instance timing diagram 1000 may implement or may be implemented by aspects of the wireless communications system 100, the process flow 200, the process flow 225, the process flow 250, or the wireless communications system 300.
[0136] In some examples, the network may control (e.g., a network entity 105 may signal via control signaling 1015 to the UE 115) which criterion to use for associating beam prediction instances 905 with monitoring RS instances 910 (e.g., option 1 as described with reference to FIG. 6, option 2 as described with reference to FIG. 7, option 8 as described with reference to FIG. 8, and / or a threshold time interval as described with reference to FIG. 9) . For example, options 1, 2, and 3 may be supported, and the network may indicate which of options 1, 2, or 3 may be assumed when calculating performance monitoring metrics or KPIs for beam prediction instances.
[0137] In some examples, which criterion to use may be respectively signaled by the network to the UE 115 for different AI or ML functionalities and / or associated IDs. For example, such an indication may be signaled to the UE 115 as system information (SI) (e.g., optionally for different cells or component carriers, respectively) . As another example, the UE 115 may report (e.g., as a UE capability) which criterions (e.g., option 1, option 2, option 3, or which threshold time intervals) are supported by the UE 115, respectively, for different AI or ML functionalities or associated IDs. In such examples, the criterion signaled by the network may not violate the indicated capabilities.
[0138] In some examples, the network entity 105 may signal which criterion to use when scheduling the monitoring RSs, when scheduling the RSs for transmission via the set B beams, or when scheduling the CSI report that includes beam prediction results. For example, which criterion to use may be captured via the CSI-ReportConfig / CSI-ResourceConfig / NZP-CSI-RS-ResourceSet / NZP-CSI-RS-Resource / CSI-AssociatedReportConfigInfo parameters, via a MAC control element (MAC-CE) activating semi-persistent CSI reports or semi-persistent CSI-RSs, via DCI triggering aperiodic CSI reports or aperiodic CSI-RSs, via scheduling information associated with the monitoring RSs, via scheduling information associated with the RSs transmitted via the SetB beams, or via scheduling information associated with the CSI report that includes the beam prediction results.
[0139] For example, for an aperiodic CSI-RSs scheduled as monitoring RSs, the CSI-ReportConfig or CSI-ResourceConfig or CSI-AssociatedReportConfigInfo or NZP-CSI-RS-ResourceSet or NZP-CSI-RS-Resource scheduling or associated with such an aperiodic CSI-RS, may further include a field indicating for the UE 115 to identify the beam prediction instance associated with the aperiodic CSI-RS, based on one of the methods among options 1, 2, or 3 (using 2-bits, for example) .
[0140] As another example, in temporal beam prediction (towards T future occasions when reporting beam prediction results) , if an aperiodic CSI-RS is scheduled as a monitoring RS corresponding to the temporal beam prediction procedure, the CSI-ReportConfig or CSI-ResourceConfig or CSI-AssociatedReportConfigInfo or NZP-CSI-RS-ResourceSet or NZP-CSI-RS-Resource scheduling or associated with such an aperiodic CSI-RS, may further include a field indicating for the UE 115 to identify the beam prediction instance associated with the aperiodic CSI-RS, as one of the N future occasions addressed by the UE 115 in a most recently reported CSI report carrying temporal beam prediction results. For example, as shown in FIG. 10, bits may be used in the control signaling 1015 for a brute force indication (e.g., dotted arrows and dashed arrows) ; or using 1–2 bits in the control signaling 1015 to down-select from the beam prediction occasions 1020 (e.g., beam prediction instances) closest to the monitoring RSs 1010 (e.g., dashed arrows only) . For example, the CSI report 1005 may include beam predictions corresponding to six future beam prediction occasions (e.g., beam prediction occasion 1020-a, ..., beam prediction occasion 1020-e, and beam prediction occasion 1020-f) . bits may be used in the control signaling 1015 to indicate which of the six beam prediction occasions included in the CSI report 1005, where N is six in the example of FIG. 10, corresponds to the set of monitoring RSs 1010. If the monitoring RSs 1010 are limited to an adjacent beam prediction occasion 1020, 1 or 2 bits may be used to indicate which of the two adjacent beam prediction occasions (e.g., the beam prediction occasion 1020-e or the beam prediction occasion 1020-f) is associated with the set of monitoring RSs 1010.
[0141] FIG. 11 shows an example of a process flow 1100 that supports temporal association between monitoring RS instances and beam prediction instances in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The process flow 1100 may implement or may be implemented by aspects of the wireless communications system 100 or the wireless communications system 300. For example, the process flow 1100 may include a UE 115-c, which may be an example of a UE 115 as described herein. The process flow 1100 may also include a network entity 105-c, which may be an example of a network entity 105 as described herein. In the following description of the process flow 1100, the communications between the network entity 105-c and the UE 115-c may be transmitted in a different order than the example order shown, or the operations performed by the network entity 105-c and the UE 115-c may be performed in different orders or at different times. Some operations may also be omitted from the process flow 1100, and other operations may be added to the process flow 1100.
[0142] At 1105, the UE 115-c may generate a set of predicted channel characteristics for a set of prediction targets associated with a beam prediction instance.
[0143] At 1110, the UE 115-c may receive, from the network entity 105-c, a set of monitoring RSs via a set of beams. The set of beams may be associated with the set of prediction targets (e.g., the set of beams may be set A beams) .
[0144] At 1115, the UE 115-c may transmit, to the network entity 105-c, a report indicative of a performance monitoring metric associated with the set of predicted channel characteristics. The performance monitoring metric may be based on a comparison of the set of predicted channel characteristics associated with the beam prediction instance with measurements of the set of monitoring RSs. The comparison may be based on satisfaction of a time condition between the set of monitoring RSs and the beam prediction instance.
[0145] In some examples, the satisfaction of the time condition between the set of monitoring RSs and the beam prediction instance may involve the beam prediction instance being a closest beam prediction instance in time to the set of monitoring RSs (e.g., the time condition may be based on option 1 as described herein) .
[0146] In some examples, the satisfaction of the time condition between the set of monitoring RSs and the beam prediction instance may involve the beam prediction instance being a latest beam prediction instance in time prior to the set of monitoring RSs (e.g., the time condition may be based on option 2 as described herein) . In some examples, the UE 115-c may receive the set of monitoring RSs after a first time corresponding to an end of the beam prediction instance and prior to a second time corresponding to a beginning of a next subsequent beam prediction instance.
[0147] In some examples, the satisfaction of the time condition between the set of monitoring RSs and the beam prediction instance may involve the beam prediction instance being a next beam prediction instance in time after the set of monitoring RSs (e.g., the time condition may be based on option 3 as described herein) . In some examples, the UE 115-c may receive the set of monitoring RSs prior to a first time corresponding to a beginning of the beam prediction instance and after a second time corresponding to an end of a latest prior beam prediction instance.
[0148] In some examples, the satisfaction of the time condition between the set of monitoring RSs and the beam prediction instance may involve the beam prediction instance being within a threshold time period of reception of the set of monitoring RSs. In some examples, the UE 115-c may receive, from the network entity 105-c, control signaling indicating the threshold time period. In some examples, the threshold time period may be based on a configured time interval between reception of a set of RSs used to generate the set of predicted channel characteristics for the beam prediction instance and the beam prediction instance.
[0149] In some examples, the UE 115-c may receive, from the network entity 105-c, control signaling indicating the time condition associated with the set of prediction targets (e.g., indicating which of option 1, 2, or 3 to use) . In some examples, UE 115-c may receive, from the network entity 105-c, via the control signaling or second control signaling, a second time condition associated with a second set of prediction targets. In some examples, the control signaling may be one of a first control message that schedules the set of monitoring RSs; a second control message that schedules the report; or a third control message that schedules a set of RSs, where the set of predicted channel characteristics are generated based on measurement of the set of RSs
[0150] In some examples, the UE 115-c may receive, from the network entity 105-c, a set of RSs via a second set of beams (e.g., via set B beams) . The set of predicted channel characteristics may be generated based on measurement of the set of RSs, and the beam prediction instance may include one of a starting symbol or an ending symbol of reception of the set of RSs.
[0151] In some examples, the report at 1115 may be a CSI report, and the beam prediction instance may be a CSI reference resource corresponding to the CSI report.
[0152] In some examples, the beam prediction instance may be one of a starting symbol of the report or an ending symbol of the report.
[0153] In some examples, the UE 115-c may receive, from the network entity 105-c, a DCI message that includes scheduling information for the report, and the beam prediction instance may be one of a starting symbol of the DCI message or an ending symbol of the DCI message.
[0154] In some examples, at 1105, the UE 115-c may generate at a first time, the set of predicted channel characteristics for the set of prediction targets for a future time occasion with respect to the first time, and the beam prediction instance may be the future time occasion,
[0155] In some examples, the UE 115-c may generate a second set of predicted channel characteristics for the set of prediction targets associated with a second beam prediction instance, where the second beam prediction instance is subsequent to the beam prediction instance. In some such examples, the UE 115-c may receive, from the network entity 105-c, a second set of monitoring RSs via the set of beams, and the performance monitoring metric may be further associated with the second set of predicted channel characteristics. The performance monitoring metric may be based on a second comparison of the second set of predicted channel characteristics associated with the second beam prediction instance with second measurements of the second set of monitoring RSs, and the second comparison may be based on satisfaction of the time condition between the second set of monitoring RSs and the second beam prediction instance.
[0156] In some examples, the UE 115-c may perform an LCM operation for a prediction model (e.g., an AI or ML model) associated with generation of predicted channel characteristics for the set of prediction targets, and the performance monitoring metric in the report may be indicative of the LCM operation.
[0157] FIG. 12 shows a block diagram 1200 of a device 1205 that supports temporal association between monitoring RS instances and beam prediction instances in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The device 1205 may be an example of aspects of a UE 115 as described herein. The device 1205 may include a receiver 1210, a transmitter 1215, and a communications manager 1220. The device 1205, or one or more components of the device 1205 (e.g., the receiver 1210, the transmitter 1215, the communications manager 1220) , may include at least one processor, which may be coupled with at least one memory, to, individually or collectively, support or enable the described techniques. Each of these components may be in communication with one another (e.g., via one or more buses) .
[0158] The receiver 1210 may provide a means for receiving information such as packets, user data, control information, or any combination thereof associated with various information channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, information channels related to temporal association between monitoring RS instances and beam prediction instances) . Information may be passed on to other components of the device 1205. The receiver 1210 may utilize a single antenna or a set of multiple antennas.
[0159] The transmitter 1215 may provide a means for transmitting signals generated by other components of the device 1205. For example, the transmitter 1215 may transmit information such as packets, user data, control information, or any combination thereof associated with various information channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, information channels related to temporal association between monitoring RS instances and beam prediction instances) . In some examples, the transmitter 1215 may be co-located with a receiver 1210 in a transceiver module. The transmitter 1215 may utilize a single antenna or a set of multiple antennas.
[0160] The communications manager 1220, the receiver 1210, the transmitter 1215, or various combinations or components thereof may be examples of means for performing various aspects of temporal association between monitoring RS instances and beam prediction instances as described herein. For example, the communications manager 1220, the receiver 1210, the transmitter 1215, or various combinations or components thereof may be capable of performing one or more of the functions described herein.
[0161] In some examples, the communications manager 1220, the receiver 1210, the transmitter 1215, or various combinations or components thereof may be implemented in hardware (e.g., in communications management circuitry) . The hardware may include at least one of a processor, a digital signal processor (DSP) , a central processing unit (CPU) , an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) , a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) or other programmable logic device, a microcontroller, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof configured as or otherwise supporting, individually or collectively, a means for performing the functions described in the present disclosure. In some examples, at least one processor and at least one memory coupled with the at least one processor may be configured to perform one or more of the functions described herein (e.g., by one or more processors, individually or collectively, executing instructions stored in the at least one memory) .
[0162] Additionally, or alternatively, the communications manager 1220, the receiver 1210, the transmitter 1215, or various combinations or components thereof may be implemented in code (e.g., as communications management software or firmware) executed by at least one processor (e.g., referred to as a processor-executable code) . If implemented in code executed by at least one processor, the functions of the communications manager 1220, the receiver 1210, the transmitter 1215, or various combinations or components thereof may be performed by a general-purpose processor, a DSP, a CPU, an ASIC, an FPGA, a microcontroller, or any combination of these or other programmable logic devices (e.g., configured as or otherwise supporting, individually or collectively, a means for performing the functions described in the present disclosure) .
[0163] In some examples, the communications manager 1220 may be configured to perform various operations (e.g., receiving, obtaining, monitoring, outputting, transmitting) using or otherwise in cooperation with the receiver 1210, the transmitter 1215, or both. For example, the communications manager 1220 may receive information from the receiver 1210, send information to the transmitter 1215, or be integrated in combination with the receiver 1210, the transmitter 1215, or both to obtain information, output information, or perform various other operations as described herein.
[0164] The communications manager 1220 may support wireless communications in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. For example, the communications manager 1220 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for generating a set of predicted channel characteristics for a set of prediction targets associated with a beam prediction instance. The communications manager 1220 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for receiving a set of monitoring RSs via a set of beams, where the set of beams are associated with the set of prediction targets. The communications manager 1220 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for transmitting a report indicative of a performance monitoring metric associated with the set of predicted channel characteristics, where the performance monitoring metric is based on a comparison of the set of predicted channel characteristics associated with the beam prediction instance with measurements of the set of monitoring RSs, and where the comparison is based on satisfaction of a time condition between the set of monitoring RSs and the beam prediction instance.
[0165] By including or configuring the communications manager 1220 in accordance with examples as described herein, the device 1205 (e.g., at least one processor controlling or otherwise coupled with the receiver 1210, the transmitter 1215, the communications manager 1220, or a combination thereof) may support techniques for reduced processing, reduced power consumption, and more efficient utilization of communication resources.
[0166] FIG. 13 shows a block diagram 1300 of a device 1305 that supports temporal association between monitoring RS instances and beam prediction instances in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The device 1305 may be an example of aspects of a device 1205 or a UE 115 as described herein. The device 1305 may include a receiver 1310, a transmitter 1315, and a communications manager 1320. The device 1305, or one or more components of the device 1305 (e.g., the receiver 1310, the transmitter 1315, the communications manager 1320) , may include at least one processor, which may be coupled with at least one memory, to support the described techniques. Each of these components may be in communication with one another (e.g., via one or more buses) .
[0167] The receiver 1310 may provide a means for receiving information such as packets, user data, control information, or any combination thereof associated with various information channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, information channels related to temporal association between monitoring RS instances and beam prediction instances) . Information may be passed on to other components of the device 1305. The receiver 1310 may utilize a single antenna or a set of multiple antennas.
[0168] The transmitter 1315 may provide a means for transmitting signals generated by other components of the device 1305. For example, the transmitter 1315 may transmit information such as packets, user data, control information, or any combination thereof associated with various information channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, information channels related to temporal association between monitoring RS instances and beam prediction instances) . In some examples, the transmitter 1315 may be co-located with a receiver 1310 in a transceiver module. The transmitter 1315 may utilize a single antenna or a set of multiple antennas.
[0169] The device 1305, or various components thereof, may be an example of means for performing various aspects of temporal association between monitoring RS instances and beam prediction instances as described herein. For example, the communications manager 1320 may include a beam prediction manager 1325, a monitoring RS manager 1330, a performance monitoring manager 1335, or any combination thereof. The communications manager 1320 may be an example of aspects of a communications manager 1220 as described herein. In some examples, the communications manager 1320, or various components thereof, may be configured to perform various operations (e.g., receiving, obtaining, monitoring, outputting, transmitting) using or otherwise in cooperation with the receiver 1310, the transmitter 1315, or both. For example, the communications manager 1320 may receive information from the receiver 1310, send information to the transmitter 1315, or be integrated in combination with the receiver 1310, the transmitter 1315, or both to obtain information, output information, or perform various other operations as described herein.
[0170] The communications manager 1320 may support wireless communications in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. The beam prediction manager 1325 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for generating a set of predicted channel characteristics for a set of prediction targets associated with a beam prediction instance. The monitoring RS manager 1330 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for receiving a set of monitoring RSs via a set of beams, where the set of beams are associated with the set of prediction targets. The performance monitoring manager 1335 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for transmit a report indicative of a performance monitoring metric associated with the set of predicted channel characteristics, where the performance monitoring metric is based on a comparison of the set of predicted channel characteristics associated with the beam prediction instance with measurements of the set of monitoring RSs, and where the comparison is based on satisfaction of a time condition between the set of monitoring RSs and the beam prediction instance.
[0171] FIG. 14 shows a block diagram 1400 of a communications manager 1420 that supports temporal association between monitoring RS instances and beam prediction instances in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The communications manager 1420 may be an example of aspects of a communications manager 1220, a communications manager 1320, or both, as described herein. The communications manager 1420, or various components thereof, may be an example of means for performing various aspects of temporal association between monitoring RS instances and beam prediction instances as described herein. For example, the communications manager 1420 may include a beam prediction manager 1425, a monitoring RS manager 1430, a performance monitoring manager 1435, a time condition manager 1440, a set B beam manager 1445, a CSI manager 1450, a performance monitoring report manager 1455, an LCM manager 1460, a threshold time period manager 1465, or any combination thereof. Each of these components, or components or subcomponents thereof (e.g., one or more processors, one or more memories) , may communicate, directly or indirectly, with one another (e.g., via one or more buses) .
[0172] The communications manager 1420 may support wireless communications in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. The beam prediction manager 1425 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for generating a set of predicted channel characteristics for a set of prediction targets associated with a beam prediction instance. The monitoring RS manager 1430 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for receiving a set of monitoring RSs via a set of beams, where the set of beams are associated with the set of prediction targets. The performance monitoring manager 1435 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for transmit a report indicative of a performance monitoring metric associated with the set of predicted channel characteristics, where the performance monitoring metric is based on a comparison of the set of predicted channel characteristics associated with the beam prediction instance with measurements of the set of monitoring RSs, and where the comparison is based on satisfaction of a time condition between the set of monitoring RSs and the beam prediction instance.
[0173] In some examples, the satisfaction of the time condition between the set of monitoring RSs and the beam prediction instance includes the beam prediction instance being a closest beam prediction instance in time to the set of monitoring RSs.
[0174] In some examples, the satisfaction of the time condition between the set of monitoring RSs and the beam prediction instance includes the beam prediction instance being a latest beam prediction instance in time prior to the set of monitoring RSs.
[0175] In some examples, to support receiving the set of monitoring RSs, the monitoring RS manager 1430 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for receiving the set of monitoring RSs after a first time corresponding to an end of the beam prediction instance and prior to a second time corresponding to a beginning of a next subsequent beam prediction instance.
[0176] In some examples, the satisfaction of the time condition between the set of monitoring RSs and the beam prediction instance includes the beam prediction instance being a next beam prediction instance in time after the set of monitoring RSs.
[0177] In some examples, to support receiving the set of monitoring RSs, the monitoring RS manager 1430 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for receiving the set of monitoring RSs prior to a first time corresponding to a beginning of the beam prediction instance and after a second time corresponding to an end of a latest prior beam prediction instance.
[0178] In some examples, the satisfaction of the time condition between the set of monitoring RSs and the beam prediction instance includes the beam prediction instance being within a threshold time period of reception of the set of monitoring RSs.
[0179] In some examples, the threshold time period manager 1465 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for receiving control signaling indicating the threshold time period.
[0180] In some examples, the threshold time period is based on a configured time interval between reception of a set of RSs used to generate the set of predicted channel characteristics for the beam prediction instance and the beam prediction instance.
[0181] In some examples, the time condition manager 1440 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for receiving control signaling indicating the time condition associated with the set of prediction targets.
[0182] In some examples, the time condition manager 1440 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for receiving, via the control signaling or second control signaling, a second time condition associated with a second set of prediction targets.
[0183] In some examples, the control signaling may be: one of a first control message that schedules the set of monitoring RSs; a second control message that schedules the report; or a third control message that schedules a set of RSs, where the set of predicted channel characteristics are generated based on measurement of the set of RSs.
[0184] In some examples, the set B beam manager 1445 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for receiving a set of RSs via a second set of beams, where the set of predicted channel characteristics are generated based on measurement of the set of RSs, and where the beam prediction instance includes one of a starting symbol or an ending symbol of reception of the set of RSs.
[0185] In some examples, to support transmitting the report, the CSI manager 1450 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for transmitting a CSI report that includes the report, where the beam prediction instance includes a CSI reference resource corresponding to the CSI report.
[0186] In some examples, the beam prediction instance includes one of a starting symbol of the report or an ending symbol of the report.
[0187] In some examples, the performance monitoring report manager 1455 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for receiving a DCI message that includes scheduling information for the report, where the beam prediction instance includes one of a starting symbol of the DCI message or an ending symbol of the DCI message.
[0188] In some examples, to support generating the set of predicted channel characteristics for the set of prediction targets, the beam prediction manager 1425 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for generating, at a first time, the set of predicted channel characteristics for the set of prediction targets for a future time occasion with respect to the first time, where the beam prediction instance includes the future time occasion.
[0189] In some examples, the beam prediction manager 1425 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for generating a second set of predicted channel characteristics for the set of prediction targets associated with a second beam prediction instance, where the second beam prediction instance is subsequent to the beam prediction instance. In some examples, the monitoring RS manager 1430 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for receiving a second set of monitoring RSs via the set of beams, where the performance monitoring metric is further associated with the second set of predicted channel characteristics, where the performance monitoring metric is based on a second comparison of the second set of predicted channel characteristics associated with the second beam prediction instance with second measurements of the second set of monitoring RSs, and where the second comparison is based on satisfaction of the time condition between the second set of monitoring RSs and the second beam prediction instance.
[0190] In some examples, the LCM manager 1460 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for performing an LCM operation for a prediction model associated with generation of predicted channel characteristics for the set of prediction targets, where the performance monitoring metric is indicative of the LCM operation.
[0191] FIG. 15 shows a diagram of a system 1500 including a device 1505 that supports temporal association between monitoring RS instances and beam prediction instances in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The device 1505 may be an example of or include components of a device 1205, a device 1305, or a UE 115 as described herein. The device 1505 may communicate (e.g., wirelessly) with one or more other devices (e.g., network entities 105, UEs 115, or a combination thereof) . The device 1505 may include components for bi-directional voice and data communications including components for transmitting and receiving communications, such as a communications manager 1520, an input / output (I / O) controller, such as an I / O controller 1510, a transceiver 1515, one or more antennas 1525, at least one memory 1530, code 1535, and at least one processor 1540. These components may be in electronic communication or otherwise coupled (e.g., operatively, communicatively, functionally, electronically, electrically) via one or more buses (e.g., a bus 1545) .
[0192] The I / O controller 1510 may manage input and output signals for the device 1505. The I / O controller 1510 may also manage peripherals not integrated into the device 1505. In some cases, the I / O controller 1510 may represent a physical connection or port to an external peripheral. In some cases, the I / O controller 1510 may utilize an operating system such as or another known operating system. Additionally, or alternatively, the I / O controller 1510 may represent or interact with a modem, a keyboard, a mouse, a touchscreen, or a similar device. In some cases, the I / O controller 1510 may be implemented as part of one or more processors, such as the at least one processor 1540. In some cases, a user may interact with the device 1505 via the I / O controller 1510 or via hardware components controlled by the I / O controller 1510.
[0193] In some cases, the device 1505 may include a single antenna. However, in some other cases, the device 1505 may have more than one antenna, which may be capable of concurrently transmitting or receiving multiple wireless transmissions. The transceiver 1515 may communicate bi-directionally via the one or more antennas 1525 using wired or wireless links as described herein. For example, the transceiver 1515 may represent a wireless transceiver and may communicate bi-directionally with another wireless transceiver. The transceiver 1515 may also include a modem to modulate the packets, to provide the modulated packets to one or more antennas 1525 for transmission, and to demodulate packets received from the one or more antennas 1525. The transceiver 1515, or the transceiver 1515 and one or more antennas 1525, may be an example of a transmitter 1215, a transmitter 1315, a receiver 1210, a receiver 1310, or any combination thereof or component thereof, as described herein.
[0194] The at least one memory 1530 may include random access memory (RAM) and read-only memory (ROM) . The at least one memory 1530 may store computer-readable, computer-executable, or processor-executable code, such as the code 1535. The code 1535 may include instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor 1540, cause the device 1505 to perform various functions described herein. The code 1535 may be stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium such as system memory or another type of memory. In some cases, the code 1535 may not be directly executable by the at least one processor 1540 but may cause a computer (e.g., when compiled and executed) to perform functions described herein. In some cases, the at least one memory 1530 may include, among other things, a basic I / O system (BIOS) which may control basic hardware or software operation such as the interaction with peripheral components or devices.
[0195] The at least one processor 1540 may include one or more intelligent hardware devices (e.g., one or more general-purpose processors, one or more DSPs, one or more CPUs, one or more graphics processing units (GPUs) , one or more neural processing units (NPUs) (also referred to as neural network processors or deep learning processors (DLPs) ) , one or more microcontrollers, one or more ASICs, one or more FPGAs, one or more programmable logic devices, discrete gate or transistor logic, one or more discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof) . In some cases, the at least one processor 1540 may be configured to operate a memory array using a memory controller. In some other cases, a memory controller may be integrated into the at least one processor 1540. The at least one processor 1540 may be configured to execute computer-readable instructions stored in a memory (e.g., the at least one memory 1530) to cause the device 1505 to perform various functions (e.g., functions or tasks supporting temporal association between monitoring RS instances and beam prediction instances) . For example, the device 1505 or a component of the device 1505 may include at least one processor 1540 and at least one memory 1530 coupled with or to the at least one processor 1540, the at least one processor 1540 and the at least one memory 1530 configured to perform various functions described herein.
[0196] In some examples, the at least one processor 1540 may include multiple processors and the at least one memory 1530 may include multiple memories. One or more of the multiple processors may be coupled with one or more of the multiple memories, which may, individually or collectively, be configured to perform various functions described herein. In some examples, the at least one processor 1540 may be a component of a processing system, which may refer to a system (such as a series) of machines, circuitry (including, for example, one or both of processor circuitry (which may include the at least one processor 1540) and memory circuitry (which may include the at least one memory 1530) ) , or components, that receives or obtains inputs and processes the inputs to produce, generate, or obtain a set of outputs. The processing system may be configured to perform one or more of the functions described herein. For example, the at least one processor 1540 or a processing system including the at least one processor 1540 may be configured to, configurable to, or operable to cause the device 1505 to perform one or more of the functions described herein. Further, as described herein, being “configured to, ” being “configurable to, ” and being “operable to”may be used interchangeably and may be associated with a capability, when executing code 1535 (e.g., processor-executable code) stored in the at least one memory 1530 or otherwise, to perform one or more of the functions described herein.
[0197] The communications manager 1520 may support wireless communications in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. For example, the communications manager 1520 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for generating a set of predicted channel characteristics for a set of prediction targets associated with a beam prediction instance. The communications manager 1520 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for receiving a set of monitoring RSs via a set of beams, where the set of beams are associated with the set of prediction targets. The communications manager 1520 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for transmitting a report indicative of a performance monitoring metric associated with the set of predicted channel characteristics, where the performance monitoring metric is based on a comparison of the set of predicted channel characteristics associated with the beam prediction instance with measurements of the set of monitoring RSs, and where the comparison is based on satisfaction of a time condition between the set of monitoring RSs and the beam prediction instance.
[0198] By including or configuring the communications manager 1520 in accordance with examples as described herein, the device 1505 may support techniques for improved communication reliability, reduced power consumption, more efficient utilization of communication resources, improved coordination between devices, and improved utilization of processing capability.
[0199] In some examples, the communications manager 1520 may be configured to perform various operations (e.g., receiving, monitoring, transmitting) using or otherwise in cooperation with the transceiver 1515, the one or more antennas 1525, or any combination thereof. Although the communications manager 1520 is illustrated as a separate component, in some examples, one or more functions described with reference to the communications manager 1520 may be supported by or performed by the at least one processor 1540, the at least one memory 1530, the code 1535, or any combination thereof. For example, the code 1535 may include instructions executable by the at least one processor 1540 to cause the device 1505 to perform various aspects of temporal association between monitoring RS instances and beam prediction instances as described herein, or the at least one processor 1540 and the at least one memory 1530 may be otherwise configured to, individually or collectively, perform or support such operations.
[0200] FIG. 16 shows a flowchart illustrating a method 1600 that supports temporal association between monitoring RS instances and beam prediction instances in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The operations of the method 1600 may be implemented by a UE or its components as described herein. For example, the operations of the method 1600 may be performed by a UE 115 as described with reference to FIGs. 1 through 15. In some examples, a UE may execute a set of instructions to control the functional elements of the UE to perform the described functions. Additionally, or alternatively, the UE may perform aspects of the described functions using special-purpose hardware.
[0201] At 1605, the method may include generating a set of predicted channel characteristics for a set of prediction targets associated with a beam prediction instance. The operations of 1605 may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1605 may be performed by a beam prediction manager 1425 as described with reference to FIG. 14.
[0202] At 1610, the method may include receiving a set of monitoring RSs via a set of beams, where the set of beams are associated with the set of prediction targets. The operations of 1610 may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1610 may be performed by a monitoring RS manager 1430 as described with reference to FIG. 14.
[0203] At 1615, the method may include transmit a report indicative of a performance monitoring metric associated with the set of predicted channel characteristics, where the performance monitoring metric is based on a comparison of the set of predicted channel characteristics associated with the beam prediction instance with measurements of the set of monitoring RSs, and where the comparison is based on satisfaction of a time condition between the set of monitoring RSs and the beam prediction instance. The operations of 1615 may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1615 may be performed by a performance monitoring manager 1435 as described with reference to FIG. 14.
[0204] The following provides an overview of aspects of the present disclosure:
[0205] Aspect 1: A method for wireless communications at a UE, comprising: generating a set of predicted channel characteristics for a set of prediction targets associated with a beam prediction instance; receiving a set of monitoring RSs via a set of beams, wherein the set of beams are associated with the set of prediction targets; and transmit a report indicative of a performance monitoring metric associated with the set of predicted channel characteristics, wherein the performance monitoring metric is based at least in part on a comparison of the set of predicted channel characteristics associated with the beam prediction instance with measurements of the set of monitoring RSs, and wherein the comparison is based at least in part on satisfaction of a time condition between the set of monitoring RSs and the beam prediction instance.
[0206] Aspect 2: The method of aspect 1, wherein the satisfaction of the time condition between the set of monitoring RSs and the beam prediction instance comprises the beam prediction instance being a closest beam prediction instance in time to the set of monitoring RSs.
[0207] Aspect 3: The method of aspect 1, wherein the satisfaction of the time condition between the set of monitoring RSs and the beam prediction instance comprises the beam prediction instance being a latest beam prediction instance in time prior to the set of monitoring RSs.
[0208] Aspect 4: The method of aspect 3, wherein receiving the set of monitoring RSs comprises: receiving the set of monitoring RSs after a first time corresponding to an end of the beam prediction instance and prior to a second time corresponding to a beginning of a next subsequent beam prediction instance.
[0209] Aspect 5: The method of aspect 1, wherein the satisfaction of the time condition between the set of monitoring RSs and the beam prediction instance comprises the beam prediction instance being a next beam prediction instance in time after the set of monitoring RSs.
[0210] Aspect 6: The method of aspect 5, wherein receiving the set of monitoring RSs comprises: receiving the set of monitoring RSs prior to a first time corresponding to a beginning of the beam prediction instance and after a second time corresponding to an end of a latest prior beam prediction instance.
[0211] Aspect 7: The method of any of aspects 1 through 6, wherein the satisfaction of the time condition between the set of monitoring RSs and the beam prediction instance comprises the beam prediction instance being within a threshold time period of reception of the set of monitoring RSs.
[0212] Aspect 8: The method of aspect 7, further comprising: receiving control signaling indicating the threshold time period.
[0213] Aspect 9: The method of any of aspects 7 through 8, wherein the threshold time period is based at least in part on a configured time interval between reception of a set of RSs used to generate the set of predicted channel characteristics for the beam prediction instance and the beam prediction instance.
[0214] Aspect 10: The method of any of aspects 1 through 9, further comprising: receiving control signaling indicating the time condition associated with the set of prediction targets.
[0215] Aspect 11: The method of aspect 10, further comprising: receiving, via the control signaling or second control signaling, a second time condition associated with a second set of prediction targets.
[0216] Aspect 12: The method of any of aspects 10 through 11, wherein the control signaling comprises one of a first control message that schedules the set of monitoring RSs, a second control message that schedules the report, or a third control message that schedules a set of RSs, the set of predicted channel characteristics are generated based at least in part on measurement of the set of RSs.
[0217] Aspect 13: The method of any of aspects 1 through 12, further comprising: receiving a set of RSs via a second set of beams, wherein the set of predicted channel characteristics are generated based at least in part on measurement of the set of RSs, and wherein the beam prediction instance comprises one of a starting symbol or an ending symbol of reception of the set of RSs.
[0218] Aspect 14: The method of any of aspects 1 through 13, wherein transmitting the report comprises: transmitting a CSI report that comprises the report, wherein the beam prediction instance comprises a CSI reference resource corresponding to the CSI report.
[0219] Aspect 15: The method of any of aspects 1 through 14, wherein the beam prediction instance comprises one of a starting symbol of the report or an ending symbol of the report.
[0220] Aspect 16: The method of any of aspects 1 through 15, further comprising: receiving a DCI message that includes scheduling information for the report, wherein the beam prediction instance comprises one of a starting symbol of the DCI message or an ending symbol of the DCI message.
[0221] Aspect 17: The method of any of aspects 1 through 16, wherein generating the set of predicted channel characteristics for the set of prediction targets comprises: generating, at a first time, the set of predicted channel characteristics for the set of prediction targets for a future time occasion with respect to the first time, wherein the beam prediction instance comprises the future time occasion.
[0222] Aspect 18: The method of any of aspects 1 through 17, further comprising: generating a second set of predicted channel characteristics for the set of prediction targets associated with a second beam prediction instance, wherein the second beam prediction instance is subsequent to the beam prediction instance; receiving a second set of monitoring RSs via the set of beams, wherein the performance monitoring metric is further associated with the second set of predicted channel characteristics, wherein the performance monitoring metric is based at least in part on a second comparison of the second set of predicted channel characteristics associated with the second beam prediction instance with second measurements of the second set of monitoring RSs, and wherein the second comparison is based at least in part on satisfaction of the time condition between the second set of monitoring RSs and the second beam prediction instance.
[0223] Aspect 19: The method of any of aspects 1 through 18, further comprising: performing an LCM operation for a prediction model associated with generation of predicted channel characteristics for the set of prediction targets, wherein the performance monitoring metric is indicative of the LCM operation.
[0224] Aspect 20: A UE for wireless communications, comprising one or more memories storing processor-executable code, and one or more processors coupled with the one or more memories and individually or collectively operable to execute the code to cause the UE to perform a method of any of aspects 1 through 19.
[0225] Aspect 21: A UE for wireless communications, comprising at least one means for performing a method of any of aspects 1 through 19.
[0226] Aspect 22: A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing code for wireless communications, the code comprising instructions executable by one or more processors to perform a method of any of aspects 1 through 19.
[0227] It should be noted that the methods described herein describe possible implementations. The operations and the steps may be rearranged or otherwise modified and other implementations are possible. Further, aspects from two or more of the methods may be combined.
[0228] Although aspects of an LTE, LTE-A, LTE-APro, or NR system may be described for purposes of example, and LTE, LTE-A, LTE-APro, or NR terminology may be used in much of the description, the techniques described herein are applicable beyond LTE, LTE-A, LTE-APro, or NR networks. For example, the described techniques may be applicable to various other wireless communications systems such as Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB) , Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 (Wi-Fi) , IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX) , IEEE 802.20, Flash-OFDM, as well as other systems and radio technologies not explicitly mentioned herein.
[0229] Information and signals described herein may be represented using any of a variety of different technologies and techniques. For example, data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, and chips that may be referenced throughout the description may be represented by voltages, currents, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or particles, optical fields or particles, or any combination thereof.
[0230] The various illustrative blocks and components described in connection with the disclosure herein may be implemented or performed using a general-purpose processor, a DSP, an ASIC, a CPU, a graphics processing unit (GPU) , a neural processing unit (NPU) , an FPGA or other programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described herein. A general-purpose processor may be a microprocessor but, in the alternative, the processor may be any processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. A processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices (e.g., a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, multiple microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, or any other such configuration) . Any functions or operations described herein as being capable of being performed by a processor may be performed by multiple processors that, individually or collectively, are capable of performing the described functions or operations.
[0231] The functions described herein may be implemented using hardware, software executed by a processor, firmware, or any combination thereof. If implemented using software executed by a processor, the functions may be stored as or transmitted using one or more instructions or code of a computer-readable medium. Other examples and implementations are within the scope of the disclosure and appended claims. For example, due to the nature of software, functions described herein may be implemented using software executed by a processor, hardware, firmware, hardwiring, or combinations of any of these. Features implementing functions may also be physically located at various positions, including being distributed such that portions of functions are implemented at different physical locations.
[0232] Computer-readable media includes both non-transitory computer storage media and communication media including any medium that facilitates transfer of a computer program from one location to another. A non-transitory storage medium may be any available medium that may be accessed by a general-purpose or special-purpose computer. By way of example, and not limitation, non-transitory computer-readable media may include RAM, ROM, electrically erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM) , flash memory, compact disk (CD) ROM or other optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other non-transitory medium that may be used to carry or store desired program code means in the form of instructions or data structures and that may be accessed by a general-purpose or special-purpose computer or a general-purpose or special-purpose processor. Also, any connection is properly termed a computer-readable medium. For example, if the software is transmitted from a website, server, or other remote source using a coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, digital subscriber line (DSL) , or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave, then the coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, DSL, or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave are included in the definition of computer-readable medium. Disk and disc, as used herein, include CD, laser disc, optical disc, digital versatile disc (DVD) , floppy disk, and Blu-ray disc. Disks may reproduce data magnetically, and discs may reproduce data optically using lasers. Combinations of the above are also included within the scope of computer-readable media. Any functions or operations described herein as being capable of being performed by a memory may be performed by multiple memories that, individually or collectively, are capable of performing the described functions or operations.
[0233] As used herein, including in the claims, “or” as used in a list of items (e.g., a list of items prefaced by a phrase such as “at least one of” or “one or more of” ) indicates an inclusive list such that, for example, a list of at least one of A, B, or C means A or B or C or AB or AC or BC or ABC (i.e., A and B and C) . Also, as used herein, the phrase “based on” shall not be construed as a reference to a closed set of conditions. For example, an example step that is described as “based on condition A” may be based on both a condition A and a condition B without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. In other words, as used herein, the phrase “based on” shall be construed in the same manner as the phrase “based at least in part on. ”
[0234] As used herein, including in the claims, the article “a” before a noun is open-ended and understood to refer to “at least one” of those nouns or “one or more” of those nouns. Thus, the terms “a, ” “at least one, ” “one or more, ” and “at least one of one or more” may be interchangeable. For example, if a claim recites “a component” that performs one or more functions, each of the individual functions may be performed by a single component or by any combination of multiple components. Thus, the term “acomponent” having characteristics or performing functions may refer to “at least one of one or more components” having a particular characteristic or performing a particular function. Subsequent reference to a component introduced with the article “a” using the terms “the” or “said” may refer to any or all of the one or more components. For example, a component introduced with the article “a” may be understood to mean “one or more components, ” and referring to “the component” subsequently in the claims may be understood to be equivalent to referring to “at least one of the one or more components. ” Similarly, subsequent reference to a component introduced as “one or more components” using the terms “the” or “said” may refer to any or all of the one or more components. For example, referring to “the one or more components” subsequently in the claims may be understood to be equivalent to referring to “at least one of the one or more components. ”
[0235] The term “determine” or “determining” encompasses a variety of actions and, therefore, “determining” can include calculating, computing, processing, deriving, investigating, looking up (such as via looking up in a table, a database, or another data structure) , ascertaining, and the like. Also, “determining” can include receiving (e.g., receiving information) , accessing (e.g., accessing data stored in memory) , and the like. Also, “determining” can include resolving, obtaining, selecting, choosing, establishing, and other such similar actions.
[0236] In the appended figures, similar components or features may have the same reference label. Further, various components of the same type may be distinguished by following the reference label by a dash and a second label that distinguishes among the similar components. If just the first reference label is used in the specification, the description is applicable to any one of the similar components having the same first reference label irrespective of the second reference label or other subsequent reference label.
[0237] The description set forth herein, in connection with the appended drawings, describes example configurations and does not represent all the examples that may be implemented or that are within the scope of the claims. The term “example” used herein means “serving as an example, instance, or illustration” and not “preferred” or “advantageous over other examples. ” The detailed description includes specific details for the purpose of providing an understanding of the described techniques. These techniques, however, may be practiced without these specific details. In some figures, known structures and devices are shown in block diagram form in order to avoid obscuring the concepts of the described examples.
[0238] The description herein is provided to enable a person having ordinary skill in the art to make or use the disclosure. Various modifications to the disclosure will be apparent to a person having ordinary skill in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other variations without departing from the scope of the disclosure. Thus, the disclosure is not limited to the examples and designs described herein but is to be accorded the broadest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.
Claims
1.A user equipment (UE) , comprising:one or more memories storing processor-executable code; andone or more processors coupled with the one or more memories and individually or collectively operable to execute the code to cause the UE to:generate a set of predicted channel characteristics for a set of prediction targets associated with a beam prediction instance;receive a set of monitoring reference signals via a set of beams, wherein the set of beams are associated with the set of prediction targets; andtransmit a report indicative of a performance monitoring metric associated with the set of predicted channel characteristics, wherein the performance monitoring metric is based at least in part on a comparison of the set of predicted channel characteristics associated with the beam prediction instance with measurements of the set of monitoring reference signals, and wherein the comparison is based at least in part on satisfaction of a time condition between the set of monitoring reference signals and the beam prediction instance.2.The UE of claim 1, wherein the satisfaction of the time condition between the set of monitoring reference signals and the beam prediction instance comprises the beam prediction instance being a closest beam prediction instance in time to the set of monitoring reference signals.3.The UE of claim 1, wherein the satisfaction of the time condition between the set of monitoring reference signals and the beam prediction instance comprises the beam prediction instance being a latest beam prediction instance in time prior to the set of monitoring reference signals.4.The UE of claim 3, wherein, to receive the set of monitoring reference signals, the one or more processors are individually or collectively operable to execute the code to cause the UE to:receive the set of monitoring reference signals after a first time corresponding to an end of the beam prediction instance and prior to a second time corresponding to a beginning of a next subsequent beam prediction instance.5.The UE of claim 1, wherein the satisfaction of the time condition between the set of monitoring reference signals and the beam prediction instance comprises the beam prediction instance being a next beam prediction instance in time after the set of monitoring reference signals.6.The UE of claim 5, wherein, to receive the set of monitoring reference signals, the one or more processors are individually or collectively operable to execute the code to cause the UE to:receive the set of monitoring reference signals prior to a first time corresponding to a beginning of the beam prediction instance and after a second time corresponding to an end of a latest prior beam prediction instance.7.The UE of claim 1, wherein the satisfaction of the time condition between the set of monitoring reference signals and the beam prediction instance comprises the beam prediction instance being within a threshold time period of reception of the set of monitoring reference signals.8.The UE of claim 7, wherein the one or more processors are individually or collectively further operable to execute the code to cause the UE to:receive control signaling indicating the threshold time period.9.The UE of claim 7, wherein the threshold time period is based at least in part on a configured time interval between reception of a set of reference signals used to generate the set of predicted channel characteristics for the beam prediction instance and the beam prediction instance.10.The UE of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors are individually or collectively further operable to execute the code to cause the UE to:receive control signaling indicating the time condition associated with the set of prediction targets.11.The UE of claim 10, wherein the one or more processors are individually or collectively further operable to execute the code to cause the UE to:receive, via the control signaling or second control signaling, a second time condition associated with a second set of prediction targets.12.The UE of claim 10, wherein the control signaling comprises one of:a first control message that schedules the set of monitoring reference signals; a second control message that schedules the report; or a third control message that schedules a set of reference signals, wherein the set of predicted channel characteristics are generated based at least in part on measurement of the set of reference signals.13.The UE of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors are individually or collectively further operable to execute the code to cause the UE to:receive a set of reference signals via a second set of beams, wherein the set of predicted channel characteristics are generated based at least in part on measurement of the set of reference signals, and wherein the beam prediction instance comprises one of a starting symbol or an ending symbol of reception of the set of reference signals.14.The UE of claim 1, wherein, to transmit the report, the one or more processors are individually or collectively operable to execute the code to cause the UE to:transmit a channel state information report that comprises the report, wherein the beam prediction instance comprises a channel state information reference resource corresponding to the channel state information report.15.The UE of claim 1, wherein the beam prediction instance comprises one of a starting symbol of the report or an ending symbol of the report.16.The UE of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors are individually or collectively further operable to execute the code to cause the UE to:receive a downlink control information message that includes scheduling information for the report, wherein the beam prediction instance comprises one of a starting symbol of the downlink control information message or an ending symbol of the downlink control information message.17.The UE of claim 1, wherein, to generate the set of predicted channel characteristics for the set of prediction targets, the one or more processors are individually or collectively operable to execute the code to cause the UE to:generate, at a first time, the set of predicted channel characteristics for the set of prediction targets for a future time occasion with respect to the first time, wherein the beam prediction instance comprises the future time occasion.18.The UE of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors are individually or collectively further operable to execute the code to cause the UE to:generate a second set of predicted channel characteristics for the set of prediction targets associated with a second beam prediction instance, wherein the second beam prediction instance is subsequent to the beam prediction instance; andreceive a second set of monitoring reference signals via the set of beams, wherein the performance monitoring metric is further associated with the second set of predicted channel characteristics, wherein the performance monitoring metric is based at least in part on a second comparison of the second set of predicted channel characteristics associated with the second beam prediction instance with second measurements of the second set of monitoring reference signals, and wherein the second comparison is based at least in part on satisfaction of the time condition between the second set of monitoring reference signals and the second beam prediction instance.19.A method for wireless communications at a user equipment (UE) , comprising:generating a set of predicted channel characteristics for a set of prediction targets associated with a beam prediction instance;receiving a set of monitoring reference signals via a set of beams, wherein the set of beams are associated with the set of prediction targets; andtransmit a report indicative of a performance monitoring metric associated with the set of predicted channel characteristics, wherein the performance monitoring metric is based at least in part on a comparison of the set of predicted channel characteristics associated with the beam prediction instance with measurements of the set of monitoring reference signals, and wherein the comparison is based at least in part on satisfaction of a time condition between the set of monitoring reference signals and the beam prediction instance.20.A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing code for wireless communications, the code comprising instructions executable by one or more processors to:generate a set of predicted channel characteristics for a set of prediction targets associated with a beam prediction instance;receive a set of monitoring reference signals via a set of beams, wherein the set of beams are associated with the set of prediction targets; andtransmit a report indicative of a performance monitoring metric associated with the set of predicted channel characteristics, wherein the performance monitoring metric is based at least in part on a comparison of the set of predicted channel characteristics associated with the beam prediction instance with measurements of the set of monitoring reference signals, and wherein the comparison is based at least in part on satisfaction of a time condition between the set of monitoring reference signals and the beam prediction instance.
Citation Information
Patent Citations
Method and apparatus for ai / ML based beam management
US20240196242A1
Predictive beam management mode switching
WO2023205928A1
Methods, devices, and medium for communication
WO2023245581A1
Recommendation of reference signal resources for beam prediction
WO2024065655A1