Mixture of HMOS and lactoferrin

Abstract

The invention provides a composition or a combination comprising human lactoferrin and lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT), lacto-N-fucopentaose I (LNFP-I) or a HMO mixture consisting of 2'-fucosyllactose (2FL), difucosyllactose (DFL), lacto-N-tetraose (LNT), 6'-sialyllactose (6SL), 3'-sialyllactose (3SL), and lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT) and / or 3-fucosyllactose (3FL), and optionally lacto-N-fucopentaose I (LNFP-I).

Description

[0001] MIXTURE OF HMOS AND LACTOFERRIN FIELD OF THE INVENTIONThe invention provides a composition or combination comprising or consisting of humanlactoferrin and lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT), lacto-N-fucopentaose I (LNFP-I) or a HMO mixtureconsisting of 2'-fucosyllactose (2FL), difucosyllactose (DFL), lacto-N-tetraose (LNT), 6'- sialyllactose (6SL), 3'-sialyllactose (3SL), and lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT) and / or 3-fucosyllactose (3FL), and optionally lacto-N-fucopentaose I (LNFP-I). The invention alsoprovides the composition for use in preventing and / or treating an infection, and / or modulatingthe immune response in a subject.BACKGROUND TO THE INVENTIONLactoferrin, also known as lactotransferrin, is a globular multifunctional glycoprotein found inmilk which helps to protect infants from infections. It is a member of the transferrin family andplays a crucial role in the innate immune system, mainly at mucosa. It acts as a natural defense mechanism against bacteria, viruses, and fungi by binding to iron and preventing their growth and replication. Lactoferrin also stimulates the production of immune cells, such as lymphocytes and macrophages, which are essential for fighting off infections. Hence, lactoferrin is known for its antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory properties. In addition, lactoferrin is a protein that plays a crucial role in regulating iron levels in the body. It binds ferric iron tightly and retains it even at low pH, giving it antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. Lactoferrin's structure consists of two lobes, each binding a single iron ion. The iron binding sites are highly conserved and favorable for iron binding. The protein undergoes conformational changes when binding and releasing iron.Breastfeeding is a recognized factor that reduces severity of infection (e.g. respiratory virusinfection) in infants either directly through milk bioactives (e.g. lactoferrin and human milkoligosaccharides) or indirectly through microbiome mediated immune benefits. Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) have become the subject of much interest in recentyears due to their roles in numerous biological processes occurring in the human organism.Mammalian milk contains at least 130 of these complex oligosaccharides (Urashima et al, Milk Oligosaccharides, Nova Biomedical Books, New York, 2011, ISBN: 978-1-61122-831-1).HMOs enhance beneficial Bifidobacterium species in the infant gut.Infancy, especially the first weeks, 3 months, 6 months or 12 months of life is a critical period for the establishment of a balanced gut microbiota. It is known that the modulation of the gutmicrobiota during infancy and early childhood can prospectively have a significant influence in the future health status of the body. For example, the gut microbiome can have an influence on the development of a strong immune system later in life, as well as normal growth, and even on the development of obesity later in life.Due to the loss of Bifidobacterium species in the infant gut and low breast-feeding rates, thereis a need to provide infants with nutrients to support a healthy microbiome and immune systemfor long-term health.Additionally, there are limited means to prevent or treat infections in infants. For example,there are limited numbers of effective antiviral drugs and the primary method to control viraldisease is vaccination which is intended to prevent outbreaks by building immunity to a virus or a family of viruses.Thus, there is a need for a composition to prevent and / or treat infections and modulate theimmune response. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTIONThe present inventors have surprisingly found that the combination (blend) of humanlactoferrin and lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT), lacto-N-fucopentaose I (LNFP-I) or a HMO mixturesupports immune functions (e.g. protection against infection). In particular, the present inventors have surprisingly found that combining both ingredients dramatically increased theexpression of these immune markers even in donors who were low responders to humanlactoferrin alone and / or to the HMOs alone. Moreover, the present inventors havedemonstrated the surprising synergistic effect of combining human lactoferrin and a complexmixture of 6, 7 or 8 HMOs on the expression of different cytokines known to be important forimmune functions. The synergism was seen in different donors for several different immunecytokines which have a variety of effects on the immune system, including immune regulationand protection against infections.Accordingly, in a first aspect, the invention provides a composition comprising humanlactoferrin, lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT) and lacto-N-fucopentaose I (LNFP-I) or a HMO mixturecomprising or consisting of 2'-fucosyllactose (2FL), difucosyllactose (DFL), lacto-N-tetraose (LNT), 6'-sialyllactose (6SL), 3'-sialyllactose (3SL), and lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT) and / or 3- fucosyllactose (3FL), and optionally lacto-N-fucopentaose I (LNFP-I).In a further aspect, the invention provides a combination of human lactoferrin and lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT), lacto-N-fucopentaose I (LNFP-I) or a HMO mixture comprising orconsisting of 2'-fucosyllactose (2FL), difucosyllactose (DFL), lacto-N-tetraose (LNT), 6'- sialyllactose (6SL), 3'-sialyllactose (3SL), and lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT) and / or 3- fucosyllactose (3FL), and optionally lacto-N-fucopentaose I (LNFP-I).In some embodiments, the human lactoferrin is recombinant human lactoferrin.In some embodiments, the composition or combination comprises about 0.03 g to about 5 ghuman lactoferrin per L or about 0.02 g to about 4 g human lactoferrin per 100g, preferablywherein the composition comprises about 0.05 g to about 2.5 g human lactoferrin per L orabout 0.04 g to about 2 g human lactoferrin per 100g.In some embodiments, the composition or combination comprises about 0.1 g to about 5 glactoferrin per L or about 0.1 g to about 4 g lactoferrin per 100g, preferably wherein thecomposition or combination comprises about 0.1 g to about 2.5 g lactoferrin per L or about 0.1g to about 2 g lactoferrin per 100g. In some embodiments, the composition or combination comprises human lactoferrin and LNnT. In some embodiments, the combination consists of human lactoferrin and LNnT. In some embodiments, the composition or combination comprises human lactoferrin and LNFP-I. In some embodiments, the combination consists of human lactoferrin and LNFP-I.In some embodiments, the composition or combination comprises LNFP-I in a total amount offrom 25 mg / L to 5000 mg / L of the composition or of from 0.02 g / 100 g to 4 g / 100 g of thecomposition (dry weight).In some embodiments, the composition or combination comprises human lactoferrin and a HMO mixture comprising or consisting of 2'-fucosyllactose (2FL), difucosyllactose (DFL), lacto-N-tetraose (LNT), 6'-sialyllactose (6SL), 3'-sialyllactose (3SL), and lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT) and / or 3-fucosyllactose (3FL), and optionally lacto-N-fucopentaose I (LNFP-I). In some embodiments, the HMO mixture consists of 2'-fucosyllactose (2FL), difucosyllactose (DFL), lacto-N-tetraose (LNT), 6'-sialyllactose (6SL), 3'-sialyllactose (3SL), and lacto-N- neotetraose (LNnT). In some embodiments, the HMO mixture consists of 2'-fucosyllactose (2FL), difucosyllactose (DFL), lacto-N-tetraose (LNT), 6'-sialyllactose (6SL), 3'-sialyllactose (3SL), and 3- fucosyllactose (3FL). In some embodiments, the HMO mixture consists of 2'-fucosyllactose (2FL), difucosyllactose (DFL), lacto-N-tetraose (LNT), 6'-sialyllactose (6SL), 3'-sialyllactose (3SL), 3-fucosyllactose (3FL), and lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT). In some embodiments, the HMO mixture consists of 2'-fucosyllactose (2FL), difucosyllactose (DFL), lacto-N-tetraose (LNT), 6'-sialyllactose (6SL), 3'-sialyllactose (3SL), lacto-N- neotetraose (LNnT), and lacto-N-fucopentaose I (LNFP-I). In some embodiments, the HMO mixture consists of 2'-fucosyllactose (2FL), difucosyllactose (DFL), lacto-N-tetraose (LNT), 6'-sialyllactose (6SL), 3'-sialyllactose (3SL), 3-fucosyllactose (3FL), and lacto-N-fucopentaose I (LNFP-I). In some embodiments, the HMO mixture consists of 2'-fucosyllactose (2FL), difucosyllactose (DFL), lacto-N-tetraose (LNT), 6'-sialyllactose (6SL), 3'-sialyllactose (3SL), 3-fucosyllactose (3FL), lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT), and lacto-N-fucopentaose I (LNFP-I).In some embodiments, the composition further comprises Bifidobacterium longum subsp.iuvenis, Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis and / or Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis.In some embodiments, the composition is a nutritional composition or the combination is in theform of a nutritional composition. Suitably, the nutritional composition is selected from an infantformula, a starter infant formula, a follow-on or follow-up formula, a baby food, an infant cereal composition, a growing-up-milk, a fortifier such as a human milk fortifier, or a supplement, such as a paediatric supplement. In a further aspect, the invention provides the composition or combination of the invention foruse in preventing and / or treating an infection in a subject.In a further aspect, the invention provides the composition or combination of the invention foruse in modulating the immune response in a subject.In some embodiments, the subject is an infant, a young child or a child.In a further aspect, the invention provides a method of preventing and / or treating an infectionin a subject, the method comprising administering to the subject the composition orcombination of the invention. In a further aspect, the invention provides a method of modulating the immune response in asubject, the method comprising administering to the subject the composition or combinationof the invention.In some embodiments, the subject is an infant, a young child or a child.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURESFigure 1: A combination of human isolated lactoferrin and a mix of 6 HMOs induce higherIFNg expression by PBMCs than lactoferrin or HMO alone. Mean and standard error of the mean of 4 individuals are shown for (A) absolute IFNg values and (B) fold increase in IFNg expression over unstimulated control.Figure 2: A combination of human isolated lactoferrin and a mix of 6 HMOs induce higher IL6expression by PBMCs than lactoferrin or HMO alone. Mean and standard error of the mean of 4 individuals are shown for (A) absolute IL6 values and (B) fold increase in IL6 expression over unstimulated control.Figure 3: A combination of human isolated lactoferrin and a mix of 6 HMOs induce higherIL12p70 expression by PBMCs than lactoferrin or HMO alone. Mean and standard error of the mean of 4 individuals are shown for (A) absolute IL12p70 values and (B) fold increase in IL12p70 expression over unstimulated control.Figure 4: Addition of lactoferrin in different mixes of HMOs induces higher IFNg expressionthan lactoferrin or HMO alone. Mean and standard error of the mean for IFNg expression by 12 individuals measured by ELISA are shown for combinations of lactoferrin and HMO blend mimicking (A) early and (B) late lactation.Figure 5: Addition of lactoferrin in different mixes of HMOs induces higher IL6 expression thanlactoferrin or HMO alone. Mean and standard error of the mean for IL6 expression by 12 individuals measured by ELISA are shown for combinations of lactoferrin and HMO blend mimicking (A) early and (B) late lactation.Figure 6: Reduction in GBS (Group B Streptococcus) growth in presence of LNnT and humanlactoferrin. Mean bacterial reduction expressed as (A) absolute counts and (B) percentage reduction is shown with each condition being tested in duplicate. Concentration in gram per liter of LNnT and lactoferrin used for testing is indicated in brackets. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Definitions As used herein, the following terms have the following meanings. The term "subject" may refer to an infant, young child, child, an infant small for gestationalage (SGA) or a preterm infant.The term "infant" means a child under the age of 12 months. The expression "young child" means a child aged between one and three years, also called toddler. The term “child” means a child aged between three and twelve years. Preferably, the term “child” means a child aged between three and six years. A "preterm" or "premature" subject means an infant or young child who was not born at term. Generally it refers to an infant or young child born prior 36 weeks of gestation. By the expression "small for gestational age" or "SGA" it is referred to an infant or young child who is smaller in size than normal for their gestational age at birth, most commonly defined as a weight below the 10th percentile for the gestational age. In some embodiments, SGA may be associated with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), which refers to a condition in which a foetus is unable to achieve its potential size. By the expression “low birth weight”, it should be understood as any body weight under 2500g at birth, typically from 1500 to 2500 g at birth.By the expression “very low birth weight”, it should be understood as any body weight from1000 to 1500 g at birth.By the expression “extremely low birth weight”, it should be understood as any body weightunder 1000 g at birth. The expression "nutritional composition" means a composition which nourishes a subject. This nutritional composition is usually to be taken orally or intravenously. It may include a lipid or fat source, a carbohydrate source and / or a protein source. In a particular embodiment the nutritional composition is a ready-to-drink composition such as a ready-to-drink formula. In a particular embodiment, the nutritional composition of the present invention is a "synthetic nutritional composition". The expression "synthetic nutritional composition" means a mixture obtained by chemical and / or biological means, which can be chemically identical to the mixture naturally occurring in mammalian milks (i.e. the synthetic nutritional composition is not breast milk). The expression "infant formula" as used herein refers to a foodstuff intended for particular nutritional use by infants during the first months of life and satisfying by itself the nutritional requirements of this category of person (Article 2(c) of the European Commission Directive 91 / 321 / EEC 2006 / 141 / EC of 22 December 2006 on infant formulae and follow-on formulae). It also refers to a nutritional composition intended for infants and as defined in Codex Alimentarius (Codex STAN 72-1981) and Infant Specialities (incl. Food for Special Medical Purpose). The expression "infant formula" encompasses both "starter infant formula" and "follow-up formula" or "follow-on formula". A "follow-up formula" or "follow-on formula" is given from the 6th month onwards and includes “growing-up milk”. It constitutes the principal liquid element in the progressively diversified diet of this category of person. The expression “growing-up milk” (or “GUM”) refers to a milk-based drink generally with added vitamins and minerals, that is intended for young children or children. The expression "baby food" means a foodstuff intended for particular nutritional use by infants or young children during the first years of life. The expression "infant cereal composition" means a foodstuff intended for particular nutritional use by infants or young children during the first years of life. The term "fortifier" refers to liquid or solid nutritional compositions suitable for mixing with breast milk or infant formula. The expression “weaning period” means the period during which the mother's milk is substituted by other food in the diet of an infant or young child. The "mother's milk" should be understood as the breast milk or the colostrum of the mother. An “oligosaccharide” is a saccharide polymer containing a small number (typically three to ten) of simple sugars (monosaccharides). The term "HMO" or "HMOs" refers to human milk oligosaccharide(s). These carbohydrates are resistant to enzymatic hydrolysis by digestive enzymes (e.g. pancreatic and / or brush border), indicating that they may display functions not directly related to their caloric value. It has especially been illustrated that they play a vital role in the early development of infants and young children, such as the maturation of the immune system. Many different kinds of HMOs are found in the human milk. Each individual oligosaccharide is based on a combinationof glucose, galactose, sialic acid (N- acetylneuraminic acid), fucose and / or N-acetylglucosamine with many and varied linkages between them, thus accounting for theenormous number of different oligosaccharides in human milk - over 130 such structures have been identified so far. Almost all of them have a lactose moiety at their reducing end while sialic acid and / or fucose (when present) occupy terminal positions at the non-reducing ends. The HMOs can be acidic (e.g. charged sialic acid containing oligosaccharide) or neutral (e.g. fucosylated oligosaccharide). Some examples of HMOs are the fucosylated oligosaccharides, the N-acetylated oligosaccharides and / or the sialylated oligosaccharides. A "fucosylated oligosaccharide" is an oligosaccharide having a fucose residue. It has a neutral nature. Some examples are LNFP-I (lacto-N-fucopentaose I), 2FL (2' fucosyllactose), 3-FL (3-fucosyllactose). The expressions “fucosylated oligosaccharides comprising an alpha-1,2-fucosyl- epitope” and “2-fucosylated oligosaccharides” encompass fucosylated oligosaccharides with a certain homology of form since they contain an alpha-1,2'-fucosyl-epitope, therefore a certain homology of function can be expected. The expression “N-acetylated oligosaccharide(s)” encompasses both “N-acetyl- lactosamine” and “oligosaccharide(s) containing N-acetyl-lactosamine”. They are neutral oligosaccharides having an N-acetyl-lactosamine residue. Suitable examples are LNT (lacto- N-tetraose), para-lacto-N-neohexaose (para-LNnH), LNnT (lacto-N-neotetraose) and anycombinations thereof. Other examples are lacto-N-hexaose, lacto-N-neohexaose, para- lacto-N-hexaose, para-lacto-N-neohexaose, lacto-N-octaose, lacto-N- neooctaose, iso- lacto-N-octaose, para- lacto-N-octaose and lacto-N-decaose.A "sialylated oligosaccharide" is a charged sialic acid containing oligosaccharide, i.e. an oligosaccharide having a sialic acid residue. It has an acidic nature. Some examples are 3’- SL (3’-sialyllactose) and 6’-SL (6’-sialyllactose). The expressions "sialylated oligosaccharide" and "sialyllactose (SL)" can be used interchangeably. The trisaccharide sialyllactose consists of lactose at the reducing terminus and one sialic acid residue at the non-reducing end via an alpha-2,3 binding or alpha-2,6 binding, resulting in 3'-SL and 6'-SL, respectively. A "precursor of HMO" is a key compound that intervenes in the manufacture of HMO, such as sialic acid and / or fucose. A “HMO mixture comprising or consisting of 2'-fucosyllactose (2FL), difucosyllactose (DFL), lacto-N-tetraose (LNT), 6'-sialyllactose (6SL), 3'-sialyllactose (3SL), and lacto-N-neotetraose(LNnT) and / or 3-fucosyllactose (3FL), and optionally lacto-N-fucopentaose I (LNFP-I)” meansa HMO mixture comprising or consisting of 2'-fucosyllactose (2FL), difucosyllactose (DFL),lacto-N-tetraose (LNT), 6'-sialyllactose (6SL), 3'-sialyllactose (3SL), and additionally any of (i)to (vii), wherein (i) means lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT), (ii) means 3-fucosyllactose (3FL), (iii)means LNnT and 3FL, (iv) means LNFP-I, (v) means LNnT and LNFP-I, (vi) means 3FL andLNFP-I, (vii) means LNnT, 3FL and LNFP-I.The term “GOS” as used herein means “Galacto-oligosaccharide“. Galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) as used herein typically consist of β-linked galactose moieties with galactose or glucose at the reducing end. Such GOS contains β-(1→2), β-(1→3), β-(1→4), or β-(1→6) linked galactose moieties and may have a degree of polymerization (DP) of 3–8 galactose units. The term GOS is therefore preferably referred to as oligosaccharide(s) comprising at least three galactose units, more preferably as oligosaccharide(s) comprising at least four galactose units, preferably having a degree of polymerization (DP) of 3–8 galactose units. The nutritional composition of the present invention can be in solid form (e.g. powder) or in liquid form. The amount of the various ingredients (e.g. the oligosaccharides) can be expressed in g / 100g of composition on a dry weight basis when it is in a solid form, e.g. a powder, or as a concentration in g / L of the composition when it refers to a liquid form (this latter also encompasses liquid composition that may be obtained from a powder after reconstitution in a liquid such as milk, water, e.g. a reconstituted infant formula or a follow- on / follow-up formula or a growing-up milk or an infant cereal product or any other formulation designed for infant nutrition).The expressions “infants / young children fed exclusively with human breast milk”,“infants or young children exclusively breast fed”, “exclusive breast fed infants or young children”and “breast-fed infants / young children” can be used interchangeably. They refer to infants or young children fed with a great majority (i.e. at least 90%, or at least 95%, or at least 99%) or all (100%) of nutrients and / or energy originating from human breast milk. The expression “conventional nutritional composition” refers to standard synthetic nutritional compositions such as infant formula, follow-up milks or growing-up milks already found in the market. The terms “microbial”, “microflora” and “microbiota” can be used interchangeably. The expressions “microbiota in the gut”, “microbiota of the gut”, “gut microbiota” and “intestinal microbiota” can be used interchangeably. By the expressions “preventing” or “prevention”, it is meant avoiding that a physical state, a condition or their consequences occurs and / or decreasing its incidence (i.e. reduction of thefrequency). Prevention also encompasses delay or prevention of the onset of the symptoms of the disease, disorder or condition. Prevention may be absolute (such that no disease occurs) or may be effective only in some individuals or for a limited amount of time. By the expressions “treating” or “treatment”, it is meant a decrease of the duration and / or of the severity of a physical state, a condition or their consequences (e.g. a decrease orelimination of symptoms of the condition). Treatment also encompasses to reduce, alleviateor eliminate one or more symptoms associated with the disease, disorder or condition which is being treated and / or to slow down, reduce or block the progression of the disease, disorder or condition which is being treated. The prevention and / or the treatment of a physical state, a condition or their consequences can occur during the treatment (i.e. during the administration of the composition of the present invention, either immediately after the start of the administration or some time after, e.g. some days or weeks after the start). But it can also encompass the prevention and / or the treatment later in life. The term “later in life” encompasses the effect after the termination of the intervention or treatment. The effect “later in life” can be from 1 week to several months, or even years, for example from 2 to 4 weeks, from 2 to 6 weeks, from 2 to 8 weeks, from 1 to 6 months or from 2 to 12 months. Suitably, the effect “later in life” can be from 12 months to 12 years, such as from 2 years to 10 years, or from 4 years to 5 years, after the termination ofthe intervention or treatment. Suitably, the effect “later in life” lasts until the subject is at least5 years of age, such as at least 10 years of age, at least 20 years of age or at least 30 years of age. The term “prebiotic” means non-digestible carbohydrates that beneficially affect the host by selectively stimulating the growth and / or the activity of healthy bacteria such as bifidobacteria in the colon of humans (Gibson GR, Roberfroid MB. Dietary modulation of the human colonic microbiota: introducing the concept of prebiotics. J Nutr.1995;125:1401-12). The term “probiotic” means microbial cell preparations or components of microbial cells with a beneficial effect on the health or well-being of the host. (Salminen S, Ouwehand A. Benno Y. et al. “Probiotics: how should they be defined” Trends Food Sci. Technol.1999:10107-10). The microbial cells are generally bacteria or yeasts.The “composition or combination further comprises Bifidobacterium longum subsp. iuvenis,Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis and / or Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis” meansthat the composition or combination further comprises at least one Bifidobacterium selectedfrom the list consisting of Bifidobacterium longum subsp. iuvenis, Bifidobacterium longumsubsp. infantis, Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis, and any combination thereof. The term “synbiotic” may refer to a component that contains both probiotics and prebiotics, or a live microbe and a substrate that is selectively utilized by the co-administered live microbe (see e.g. Swanson, K.S., et al., 2020. Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology, 17(11), pp.687-701). The term “cfu” should be understood as colony-forming unit. All percentages are by weight unless otherwise stated. All weights expressed in g per 100g of composition are dry weight unless otherwise stated. The term “SCFA” means short chain fatty acid(s). The expression “increasing SCFA production” means that the amount of systemic and / or colonic SCFA, is higher in an individual fed with the nutritional composition according to the present invention in comparison with a standard. The SCFA production may be measured by techniques known by the skilled person such as by Gas-Liquid Chromatography. In the present context, the term “gastrointestinal tract” includes the mouth, pharynx, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum and anus. The term “intestine” includes the small intestine, the large intestine and rectum.In the present context, the term “respiratory tract” refers to the passage formed by the nose,nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and the lungs through which air passes duringbreathing. The term "lactoferrin" as used herein is intended to mean any native, synthetic or recombinant lactoferrin molecule or fragment thereof that includes at least one metal ionbinding site including but not limited to sheep, goat, pig, mouse, water buffalo, camel, yak,horse, donkey, llama, bovine or human lactoferrin and any metal ion binding fragment thereof including but not limited to N-lobe and C-lobe fragments. Full length native lactoferrin has two metal ion-binding sites and the N-lobe and C-lobe lactoferrin fragments each have one metalion-binding site. Preferably, the metal ion binding fragment thereof for use according to thepresent invention comprises two metal ion-binding sites.In the present context, the term “recombinant lactoferrin” refers to a lactoferrin that isproduced in a cell, e.g. recombinant host cell, of a different species or type as compared tothe species or type of cell that produces lactoferrin in nature, or that is produced in a cell, e.g.e.g. recombinant host cell, at a level at which it is not produced in nature. In other words, itrelates to lactoferrin which can be found inherently in mammalian milk (e.g. cow’s milk or human milk), but which is produced recombinantly (e.g., that is produced by a recombinant host cell). In addition, in the context of the invention, the terms "comprising" or "comprises" do not exclude other possible elements. The composition of the present invention, including the many embodiments described herein, can comprise, consist of, or consist essentially of the essential elements and limitations of the invention described herein, as well as any additional or optional ingredients, components, or limitations described herein or otherwise depending on the needs. Any reference to prior art documents in this specification is not to be considered an admission that such prior art is widely known or forms part of the common general knowledge in the field. The invention will now be described in further details. It is noted that the various aspects, features, examples and embodiments described in the present application may be compatible and / or combined together any combination thereof. Composition In a first aspect, the invention provides a composition comprising or consisting of human lactoferrin and lacto-N-fucopentaose I (LNFP-I) or a HMO mixture consisting of 2'- fucosyllactose (2FL), difucosyllactose (DFL), lacto-N-tetraose (LNT), 6'-sialyllactose (6SL), 3'- sialyllactose (3SL), and lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT) and / or 3-fucosyllactose (3FL), and optionally lacto-N-fucopentaose I (LNFP-I). In a further aspect, the invention provides a combination of human lactoferrin and lacto-N-fucopentaose I (LNFP-I) or a HMO mixture consisting of 2'-fucosyllactose (2FL),difucosyllactose (DFL), lacto-N-tetraose (LNT), 6'-sialyllactose (6SL), 3'-sialyllactose (3SL), and lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT) and / or 3-fucosyllactose (3FL), and optionally lacto-N- fucopentaose I (LNFP-I). In a further aspect, the invention provides a composition comprising or consisting of human lactoferrin and lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT). In a further aspect, the invention provides a combination of human lactoferrin and lacto-N- neotetraose (LNnT).In a further aspect, the invention provides a combination of human lactoferrin and lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT); or lacto-N-fucopentaose I (LNFP-I); or a HMO mixture comprising 2'-fucosyllactose (2FL), difucosyllactose (DFL), lacto-N-tetraose (LNT), 6'-sialyllactose (6SL), 3'- sialyllactose (3SL), and (i) lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT), (ii) 3-fucosyllactose (3FL), (iii) LNnT and 3FL, (iv) LNFP-I, (v) LNnT and LNFP-I, (vi) 3FL and LNFP-I, or (vii) LNnT, 3FL and LNFP- I.In a further aspect, the invention provides a combination of human lactoferrin and lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT); or lacto-N-fucopentaose I (LNFP-I); or a HMO mixture consisting of 2'-fucosyllactose (2FL), difucosyllactose (DFL), lacto-N-tetraose (LNT), 6'-sialyllactose (6SL), 3'- sialyllactose (3SL), and (i) lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT), (ii) 3-fucosyllactose (3FL), (iii) LNnT and 3FL, (iv) LNFP-I, (v) LNnT and LNFP-I, (vi) 3FL and LNFP-I, or (vii) LNnT, 3FL and LNFP- I.In a further aspect, the invention provides a composition comprising human lactoferrin andlacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT); or lacto-N-fucopentaose I (LNFP-I); or a HMO mixture comprising2'-fucosyllactose (2FL), difucosyllactose (DFL), lacto-N-tetraose (LNT), 6'-sialyllactose (6SL), 3'-sialyllactose (3SL), and (i) lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT), (ii) 3-fucosyllactose (3FL), (iii) LNnT and 3FL, (iv) LNFP-I, (v) LNnT and LNFP-I, (vi) 3FL and LNFP-I, or (vii) LNnT, 3FL and LNFP- I.In a further aspect, the invention provides a composition consisting of human lactoferrin andlacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT); or lacto-N-fucopentaose I (LNFP-I); or a HMO mixture consistingof 2'-fucosyllactose (2FL), difucosyllactose (DFL), lacto-N-tetraose (LNT), 6'-sialyllactose (6SL), 3'-sialyllactose (3SL), and (i) lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT), (ii) 3-fucosyllactose (3FL), (iii) LNnT and 3FL, (iv) LNFP-I, (v) LNnT and LNFP-I, (vi) 3FL and LNFP-I, or (vii) LNnT, 3FL and LNFP-I.In a further aspect, the invention provides a nutritional composition, the nutritional compositioncomprising a combination (combination being also called blend) consisting of humanlactoferrin and lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT); or lacto-N-fucopentaose I (LNFP-I); or a HMOmixture consisting of 2'-fucosyllactose (2FL), difucosyllactose (DFL), lacto-N-tetraose (LNT), 6'-sialyllactose (6SL), 3'-sialyllactose (3SL), and (i) lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT), (ii) 3- fucosyllactose (3FL), (iii) LNnT and 3FL, (iv) LNFP-I, (v) LNnT and LNFP-I, (vi) 3FL and LNFP- I, or (vii) LNnT, 3FL and LNFP-I. In one embodiment, the composition further comprises Bifidobacterium longum subsp.iuvenis, Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis and / or Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis.Suitably, the composition further comprises Bifidobacterium longum subsp. iuvenis. Suitably,the composition further comprises Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis. Suitably, thecomposition further comprises Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis. Preferably, thecomposition further comprises Bifidobacterium longum subsp. iuvenis and Bifidobacteriumlongum subsp. infantis. Preferably, the composition further comprises Bifidobacterium longumsubsp. iuvenis and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis. Preferably, the composition furthercomprises Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis.More preferably, the composition further comprises Bifidobacterium longum subsp. iuvenis,Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis.In a further aspect, the invention provides a composition comprising or consisting ofBifidobacterium longum subsp. iuvenis, human lactoferrin and lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT).In a further aspect, the invention provides a combination of Bifidobacterium longum subsp. iuvenis, human lactoferrin and lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT)In a further aspect, the invention provides a composition comprising or consisting ofBifidobacterium longum subsp. iuvenis, human lactoferrin and lacto-N-fucopentaose I (LNFP-I) or a HMO mixture consisting of 2'-fucosyllactose (2FL), difucosyllactose (DFL), lacto-N- tetraose (LNT), 6'-sialyllactose (6SL), 3'-sialyllactose (3SL), and lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT) and / or 3-fucosyllactose (3FL), and optionally lacto-N-fucopentaose I (LNFP-I). In a further aspect, the invention provides a combination of Bifidobacterium longum subsp. iuvenis, human lactoferrin and lacto-N-fucopentaose I (LNFP-I) or a HMO mixture consistingof 2'-fucosyllactose (2FL), difucosyllactose (DFL), lacto-N-tetraose (LNT), 6'-sialyllactose(6SL), 3'-sialyllactose (3SL), and lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT) and / or 3-fucosyllactose (3FL), and optionally lacto-N-fucopentaose I (LNFP-I). In a further aspect, the invention provides a composition comprising or consisting ofBifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis, human lactoferrin and lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT).In a further aspect, the invention provides a combination of Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis, human lactoferrin and lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT)In a further aspect, the invention provides a composition comprising or consisting ofBifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis, human lactoferrin and lacto-N-fucopentaose I (LNFP-I) or a HMO mixture consisting of 2'-fucosyllactose (2FL), difucosyllactose (DFL), lacto-N- tetraose (LNT), 6'-sialyllactose (6SL), 3'-sialyllactose (3SL), and lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT) and / or 3-fucosyllactose (3FL), and optionally lacto-N-fucopentaose I (LNFP-I). In a further aspect, the invention provides a combination of Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis, human lactoferrin and lacto-N-fucopentaose I (LNFP-I) or a HMO mixture consistingof 2'-fucosyllactose (2FL), difucosyllactose (DFL), lacto-N-tetraose (LNT), 6'-sialyllactose(6SL), 3'-sialyllactose (3SL), and lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT) and / or 3-fucosyllactose (3FL), and optionally lacto-N-fucopentaose I (LNFP-I). In a further aspect, the invention provides a composition comprising or consisting of Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis, human lactoferrin and lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT). In a further aspect, the invention provides a combination of Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis, human lactoferrin and lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT)In a further aspect, the invention provides a composition comprising or consisting ofBifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis, human lactoferrin and lacto-N-fucopentaose I (LNFP- I) or a HMO mixture consisting of 2'-fucosyllactose (2FL), difucosyllactose (DFL), lacto-N- tetraose (LNT), 6'-sialyllactose (6SL), 3'-sialyllactose (3SL), and lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT) and / or 3-fucosyllactose (3FL), and optionally lacto-N-fucopentaose I (LNFP-I). In a further aspect, the invention provides a combination of Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis, human lactoferrin and lacto-N-fucopentaose I (LNFP-I) or a HMO mixture consisting of 2'-fucosyllactose (2FL), difucosyllactose (DFL), lacto-N-tetraose (LNT), 6'-sialyllactose (6SL), 3'-sialyllactose (3SL), and lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT) and / or 3-fucosyllactose (3FL), and optionally lacto-N-fucopentaose I (LNFP-I). In a further aspect, the invention provides a composition comprising or consisting ofBifidobacterium longum subsp. iuvenis, Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis, humanlactoferrin and lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT). In a further aspect, the invention provides a combination of Bifidobacterium longum subsp.iuvenis, Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis, human lactoferrin and lacto-N-neotetraose(LNnT)In a further aspect, the invention provides a composition comprising or consisting ofBifidobacterium longum subsp. iuvenis, Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis, humanlactoferrin and lacto-N-fucopentaose I (LNFP-I) or a HMO mixture consisting of 2'- fucosyllactose (2FL), difucosyllactose (DFL), lacto-N-tetraose (LNT), 6'-sialyllactose (6SL), 3'- sialyllactose (3SL), and lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT) and / or 3-fucosyllactose (3FL), and optionally lacto-N-fucopentaose I (LNFP-I). In a further aspect, the invention provides a combination of Bifidobacterium longum subsp.iuvenis, Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis, human lactoferrin and lacto-N-fucopentaoseI (LNFP-I) or a HMO mixture consisting of 2'-fucosyllactose (2FL), difucosyllactose (DFL),lacto-N-tetraose (LNT), 6'-sialyllactose (6SL), 3'-sialyllactose (3SL), and lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT) and / or 3-fucosyllactose (3FL), and optionally lacto-N-fucopentaose I (LNFP-I). In a further aspect, the invention provides a composition comprising or consisting ofBifidobacterium longum subsp. iuvenis, Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis, humanlactoferrin and lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT). In a further aspect, the invention provides a combination of Bifidobacterium longum subsp. iuvenis, Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis, human lactoferrin and lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT)In a further aspect, the invention provides a composition comprising or consisting ofBifidobacterium longum subsp. iuvenis, Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis, humanlactoferrin and lacto-N-fucopentaose I (LNFP-I) or a HMO mixture consisting of 2'- fucosyllactose (2FL), difucosyllactose (DFL), lacto-N-tetraose (LNT), 6'-sialyllactose (6SL), 3'- sialyllactose (3SL), and lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT) and / or 3-fucosyllactose (3FL), and optionally lacto-N-fucopentaose I (LNFP-I). In a further aspect, the invention provides a combination of Bifidobacterium longum subsp. iuvenis, Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis, human lactoferrin and lacto-N-fucopentaose I(LNFP-I) or a HMO mixture consisting of 2'-fucosyllactose (2FL), difucosyllactose (DFL), lacto-N-tetraose (LNT), 6'-sialyllactose (6SL), 3'-sialyllactose (3SL), and lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT) and / or 3-fucosyllactose (3FL), and optionally lacto-N-fucopentaose I (LNFP-I). In a further aspect, the invention provides a composition comprising or consisting ofBifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis, Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis, humanlactoferrin and lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT). In a further aspect, the invention provides a combination of Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis, Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis, human lactoferrin and lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT)In a further aspect, the invention provides a composition comprising or consisting ofBifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis, Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis, humanlactoferrin and lacto-N-fucopentaose I (LNFP-I) or a HMO mixture consisting of 2'- fucosyllactose (2FL), difucosyllactose (DFL), lacto-N-tetraose (LNT), 6'-sialyllactose (6SL), 3'- sialyllactose (3SL), and lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT) and / or 3-fucosyllactose (3FL), and optionally lacto-N-fucopentaose I (LNFP-I). In a further aspect, the invention provides a combination of Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis, Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis, human lactoferrin and lacto-N-fucopentaose I(LNFP-I) or a HMO mixture consisting of 2'-fucosyllactose (2FL), difucosyllactose (DFL), lacto- N-tetraose (LNT), 6'-sialyllactose (6SL), 3'-sialyllactose (3SL), and lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT) and / or 3-fucosyllactose (3FL), and optionally lacto-N-fucopentaose I (LNFP-I). In a further aspect, the invention provides a composition comprising or consisting ofBifidobacterium longum subsp. iuvenis, Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis,Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis, human lactoferrin and lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT). In a further aspect, the invention provides a combination of Bifidobacterium longum subsp.iuvenis, Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis, Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis, humanlactoferrin and lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT)In a further aspect, the invention provides a composition comprising or consisting ofBifidobacterium longum subsp. iuvenis, Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis,Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis, human lactoferrin and lacto-N-fucopentaose I (LNFP- I) or a HMO mixture consisting of 2'-fucosyllactose (2FL), difucosyllactose (DFL), lacto-N- tetraose (LNT), 6'-sialyllactose (6SL), 3'-sialyllactose (3SL), and lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT) and / or 3-fucosyllactose (3FL), and optionally lacto-N-fucopentaose I (LNFP-I). In a further aspect, the invention provides a combination of Bifidobacterium longum subsp.iuvenis, Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis, Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis, humanlactoferrin and lacto-N-fucopentaose I (LNFP-I) or a HMO mixture consisting of 2'-fucosyllactose (2FL), difucosyllactose (DFL), lacto-N-tetraose (LNT), 6'-sialyllactose (6SL), 3'- sialyllactose (3SL), and lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT) and / or 3-fucosyllactose (3FL), and optionally lacto-N-fucopentaose I (LNFP-I). LactoferrinThe composition or combination of the invention comprises human lactoferrin.Lactoferrin, highly conserved in the various species, is a glycoprotein with a molecular weight of approximately 80 kDa and three potential glycosylation sites. It belongs to the transferrin family and is also known as lactotransferrin. Lactoferrin can reversibly bind two atoms of iron(in particular, Fe(III)) per molecule with high affinity, even at acid pH values, which occur atinfection sites. Lactoferrin consists of two halves, designated as N-lobe and C-lobe, each of which contains one ion-binding site. While the N-lobe of lactoferrin has been extensively studied and is known for its enhanced antimicrobial effect, the C-lobe of lactoferrin mediates various therapeutic functions. Lactoferrin was originally isolated from milk, but is also found in other bodily fluids including tears, saliva, vaginal fluids, semen, nasal and bronchial secretions, bile, gastrointestinal fluids,urine. Lactoferrin is the second most abundant protein in human milk and is particularly abundant in human colostrum (approximately 6 g / L) and mature milk (approximately 2 g / L). Lactoferrin shows many biological functions for infants such as regulation of iron absorption in the bowel, immune response, antioxidant, anticarcinogenic, anti-inflammatory properties,and protection against microbial infection. Lactoferrin has anti-microbial activity against arange of pathogens including Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria, yeasts and fungi. The anti-microbial effect of lactoferrin is based on its capability of binding iron which is essential for the growth of the pathogens. Lactoferrin also inhibits the replication of several viruses and increases the susceptibility of some bacteria to antibiotics and lysozyme. The present invention relates to human lactoferrin obtainable from any source. Lactoferrinmay be isolated, e.g., from milk or may be produced recombinantly, or by a mixture of the twotypes. Suitably, currently commercially available lactoferrins may be used in the practice ofthe present invention, such as for example human lactoferrin.The lactoferrin source may be an aqueous composition or milk or a derivative thereof. In oneembodiment, the lactoferrin source is selected from the group consisting of a substantiallypure lactoferrin composition, a crude lactoferrin composition, or human milk.Suitably, the lactoferrin source may be any human milk fraction or processing stream. Suitably,the lactoferrin source is selected from the group consisting of recombined or fresh whole milk, recombined or fresh skim milk, reconstituted whole or skim milk powder, skim milk concentrate, skim milk retentate, concentrated milk, buttermilk, ultrafiltered milk retentate, milk protein concentrate (MPC), milk protein isolate (MPI), calcium depleted milk protein concentrate (MPC), low fat milk, low fat milk protein concentrate (MPC), human colostrum, a colostrum fraction, colostrum protein concentrate (CPC), colostrum whey, whey, whey protein isolate (WPI), whey protein concentrate (WPC), sweet whey, lactic acid whey, mineral acid whey, salt whey, reconstituted whey powder, any milk or colostrum processing stream comprising whey proteins, the retentate or permeate comprising whey proteins obtained by ultrafiltration or microfiltration of any milk or colostrum processing stream, or the breakthrough or adsorbed fraction comprising whey proteins obtained by chromatographic separation of any milk or colostrum processing stream. In a preferred embodiment, the lactoferrin source is human milk or colostrum, or a human milk or colostrum fraction or processing stream as described herein. Methods for obtaining lactoferrin, including lactoferrin at various iron saturation levels, areknown in the art. For example, WO2006 / 132553 A1, WO2007 / 043900 A1 andWO2007 / 065482 A1 describe methods for the production of lactoferrin. Suitably, any method for obtaining lactoferrin which is known in the art may be used to provide lactoferrin for use in accordance with the present invention. Lactoferrin can be produced in large quantities recombinantly. Recombinant lactoferrin and lactoferrin metal ion binding fragments can be produced in cells including bacterial, yeast, animal and plant cells. Preferably, recombinant lactoferrin is produced in yeast cells.Production of lactoferrin recombinantly in various cell types is reported in WO2023 / 007468 A1and WO2024 / 036227 A2. Preferably, recombinant lactoferrin (for example, recombinanthuman lactoferrin) for use according to the present invention is produced as disclosed inWO2023 / 007468 A1 or WO2024 / 036227 A2.In one embodiment, the human lactoferrin is recombinant human lactoferrin, isolated humanlactoferrin, a combination thereof or a metal ion binding fragment thereof.In one embodiment, the lactoferrin is isolated human lactoferrin, or a metal ion binding fragment thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the human lactoferrin is recombinant human lactoferrin or a metal ion binding fragment thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the human lactoferrin is recombinant human lactoferrin.In one embodiment, the human lactoferrin (for example, recombinant human lactoferrin) isiron-depleted lactoferrin.In one embodiment, the human lactoferrin (for example, recombinant human lactoferrin) ispartially iron saturated.In one embodiment, the human lactoferrin (for example, recombinant human lactoferrin) is iron saturated. Full length lactoferrin has two metal-ion binding sites and so can bind metal ions, for exampleiron, in a stoichiometric ratio of 2 metal ions per lactoferrin molecule. Therefore, there are threedifferent forms of lactoferrin molecule depending on the iron saturation level: apolactoferrin (iron free), monoferric form (one ferric iron), and hololactoferrin (bound to two ferric irons) (Esmat A. et al., Journal of Food Research; Vol.2, No.4; 2013). It should be understood thatthere may be metal ion-exchange between lactoferrin molecules within a population.In one embodiment, “iron-depleted lactoferrin” refers to a population of lactoferrin molecules,each lactoferrin molecule or metal ion binding fragment thereof within the populationcomprising two metal ion binding sites, where less than about 10% (such as about 9%) of themetal ion-binding sites present in the population have iron bound. Preferably, about 5% orless of the metal ion-binding sites present in the population have iron bound. Suitably, about0% of the metal ion-binding sites present in the population have iron bound.In one embodiment, “partially iron saturated lactoferrin” refers to a population of lactoferrinmolecules, each lactoferrin molecule or metal ion binding fragment thereof within thepopulation comprising two metal ion binding sites, where at least about 10% of the metal ion-binding sites present in the population have iron bound. Suitably, from about 10 to about 79%of the metal ion-binding sites present in the population have iron bound. Preferably, at leastabout 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70 or 75% of the metal ion-binding sitespresent in the population have iron bound. Preferably, about 40% or more of the metal ion-binding sites present in the population have iron bound, such as 40 to 79% or 40% to 60%.In one embodiment, “iron saturated lactoferrin” refers to a population of lactoferrin molecules,each lactoferrin molecule or metal ion binding fragment thereof within the populationcomprising two metal ion binding sites, where at least about 80% of the metal ion-binding sitespresent in the population have iron bound. Preferably, at least about 80% of the metal ion-binding sites present in the population have iron bound. Preferably, at least about 80% or 85%or more of the metal ion-binding sites present in the population have iron bound. Suitably, atleast about 90, 95, 99 or 100% of the metal ion-binding sites present in the population haveiron bound, such as 80 to 100% or 80% to 95% or 85 to 100% or 85% to 95%.In some embodiments, about 0% to about 10% of the metal ion-binding sites present in the lactoferrin population have iron bound. In some embodiments, about 10% to about 79% of the metal ion-binding sites present in thelactoferrin population have iron bound. In some preferred embodiments, at least about 10, 15,20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70 or 75% of the metal ion-binding sites present in thepopulation have iron bound. In some embodiments, about 40% to 100% of the metal ion-binding sites present in the lactoferrin population have iron bound. In some embodiments,about 50% to 100% of the metal ion-binding sites present in the lactoferrin population have iron bound.In some preferred embodiments, at least about 80%, such as at least about 85%, of the metalion-binding sites present in the lactoferrin population have iron bound. In some embodiments,at least about 90, 95, 99 or 100% of the metal ion-binding sites present in the population have iron bound. Methods for determining the percentage of metal ion-binding sites present in the population of lactoferrin molecules are known in the art. Any suitable method known in the art for determining the percentage of metal ion-binding sites present in the population of lactoferrin molecules may be used in the practice of the present invention. Suitably, the percentage ofmetal ion-binding sites present in the population of lactoferrin molecules having iron boundmay be determined by spectrophotometric analysis (Brock & Azabe, 1976; Bates et al, 1967;Bates et al, 1973). Suitably, the percentage of metal ion-binding sites present in the populationof lactoferrin molecules having iron bound may be determined using a high-throughput method(Majka, G. et al., Anal Bioanal Chem 405, 5191–5200 (2013)). Suitably, the percentage of metal ion-binding sites present in the population of lactoferrinmolecules having iron bound may be determined by first determining the amount of iron in thesample, then determining the amount of lactoferrin present in the sample, followed by calculating the percentage of metal ion-binding sites present in the population of lactoferrinmolecules having iron bound. For example, the amount of iron in the sample may bedetermined by sample dissolution in media (such as ultrapure water or a buffer solution),sample mineralization (such as acidic microwave assisted reaction), and analysis ininductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICPOES) or inductively coupledplasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS). For example, the amount of lactoferrin present in thesample may be provided in the product certificate for commercially available sources of lactoferrin or may be determined experimentally using methods known in the art for protein quantification.Typical lactoferrin enriched compositions may comprise human lactoferrin in an amount of atleast 1.6 g / L.For example, the composition or combination of the present invention may contain humanlactoferrin in a concentration of at least 0.75% (w / w), preferably at least 1 % (w / w). In oneembodiment, the composition is to be administered in an amount corresponding to aningestion of at least 0.25g human lactoferrin, preferably at least 0.5 g human lactoferrin morepreferably at least 1 g human lactoferrin per day per kg body weight. The composition or combination may also be consumed in an amount corresponding to at least 200mg human lactoferrin / kg body weight / day intake for the subject.Human lactoferrin may be present in the composition or combination in a concentration of atleast 0.01 g per 100 kcal, preferably of at least 0.1 g per 100 kcal. For example, humanlactoferrin may be present in the composition or combination in the range of about 0.01 g -100 g, preferably about 0.1 g - 50 g, more preferably about 2 g - 25 g per 100 kcal of thecomposition or combination.In some embodiments, the composition or combination comprises about 0.03 g to about 10 ghuman lactoferrin per L. In some preferred embodiments, the composition or combinationcomprises about 0.03 g to about 5 g human lactoferrin per L or about 0.02 g / 100g to about 4 g / 100g (g human lactoferrin per 100g of powder). In some preferred embodiments, the composition or combination comprises about 0.05 g to about 2.5 g human lactoferrin per L orabout 0.04 g / 100g to about 2 g / 100g (g human lactoferrin per 100g of powder). In someembodiments, the composition or combination comprises about 0.1 g to about 10 g lactoferrinper L. In some preferred embodiments, the composition or combination comprises about 0.1g to about 5 g lactoferrin per L or about 0.1 g / 100g to about 4 g / 100g (g lactoferrin per 100g of powder). In some preferred embodiments, the composition or combination comprises about 0.1 g to about 2.5 g lactoferrin per L or about 0.1 g / 100g to about 2 g / 100g (g lactoferrin per100g of powder). In some embodiments, the composition or combination comprises about 1.5g to about 4 g human lactoferrin per L. Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactisAny suitable Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis (B. lactis) strain may be used in the presentinvention. Such strains will be well-known to the skilled person. Suitable strains include Bifidobacterium lactis CNCM 1-3446. The Bifidobacterium lactis may be a strain having at least 99% (suitably, at least 99.9%) ANIto Bifidobacterium lactis strain known to the skilled person.Suitably, the Bifidobacterium lactis has at least 99% (suitably, at least 99.1%, at least 99.2%, at least 99.3%, at least 99.4%, at least 99.5%, at least 99.6%, at least 99.7%, at least 99.8%, at least 99.9%) ANI to Bifidobacterium lactis CNCM 1-3446. Preferably, the Bifidobacterium lactis has at least 99.9% ANI to Bifidobacterium lactis CNCM 1-3446.Bifidobacterium lactis CNCM 1-3446 was deposited with the Collection Nationale de Culturesde Microorganismes (CNCM), Institut Pasteur (INSTITUT PASTEUR, 25 RUE DU DOCTEURROUX, F-75724 PARIS CEDEX 15, FRANCE) by NESTEC S.A. (NESTEC S.A., AVENUE NESTLE 55, CH-1800 VEVEY) according to the Budapest Treaty on 7thJune 2005 receivingthe deposit number CNCM 1-3446.The composition or combination according to the invention may contain from 103to 1012cfu of Bifidobacterium lactis, more preferably between 107and 1012cfu such as between 108and1010 cfu of Bifidobacterium lactis per g of composition or combination on a dry weight basis.Suitably, the Bifidobacterium lactis is administered to the subject in an amount of at least about106cfu / day, at least about 107cfu / day, or at least about 108cfu / day. Suitably, theBifidobacterium lactis is administered to the subject in an amount of about 1012 cfu / day or less,about 1011cfu / day or less, or about 1010cfu / day or less. In one embodiment, the Bifidobacterium lactis is viable. Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantisAny suitable Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis strain may be used in the presentinvention. Such strains will be well-known to the skilled person. Suitable strains includeBifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis LMG 11588 (also known as Bifidobacterium longumsubsp. infantis NCC3039 or Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis ATCC 17930) andBifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis ATCC 15697 (also known as Bifidobacterium longumsubsp. infantis NCC 3078), Rosell-33 (sold by Lallemand), m-63 (sold by Morinaga).The Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis may be a strain having at least 99% (suitably, atleast 99.9%) ANI to Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis strain known to the skilled person.Suitably, the Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis has at least 99% (suitably, at least 99.1%,at least 99.2%, at least 99.3%, at least 99.4%, at least 99.5%, at least 99.6%, at least 99.7%,at least 99.8%, at least 99.9%) ANI to Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis LMG 11588(also known as Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis NCC3039 or Bifidobacterium longumsubsp. infantis ATCC 17930). Preferably, the Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis has atleast 99.9% ANI to Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis LMG 11588.Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis LMG 11588 is sold by the Belgian CoordinatedCollections of Microorganisms (BCCM) under the LMG accession number LMG 11588. Bifidobacterium longum subsp. iuvenisBifidobacterium longum subsp microorganisms of a clade that is present in the gut microbiomeof the transitional feeding period of mammals, particularly humans, have previously beenidentified. B. longum microorganisms belonging to this clade are referred to herein as B.longum subsp. iuvenis and are also known in the art as Bifidobacterium longum transitional(B. longum transitional) microorganisms. B. longum subsp. iuvenis NCC 5000, NCC 5001,NCC 5002, NCC 5003 and NCC 5004 were deposited with the Collection nationale de culturesde micro-organisms (CNCM), Institute Pasteur (INSTITUT PASTEUR, 25 RUE DU DOCTEURROUX, F-75724 PARIS CEDEX 15, FRANCE) by SOCIÉTÉ DES PRODUITS NESTLÉ S.Aaccording to Budapest Treaty on 11th of May 2021 receiving the deposit numbers CNCM I- 5683, CNCM I-5684, CNCM I-5685, CNCM I-5686 and CNCM I-5687, respectively. In US provisional patent application 63 / 216127, it was shown that the B. longum subsp. iuvenis microorganisms are greater in relative abundance during the transitional feeding period (e.g.weaning period) than either B. longum subsp. infantis (B. infantis) or B. longum subsp longum.Indeed, the relative abundance of B. longum subsp. infantis decreases at the beginning of thetransitional feeding period until the end of the transitional feeding period while B. longumsubsp. longum begins to increase in abundance. Vatanen et al. demonstrated that this distinctBifidobacterium longum clade expanded with introduction of solid foods and harboredenzymes for utilizing both breast milk and solid food substrates (Vatanen et al.; 2022, Cell185, 1–18; published online 1 November 2022; https: / / doi.org / 10.1016 / j.cell.2022.10.011).Suitably, the B. longum subsp. iuvenis may be as described in WO2023281099 A1 orWO2023161444 A1. Suitably, the B. longum subsp. iuvenis for use according to the presentinvention may be a B. longum subsp. iuvenis strain disclosed in WO2023281099 A1 orWO2023161444 A1.In some embodiments, the B. longum subsp. iuvenis preferentially utilizes 3- fucosyllactose(3-FL) over 2’ -fucosyllactose (2FL). Suitably, the B. longum subsp. iuvenis may preferentiallyutilize 3-FL over 2FL in a ratio between 0.1:5, preferably in a ratio between 0.1:4, more preferably in a ratio between 0.2:2.In some embodiments, the B. longum subsp. iuvenis used in the present invention utilizes 3-FL more efficiently than 2FL, as demonstrated by a better growth.In some embodiments, a B. longum subsp. iuvenis has an Average Nucleotide Identity (ANI)of at least 96% with at least one B. longum strain selected in the group consisting of CNCM I-5683, CNCM I-5684, CNCM I-5685, CNCM I-5686, CNCM I-5687, and CMCC-P0001 (ATCCBAA-2753), and any combination thereof. In some embodiments, a B. longum subsp. iuvenishas an ANI of about 96%, 96.1%, 96.2%, 96.3%, 96.4%, 96.5%, 96.6%, 96.7%, 96.8%, 96.9%, 97%, 97.1%, 97.2%, 97.3%, 97.4%, 97.5%, 97.6%, 97.7%, 97.8%, 97.9%, 98%, 98.1%, 98.2%, 98.3%, 98.4%, 98.5%, 98.6%, 98.6 %, 98.7 %, 98.8 %, 98.9 %, 99 %, 99.1 %, 99.2 %, 99.3 %, 99.4 %, 99.5 %, 99.6 %, 99.7 %, 99.8 %, 99.9 %, or 100 % with at least oneBifidobacterium longum strain selected in the group consisting of CNCM I-5683, CNCM I-5684, CNCM I-5685, CNCM I-5686, CNCM I-5687 and CMCC-P0001 (ATCC BAA-2753), andany combination thereof. In some embodiments, a B. longum subsp. iuvenis has an ANI of atleast 96%, of at least 96.1%, of at least 96.2%, of at least 96.3%, of at least 96.4%, of at least 96.5%, of at least 96.6%, of at least 96.7%, of at least 96.8%, of at least 96.9%, of at least 97%, of at least 97.1%, of at least 97.2%, of at least 97.3%, of at least 97.4%, of at least 97.5%, of at least 97.6%, of at least 97.7%, of at least 97.8%, of at least 97.9%, of at least 98%, of at least 98.1%, of at least 98.2%, of at least 98.3%, of at least 98.4%, of at least 98.5%, of at least 98.6%, of at least 98.6 %, of at least 98.7 %, of at least 98.8 %, of at least 98.9 %, of at least 99 %, of at least 99.1 %, of at least 99.2 %, of at least 99.3 %, of at least 99.4 %, of at least 99.5 %, of at least 99.6 %, of at least 99.7 %, of at least 99.8 %, of at least99.9 % with at least one Bifidobacterium longum strain selected in the group consisting ofCNCM I-5683, CNCM I-5684, CNCM I-5685, CNCM I-5686, CNCM I-5687 and CMCC-P0001 (ATCC BAA-2753), and any combination thereof.In some embodiments, a B. longum subsp. iuvenis has an Average Nucleotide Identity (ANI)of at least 98% with at least one B. longum strain selected in the group consisting of CNCM I-5683, CNCM I-5684, CNCM I-5685, CNCM I-5686 and CNCM I-5687, and any combinationthereof. In some embodiments, a B. longum subsp. iuvenis has an ANI of about 98% to 100%with at least one B. longum strain selected in the group consisting of CNCM I-5683, CNCM I-5684, CNCM I-5685, CNCM I-5686 and CNCM I-5687, and any combination thereof. In someembodiments, a B. longum subsp. iuvenis has an ANI of at least 98%, 98.1%, 98.2%, 98.3%,98.4%, 98.5%, 98.6%, 98.6 %, 98.7 %, 98.8 %, 98.9 %, 99 %, 99.1 %, 99.2 %, 99.3 %, 99.4%, 99.5 %, 99.6 %, 99.7 %, 99.8 %, 99.9 %, or 100 % with at least one B. longum strainselected in the group consisting of CNCM I-5683, CNCM I-5684, CNCM I-5685, CNCM I-5686 and CNCM I-5687, and any combination thereof. In some embodiments, a B. longum subsp.iuvenis has an ANI of at least 98.6%, of at least 98.6 %, of at least 98.7 %, of at least 98.8 %,of at least 98.9 %, of at least 99 %, of at least 99.1 %, of at least 99.2 %, of at least 99.3 %, of at least 99.4 %, of at least 99.5 %, of at least 99.6 %, of at least 99.7 %, of at least 99.8 %,of at least 99.9 % or of at least 100% with at least one B. longum strain selected in the groupconsisting of CNCM I-5683, CNCM I-5684, CNCM I-5685, CNCM I-5686 and CNCM I-5687, and any combination thereof.B. longum subsp. iuvenis strain NCC 5025 was deposited with the Collection Nationale deCultures de Micro-organisms (CNCM), Institute Pasteur by SOCIÉTÉ DES PRODUITS NESTLÉ S.A according to Budapest Treaty on the 29thof March 2023 receiving the deposit number CNCM I-5942.The B. longum subsp. iuvenis for use according to the invention may have an AverageNucleotide Identity (ANI) of at least 98% with CNCM I-5942 and / or may have at least oneidentifying characteristic of the B. longum subsp. iuvenis strain deposited under depositnumber CNCM I-5942.Suitably, the B. longum subsp. iuvenis for use according to the invention has an AverageNucleotide Identity (ANI) of at least 98% with CNCM I-5942. Suitably, the B. longum subsp.iuvenis for use according to the invention has at least one identifying characteristic of the B.longum subsp. iuvenis strain deposited under deposit number CNCM I-5942. Suitably, the B.longum subsp. iuvenis for use according to the invention has an Average Nucleotide Identity(ANI) of at least 98% with CNCM I-5942 and has at least one identifying characteristic of theB. longum subsp. iuvenis strain deposited under deposit number CNCM I-5942.Suitably, the B. longum subsp. iuvenis may be B. longum subsp. iuvenis NCC 5025. Suitably,the B. longum subsp. iuvenis may be a B. longum subsp. iuvenis strain deposited with CNCMunder deposit number CNCM I-5942 or a B. longum subsp. iuvenis strain having at least oneidentifying characteristic of the B. longum subsp. iuvenis strain deposited under depositnumber CNCM I-5942.Suitably, an identifying characteristic of the present B. longum subsp. iuvenis strain may referto one or more of the phenotypic or genotypic characteristics described herein.Suitably, the B. longum subsp. iuvenis strain has an Average Nucleotide Identity (ANI) of atleast 99% to the B. longum subsp. iuvenis strain deposited with the CNCM under depositnumber CNCM I-5942.In some embodiments, the B. longum subsp. iuvenis strain has an ANI of at least at least99.0%, at least 99.1%, at least 99.2%, at least 99.3%, at least 99.4%, at least 99.5%, at least99.6%, at least 99.7%, at least 99.8%, or at least 99.9%, compared to the B. longum straindeposited with the CNCM under deposit number CNCM I-5942.Preferably, the B. longum subsp. iuvenis strain has an ANI of at least 99.9% compared to theB. longum strain deposited with the CNCM under deposit number CNCM I-5942.Suitably, the B. longum subsp. iuvenis strain has an ANI of at least 98.1%, at least 98.2%, atleast 98.3%, at least 98.4%, of at least 98.5%, of at least 98.6%, of at least 98.6 %, of at least 98.7 %, of at least 98.8 %, of at least 98.9 %, of at least 99 %, of at least 99.1 %, of at least 99.2 %, of at least 99.3 %, of at least 99.4 %, of at least 99.5 %, of at least 99.6 %, of at least99.7 %, of at least 99.8 %, or of at least 99.9 % compared to the B. longum strain depositedwith the CNCM under deposit number CNCM I-5942 and has at least one identifyingcharacteristic of the B. longum subsp. iuvenis strain deposited under deposit number CNCMI-5942 – as described herein.Suitably, the B. longum subsp. iuvenis strain has an ANI of at least 98.4%, of at least 98.5%,of at least 98.6%, of at least 98.6 %, of at least 98.7 %, of at least 98.8 %, of at least 98.9 %, of at least 99 %, of at least 99.1 %, of at least 99.2 %, of at least 99.3 %, of at least 99.4 %, of at least 99.5 %, of at least 99.6 %, of at least 99.7 %, of at least 99.8 %, or of at least 99.9% compared to the B. longum strain deposited with the CNCM under deposit number CNCMI-5942 and has at least one identifying characteristic of the B. longum subsp. iuvenis straindeposited under deposit number CNCM I-5942 – as described herein. Methods for sequencing microbial genomes are well known in the art (see e.g. Segerman; Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.; 2020; 10; Article 527102 & Donkor; Genes; 2013; 4(4); 556-572). By way of example, metagenomics methods may be used. Suitable metagenomics methods may be performed using shotgun sequencing data, for example. Suitable metogenomics methods are known in the art and include MetaPhlAn 3.0, for example (see Beghini et al.; eLife 2021;10: e65088; https: / / huttenhower.sph.harvard.edu / metaphlan). The “Average Nucleotide Identity (ANI)” is a term of art that refers to a distance-based approach to delineate species based on pair-wise comparisons of their genome sequencesand is an in silico alternative to the traditional DNA-DNA hybridization (DDH) techniques thathave been used for phylogenetic definition of a species (Goris et al., 2007, “DNA-DNAhybridization values and their relationship to whole-genome sequence similarities”, Int. J. Syst.Evol. Microbiol.57: 81-91). Based on DDH, strains with greater than 70% relatedness wouldbe considered to belong to the same species (see e.g., Wayne et al., 1987, Report of the Ad-Hoc-Committee on Reconciliation of Approaches to Bacterial Systematics. Int J SystBacteriol 37: 463-464). ANI is similar to the aforementioned 70% DDH cutoff value and canbe used for species delineation. ANI has been evaluated in multiple labs and has become the gold standard for species delineation (see e.g., Kim et al., 2014, “Towards a taxonomiccoherence between average nucleotide identity and 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity forspecies demarcation of prokaryotes”, Int. J. Syst. Evol. Micr.64: 346-351; Richter et al., 2009,“Shifting the genomic gold standard for the prokaryotic species definition”, P Natl Acad SciUSA 106: 19126-19131; and Chan et al., 2012, “Defining bacterial species in the genomic era:insights from the genus Acinetobacter”, Bmc. Microbiol.12)).The ANI of the shared genes between two strains is known to be a robust means to comparegenetic relatedness among strains, and that ANI values of about 95% correspond to the 70% DNA-DNA hybridization standard for defining a species. See, e.g., Konstantinidis andTiedje, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 102(7):2567-72 (2005); and Goris et al., Int Syst EvolMicrobiol.57(Pt 1):81-91 (2007). The ANI between two bacterial genomes is calculated frompair-wise comparisons of all sequences shared between any two strains and can be determined, for example, using any of a number of publicly available ANI tools, including butnot limited to OrthoANI with usearch (Yoon et al. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 110:1281-1286(2017)); ANI Calculator, JSpecies (Richter and Rossello-Mora, Proc Natl Acad SciUSA 106:19126-19131 (2009)); and JSpeciesWS (Richter et al., Bioinformatics 32:929-931(2016)). Other methods for determining the ANI of two genomes are known in the art. See,e.g., Konstantinidis, K. T. and Tiedje, J. M., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 102: 2567-2572(2005); and Varghese et al., Nucleic Acids Research, 43(14):6761-6771 (2015). In a particular embodiment, the ANI between two bacterial genomes can be determined, for example, by averaging the nucleotide identity of orthologous genes identified as bidirectional best hits (BBHs). Protein-coding genes of a first genome (Genome A) and second genome (Genome B) are compared at the nucleotide level using a similarity search tool, for example, NSimScan(Novichkov et al., Bioinformatics 32(15): 2380-23811 (2016)). The results are then filtered toretain only the BBHs that display at least 70% sequence identity over at least 70% of the length of the shorter sequence in each BBH pair. The ANI of Genome A to Genome B is defined as the sum of the percent identity times the alignment length for all BBHs, divided by the sum of the lengths of the BBH genes. These and ANI determination techniques are known in the art. Suitably, a B. longum microorganism selected from the group consisting of CNCM I-5942, CNCM I-5683, CNCM I-5684, CNCM I-5685, CNCM I-5686 and CNCM I-5687, represents the reference genome to which a microbial genome is compared.Suitably, a B. longum microorganism selected from the group consisting of CNCM I-5942,CNCM I-5683, CNCM I-5684, CNCM I-5685, CNCM I-5686, CNCM I-5687 and CMCC-P0001 (ATCC BAA-2753), represents the reference genome to which a microbial genome is compared.Genome sequences for B. longum subsp. iuvenis strains NCC 5000 (CNCM I-5683), NCC5001 (CNCM I-5684), NCC 5002 (CNCM I-5685), NCC 5003 (CNCM I-5686) and NCC 5004 (CNCM I-5687) are available via Joint Genome Project (JGI) Study number: Gs0156595 (https: / / genome.jgi.doe.gov / portal / ). Analysis project numbers and taxon numbers for each genome are as follows: Strain JGI analysis project JGI taxonB. longum NCC 5000 Ga0527908 2951181949B. longum NCC 5001 Ga0529016 2951184202B. longum NCC 5002 Ga0529017 2951186501B. longum NCC 5003 Ga0529018 2951188792B. longum NCC 5004 Ga0529019 2951191018In some embodiments, the B. longum subsp. iuvenis for use in the present invention is isolatedfrom a human.In some other embodiments, the B. longum subsp. iuvenis is not of the subspecies B. longumsubsp. longum or B. longum subsp. infantis.Suitably, the B. longum subsp. iuvenis is provided as a probiotic. Suitably, the B. longumsubsp. iuvenis is provided in a composition.The composition or combination according to the invention may contain from 103to 1012cfuof the B. longum subsp. iuvenis, more preferably from 107 to 1012 cfu such as from 108 to 1010cfu of the B. longum subsp. iuvenis per g of composition or combination on a dry weight basis.Suitably, the B. longum subsp. iuvenis is administered to the subject in an amount of at leastabout 106cfu / day, at least about 107cfu / day, or at least about 108cfu / day. Suitably, the B.longum subsp. iuvenis is administered to the subject in an amount of about 1012 cfu / day orless, about 1011cfu / day or less, or about 1010cfu / day or less.In one embodiment, the B. longum subsp. iuvenis is viable.Antibiotic resistanceSuitably, the B. longum subsp. iuvenis strain does not harbor transferable antibiotic resistanceto one or more antibiotics, preferably one or more European Food Standard Agency (EFSA) relevant antibiotics (see European Food Safety Authority.2012. Guidance on the assessment of bacterial susceptibility to antimicrobials of human and veterinary importance. EFSA J 10:2740). Antibiotic resistance refers to the ability of microorganisms to withstand antibiotic treatments. The overuse or misuse of antibiotics has been linked to the emergence and spread of microorganisms which are resistant to them, rendering treatment ineffective and posing a serious risk to public health. In addition, the wide-spread use of antibiotics means that it is increasingly challenging to provide bacterial strains that do not have transferrable resistance to one or more EFSA relevant antibiotics. It is known that a single gene may instill antibiotic resistance against a particular antibiotic, and that bacteria can transfer genes through horizontal gene transfer via conjugation, transduction or transformation. Accordingly, it is known that antibiotic resistance may be transferred between bacteria via horizontal gene transfer; including in the gut microbiome.It is therefore advantageous that the present B. longum subsp. iuvenis strain does not harbortransferrable antibiotic resistance to one or more antibiotics as this reduces the risk of the antibiotic resistance being transferred to other components of the microbiome when thepresent B. longum subsp. iuvenis strain is used as a probiotic.Antibiotics resistance has been well-described and antibiotic resistance may be determined using any suitable assay known in the art. By way of example, phenotypic and / or genetic methods may be used. Phenotypic methods typically involve measuring the growth of a test bacteria in the presence of a suitable concentration of the antibiotic under consideration. In addition, a number of genes mediating antibiotic resistance are known. Accordingly, genetic methods for determining antibiotic resistance comprise determining the presence of one or more antibiotic resistance genes in the genome of the test bacteria (for example by PCR, DNA microarray, whole-genome sequencing and metagenomics, and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry). Suitably, phenotypic antibiotic testing of may be performed according to the recommendations made by EFSA (EFSA J 16, e05206, doi:10.2903 / j.efsa.2018.5206 (2018)); for example following the official method ISO 10932. An illustrative method for determining antibiotic resistance is detailed in the present Examples. Antibiotic resistance and underlying genes present in Bifidobacterium are known in the art (see e.g. Duranti et al.; Appl Environ Microbiol.2017 Feb 1; 83(3): e02894-16.). As such, the skilled person is able to determine whether a test Bifidobacterium is resistant to one or more antibiotics.Suitably, the present B. longum subsp. iuvenis strain is not resistant to at least 1, at least 2, atleast 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, or at least 7 EFSA relevant antibiotics.Suitably, the B. longum subsp. iuvenis strain is not resistant to any one of tetracycline anderythromycin.Suitably, the B. longum subsp. iuvenis strain is not resistant to any one of tetracycline,erythromycin, clindamycin and ampicillin.Suitably, the B. longum subsp. iuvenis strain is not resistant to any of tetracycline,erythromycin, clindamycin, ampicillin, gentamycin, streptomycin, chloramphenicol and vancomycin.Resistance to tetracycline may be afforded by tet(W) or tet(Q) genes which encode ribosomalprotection proteins. Suitably, the present B. longum subsp. iuvenis strain may lack a tet(W)gene. Suitably, the present B. longum subsp. iuvenis strain may lack a tet(W) gene encodinga polypeptide shown as SEQ ID NO: 1 or a variant which shares at least 80% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1. Suitably, the variant may share at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98% or at least 99% identity with SEQ ID NO: 1. SEQ ID NO: 1 MKIINIGILAHVDAGKTTLTESLLYASGAISEPGSVEKGTTRTDTMLLERQRGITIQAAVTSFQWHRCKVNIVDT PGHMDFLAEVYRSLAVLDGAILVISAKDGVQAQTRILFHALRKMNIPTVIFINKIDQAGVDLQSVVQSVRDKLSA DIIIKQTVSLSPEIVLEENTDIEAWDAVIENNDKLLEKYIAGEPISREKLVREEQRRVQDASLFPVYYGSAKKGL GIQPLMDAVTGLFQPIGEQGSAALCGSVFKVEYTDCGQRRVYLRLYSGTLRLRDTVALAGREKLKITEMRIPSKG EIVRTDTAYPGEIVILPSDSVRLNDVLGDPTRLPRKRWREDPLPMLRTSIAPKTAAQRERLLDALTQLADTDPLL RCEVDSITHEIILSFLGRVQLEVVSALLSEKYKLETVVKEPTVIYMERPLKAASHTIHIEVPPNPFWASIGLSVT PLPLGSGVQYKSRVSLGYLNQSFQNAVRDGIRYGLEQGLFGWNVTDCKICFEYGLYYSPVSTPADFRSLAPIVLE QALKESGTQLLEPYLSFTLYAPREYLSRAYHDAPKYCATIETVQVKKDEVVFTGEIPARCIQAYRTDLAFYTNGQ SVCLTELKGYQAAVGKPVIQPRRPNSRLDKVRHMFSKITSuitably, the present B. longum subsp. iuvenis strain may lack a tet(Q) gene. Suitably, thepresent B. longum subsp. iuvenis strain may lack a tet(Q) gene encoding a polypeptide shownas SEQ ID NO: 2 or a variant which shares at least 80% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 2. Suitably, the variant may share at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98% or at least 99% identity with SEQ ID NO: 2. SEQ ID NO: 2 MRFDNASNVVYYCLIQMNIINLGILAHIDAGKTSVTENLLFASGATEKCGRVDNGDTITDSMDIEKRRGITVRAS TTSIIWNGVKCNIIDTPGHMDFIAEVERTFKMLDGAVLILSAKEGIQAQTKLLFNTLQKLQIPTIIFINKIDRAG VNLERLYLDIKTNLSQDVLCMQTVVDGSVYPVCSQTYIKEEYKEFVCDHDDNILERYLADSEIPPTDYWNTIIAL VAKAKVYPVLHGSAMFNIGINELMDAITSFILPPASVSDRLSAYLYKIEHDPKGHKRSFLKIIDGSLRLRDVVRI NDSEKSIKIKNLKTIYQGREINVDEVGANDIAIVEDMEDFRIGDYLGAEPCLIQGLSHQHPALKSSVRPDKPEER SKVISALNTLWIEDPSLSFSINSYSDELEISLYGLTQKEIIQTLLEERFSVKVHFDEIKTIYKERPIKKVNKIIQ IEVPPNPYWATIGLTLEPLPLGAGLQIESDISYGYLNHSFQNAVFEGIRMSCQSGLHGWEVTDLKVTFTQAEYYS PVSTPADFRQLTPYVFRLALQQSGVDILEPMLYFELQIPQEASSKAITDLQKMMSEIEDISCNNEWCHIKGKVPL NTSKDYASEVSSYTKGLGIFMVKPCGYQITKDGYSDNIRMNEKDKLLFMFQKSMSLK Resistance to erythromycin may be afforded by the erm(49) gene which encodes a rRNAmethylase. Suitably, the present B. longum subsp. iuvenis strain may lack a erm(49) gene.Suitably, the present B. longum subsp. iuvenis strain may lack of erm(49) gene encoding apolypeptide shown in SEQ ID NO: 3or a variant which shares at least 80% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 3. Suitably, the variant may share at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98% or at least 99% identity with SEQ ID NO: 3. SEQ ID NO: 3 MRNIKDTQNFLHSKELVRHLIGICNIKLDDVVIEIGPGKGIITNELAHKARKVVAIEFDEELYEKLKNKFQSNNK VDIIYGDILNYTPRIPSYCVFSNIPFNITSEILNKFLSDKKNEKMFLIMQYEPFIKYAGNPYGAETLRSMLYKPF FDMDLKYRFDPSDFKPAPQARIVLASFERKQFPDVKKEEEKLYKDFLAYIYTNKGETFFAKIKTLFSSNQIKRVW GQIKIDKTTKISEVPYESILKVFKLFFLYGTDANKQLVVNSFNNMNKQNNKLQKNHRNNSKAKSWNSNRKRKPYH RNNV Resistance to erythromycin and clindamycin may be afforded by the erm(X) gene whichencodes a ribosomal protection protein. Suitably, the present B. longum subsp. iuvenis strainmay lack an erm(X) gene. Suitably, the present B. longum subsp. iuvenis strain may lack anerm(X) gene which encodes a protein comprising SEQ ID NO: 4 or a variant which shares at least 80% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 4. Suitably, the variant may share at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98% or at least 99% identity with SEQ ID NO: 4. SEQ ID NO: 4 MSAYGHGRHENGQNFLTNHKIINSIIDLVKQTSGPIIEIGPGSGALTHPMAHLGRAITAVEVDAKLAAKLTQETS SAAVEVVHDDFLNFRLPATPCVIVGNIPFHLTTAILRKLLHAPAWTDAVLLMQWEVARRRAGVGASTMMTAQWSP WFTFHLGSRVPRTAFRPQPNVDGGILVIRRVGDPKIPIEQRKAFQAMVHTVFTARGRGIGEILRRAGLFSSRSET QSWLRSRGIDPATLPPRLHTNDWIDLFQVTGSSLPHHRPISPSGSSQRPPQQKNRSRRR Resistance to streptomycin may be afforded by a mutation within the rpSL gene which encodes a ribosomal S12 protein. More specifically, a mutation at nucleotide position 128, replacing an A residue to a G residue was shown to provide streptomycin resistance (see Kiwaki & Sato; Int J Food Microbiol. 2009 Sep 15;134(3):211-5). Suitably, the present B.longum subsp. iuvenis strain may have an A residue a position 128 of the rpSL gene. Suitably,the present B. longum subsp. iuvenis strain does not comprise a G128A mutation in the rpSLgene. An illustrative rpSL gene sequence comprising an A at position 128 is shown as SEQ ID NO: 5. SEQ ID NO: 5 TTGCCTACTATTGAACAGCTCGTCCGTAAGGGACGTCAGGCAAAGCCGAAGAAGTCCAAGACTTTGGCCCTGAAG GGCAGCCCGCTGCGTCGCGGCGTGTGCACCCGTGTCTACACCACCACCCCGAAGAAGCCGAACTCGGCTCTGCGT AAGGTCGCTCGTGTGCGCCTGTCCTCGGGCATCGAAGTCACCGCCTACATTCCGGGCGAGGGCCACAACCTGCAG GAGCACTCCATCGTGCTCGTGCGCGGCGGCCGTGTGAAGGATCTCCCGGGTGTGCGTTACCACATCGTGCGTGGC GCGCTCGATACCCAGGGTGTCAAGGACCGTAAGCAGGGTCGTTCCCTGTATGGAGCAAAGAAGGCGAAGTAA Resistance to chloramphenicol may be afforded by the crmX gene which encodes a ribosomalprotection protein. Suitably, the present B. longum subsp. iuvenis strain may lack a crmX gene.Suitably, the present B. longum subsp. iuvenis strain may lack a crmX gene encoding apolypeptide comprising SEQ ID NO: 6 or a variant which shares at least 80% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 6. Suitably, the variant may share at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98% or at least 99% identity with SEQ ID NO: 6. SEQ ID NO: 6 MPFALYMLALAVFVMGTSEFMLAGLLPAIATELDVSVGTAGLLTSAFAVGMVVGAPVMAAFARRWPPRLTLIVCL LVFAGSHVIGAMTPVFSLLLITRVLSALANAGFLAVALSTATTLVPANQKGRALSILLSGTTIATVVGVPAGALL STALGWRTTFWAIAILCIPAAVGVIRGVTNNVGRSETSATSPRLRVELSQLATPRLILAMALGALNNGGTFAAFT FLAPIVTETAGLAEAWVSVALVMFGIGSFLGVTIAGRLSDQRPGLVLAVGGPLLLTGWIVLAVVASHPVALIVLV LVQGFLSFGVGSTLITRVLYAASGAPTMGGSYATAALNIGAAAGPVLGALGLATGLGLLAPVWVASVLTAIALVI MLLTRRALTKTAAEAN Carbohydrate-Active Enzymes (CAZymes)Suitably, the B. longum subsp. iuvenis encodes a specific profile of Carbohydrate-ActiveEnzymes (CAZymes). Carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) are responsible for the synthesis and breakdownof glycoconjugates, oligo- and polysaccharides. They typically correspond to 1-5% of thegenes in the living organism. Glycoconjugates, oligo- and polysaccharides play essential rolesin many biological functions, for example as structure and energy reserve components and inmany intra- and intercellular events. The Carbohydrate Active Enzyme (CAZy) classification is a sequence-based family classification system that correlates with the structure and molecular mechanism of CAZymes (www.cazy.org). CAZymes include glycoside hydrolyases (GH), glycosyltransferases (GT), polysaccharide lyases (PL), carbohydrate esterases (CE), and carbohydrate-binding module families (CBM). Suitably, the CAZyme may be a glycoside hydrolyase (GH). GHs catalyze the hydrolysis of glycosidic bonds between two or more carbohydrates or between a carbohydrate and a non- carbohydrate moiety. In most cases, the hydrolysis of the glycosidic bond is catalyzed by two amino acid residues of the enzyme: a general acid (proton donor) and a nucleophile / base. Depending on the spatial position of these catalytic residues, hydrolysis occurs via overall retention or overall inversion of the anomeric configuration. A GH classification system is provided by the CAZy classification. Herein, GHs are divided into families based on molecular function (e.g., GH1, GH2, GH3, GH4, etc.). These families are then further divided into subfamilies based on subgroups found within a family that share a more recent ancestor and, typically more uniform in molecular function (e.g., GH13_1, GH13_2, GH13_3, GH13_4, etc.).Suitably, the present B. longum subsp. iuvenis strain encodes a glycosyl hydrolase family43_17 (GH43_17) enzyme. GH43_17 comprises both α-L-arabinofuranosidase (EC 3.2.1.55) and endo-β-1,4-xylanase (EC 3.2.1.8) activities, with capacity to breakdown complex carbohydrates like arabinan, arabinogalactan, and arabinoxylan. Suitably, the GH43_17 gene comprises SEQ ID NO: 7 or a sequence with at least 60% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 7. Suitably, the GH43_17 gene comprises a sequence with at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 7. SEQ ID NO: 7 ATGAAACGAACTGACATCCACCTGCGCGATCCGTTCGTCCTGCCTCACGACGGTGTCTATTACCTGTATGGCACC CGCGCTGATAACGTGTGGGGCGCGATGGATGGTTTTGATTGCTACACCAGCCGCGACCTTGACAATTGGGAGGGT CCGTTCGAGGTGTTCCACAAGCCGGATGAATTCACGGCCGACCGTGCTTACTGGGCGCCCGAATGCTACGAGCGA GACGGTGTATTCCACCTGATTGCCACGCTCGGCGAGCCGGACGGGCGCAAAAGCGTGCACATGCTACGCGCTGAT AGTCCGCTTGATCCGTTCGAATATGTCTGCCGGCTGACCGATCCGAATCAGTCCTGCATTGACGGAACTCTGCAT GGTGAAGGTACCGATATGTGGCTTGTCTACTCGCATTCCTTGGAGGATGTGCCCGCCGGAGACATGGATGCCGTA CGTCTGTCCTCCGACCTGACTCGGACGGTGGGGGAGAGCATGACATTGTTCCAGGCCTCGGATGCGCCGTGGGCG GTGCCGGTGCCGTTCGCGAAAGCGGAATTCGGCATCGACGAGGACGCCTACTTCTCCGATGGTCCCTGCCTGTGC AGGCTTTCCAACGGACGGCTGGCGATGCTGTGGTCGAGCTGGTCGACGGAAGGCGGATATGCAGTCGGCCAGGCC ATCAGCGAATCAGGGTCGATTGCTGGGCCTTGGACGCAATGCCCCGAGCCTCTGCTTAGCCACGGCGGCCACGGC ATGCTGTTCAACGGTCTCGATGGCGTGCTGCGTTACGCGGTCCACTCGCCCAACGACCCCGGCCAGGAACGGCCT ACGTTTTTGTGCGTCGAAGAACAAGACGGGCTGCTGACGATTACGGAATAG Suitably, the GH43_17 gene may encode a protein shown as SEQ ID NO: 8 or a sequence with at least 80% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 8. Suitably, the protein may comprise a sequence with at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 8. SEQ ID NO: 8 MKRTDIHLRDPFVLPHDGVYYLYGTRADNVWGAMDGFDCYTSRDLDNWEGPFEVFHKPDEFTADRAYWAPECYER DGVFHLIATLGEPDGRKSVHMLRADSPLDPFEYVCRLTDPNQSCIDGTLHGEGTDMWLVYSHSLEDVPAGDMDAV RLSSDLTRTVGESMTLFQASDAPWAVPVPFAKAEFGIDEDAYFSDGPCLCRLSNGRLAMLWSSWSTEGGYAVGQA ISESGSIAGPWTQCPEPLLSHGGHGMLFNGLDGVLRYAVHSPNDPGQERPTFLCVEEQDGLLTITESuitably, the present B. longum subsp. iuvenis strain comprises a glycosyl hydrolase family43_22 (GH43_22) gene. Suitably, the GH43_22 gene comprises SEQ ID NO: 9 and / or 10, or a sequence with at least 60% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 9 or 10. Preferably, the presentB. longum subsp. iuvenis strain comprises a GH43_22 gene with at least 60% sequenceidentity to SEQ ID NO: 9 and a GH43_22 gene with at least 60% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 10. Suitably, the GH43_22 gene comprises a sequence with at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 9 or 10. SEQ ID NO: 9 GTGAAGCATTGGAAGAAGATGGCAGCATCGTTGGTTGCAATATCAACGATGATGGCAGTAGTTCCGACGACGTAT GCCATGGAATCGGAAGATTCCCAACCACAGACAACCGATACCGCGACAGTGCAGACTACTAAGGCTGCTGAACCG ACGCTGCTCGCCAGCTGGGACTTCACGGGCAAAAACGGCACCACGAACAGCGCGATTGCCGATTCGACCGGCAAG TACAACCTGACGCTGAAGGACGGCGCCAAGATCGAACAGTACGGTGACCGCAGCACCAACGAGGCGCTCTCACTG CGCGGCGATGGCCAGTACGCCCAGATCGATGACCAGCTGTTCAAGGATGCGGGCGACTCCTTCACTCTGGAGTTC GCGTCCAAGACTCGTCACGACGACAGCGGCAAGTTCTTCTCGTTCATCGTCGGCAAGGACGGCTCGAACGACGCC AACACCACCGATCAGGCCAACGCCAACAAGTACCTGATGTTCTACAACAGCAAGACCGCCATCAAGGGCGTTATC TCAAACAACAACTGGGGTAACGAACAGGGATCCAAGGTCACCGTTTCCGGCAACGACAACAGCTGGGCCGATTAC AAGATTGTCGTGGACGGCACCAACCTTGCCGTGTTCCGCAACAATGCCCTGATTATTTTCAAGGCCAACACCGGC ATCAAGATGAGCGATCTCGGTGCGACCACCGCCTACATCGGCAAGTCGTTCTACTCCGTCGATGAGTACTGGAAT GGTGCAATGGATGATATCAAGGTCTACAGGGGCGCTGACCTGACCATGCCGACCGCCGTTGCGATTTCCGGTACC GGTGTGGTGAACAACAAGCTCACCCTGATTGAGAAGGACTCCACCAAGCTCACCGCCACCGTCACTCCGGACGAC GCCGTGAGCAAGAACGTCACCTGGTCCTCCTCCGATGAGTCCGTGGCCAAGGTCGCCGCAGACGGTACTGTAACC GGCGTCAAGGCTGGTACTGCCACCATCACCGCCACCACTGAGCTGGGTGGTGTGAAGGCCGAACTGCCCGTCACC GTTGAGCCGATGAACGCCCAGAACGCCGCCGCAGCCGACCTCGATGCCGCGATTGCTGCGCTGAAAGTTCCGGCG GCCGAGAATCTGCCGCTAGTCGCCAAGGGCACCAAGAACGGCTCGGCGATTACGTGGAAGTCCTCGGACGAGAAG CTCATTACGTCCACTAACGAGAAGTACGAAAACAAGACCACTGGTGCCGATGACCCGTATCGTGGTGCTGGCATC ATCAATCGTCCGGCCTACGGCGACGGTGATTCCAAGCCGGTTACGCTGACCGCCACCGCTTCCTACAACGGCGGT GAGAAGGTCACCAAGACCATCGAGGTCACTGTCAAGGAGAAGACCCGCATCGCGCCTGACACCGGCTATGCGGCC GTCACTTTTGAGAGCGACAGCAACGGTGGAGAAAAGGCCTGGGTGGCTTCCACTGAGAAGAACGATTTCTTCACG TTTAAGACTCGCAACAATGGCCAGGCGGTACTTACCAATGATGCAGACACGGGTGGCTTGCGTGACATGTTCGTG CTGCGTTCCCACGAAGGCGACAAGTACTACCTGATTGCCACTGATCTCAAGGTCTCGTCAATGGGCTGGAGCCAG AACCAGGTTAACGGTTCTCGGAAAGTTGAGGTCTACGAGTCCACCGATATGATGAACTGGACCCGTACCAACGGC GACGGCAACGGCGGCATCACCATCAACACGCCGAACGCCGGTATGACCTGGGCGCCGGAAGCTTACTGGGATGAT GACCTGAACGCTTACGTGGTGTTCTTCTCTTCCCGCATGTTCACTGATGACACCCGTACCACTCCGGTCAAGAAC GACAAAACCGGCAATAGCTCCTATGCTCAGGTGCGTTACGCCATCACCCGCGACTTCGTGAACTTCACCGAGCCG CAGATGTGGCAGGACACCGGCTACTCGCGCATTGATTCCACCGTGCGTAAGATCGGTGGCTACTACTACCGATTC ACCAAGAATGAGCAGGGCGGTGCCGCTGGCGATTACATCACCACTGGTAAGAGCATCTTCCTTGAGCGTTCCAAG GTGCTGACTGCACCGACCACCGAGGCATCTCCGGGTCAGGACCCGAACACCGGTTGGCAGTGCTCGAGCAGGCGT TGCTGCCGTTCGAAGGACCAGAGACCATCAAGCTCAACAAGGATGACGAACTCAACACGAAGGACGACGACGGCT ACATTCTGCTGTCCGACAACTTCGCCTACCGTGCATTTATGACCACGGGTGCCGAGCTTTCCAAGACCACGTGGG ACAACCCGATGACCAAGCGTTACCCGGACTTCAACAACGAAAAGAAGCCGGTCAAAGCCGAGCCGGGCGCTCAGG GCTACATCACTCAGGGTGCTAACGGCGGTCTGCCGGACAAGGTGCGTCACGGTGCGTTCGTGAACGTGCCTGAGT CTGTGCTCAAGGTGACGAAGTCCTGGACCGCTGCCAACCCGACGCACATCGAGGCTGTTGACTCCACCACCAAGG CCGTGTACAACGCCGGCACCCGCGAGCTCACCGCCACGGTGACCGCCGCCGATAAGGGCACGCTCGCCGGTTCGG TGAAGTTCTCTGCTGGCGACTGGTCCAAGACCGTGAAGCTCGACGCCGAAGGCAAGGCCACTGTGACCCTCCCGG CCAGCGTCTCTGGCACTGTTGCGGTTGCTTACGACGGCTACACCGATGGTTTGGTCAATCCATCCGATACTACGG TTGACGGCATTGAACAGGGCAAGGTCGATTTGGCTGAGCTCAACAAGCAGATCGCTGCCGCCGAAGCGCTCAAGG AATCCGACTACACGGCCGATTCCTGGGCCAAGCTTGCCGCCGCGCTGAAGACTGCCAAGGCCGCGCTCGCCGCTG AGAATCAGGGCGAGGTCGATACCGCCGCAGCCGACCTTAAGACCGCAATCGAAGCCCTGCAGAAGGCTCCGACCA ATCCGGGCGAAGGTGACGGAGATAAGGGCGACGGCAATAAGCCGACTACCCCGACCACCGGCGACAAGACCAACG TCAACAAGCCCGGCAGCGCGCTGAGCAATACCGGTACGGCCGTGCTCGGCCTGGGTGGTGCCGTGGTAGTACTCG CCATCGCCGGCATCTCCCTAACCCTCTGGCGCAAGCGTCGCGCCTGA SEQ ID NO: 10 ATGGGAAAGCTGATACGAAAGGCAACCGGACTCACGGTCGGCGTGGCAACACTGCTCGCTGGTCTGGTGCTGCCG ATGACGGCCAGTGCCGAGAGCGCATCGCCAATCGATGCCAGTCCGATCATCCACTATTCATTCGATAACGCACTG ACGTCCAAGACCATCGCCAACGAGGGCAGCGCGGCCAACAGCGATGCCACCCTATCCGGCGACGCCACGGTGGCC AATGGCCAGATCAACCTGACCGGCTCGCAAACCATTAGCGTGCCGACCACGGCCATCGCCGGTAAGAAGGACGTC ACCGTCTCCATCTGGCTCAAGAACAATTACGGCAACGGCAATACCGCCGCCGCGTACATCGGCGCGGCCAAGACC GGCAATTATCCGGCCAACGGTTACTGGCTGCTCAACCCGGCCAACCCGAGTGGCTACGCGAAATCCGTAATGACC AATGCCACTGCGGCCGACCCGAATAACAGCCCGTGGGGCACCGAAGTCGGCCCTGGATCGACGAACGCCGCCATC ACCGGCACCAAGGCCACCAGCGATTTGGCTCTGTACACCACCGTCATCAACGGCACCAACAGCACTATGAGCTTC TACCTCAACGGCAAGCAGGTTGGAGACGCCACCTACGCCATTCCGGCCGGTGGCCTGACCAATTACGGCGATCTC GTCGCCTACATTGGCAAGTCCTCCTACGCTGACCCGAACTCCAAGCTCGACGTGGACGATTACGCCGTATACGAC ACTGCCATCAGCGCCGCAGACGTGACCAAGCTGTATGACGTTCAGGTGCTCGACAAGGCCGAGGCCGCTGTCAAG GCCGCTGTGCCCGCATCCGCTACCGAGGACTTCACCCTGCCGACCAGCGCCGCTGGTGTGAGCGTCGCGTGGAAG TCGGACAACGCAGCCATCGCCGTTGACAACGCCACCGGCAAGGCCACGGTCACTCGTCCGGCCGCAACCGCAGCT GATGCCGAGGTGACCCTCACCGTCACGTTCGGCAACAACGCCAAAACCGCCGCCTACACGGTCCTCGTGCCGAAG CAGCTCTCCGATGCCGAGCAAGCCAAGGCCGACCTTGACGCCATCACCATCGAGGACTCCGACGACATCCGTAGC AACTTCTCCGTGCCCACCAAGGGCAACAATGGTTCGACCATCTCGTGGGGAGTGACCGGTGGCAAGGATATCGCC ACACTAGGCGAAGGCGTGAGCGACAAATCTCGAACGGTCACTGTTAAGCGCCCTGCCGCCGGTAGCGATGCCGCC ACTGTGACGCTCAAAGCCACTGCCAAGTACGATACCGCCACTGAAACTAAGACCTTCACCGTCACCATTCAGCCG ATGCCTGCCGCCGAAGAGAAGGACGAGGCCTACGTGTGGGCGTTCTTCACCGGCGAGGGCGTGGGCGGCGAGAAA ATCAGCCTCGCGGCCTCCAAGGGCAACGATGCGCTCGACTGGAACACGCTGAACAACGGCACGCCGATATTCACT TCCGAGTTTGGCGAGAAGGGTTTGCGCGATCCGTTCATCATGAAGTCCAAGGACGGCGACAAGTTCTACATGCTC GCCACCGATCTGAAGATTGACGGTCGTGCCCCCCTCAACGGGCTGAATGGCTTTGCTGGTGCACAGGCTAACGGT TCCAAGTACATTGAGATCTGGAAGTCCGACGATCTGGTCAACTGGTCCAAGCAAAGCCACGTCAAAGTGAGCTCT GATTACGCAGGCAACACTTGGGCGCCTGAGGCCTACTACGACGAGGAAATCGGCAAGTACGTGGTCTATTGGGCC TCGAACCTGTACGACAACACCGACGAGAACAGCCGCAAGCAGCTGACCTACAACCGCATGGTGTACGTCACCACC GATGACTTCGTCAACTTCTCCGACCCGACAGTGTGGATTGACGTTGATCGCCGAGGCGGTGCAGGCAGTGGATCC ATCGATGTGACCGTGCAAAAGGTAGGGGATACCTACTACCGCATCTACAAAGATGAAAACACGATGTCTTTGCGT CAGGAGAAGTCCACAGATTTGACTGCCGCAATTGGTGGTGCCGGCGTGAAGAACTACGCCGATGCGCTTAAGGGT AGTGCATGGAGCGAAGTTGCCACGAACATCGGTAAAGGCCAGGCTAACGGTTACGGTAAAACCTTCACTTCCGGC GAAGGTCCATCGCTATTCAAGGCCAACGATGGCGATGTGAACGGCTACCAGTACTACCTGTTCGCCGACCAGCCG AGCTATCATCAAGGTCCAAACCACTATGTGCCGATGGCGACTGAGGATATCGCCAGCGGTCAGTGGACCGTTATC GGCAATAAGATGCCTGAGGCGAACTTCCCGACCAACTCCGATGGCGGCAAGCCGCGCCACGGAACCGTGCTGCCC GTGACCCGCGCCCAGTACCAGAAGGTGCTGGAGGCATACGCCCCGGCTGTGGCTGTGAAGTCCGTTGACGCGCTG TCTGCCGAGACAACGGTTGGTGTGGCTCCGACGCTGCCGGAGACCGCGCATCTGACTCATGCGGACGGTTCCGTT TCTGACGTTGCAGTTGAGTGGGATGCCATTGACGCATCTTTCTACGCCAAGACCGGCACCTTCACCGTCAAGGGC ATCACCCAAGACGATTCCCGTATGCCGGTTGAGGCTACCGTCATTGTGAACGGCATCGACCTCTCCAAGGCGACC GTCACCGTCGAACCCAACGAGTTCACCGCAGACGGCGCTGCCAAGGAACCAGCCGTGACCGTTGTACTCGATGGC GCGACGCTCAAGGAAGGCGCCGACTATACGGTGGCCTATACGAACAACGTCGAACCTGGCACTGCCACAGTGACC GTAACCGGCGCTGGCAAGTACTCCGGTACTGTCTCGGCAACGTTCACCATCAAGGCCGCCGAGCCCGGCTCCACG CTGGACAAGTCCAAGTTGCAGGCGCTTGTCGATAAGGTGAAGGGCTATAACAAGGCTGATTACCAGTCTGGTTGG GATGCTTTCGCCGTCGCGCTCGCCGACGCGCAGCAGGTGTTGCAGAACTCCACCGACCAGCAGGAAGTGGACAAG GCGTTGTCTCGGCTCCAGTCCGCCGTCGACAAGCTGGTCAAGAAGTCCGGCGATTCCGGCAAGACCGATGGCAAG GATGACGGCACGCAAAAGCCCGCCGCCAAGCCGGGCAGCGCTCTGTCCAACACCGGCGCCTCGGTGTTCGGTGTG GGTATCACCGCGGTCATACTGCTCGCCGCCGCCGGCGCCGCCTACGCCTTCCGCAAGCGCCGCGCCTGA Suitably, the GH43_22 gene may encode a protein shown as SEQ ID NO: 11 or 12, or a sequence with at least 80% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 11 or 12. Preferably, the B.longum subsp. iuvenis strain comprises a GH43_22 gene encoding a protein shown as SEQID NO: 11 or a sequence with at least 80% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 11m and a GH43_22 gene encoding a protein shown as SEQ ID NO: 12, or a sequence with at least 80% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 12. Suitably, the protein may comprise a sequence with at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 11 or 12. SEQ ID NO: 11 MKHWKKMAASLVAISTMMAVVPTTYAMESEDSQPQTTDTATVQTTKAAEPTLLASWDFTGKNGTTNSAIADSTGK YNLTLKDGAKIEQYGDRSTNEALSLRGDGQYAQIDDQLFKDAGDSFTLEFASKTRHDDSGKFFSFIVGKDGSNDA NTTDQANANKYLMFYNSKTAIKGVISNNNWGNEQGSKVTVSGNDNSWADYKIVVDGTNLAVFRNNALIIFKANTG IKMSDLGATTAYIGKSFYSVDEYWNGAMDDIKVYRGADLTMPTAVAISGTGVVNNKLTLIEKDSTKLTATVTPDD AVSKNVTWSSSDESVAKVAADGTVTGVKAGTATITATTELGGVKAELPVTVEPMNAQNAAAADLDAAIAALKVPA AENLPLVAKGTKNGSAITWKSSDEKLITSTNEKYENKTTGADDPYRGAGIINRPAYGDGDSKPVTLTATASYNGG EKVTKTIEVTVKEKTRIAPDTGYAAVTFESDSNGGEKAWVASTEKNDFFTFKTRNNGQAVLTNDADTGGLRDMFV LRSHEGDKYYLIATDLKVSSMGWSQNQVNGSRKVEVYESTDMMNWTRTNGDGNGGITINTPNAGMTWAPEAYWDD DLNAYVVFFSSRMFTDDTRTTPVKNDKTGNSSYAQVRYAITRDFVNFTEPQMWQDTGYSRIDSTVRKIGGYYYRF TKNEQGGAAGDYITTGKSIFLERSKVLTAPTTEASPGQDPNTGWQLLEQALLPFEGPETIKLNKDDELNTKDDDG YILLSDNFAYRAFMTTGAELSKTTWDNPMTKRYPDFNNEKKPVKAEPGAQGYITQGANGGLPDKVRHGAFVNVPE SVLKVTKSWTAANPTHIEAVDSTTKAVYNAGTRELTATVTAADKGTLAGSVKFSAGDWSKTVKLDAEGKATVTLP ASVSGTVAVAYDGYTDGLVNPSDTTVDGIEQGKVDLAELNKQIAAAEALKESDYTADSWAKLAAALKTAKAALAA ENQGEVDTAAADLKTAIEALQKAPTNPGEGDGDKGDGNKPTTPTTGDKTNVNKPGSALSNTGTAVLGLGGAVVVL AIAGISLTLWRKRRA SEQ ID NO: 12 MGKLIRKATGLTVGVATLLAGLVLPMTASAESASPIDASPIIHYSFDNALTSKTIANEGSAANSDATLSGDATVA NGQINLTGSQTISVPTTAIAGKKDVTVSIWLKNNYGNGNTAAAYIGAAKTGNYPANGYWLLNPANPSGYAKSVMT NATAADPNNSPWGTEVGPGSTNAAITGTKATSDLALYTTVINGTNSTMSFYLNGKQVGDATYAIPAGGLTNYGDL VAYIGKSSYADPNSKLDVDDYAVYDTAISAADVTKLYDVQVLDKAEAAVKAAVPASATEDFTLPTSAAGVSVAWK SDNAAIAVDNATGKATVTRPAATAADAEVTLTVTFGNNAKTAAYTVLVPKQLSDAEQAKADLDAITIEDSDDIRS NFSVPTKGNNGSTISWGVTGGKDIATLGEGVSDKSRTVTVKRPAAGSDAATVTLKATAKYDTATETKTFTVTIQP MPAAEEKDEAYVWAFFTGEGVGGEKISLAASKGNDALDWNTLNNGTPIFTSEFGEKGLRDPFIMKSKDGDKFYML ATDLKIDGRAPLNGLNGFAGAQANGSKYIEIWKSDDLVNWSKQSHVKVSSDYAGNTWAPEAYYDEEIGKYVVYWA SNLYDNTDENSRKQLTYNRMVYVTTDDFVNFSDPTVWIDVDRRGGAGSGSIDVTVQKVGDTYYRIYKDENTMSLR QEKSTDLTAAIGGAGVKNYADALKGSAWSEVATNIGKGQANGYGKTFTSGEGPSLFKANDGDVNGYQYYLFADQP SYHQGPNHYVPMATEDIASGQWTVIGNKMPEANFPTNSDGGKPRHGTVLPVTRAQYQKVLEAYAPAVAVKSVDAL SAETTVGVAPTLPETAHLTHADGSVSDVAVEWDAIDASFYAKTGTFTVKGITQDDSRMPVEATVIVNGIDLSKAT VTVEPNEFTADGAAKEPAVTVVLDGATLKEGADYTVAYTNNVEPGTATVTVTGAGKYSGTVSATFTIKAAEPGST LDKSKLQALVDKVKGYNKADYQSGWDAFAVALADAQQVLQNSTDQQEVDKALSRLQSAVDKLVKKSGDSGKTDGK DDGTQKPAAKPGSALSNTGASVFGVGITAVILLAAAGAAYAFRKRRASuitably, the present B. longum subsp. iuvenis strain comprises a glycosyl hydrolase family43_27 (GH43_27) gene. Suitably, the GH43_27 gene comprises SEQ ID NO: 13 or a sequence with at least 60% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 13. Suitably, the GH43_27 gene comprises a sequence with at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 13. SEQ ID NO: 13 ATGACAACCAAACCATCGATAGGCAAACGCCTGCTCGGCGCGATGCTGGCAGTGCCGATGGCGCTCGCCGGCATG GGAATCGGCGCGACCACGGCGGTCGCGGCCGATACCGTTCCGACCAATAATCTCATCGCCGCCTACGACTTCACC ACGAAGCCAAGTGACGGCAAGACCGTGGCCAACAGTGCGCCGAACGCTACGCTTGGCGCGGCCGAAGTACAGAAC TCCGCCGACTCGCTTTGGGCCGATGATGCCCTCACCCTTTCCGGCGGTGCCAAGACCGGCACCGGCGACTGGGTC AAGCTGCCCTCGAATCTGCTGTCCGGCAAGGACGCCGCCACGGTGCAGTTGGAGGTCAAAGCGGATTCCAGCATG CTCAATGCTTTCCATTTCCTGTGGAACATCGGTAACGACAGCTCCGATACGGAGTATTTCTTCGCCACGCTCAAC TGCGGCAGTTCGCGTAACCCGCTCGTCGGCCTGAAATCGGGCGGTACGGAGACGCTCGTGCAGTCCAGCTCCTGC GTGGCCAAGGCCGACCAATGGTTGTCGGTGACCGCCACCATTGATGGCACCGCCGCGAAACTGTACATCGACGGC ACGCAGGTGGCATCCGGCACCGTGCCGGCCAAACTGTCCAGCGTCAAGGACCAGTCGCTCAACACCATCGGCCGT TCGCCGTGGCCCGACAACCTGTTCAAGGGCGCGGTCTCGAACTTCCGCGTATACGATGCCGCGCTCACCGCCGAT CAGGTCGCCGCGATCAGCACTGCCGATGCCTCAATTCATGCCGGTGAACTCACCGGTTCCGTGCTGAACGGCATC ATCATCCCCACGACGGTCGACGATCCGTTCATTTCGCTGCCCACTGCGAACGGCGTGACGTGGGCGTCCTCCGAT AGCAGCGTCATCGCGACTGACGGCACGGTCAACCAGCCCGCCAAGGGCGAGGCAGCCAAGACTGTCACGCTGACC GCCGCCGTCACGATCCGTGGCCAGACCGCTACGAAGGAATTCACGGTCACAGTCAACCCGACCACGAAAACTGCC GCTGAACAGCTCAAGGAAGCCGCGGCCGGCTACGTGATCCCGTCCGTCGTGCGTTCCGGAGACGCCCTCCCGGCG GCTGTGAATGGCACTACCGTCACGGTTACGTCCACTAAGGACGTAGCCGTCGAGGATGGCAAGATCACCATCGAT GGCGACGAGGCCACGACCGGTACCATCACCGTCGAGTTCTCCAAGAACGGTCTCGCCGGCATCGAGCCCATTACC AAGGTCTTCACCGTAAAGGTGCTGCCCGCCGCGAAGTCCGCGACCATCGCCGCCTATGATTGCAACGCCACCAGC GCCGACGAGGCCAACAACGGCGACATCGCCTACAGCATGCACCTCGCGTTGCAGAACGCTGACGGTTCGTACACC CCGTACAACGAGAATTACGGTATCTTCTTCGCACGTTCGCCGAAGGCGCAGAATCTCAACGAGAACCTCGACGGC AATGATTACCGCAGTCTCAAGGATCCGAGCCTGCTCCGCATGGCCGACGGCACCTATGGCGTGATTTCCGTGCGT ACCAACCGCGGCACCGCCACCGGTGACTCCACCGCGAAGTCCAGCGTGCTCATCGCCACCTCCGAAGACCTGCTC ACCTATAGCGAACAGGAGAACTCCGGTTCCATCGTCGACCTTGGCGAGACCAACGGCGTCAACGCTCCGTACGCC GTGTACGACACCGCCAGCAAGCAGTATGTTGTCGGCTGGGCCGATGACAACGGCGTGGCCAAGTACACCACGTTC GATTCGCTCAAGGGCTCCGCGTCCAAGCATGGCAGCGTACTGTACGGTTCCATCGCCAAGTCCGGCGTACTCGAT GCCGACGGCGTGCAGGGCATCGCGAACTTCCGCTCCGGTGCCACCATCGCGGTGGACGAGGCGACCGTCAAGGCG CTCAACACCCGTTACGGCCGCTCTGAGAACACCGGCACGAGCAATCTCACTGACATCACCGTCGAGAAAGGTTCC TCGATTGATGAGATGACCTCGCAGCTGCCGAAGAACGTGGACCTCACTTACTCCGACGGTTCTACCGGCTCCCTG CCGATTTCCTCATGGAACACTGAGGGTATAGATCTGACGAAGGTGGGTGATTACACTGTCACCGGCACCGTCAAG CAGACCGAATACCAGATTCCGTTCGCCGAGGACCGCGCCGATCCATCGGTGTATAAGTGGCAGTGGACGCATGAG GTCGACGGCAAGGAAGTCACCGAAACCAAGTTCCTGATGATCGCTTCCAACGACATCCAAGGTGATGTCACTTGG CAGCATGGTTCGCCCCACATGCCGTTCCGCATGGCCGACACGATTTCCGGTCTCGCCGACGAGCCGGGCAACCCG AATGCCCTGATTCAGTCGAACGGCTACAACAACAAGGAGGTGTCGCTGCTCAAGGCTGGCGACAAGGACTCCGAG GGTAATGCCATCATGCACAGCTTCTGGGCTCCAGAAATTCATGAGATTGATGGTAGGCTCACGATTCTGTTCATG GCCGGATACGGCAACACATGGTCCAACGGCAAGTCGGTGTACATGCAGCTCAAGCAGGATGCCGACGGTCATGAC CTCGACCCGACCGACCCCGATAACTGGACTGTGCCGACACCGATCTACCGCAATGACGCCTCGCTGCTCAACGGT AACAAGCAGCTCGCAGCCACAGCGTCCGGCGGAGTGGGCATGTCGCTCGACATGACCTATTTCCAGGATGCCGAC GGCAGGTCCTACTACGCCTGGCAGCAGCTCGGCGCCACCTACATCGCCACGATGGATCCGAAGGACCCGGCCCAT GTGACCAGCTCCCCGGTGCGCATCGTCACCCCGGAGTATGCGTGGAACGCCGCCATAGCCGAAGGTCCGAACGTG ACCCTGCGCGACGGCAAGCTGTACCTCATGTTCTCCGGTTCCGGCGTGGGTAAGACATACACCACTGGGCTGGCC GTAGCGGATGCCTCCGGTACTGACCTGACCGACCCGGCCAGTTGGACGGTGCTCAACTACCCGATTCAGAAGTCC GGTCCGTTCAACGGTGAGATGCAGCTCGGCACCGGTCACGGCATGTGGAGCGAGGACGAAGATGGCAACCAGATC TACGTGTTCCACGCCTATGCCACGAAGAATCTCGGATCCGTGAATGCTGCCGGCCGCGACATGTTCGTGCGCCGT GTGCACTGGGCCGCCGACGGCATGCCGGTGTTCGACATGAGCTCTTCCGAGGAGCTGGCGAACAAGATCGTTTCC GTTACGGTGCATGTGGTTGACGATGCGGTTGCGGTCGATAAGTCTGGTTTGTCCAAGGCGCTTGCGTCCGCCAAG CAGCTGCACGGGTCCGACTACACCGCCGCCTCGTGGAAGGCGTTTGCCACGATGCTGGCCTCCGCTGAGAAGGTC TATGCCGACGATACTGCTACGCAGAAGGACGTCGATGACACGACCGTCGCGTTGGTCAAGGCGCAGGCTGCGTTA GTGAAGATTGATGGTTCCGATTCAGGCGATGGCTCGGGCGATTCGACTAAGCCGAGCGACGGTTCGAGCGTCGAT GCGGGAGATAAGACGTGCAACAATCTTGGTTTGTCCAAGACCGGTGCGGCTGTGCTTAGTCTTAGCGGCGTAGCC GTGGCGCTTGCTGTCGCCGGTATCGCTCTGACTCTCCAGCGCAAGCGTCGCGCCTGA Suitably, the GH43_27 gene may encode a protein shown as SEQ ID NO: 14 or a sequence with at least 80% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 14. Suitably, the protein may comprise a sequence with at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 14. SEQ ID NO: 14 MTTKPSIGKRLLGAMLAVPMALAGMGIGATTAVAADTVPTNNLIAAYDFTTKPSDGKTVANSAPNATLGAAEVQN SADSLWADDALTLSGGAKTGTGDWVKLPSNLLSGKDAATVQLEVKADSSMLNAFHFLWNIGNDSSDTEYFFATLN CGSSRNPLVGLKSGGTETLVQSSSCVAKADQWLSVTATIDGTAAKLYIDGTQVASGTVPAKLSSVKDQSLNTIGR SPWPDNLFKGAVSNFRVYDAALTADQVAAISTADASIHAGELTGSVLNGIIIPTTVDDPFISLPTANGVTWASSD SSVIATDGTVNQPAKGEAAKTVTLTAAVTIRGQTATKEFTVTVNPTTKTAAEQLKEAAAGYVIPSVVRSGDALPA AVNGTTVTVTSTKDVAVEDGKITIDGDEATTGTITVEFSKNGLAGIEPITKVFTVKVLPAAKSATIAAYDCNATS ADEANNGDIAYSMHLALQNADGSYTPYNENYGIFFARSPKAQNLNENLDGNDYRSLKDPSLLRMADGTYGVISVR TNRGTATGDSTAKSSVLIATSEDLLTYSEQENSGSIVDLGETNGVNAPYAVYDTASKQYVVGWADDNGVAKYTTF DSLKGSASKHGSVLYGSIAKSGVLDADGVQGIANFRSGATIAVDEATVKALNTRYGRSENTGTSNLTDITVEKGS SIDEMTSQLPKNVDLTYSDGSTGSLPISSWNTEGIDLTKVGDYTVTGTVKQTEYQIPFAEDRADPSVYKWQWTHE VDGKEVTETKFLMIASNDIQGDVTWQHGSPHMPFRMADTISGLADEPGNPNALIQSNGYNNKEVSLLKAGDKDSE GNAIMHSFWAPEIHEIDGRLTILFMAGYGNTWSNGKSVYMQLKQDADGHDLDPTDPDNWTVPTPIYRNDASLLNG NKQLAATASGGVGMSLDMTYFQDADGRSYYAWQQLGATYIATMDPKDPAHVTSSPVRIVTPEYAWNAAIAEGPNV TLRDGKLYLMFSGSGVGKTYTTGLAVADASGTDLTDPASWTVLNYPIQKSGPFNGEMQLGTGHGMWSEDEDGNQI YVFHAYATKNLGSVNAAGRDMFVRRVHWAADGMPVFDMSSSEELANKIVSVTVHVVDDAVAVDKSGLSKALASAK QLHGSDYTAASWKAFATMLASAEKVYADDTATQKDVDDTTVALVKAQAALVKIDGSDSGDGSGDSTKPSDGSSVD AGDKTCNNLGLSKTGAAVLSLSGVAVALAVAGIALTLQRKRRASuitably, the present B. longum subsp. iuvenis strain comprises a glycosyl hydrolase family43_29 (GH43_29) gene. Suitably, the GH43_29 gene comprises SEQ ID NO: 15 or a sequence with at least 60% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 15. Suitably, the GH43_29 gene comprises a sequence with at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 15. SEQ ID NO: 15 ATGAGTTTCCATGTATCCGCGCAATCGGTTCGCGCGGTGGCCGGTGGACTCGTCGCCGCAGCGACATTGCTGTCA GGCCTTGCCCTTGCGCCGACCGCAATGGCCGCCGATTCAGCCACCGCTGACAACGCGCCCAGCGTTGCCGGTCAC GCGTATAACGAACTGCCGTATAACAATCCTGATGTCACCGTCACCCAAATCGACAATAGCGCACTGCCCAGCTAC ATGCGCAACCCCATCGGGCAGAACGAGGGTATTGACACCCCGAACGATCTTTCGCAGAACTACTACTCTGCAGAT GCATCCGCGCTGAGCTATGACGGCAAACTCTTCGTCTTCACCGGTCACGATGAGGCTTCGCCCGACTACGGCTCC TTCAACATGAAGGACTGGGGCGTATACGTCACCGATGAAGACGGCCTGAATCAAGGCAAATGGACACATTACAAG ACCATCGCCAAGGCAGACCTGTTCAGCTGGGCCACCGGCGATGGCGCGTACGCCGGCCAAGTCGTAGCCGACGAT AACGGCACCCCGAGCGACACTTCCGATGATTGGTTCTACTACTACGTGCCGGTGAAGGACAAGGCTTCTGAGGCG GCTGGACAGGACCCGTTCGCCATCGGCGTGGCCAAGTCGAAGAGTCCGCTCGGCCCGTGGAAGGATACCATCGGC AAGCCGCTGCTCACCACATCGCAAACCCAGATTGAAACCATCGATCCGGCATTCTTTGTGGACGAGGATGGCACC GGATATTTGCACTTTGGTACGTTCGGCACTCAGCTCGCCATCAAGATGAAGAAGGACGCCACAACCGGCCGCACC TCATACACCGAGGTGGAAACCAAGGCTGATGGCACCACGCCGAACCTCCACACCATGAAGGACGCGGACAGCAAC GCGAACGGCCCGAAGGGATTCTTCGAGGCGGCGTGGGTGTTCCGTAAGGGCGATACCTATTACAACGTGTACGAC GGCGGTAAGCCCGGTTCGGGCACGGCCACCTGCGTGGAATCGAACTATCAAGCTTGCATCCAGTACTCCACTTCC GACAGCCCGCTCGGCCCATGGAAGTACCAAGGCGTAATCGTGCCTTCTGGCTCGGCCACCACGATGCACCCCTCG GTGCTCCAGTTCGGCGACAAATGGTATGTGACCTATCACACCGGCGACAAGGAAGGCGGCACCGATTTCCGCCGT GCCGTGTGCATTGATGAAGTCGATTGGACCGCCGACGGCCAGATGGTTTCCACCGCCCATCCAACCAAGGCCGAG AAAACGCAGCCCTCCACCAACGTGGCTCCGTACGCAAAGGTGAGCGCCACGTTCACTGAAACGCCTGCTTGGAAG GGTTCGGTGAACGACGGCCGTGTGTTGCAAACCGCTGTGGTCCCGCCGAATCACTGGACCAACTACCGTTCTATC CCGCAATCGCAGTCCGGCGATTCTCTGGTCTACCAATGGGATGGCACTGTGCGCGTCAACTCGTCTAAGGTTTGG TTCGACGTGGATTCCAACGCTCTGCGCGCGCCCGCCTCGTGGAAGATTCAGTACTTGGACGCGGACGGCACATGG AAGGATGTCATCAACCCGAGTGCCTATACAACGACCACAGGCAAGGCCAACCCCAACGCCGTCACCTTCGATGCG GTGACCACTACTGCCTTAAAGCTCGACATGACCGGTCAAGCTGTGGATGGCGGCTATGCCTCCGTGGCCGTTGCT GAATGGGAAGTCGGCTCCGACTCCAGCGAATCGCCGGCAATCACTGCGCCGAAGAGCGTGACCACCGCCACCGGT ACTGCGCCTACTCTGCCGGCCACAGTGGATGTGAAGTACGGGAACCCAACCGTTGCCTCCCCAGTAATTTGGCGT CCAGTTGATGCTTCCTCGTATGCCAAGGTCGGTTCGTTTACGGCCTACGGCGTGGTCGCCGGCGTGCCCGGTGAG GCAAGCGAGCAGGGCAATGTGTCGGTAAATGTCACCGTGCAGGACGGCTACCAGCCTGCCGCTGATACCACGAAG CCGACTGTAACCGTTGCCGTTACTGCTAACGCAGGCAATAGCGAGTGGCTCACCACCGCTCCGTTCGCCACCGTG CAGGCCACGGACGACACCGCACCTATCGCCAAGCTGGAGATTTCCGCTGATCAAGGCAAGAGCTGGACCACCATC GCCGCGAATGCAAACGCGGCCATTGCCACGCTTTCCCAGCAGGGCGATGTCGAAGTGTGGGCTCGCGCCACCGAT CAGGCCGGCAACGTTTCCGACGTGGCCAAGGCCGGCGGCAAGGTGGACTCCGCCGCGCCAACCGTGACCGCCGCC GCCGATAAGGAGGAGCGCACGCTGACCTTGACCGCTGATGACGGCACCGGTTCCGGTGTCGCATCAATTGAATAC CGCATTGGCACAGACGGTCAATGGGCCACGTACAGCAAGCCGATTGCTGCACCGAGCGCGTCGCGCGCCACCGTG TACTACCGCGCCACCGATAAGGCCGGCAACGTGTCCGCTTCGGCGAAAACCGACATTCCATCCGACACTTCCGTG CCGCTGACCGGCTACATTGAGGGCGATGCCACCGCCACCGATGTGGACGGCAAGGCATCCGGCTGGGTCAAGGGT GCCGCCGCGTTGAACGACGGCAAGATCATTCCCGATATCACCATTGCCAACGAGGATGTCTGGGGCACTTGGCCC AACACCGGTGAGATGCGCCTCGACTACGAGTGGGACCGTGAAGTGACTATCGACTCTAGCCGCGTGCAATTCACC TCGGATGATGGCGGATTGGGTATTCCGGCATCGTGGGAATTGCAGTACTGGGACGCCTTGGCGAACAACGGTGCC GGCAACTTCGTGGATATTCCCGACGCCACCTACACTGTGACCGCCAATTCACCGTCTGCTGGCTGGGCCACCGGC GATGCCAAGGGGTGGTCTGATGGCACGTGGAACACTCCGGTCAAGACTACCAAGTTGCGTATGGTTATCACGTCC GGCTCGGCTTCTCCGGCTGTTGCCGAATGGCAGGTTCATGCCATTGACGACAGTACGCCTGAGCCGCCTGAGCCC ACACCGATCGACAAGACCGAGCTCAAGCAGGCGCTCGCTGACTCGCCTAAGGCTGACGATGCCTCCAAGTACACC GAGACTTCATGGGCGGAGTACGCGGCGGTATTGGATTCGGCGCAGCAGGTGTATAAGGCTGAGGATGCCACCGAA GCTGCGGTGGTGGATGCCGCAACCCAGCTGAAGCAGGCAGCGAAGAAGCTGGTGCTTGTAGCTACGGTGCAAGAT CGTGCCGCGCTGAGCGCTCAGCTCGATGCCGCTGCTGCCGTGGATCGCACAAAGTGGACTGATGAATCGCTGGCC GTGCTTGATTCGGCAGTCGCTACGGCGAATGCGCTGACGAGTGATGGTCAGGCCGCCCAGTCTGACGTACAGGCT GCGACTGAGGCAATCAGCGATGCCATCGCGGGTCTGGTTGAGAAGAGCACCACGAAGCCTGGCCAGGGTGGCGAT AAGCCCGGTTCCGGCACGGACAAGCCCAACCAAGGCAACGATTCCAACCAGAACAAGGGTGATGCAGACTCCGGC AAGCACAAGAAGATACCTGACACCGGTGCAGCCGTGCTTGGTGTTGGCATCCTCGCCGTGGTACTTGCTGTTGCG GGTGTAATCATCCTCAAGCGCCGCAAGTCCGGTACCTGCTAG Suitably, the GH43_29 gene may encode a protein shown as SEQ ID NO: 16 or a sequence with at least 80% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 16. Suitably, the protein may comprise a sequence with at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 16. SEQ ID NO: 16 MSFHVSAQSVRAVAGGLVAAATLLSGLALAPTAMAADSATADNAPSVAGHAYNELPYNNPDVTVTQIDNSALPSY MRNPIGQNEGIDTPNDLSQNYYSADASALSYDGKLFVFTGHDEASPDYGSFNMKDWGVYVTDEDGLNQGKWTHYK TIAKADLFSWATGDGAYAGQVVADDNGTPSDTSDDWFYYYVPVKDKASEAAGQDPFAIGVAKSKSPLGPWKDTIG KPLLTTSQTQIETIDPAFFVDEDGTGYLHFGTFGTQLAIKMKKDATTGRTSYTEVETKADGTTPNLHTMKDADSN ANGPKGFFEAAWVFRKGDTYYNVYDGGKPGSGTATCVESNYQACIQYSTSDSPLGPWKYQGVIVPSGSATTMHPS VLQFGDKWYVTYHTGDKEGGTDFRRAVCIDEVDWTADGQMVSTAHPTKAEKTQPSTNVAPYAKVSATFTETPAWK GSVNDGRVLQTAVVPPNHWTNYRSIPQSQSGDSLVYQWDGTVRVNSSKVWFDVDSNALRAPASWKIQYLDADGTW KDVINPSAYTTTTGKANPNAVTFDAVTTTALKLDMTGQAVDGGYASVAVAEWEVGSDSSESPAITAPKSVTTATG TAPTLPATVDVKYGNPTVASPVIWRPVDASSYAKVGSFTAYGVVAGVPGEASEQGNVSVNVTVQDGYQPAADTTK PTVTVAVTANAGNSEWLTTAPFATVQATDDTAPIAKLEISADQGKSWTTIAANANAAIATLSQQGDVEVWARATD QAGNVSDVAKAGGKVDSAAPTVTAAADKEERTLTLTADDGTGSGVASIEYRIGTDGQWATYSKPIAAPSASRATV YYRATDKAGNVSASAKTDIPSDTSVPLTGYIEGDATATDVDGKASGWVKGAAALNDGKIIPDITIANEDVWGTWP NTGEMRLDYEWDREVTIDSSRVQFTSDDGGLGIPASWELQYWDALANNGAGNFVDIPDATYTVTANSPSAGWATG DAKGWSDGTWNTPVKTTKLRMVITSGSASPAVAEWQVHAIDDSTPEPPEPTPIDKTELKQALADSPKADDASKYT ETSWAEYAAVLDSAQQVYKAEDATEAAVVDAATQLKQAAKKLVLVATVQDRAALSAQLDAAAAVDRTKWTDESLA VLDSAVATANALTSDGQAAQSDVQAATEAISDAIAGLVEKSTTKPGQGGDKPGSGTDKPNQGNDSNQNKGDADSG KHKKIPDTGAAVLGVGILAVVLAVAGVIILKRRKSGTCSuitably, the present B. longum subsp. iuvenis strain comprises a glycosyl hydrolase family121 (GH121) gene. Suitably, the GH121 gene comprises SEQ ID NO: 17 or a sequence with at least 60% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 17. Suitably, the GH121 gene comprises a sequence with at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 17. SEQ ID NO: 17 ATGCATCAATCAACACGAAAGCGGTGGCTTGCGTCAATCGGCGCGGTTGCAGCGGTCGCCACACTGGCCACCGGC GGTGCAGTCACCGCGCAGGCAGCCGATGCGCCCGTCATCAAGAATGCGGATGTGGCATATCCGTCGTTCAAGGGA TCTGATGATCCGATGAAGACGGCGGCGAACAACACCACATATAACCCTGCCGTCAGCTATCTGCAGGAGACATTC GATAACGACGTGAAGAACCTGGCCGGCATCGACACCGACCATGACTTCTGGATCGATAAGATTCTCACCCGTACT GGTGCACAGCCAACTGGTAAAGGCACGAACGACAAGGGTGCTTACTCGTATGAAGGCTCCGACGGCAACAACTAC CTGTTCACCCGTGGTCGCGCCGCCTACATGTACACGCACACGCCTAATCAGCTCGGTTTTGTGGGTGATACCGCC TACTGGGACCAGACCAGCAGGAGCGGCTTCACCGTTACCGTAAACGCTGATGGATCAAACCAGACCCTTAACGAA GACGCCTCCCAGCGCAAGCAGACGCCGAGCTACTTCACCTCCCTGTTCCAGACCGGTGGCAAGAGCCTCAAGATC AAGGAAGTCAAGTACATCACCTACAACAACGTGATGGTTGCGAACCTCACCGTGGAAAGCACGCAGGACCGCGAT GTCACACTGACCACGGCCTCGCCGTTCGCCGCCGAGGGTGCTGATGGTGCCACCGAACTTACTGGCCGCGTGAAC GTCAAGAACAACCTGACGACCATCTATCCGCGCTTCTCCGCCAACAACCAGGACGGTTCCAACTGGATCGTCAGC GGTGGCAAACTCACCAGCACGTTGAGCCTCAAGGCCAACGAACCGCAGACCGTCAAGATTCAGCTCGGCCTGATC GCCAACGAACTGCCTGACTCCACCAAGGAATATGAGGCCCGTTACACCGGCGACCTTAAGGATGCTGCCGCCTCC TACAAGGATTCCGTGACCACCTACAACAAGTGGTGGGTCGATAACGCTCCCTACGTGGACACTCCGGAAGACAAT ATCGATAAGACCGTGGTCTACCGCTGGTGGCTGAGCCGTTTCAACATGCTCGACGCCAACATGCCTGGCAACACC TTCCAGTACCCGACCTCCATCGAGGGTGTGCTCGGCTACAACAACCAAATCGTGCTCACCTCCGGCATGTTCATG ATGGACCCCAAGTGGTTCCGCAACCCCGAGTACTCCTACGGCACCTGGCTTTCCGCCGGCGATACCGCCAAGAAG AGCAAGGCGGGCTATTACTACTACCACGACAATCCGGGCGACCCGGCCAACTGGAACCATAGCTACACGCAGTAC ATCACGCGCGCCGGCTGGGACTCCTACAAGGTGCACGGCGGTCCGTCCACCGTGGCCGAGGAGCTGGCCGACCAG GGTGCCGAGGACGTGCAAGGTCTACTCGCTTCCAAGAGCGAGCCGGACAACAACGACAACCAGAACAACAATGAC AACAGCTTGATTGACTGGTCCTGGTGGTCGATGACCGGTAACGATGCCGACGCCGTTTCCTTCTCTGAGCCGGGT CGCTCCGGCCAGCGCATGGATCGCGCCGATGGTTCCGCCAATATGTGGGCCAACGCCAATGCGGCTGCTCAGGCC TACAAGGCCGCTGGCGATACCGCCAACGCCGAGAAGATGCAGGCCATCGCCGACAAGATCCAGAAAGAAGTCACC ACTGAACTGTGGGACAAGTCCGACAACCTGCTCAAGCACAAGTGGCTGAACGACGGTGCTTTCGCCAAGTACAAG GAGATCAATAACTACTACCCGTACTCCGAAGGCCTGATGCCTACCGGCAACGAAGATTACAACAAGGCTCTGCGC CTGTTCGAGGATTCCAACGAGTTCCCGATCTTCCCGTTCTTCACCGCCAACCAGGCGGACAAGGCGGCGCTGAAC TTCCCCGGTTCCAACAACTTCTCCATTATCAACGCACAGCCGCTGCTGCAGGTCTATTCAGCCGGCATCCGCAAT TACGATGCAGCCAAGAACGGTTACATCACCAATGAGCAGTTCAAGAAACTGCTGTACTGGGTGGCGTTCGCGCAC TATCAGGGCGGCGATAACAACTACCTTGATCAAAACGAGTTCTGGAACGAGGATAACAACAACGTCGGCGATGTA AACGGTGACGGCGTGATCAACAACCTCGACAAGAACCTTGACGCCGCACAGAACGGCGGCAAGATCACCTACCGC TCCTGGATCCACCACACCCAGCTCGGCACCACGAACTGGACGATGGTCGAGGACGTAGCCGGTATGGTGCCGCGC GAGGATAACAAGATTGAGCTGAACCCGATTGAGATCCCCGGCTGGAACTACTTCACGGTGAACAACCTGAGCTAC CACGGTCAAGATGTTTCCATCGTGTGGGATAAGGACGGCAGCCACTATGGTGGACCTGCTGGCTACAGCCTGTAC GTGGGGGGCAAGCTCGCCTTCACTTCCGACAAGCTCGCACACCTCATTTACGATCCGTCCACGGGCACCGTTGAG GATGCCGACAAGGCCGGCGTAACCATCACCAATGCCGCTGGTTCTGATATCAAGGCCGCCAACCAGGTTGCCTTC ACCGCCGACCAGCGTGTGACCGACCTGTTCGCCAAGTCCGGTGCCAACGTCGACTCCGCTTCCAAGTCCACCACG AATGTGGCCAAGGACGCGGACGTGACCGGTACCACCTACGCCGAGAAGGACACCAACTACCCGGCCAAGAACGCG GTGGACGGCAAGACCGTGATGGAATCGTTCTGGGGTACCAAGGGTTCTGAGAACAAGACCGACACGCTCAATATC AAGTTCAAGGACGGCAAGCAGAAGATCGACGACCTCCGCTTGTACTTCTACCAGAGCTCGTCCAGCCAGACCATC TCCGGCTATGCCGAGCCCGCCAACTACAAGTTGGAGTACCAGAAGGATGACGGCACATGGGCCCCGATTGCGGAT CAGGTGCGCACCCCGAACTACGCGGGCGCGAACTACAACCGTATCCAGTTCACTCCGGTGGAGACCACGACTATC CGCGTCACCTTCACGCCGCAGGCCGGCATGGCCGTCGGTGTCAAGGAGATCGAAGCCTACAACACCGGTATCAAG GCTGACGGCACTTCCGAGAACCAGGCTCCGCAGGTGGATGCTTACGTGTCTTCCAGCACCTCATCCGGTGCCAAG CTCGTCGGTACGGTGAAGGATGACGGTCTGCCCGCAGAAGGCGACGTCACCACCAAGTGGGAGCTGGTTTCCGGC CCCGAGGGCGGTACCGCGAAGTTCGTGGACGATACTGCTGCCAGCACCACCGTCACCTTCAACAAGGAAGGCGAC TACGTTCTGAAGCTCACCGCTTCCGATGGCGAGAAGGAAGGCTCCAAGGAAATCACCGTTCACGGCATCCCCTCT GACGGTACCGTGAACGTAGCCCCGCAGTCGAGCGCCTCTGCCAGCTACACCAACGGCTACCAGCCGAAGGACAAC GCCAAGAAGGTCATCGACGGTCAGGTGGTATACACCAACACGCCGAACGAGACCTGGAACAACTGGGGCGACAAC ACTGGTGTGGAGCCGTGGCTGCAACTGAAGTGGGCCGGCAAGGTGCCACTGAAGAAGGCCAAGGTCTTCTTCTGG ACCGATGGCGGTGGCGTGCCGATGGCCTCATCTTGGAAGCTCCAGTACGCTGACGCTGACGGTAACTGGCAGGAT GTGAAGCTGGCTGACGGCCAGTCCTACACGGTCAATCAGAACGAAGGCAACGAAGTGAAGTTCGCCGACACCGTC GAAACCGACAAGCTGCGCGTGGTCTTCCCGAAGGGCGCCATCGTGGGTGCTTCCGAGTTCGAGGCGTACGCCATC GAGCCGGTGAGCGTGGACGAAGTCAACCGACTGGTGCAGACCGGTTCCAAGGCCGATGATCTGAAGCTGCCCTCC ACCGTGAGCGCCGTATACACCGACGGTTCTCGCCGTGACCTCGCCGTCACGTGGGATAAGGTGACCGACGCTCAG CTGGCCGCCGATGCCGTATTCGATGTCAAGGGCATCGTCGCTGGTGCGCTGAGCGGTACGGTTGCACACATCGCA GCTCGTTCCGATACCGCATTGCAGACCGTGGGTAATGCGCAGCCGGTTGAGCAGACCGTCTACCAGAACGCCAAG TCCATCGACCTGCCCGCCACGGTTCCGGTGAAGTTCCCGAACGGATACAACGACGACCGCAAGGTCACGTGGAAG GATGCCGACATCAAGGCCATCGACCTGACCAAGGTTGGTGACTACGAGGTGGCTGGTACCGTCGACGACGGTTCG TCTTCCGCAGCTGCCAAGCTCACTGTCCACGTGGTTGCCGACCCGAACGGTTCCTCCACTCCTGAGCCTGAGCCT GAGCCGTTGGTCGGTTGGATTGAAGGCAAGGCGACCAAGACCACCATTTCGCCTGATTCCGAGGCGACCTGGTCA CCGGCCGAAGGCAAGCTCAACGACGGCGTAGTCGTCGATGATACTTGGCCGACCACGGATGATCAGAACGTCAAC GACAAGGTCTGGGGTTCTTGGGGCAAGGCAAAGGACGGCATGTACGCCCAGTACGACTTCGGTCAGTCCGTGACC GTTGACCAGAGCCGCGCCCAGTTCTGGGCCAACTTCGCTGAGACTGACGATTCGAAGGGTGGTCTGGAAGTCCCG GACGCTTGGAAGATTCAGTACCTCGCCGAGGATGGTTCTTGGAAGGATGTCGAGCCCACCGAGGATTACACCATT GTGCGTAACTCGCCGGCTTCTCGTGCGGATACCGATGCCAAAGGTTGGAGCACTGTGACCTTCAAGCCGGTCGCC ACCAAGTCGCTGCGACTCGTGCTCACTCCGCACACCGGCAGCAGCACCTTCGGGGCCGCCGTGGCCGAGTGGGGC GTGCATGGTATTGACGGCACCGAGCCTGAACCTACCCCGGTCGACAAGACCGCGCTCGAGTCGGCTCTTGACACA GCCAACGGCCTCGATGCAAGCCGCTACACCGCCGCTTCATGGGCTGAGTTCCAGCAAATCATTGACGCTGCCCAG GCTGTGTACGACGATGCCAACGCCACCGCAGAACAGGTCGCCGAGCAGGTGACCAAGCTCGAGGACGGCCAGAAG GCACTCGTTGCGCTCGCCACCGACGTGGAGAAGTCCACGTTGCAGGCGGCCATCGATGCGGCCAAAGCCGAGGCC GCTTCCGGCAAGTACACGGATAAGAGTGTCGAGGCCTTGAACAAGGCCATCGAGGCTGCGGAAGGTGTGCTCAAG GTCGGTGAGGTCGGTGAGGTCACTCAGGCCGCCGTCCAGGAAGCGTCCGCTTCGCTGAACAAGGCCGTCAAGGCC TTGGAAGAGAAGCCCGCCGCCGAAACGGTGAAGAAGGAGTCCCTCGAGGCTTCCATCGAGCAGGCCAAGAAGGCT GACAAGTCGAAGTACACCGAGGAGGCATGGCAGGCTCTGCAGAGCCAGATTGCCGCCGCTCAGAAGGTGTACGAC GACAAGGATGCCAAGCAGGCCGATGTCGATGCCGCACAGGATGCCCTTGACAAGGCATTTTGGGCCACCAAGGTT GAGCAGAAGCCCGGCTCCCAGCAGCCTGGTGTGACCGACACTGATAAGGATGATAAGGACAACAAGGGTGATCGT GTGCCTCCGACTGGTGCCGCGGTTTCCGTAGTTGCTGCGGCTGCCGTGCTGCTCACCGCCGCAGGCGTGACCATC CTGAAGCGTCGCCAGTCCGGCGACCACGGTTCGGCTCGCCACTCGGCCTGA Suitably, the GH121 gene may encode a protein shown as SEQ ID NO: 18 or a sequence with at least 80% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 18. Suitably, the protein may comprise a sequence with at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 18. SEQ ID NO: 18 MHQSTRKRWLASIGAVAAVATLATGGAVTAQAADAPVIKNADVAYPSFKGSDDPMKTAANNTTYNPAVSYLQETF DNDVKNLAGIDTDHDFWIDKILTRTGAQPTGKGTNDKGAYSYEGSDGNNYLFTRGRAAYMYTHTPNQLGFVGDTA YWDQTSRSGFTVTVNADGSNQTLNEDASQRKQTPSYFTSLFQTGGKSLKIKEVKYITYNNVMVANLTVESTQDRD VTLTTASPFAAEGADGATELTGRVNVKNNLTTIYPRFSANNQDGSNWIVSGGKLTSTLSLKANEPQTVKIQLGLI ANELPDSTKEYEARYTGDLKDAAASYKDSVTTYNKWWVDNAPYVDTPEDNIDKTVVYRWWLSRFNMLDANMPGNT FQYPTSIEGVLGYNNQIVLTSGMFMMDPKWFRNPEYSYGTWLSAGDTAKKSKAGYYYYHDNPGDPANWNHSYTQY ITRAGWDSYKVHGGPSTVAEELADQGAEDVQGLLASKSEPDNNDNQNNNDNSLIDWSWWSMTGNDADAVSFSEPG RSGQRMDRADGSANMWANANAAAQAYKAAGDTANAEKMQAIADKIQKEVTTELWDKSDNLLKHKWLNDGAFAKYK EINNYYPYSEGLMPTGNEDYNKALRLFEDSNEFPIFPFFTANQADKAALNFPGSNNFSIINAQPLLQVYSAGIRN YDAAKNGYITNEQFKKLLYWVAFAHYQGGDNNYLDQNEFWNEDNNNVGDVNGDGVINNLDKNLDAAQNGGKITYR SWIHHTQLGTTNWTMVEDVAGMVPREDNKIELNPIEIPGWNYFTVNNLSYHGQDVSIVWDKDGSHYGGPAGYSLY VGGKLAFTSDKLAHLIYDPSTGTVEDADKAGVTITNAAGSDIKAANQVAFTADQRVTDLFAKSGANVDSASKSTT NVAKDADVTGTTYAEKDTNYPAKNAVDGKTVMESFWGTKGSENKTDTLNIKFKDGKQKIDDLRLYFYQSSSSQTI SGYAEPANYKLEYQKDDGTWAPIADQVRTPNYAGANYNRIQFTPVETTTIRVTFTPQAGMAVGVKEIEAYNTGIK ADGTSENQAPQVDAYVSSSTSSGAKLVGTVKDDGLPAEGDVTTKWELVSGPEGGTAKFVDDTAASTTVTFNKEGD YVLKLTASDGEKEGSKEITVHGIPSDGTVNVAPQSSASASYTNGYQPKDNAKKVIDGQVVYTNTPNETWNNWGDN TGVEPWLQLKWAGKVPLKKAKVFFWTDGGGVPMASSWKLQYADADGNWQDVKLADGQSYTVNQNEGNEVKFADTV ETDKLRVVFPKGAIVGASEFEAYAIEPVSVDEVNRLVQTGSKADDLKLPSTVSAVYTDGSRRDLAVTWDKVTDAQ LAADAVFDVKGIVAGALSGTVAHIAARSDTALQTVGNAQPVEQTVYQNAKSIDLPATVPVKFPNGYNDDRKVTWK DADIKAIDLTKVGDYEVAGTVDDGSSSAAAKLTVHVVADPNGSSTPEPEPEPLVGWIEGKATKTTISPDSEATWS PAEGKLNDGVVVDDTWPTTDDQNVNDKVWGSWGKAKDGMYAQYDFGQSVTVDQSRAQFWANFAETDDSKGGLEVP DAWKIQYLAEDGSWKDVEPTEDYTIVRNSPASRADTDAKGWSTVTFKPVATKSLRLVLTPHTGSSTFGAAVAEWG VHGIDGTEPEPTPVDKTALESALDTANGLDASRYTAASWAEFQQIIDAAQAVYDDANATAEQVAEQVTKLEDGQK ALVALATDVEKSTLQAAIDAAKAEAASGKYTDKSVEALNKAIEAAEGVLKVGEVGEVTQAAVQEASASLNKAVKA LEEKPAAETVKKESLEASIEQAKKADKSKYTEEAWQALQSQIAAAQKVYDDKDAKQADVDAAQDALDKAFWATKV EQKPGSQQPGVTDTDKDDKDNKGDRVPPTGAAVSVVAAAAVLLTAAGVTILKRRQSGDHGSARHSASuitably, the B. longum subsp. iuvenis strain comprises a GH43_17 gene and one or moregenes selected from a GH43_22, GH43_27, GH43_29 and GH121 gene as defined herein.Suitably, the B. longum subsp. iuvenis strain comprises a GH43_17, GH43_22, GH43_27,GH43_29 and GH121 gene as defined herein. Suitably, one or more of the arabinan-degrading GHs described herein comprises a signal peptide. A ‘signal peptide’ may refer to a short amino acid sequence, typically present at theN-terminus of a polypeptide, which allows the polypeptide to be secreted out of abacterial cell.Without wishing to be bound by theory, this may advantageously allow the present B. longumsubsp. iuvenis strain to act as a primary degrader of complex structures of arabinan whenpresent in high molecular weight, usually in the diet. Suitably, a ‘primary degrader’ may refer to a bacterium that is capable of depolymerizing specific polysaccharides to mono-, di-, and oligosaccharides that they can take up and ferment themselves to acidic end products suchas acetate or lactate. Suitably, the GH43_22, GH43_27, GH43_29, GH_121, GH43_24and / or GH30_5 enzyme may comprise a signal peptide. Suitably, each of the GH43_22, GH43_27, GH43_29, GH_121, GH43_24 and GH30_5 enzymes may comprise a signal peptide.Suitably, the present B. longum subsp. iuvenis strain comprises a glycosyl hydrolase familygene that encodes a CAZyme that targets arabinogalactans.Suitably, the present B. longum subsp. iuvenis strain comprises a glycosyl hydrolase family43_24 (GH43_24) gene. Suitably, the GH43_24 gene comprises SEQ ID NO: 19 or a sequence with at least 60% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 19. Suitably, the GH43_24 gene comprises a sequence with at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 19. SEQ ID NO: 19 ATGAAGATAAACAATAAGGGCAAGGGCGCTCTTATCGCGGCAATTACCGCCGCGGCAACGCTATTGTCATGCGGG CTGGCCGCTGCAAGTGCCAGTGCGGCAGGTGTGAATTACCTGCCTACCATCGGCCAAGTGCCGACATACACCAAG TTCCAGCCCACAGCCGATCCGGGCAAGAACGCTAGCGATTACTTCCAGCCATATTGGTATGCCAAGAACGCCAAT GATAATGGCGGCACACACATCCAAGCGCACGGTGGCCAAGTGGTCAAGGTTGGCGACGCCTACTACTGGTATGGC GAAGACCGTTCTAACGGTTACGACAACAGCCCCGGTGTTCATGCTTATATGTCGACAGATCTATACAACTGGACC GATCTTGGTGTGGCGCTGCGTGCGGTGACCAGCAAATCTCAGTTGACGGATAAGAGCAATGCCGATTACGCCTAC TTCGACAAGGCCTACAACCTGACCAAGTCCGACGGCAGTGTGGACGCTGCCAAGGCCGACGCAATCTTCCCGTAC CTCAACACCAACCCCGATCAGGATGGTGATGGCGCGGTTGATTCCGTACAGGGCATTTTCGAGCGTCCGAAGATC ATCTACAACAAGAAGAACAAGCAATACGTGCTGTGGTGGCATTCCGATGGAAGCACCACGCCGGGCGGTTCCAAC TATGCACGTGCACTTGCGGGCGTGGCTGTTTCCGACAATCCGGCGGGCCCGTTCACTATGGTGGGTGCCTATCGT TTGCCTAACCAGAACAATTGGAAAGAAGCCGCAGGTAACCCCAGCTGGGGTGAGAACGGTGACAGCCGCGATATG ACTGTGTTCGTGGACCCGAAGGACGACAGTGCCTATGTACTGTATTCTTCCGAAGCCAATGCCACGCTGTACATC GCCAAGCTCAACGATGATTACACCAATGTAGTCAAGACCACGAATGTGGACCAGTCCGAGGGACAAAAGCAGTAC TCTGCTGACGGGCAGTACCCATACATTCTTGCAGACGCTACTACGGATGCCCCGGTGCGTGGCGAAGATTTCCAA ATCGTCAAACAAAATGGTTCGCTGGAAGCTCCTGCCGTATTCCAATATGACGGGCGTTACAACATCATCGCATCT GGTGCAACCGGCTGGGCCCCGAACAAGCAGACCTACTACACCGCCGACTCCATGCTGGGAAGCTGGACCCGTGGC GTGGAAAAGGACGATATCAACGAGAACACGTGGTACAACAACATGCCGGAAGGCGCGGATGGTCTGTTGTCCGTG GGCGATACCCGCGGCACCACATTCGGTTCGCAGTCGGCTAGTGTGCTCGCAGTAGACCAGGAGAAAGGTCACTTC ATCTACCTTGGTGACCGTTGGGATTCCGGTAAAGCCGATTCCACCTATGTTTGGCTGCCGCTGACCATCGGTGAG AACGGCACCATCGAAATGCACAATCCTGCTCAAGAAGGCGAGCCCGACGGTTGGGATCTGAGCTATTGGGGCAAC CATGGTAGCGCCAAGGGCAAGCTGGTCAACTGGACTGTGGAAACCGGCGATGATCTCCCGAAGACCGTGAACACG GGCGGAACCGTTACTCTGCCGGACACCGTCAACGTCAAGGAAGGCGACGATACCATTGCTACCAAGGTGACATGG AATGTGGAAGGCGGTACGGCAGTCAGCAAGTCGACCAAGGCTGCTGGTAACACCTACGCATTCAATGTGCCGGGA ACCTACACCATTACGGGCACTCTTGCCGAGAGCAGTAACTTCAATCCGGGCCGTACATTCCGTAGAACCATCGAT GTTTCCTGCTCCAACCCAATTTCCGGAAGTTGGAAGGAAGCTCATTGGAAGGGCGGCAGCGCGTGCCAGGTTTCT GCGTCCGGCGGTGCTTATGACTTCACGATTACGGACAACGCCAATCGGGGCGTCTGGACGGATCGCAACGAGGGC AGTGCGGTGTACCAGCCTGATGCCCTGGACGTGAACGAAATGCTGGAAACCACGGTCAAGCCGCTCGACTTGGGC GGTAATGGCGATCCGCGCGCCGGTCTGGTGGTCCGTAACGGTCTTACTGGCGCTAACGGCGGCAAGGGATATGCC ACGTTACTTGCCAGCCCAAGCGGCGTTTACATGCAGTACGATTCCAATGCCGATGGCTACATCGATAAGGAAACA TCGCATGTTGGTACCGGCTTCGGCGACCAAGTGCAGCTCAAGCTGGAGCGCACCTCAACCGATACTCTGAAAGGC TACTGGCGTGCTTCCGCGAACGATGAATGGCAGGATGTCGCTACGGTAACGCTGACCGGTGCGGACGTAACCGGG CTCGATGCCGGTGCTTTCGCCACGTCGAACAGCAATGCCGGCGCATTCACCGTGGCCTTCAACGGCACTGCGTTC GGTTCGCAGACTGCTGCTGTGGAGTCCATCGCGGCCAAGGGCCCTGAAGCCACTATCGCCAAGAGGCAGACGCTC GCGCATAAGGACGTGACGGTTACCGCTACGCTCACCAATGGCAAGACGCGTGTACTGGAGCCAGATGAATACACG TTGGAAGGCTTCGACACCACCAAATTGGGCGAGCAAACCGTGACGGTACGCCTTGTCACTGATTCTTCAGTAACT GCCACGCTCACCGTGACTGTGGAAAGCAACCTTGCCCGGTTGTTCTGCTCGTCCGCCGCAGCCTCGAAGTATGAG CCGGCCAGCAGCTGGGCCTCCGCTTCTACGGCCGACCTGACTTGCGACAACAATCTGAGCACCAACTGGTCGAAC TGGGGCACCGGCGACACCTCGCCGTGGCTCAGCTACACCTTCGATAAGGCATATCAGCTGGGCAAGCTCAGCGTT GCGGTGGATAAGGCCAAGGGCGAGGCCGCTCCGAAGAGCTTCACTGTATCGTACCTAGCTGAAGACAACGCCACG TGGACTGATGCCACGCTGCCGGCAGTCACTGTGAATGGTGCTGCTGGAGCCGTGACGGAAGCCGATGTGAGCGCT CTGCCCGCCACCAAGGGCATTCGCCTCAACTTCACCTACGCCGATGGCAATGACTATGCCAAGATCGCTGAAGTA CGCATCGCCGAAGGTGAAGCAACGCCAAAGCCGCAGCCGTCTAGTAACGCCAATCTTGCTGATCTGACTGTGGAT GGCAAGACGGTTGACGGATTCTCCGCGGATATCACCGAATATGCCGGTGCGCTGGCCGGAGACGCTGCTTCTTAC CCGACGGTGGAGGCGACTGCTGCTGACGCGAAGGCTACGGTGCAGGTGGAGCAGGCTTCGACCGAGAACAGCGGC GTGGCCACGGTGACTGTAACTGCTGAGGATGGCACGGCGGAAACCTACACAGTGACATTCGGCGAACTGCCTCAG TTGGCCGAGCTTGCTGTGGAAGTGACCAAGGATTCCTATCAGGTAGGCGATAAGTTCAACGCTGCCGATGTGAAG GTATCCGCCATTTACAAAGTCGGCGATACCGAAACGCTGCGCAAGCTGATTGATCCAACTGATGGTGATCTGAAG TTCACTGGCTTTGATTCTGCCACCGCAGGCACGAAGACCATCACCGTCTCTTATCGTGGCGTGAACGCGACGTTC GAAGTCACGGTCACGGCCACGGAGGTCACTCCCGGCCCTGGAGAGCAGAAGCCCGGCGATACCAACAATCCTGGC AACACTGCTAAGCCCGGTAACACTGCCACGAATAAGCCGGCTGCTAATGGCGCTGCGCCCCTTTCGAATACGGGT GTTGCCGTGGCTGCCATTGCGGTCGTGGTTGTGGTGCTGACAGCTGCGGCTGGTGCCTTGCTCGTCATCCGCAAA CGCCGCGCATAA Suitably, the GH43_24 gene may encode a protein shown as SEQ ID NO: 20 or a sequence with at least 80% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 20. Suitably, the protein may comprise asequence with at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least 99% sequenceidentity to SEQ ID NO: 20. SEQ ID NO: 20 MKINNKGKGALIAAITAAATLLSCGLAAASASAAGVNYLPTIGQVPTYTKFQPTADPGKNASDYFQPYWYAKNAN DNGGTHIQAHGGQVVKVGDAYYWYGEDRSNGYDNSPGVHAYMSTDLYNWTDLGVALRAVTSKSQLTDKSNADYAY FDKAYNLTKSDGSVDAAKADAIFPYLNTNPDQDGDGAVDSVQGIFERPKIIYNKKNKQYVLWWHSDGSTTPGGSN YARALAGVAVSDNPAGPFTMVGAYRLPNQNNWKEAAGNPSWGENGDSRDMTVFVDPKDDSAYVLYSSEANATLYI AKLNDDYTNVVKTTNVDQSEGQKQYSADGQYPYILADATTDAPVRGEDFQIVKQNGSLEAPAVFQYDGRYNIIAS GATGWAPNKQTYYTADSMLGSWTRGVEKDDINENTWYNNMPEGADGLLSVGDTRGTTFGSQSASVLAVDQEKGHF IYLGDRWDSGKADSTYVWLPLTIGENGTIEMHNPAQEGEPDGWDLSYWGNHGSAKGKLVNWTVETGDDLPKTVNT GGTVTLPDTVNVKEGDDTIATKVTWNVEGGTAVSKSTKAAGNTYAFNVPGTYTITGTLAESSNFNPGRTFRRTID VSCSNPISGSWKEAHWKGGSACQVSASGGAYDFTITDNANRGVWTDRNEGSAVYQPDALDVNEMLETTVKPLDLG GNGDPRAGLVVRNGLTGANGGKGYATLLASPSGVYMQYDSNADGYIDKETSHVGTGFGDQVQLKLERTSTDTLKG YWRASANDEWQDVATVTLTGADVTGLDAGAFATSNSNAGAFTVAFNGTAFGSQTAAVESIAAKGPEATIAKRQTL AHKDVTVTATLTNGKTRVLEPDEYTLEGFDTTKLGEQTVTVRLVTDSSVTATLTVTVESNLARLFCSSAAASKYE PASSWASASTADLTCDNNLSTNWSNWGTGDTSPWLSYTFDKAYQLGKLSVAVDKAKGEAAPKSFTVSYLAEDNAT WTDATLPAVTVNGAAGAVTEADVSALPATKGIRLNFTYADGNDYAKIAEVRIAEGEATPKPQPSSNANLADLTVD GKTVDGFSADITEYAGALAGDAASYPTVEATAADAKATVQVEQASTENSGVATVTVTAEDGTAETYTVTFGELPQ LAELAVEVTKDSYQVGDKFNAADVKVSAIYKVGDTETLRKLIDPTDGDLKFTGFDSATAGTKTITVSYRGVNATF EVTVTATEVTPGPGEQKPGDTNNPGNTAKPGNTATNKPAANGAAPLSNTGVAVAAIAVVVVVLTAAAGALLVIRK RRASuitably, the present B. longum subsp. iuvenis strain comprises a glycosyl hydrolase family127 (GH127) gene. Suitably, the GH127 gene comprises SEQ ID NO: 21 or a sequence with at least 60% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 21. Suitably, the GH127 gene comprises a sequence with at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 21. SEQ ID NO: 21 ATGAACGTTACAATCACTTCCCCGTTCTGGAAGCGGCGTCGCGACCAGATTGTCGAATCCGTCATCCCCTACCAG TGGGGCGTGATGAACGACGAAATCGACACCACAGTGCCCGACGACCCGGCCGGTAACCAGCTGGCTGACAGCAAA AGCCACGCGGTCGCCAATCTGAAGGTTGCCGCCGGCGAATTGGACGACGAATTCCACGGCATGGTGTTCCAGGAT TCCGACGTCTACAAGTGGCTTGAGGAAGCCGCTTATGCGCTGGCCTACCATCCGGATCCCGAACTCAAGGCGCTG TGCGATCGCACGGTCGATCTCATCGCCCGCGCTCAGCAGCCGGACGGCTACTTGGACACTCCGTACCAGATCAAG TCCGGCGTATGGGCCGACCGCCCGCGCTTCAGCCTGATTCAGCAAAGCCACGAGATGTATGTGATGGGTCACTAC ATCGAAGCCGCCGTCGCCTACCATCAGGTGACCGGCAACGAGCAGGCCCTTGAAGTCGCCAAGAAGATGGCCGAC TGCCTGGATGCCAACTTCGGGCCCGAAGAAGGCAAGATTCATGGCGCCGACGGCCACCCGGAAATCGAACTCGCC CTCGCCAAACTGTACGAGGAAACCGGCGAAAAGCGTTACCTGACGCTCTCCCAATACCTCATCGACGTGCGCGGC CAAGACCCTCAGTTCTACACCAAGCAGCTGAAGGCCCTGAACGGCGACAACATCTTCCCCGACCTCGGCTTCTAC AAGCCCACCTACTTCCAGGCCGCCGAACCTGTGCGCGACCAGCAGACCGCGGATGGCCACGCCGTGCGCGTCGGC TACCTGTGCACTGGTGTGGCCCATGTGGGCCGACTGCTCGGCGATCGGGGACTGATCGACACCGCCAAGCGTTTC TGGACGAACATCGTCGCCCGTCGTATGTATGTCACCGGCGCGATTGGTTCCACCCACGTGGGCGAGTCGTTCACC TACGACTATGATCTGCCGAACGACACGATGTACGGTGAGACCTGTGCTTCCGTGGCTATGAGCATGTTCGCCCAG CAGATGCTCGACCTCGAGCCCAAGGGCGAATACGCCGACGTGCTGGAGAAGGAACTGTTCAACGGTTCCATTGCC GGCATCTCGCTCGACGGCAAGCAGTACTACTACGTCAATGCACTGGAGACCACGCCTGACGGACTGGATAACCCG GACCGTCACCACGTGCTCTCCCACCGCGTCGACTGGTTCGGCTGCGCCTGCTGCCCGGCCAACATCGCCCGACTC ATCGCCTCCGTGGACCGCTACATCTACACCGAGCGCGACGGCGGCAAGACCGTGCTGAGCCACCAGTTCATCGCC AACACAGCCGAATTCGCTTCCGGCCTGACGGTCGAGCAGCGTTCGAACTTCCCGTGGGATGGCCATGTGGAATAC ACGGTGAGCCTGCCCGCCAGCGCCACTGACAGCTCGGTCCGTTTCGGACTGCGCATCCCCGGCTGGTCGCGGGGC TCCTACACGCTGACCGTGAACGGCAAGCCCGCAGTGGGTTCGCTGGAAGACGGCTTCGTATACCTTGTGGTCAAC GCCGGCGATACGTTGGAGATTGCGCTCGAGCTCGACATGTCCGTGAAGTTCGTGCGCGCCAACTCCCGCGTGCGC TCCGATGCCGGTCAGGTGGCCGTGATGCGCGGACCGCTGGTCTACTGCGCCGAACAGGTCGATAATCCCGGTGAT TTGTGGAACTATCGTCTGGCCGATGGCGTCACCGGTGCGGATGCCGCTGTGGCTTTCCAGGCCGACTTGCTGGGT GGAGTCGATACCGTTGATTTGCCGGCAGTGCGCGAGCACGCCGACGAGGATGACGCGCCGCTGTACGTGGATGCC GACGAACCGCGTGCGGGTGAGCCCGCGACGCTGCGCTTGGTGCCGTACTACTCGTGGGCCAACCGCGAGATAGGC GAGATGCGTGTCTTCCAGCGTCGATAA Suitably, the GH127 gene may encode a protein shown as SEQ ID NO: 22 or a sequence with at least 80% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 22. Suitably, the protein may comprise a sequence with at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 22. SEQ ID NO: 22 MNVTITSPFWKRRRDQIVESVIPYQWGVMNDEIDTTVPDDPAGNQLADSKSHAVANLKVAAGELDDEFHGMVFQD SDVYKWLEEAAYALAYHPDPELKALCDRTVDLIARAQQPDGYLDTPYQIKSGVWADRPRFSLIQQSHEMYVMGHY IEAAVAYHQVTGNEQALEVAKKMADCLDANFGPEEGKIHGADGHPEIELALAKLYEETGEKRYLTLSQYLIDVRG QDPQFYTKQLKALNGDNIFPDLGFYKPTYFQAAEPVRDQQTADGHAVRVGYLCTGVAHVGRLLGDRGLIDTAKRF WTNIVARRMYVTGAIGSTHVGESFTYDYDLPNDTMYGETCASVAMSMFAQQMLDLEPKGEYADVLEKELFNGSIA GISLDGKQYYYVNALETTPDGLDNPDRHHVLSHRVDWFGCACCPANIARLIASVDRYIYTERDGGKTVLSHQFIA NTAEFASGLTVEQRSNFPWDGHVEYTVSLPASATDSSVRFGLRIPGWSRGSYTLTVNGKPAVGSLEDGFVYLVVN AGDTLEIALELDMSVKFVRANSRVRSDAGQVAVMRGPLVYCAEQVDNPGDLWNYRLADGVTGADAAVAFQADLLG GVDTVDLPAVREHADEDDAPLYVDADEPRAGEPATLRLVPYYSWANREIGEMRVFQRRSuitably, the present B. longum subsp. iuvenis strain comprises a glycosyl hydrolase family30_5 (GH30_5) gene. Suitably, the GH30_5 gene comprises SEQ ID NO: 23 or a sequence with at least 60% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 23. Suitably, the GH30_5 gene comprises a sequence with at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 23. SEQ ID NO: 23 ATGAAGGTACTGAGCAAATCGCTTGCTGCAATGGTTGCGGCGGCAACACTAGTGGGAGGAGGGGCGTTTGCGGTT GCCGGCACTGCGTATGCGGCTGATAACGATGCCATTACCGTGACCCCGAACCCGTGGTATGCCAACAGTTTCGAT GGCTGGGGCACCTCGCTGGCTTGGTTCGCCAACGCCACCGGCAGCCTCGGCGAGGAATCGGCCATCACCACCAAT CTCGGCGATGACGCTTCCAAGGCTAAGGCTGTGGAATACGGCAAACAGCTGCGCGAACAGTTCTACCAGTCCATC TTCGGTGATGAAGGACTGGACCTGAACATGGCCCGCTACAACGTGGGCGGCGGCAATGCCTCCGATGTTGCCTAC GGCTACCCATTCATGCGCCAAGGCGCTGCCGTGCCTGGCACGTGGAAAGATGACGCCACCGGCTCCGGCACGTAT GGCAATGGCGTAACCACCAAGCAGGCCGACAAAGACAAGCTGGCTGCGGCATTCGACCCGACTGACGACAACCAG TATGACTTCTCCAAGTCCGCCGCCCAAGACTGGTGGATTGAGCGCGGTGCCACCGGCGATAACCCTGACATCACC GACGTAGAGGCCTTCGCCAACTCCGCTCCGTGGTTCCTGACCAACAGCGGTTACGCCACTGGTGGACGTAACTCC GGTAGCAATAATCTTGCAAACCCTGAGAAATTCGCTCAGTACATGGCCAAGAACGTCGAGCACCTCGAAAGCCTT GGCGCAAACGTTGACACGGTCGAGCCGTTCAACGAGTCCGAGACCAGTTACTGGGGCACTCCGGGCGACATGGCT TCGAAGTACACCGATGAGAGCGATGACAACACCAAGCTCATTAACAACTACTGGGATAAGTACTACTCCGACAAA GATAAGTCCGTCACCCCATACGCCAACGCGCTGAAGAAGCCGCAGGAGGGTATGCATGTCAGCAACGCCCAGCAG CAGCAGACGATTACCGCACTCGCTGAGGCGCTCAAGGACAATGATGACACCATCATCGCAGCCACCGATGCCACG AACTCCGCCGACTTCGTCAAGTCGTACAACCAGTACCCGCAGGCGATCAAGGACCTTATCGGCCAGTACAACGTT CACGCCTACTCCGACAGCAACCAGATGCAGTCGCGCGATATCGCTCAGGCAGACGGCAAGAAGCTGTCGATGAGC GAGGTGGACGGCTCCTGGCAGTCTGGCTCCTACAACCCGTACGGTTTCGACAACGCGCTGGGCATGATGAGCAAG ATCAGCTCCAACGTCACCCGCCTGCAGTCCAAGGACTTCACCTTCTGGCAGGTGGTCGAGGACCTCTACAACATG CAGATGGGCTCGAATGTGAATCCGGCCGGTGAGAACACCAACTGGGGCACCGTGCTCATCGACTTCGACTGCACC GTGGCTGGCATGGACGGCAAGCTCTACTCCGAGCGCCGCGTGAACAACAACGGCGGTACCACCGATGGACTTGAA CCGTGCACGGTTATTGCAAACGCCAAGTACAACGGCGTCAAGGCCATCACCCACTTCATCCACGCGGGCGACAAG GTCATCGCCAACAACGATGAAGACAACAACATGACTGCCACCTCCGACGATGGCAAGACACAGACCGTCATCCAC CGCAACTCCGGCACCTCTGACCAGACCTTCGTCATCGACCTGTCGAAGTACGGCGAGATTGCCGACAACGCTTAC GGTGAGCTCTACCTGACCACCGAAACCTCTGCCGAAGACAAGAACGCGGGTGTCGATTCCGCCACTCCGGAAGTC TTCGCCAAGACCAGCAACGTCAAGCAAGCTGAAGGCTCTGTGATGATTGACAAGGCTGCCAAGACCGCTACGGTC ACTGTGCCCGCCCGTTCTATCGCCTCCATCCAGCTCACTGGCGTGACCGGCTACGCCAAGGATGCTGCCGTCGAG ACCGGCGACACTTACCAGCTCGTTGGTAAGCAGTCCGGCAAGGCCGTGGCTGATACCACTTCTGGTGATTCCGCG CTGTCCCTGGCCAACGTCGCTTCCGATGCCGAGAACGCCAAGAAGCAGACTTGGACCTTTACCCAGATCGAGCAG CCCGCCGACTCCGAGCGCCCTGATCTCAAGGTTTATGTGATTACTAACGCCGAAGGCAAGGTGCTGGTGTCCAAG GATGGCACGAACGCGCTTTCCAACGAAACGGTTGAGGCCGCTAAGTCCGACCCGGCTGCCAAGTGGATTCTCAAC ACTTCCGATGGTTCGACCTACCAGCTGCTCAATGCCGCGACTAAGACGAACCTCGATGTGGATAACTCTGGTACC ACAGTCGGCACGAAGGTTGGCTTGTGGCAGTCACCGAGCGGCACTTCGCCGTCCGCCAACCAGACATGGACTCTA CGCAATGTAACGCCGACCAGCCAGAAGACCGTGAACGTGCAGACCGCCGTTAACGAGAAGGCCGCGCTGCCGACC GAAGTCACGCTCTACTACACCTGGGGCGAAGGCAAGGCCACGGTTGCCAACTGGGATACTTCCAAGGTCGATGTG GCCAAGGAAGGCACCTACGAAGCCACCGCTACCGCCACCGATGTGTACGGCAACGAGTTCAATGTCGCCGCTACG GTCTACGTTGGCGCGCTCACCGTTTCCGATCCGGTATCGGCTACAGTGCTGGCCGGCACCAGTGCGAGCGAGGCG AAGGCCGCGCTTGAGGCTGCGCCGGTGTATCTGCACGTCAAGGCATCGCCTGCATTCGAGGGCGATGCGGCTAAG GTTACGTGGAACTTCGATGGGCTTGATACCAAGCTCGCCGATGCCAAGGCTGGCGACAACATTGCCGTGACCGGT ACTTACCAGCTGGACGACGCGACCACGATTGCGCTGAAGGGCGCGATCTATGTCACCGCCGCCACGCCTGAGAAT GTGGCCGACACTGCTTCCAGCCTGACCGTGACCAACCAGCAGACGGAATACAGCAAGGGCGATCAGTGGAAGAAG CTCACCGATGGTGACACGTCAGCTGAAGCCTGGGTGACGTGGAACTCTGCTGGTGACTATTCCGCCAGCCCGACC GCCACGATTGACTTCGGCTCTGAGTGTGAGCTTAGCAGCGTGACCATTACGTATGGTGACAAGGCTCCGGCTTCC GCCAAGGCCGAGTACACCACTGATGGCGAGACGTGGATGCAATTCGGTAGCGATGTTAAGCCTGCCGCAGGCCAG ACGGTGACGTTCAAGGCCGATAAGGGCACAGTGAATGCCACGAAGGTGCGCATTGTGAACACCGTGAACAACGAC TACATGAACGCCACCGAAATTCAGGCATTCGTGACGCCGGTTCAGGGTGCTGCGAAGAACATCGCCGCGGCCTCT GGCACGAACTTCTCGGTGAACTTCCAGGAGGGTGCCTCCGCTTCCAAGGCCATCGATGGTGACACTACGTCAAAG GGTTGGTCCACTTGGGCTTCCACCGCCTCGACGGTGGACCCGGTCGCCACGTTCACCTTCGACGAAGCTCAGACC ATCACCGAAGTGAAGACCTTCTTCTACTACGATGGTCGTGCGTCTTGGCCGAAGAGCCAGACGCTGGAATACCAG GATGAGGCTGGCGAATGGCATGGAGTCGGTACCAAGGATGGCTGGAAGATACAGGCCGGCGATGCCGGCTCTGGC TCCGACGGCATCACCGCCGCCGACACCCCGACCGTTGACTTCGTGCTCGGCACCCCGGTAAAGGCCAAGGCCATC CGCCTGACTAACACATTGCAGGACACCAAGGTGTACATCAACGTGGCTGAGATCCAGGTGTTCGCACAAGACAGC ACGGTACTCACCCCGCAGCCAGCATCCGATGCCACGCTGGGCGACCTGCGTCTTGACGGCGAAACCGTTGAAGGC TTCGACCCGGCCAAGACCGACTACACGGTTGATCTGCCGGTCGACGCCGAGGCAAACCCGGTGCTGCAGGCCTTC GCCACCGACAATGCCGCCGCCGTCAAGGTGACTGGCGACGCGGTTGAGAACGGCCAGCTTGGCGGCAAGGCCGCC ATTACGGTGACCTCAGCCGACGAGTCTGAGACGAAGACCTACACGGTGACCTTCAACGCCTTCACTTTGGCTTCG CTCAAGGTGATCGGACCCACGAAGACCGAGTACGCCATCGGCGACAAGCTCGATACCGCCGGTCTGAAGGTGACT GCCGTCTACCAGAGTGGCGACAAGACCAAGGAAGTGCCGGTCGCTCTTGACGACCCGCAGCTTGCGATTGGCTCG TTCGACTCCACCACCGCAGGCAAGAAGGCGATTACCGTCTCCTACCGTGGTGTGACCGCGACCTTCAACGTCACG GTCAAGGCCAACGCAGTCGCCCCTGGCCCTGAAGAACAGAAGCCCGGCAACACCAACAAGCCCGGTGCCACCGGC AGCGGCAACAAGAACACGGTGGCCAACACCGGTTCCAGTGTTGCCGCCATCGCTGGCGCTGTCGCTCTGCTGGCC GCTGCCGCGGGTGCACTGTTCATGCTGCGCAAGCGTGCATAG Suitably, the GH30_5 gene may encode a protein shown as SEQ ID NO: 24 or a sequence with at least 80% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 24. Suitably, the protein may comprise a sequence with at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 24. SEQ ID NO: 24 MKVLSKSLAAMVAAATLVGGGAFAVAGTAYAADNDAITVTPNPWYANSFDGWGTSLAWFANATGSLGEESAITTN LGDDASKAKAVEYGKQLREQFYQSIFGDEGLDLNMARYNVGGGNASDVAYGYPFMRQGAAVPGTWKDDATGSGTY GNGVTTKQADKDKLAAAFDPTDDNQYDFSKSAAQDWWIERGATGDNPDITDVEAFANSAPWFLTNSGYATGGRNS GSNNLANPEKFAQYMAKNVEHLESLGANVDTVEPFNESETSYWGTPGDMASKYTDESDDNTKLINNYWDKYYSDK DKSVTPYANALKKPQEGMHVSNAQQQQTITALAEALKDNDDTIIAATDATNSADFVKSYNQYPQAIKDLIGQYNV HAYSDSNQMQSRDIAQADGKKLSMSEVDGSWQSGSYNPYGFDNALGMMSKISSNVTRLQSKDFTFWQVVEDLYNM QMGSNVNPAGENTNWGTVLIDFDCTVAGMDGKLYSERRVNNNGGTTDGLEPCTVIANAKYNGVKAITHFIHAGDK VIANNDEDNNMTATSDDGKTQTVIHRNSGTSDQTFVIDLSKYGEIADNAYGELYLTTETSAEDKNAGVDSATPEV FAKTSNVKQAEGSVMIDKAAKTATVTVPARSIASIQLTGVTGYAKDAAVETGDTYQLVGKQSGKAVADTTSGDSA LSLANVASDAENAKKQTWTFTQIEQPADSERPDLKVYVITNAEGKVLVSKDGTNALSNETVEAAKSDPAAKWILN TSDGSTYQLLNAATKTNLDVDNSGTTVGTKVGLWQSPSGTSPSANQTWTLRNVTPTSQKTVNVQTAVNEKAALPT EVTLYYTWGEGKATVANWDTSKVDVAKEGTYEATATATDVYGNEFNVAATVYVGALTVSDPVSATVLAGTSASEA KAALEAAPVYLHVKASPAFEGDAAKVTWNFDGLDTKLADAKAGDNIAVTGTYQLDDATTIALKGAIYVTAATPEN VADTASSLTVTNQQTEYSKGDQWKKLTDGDTSAEAWVTWNSAGDYSASPTATIDFGSECELSSVTITYGDKAPAS AKAEYTTDGETWMQFGSDVKPAAGQTVTFKADKGTVNATKVRIVNTVNNDYMNATEIQAFVTPVQGAAKNIAAAS GTNFSVNFQEGASASKAIDGDTTSKGWSTWASTASTVDPVATFTFDEAQTITEVKTFFYYDGRASWPKSQTLEYQ DEAGEWHGVGTKDGWKIQAGDAGSGSDGITAADTPTVDFVLGTPVKAKAIRLTNTLQDTKVYINVAEIQVFAQDS TVLTPQPASDATLGDLRLDGETVEGFDPAKTDYTVDLPVDAEANPVLQAFATDNAAAVKVTGDAVENGQLGGKAA ITVTSADESETKTYTVTFNAFTLASLKVIGPTKTEYAIGDKLDTAGLKVTAVYQSGDKTKEVPVALDDPQLAIGS FDSTTAGKKAITVSYRGVTATFNVTVKANAVAPGPEEQKPGNTNKPGATGSGNKNTVANTGSSVAAIAGAVALLA AAAGALFMLRKRASuitably, the present B. longum subsp. iuvenis strain comprises a glycosyl hydrolase family43_32 (GH42_32) gene. Suitably, the GH42_32 gene comprises SEQ ID NO: 25 or a sequence with at least 60% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 25. Suitably, the GH42_32 gene comprises a sequence with at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 25. SEQ ID NO: 25 ATGACCGCAACCATCAGCAACGGTGTATCCGCCAGCTACAGCCCTGCGGAAGACGAGCTCGGCGCAGCTGACCCC ACCGCCTTGCTTGCCGAATCTGGCGATTTGAAGCCGCTGGCCGAACGCACTTATACGAATCCGGTTCCATATGCG GACGGTAAGTCCCATACCGCGCCCGACCCGTTCGTGCTCAAATACCGCGACCTCTACTACTGCTATGCCACCGAC GAGCACGGCATTCTGGTCTCCACCTCACCGGACATGGTGCACTGGACCTCACATGGATTCTGCTACACCGAAGCC GGACGCAGAAACTTCTGGGCCCCATCGGTGATTCTCATCAACGGCGTCTTTCACATGTACTTCTCGAATATGCCG GCCGAGGAGACCGACACCCACACGGAAATCATGCGTGTGGCCGTGAGCGAGGATCCGCTCGGCCCGTTCGAAAAG AAAGCGGAGCTGTTCAACACCTTCGCCATCGACTCCCAAGTGGTCTATGGCGATGACGGCCAGTTGTACTTGCTT TACGCCGACAATCAGGTCACCGGCCTGAGCGATGACCGGCCCGGAACCTCCGTGATGATCGATCGCCTTGTGACC CCGTATTCGCGTGAGAACAAACCGCGCCCGCTCATCGTGCCCACCATGGACGAGGAGATCTTTGCCCGCAACCGT TTCGGCGATGGCCGCGACTGGCACACCGTAGAAGGCGCCACATACTTCGCCTACCGTGACCGCGCGTTCATCACC TACTCGGCCAACGCCTACGAGCATGAGGACTACTTCGTCGGATACTCGTACGCACAGCTGCCGAATAAGCAGGCC GACGCCCACATCGATCAGCTCGATTGGACGAAACAGCTCAACGAGAACCGCTTCGATCCGCTGCTTATCCGCAGC CCAAAGGTTGAAGGCACGGGCCACAACTCCATAGTCAAAGCGCCCAATGCCGTTGATGACTGGATTGTCTACCAC GGCCGTAACGCCGATGACGAGCTGTATGTGGGCACCGAACAGCGCGTAATGCGCATCGACCCGCTGTACTACGCC GAAGGAGGGCTCGACACCCCAGGACCTACCGCCGCCGCTCAAAGCGCACCGCTGTATGGCACTGTGCATGATGAT TTTGCGGATGGCCTGAACGCCGGATGGTCGGTTATTTCCGGTGCGGCCCACACCGAATCCGATGTGGACGGTCAC GCGCTTGTTGCCGACGAATCCAGTGTATTCATCGCTGTGTCGGGCAAATCGTCCGCAACCCAAGTGATTGACGTC TGGGCCAAAGCTCCCGTCACCCCACTGGGCGCACGATTCGGTATCGTGGTGCGGTACCAGGATGCCAACAACCTC ACCAAACTCGAGGTGGATGCTGGCCGTCAGGTAATTAGCGTGGTCGATGTGATCGGCGGCGTTGCCTCCGAACGC GTGACCAATGCCGACCTCCATGACTTCGATTCCCATGCCTGGCATGAGTACCGGCTTGAGCGCCGCTACTGCAGG CTGGAGATCCGCATTGATGGCCGTTTCGCCGCGTCCTGCACCATCAGTGATAAGCCCGGTCGGGCGGGATTGTTC TCGTTGCGAACGGGGGCCGCGTTCAGCGCATATGCGGCCACTGAACATGTGAATCTGTGGGGTGCCGGATTGCGG GATCTCGGTCGAGAATTGCATGCTGACCGCCGACTCGTCATCGACGGCGGCGTGAGGTCCAGCGGCGTGTGTCCG GTAACACTCGAACTGGCATACCCGCTGGTCAGCAACCGTTTCGTCCTTGATTTCGCTGGGCAGACGAGCCGTGGG CAGGCGCTGTTGTCTCTTGGCGAATACCGTTTGTCCGGCACGGCATCATCCGTGGAGTTCATGCGCAACGGCAAG TCTCTGCCTTCCACCCCGGAGCCGGCCAGGCTGCGTGTCTTTGAAGACAACGTCCGCCGTGACCGTTCGGGCCGA GCCGTGCTCACCATCCGTATCGAAGCTCTGAACGGCACGATGCGACTGCACCTACGTGGCAAAACCTGGCAGGTG CCGTTTGCGGACAATGCGGCCCGTGCCCGTATCACTCTTGATCGCGCATCCCTGACCGGATACGAGAGGACATCG CTGGAATCCAGCATCGAGGAAAGGAGTGCGTCCGGCAATTGA Suitably, the GH42_32 gene may encode a protein shown as SEQ ID NO: 26 or a sequence with at least 80% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 26. Suitably, the protein may comprise asequence with at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least 99% sequenceidentity to SEQ ID NO: 26. SEQ ID NO: 26 MTATISNGVSASYSPAEDELGAADPTALLAESGDLKPLAERTYTNPVPYADGKSHTAPDPFVLKYRDLYYCYATD EHGILVSTSPDMVHWTSHGFCYTEAGRRNFWAPSVILINGVFHMYFSNMPAEETDTHTEIMRVAVSEDPLGPFEK KAELFNTFAIDSQVVYGDDGQLYLLYADNQVTGLSDDRPGTSVMIDRLVTPYSRENKPRPLIVPTMDEEIFARNR FGDGRDWHTVEGATYFAYRDRAFITYSANAYEHEDYFVGYSYAQLPNKQADAHIDQLDWTKQLNENRFDPLLIRS PKVEGTGHNSIVKAPNAVDDWIVYHGRNADDELYVGTEQRVMRIDPLYYAEGGLDTPGPTAAAQSAPLYGTVHDD FADGLNAGWSVISGAAHTESDVDGHALVADESSVFIAVSGKSSATQVIDVWAKAPVTPLGARFGIVVRYQDANNL TKLEVDAGRQVISVVDVIGGVASERVTNADLHDFDSHAWHEYRLERRYCRLEIRIDGRFAASCTISDKPGRAGLF SLRTGAAFSAYAATEHVNLWGAGLRDLGRELHADRRLVIDGGVRSSGVCPVTLELAYPLVSNRFVLDFAGQTSRG QALLSLGEYRLSGTASSVEFMRNGKSLPSTPEPARLRVFEDNVRRDRSGRAVLTIRIEALNGTMRLHLRGKTWQV PFADNAARARITLDRASLTGYERTSLESSIEERSASGNSuitably, the B. longum subsp. iuvenis strain comprises one or more genes selected from aGH43_24, GH127, GH30_5, and GH 43_32 gene as defined herein.Suitably, the B. longum subsp. iuvenis strain comprises a GH43_17 gene and one or moreselected from a GH43_24, GH127, GH30_5, and GH 43_32 gene as defined herein.Suitably, the B. longum subsp. iuvenis strain comprises a GH43_17, GH43_24, GH127,GH30_5, and GH 43_32 gene as defined herein.Suitably, the B. longum subsp. iuvenis strain comprises a GH43_17, GH43_22, GH43_27,GH43_29, GH121, GH43_24, GH127, GH30_5, and GH 43_32 gene as defined herein.Suitably, the B. longum subsp. iuvenis strain comprises a GH43_17, GH43_22, GH43_27,GH43_29, GH121, GH43_24, GH127, GH30_5, GH 43_32, as defined herein.GH43_17 gene clusterSuitably, the B. longum subsp. iuvenis strain may comprise one or more genes encoding fora family 31 glucosidase (GH31), an ABC transporter, a Lac-I type regulator, a MFS transporter and / or an AraC family transcriptional regulator.Suitably, the present B. longum subsp. iuvenis strain comprises a glycosyl hydrolase family31 (GH31) gene. Suitably, the GH31 gene comprises SEQ ID NO: 27 or a sequence with at least 60% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 27. Suitably, the GH31 gene comprises a sequence with at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 27. SEQ ID NO: 27 ATGACAACTTCATTCACCATCGACGGCAACGCCCTGATCTGGACCGGGGACGGCGAAACCCTGCGCATCGAACCT TGGGAAGAGAACAGCGTACGTGTACGCGCCACCCGCAACCGTGGCTTCGGCCCGGTCGATTGGGCGCTTCTGGAA CCGAAGAATGAATCCGGCCGTGTCGCAGACATCGCCGTCGGCGAGGACGGCGAACACGCCAGCCTGACCAACGGC AGCATCACCGTTAAAGCGGATTCGAATCATGCTCCATTGCTGTCTGCCGGATATGAAACCTTCCGGTGTGACCTG AGCTTCTGGAACGCCGAAGGCGAACTCCTGTTCCGCGAATATCCACAAGGTGGGTCGCTTTTGCTCAAGGCGCGT GACTACACTCCGGTGTCCGGTGAAAGCTTCGCCGTGACCACGTCTTTCAGCGCCGATCCCAAAGAACGGCTGTAT GGCATGGGCGAATACCAACAGGACGTGCTTGACCTCAAAGGCTCCACCTTTGAACTTGCGCACCGTAATTCCCAA GCCTCCGTGCCGTTCGTCGTCTCCTCCAAGGGGTACGGCTTCCTGTGGCACAATCCGGCTATTGGCCGCGCCACT TTTGGACGCAACCGAACCGAATGGGCGGCTCAGTCCACTGACCAGATTGACTACTGGGTCACCGCCGGTGACTCC TACGCGCAGATCGAATCGCAATATGCCGACGCCACCGGACATGCGCCAGTCATGCCTGAATGGGGTATGGGCTTC TGGCAGTGCAAGCTGCGTTACTGGAACCAGGAACAATTGCTTGACGTGGCCCGAGGCTTCAAATCCCGGAACATC CCGCTAGACCTCATCGTCATTGACTTCTTTCACTGGCCTCATTTGGGCGACTATAAGTTCGAGGACGAATTCTGG CCTGATCCCGAGGCCATGGTCGCCGAGCTCAACAGCATGGGCGTCAAGCTCATGGTGTCTGTGTGGCCGCAGGTC TCGGTCTCATCCGAGAACTTCGTGGAGATGAAGCGCAACAACTATCTGGTAAGCGCTGAAGCTGGGCTCAATCTT GACATGATGTTCGAAGAGCCGTGCGTCAACTATGATCCCACCAACCCGGGAGCTCGCAAATTTGTGTGGGACAAG TGCAAGGCCAACTATTGGGACAAGGGCGTGCGCGCCTTCTGGCTGGATGAGGCCGAACCCGAATATGGTGTCTAC GATTTTCGCAACTACCGCTACCACATGGGCAGCGACCTCAACGTGGGTAACGTCTATCCGCAGGCTTACAACCGC GGATTCTACGAGGGGCAGATAGAAGCCGGCATGGAAGGCGAGATCGTTAACCTGACTCGATGTGCGTGGGCTGGA TCTCAACGTTACGGATCGTTGGTCTGGTCTGGAGACGTTGGCTCCACATTCGCCGATCTGAAATCGCAGATTACC TGTGCTATTCACATGGGTATGGCTGGCATCCCTTGGTTCACTACAGACATGGGCGGCTTCCATGATGGGGTGATC GATTCGGATTCATTCAAGGAGCTGCTGGCCCGCTGGTGCGCGTTCTCCTGCTTCCTGCCCGTCATGCGCAACCAT GGTGACCGCAGCCTGGGGGAGTCGACCGGCAAGCAAACCATCACCAAGGCAACCGGTGAGCACCGTTCGCCTTCG GGCGCGGACAACGAGCCATGGAGCTATGGCCCTGAAATGGAGTCCATATTCCGTAAATACATCGCCGTGCGCGAG GTCATGCGCCCGTATACCCGTGAACTGTTCCAGTCTGCCCATGAGCAGGGTCAGCCGTTGGTGCGAGGACTGTTC TACGAGTTTCCGACCGATGAACACGTGGCCGACATTGCGGACGAATACCTGTACGGTCCTGACATTCTTGTGGCT CCCGTAGTCGAGGCCGGTGCTGCTTCCCGTAGCGTCTACCTTCCTGGCGATGAGACGACCACTTGGACTGATTTG CGAGACGGTGCCGTATACGCGGGTGGGCAGAGCATCGAGTCGTCTGCAGCAATCGACACGGTCCCTGCCTTTGCG CGAGATGGTCGGGACCATGGTTTGATTGGTCTGTTGTAG Suitably, the GH31 gene may encode a protein shown as SEQ ID NO: 28 or a sequence with at least 80% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 28. Suitably, the protein may comprise a sequence with at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 28. SEQ ID NO: 28 MTTSFTIDGNALIWTGDGETLRIEPWEENSVRVRATRNRGFGPVDWALLEPKNESGRVADIAVGEDGEHASLTNG SITVKADSNHAPLLSAGYETFRCDLSFWNAEGELLFREYPQGGSLLLKARDYTPVSGESFAVTTSFSADPKERLY GMGEYQQDVLDLKGSTFELAHRNSQASVPFVVSSKGYGFLWHNPAIGRATFGRNRTEWAAQSTDQIDYWVTAGDS YAQIESQYADATGHAPVMPEWGMGFWQCKLRYWNQEQLLDVARGFKSRNIPLDLIVIDFFHWPHLGDYKFEDEFW PDPEAMVAELNSMGVKLMVSVWPQVSVSSENFVEMKRNNYLVSAEAGLNLDMMFEEPCVNYDPTNPGARKFVWDK CKANYWDKGVRAFWLDEAEPEYGVYDFRNYRYHMGSDLNVGNVYPQAYNRGFYEGQIEAGMEGEIVNLTRCAWAG SQRYGSLVWSGDVGSTFADLKSQITCAIHMGMAGIPWFTTDMGGFHDGVIDSDSFKELLARWCAFSCFLPVMRNH GDRSLGESTGKQTITKATGEHRSPSGADNEPWSYGPEMESIFRKYIAVREVMRPYTRELFQSAHEQGQPLVRGLF YEFPTDEHVADIADEYLYGPDILVAPVVEAGAASRSVYLPGDETTTWTDLRDGAVYAGGQSIESSAAIDTVPAFA RDGRDHGLIGLLSuitably, the present B. longum subsp. iuvenis strain comprises one or more ABC transportergenes. Suitably, the ABC transporter genes comprise SEQ ID NO: 29-31 or sequences with at least 60% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 29-31. Suitably, the ABC transporter gene comprises a sequence with at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 29-31. Suitably, thepresent B. longum subsp. iuvenis strain comprises a gene with at least 60% sequence identityto SEQ ID NO: 29, a gene with at least 60% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 30 and a gene with at least 60% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 31. SEQ ID NO: 29 ATGACGCATCGTAGCACCTGGTGGAAAACCGCTCTCGGCATCATATTGACGCTCATCATGATGTTTCCTGTCTAC TGGATGATCAACATCTCGTTCACTGGTAAGGCATCCATTCGTTCCGGCGACCTGTGGCCCAAGGATTTCACCTTT GACAACTACGCCCGCGTAATCGCCGACCAAATGCCCTATCTGGGCACTTCCATCCTCGTAGCGGTATGCTGCGTG ATTCTAACGCTGGTCATCGCACTGCCTGCCGCCTACGCACTGGCTTTGCTGCGCTGTCCAGGCAGCGGCGCGCTC AGCTTCCTGCTCATCGTGGCTCAGATGATTCCCGCCGTCGTGATGTCGCTCGGCTTCTACGAGATTTATAACAAC ATTGGTCTGCTCGATACGTTGCCCGGCCTGATCCTCGCCGACTCGACCATTGCGGTGCCGTTCGCGGTCATGCTC CTGACTTCTTTCATGGCCGGCATCCCGCGGTCCCTGCTTGAGGCCGCCGAAGTGGATGGAGCCTCACGTACCCGT CGCTTCTTTTCCATTGTCATCCCGTTATCGCGCAATTCGATCGTGACCGTCTCCCTGTTCGCTTTCCTATGGTCT TGGAGCGACTTCCTGTTCGCTTCCACCCTTGACTCCGGCGGCGGCAAGATGCGCCCGATCACTATGGGTCTGTAC AACTATATCGGTGCGCAGACCCAGGAATGGGGGCCGATGATGGCCACCGCAGTGCTTGCATCCATTCCCGCGACC ATCCTGCTTGTCTTCGCCCAGAAGTACGTCGCCGCAGGCGTGACCGCCGGTGCTGTTAAGGACTAA SEQ ID NO: 30 ATGACAGCCTCAACAACAAGCCCCGTTCGCCGGGCAAAGTCCGGCACTCCGGTCCGGGCCAAACTGGCCATCGCC GGATTCATTGCCCCACTGATTATCTACTTGGTAATCTTTTACGCGTTCCCGCTCATCCAGAACGTGTCAATGAGC CTGCACCGATACACGCGACGAACCTTCGTTACCGGAGATGCGCTGTTCGTGGGTCTCGACATCTACAAGGAAGTC ATTTCCTCCGTGGAGTTCTGGCCGGTTGTGGGGCAGACCTTCGTGTTCGTGGTCGTCTCGCTGATATTCCAATAT GTAATCGGCTTGGCCCTGGCGGTGTTCTTCAACGATAACTTCAAGCTCTCTGGTGTGCTGCGCGGCATCATGCTG GTTCCGTGGCTGTTGCCGCTGATTGTTTCTGGAACCGTCTGGCAGTGGATGATGGACCCTGACTCCGGCATCCTC AACATGTTCCTCGGTCTGTTTGACATCGAACCCATCTGGTGGCTCCAGGCGGATAACTCGCTGTGGGCCGTCATC ATCGCCAACATCTGGCTGGGAATCCCCTTCAACCTCGTGATCCTGTATTCCGGCCTACAGAACATCAGCGGCGAC CTGTATGAAGCCGCCTCCCTCGATGGCTGCAACGCCTGGCAGCGCTTCTGGAAGATCACCTTCCCTCTCCTGAAG CCCGTCACTTCGATCACCCTGTTGCTCGGCTTCGTCTATACATTGAAGGTCGTTGACGTGATCTGGATGATGTCC CAGGGAACCGGCACCTCGCGTACCCTCGCCACCTGGGCCTATTCGATGGCATTTGGCAAGGGAACTTCAATGACT ATCAAATACTCGGAGGCTTCGGTGCTCGGCACGATTCTCATCATCGTGGCGTTGATTTTCGGACTGATTTACCTG CGGGTCCAGAAGACCCAGGAAACCTGCTAA SEQ ID NO: 31 ATGAAGTCCAATACCGCTCTTAAGATAACCGCCGCATTATGCTCCTGCGCCATGCTTGTCGGCGTCAGCGCCTGT GGTTCGAGCAACAGCACCACGGATGATAAGGTGATCGAATGGTGGGATGACTGGACCCGCCACGAGGATGGCTCC GAGTTCGACAAACTGGTCAAGGCGTGTGCGCCCGAAGGCTACACAATTGAGCGCCAAGCCATCGCCACTTCCGAC CTGCTCAACAACCTCACCACCGCAATCAAGGAAGACAATGGCCCGGATGTTGCGGTCATCGACAACCCGATGATT CCGTCCGCCGTCGATGCGGGTTTGGTTGCTGGTTCCGACGAAACTGGTCTTGACGTTTCTGCCTGGGATGAGAAC CTTGAGGCTCCGGGCGTAGTGGACGGCCAGGCATATGGCGTGCCGCTGGGCGGATCCAACACGTTGGGTCTTATG TACAACCCCACCATCATTGAGGCAGCCGGTGTGGATGTATCCACCATCACCGATTGGGATTCGCTCAACGCGGCC ATCAAGAAGGTCGTTGACGCCGGATACAAGGGCATTACGTTCTCGGGCATCTCGGGTGAGGAAGGCGTCTTCCAG TTCCTGCCTTGGTTCTGGGGCGCAGGTGGTGATCTGTCCAAGCTTGACTCCCAGGCGCAGAAGGACGCCGAAGAC CTGCTTTCCGGGTGGATCAGCAAGGGATGGGCTCCCAAGTCCGCCACGACCAACACCCAGTCGGCCTCCTGGGAT CTGTTCCTGGCTGGCGACTACGGATTTGCTGAAATCGGCACCTGGATGCAGTCCGAGGCAGACGAGGCCGGAGCC AAACTTATTCCGATCCCCGCAAAGGATGGCGGCGTGGCCACCGTGCCGACCGGTGGCGAGTTCGCCATGGTCGCC TACCACAAGAAGGATGCGGAATCCCACTACAAGCTCGCCAATCAGGTTATCGAATGTCTTTCCGAGGACGAGACT CTGCTTAAGGTAAGCAACGCTCTGAGCAACCTCGCTGCCAAGAAGGCCGTGCGTGCCGAGCAGCTCGCGGCTAGC GACGGCTTGGCTCAGTGGAAGGAATCCATCGAGAACGCCGCCGGCCGTACCTCCGACTTGGGTCTCAAATACGAG GAAGCCTCCGCAAGCATCTCCGAATCCCTGCTGGCGGCCCTTAACGCGGCTTGA Suitably, the ABC transporter genes may encode a proteins shown as SEQ ID NO: 32-34 or polypeptide with at least 80% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 32-34. Suitably, the gene may encode a polypeptide with at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 32. Suitably, the gene may encode a polypeptide with at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 33. Suitably, the gene may encode a polypeptide with at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 34. SEQ ID NO: 32 MTHRSTWWKTALGIILTLIMMFPVYWMINISFTGKASIRSGDLWPKDFTFDNYARVIADQMPYLGTSILVAVCCV ILTLVIALPAAYALALLRCPGSGALSFLLIVAQMIPAVVMSLGFYEIYNNIGLLDTLPGLILADSTIAVPFAVML LTSFMAGIPRSLLEAAEVDGASRTRRFFSIVIPLSRNSIVTVSLFAFLWSWSDFLFASTLDSGGGKMRPITMGLY NYIGAQTQEWGPMMATAVLASIPATILLVFAQKYVAAGVTAGAVKD SEQ ID NO: 33 MTASTTSPVRRAKSGTPVRAKLAIAGFIAPLIIYLVIFYAFPLIQNVSMSLHRYTRRTFVTGDALFVGLDIYKEV ISSVEFWPVVGQTFVFVVVSLIFQYVIGLALAVFFNDNFKLSGVLRGIMLVPWLLPLIVSGTVWQWMMDPDSGIL NMFLGLFDIEPIWWLQADNSLWAVIIANIWLGIPFNLVILYSGLQNISGDLYEAASLDGCNAWQRFWKITFPLLK PVTSITLLLGFVYTLKVVDVIWMMSQGTGTSRTLATWAYSMAFGKGTSMTIKYSEASVLGTILIIVALIFGLIYL RVQKTQETC SEQ ID NO: 34 MKSNTALKITAALCSCAMLVGVSACGSSNSTTDDKVIEWWDDWTRHEDGSEFDKLVKACAPEGYTIERQAIATSD LLNNLTTAIKEDNGPDVAVIDNPMIPSAVDAGLVAGSDETGLDVSAWDENLEAPGVVDGQAYGVPLGGSNTLGLM YNPTIIEAAGVDVSTITDWDSLNAAIKKVVDAGYKGITFSGISGEEGVFQFLPWFWGAGGDLSKLDSQAQKDAED LLSGWISKGWAPKSATTNTQSASWDLFLAGDYGFAEIGTWMQSEADEAGAKLIPIPAKDGGVATVPTGGEFAMVA YHKKDAESHYKLANQVIECLSEDETLLKVSNALSNLAAKKAVRAEQLAASDGLAQWKESIENAAGRTSDLGLKYE EASASISESLLAALNAASuitably, the present B. longum subsp. iuvenis strain comprises a Lac-I type regulator gene.Suitably, the Lac-I type regulator gene comprises SEQ ID NO: 35 or a sequence with at least 60% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 35. Suitably, the Lac-I type regulator gene comprises a sequence with at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 35. SEQ ID NO: 35 ATGGTGACCATCAACGACGTGGCGCGGGAGGCAGGAGTCTCCAAAACCACGGTCTCATTCGTGCTTTCGGGCTCG CGCCCCGTTGCTGCAGCCACCGAACAACGTATCCGTGAGGCAATGGACAGACTCGGCTATACCGTCAATCATGCC GCCCGCAGCTTGTCCACTTCGAAGACCATGACCATAGCCGTGGTGACCAGCAACCGGCAGGACGCCTACTTTGAC ATTGCCCGTGGCACATACATCAACGGCTTATCCCGAGCAGCCGCCGAAACCGGCTACGACATGCTCATCACTAAC GATCCAGACGGCTCCGCTACGGAGAACGCCTGCCAATCACACAAGGCGGATGGGCTGGTTTTTTTAGACGTCAGG CAGAACGATCCGCGTGTGCCGATTGCCGCTGAATCCGGCATTCCAACAGTCTCGCTAGGAGTCCCAGTCAATCCA ATGAATCTTGATGTGGTCGACACCGACTTCACGGACATGGCGGCCTCGACCATGCGTACACTGCACGATGCCGGA CACCGCCGCGTCAGCGTCATCACGCTCAGTAGCCGGGTGATTGCCGAACAACTCAACGACACCGCTCGATTCCTC AGGGAAATCGAACGTTCCGGAGAACGACTTGGCATGCATGCCACTATCCGACATTGCTCTACAAGGCCCGGAATC ATCGACACAGACATCGCTCGCATTCTTGACGGTCGAGGTGAGGACACCGCATTCGTCATCCATAATGAATCGGCC GTATTGGTGTTCAGACGGGCAGTGGAACATCGCGGACTGCGCATCCCCGAGGATATCTCCGTCATCGCCATCAAT GAAAAGCAGATGTCGGACGCTCTGTATCTGCCATATTCCGCCTACGAAAACGACGTGGAACTGGTCACCCAATCT GCCGTCAATACGCTTGTGGACCGTATCGAACATCCCGAGCTGACGCCGACACGAACGTTGATCAAGGCCTCGTAC ATAGATCGAGACTCCGTGGCCAATATCTGA Suitably, the Lac-I type regulator gene may encode a protein shown as SEQ ID NO: 36 or a sequence with at least 80% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 36. Suitably, the protein may comprise a sequence with at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 36. SEQ ID NO: 36 MVTINDVAREAGVSKTTVSFVLSGSRPVAAATEQRIREAMDRLGYTVNHAARSLSTSKTMTIAVVTSN RQDAYFDIARGTYINGLSRAAAETGYDMLITNDPDGSATENACQSHKADGLVFLDVRQNDPRVPIAAE SGIPTVSLGVPVNPMNLDVVDTDFTDMAASTMRTLHDAGHRRVSVITLSSRVIAEQLNDTARFLREIE RSGERLGMHATIRHCSTRPGIIDTDIARILDGRGEDTAFVIHNESAVLVFRRAVEHRGLRIPEDISVI AINEKQMSDALYLPYSAYENDVELVTQSAVNTLVDRIEHPELTPTRTLIKASYIDRDSVANISuitably, the present B. longum subsp. iuvenis strain comprises a facilitator superfamily (MFS)gene. Suitably, the MFS gene comprises SEQ ID NO: 37 or a sequence with at least 60%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 37. Suitably, the MFS gene comprises a sequence with atleast 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 37. SEQ ID NO: 37 ATCGCCGAGTTCCATTACGCTATCGGGCATTTTCATTGTGCCGGTCATCGGATTGGTTGCTCAGGCATTCCCGGA CAGCTCGCTCTCCAGCGTGCAGATGATTGTTTCGGCATCACTCTGACCGCACTGGTTGGCGCTTGGCTGACCGGC AAACTCGCCAGCATTCTATCCCGGAAGACCGTGGCACTGATTGGTGCAGGCGGCATGCTGCTGTTCGGTCTGCTG CCGTACTTCGTGCATTCCAGTCTGGCTGCAGTCATCGCGTTTTCCGCGTTGATGGGCGTATGCCTAGGCTTTATC AACAACGTGCTGCCTACTTTGATCTCCGTGCACTACGAGGGCGATGAGCGACAGTCGATTATGGGTCAGCAGGTT GCCGTGGCCAGCATCGGTGCGATGGTGTTCATGACCGTGGCCGGCAAACTCGCCACCGCACAGTGGTATCACGCC TACCTCATCTACTTGTTCGCCGCCGTGGTGCTGGTGGTCTGCGCATTCACGCTGCCCACCAAGAATGGTGAGACG GACGAAGCCGGCCGGATTCAGGGAACGGGGCCTTCCGCGTCGATTCGCGAGGTTATGACCGGCAAACTGTGGTTC TTGGTTGTTGCCGGCTTCTTCTTCCTTCTGGCGAACAATGCCTACAGCAACAACTTGTCCCTGTTGGTCGAGCAG CGCGGCTTGGGCGATGCCGGAACCGCTGGACTGATTTCCACCATCGGACAGTTCGGCGGACTGCTGGCTGGTTTG TGCGTCGGTCTTATGGTCCGATTCGTGAAGAACCATTTGCTGATGGTCGGCTTCATTGTCGAGGGCCTGTCTTTG CTGCTGCTTGGCTGCTCGGCCAGCCTGCCACTGCTCATCATCGGCAGTTTCTTTGCCGGAGCCGGCCTGAGCATC TACTATGCGCAGGCGCCATTCCTCGTCACCGTCATCGAAAAGCCCTACCTCATCCCGCTGGGCATTGCTGCCATG ACCACGGCCAACGCACTGGGCGGATTTGCCAGCCCTGTGCTCGTCAACGCGATTAACGGACTGTTTGGTTCGCAC GCGGCCGGCGCGATGTTCATCGGTGCCGCGATTGCTCTGGCCGGAGCGGTGGCTCTCGGTGTGAGCGGATTCCAA AAGAAGTGCCTCGAAAGCGCGAAGTGA Suitably, the MFS gene may encode a protein shown as SEQ ID NO: 38 or a sequence with at least 80% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 38. Suitably, the protein may comprise asequence with at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least 99% sequenceidentity to SEQ ID NO: 38. SEQ ID NO: 38 MAEFHYAIGHFHCAGHRIGCSGIPGQLALQRADDCFGITLTALVGAWLTGKLASILSRKTVALIGAGGMLLFGLL PYFVHSSLAAVIAFSALMGVCLGFINNVLPTLISVHYEGDERQSIMGQQVAVASIGAMVFMTVAGKLATAQWYHA YLIYLFAAVVLVVCAFTLPTKNGETDEAGRIQGTGPSASIREVMTGKLWFLVVAGFFFLLANNAYSNNLSLLVEQ RGLGDAGTAGLISTIGQFGGLLAGLCVGLMVRFVKNHLLMVGFIVEGLSLLLLGCSASLPLLIIGSFFAGAGLSI YYAQAPFLVTVIEKPYLIPLGIAAMTTANALGGFASPVLVNAINGLFGSHAAGAMFIGAAIALAGAVALGVSGFQ KKCLESAKSuitably, the present B. longum subsp. iuvenis strain comprises an AraC family transcriptionalregulator gene. Suitably, the AraC gene comprises SEQ ID NO: 39 or a sequence with at least 60% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 39. Suitably, the AraC gene comprises a sequence with at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 39. SEQ ID NO: 39 ATGGAGCGCGATGCTTTCCGGCTGCCGGGCCTCACCGCCGGCGATGACAACCAGTATGCCGATCACACGCTCACC GGCATGGCAGCCGATGCGGCGAACGTCATAGCCGCAGGCGGTCCCGCCCCGCTGACTAGCTTCGGCACTGTCGCT CAAGCCGCCCATCTCAATCCAGATGACGGCTTCGGCATCATTGGCCATGATCTTGCACACCCATCGCACCTACAC CGGCATGACTATATGGAAATCACGCACGCCATCGCCGGTACGGTACTGGTCTGGGTCGAAGGAGAGACCAACGTG CTGACACAGGGCGGCACCATACTCATCAAGCCTGGAGCCCGTCATCTCATCTCCCCCATCATCGAATACGGGCAA ACACCACACGAGGCGGACATCCTGATTAAACCCGAGCTCATCAGGCAATGCCGCATTCCGATTCTGGAAGCAGCC GGCGCCGACCGGATGTTCATTAGCTGGCTTGACGATGACCGGCAGACCCACTGCCTGCTGGCAGCCGGCAAGCAC CACGCCGGCGAGGCCGCTATCAGCCGCATGTTCATCGCCTACTGCATCAACGCAACCTACAGGCCAGACTTCACC GTCATCGGCAACCTGCTCGAGCTGTTCCACGAAACGTCCCGAGTCTTGGAACACCAGCCACGTACCGATCCGCTG ATCGCCGCCATCATCGAAACCATCACGGCAGATCCCGCCACGGCCCACAACCAGGCCATAGCGGACACACTTGGA TACAGCGTGGGATATCTGTCCCGGTACGCGCGCAAGCACAGCGGGCACACACTCGGCCAACTCATCAACGAGGAA AGGCTCCGACTCGGCGCCGAACTGCTCGTCACCACCGACGACACCATTGCCGAAATCACCCGAACCATTGGCTAC GAAAGTCCAGCCTATTTCCATAAACTCTTCCGCAGCCGCTACCTCATTACCCCCGACCGCTACCGCAACGACTTC CGTATCGCATTACGTTGCGGATGA Suitably, the AraC gene may encode a protein shown as SEQ ID NO: 40 or a sequence with at least 80% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 40. Suitably, the protein may comprise a sequence with at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 40. SEQ ID NO: 40 MERDAFRLPGLTAGDDNQYADHTLTGMAADAANVIAAGGPAPLTSFGTVAQAAHLNPDDGFGIIGHDLAHPSHLH RHDYMEITHAIAGTVLVWVEGETNVLTQGGTILIKPGARHLISPIIEYGQTPHEADILIKPELIRQCRIPILEAA GADRMFISWLDDDRQTHCLLAAGKHHAGEAAISRMFIAYCINATYRPDFTVIGNLLELFHETSRVLEHQPRTDPL IAAIIETITADPATAHNQAIADTLGYSVGYLSRYARKHSGHTLGQLINEERLRLGAELLVTTDDTIAEITRTIGY ESPAYFHKLFRSRYLITPDRYRNDFRIALRCGSuitably, the B. longum subsp. iuvenis strain comprises a MFS transporter and an AraC familytranscriptional regulator gene.Suitably, the B. longum subsp. iuvenis strain comprises a GH43_17, a MFS transporter andan AraC family transcriptional regulator gene. Suitably, the GH43_17, MFS transporter and AraC family transcriptional regulator genes are comprised in a gene cluster. As used herein, a ‘gene cluster’ may refer to a group of genes that are located next to each other in a chromosome.Suitably, the B. longum subsp. iuvenis strain comprises each of a GH31, an ABC transporter,a Lac-I type regulator, a MFS transporter and / or an AraC family transcriptional regulator gene.Suitably, the B B. longum subsp. iuvenis strain comprises a GH43_17, a MFS transporter, anAraC, a GH31, an ABC transporter, and a Lac-I type regulator gene. Suitably, the GH43_17, MFS transporter, AraC family transcriptional regulator, GH31, ABC transporter, and Lac-I type regulator genes are comprised in aa gene cluster as described above.Suitably, the B. longum subsp. iuvenis strain further comprises a xylulose kinase gene and / ora xylose isomerase gene. Suitably, the xylulose kinase gene and / or xylose isomerase genes are comprised in a gene cluster as defined above. Suitably, the xylulose kinase gene comprises SEQ ID NO: 41 or a sequence with at least 60% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 41. Suitably, the xylulose kinase gene comprises a sequence with at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 41. SEQ ID NO: 41 ATGACGAGAGTACTGGTTGCCGGCGTAGATACGTCAACTCAATCAACAAAGGTCCGCATTACGGACGC CGCCACCGGCGAACAGGTTCGGTTCGGGCAGGCCAAGCACCCGGATGGCACCTCGGTCAACCCGGAAT TCTGGTGGGAGGCCTTCACCAAGGCCGCCGAGCAGGCCGGCGGGCTTGACGATGTCGCGGCCCTCGCG GTTGGCGGCCAGCAGCATGGCATGGTCATTCTCGACAAGCAGGGCAACGTGATTCGCGATGCGATGCT CTGGAATGACACCAGTTCCGCCCCGCAGGCCGCCGCCCTGATCGACAAGCTCGGTGCAACTCCGGCCG AGGGCGACGAACCGGACGACGTGACCGCCCGCGGCAAGCAGCGCTGGGTCAAGGCCGTCGGGTCCTCC CCCGTCGCTTCCTACACGCTGACCAAGGTGGCGTGGGTGGCCGAGAACGAGCCTGAGAACGCCAAGAA GATTGCCGCCGTCTGTCTGCCGCACGATTGGCTGAGCTGGCGTATCGCCGGCTATGGCCCGGTGGCCG AGGGCGAGGACGCTCATCTCGAAGCCCTGTTCACCGACCGTTCCGACGCTTCCGGCACCATTTACTAC GATGCCGCGCATGACGAGTACCGCCGCGATCTCATCGCCATGGTGCTGACCCCCGCCGAGGGCGAGGA AGCCGCCAAGGCCCACGCCGACGCCATTGTGCTGCCCACCGTGCTGGGCCCGCATGAGGCAGCCGCCG TCAAGGCCGACCCCGCCATTGCCGGCAAGGACGTTGAAGGCGGCTGCATCATCGGCCCCGGCGGCGGA GACAATGCCATGGCCTCGCTGGGCCTCGGCATGGCCGTGGGCGATGTGTCCGTATCGCTCGGCACCTC CGGCGTGGCCGCGGCCATCGCTGAAAACCCGGTGTACGACCTGACCGGAGCGATTTCTGGCTTTGCCG ACTGCACCGGTCATTATCTGCCGCTTGCCTGCACCATCAACGGTTCGCGCATTCTGGACGCCGGTCGC GCCGCCCTTGGCGTGGACTACGACGAGCTGGCCGAACTGGCCTTTAAGGCCGAGCCGGGTGCCGGCGG CATCACCCTGGTGCCGTACTTCGACGGCGAGCGTACGCCGAACCGTCCGGACGCCACCGCCTCGCTGA CTGGCCTGACCCTGCACAACACCACCAAGGAGAATCTGGCTCGTGCGTTCGTCGAAGGCCTGCTGTGT TCCCAGCGCGACTGCCTCGAGCTGATTCGTTCGCTGGGTGCCGAGATCAACCGCATCCTGCTCATTGG CGGTGGCGCGAAGTCCGTGGCCATCCGCACGCTGGCCCCCTCAATCCTCGGCATGGACGTGACCCGTC CGGCCACCGACGAATATGTGGCCATCGGCGCCGCCCGTCAGGCCGCCTGGGTGCTGTCCGGCGAGGCC GAACCGCTGACCTGGCAACTCACCATCGAGGGCGTGGAGACCGGCGAGCCCACCGAAGCCGTGTACGA GGCATACGCCAAGGCGCGCGGCTGA Suitably, the xylulose kinase gene may encode a protein shown as SEQ ID NO: 42 or a sequence with at least 80% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 42. Suitably, the protein may comprise a sequence with at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 42.SEQ ID NO: 42 MTRVLVAGVDTSTQSTKVRITDAATGEQVRFGQAKHPDGTSVNPEFWWEAFTKAAEQAGGLDDVAALAVGGQQHG MVILDKQGNVIRDAMLWNDTSSAPQAAALIDKLGATPAEGDEPDDVTARGKQRWVKAVGSSPVASYTLTKVAWVA ENEPENAKKIAAVCLPHDWLSWRIAGYGPVAEGEDAHLEALFTDRSDASGTIYYDAAHDEYRRDLIAMVLTPAEG EEAAKAHADAIVLPTVLGPHEAAAVKADPAIAGKDVEGGCIIGPGGGDNAMASLGLGMAVGDVSVSLGTSGVAAA IAENPVYDLTGAISGFADCTGHYLPLACTINGSRILDAGRAALGVDYDELAELAFKAEPGAGGITLVPYFDGERT PNRPDATASLTGLTLHNTTKENLARAFVEGLLCSQRDCLELIRSLGAEINRILLIGGGAKSVAIRTLAPSILGMD VTRPATDEYVAIGAARQAAWVLSGEAEPLTWQLTIEGVETGEPTEAVYEAYAKARG Suitably, the xylose isomerase gene comprises SEQ ID NO: 43 or a sequence with at least 60% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 43. Suitably, the xylose isomerase gene comprises a sequence with at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 43. SEQ ID NO: 43 ATGGGTCTGTGGGATGTTGACAAGATCGAGTACGTCGGCCGCGCCAAAGGACCGAAGGAAGACTTCGCCTTCCAT TACTACGATGCCGACAAGGTCGTTGCCGGCAAGAAGATGAAGGATTGGCTGCGCTTCGGCGTTGCTTGGTGGCAC ACCTTCAACCAGGAACTGGTTGATCCGTTCGGCACCGGCACCGCGCACCGCCCGTACTACAAGTACACCGATCCG ATGGACCAGGCTCTGGCCAAGGTCGACTACGCCTTCGAGCTGTTCCAGAAGCTGGGCGTCGAGTACTTCTGCTTC CACGATCGTGACATCGCCCCCGAAGGCGACACCCTGCGCGAGACCAACGCCAACCTCGACAAGGTCGTTGACAAG ATCGACGAGAATATGAAGTCCACCGGTGTCAAGCTGCTGTGGAACACCTCCTCCCTGTTCACCAACCCGCGCTTC GTGTCCGGCGCCGCCACTTCTCCGTTCGCCGACATCTACGCCTACGCCGGTGGCCAGCTCAAGAAGAGCTTGGAG ATCGGCAAGCGCCTGGGCGCCGAGAACTACGTGTTCTGGGGTGGCCGCGAAGGCTACGAGAACCTGTGGAACACC GAGATGAAGCGCGAGACCGACCACATCGCCAAGTTCTTCCACATGTGCGCAGATTACGCCAAGGAAATCGGCTTT GAGGCCCAGTTCCTGATCGAGCCGAAGCCGAAGGAGCCGACGCTGCACCAGTACGACTTCGATGCCGCCACCGCC ATCGAGTTCCTGCGCAACCACGACCTGACCGACGTCTTCAAGCTGAACTTGGAAGGCAACCACGCCAACCTGGCC GGCCACACCTACCAGCACGAGATCCGCGTGGCCCGCGAGTCCGGCTTCCTCGGTTCCCTCGACGCCAACCAGGGC GACAAGCTCATCGGCTGGGATATGGACGAGTTCCCGACCGATCTGTACGAGACCGTCGCCGTCATGTGGGAAGTC CTGCAGGCCGGCTCCATCGGACCTCACGGTGGTCTGAACTTCGACGCCAAGCCGCGCCGTACCTCCTTCTACGAG GAGGACCTGTTCCGCTCCCACATCGCCGGCATGGATGCCTACGCCGCCGGCCTGCTGGTTGCCGACAAGATGAAC CAGGACGGCTTCATCCAGAATCTTCAGGCCGAGCGCTACAGCTCCTACGACTCCGGCATCGGCAAGGACATCGAC GAGGGCAACGTCACCTTGGCCGACCTCGAAGCCTACAGCCTCGACAAGCCGCAGTCCGAGCTCATCGCCGCCACC AAGTCCGATCACCTCGAGTCCGTCAAGGCCACCATCAACAACTACATCATTGATGCCCTGGCTGAGGTCGAGTGA Suitably, the xylulose isomerase gene may encode a protein shown as SEQ ID NO: 44 or a sequence with at least 80% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 44. Suitably, the protein may comprise a sequence with at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 44. SEQ ID NO: 44 MGLWDVDKIEYVGRAKGPKEDFAFHYYDADKVVAGKKMKDWLRFGVAWWHTFNQELVDPFGTGTAHRPYYKYTDP MDQALAKVDYAFELFQKLGVEYFCFHDRDIAPEGDTLRETNANLDKVVDKIDENMKSTGVKLLWNTSSLFTNPRF VSGAATSPFADIYAYAGGQLKKSLEIGKRLGAENYVFWGGREGYENLWNTEMKRETDHIAKFFHMCADYAKEIGF EAQFLIEPKPKEPTLHQYDFDAATAIEFLRNHDLTDVFKLNLEGNHANLAGHTYQHEIRVARESGFLGSLDANQG DKLIGWDMDEFPTDLYETVAVMWEVLQAGSIGPHGGLNFDAKPRRTSFYEEDLFRSHIAGMDAYAAGLLVADKMN QDGFIQNLQAERYSSYDSGIGKDIDEGNVTLADLEAYSLDKPQSELIAATKSDHLESVKATINNYIIDALAEVE Human milk oligosaccharideSuitably, the present B. longum subsp. iuvenis strain preferentially utilizes 3- fucosyllactose(3-FL) compared to other B. longum subsp. iuvenis strains as demonstrated by a bettergrowth.Suitably, the present B. longum subsp. iuvenis strain may have a growth rate of at least 0.6 kwhen cultured in the presence of 3-FL. Suitably, the present B. longum subsp. iuvenis strainmay have a growth rate of at least 0.7 k, at least 0.8 k or at least 0.9 k when cultured in the presence of 3-FL. Growth rate may be calculated by culturing a bacterium on a given substrate, or mixture of substrates, for a period of time and modelling the growth curve using a logistic growth model, to obtain the relative growth rate k. Without wishing to be bound by theory, preferential growth on 3-FL is considered to be advantageous as levels of 3-FL rise inhuman breastmilk during the weaning period. Preferential growth on 3-FL indicates that thepresent B. longum subsp. iuvenis strain may be particularly adapted to survive and grow inthe microbiome during the weaning phase.Suitably, the present B. longum subsp. iuvenis strain comprises a glycosyl hydrolase family25 (GH25) gene. Suitably, the GH25 gene comprises SEQ ID NO: 45 or a sequence with at least 60% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 45. Suitably, the GH25 gene comprises a sequence with at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 45. SEQ ID NO: 45 ATGAGCAATCCAACAAATGATGGTATCAACTTGAATTACCTCGCAAACGTGCGTCCCTCGTCGCGACAGCTTGTC TGGCAGCGTATGGAGATGTATGCCTTCATACACTTCGGCATGAATACCATGACAGACAGGGAATGGGGTCTTGGG CATGAGGATCCGGCGCTGTTCGATCCACAGAATGTAGATGTGGAACAGTGGATGGATGCGCTGGTGGCTGGTGGA ATGACTGGTGTCATCTTGACGTGCAAGCATCATGATGGATTCTGCCTGTGGCCATCGCGTTACACGCAGCATACC GTTGCCGCCTCGCCGTGGAGGGACGGAAAAGGGGATCTCGTTCGTGAGGTCAGTGAGTCCGCCAGACGTCATGGA CTGAAGTTCGGCGTATACCTGTCTCCGTGGGATCGAACCGAAGAATCCTATGGCAAAGGCAAGGCATATGACGAT TTCTACGTCGGACAATTGACTGAGTTGCTCACCCAGTACGGACCGATTTTCTCCGTATGGCTGGATGGTGCCAAT GGTGAGGGCAAGAACGGCAAGACTCAGTATTACGACTGGGATCGTTACTACAACGTCATTCGTTCGCTTCAACCC AATGCGGTGATATCCGTATGCGGTCCCGACGTTCGCTGGGCTGGAAATGAAGCCGGACATGTACGTGACAACGAA TGGAGTGTCGTGCCCCGACGACTGCGTTCGGCGGAACTGACTATGGAAAATTCACAGCAGGAGGACGATGCGTCC TTTGCTTCTACGGTTCGCTCTCAAGATGACGACCTTGGAAGTCGTGAGGCGGTTTCCGGATACGGGGATGACGTC TGTTGGTACCCAGCTGAGGTCGATACCTCCATTCGCCCTGGATGGTTCTATCACAAGTATGAAGACGACAAGGTC ATGAGCGCAGATCAGCTTTTTGACCTCTGGCTTTCCGCAGTCGGCGGTAATTCGTCTCTTCTGCTCAATATTCCT CCGTCTCCAGAAGGACTGTTCGCAGAACCGGATGTGGAGTCGCTCAAGGGGCTGGGAAGCCGTATCAATGAATTC CGCAAAGCATTGGCTTCGTCTTGTTGCGAGGTCAAGACCAGCAGCGCGGACGAAACTGCAATGCGACTTCTCGAT GGGAATCAGGACACGTATTGGTCTCCTGATGCCAATGACGTGGCCCCTGCCGTCACGCTCACTTTCCCGCAGCTG ACGACGATCAATGCCGTTGTGGTTGAAGAGGCCATAGAGTATGGGCAGCGCATTGAACATATGCGCGTTACTGGT GTGCTATCTGATGGTACTGAGTGTGTACTCGGCCAGTTCGGCACAGTGGGATACCGCAGGATACTCCGCTTCGAC GATGTCGAAGTATCTTCGGTTACCCTACATGTGGATGATTCAAGGTTCACGCCAATGATCAGCCGTGCAGCTGCG GTGCGGATATAA Suitably, the GH25 gene may encode a protein shown as SEQ ID NO: 46 or a sequence with at least 80% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 46. Suitably, the protein may comprise a sequence with at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 46. SEQ ID NO: 46 MSNPTNDGINLNYLANVRPSSRQLVWQRMEMYAFIHFGMNTMTDREWGLGHEDPALFDPQNVDVEQWMDALVAGG MTGVILTCKHHDGFCLWPSRYTQHTVAASPWRDGKGDLVREVSESARRHGLKFGVYLSPWDRTEESYGKGKAYDD FYVGQLTELLTQYGPIFSVWLDGANGEGKNGKTQYYDWDRYYNVIRSLQPNAVISVCGPDVRWAGNEAGHVRDNE WSVVPRRLRSAELTMENSQQEDDASFASTVRSQDDDLGSREAVSGYGDDVCWYPAEVDTSIRPGWFYHKYEDDKV MSADQLFDLWLSAVGGNSSLLLNIPPSPEGLFAEPDVESLKGLGSRINEFRKALASSCCEVKTSSADETAMRLLD GNQDTYWSPDANDVAPAVTLTFPQLTTINAVVVEEAIEYGQRIEHMRVTGVLSDGTECVLGQFGTVGYRRILRFD DVEVSSVTLHVDDSRFTPMISRAAAVRISuitably, the present B. longum subsp. iuvenis strain comprises a glycosyl hydrolase family95 (GH95) gene. Suitably, the GH95 gene comprises SEQ ID NO: 47 or a sequence with at least 60% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 47. Suitably, the GH95 gene comprises a sequence with at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 47. SEQ ID NO: 47 ATGAAACTCACATTCGATGGAATCTCTTCGTGCTGGGAAGAAGGCATCCCGCTCGGCAACGGACGCATGGGAGCG GTCCTGTGTTCCGAACCGGAAACCGACGTGCTGTATCTCAACGACGACACCCTTTGGTCAGGATATCCACACGCG GAAACCTCGCCGGTGACGCCGGAGATTGTGGCCAAGGCACGCCAGGCGTCGTTGCAGGACGACTACACCGCCGCC ACGCGAATCATCAAGGAAGCCACACTGCAGGAAAAGGACGAACAGATTTACGAGCCATTCGGAACGGCCCGTATT CAGTACTCGACCCCTGCAGACGGCCGTGAGAGCATGAAACGCCAGCTGGATCTTGCAAGGGCGCTCGCCGGTGAA ACATTCCAGATGGGTGATGCCAACGTTCATGTCGACGCATGGTGCAGCGAGCCTGATGACCTGTTGGTCTACAGG ATGTCATCGGATGCGCCGGTTGATGTGAACATCAGTGTCGCCGGCACTTTCCTCAAACAATCGCGCGCCTCGTTG GAAACGGTATCCGACGGTCATCGGGCCACACTCGTCGTCATGGGCCGGATGCCTGGACTCAACATCGGGCTCCTC CCTCATCCTTCCGAACATCCTTGGGAAGATGAGCAGGACGGAACCGGAATGGCGTACGCCGGTGCGTTCTCCCTT ACCGTCACAGGTGGCGACATCAATGTGGACGACAACAGTCTGCAATGTTCGCACATCACCGGATTATCGCTCCGC TTCCGCAGTATGAGCGGATTCAAGGGAAGCGACCAGCAGCCGGAACGAAGCATGACGGTTATCGCCGACCATCTG GAGAAAACCATCGACGAGTGGTCGACCGACCTGCAGACCATGCTCGACCGCCATATCGCGGACTACCGCAGATAT TTCGACAGGGTGGCCATCCATCTCGGTTCAGCCCATGATGACGATACGGAACTACCGTTCTCGGCGATCCTTCGC TCGGATGAGAACAAAGAACCGCATCGTCTGGAGATGCTGGCGGAGGCAATGTTCGATTTCGGCCGGTATATGCTT ATCTCCTCGTCCAGGCCACACACCCAGCCGGCGAATCTGCAGGGGATTTGGAACCATAAGGACTTCCCAAACTGG TACAGCGCCTACACGACGAACATCAACGTCGAGATGAACTATTGGATGACCGGCCCCTGCGCGCTCAAGGAGCTC ATCGAGCCGCTCGTCTCCATGAATGAGGAGCTGCTGGCACCGGGGCACGATGCCGCTGACAGGATTCTCGGCTGC CGAGGATCGGCTGTCTTCCATAATGTCGATCTCTGGCGTAGGGCCCTTCCTGCGAACGGCGATCCGATGTGGGCG TTCTGGCCGTTCGGCCAGGCATGGATGTGCCGGAACCTGTTCGATGAATATCTGTTCAACCAGGATGCATCGTAC CTGGCCCGCATCTGGCCGATCATGCGGGACAACGCGCGATTCTGCATGGATTTCCTATCGGAGACAGAGCATGGG CTGGCCCCGTCCCCTGCAACATCACCGGAGAACTGTTTCCTGGTGAACGGAGAACCGGTATCCGTTGCGCAAAGC AGTGAGAATGCCACGGCCATCGTGCGTAATCTGCTTGATGATTTGATTCAGGCTTCTCACGATCTGGAAAACCTT GACGAAGAGGACAGAAATCTGGTCCGTGAAGCGGAATCCGTCCGTTCCCAACTGGCTGAAACGCGATTGGGAGCT GATGGAAGAGTCCTTGAATGGAACGACGAATTCATCGAATCCGATCCACAGCACCGCCATCTGTCCCACCTTTAC GAACTGCATCCTGGTGCAGGCATCACGTCTAAGACTCCGCGTCTGGAGGAAGCCGCGAGAAAATCCCTCGAAGTG CGTGGCGATGATGGTTCCGGTTGGAGCATCGTATGGCGCATGATCATGTGGGCACGTCTGCGTGATGCGGAACAC GCCAAACGAATCATAGGCATGTTCCTACGGCCGGTGGATGCGAACGCTGAAACCAATCTGCTGGGCGGAGGAGTG TACGACAGCGGATTATGCGCCCACCCGCCGTTCCAGATCGACGGGAACCTTGGATTCCCGGCGGCCTTGTCGGAG ATGCTCGTCCAAAGCCACGATGGCTGGATTCGCGTTCTTCCGGCCCTGCCGGAGGATTGGCATGAGGGAAGCTTC CATGCGCTCCGCGCAAGAGGTGGAATCCAAGTGGATGCGACCTGGACGGATCAGACAGTGGAATATACGTTGCGC TGTTCGAAGCCCACGGAGATTACGCTGAACGTTCTGGGGACTGATATGGGACGTGTCGCATTGTCTCCGGATAAG CCATTCAAGGGAACCATCCGGCGTTAA Suitably, the GH95 gene may encode a protein shown as SEQ ID NO: 48 or a sequence with at least 80% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 48. Suitably, the protein may comprise a sequence with at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98% or at least 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 48. SEQ ID NO: 48 MKLTFDGISSCWEEGIPLGNGRMGAVLCSEPETDVLYLNDDTLWSGYPHAETSPVTPEIVAKARQASLQDDYTAA TRIIKEATLQEKDEQIYEPFGTARIQYSTPADGRESMKRQLDLARALAGETFQMGDANVHVDAWCSEPDDLLVYR MSSDAPVDVNISVAGTFLKQSRASLETVSDGHRATLVVMGRMPGLNIGLLPHPSEHPWEDEQDGTGMAYAGAFSL TVTGGDINVDDNSLQCSHITGLSLRFRSMSGFKGSDQQPERSMTVIADHLEKTIDEWSTDLQTMLDRHIADYRRY FDRVAIHLGSAHDDDTELPFSAILRSDENKEPHRLEMLAEAMFDFGRYMLISSSRPHTQPANLQGIWNHKDFPNW YSAYTTNINVEMNYWMTGPCALKELIEPLVSMNEELLAPGHDAADRILGCRGSAVFHNVDLWRRALPANGDPMWA FWPFGQAWMCRNLFDEYLFNQDASYLARIWPIMRDNARFCMDFLSETEHGLAPSPATSPENCFLVNGEPVSVAQS SENATAIVRNLLDDLIQASHDLENLDEEDRNLVREAESVRSQLAETRLGADGRVLEWNDEFIESDPQHRHLSHLY ELHPGAGITSKTPRLEEAARKSLEVRGDDGSGWSIVWRMIMWARLRDAEHAKRIIGMFLRPVDANAETNLLGGGV YDSGLCAHPPFQIDGNLGFPAALSEMLVQSHDGWIRVLPALPEDWHEGSFHALRARGGIQVDATWTDQTVEYTLR CSKPTEITLNVLGTDMGRVALSPDKPFKGTIRRSuitably, the present B. longum subsp. iuvenis may comprise a GH25 and a GH95 gene asdefined herein. Lacto-N-fucopentaose I (LNFP-I)In some embodiments, the composition or combination of the invention comprises or consistsof human lactoferrin and lacto-N-fucopentaose I (LNFP-I).In some embodiments, LNFP-I is present in a total amount of from 10 mg / L to 5000 mg / L ofthe composition or combination according to the invention or of from 0.01 g / 100 g to 4 g / 100g of the nutritional composition or combination according to the invention. In some embodiments, LNFP-I is present in a total amount of from 25 mg / L to 4000 mg / L ofthe composition or combination according to the invention or of from 0.02 g / 100 g to 3.75g / 100 g of the nutritional composition or combination according to the invention. Suitably,LNFP-I is present in a total amount of from 50 mg / L to 2500 mg / L, for example from 60 mg / L to 2000 mg / L, for example from 80 mg / L to 1500 mg / L, for example from 100 mg / L to 1000 mg / L, for example from 200 mg / L to 800 mg / L of the composition or combination according tothe invention. Suitably, LNFP-I is present in a total amount of from 0.04 g / 100 g to 2 g / 100 g,for example from 0.05 g / 100 g to 1.6 g / 100 g, for example from 0.06 to 1.2 g / 100g, for examplefrom 0.07 g / 100 g to 0.8 g / 100 g, for example from 0.1 g / 100g to 0.7 g / 100g of the compositionor combination (dry weight). In one embodiment, the composition or combination comprises from 0.015 wt.% to 3.8 wt.%,preferably from 0.08 wt.% to 1.2 wt.%, of lacto-N-fucopentaose I (LNFP-I) of the total wt.% ofthe composition or combination. LNFP-I may be isolated by chromatography or filtration technology from a natural source such as animal milks. Suitably, the animal milk as used herein may be cow, sheep, goat, camel or buffalo milk. Preferably, the animal milk is cow’s milk. Preferably, the LNFP-I may be produced by biotechnological means using specific fucosyltransferases and / or fucosidases either through the use of enzyme-based fermentation technology (recombinant or natural enzymes) or microbial fermentation technology. In the latter case, microbes may either express their natural enzymes and substrates or may be engineered to produce respective substrates and enzymes. Single microbial cultures and / or mixed cultures may be used. Fucosylated oligosaccharide formation can be initiated by acceptor substrates starting from any degree of polymerization (DP), from DP = 1 onwards. Suitable techniques for producing LNFP-I are known in the art (see, for example, Hu et al., Carbohydr Polym, 2022, 297: 120017 and Derya et al., J Biotechnol., 2020, 318: 31-38). Alternatively, LNFP-I may be produced by chemical synthesis from lactose as initial acceptor substrate building an LNT backbone and free fucose as final donor substrate or by starting from LNT for example, produced by biotechnology or chemical synthesis, and using fucose. Fucosylated oligosaccharides are also available for example from DSM of the Netherlands or from Elicityl of France.Lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT)In some embodiments, the composition or combination of the invention comprises or consists of human lactoferrin and lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT).In some embodiments, LNnT is present in a total amount of from 0.02 g / L to 1.5 g / L of thecomposition or combination according to the invention or of from 0.01 g / 100 g to 1.2 g / 100 gof the nutritional composition or combination according to the invention.In some embodiments, LNnT is present in a total amount of from 0.1 g / L to 0.8 g / L of thecomposition or combination according to the invention or of from 0.06 g / 100 g to 0.7 g / 100 gof the nutritional composition or combination according to the invention. Suitably, LNnT ispresent in a total amount of from 0.2 g / L to 0.5 g / L or of from 0.1 g / 100 g to 0.4 g / 100 g of thecomposition or combination according to the invention (dry weight). HMO mixtureIn some embodiments, the composition or combination of the invention comprises a HMOmixture. In some embodiments, the HMO mixture consists of one or more N-acetylated oligosaccharide. In some embodiments, the HMO mixture comprises one or more N-acetylated oligosaccharide.In some embodiments, the HMO mixture consists of the N-acetylated oligosaccharide LNT(lacto-N-tetraose).In some embodiments, the HMO mixture comprises the N-acetylated oligosaccharide LNT(lacto-N-tetraose).In some embodiments, the HMO mixture consists of the N-acetylated oligosaccharide LNnT(lacto-N-neotetraose).In some embodiments, the HMO mixture consists of the HMO N-acetylated oligosaccharideLNnT (lacto-N-neotetraose) and lactoferrin is iron-depleted human lactoferrin.In some embodiments, the HMO mixture comprises the N-acetylated oligosaccharide LNnT(lacto-N-neotetraose). In some embodiments, the HMO mixture consists of the N-acetylated oligosaccharides LNT (lacto-N-tetraose) and LNnT (lacto-N-neotetraose). In some embodiments, the HMO mixture comprises the N-acetylated oligosaccharides LNT (lacto-N-tetraose) and LNnT (lacto-N-neotetraose). In some embodiments, the HMO mixture consists of 2'-fucosyllactose (2FL), 6'-sialyllactose(6SL) and 3'-sialyllactose (3SL).In some embodiments, the HMO mixture consists of 2'-fucosyllactose (2FL), difucosyllactose(DFL), lacto-N-tetraose (LNT), 6'-sialyllactose (6SL), and 3'-sialyllactose (3SL).In some embodiments, the HMO mixture consists of 2'-fucosyllactose (2FL), difucosyllactose(DFL), lacto-N-tetraose (LNT), 6'-sialyllactose (6SL), 3'-sialyllactose (3SL), and 3-fucosyllactose (3FL).In some embodiments, the HMO mixture consists of 2'-fucosyllactose (2FL), difucosyllactose(DFL), lacto-N-tetraose (LNT), 6'-sialyllactose (6SL), 3'-sialyllactose (3SL), and lacto-N- neotetraose (LNnT).In some embodiments, the HMO mixture does not consist of 2'-fucosyllactose (2FL),difucosyllactose (DFL), lacto-N-tetraose (LNT), 6'-sialyllactose (6SL), 3'-sialyllactose (3SL), and lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT).In some embodiments, the HMO mixture does not comprise 2'-fucosyllactose (2FL),difucosyllactose (DFL), lacto-N-tetraose (LNT), 6'-sialyllactose (6SL), 3'-sialyllactose (3SL), and lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT).In some embodiments, the HMO mixture consists of 2'-fucosyllactose (2FL), difucosyllactose(DFL), lacto-N-tetraose (LNT), 6'-sialyllactose (6SL), 3'-sialyllactose (3SL), 3-fucosyllactose(3FL), and lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT). In some embodiments, the HMO mixture consists of 2'-fucosyllactose (2FL), 6'-sialyllactose(6SL), 3'-sialyllactose (3SL) and lacto-N-fucopentaose I (LNFP-I).In some embodiments, the HMO mixture consists of 2'-fucosyllactose (2FL), difucosyllactose(DFL), lacto-N-tetraose (LNT), 6'-sialyllactose (6SL), 3'-sialyllactose (3SL), and lacto-N-fucopentaose I (LNFP-I).In some embodiments, the HMO mixture consists of 2'-fucosyllactose (2FL), difucosyllactose(DFL), lacto-N-tetraose (LNT), 6'-sialyllactose (6SL), 3'-sialyllactose (3SL), 3-fucosyllactose(3FL), and lacto-N-fucopentaose I (LNFP-I).In some embodiments, the HMO mixture consists of 2'-fucosyllactose (2FL), difucosyllactose(DFL), lacto-N-tetraose (LNT), 6'-sialyllactose (6SL), 3'-sialyllactose (3SL), lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT), and lacto-N-fucopentaose I (LNFP-I).In some embodiments, the HMO mixture consists of 2'-fucosyllactose (2FL), difucosyllactose(DFL), lacto-N-tetraose (LNT), 6'-sialyllactose (6SL), 3'-sialyllactose (3SL), 3-fucosyllactose(3FL), lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT), and lacto-N-fucopentaose I (LNFP-I).In one embodiment, the HMO mixture comprises 2FL in an amount of from 16 wt% to 85 wt%.Suitably, the HMO mixture may comprise 2FL in an amount of from 31 wt% to 82 wt%,preferably from 41wt% to 70 wt%. Suitably, the HMO mixture may comprise 2FL in an amountof from 16 wt% to 69 wt%, preferably from 22 wt% to 59 wt%. Suitably, the HMO mixture maycomprise 2FL in an amount of from 34 wt% to 85 wt%, preferably from 40 wt% to 71 wt%.Suitably, the HMO mixture may comprise 2FL in an amount of from 20 wt% to 60 wt%,preferably from 22 wt% to 55 wt%.In one embodiment, the HMO mixture comprises LNT in an amount of from 4 wt% to 40 wt%.Suitably, the HMO mixture may comprise LNT in an amount of from 10 wt% to 27 wt%,preferably from 14 wt% to 23 wt%. Suitably, the HMO mixture may comprise LNT in an amountof from 9 wt% to 24 wt%, preferably 12 wt% to 21 wt%. Suitably, the HMO mixture maycomprise LNT in an amount of from 10 wt% to 40 wt%, preferably 12 wt% to 26 wt%. Suitably,the HMO mixture may comprise LNT in an amount of from 4 wt% to 30 wt%, preferably 6 wt%to 20 wt%.In one embodiment, the HMO mixture comprises DFL in an amount of from 1 wt% to 14 wt%.Suitably, the HMO mixture may comprise DFL in an amount of from 4 wt% to 11 wt%,preferably from 6 wt% to 10 wt%. Suitably, the HMO mixture may comprise DFL in an amountof from 2 wt% to 10 wt%, preferably from 3 wt% to 8 wt%. Suitably, the HMO mixture maycomprise DFL in an amount of from 4 wt% to 14 wt %, preferably from 5 wt% to 10 wt%.Suitably, the HMO mixture may comprise DFL in an amount of from 1 wt% to 12 wt %,preferably from 2 wt% to 8 wt%.In one embodiment, the HMO mixture comprises 6SL and 3SL combined in an amount of from7 wt% to 34 wt%. Suitably, the HMO mixture may comprise 6SL and 3SL combined in anamount of from 9 wt% to 34 wt%, preferably from 11 wt% to 29 wt%. Suitably, the HMO mixturemay comprise 6SL and 3SL combined in an amount of from 8 wt% to 26 wt%, preferably from11 wt% to 22 wt%. Suitably, the HMO mixture may comprise 6SL and 3SL combined in anamount of from 9 wt% to 31 wt%, preferably from 10 wt% to 28 wt%. Suitably, the HMO mixturemay comprise 6SL and 3SL combined in an amount of from 7 wt% to 23 wt%, preferably from8 wt% to 22 wt%.In one embodiment, the HMO mixture comprises 3FL in an amount of from 10 wt% to 50 wt%.Suitably, the HMO mixture may comprise 3FL in an amount of from 18 wt% to 50 wt%,preferably from 11 wt% to 43 wt%. Suitably, the HMO mixture may comprise 3FL in an amountof from 10 wt% to 50 wt%, preferably from 13 wt% to 46 wt%.In one embodiment, the HMO mixture comprises LNnT in an amount of from 6 wt% to 30 wt%.Suitably, the HMO mixture may comprise LNnT in an amount of from 6 wt% to 30 wt%,preferably from 7 wt% to 22 wt%. Suitably, the HMO mixture may comprise LNnT in an amountof from 3 wt% to 25 wt%, preferably from 5 wt% to 20 wt%. In one embodiment, the HMO mixture comprises LNFP-I in an amount of from 2 wt% to 32 wt %. Suitably, the HMO mixture may comprise LNFP-I in an amount of from 5 wt% to 32 wt%, preferably from 10 wt% to 19 wt%. Suitably, the HMO mixture may comprise LNFP-I in an amount of from 2 wt% to 24 wt%, preferably from 5 wt% to 14 wt%.In some embodiments, the HMO mixture consists or consists essentially of:i. 60 wt% to 96 wt% of 2FL;ii. 2 wt% to 25 wt% of 6SL; andiii. 2 wt% to 35 wt% of 3SL.In some embodiments, the HMO mixture consists or consists essentially of:i. 71 wt% to 80 wt% of 2FL;ii. 4 wt% to 16 wt% of 6SL; andiii. 4 wt% to 25 wt% of 3SL.In some embodiments, the HMO mixture consists or consists essentially of:i. 16 wt% to 69 wt% of 2FL;ii. 9 wt% to 24 wt% of LNT;iii. 2 wt% to 10 wt% of DFL;iv. 8 wt% to 26 wt% of 6SL and 3SL combined; andv. 18 wt% to 50 wt% of 3FL.In some preferred embodiments, the HMO mixture consists or consists essentially of:i. 22 wt% to 59 wt% of 2FL;ii. 12 wt% to 21 wt% of LNT;iii. 3 wt% to 8 wt% of DFL;iv. 11 wt% to 22 wt% of 6SL and 3SL combined; andv. 11 wt% to 43 wt% of 3FL.In some embodiments, the HMO mixture consists or consists essentially of:i. 34 wt% to 85 wt% of 2FL;ii. 10 wt% to 40 wt% of LNT;iii. 4 wt% to 14 wt% of DFL;iv. 9 wt% to 31 wt% of 6SL and 3SL combined; andv. 6 wt% to 30 wt% of LNnT.In some preferred embodiments, the HMO mixture consists or consists essentially of:i. 40 wt% to 71 wt% of 2FL;ii. 12 wt% to 26 wt% of LNT;iii. 5 wt% to 10 wt% of DFL; andiv. 10 wt% to 28 wt% of 6SL and 3SL combined; andv. 7 wt% to 23 wt% of LNnT.In some embodiments, the HMO mixture consists or consists essentially of:i. 20 wt% to 60 wt% of 2FL;ii. 4 wt% to 30 wt% of LNT;iii. 1 wt% to 12 wt % of DFL;iv. 7 wt% to 23 wt% of 6SL and 3SL combined;v. 10 wt% to 50 wt% of 3FL; andvi. 3 wt% to 25 wt% of LNnT.In some preferred embodiments, the HMO mixture consists or consists essentially of:i. 22 wt% to 55 wt% of 2FL;ii. 6 wt% to 20 wt% of LNT;iii. 2 wt% to 8 wt % of DFL;iv. 8 wt% to 22 wt% of 6SL and 3SL combined;v. 13 wt% to 46 wt% of 3FL andvi. 5 wt% to 20 wt% of LNnT.In some embodiments, the HMO mixture consists or consists essentially of:i. 48 wt% to 77 wt% of 2FL;ii. 3 wt% to 16 wt% of 6SL;iii. 2 wt% to 23 wt% of 3SL; andiv. 3 wt% to 39 wt% of LNFP-I.In some embodiments, the HMO mixture consists or consists essentially of:i. 58 wt% to 74 wt% of 2FL;ii. 3 wt% to 15 wt% of 6SL;iii. 3 wt% to 22 wt% of 3SL; andiv. 7 wt% to 27 wt% of LNFP-I.In some embodiments, the HMO mixture consists or consists essentially of:i. 20 wt% to 46 wt% of 2FL;ii. 11 wt% to 17 wt% of LNT;iii. 2 wt% to 7 wt% of DFL;iv. 9 wt% to 21 wt% of 6SL and 3SL combined;v. 9 wt% to 34 wt% of 3FL; andvi. 5 wt% to 32 wt% of LNFP-I.In some preferred embodiments, the HMO mixture consists or consists essentially of:i. 22 wt% to 42 wt% of 2FL;ii. 12 wt% to 15 wt% of LNT;iii. 3 wt% to 6 wt% of DFL;iv. 9 wt% to 19 wt% of 6SL and 3SL combined;v. 11 wt% to 32 wt% of 3FL; andvi. 10 wt% to 19 wt% of LNFP-I.In some embodiments, the HMO mixture consists or consists essentially of:i. 27 wt% to 41 wt% of 2FL;ii. 8 wt% to 15 wt% of LNT;iii. 4 wt% to 6 wt% of DFL;iv. 8 wt% to 18 wt% of 6SL and 3SL combined;v. 13 wt% to 21 wt% of LNnT; andvi. 7 wt% to 33 wt% of LNFP-I.In some preferred embodiments, the HMO mixture consists or consists essentially of:i. 32 wt% to 39 wt% of 2FL;ii. 10 wt% to 14 wt% of LNT;iii. 4 wt% to 6 wt% of DFL;iv. 7 wt% to 15 wt% of 6SL and 3SL combined;v. 16 wt% to 20 wt% of LNnT; andvi. 11 wt% to 23 wt% of LNFP-I.In some embodiments, the HMO mixture consists or consists essentially of:i. 29 wt% to 40 wt% of 2FL;ii. 8 wt% to 13 wt% of LNT;iii. 3 wt% to 11 wt % of DFL;iv. 3 wt% to 15 wt% of 6SL and 3SL combined;v. 11 wt% to 35 wt% of 3FL;vi. 1 wt% to 18 wt% of LNnT; andvii. 2 wt% to 24 wt% of LNFP-I.In some preferred embodiments, the HMO mixture consists or consists essentially of:i. 32 wt% to 39 wt% of 2FL;ii. 9 wt% to 12 wt% of LNT;iii. 3 wt% to 11 wt % of DFL;iv. 4 wt% to 15 wt% of 6SL and 3SL combined;v. 12 wt% to 35 wt% of 3FL;vi. 1 wt% to 17 wt% of LNnT; andvii. 4 wt% to 14 wt% of LNFP-I.When the composition or combination is in liquid form, the total HMO concentration is typicallyin the range from 0.5 to 10 g / L, preferably in the range from 1 to 7.5 g / L. Specific examples ofthe concentration level of total HMO, when the composition or combination is in liquid form,include 1 to 5 g / L, 1 to 4 g / L, 2 to 5 g / L, 1 to 3 g / L or 2 to 4 g / L.When the composition or combination is in solid form, the total HMO concentration is typicallyin the range from 0.35 to 7 wt% (g total HMO / 100 g dry composition), preferably in the range from 0.35 to 5 wt%. Specific examples of the concentration level of total HMO, when the composition or combination is in dry form, include 0.5 to 3.5 wt% (g total HMO per 100 g dry composition), 0.5 to 2.5 wt%, 1 to 3.5 wt%, 0.5 to 2 wt% or 1 to 2.5 wt%. Therapeutic use In a further aspect, the invention provides a composition comprising or consisting of human lactoferrin and lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT) for use in preventing and / or treating an infection in a subject, or for use in modulating the immune response in a subject. In a further aspect, the invention provides a composition comprising or consisting of human lactoferrin and lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT) for use in preventing and / or treating an infection in a subject, or for use in modulating the immune response in a subject, wherein the subject is an infant, a young child or a child. In a further aspect, the invention provides a combination of human lactoferrin and lacto-N- neotetraose (LNnT) for use in preventing and / or treating an infection in a subject, or for use in modulating the immune response in a subject. In a further aspect, the invention provides a combination of human lactoferrin and lacto-N- neotetraose (LNnT) for use in preventing and / or treating an infection in a subject, or for use inmodulating the immune response in a subject, wherein the subject is an infant, a young childor a child. In a further aspect, the invention provides the composition or combination of the invention foruse in preventing and / or treating an infection in a subject.In a further aspect, the invention provides the composition or combination of the invention foruse in modulating the immune response in a subject.In a further aspect, the invention provides the composition or combination of the invention for use in preventing and / or treating an infection in a subject, wherein the subject is an infant, a young child or a child. In a further aspect, the invention provides the composition or combination of the invention for use in modulating the immune response in a subject, wherein the subject is an infant, a young child or a child. In a further aspect, the invention provides the use of a composition or combination accordingto the invention for the manufacture of a medicament for preventing and / or treating an infectionin a subject. In a further aspect, the invention provides the use of a composition or combination according to the invention for the manufacture of a medicament for modulating the immune response in a subject. In a further aspect, the invention provides a method of preventing and / or treating an infectionin a subject, the method comprising administering to the subject the composition orcombination of the invention. In a further aspect, the invention provides a method of modulating the immune response in asubject, the method comprising administering to the subject the composition or combinationof the invention. Accordingly, the composition of the invention is also effective for use in reducing the risk ofcontracting an infection in a subject and / or for use in reducing the symptoms associated withan infection in subject. The infection may be a viral, bacterial or fungal infection. The infection may be a gastrointestinal infection or a respiratory tract infection. The gastrointestinal infection may be an intestinal infection or a stomach infection. Particularexamples of bacterial pathogens are Clostridium difficile (e.g. Clostridium difficile toxin A / B),Campylobacter, Salmonella, Shigella, Citrobacter, and Escherichia coli (e.g. E. coli O157).The respiratory tract infection may be an infection in the upper respiratory tract or in the lowerrespiratory tract. Particular examples of a bacterial pathogen are Mycobacterium tuberculosisor Strepcoccus pneumoniae. The symptoms most often associated with the bacterial infection, and which may be reduced by the composition of the invention, are irritation in the lungs, congestion in the lungs, excessive mucus production, fever, cough, wheezing, breathlessness, abdominal cramps, diarrhoea or vomiting. Suitably, the symptoms are abdominal cramps, diarrhoea or vomiting. Viral respiratory infections, such as respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), affect nearly 90% of children by the age of two (Karpinnen et al, Clin Microbiol Infect, 2016;22;208.e1-e6). Such viral respiratory infections in infants and young children often lead to bronchiolitis, an inflammatory bronchial reaction in infants and young children (Pickles et al, J Pathol,2015;235;266-276). Severe RSV-induced bronchiolitis is a major cause of morbidity andmortality in infants globally (Nair et al, Lancet, 2010;375;9725;2545-1555). In a preferred embodiment, the viral infection is a viral respiratory tract infection. The viral respiratory tract infection may be a viral infection in the upper respiratory tract or in the lower respiratory tract. In a typical embodiment of the invention, the viral respiratory tract infection is caused by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). The disease associated with the viral infection will typically be common cold, influenza (flu), bronchitis, bronchiolitis, pneumonia, sore throat (pharyngitis), sinusitis, non-allergic rhinitis,severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), viral croup, otitis media, meningitis or diarrhoea.Typically, when the viral infection is in the respiratory tract, the disease associated with the respiratory tract infection is common cold, influenza (flu), bronchitis, bronchiolitis, pneumonia, sore throat (pharyngitis), sinusitis, non-allergic rhinitis, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), viral croup or otitis media. Most often, the disease associated with the viral respiratory tract infection is common cold, influenza (flu), bronchitis, bronchiolitis or pneumonia. Accordingly, in a preferred embodiment of the invention the composition of the invention is for use in treating and / or preventing a disease associated with a viral respiratory tract infection selected from the group consisting of common cold, influenza (flu), bronchitis, bronchiolitis and pneumonia. In a more preferred embodiment, the disease associated with the respiratory tract infection is selected from the group consisting of bronchiolitis and pneumonia, inparticular RSV-induced bronchiolitis and / or pneumonia, i.e. bronchiolitis and / or pneumoniacaused by RSV. In an even more preferred embodiment, the disease associated with the respiratory tract infection is bronchiolitis, in particular RSV-induced bronchiolitis. The symptoms most often associated with the viral infection, and which may be reduced by the composition of the invention, are irritation in the lungs, congestion in the lungs, excessive mucus production, fever, cough, wheezing, breathlessness, abdominal cramps, diarrhoea or vomiting. The above-mentioned infections may be caused by a variety of different viruses, including respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), parainfluenza virus (PIV), influenza virus such as influenza virus A (IVA) and / or influenza virus B (IVB), rhinovirus (RV), adenovirus (ADV), metapneumovirus (MPV), bocavirus (BoV), coronavirus (CoV), myxovirus, herpesvirus, enterovirus (EV), parachovirus (PeV) or a combination thereof. The composition of the invention is useful for treating and / or preventing infections, in particular respiratory tract infection in a human of any age. Thus, the human to be treated with the composition of the invention may be selected from the group consisting of 0 to <1 year (infants), 1 to <3 years (young children) and 3 to <6 years (children), including 3 to <5 years (pre-schoolers). Suitably, modulating the immune response comprises supporting or promoting protective immunity.Suitably, promoting protective immunity means one or more of the following: prevention ofinfection, anti-pathogen activity, improving or increasing the function of immune cells, limiting pathogen expansion, promoting pathogen clearance, restriction of pathogen dissemination, recovery from infection, reducing the risk of secondary infection, and / or limiting immunemediated pathology following infection. Suitably, promoting protective immunity meansimproving or increasing the function of immune cells. For example, promoting protective immunity can be defined by the three levels of immune defence against pathogens (i) mucosal barrier functions of the lung and gastrointestinal tract, (ii) the innate immune response (forexample, macrophages with antimicrobial activity) and (iii) the adaptive immune response(including, for example, CD8 T cell activation, which increases anti-viral immunity in the lung).Suitably, improving or increasing the function of immune cells can be an increase in totalserum immunoglobulin concentration or an increase in cytokine secretion from immune cells or a combination thereof. The increase in cytokine secretion can be an increase in IL-6, IFN-gamma, IL12p70, or any combination thereof. IL-6 is known to play a role in immune and acute-phase responses,provide protection against influenza virus infection and pathology and to control chronic viralinfection (Dienz et al. Mucosal Immunol 2012; Lauder et al. Eur J Immunol 2013; Yang et al. Sci Rep 2017; Harker et al. Science 2011; and Kopf et al. Nature 1994). IFN-gamma plays a key role in immune cell function and in the immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosisinfection (Dalton et al. Science 1993; and Flynn J Exp Med 1993). Additionally, IFN-gammaproduction during primary RSV infection is important to prevent the development of lung pathology on RSV reinfection (Lee et al. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006). IL12p70 is knownto play a role in the immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, includingchronic tuberculosis infection (Khader et al. J Immunol 2005; and Feng et al. J Immunol 2005). Furthermore, cytokine production by neonatal macrophages has been shown during RSVinfection (Tsutsumi et al., Clin Exp Immunol 1996).The increase in total serum immunoglobulin concentration or increase in cytokine secretion can be an increase of about 5, 10, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1,000 percent or more (or any range or value between about 5 and about 1,000 percent) as compared to a corresponding subject who does not receive the composition or combination of the invention. Subject In some embodiments, the subject is a mammal, such as a human. In some embodiments, the composition according to the invention is for use in infants, young children or children. In one embodiment, the subject is an infant. In one embodiment, the subject is a young child. In one embodiment, the subject is a child. The composition according to the invention is for use in infants or young children. It is particularly adapted for infants under 6 months of age. In general, formula-fed infants have an underdeveloped immune system compared with adults and are more prone to viral infections than breastfed, and the younger the infant is, the less developed the immune system. Accordingly, the composition is particularly useful for preterminfants and / or low or very low or extremely low birth weight infants, since these infants areeven more vulnerable and prone to viral infections. In another particularly interesting embodiment, the composition is used in infants delivered via Caesarean section. Caesarean section born infants are born in a hospital in an environment having more pathogens against which the antibodies, transferred from the mother to the infant, are not effective against. Further, antibiotic administration is a recommended medical practice for C-section birth in order to prevent infection. Such interventions are potent disruptors of microbial communities (the mother’s or the child’s) and antibiotic treatment in early life is associated with an increased risk of developing immune mediated disorders later in life. Caesarean section born infants have a delayed and less optimal colonization of the large intestinal tract and are therefore also more prone to infections. The infants, young children or children may be born term or preterm. In a particular embodiment, the nutritional composition of the invention is for use in infants, young childrenor children that were born preterm. Preterm infants may be at increased risk of poor nutrientutilization, impaired lean body mass growth, fat accumulation in the visceral area and metabolic disease later in life. Thus, in one embodiment the nutritional composition of the invention is for use in preterm infants. In one embodiment, the subject is an infant or a young child that was born small for gestationalage or low, very low or extremely low birth weight.Infants or young children with low, very low or extremely low birth weight may or may not bepreterm, and similarly, infants or young children who are small for gestational age may or may not be preterm. The nutritional composition of the present invention may also be used in an infant or a young child that was born by C-section or that was vaginally delivered. All infants and young children can benefit from the invention as all of them are or can be, at a certain age, susceptible to acquiring an unbalanced intestinal / gut microbiota. In some advantageous embodiments of the invention, the nutritional composition in for use infants or young children having a fragile or unbalanced microbiota or dysbiosis of microbiota, such as preterm infants, infants born by Caesarean-section, infants born small for gestationalage or with low birth weight, very low birth weight, extremely low birth weight, infants sufferingfrom intrauterine growth restriction, hospitalized infants / young children, infants / young children treated or having been treated by antibiotics and / or infants / young children suffering or havingsuffered from gut infection and / or gut inflammation. It is foreseen that the composition of theinvention may be more beneficial to infants born with fragile or unbalanced microbiota or dysbiosis of microbiota. In some embodiments, SGA may be associated with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), which refers to a condition in which a foetus is unable to achieve its potential size. It is indeed foreseen that the composition of the invention may be even more beneficial to infants born with possibly impaired gut microbiota or fragile infants / young children (such as prematurely born infants and / or infants born by C-section). It is also foreseen that thecomposition of the invention may be even more beneficial to infants / young children exhibitingintestinal disorders (such as diarrhea, infections or colic), especially after birth, for example, during the first 4 weeks after birth. In embodiments of the invention, the infants born prematurely or born by caesarean sectionor born small for gestational age, with low birth weight, with very low birth weight, or withextremely low birth weight, or exhibiting unbalanced or abnormal gut microbiota or sufferingor having suffered from gut infection and / or gut inflammation, are targeted by the compositionof the present invention, and especially when the infants are 0-6 months of age. Without being bound by the theory, it is believed that younger infants benefit even more from the composition of the invention, especially when the infants have (or are at risk of having) an unbalanced intestinal microbiota and / or have a fragile health condition (as exemplified by the conditions cited above). The nutritional composition can be administered (or given or fed) at an age and for a period that depends on the needs. In one embodiment, the infants or young children are 0-36 months of age, such as 0-12 months or 0-6 months of age. It is foreseen that the composition of the invention may be even more beneficial to infants just after birth (0-4 weeks or 0-8 weeks) as their intestinal tract may be more fragile. The mammal to be treated is preferably a human being, but the mammal may also be non- human mammal, such as a non-human mammal selected from the group consisting of pig, cow, horse, dog, cat, goat, sheep and rabbit. In other embodiments, the subject is a juvenile animal, preferably wherein the animal is a pet. A pet may be a mammal such as dogs or cats, or rodents such as mice, rats, and guinea pigs, rabbits, etc. In some embodiments, the pet is a small dog breed. The term “juvenile” may refer to an individual that has not yet reached adulthood. In some embodiments the nutritional composition according to the invention can be for use before and / or during the weaning period. In some embodiments the nutritional composition according to the invention is for use in a subject at risk and / or in need. The subject at risk and / or in need may be bottle-fed and / or formula-fed. In one embodiment the composition of the invention is given to the subject as a supplementary composition to the mother's milk. In some embodiments the subject receives the mother's milkduring at least the first 2 weeks, first 1, 2, 4, or 6 months. In one embodiment the nutritionalcomposition of the invention is given to the subject after such period of mother's nutrition, or is given together with such period of mother's milk nutrition. In another embodiment the composition is given to the subject as the sole or primary nutritional composition during at least one period of time, e.g. after the 1st, 2ndor 4thmonth of life, during at least 1, 2, 4 or 6 months. In one embodiment the nutritional composition of the invention is a complete nutritional composition (fulfilling all or most of the nutritional needs of the subject). In another embodiment the nutrition composition of the invention is a supplement or a fortifier intendedfor example to supplement human milk or to supplement an infant formula or a follow- onformula. Nutritional compositionIn some embodiments, the composition of the invention is in the form of a nutritionalcomposition. The (nutritional) composition of the invention is not human breast milk. The nutritional composition according to the invention can be for example an infant formula, a starter infant formula, a follow-on or follow-up formula, a growing-up milk, a baby food, an infant cereal composition, a fortifier such as a human milk fortifier, a supplement, a pet food,or a pet food supplement. In some particular embodiments, the composition of the inventionis an infant formula, a fortifier or a supplement that may be intended for the first 4 or 6 months of age. In a preferred embodiment the nutritional composition of the invention is an infant formula. In some other embodiments, the nutritional composition of the present invention is a fortifier. The fortifier can be a breast milk fortifier (e.g. a human milk fortifier) or a formula fortifier such as an infant formula fortifier or a follow-on / follow-up formula fortifier. When the nutritional composition is a supplement, it can be provided in the form of unit doses. In such cases it is particularly useful to define the amount of oligosaccharides and probiotics in terms of daily dose to be administered to the infant, young child or child.When the nutritional composition is a supplement, it may comprise LNFP-I or the HMO mixtureas described herein and human lactoferrin as described herein, and no other additionalnutrient on top of the excipients necessary to obtain a stable nutritional composition. The nutritional composition of the present invention can be in solid (e.g. powder), liquid or gelatinous form. In a specific embodiment the nutritional composition is a supplement, wherein the supplement is in powder form and provided in a sachet, preferably a sachet with 0.1 to 20 g per sachet, for example 1 to 10 g per sachet, or in the form of a syrup, preferably a syrup with a total solid concentration of 5 to 75 g / 100 mL (5 to 75% (w / v)). When the supplement is in powder form, it may comprise a carrier. It is however preferred that the supplement is devoid of a carrier. When the supplement is in the form of a syrup, the components are preferably dissolved or suspended in water acidified with citrate. In a particular embodiment the nutritional composition according to the invention is a hypoallergenic composition. In another particular embodiment the composition according to the invention is a hypoallergenic nutritional composition. Other ingredients The composition or combination according to the present invention may also comprise other types of oligosaccharide(s), polysaccharides and / or a fiber(s) and / or a precursor(s) thereof. The other oligosaccharide and / or fiber and / or precursor thereof may be selected from the list comprising human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS), fructo- oligosaccharides (FOS), xylooligosaccharides (XOS), cello-oligosaccharides (COS), arabinoxylans, arabinans, xylans, inulin, polydextrose, beta-glucans, pectins and any combination thereof and any derived preparations thereof (e.g. partial hydrolysis). They may be in an amount between 0 and 10% by weight of composition. In a particular embodiment, the nutritional composition can also contain at least one BMO (bovine milk derived oligosaccharide). Additional HMOs which may be included in the nutritional composition according to the presentinvention may be selected from the group consisting of lacto-N- fucopentaose (e.g. lacto-N-fucopentaose II, lacto-N-fucopentaose III, lacto-N-fucopentaose V), lacto-N-fucohexaose, lacto-N-difucohexaose I, fucosyllacto-N-hexaose, fucosyllacto-N-neohexaose, difucosyllacto- N-hexaose I, difucosyllacto-N-neohexaose II, para-lacto-N-neohexaose (para-LNnH), lacto-N-hexaose, lacto- N-neohexaose, para-lacto-N-hexaose, para-lacto-N-neohexaose, lacto-N-octaose, lacto-N-neooctaose, iso-lacto-N-octaose, para- lacto-N-octaose, lacto-N-decaose,and any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the composition or combination according to the invention comprises at least one additional HMO. In other embodiments, the composition or combination according to the present invention is devoid of any further HMOs. Thus, the LNFP-I or HMO mixture as described herein may bethe only HMOs in the composition or combination of the invention.In some embodiments, the composition or combination of the present invention does notcomprise at least one further probiotic (or probiotic strain), such as at least one further probioticbacterial strain. In some embodiments, the composition or combination of the presentinvention does not comprise any Bifidobacterium, such as Bifidobacterium longum subsp.infantis, such as Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis LMG 11588 (also known asBifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis NCC3039 or Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantisATCC 17930). Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis LMG 11588 is sold by the BelgianCoordinated Collections of Microorganisms (BCCM) under the LMG accession number LMG 11588.The composition or combination of the present invention can further comprise at least onefurther probiotic (or probiotic strain), such as at least one further probiotic bacterial strain. The probiotic microorganisms most commonly used are principally bacteria and yeasts of thefollowing genera: Lactobacillus spp., Lacticaseibacillus spp, Limosilactobacillus spp,Streptococcus spp., Enterococcus spp., Bifidobacterium spp. and Saccharomyces spp.In some particular embodiments, the probiotic is a probiotic bacterial strain. In some specificembodiments, it is particularly Bifidobacteria and / or Lactobacilli.Suitable probiotic bacterial strains according to the present invention include Bifidobacteriumanimalis subsp. lactis CNCM 1-3446 deposited according to the Budapest Treaty on 7th June2005 at Collection Nationale Cultures De Microorganismes [French National Collection Of Microorganism Cultures] (CNCM), Institut Pasteur, 25 Rue Du Docteur Roux, F-75724 ParisCedex 15 (France), or BL818 or Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis sold inter alia by theChristian Hansen company of Denmark under the trademark Bb 12 (also known as DSM-15954), B. longum CNCM I-2618 (B. longum NCC2705), Bifidobacterium breve sold byDanisco under the trademark Bb-03, Bifidobacterium breve sold by Morinaga under the trademark M-16V, Bifidobacterium breve sold by Morinaga under the trade mark B-3,Bifidobacterium breve sold by sold by Yakult under the trade mark BBG-01, Bifidobacteriumbreve sold by Institut Rosell (Lallemand) under the trademark R0070, Lactobacillusrhamnosus ATCC 53103 available from Valio Oy of Finland under the trademark LGG,Lactobacillus rhamnosus CGMCC 1.3724, Lactobacillus paracasei CNCM I-2116,Lactobacillus johnsonii CNCM I-1225, Streptococcus salivarius DSM 13084 sold by BLISTechnologies Limited of New Zealand under the designation KI2, Bifidobacterium longumsubsp. infantis LMG 11588 (also known as DSM 20218; ATCC 17930; JCM1260) sold by theBelgian Coordinated Collections of Microorganisms (BCCM) under the LMG accessionnumber LMG 11588, and Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis sold for example by Procter& GambIe Co. under the trademark Bifantis. The composition or combination according to the invention may contain from 10e3 to 10e12 cfu of the at least one (further) probiotic strain, more preferably between 10e7 and 10e12 cfu such as between 10e8 and 10e10 cfu of probiotic strain per g of composition or combination on a dry weight basis. In one embodiment, the probiotics are viable. In another embodiment, the probiotics are non- replicating or inactivated. There may be both viable probiotics and inactivated probiotics in some other embodiments. Probiotic components and metabolites can also be added. The nutritional composition according to the invention generally contains a protein source. The protein can be in an amount of from 1.6 to 3 g per 100 kcal. In some embodiments, especiallywhen the composition is intended for premature infants, the protein amount can be between2.4 and 4 g / 100kcal or more than 3.6 g / 100kcal (or 3.6 g / 100kcal or more). In some otherembodiments the protein amount can be below 2.0 g per 100 kcal, e.g. between 1.8 to 2 g / 100 kcal, or in an amount below 1.8 g per 100 kcal. Protein sources based on whey, casein and mixtures thereof may be used as well as protein sources based on soy. As far as whey proteins are concerned, the protein source may be based on acid whey or sweet whey or mixtures thereof and may include alpha-lactalbumin and beta-lactoglobulin in any desired proportions. In some advantageous embodiments the protein source is whey predominant (i.e. more than 50% of proteins are coming from whey proteins, such as 51, 60% or 70%). The proteins may be intact or hydrolysed or a mixture of intact and hydrolysed proteins. By the term “intact” is meant that the main part of the proteins are intact, i.e. the molecular structure is not altered, for example at least 80% of the proteins are not altered, such as at least 85% of the proteins are not altered, preferably at least 90% of the proteins are not altered, even more preferably at least 95% of the proteins are not altered, such as at least 98% of the proteins are not altered. In a particular embodiment, 100% of the proteins are not altered. The term “hydrolysed” means in the context of the present invention a protein which has been hydrolysed or broken down into its component amino acids. The proteins may be either fully or partially hydrolysed. It may be desirable to supply partially hydrolysed proteins (degree of hydrolysis between 2 and 20%), for example for infants or young children believed to be at risk of developing cow’s milk allergy. If hydrolysed proteins are required, the hydrolysis process may be carried out as desired and as is known in the art. For example, whey protein hydrolysates may be prepared by enzymatically hydrolysing the whey fraction in one or more steps. If the whey fraction used as the starting material is substantially lactose free, it is found that the protein suffers much less lysine blockage during the hydrolysis process. This enables the extent of lysine blockage to be reduced from about 15% by weight of total lysine to less than about 10% (or to about 10% or less) by weight of lysine; for example about 7% by weight of lysine which greatly improves the nutritional quality of the protein source. In an embodiment of the invention at least 70% of the proteins are hydrolysed, preferably at least 80% of the proteins are hydrolysed, such as at least 85% of the proteins are hydrolysed, even more preferably at least 90% of the proteins are hydrolysed, such as at least 95% of the proteins are hydrolysed, particularly at least 98% of the proteins are hydrolysed. In a particular embodiment, 100% of the proteins are hydrolysed. In one particular embodiment the proteins of the nutritional composition are hydrolyzed, fully hydrolyzed or partially hydrolyzed. The degree of hydrolysis (DH) of the protein can be between 8 and 40, or between 20 and 60 or between 20 and 80 or more than 10, 20, 40, 60,80 or 90 (or 10, 20, 40, 60, 80 or 90 or more).The protein component can alternatively be replaced by a mixture or synthetic amino acid, for example for preterm or low birth weight infants.In a particular embodiment, the nutritional composition or the growing-up milk according to theinvention is a hypoallergenic composition. In another particular embodiment, the compositionaccording to the invention is a hypoallergenic nutritional composition or growing-up milk. The nutritional composition according to the present invention generally contains a carbohydrate source. This is particularly preferable in the case where the nutritional composition of the invention is an infant formula. In this case, any carbohydrate source conventionally found in infant formulae such as lactose, sucrose, saccharose, maltodextrin, starch and mixtures thereof may be used although one of the preferred sources of carbohydrates is lactose. The nutritional composition according to the present invention generally contains a source of lipids. This is particularly relevant if the nutritional composition of the invention is an infant formula. In this case, the lipid source may be any lipid or fat which is suitable for use in infant formulae. Some suitable fat sources include palm oil, structured triglyceride oil, high oleic sunflower oil and high oleic safflower oil, medium-chain-triglyceride oil. The essential fatty acids linoleic and α-linolenic acid may also be added, as well small amounts of oils containing high quantities of preformed arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid such as fish oils or microbial oils. The fat source may have a ratio of n-6 to n-3 fatty acids of about 5:1 to about 15:1; for example about 8:1 to about 10:1. The nutritional composition of the invention may also contain all vitamins and minerals understood to be essential in the daily diet and in nutritionally significant amounts. Minimum requirements have been established for certain vitamins and minerals. Examples of minerals, vitamins and other nutrients optionally present in the composition of the invention include vitamin A, vitamin B1, vitamin B2, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin E, vitamin K, vitamin C, vitamin D, folic acid, inositol, niacin, biotin, pantothenic acid, choline, calcium, phosphorous, iodine, iron, magnesium, copper, zinc, manganese, chlorine, potassium, sodium, selenium, chromium, molybdenum, taurine, and L-carnitine. Minerals are usually added in salt form. The presence and amounts of specific minerals and other vitamins will vary depending on the intended population. If necessary, the nutritional composition of the invention may contain emulsifiers andstabilisers such as soy, lecithin, citric acid esters of mono- and di-glycerides, and the like.The nutritional composition of the invention may also contain other substances which may have a beneficial effect such as nucleotides, nucleosides, and the like. The nutritional composition of the invention may also contain carotenoid(s). In some particular embodiments of the invention, the nutritional composition of the invention does not comprise any carotenoid. Manufacture of a nutritional composition The nutritional composition according to the invention may be prepared in any suitable manner. A composition will now be described by way of example. For example, a formula such as an infant formula may be prepared by blending together the protein source, the carbohydrate source and the fat source in appropriate proportions. If used, the emulsifiers may be included at this point. The vitamins and minerals may be added at this point but they are usually added later to avoid thermal degradation. Any lipophilic vitamins, emulsifiers and the like may be dissolved into the fat source prior to blending. Water, preferably water which has been subjected to reverse osmosis, may then be mixed in to form a liquid mixture. The temperature of the water is conveniently in the range between about 50°C and about 80°C to aid dispersal of the ingredients. Commercially available liquefiers may be used to form the liquid mixture. The oligosaccharide(s) may be added at this stage, especially if the final product is to have a liquid form. If the final product is to be a powder, they may likewise be added at this stage if desired. The liquid mixture is then homogenised, for example in two stages. The liquid mixture may then be thermally treated to reduce bacterial loads, by rapidly heating the liquid mixture to a temperature in the range between about 80°C and about 150°C for a duration between about 5 seconds and about 5 minutes, for example. This may be carried out by means of steam injection, an autoclave or a heat exchanger, for example a plate heat exchanger. Then, the liquid mixture may be cooled to between about 60°C and about 85°C for example by flash cooling. The liquid mixture may then be again homogenised, for example in two stages between about 10 MPa and about 30 MPa in the first stage and between about 2 MPa andabout 10 MPa in the second stage. The homogenised mixture may then be further cooled toadd any heat sensitive components, such as vitamins and mineraIs. The pH and solids content of the homogenised mixture are conveniently adjusted at this point. If the final product is to be a powder, the homogenised mixture is transferred to a suitable drying apparatus such as a spray dryer or freeze dryer and converted to powder. The powder should have a moisture content of less than about 5% (or about 5% or less) by weight. The oligosaccharide(s) may also or alternatively be added at this stage by dry-mixing or by blending them in a syrup form of crystals, along with the probiotic strain(s), and the mixture is spray-dried or freeze-dried. If a liquid composition is preferred, the homogenised mixture may be sterilised then aseptically filled into suitable containers or may be first filled into the containers and then retorted. Lactoferrin may be added at any stage during this procedure, but is preferably added after theheating step. Since lactoferrin is a protein it may be considered a part of the protein source.In another embodiment, the composition of the invention may be a supplement such as apaediatric supplement. The supplement may be in the form of tablets, capsules, pastilles or a liquid for example. The supplement may further contain protective hydrocolloids (such as gums, proteins, modified starches), binders, film forming agents, encapsulating agents / materials, wall / shell materials, matrix compounds, coatings, emulsifiers, surface active agents, solubilizing agents (oils, fats, waxes, lecithins etc.), adsorbents, carriers, fillers, co- compounds, dispersing agents, wetting agents, processing aids (solvents), flowing agents, taste masking agents, weighting agents, jellifying agents and gel forming agents. The supplement may also contain conventional pharmaceutical additives and adjuvants, excipients and diluents, including, but not limited to, water, gelatine of any origin, vegetable gums, lignin- sulfonate, talc, sugars, starch, gum arabic, vegetable oils, polyalkylene glycols, flavouring agents, preservatives, stabilizers, emulsifying agents, buffers, lubricants, colorants, wetting agents, fillers, and the like. Further, the supplement may contain an organic or inorganic carrier material suitable for oral or parenteral administration as well as vitamins, minerals trace elements and other micronutrients in accordance with the recommendations of Government bodies such as the USRDA. This disclosure is not limited by the exemplary methods and materials disclosed herein, and any methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of embodiments of this disclosure. Numeric ranges are inclusive of the numbers defining the range. Unless otherwise indicated, any nucleic acid sequences are written left to right in 5' to 3' orientation; amino acid sequences are written left to right in amino to carboxy orientation, respectively. Where a range of values is provided, it is understood that each intervening value, to the tenth of the unit of the lower limit unless the context clearly dictates otherwise, between the upper and lower limits of that range is also specifically disclosed. Each smaller range between any stated value or intervening value in a stated range and any other stated or intervening value in that stated range is encompassed within this disclosure. The upper and lower limits of these smaller ranges may independently be included or excluded in the range, and each range where either, neither or both limits are included in the smaller ranges is also encompassed within this disclosure, subject to any specifically excluded limit in the stated range. Where the stated range includes one or both of the limits, ranges excluding either or both of those included limits are also included in this disclosure. It must be noted that as used herein and in the appended claims, the singular forms "a", "an", and "the" include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. The terms "comprising", "comprises" and "comprised of' as used herein are synonymous with "including", "includes" or "containing", "contains", and are inclusive or open-ended and do notexclude additional, non-recited members, elements or method steps. The terms "comprising","comprises" and "comprised of' also include the term "consisting of'. The practice of the present invention will employ, unless otherwise indicated, conventional techniques of chemistry, biochemistry, molecular biology, microbiology and immunology,which are within the capabilities of a person of ordinary skill in the art. Such techniques areexplained in the literature. See, for example, Sambrook, J., Fritsch, E.F. and Maniatis, T.(1989) Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 2nd Edition, Cold Spring Harbor LaboratoryPress; Ausubel, F.M. et al. (1995 and periodic supplements) Current Protocols in MolecularBiology, Ch.9, 13 and 16, John Wiley & Sons; Roe, B., Crabtree, J. and Kahn, A. (1996) DNAIsolation and Sequencing: Essential Techniques, John Wiley & Sons; Polak, J.M. and McGee,J.O’D. (1990) In Situ Hybridization: Principles and Practice, Oxford University Press; Gait, M.J.(1984) Oligonucleotide Synthesis: A Practical Approach, IRL Press; and Lilley, D.M. andDahlberg, J.E. (1992) Methods in Enzymology: DNA Structures Part A: Synthesis and PhysicalAnalysis of DNA, Academic Press. Each of these general texts is herein incorporated byreference. The publications discussed herein are provided solely for their disclosure prior to the filing date of the present application. Nothing herein is to be construed as an admission that such publications constitute prior art to the claims appended hereto. The invention will now be further described by way of Examples, which are meant to serve to assist one of ordinary skill in the art in carrying out the invention and are not intended in any way to limit the scope of the invention. EXAMPLESExample 1 – Human lactoferrin synergistically induces higher cytokine expression byPBMCs when combined with a blend of HMOs Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated from buffy coat of healthy adult donors at the transfusion interrégionale CRS (Lausanne-Epalinges, Switzerland).500,000 live PBMCs were added in each well of a 48 well flat bottom plate and incubated with 10ug / ml ofhuman milk isolated lactoferrin #L0520 alone (Sigma Aldrich, St Louis US; iron saturation ofabout 4.1%, determined using ICP-MS) or in combination with single or blends of human milkoligosaccharides (HMO) (Table 1 and Table 2) at 37˚ C for 3 days.These various ingredient combinations were tested in duplicate. After incubation for 72hrs, supernatants were collected and levels of cytokines were measured using mesoscale (Meso Scale Technologies, LLC) or ELISA plates (RnD systems) according to the manufacturer’sprotocol. The measured cytokines (IL6, IL12p70 & IFNgamma) were chosen given their knownrole in immune protection against infection. Each arm was done in duplicate. Average cytokine value was calculated for each individual prior to calculating the mean cytokine expression for each treatment group. A response is deemed synergistic if the cytokine expression from a stimulation of lactoferrin & HMO isgreater than the sum of individual responses from lactoferrin or HMO blend stimulation alone.Table 1. Composition of different HMO mixes tested in vitro assay.Early lactation Late lactation HMO mix HMO1. HMO6. HMO7. HMO8. HMO1. HMO6. HMO7. HMO8. 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 LNFPI 2FL 2FL 2FL LNFP1 2FL 2FL 2FLDFL DFL DFL DFL DFL DFL3FL 3FL 3FL 3FL 3FL 3FL HMO LNT LNT LNT LNT LNT LNT composition 3SL 3SL 3SL 3SL 3SL 3SL 6SL 6SL 6SL 6SL 6SL 6SL LNnT LNnT LNnT LNnTLNFP-I LNFP-IFinal amount tested in vitro2.5 17.7 26.6 24.8 0.4 7.8 11.7 8.7(ug / ml) Table 2. HMO amounts in different blends. HMO amounts in blends (g / L) HMO Early lactation Late lactationHMO1.1 HMO6.1 HMO7.1 HMO8.1 HMO1.3 HMO6.3 HMO7.3 HMO8.3LNFP-I 0.25 0 0 0.25 0.04 0 0 0.042FL 0 0.871 1 1.003 0 0.211 0.215 0.22DFL 0 0.121 0.14 0.131 0 0.029 0.03 0.033FL 0 0.24 0.385 0.286 0 0.275 0.651 0.28LNT 0 0.29 0.348 0.29 0 0.115 0.068 0.1153SL 0 0.106 0.102 0.11 0 0.106 0.049 0.116SL 0 0.145 0.181 0.16 0 0.039 0.046 0.04LNnT 0 0 0.5 0.25 0 0 0.107 0.03Total 0.25 1.773 2.656 2.48 0.04 0.775 1.166 0.865Experiments were done sequentially to:(i) first establish whether a combination of 6 HMOs (HMO 6.1) and lactoferrin could worksynergistically in the modulation of immune responses; and(ii) secondly test the synergistic effects with lactoferrin in combination with other HMOblends containing 1 (HMO1.1,1.3), 6 (HMO6.1,6.3), 7 (HMO7.1,7.3) and 8 HMOs (HMO 8.1,8.3). Different concentrations of these HMOs blends were used to mimic high and lowconcentrations of HMOs present in early and late lactation phases, respectively. Results demonstrated that after 72 hours of stimulation, the combination of lactoferrin and 6HMOs induced higher levels of IFNg (Figure 1), IL6 (Figure 2) and IL12p70 (Figure 3) thanlactoferrin or 6 HMOs blend both when measuring absolute cytokine values (Figure 1A-3A) and fold increase over unstimulated control (Figure 1B-3B). While both lactoferrin and HMOs are known to have immune modulatory properties, thesynergistic effects when combining both sets of ingredients was surprising considering the lowresponses of healthy individuals to lactoferrin alone or complex blend of 6HMOs alone. This would imply a composition containing these 2 types of ingredients may promote superior immune responsiveness as measured by cytokine responses (IFNg, IL6 and IL12p70) which have been shown to be important for protection against infections. The synergism between HMO and lactoferrin were further tested in another cohort of 12 healthy individuals using different HMO blends and different concentrations of HMOs mimicking the levels found during early (with higher HMO levels) and late lactation (with reduced HMO levels). Similarly to previous results with a blend of 6 HMOs, combinations of human isolated lactoferrin and a combination of different HMO blends induced a higher IFNg (Figure 4) and IL6 (Figure 5) responses than lactoferrin or HMO alone. These effects were surprisingly also observed when lowering the HMO amounts mimicking late lactation. Of note, a less sensitiveELISA system (range of detection for IFNg ELISA: 9.4 - 600 pg / ml vs. IFNg mesoscale: 1.76-938 pg / ml; IL6 ELISA: 9.4-600 pg / ml vs. IL6 mesoscale: 0.633-488 pg / ml) was used in the second set of experiments to measure the cytokines which could explain why some responsesto HMOs while low were undetectable in this second set of experiments.Taken together, these results demonstrate that the combination of lactoferrin and HMO blendscan work synergistically to induce higher cytokine expression by PBMCs and could better support immune protection against infections than single ingredients.Example 2 – Human lactoferrin produces beneficial metabolites when combined with ablend of HMOs, optionally including BifidobacteriaAn ex vivo fecal fermentation study was conducted with Cryptobiotix SA, using their proprietaryex-vivo human Gastrointestinal Tract replica model and microbiota colonic incubations as described in Front Microbiol.2023 Apr 14;14:1131662. Table 3. Arms used in the studyStool samples obtained at 3 months of ageSubstrates Probiotic Amount of LFHMO Amount of LNFP-I (g / L) blend (g / L) NSCNSC B.infantisLF human low iron 1LF human high iron 1LF bovine 1LNFP-I 0.256 HMOs HMO 6.17 HMOs HMO 7.17 HMOs + LNFP-I HMO 7.1 0.25LF + LFNP-I 1 0.25LF + 6 HMOs 1 HMO 6.1LF + 7 HMOs 1 HMO 7.1LF + 7 HMOs +1 HMO 7.1 0.25LNFP-ILF human low iron B.1 infantisLNFP-I B.0.25 infantis6 HMOs B.HMO 6.1 infantis7 HMOs B.HMO 7.1 infantis7 HMOs + LNFP-I B. HMO 7.1 0.25infantisLF + LFNP-I B. 1 0.25infantisLF + 6 HMOs B. 1 HMO 6.1infantisLF + 7 HMOs B. 1 HMO 7.1infantis LF + 7 HMOs + B.1 HMO 7.1 0.25LNFP-I infantis Stool samples obtained at 12 months of ageSubstrates Probiotic Amount of LFHMO Amount of LNFP-I (g / L) blend (g / L) NSCNSC B. iuvenisLF human low iron 0.5LF human high iron 0.5LF bovine 0.5LNFP-I6 HMOs HMO 6.37 HMOs HMO 7.37 HMOs + LNFP-I HMO 7.3 0.04LF + LFNP-I 0.5 0.04LF + 6 HMOs 0.5 HMO 6.3LF + 7 HMOs 0.5 HMO 7.3LF + 7 HMOs +0.5 HMO 7.3 0.04LNFP-ILF human low iron B. iuvenis 0.5LNFP-I B. iuvenis6 HMOs B. iuvenis HMO 6.37 HMOs B. iuvenis HMO 7.37 HMOs + LNFP-I B. iuvenis HMO 7.3 0.04LF + LFNP-I B. iuvenis 0.5 0.04LF + 6 HMOs B. iuvenis 0.5 HMO 6.3LF + 7 HMOs B. iuvenis 0.5 HMO 7.3LF + 7 HMOs +B. iuvenis 0.5 HMO 7.3 0.04LNFP-ITable 4. Concentration of HMOsHMO amounts in blends (g / L) HMO Early lactation Late lactationHMO6.1 HMO7.1 HMO6.3 HMO7.32FL 0.871 1.000 0.211 0.215DFL 0.121 0.140 0.029 0.0303FL 0.240 0.385 0.275 0.651LNT 0.290 0.348 0.115 0.0683SL 0.106 0.102 0.106 0.0496SL 0.145 0.181 0.039 0.046LNnT 0.000 0.500 0.000 0.107Total 1.773 2.656 0.775 1.166The lactoferrin used was: ^human isolated lactoferrin L0520 (lactoferrin from human milk, ≥85% (SDS-PAGE),lyophilized powder | 936541-36-5 (sigmaaldrich.com)) which is the apo-form with “low iron” wherein about 4% of the iron binding sites have iron bound; or^ human isolated lactoferrin L3770 Lactoferrin from human milk, iron saturated, ≥85%(SDS-PAGE) | Sigma-Aldrich) which is the iron-loaded holo form of lactoferrin (“high- iron”) wherein about 100% of the iron binding sites have iron bound.The probiotic used were B. infantis LMG11588 and B. iuvenis CNCM I-5942.A suitable dose for the carbohydrate LNFP-I is a concentration of 0.04-0.25 g / L, while theHMO blend may suitably be dosed at a final concentration of from about 0.78 to about 2.66g / L.Suitably, B. infantis LMG11588 and B. iuvenis CNCM I-5942 may be each dosed at aconcentration of 5 x 107CFU / mL, whether individually, or in combination.Each arm consisted of bioreactors seeded with the fecal microbiota of 8 individual donors at3 months and 8 individual donors at 12 months. The same fecal inoculum of the donors wasused for all arms. Donors were either 3-month-old infants (± 2 weeks) exclusively fed with formulae without HMO / probiotics. Donors of 12 months (± 2 weeks) were utilized to mimic the later timepoints. The exclusion criteria were antibiotic use in 30 days before sample delivery for the study and previous NEC or gut surgery. Intestinal absorption and colonic incubationconditions were then conducted using Cryptobiotix’s proprietary “ex-vivo SIFR” protocols (cf.Front Microbiol.2023 Apr 14;14:1131662).Colonic incubations were carried out for 24-hours, with sampling at 0 and 24 hours for:^ Key fermentative parameters (SCFA / bCFA, pH, gas production, lactate)^ Taxonomic composition (quantitative 16S rRNA gene profiling).Example 3 – Human lactoferrin inhibits pathogenic bacterial growth when combinedwith a blend of HMOs, optionally including BifidobacteriaAn overnight culture of Salmonella enterica ser. Thyphimurium, grown at 37°C in BHI mediawas diluted to a concentration of 1e4 CFU / ml.100 µl of the diluted bacterial culture was added to each well of a 96-well plate and bacterial growth in the presence or absence of ingredient mixes at 37°C was measured by OD every hour over a period of 24 hours. The impact of lactoferrin on bacterial growth inhibition was investigated alone or in combination with different HMO mixes (Table 5 and 6) in triplicate at 2 different doses (undiluted and 1:10 dilution). Table 5. Experimental arms tested in the in vitro assay Experimental groups 1Human milk isolated Lactoferrin (HM LF)2 2FL3 LNnT4 LNFP-I5 4 HMOs control 16 4 HMOs control 27 6 HMOs8 7 HMOs9 8 HMOs10 HM LF + 2FL11 HM LF + LNnT12 HM LF + LNFP-I13 HM LF + 4 HMOs (control 1)14 HM LF + 4 HMOs (control 2)15 HM LF + 6 HMOs16 HM LF + 7 HMOs17 HM LF + 8 HMOs Table 6. HMO amounts in different blends Conc. (g / L) HMO 8 7 6 2FL LNnT LNFP-I 4 HMO 4 HMO HMOs HMOs HMOs control control control control 1 control 2 2FL 1.000 1.000 0.871 1.000 0.000 0.000 1.000 2.5003FL 0.385 0.385 0.240 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.385 0.500DFL 0.14 0.14 0.121 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.0003SL 0.102 0.102 0.106 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.102 0.1006SL 0.181 0.181 0.145 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.181 0.200LNT 0.348 0.348 0.290 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000LNnT 0.500 0.500 0.000 0.000 0.500 0.000 0.000 0.000LNFP-I 0.250 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.300 0.000 0.000Sum HMO 2.906 2.656 1.773 1.000 0.500 0.300 1.668 3.300The lactoferrin used was human isolated lactoferrin L0520 (lactoferrin from human milk, ≥85% (SDS-PAGE), lyophilized powder | 936541-36-5 (sigmaaldrich.com)) which is the apo-formwith “low iron” wherein about 4% of the iron binding sites have iron bound.Example 4 – Human lactoferrin inhibits Streptococcus pathogenic bacterial growthwhen combined with the HMO LNnTAn overnight culture of Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B Streptococcus, GBS from ATCC) was diluted to an OD of 0.01 (nm 600) in serum free RPMI medium and supplemented with HMO LNnT (0.5g / L) or human milk derived lactoferrin #L0520 (Sigma Aldrich, St Louis US; iron saturation of about 4.1%, determined using ICP-MS) (0.1 and 0.01g / L) or combinationsthereof. To investigate the impact of lactoferrin & HMO, bacteria were grown in 100 microliterof medium at 37°C in humidified air with 5% CO2 over 2 hours in absence or presence of different bioactive / s combination. All conditions were tested in duplicate. Following plating of bacterial suspension at several dilutions, number of colony forming units (CFU) was assessed for each condition. A response is deemed synergistic if the reduction in number of CFU in lactoferrin & HMO exposed condition is greater than the sum of individual responses from lactoferrin or LNnT condition alone. Results demonstrated that exposure of GBS to 2 different doses of lactoferrin led to a reduction in CFU confirming its antimicrobial properties with a much weaker effect of LNnT(Figure 6A and 6B). Combining both ingredients led to an unexpected synergistic effect ofhuman lactoferrin with LNnT in bacterial reduction when comparing effect of each ingredientalone (Figure 6A and 6B). Various features and embodiments of the present invention will now be described withreference to the following numbered clauses:1. A composition comprising bovine lactoferrin andlacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT); or lacto-N-fucopentaose I (LNFP-I); or a HMO mixture comprising or consisting of 2'-fucosyllactose (2FL), difucosyllactose (DFL),lacto-N-tetraose (LNT), 6'-sialyllactose (6SL), 3'-sialyllactose (3SL), and (i) lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT), (ii) 3-fucosyllactose (3FL), (iii) LNnT and 3FL, (iv) LNFP-I, (v) LNnT andLNFP-I, (vi) 3FL and LNFP-I, or (vii) LNnT, 3FL and LNFP-I.2. A combination of bovine lactoferrin andlacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT); or lacto-N-fucopentaose I (LNFP-I); or a HMO mixture comprising or consisting of 2'-fucosyllactose (2FL), difucosyllactose (DFL), lacto-N-tetraose (LNT), 6'-sialyllactose (6SL), 3'-sialyllactose (3SL), and (i) lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT), (ii) 3-fucosyllactose (3FL), (iii) LNnT and 3FL, (iv) LNFP-I, (v) LNnT andLNFP-I, (vi) 3FL and LNFP-I, or (vii) LNnT, 3FL and LNFP-I.3. The composition or combination according to clause 1 or clause 2, wherein the bovinelactoferrin is recombinant bovine lactoferrin, isolated bovine lactoferrin, or a combinationthereof.4. The composition or combination according to clause 3, wherein the bovine lactoferrinis recombinant bovine lactoferrin.5. The composition or combination according to any one of clauses 1-4, wherein thebovine lactoferrin is iron depleted bovine lactoferrin, preferably wherein less than about 10%of the metal ion-binding sites present in the bovine lactoferrin population have iron bound.6. The composition or combination according to any one of clauses 1-4, wherein thebovine lactoferrin is partially iron saturated bovine lactoferrin, preferably wherein about 10%to 80%, more preferably about 15% to 60%, of the metal ion-binding sites present in the bovine lactoferrin population have iron bound.7. The composition or combination according to any one of clauses 1-4, wherein thebovine lactoferrin is iron saturated bovine lactoferrin, preferably wherein at least about 80% ofthe metal ion-binding sites present in the bovine lactoferrin population have iron bound.8. The composition or combination according to any one of clauses 1-7, wherein thecomposition or combination comprises about 0.03 g to about 5 g bovine lactoferrin per L orabout 0.02 g to about 4 g bovine lactoferrin per 100g, or wherein the composition orcombination comprises about 0.1 g to about 5 g lactoferrin per L or about 0.1 g to about 4 glactoferrin per 100g, preferably wherein the composition or combination comprises about 0.05g to about 2.5 g bovine lactoferrin per L or about 0.04 g to about 2 g bovine lactoferrin per100g, or preferably wherein the composition or combination comprises about 0.1 g to about2.5 g lactoferrin per L or about 0.1 g to about 2 g lactoferrin per 100g.9. The composition or combination according to any one of clauses 1-8, wherein thecomposition or combination comprises bovine lactoferrin and LNFP-I.10. The composition or combination according to clause 9, wherein the composition orcombination comprises LNFP-I in a total amount of from 25 mg / L to 4000 mg / L of thecomposition or combination or of from 0.02 g / 100 g to 3.75 g / 100 g of the composition orcombination (dry weight).11. The composition or combination according to clause 9, wherein the composition orcombination comprises LNFP-I in a total amount of from 50 mg / L to 2500 mg / L, preferablyfrom 60 mg / L to 2000 mg / L, more preferably from 80 mg / L to 1500 mg / L of the composition orof from 0.04 g / 100 g to 2 g / 100 g, preferably from 0.05 g / 100 g to 1.6 g / 100 g, more preferablyfrom 0.06 g / 100 g to 1.2 g / 100 g, most preferably from 0.07 g / 100 g to 0.8 g / 100 g of thecomposition or combination (dry weight).12. The composition or combination according to any one of clauses 1-8, wherein thecomposition or combination comprises bovine lactoferrin and LNnT, preferably wherein thecomposition or combination comprises LNnT in a total amount of from 0.02 g / L to 1.5 g / L,preferably of from 0.1 g / L to 0.8 g / L, more preferably of from 0.2 g / L to 0.5 g / L of thecomposition or combination, or of from 0.01 g / 100 g to 1.2 g / 100 g, preferably of from 0.06g / 100 g to 0.7 g / 100 g, more preferably of from 0.1 g / 100 g to 0.4 g / 100 g, of the compositionor combination (dry weight).13. The composition or combination according to any one of clauses 1-8, wherein thecomposition or combination comprises bovine lactoferrin and a HMO mixture comprising orconsisting of 2'-fucosyllactose (2FL), difucosyllactose (DFL), lacto-N-tetraose (LNT), 6'-sialyllactose (6SL), 3'-sialyllactose (3SL), and (i) lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT), (ii) 3-fucosyllactose (3FL), (iii) LNnT and 3FL, (iv) LNFP-I, (v) LNnT and LNFP-I, (vi) 3FL and LNFP- I, or (vii) LNnT, 3FL and LNFP-I.14. The composition or combination according to clause 13, wherein the HMO mixtureconsists of 2'-fucosyllactose (2FL), difucosyllactose (DFL), lacto-N-tetraose (LNT), 6'- sialyllactose (6SL), 3'-sialyllactose (3SL), and lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT).15. The composition or combination according to clause 14, wherein the HMO mixtureconsists essentially of: i. 34 wt% to 85 wt% of 2FL, preferably 40 wt% to 71 wt%;ii. 10 wt% to 40 wt% of LNT, preferably 12 wt% to 26 wt%;iii. 4 wt% to 14 wt% of DFL, preferably 5 wt% to 10 wt%;iv. 9 wt% to 31 wt% of 6SL and 3SL combined, preferably 10 wt% to 28 wt%;and v. 6 wt% to 30 wt% of LNnT, preferably 7 wt% to 23 wt%.16. The composition or combination according to clause 13, wherein the HMO mixture consists of 2'-fucosyllactose (2FL), difucosyllactose (DFL), lacto-N-tetraose (LNT), 6'- sialyllactose (6SL), 3'-sialyllactose (3SL), and 3-fucosyllactose (3FL).17. The composition or combination according to clause 16, wherein the HMO mixtureconsists essentially of: i. 16 wt% to 69 wt% of 2FL, preferably 22 wt% to 59 wt%;ii. 9 wt% to 24 wt% of LNT, preferably 12 wt% to 21 wt%;iii. 2 wt% to 10 wt% of DFL, preferably 3 wt% to 8 wt%;iv. 8 wt% to 26 wt% of 6SL and 3SL combined, preferably 11 wt% to 22 wt%;and v. 18 wt% to 50 wt% of 3FL, preferably 11 wt% to 43 wt%.18. The composition or combination according to clause 13, wherein the HMO mixtureconsists of 2'-fucosyllactose (2FL), difucosyllactose (DFL), lacto-N-tetraose (LNT), 6'- sialyllactose (6SL), 3'-sialyllactose (3SL), 3-fucosyllactose (3FL), and lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT).19. The composition or combination according to clause 18, wherein the HMO mixtureconsists essentially of:i. 20 wt% to 60 wt% of 2FL, preferably 22 wt% to 55 wt%;ii. 4 wt% to 30 wt% of LNT, preferably 6 wt% to 20 wt%;iii. 1 wt% to 12 wt % of DFL, preferably 3 wt% to 8 wt%;iv. 7 wt% to 23 wt% of 6SL and 3SL combined, preferably 8 wt% to 22 wt%;v. 10 wt% to 50 wt% of 3FL, preferably 13 wt% to 46 wt%; andvi. 3 wt% to 25 wt% of LNnT, preferably 5 wt% to 20 wt%.20. The composition or combination according to clause 13, wherein the HMO mixtureconsists of 2'-fucosyllactose (2FL), difucosyllactose (DFL), lacto-N-tetraose (LNT), 6'- sialyllactose (6SL), 3'-sialyllactose (3SL), lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT), and lacto-N- fucopentaose I (LNFP-I).21. The composition or combination according to clause 20, wherein the HMO mixtureconsists essentially of: i. 27 wt% to 41 wt% of 2FL, preferably 32 wt% to 39 wt%;ii. 8 wt% to 15 wt% of LNT, preferably 10 wt% to 14 wt%;iii. 4 wt% to 6 wt% of DFL, preferably 4 wt% to 6 wt%;iv. 8 wt% to 18 wt% of 6SL and 3SL combined, preferably 7 wt% to 15 wt%;v. 13 wt% to 21 wt% of LNnT, preferably 16 wt% to 20 wt%; andvi. 7 wt% to 33 wt% of LNFP-I, preferably 11 wt% to 23 wt%. 22. The composition or combination according to clause 13, wherein the HMO mixture consists of 2'-fucosyllactose (2FL), difucosyllactose (DFL), lacto-N-tetraose (LNT), 6'- sialyllactose (6SL), 3'-sialyllactose (3SL), 3-fucosyllactose (3FL), and lacto-N-fucopentaose I (LNFP-I).23. The composition or combination according to clause 22, wherein the HMO mixtureconsists essentially of: i. 20 wt% to 46 wt% of 2FL, preferably 22 wt% to 42 wt% of 2FL;ii. 11 wt% to 17 wt% of LNT, preferably 12 wt% to 15 wt% of LNT;iii. 2 wt% to 7 wt% of DFL, preferably 3 wt% to 6 wt% of DFL;iv. 9 wt% to 21 wt% of 6SL and 3SL combined, preferably 9 wt% to 19 wt% of 6SLand 3SL combined; v. 9 wt% to 34 wt% of 3FL, preferably 11 wt% to 32 wt% of 3FL; andvi. 5 wt% to 32 wt% of LNFP-I, preferably 10 wt% to 19 wt% of LNFP-I.24. The composition or combination according to clause 13, wherein the HMO mixtureconsists of 2'-fucosyllactose (2FL), difucosyllactose (DFL), lacto-N-tetraose (LNT), 6'- sialyllactose (6SL), 3'-sialyllactose (3SL), 3-fucosyllactose (3FL), lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT), and lacto-N-fucopentaose I (LNFP-I).25. The composition or combination according to clause 24, wherein the HMO mixtureconsists essentially of: i. 29 wt% to 40 wt% of 2FL, preferably 32 wt% to 39 wt% of 2FL;ii. 8 wt% to 13 wt% of LNT, preferably 9 wt% to 12 wt% of LNT;iii. 3 wt% to 11 wt % of DFL;iv. 3 wt% to 15 wt% of 6SL and 3SL combined, preferably 4 wt% to 15 wt% of 6SLand 3SL combined; v. 11 wt% to 35 wt% of 3FL, preferably 12 wt% to 35 wt% of 3FL;vi. 1 wt% to 18 wt% of LNnT, preferably 1 wt% to 17 wt% of LNnT; andvii. 2 wt% to 24 wt% of LNFP-I, preferably 4 wt% to 14 wt% of LNFP-I.26. The composition or combination according to any one of the preceding clauses,wherein the composition or combination further comprises Bifidobacterium longum subsp.iuvenis, Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis and / or Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis,preferably wherein:(a) the Bifidobacterium longum subsp. iuvenis has an Average Nucleotide Identity (ANI) of atleast 96% (preferably, at least 99%) with at least one B. longum strain selected from the groupconsisting of CNCM I-5942, CNCM I-5683, CNCM I-5684, CNCM I-5685, CNCM I-5686,CNCM I-5687, and CMCC-P0001 (ATCC BAA-2753), or is CNCM I-5942, CNCM I-5683,CNCM I-5684, CNCM I-5685, CNCM I-5686, CNCM I-5687, and CMCC-P0001 (ATCC BAA- 2753);(b) the Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis has at least 99% ANI to Bifidobacterium longumsubsp. infantis LMG 11588 or is Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis LMG 11588; and / or(c) the Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis has at least 99% ANI to Bifidobacterium animalissubsp. lactis CNCM 1-3446 or is Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis CNCM 1-3446.27. The composition or combination according to clause 26, wherein the composition orcombination further comprises Bifidobacterium longum subsp. iuvenis.28. The composition or combination according to clause 26, wherein the composition orcombination further comprises Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis.29. The composition or combination according to clause 26, wherein the composition orcombination further comprises Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis.30. The composition or combination according to clause 26, wherein the composition orcombination further comprises Bifidobacterium longum subsp. iuvenis and Bifidobacteriumlongum subsp. infantis.31. The composition or combination according to clause 26, wherein the composition orcombination further comprises Bifidobacterium longum subsp. iuvenis and Bifidobacteriumanimalis subsp. lactis.32. The composition or combination according to clause 26, wherein the composition orcombination further comprises Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis and Bifidobacteriumanimalis subsp. lactis.33. The composition or combination according to clause 26, wherein the composition orcombination further comprises Bifidobacterium longum subsp. iuvenis, Bifidobacteriumlongum subsp. infantis and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis34. The composition or combination according to any one of clauses 26, 27, 30, 31and 33, wherein the Bifidobacterium longum subsp. iuvenis has an Average Nucleotide Identity(ANI) of at least 96% (preferably, of at least 99%) with at least one B. longum strain selectedfrom the group consisting of CNCM I-5942, CNCM I-5683, CNCM I-5684, CNCM I-5685,CNCM I-5686, CNCM I-5687, and CMCC-P0001 (ATCC BAA-2753).35. The composition or combination according to clause 34, wherein theBifidobacterium longum subsp. iuvenis has an ANI of at least 99% with at least one B. longumstrain selected from the group consisting of CNCM I-5942, CNCM I-5683, CNCM I-5684,CNCM I-5685, CNCM I-5686, CNCM I-5687, and CMCC-P0001 (ATCC BAA-2753).36. The composition or combination according to clause 34 or clause 35, wherein theBifidobacterium longum subsp. iuvenis is a strain selected from the group consisting of CNCMI-5942, CNCM I-5683, CNCM I-5684, CNCM I-5685, CNCM I-5686, CNCM I-5687, and CMCC- P0001 (ATCC BAA-2753).37. The composition or combination according to any one of clauses 26, 28, 30, or 32-36, wherein the Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis has at least 99% ANI to Bifidobacteriumlongum subsp. infantis LMG 11588.38. The composition or combination according to clause 37, wherein theBifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis is Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis LMG 11588.39. The composition or combination according to any one of clauses 26, 29, or 31-38,wherein the Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis has at least 99% ANI to Bifidobacteriumanimalis subsp. lactis CNCM 1-3446.40. The composition or combination according to clause 39, wherein theBifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis is Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis CNCM 1-3446.41. The composition according to any one of the preceding clauses, wherein the composition is a nutritional composition, preferably wherein the nutritional composition is selected from an infant formula, a starter infant formula, a follow-on or follow-up formula, a baby food, an infant cereal composition, a growing-up-milk, a fortifier such as a human milkfortifier, or a supplement such as a paediatric supplement.42. A composition or combination as defined in any one of the preceding clauses for usein preventing and / or treating an infection in a subject.43. The composition or combination for use according to clause 42, wherein thecomposition is for use in reducing the risk of developing the infection and / or reducing thesymptoms associated with the infection.44. The composition or combination for use according to clause 42 or clause 43, whereinthe infection is a viral, bacterial or fungal infection.45. The composition or combination for use according to clause 44, wherein the infectionis a viral infection.46. The composition or combination for use according to clause 45, wherein the viralinfection causes a disease selected from the group consisting of common cold, influenza (flu), bronchitis, bronchiolitis and pneumonia.47. The composition or combination for use according to clause 45 or clause 46, whereinthe viral infection is caused by a virus selected from the group consisting of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), parainfluenza virus (PIV), influenza virus such as influenza virus A (IVA) and / or influenza virus B (IVB), rhinovirus (RV), adenovirus (ADV), metapneumovirus (MPV), bocavirus (BoV), coronavirus (CoV), myxovirus, herpesvirus, enterovirus (EV), and parachovirus (PeV), or any combination thereof, preferably wherein the viral infection is caused by RSV.48. The composition or combination for use according to any one of clauses 45-47,wherein the symptoms associated with the viral infection are selected from the group consisting of irritation in the lungs, congestion in the lungs, excessive mucus production, fever, cough, wheezing, breathlessness, abdominal cramps, diarrhoea and vomiting.49. The composition or combination for use according to clause 44, wherein the infectionis a bacterial infection.50. The composition or combination for use according to clause 44 or clause 49, whereinthe bacterial infection is caused by a bacteria selected from the group consisting ofMycobacterium tuberculosis, Strepcoccus pneumoniae, Clostridium difficile (e.g. Clostridiumdifficile toxin A / B), Campylobacter, Salmonella, Shigella, Citrobacter, and / or Escherichia coli.51. The composition or combination for use according to clause 49 or clause 50, wherein the symptoms associated with the bacterial infection are selected from the group consisting of irritation in the lungs, congestion in the lungs, excessive mucus production, fever, cough, wheezing, breathlessness, abdominal cramps, diarrhoea or vomiting.52. The composition or combination for use according to any one of clauses 42-51,wherein the infection is a respiratory infection, preferably wherein the infection is a viral respiratory infection or a bacterial respiratory infection.53. The composition or combination for use according to any one of clauses 42-51,wherein the infection is a gastrointestinal infection.54. The composition or combination for use according to clause 53, wherein thegastrointestinal infection is caused by a bacteria selected from the group consisting ofSalmonella, Shigella, Clostridium difficile and / or Citrobacter.55. The composition or combination for use according to any one of clauses 42-54,wherein the subject is an infant, a young child or a child.56. The composition or combination for use according to clause 55, wherein the infant,young child or child has a fragile or unbalanced microbiota or dysbiosis of microbiota.57. The composition or combination for use according to clause 56, wherein the infant,young child or child having a fragile or unbalanced microbiota or dysbiosis of microbiota isselected from the group consisting of an infant, young child or child born preterm, born byCaesarean-section, born small for gestational age, born with low birth weight (LBW), very lowbirth weight (VLBW), extremely low birth weight (ELBW), born suffering from intrauterinegrowth restriction; or hospitalized infants, young children, or children; or infants, young childrenor children treated or having been treated by antibiotics; or infants, young children or children suffering or having suffered from gut infection and / or gut inflammation.58. A composition or combination as defined in any one of clauses 1-41 for use inmodulating the immune response in a subject.59. The composition or combination according to clause 58, wherein modulating theimmune response comprises supporting or promoting protective immunity.60. The composition or combination for use according to clause 58 or 59, wherein thesubject is an infant, a young child or a child.61. The composition or combination for use according to clause 60, wherein the infant,young child or child has a fragile or unbalanced microbiota or dysbiosis of microbiota.62. The composition or combination for use according to clause 61, wherein the infant,young child or child having a fragile or unbalanced microbiota or dysbiosis of microbiota isselected from the group consisting of an infant, young child or child born preterm, born byCaesarean-section, born small for gestational age, born with low birth weight (LBW), very lowbirth weight (VLBW), extremely low birth weight (ELBW), born suffering from intrauterinegrowth restriction; or hospitalized infants, young children, or children; or infants, young childrenor children treated or having been treated by antibiotics; or infants, young children or children suffering or having suffered from gut infection and / or gut inflammation.63. A method of:i) preventing and / or treating an infection in a subject; and / or ii) modulating the immune response, the method comprising administering to the subject a composition or combination as defined in any one of clauses 1 to 41.64. The method according to clause 63, wherein the subject is an infant, a young child ora child.65. The method according to clause 64, wherein the infant, young child or child has afragile or unbalanced microbiota or dysbiosis of microbiota.66. The method according to clause 65, wherein the infant, young child or child having afragile or unbalanced microbiota or dysbiosis of microbiota is selected from the group consisting of an infant, young child or child born preterm, born by Caesarean-section, bornsmall for gestational age, born with low birth weight, born with very low birth weight, born withextremely low birth weight, born suffering from intrauterine growth restriction; or hospitalizedinfants, young children, or children; or infants, young children or children treated or havingbeen treated by antibiotics; or infants, young children or children suffering or having suffered from gut infection and / or gut inflammation.67. The composition or combination according to any one of clauses 1-41, the compositionor combination for use according to any one of clauses 42-62, or the method according to anyone of clauses 63-66, wherein the composition or combination is not breast milk, such ashuman breast milk.68. The composition or combination according to any one of clauses 1-41, the compositionor combination for use according to any one of clauses 42-62, or the method according to anyone of clauses 63-66, wherein the composition or combination is comprising lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT), and is not breast milk, such as human breast milk.69. The composition or combination according to any one of clauses 1-41, the compositionor combination for use according to any one of clauses 42-62, or the method according to anyone of clauses 63-66, wherein the composition or combination is comprising lacto-N-fucopentaose I (LNFP-I), and is not breast milk, such as human breast milk.70. The composition or combination according to any one of clauses 1-41, the compositionor combination for use according to any one of clauses 42-62, or the method according to anyone of clauses 63-66, wherein the composition or combination is comprising a HMO mixtureconsisting of 2'-fucosyllactose (2FL), difucosyllactose (DFL), lacto-N-tetraose (LNT), 6'- sialyllactose (6SL), 3'-sialyllactose (3SL), and (i) lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT), (ii) 3- fucosyllactose (3FL), (iii) LNnT and 3FL, (iv) LNFP-I, (v) LNnT and LNFP-I, (vi) 3FL and LNFP- I, or (vii) LNnT, 3FL and LNFP-I, and is not breast milk, such as human breast milk.71. The composition or combination according to any one of clauses 1-41, the compositionor combination for use according to any one of clauses 42-62, or the method according to anyone of clauses 63-66, wherein the composition or combination is comprising a HMO mixtureconsisting of 2'-fucosyllactose (2FL), difucosyllactose (DFL), lacto-N-tetraose (LNT), 6'- sialyllactose (6SL), 3'-sialyllactose (3SL), and (i) lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT), (ii) 3- fucosyllactose (3FL), (iii) LNnT and 3FL, (iv) LNFP-I, (v) LNnT and LNFP-I, (vi) 3FL and LNFP-I, or (vii) LNnT, 3FL and LNFP-I, and wherein the composition or combination is not comprisingany other HMO. Various preferred features and embodiments of the present invention will now be describedwith reference to the following numbered clauses:1a. A composition comprising human lactoferrin andlacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT); orlacto-N-fucopentaose I (LNFP-I); ora HMO mixture comprising or consisting of 2'-fucosyllactose (2FL), difucosyllactose (DFL),lacto-N-tetraose (LNT), 6'-sialyllactose (6SL), 3'-sialyllactose (3SL), and (i) lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT), (ii) 3-fucosyllactose (3FL), (iii) LNnT and 3FL, (iv) LNFP-I, (v) LNnT andLNFP-I, (vi) 3FL and LNFP-I, or (vii) LNnT, 3FL and LNFP-I.1b. A composition comprising human lactoferrin andlacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT); or lacto-N-fucopentaose I (LNFP-I); or a HMO mixture consisting of 2'-fucosyllactose (2FL), difucosyllactose (DFL), lacto-N-tetraose(LNT), 6'-sialyllactose (6SL), 3'-sialyllactose (3SL), and (i) lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT), (ii) 3-fucosyllactose (3FL), (iii) LNnT and 3FL, (iv) LNFP-I, (v) LNnT and LNFP-I, (vi) 3FL and LNFP-I, or (vii) LNnT, 3FL and LNFP-I.1c. A composition consisting of human lactoferrin andlacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT); or lacto-N-fucopentaose I (LNFP-I); or a HMO mixture consisting of 2'-fucosyllactose (2FL), difucosyllactose (DFL), lacto-N-tetraose(LNT), 6'-sialyllactose (6SL), 3'-sialyllactose (3SL), and (i) lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT), (ii) 3-fucosyllactose (3FL), (iii) LNnT and 3FL, (iv) LNFP-I, (v) LNnT and LNFP-I, (vi) 3FL and LNFP-I, or (vii) LNnT, 3FL and LNFP-I.2a. A combination of human lactoferrin andlacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT); orlacto-N-fucopentaose I (LNFP-I); or a HMO mixture comprising or consisting of 2'-fucosyllactose (2FL), difucosyllactose (DFL), lacto-N-tetraose (LNT), 6'-sialyllactose (6SL), 3'-sialyllactose (3SL), and (i) lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT), (ii) 3-fucosyllactose (3FL), (iii) LNnT and 3FL, (iv) LNFP-I, (v) LNnT andLNFP-I, (vi) 3FL and LNFP-I, or (vii) LNnT, 3FL and LNFP-I.2b. A combination of human lactoferrin andlacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT); or lacto-N-fucopentaose I (LNFP-I); or a HMO mixture consisting of 2'-fucosyllactose (2FL), difucosyllactose (DFL), lacto-N-tetraose(LNT), 6'-sialyllactose (6SL), 3'-sialyllactose (3SL), and (i) lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT), (ii) 3-fucosyllactose (3FL), (iii) LNnT and 3FL, (iv) LNFP-I, (v) LNnT and LNFP-I, (vi) 3FL and LNFP- I, or (vii) LNnT, 3FL and LNFP-I.3. The composition or combination according to clause 1a-c or clause 2a-b, wherein thehuman lactoferrin is recombinant human lactoferrin, isolated human lactoferrin, or acombination thereof. 4. The composition or combination according to clause 3, wherein the human lactoferrinis recombinant human lactoferrin.5. The composition or combination according to any one of clauses 1-4, wherein thehuman lactoferrin is iron depleted human lactoferrin, preferably wherein less than about 10%such as 9% or less, or 5% or less, of the metal ion-binding sites present in the humanlactoferrin population have iron bound.6. The composition or combination according to any one of clauses 1-4, wherein thehuman lactoferrin is partially iron saturated human lactoferrin, preferably wherein about 10% to 80%, more preferably about 15% to 60%, of the metal ion-binding sites present in the human lactoferrin population have iron bound.7. The composition or combination according to any one of clauses 1-4, wherein thehuman lactoferrin is iron saturated human lactoferrin, preferably wherein at least about 80% of the metal ion-binding sites present in the human lactoferrin population have iron bound.8. The composition or combination according to any one of clauses 1-7, wherein thecomposition or combination comprises about 0.03 g to about 5 g human lactoferrin per L orabout 0.02 g to about 4 g human lactoferrin per 100g, or wherein the composition orcombination comprises about 0.1 g to about 5 g lactoferrin per L or about 0.1 g to about 4 glactoferrin per 100g, preferably wherein the composition or combination comprises about 0.05g to about 2.5 g human lactoferrin per L or about 0.04 g to about 2 g human lactoferrin per100g, or preferably wherein the composition or combination comprises about 0.1 g to about2.5 g lactoferrin per L or about 0.1 g to about 2 g lactoferrin per 100g.9. The composition or combination according to any one of clauses 1-8, wherein thecomposition or combination comprises human lactoferrin and LNFP-I.10. The composition or combination according to clause 9, wherein the composition orcombination comprises LNFP-I in a total amount of from 25 mg / L to 4000 mg / L of thecomposition or combination or of from 0.02 g / 100 g to 3.75 g / 100 g of the composition orcombination (dry weight).11. The composition or combination according to clause 9, wherein the composition orcombination comprises LNFP-I in a total amount of from 50 mg / L to 2500 mg / L, preferablyfrom 60 mg / L to 2000 mg / L, more preferably from 80 mg / L to 1500 mg / L of the composition orof from 0.04 g / 100 g to 2 g / 100 g, preferably from 0.05 g / 100 g to 1.6 g / 100 g, more preferablyfrom 0.06 g / 100 g to 1.2 g / 100 g, most preferably from 0.07 g / 100 g to 0.8 g / 100 g of thecomposition or combination (dry weight).12. The composition or combination according to any one of clauses 1-8, wherein thecomposition or combination comprises human lactoferrin and LNnT, preferably wherein thecomposition or combination comprises LNnT in a total amount of from 0.02 g / L to 1.5 g / L,preferably of from 0.1 g / L to 0.8 g / L, more preferably of from 0.2 g / L to 0.5 g / L of thecomposition or combination, or of from 0.01 g / 100 g to 1.2 g / 100 g, preferably of from 0.06g / 100 g to 0.7 g / 100 g, more preferably of from 0.1 g / 100 g to 0.4 g / 100 g, of the compositionor combination (dry weight).13. The composition or combination according to any one of clauses 1-8, wherein thecomposition or combination comprises human lactoferrin and a HMO mixture comprising orconsisting of 2'-fucosyllactose (2FL), difucosyllactose (DFL), lacto-N-tetraose (LNT), 6'-sialyllactose (6SL), 3'-sialyllactose (3SL), and (i) lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT), (ii) 3-fucosyllactose (3FL), (iii) LNnT and 3FL, (iv) LNFP-I, (v) LNnT and LNFP-I, (vi) 3FL and LNFP- I, or (vii) LNnT, 3FL and LNFP-I.14. The composition or combination according to clause 13, wherein the HMO mixtureconsists of 2'-fucosyllactose (2FL), difucosyllactose (DFL), lacto-N-tetraose (LNT), 6'- sialyllactose (6SL), 3'-sialyllactose (3SL), and lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT).15. The composition or combination according to clause 14, wherein the HMO mixtureconsists essentially of: i. 34 wt% to 85 wt% of 2FL, preferably 40 wt% to 71 wt%;ii. 10 wt% to 40 wt% of LNT, preferably 12 wt% to 26 wt%;iii. 4 wt% to 14 wt% of DFL, preferably 5 wt% to 10 wt%;iv. 9 wt% to 31 wt% of 6SL and 3SL combined, preferably 10 wt% to 28 wt%;and v. 6 wt% to 30 wt% of LNnT, preferably 7 wt% to 23 wt%.16. The composition or combination according to clause 13, wherein the HMO mixtureconsists of 2'-fucosyllactose (2FL), difucosyllactose (DFL), lacto-N-tetraose (LNT), 6'- sialyllactose (6SL), 3'-sialyllactose (3SL), and 3-fucosyllactose (3FL).17. The composition or combination according to clause 16, wherein the HMO mixtureconsists essentially of: i. 16 wt% to 69 wt% of 2FL, preferably 22 wt% to 59 wt%;ii. 9 wt% to 24 wt% of LNT, preferably 12 wt% to 21 wt%;iii. 2 wt% to 10 wt% of DFL, preferably 3 wt% to 8 wt%;iv. 8 wt% to 26 wt% of 6SL and 3SL combined, preferably 11 wt% to 22 wt%;and v. 18 wt% to 50 wt% of 3FL, preferably 11 wt% to 43 wt%.18. The composition or combination according to clause 13, wherein the HMO mixtureconsists of 2'-fucosyllactose (2FL), difucosyllactose (DFL), lacto-N-tetraose (LNT), 6'- sialyllactose (6SL), 3'-sialyllactose (3SL), 3-fucosyllactose (3FL), and lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT).19. The composition or combination according to clause 18, wherein the HMO mixtureconsists essentially of: i. 20 wt% to 60 wt% of 2FL, preferably 22 wt% to 55 wt%;ii. 4 wt% to 30 wt% of LNT, preferably 6 wt% to 20 wt%;iii. 1 wt% to 12 wt % of DFL, preferably 3 wt% to 8 wt%;iv. 7 wt% to 23 wt% of 6SL and 3SL combined, preferably 8 wt% to 22 wt%;v. 10 wt% to 50 wt% of 3FL, preferably 13 wt% to 46 wt%; andvi. 3 wt% to 25 wt% of LNnT, preferably 5 wt% to 20 wt%.20. The composition or combination according to clause 13, wherein the HMO mixtureconsists of 2'-fucosyllactose (2FL), difucosyllactose (DFL), lacto-N-tetraose (LNT), 6'- sialyllactose (6SL), 3'-sialyllactose (3SL), lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT), and lacto-N- fucopentaose I (LNFP-I).21. The composition or combination according to clause 20, wherein the HMO mixtureconsists essentially of: i. 27 wt% to 41 wt% of 2FL, preferably 32 wt% to 39 wt%;ii. 8 wt% to 15 wt% of LNT, preferably 10 wt% to 14 wt%;iii. 4 wt% to 6 wt% of DFL, preferably 4 wt% to 6 wt%;iv. 8 wt% to 18 wt% of 6SL and 3SL combined, preferably 7 wt% to 15 wt%;v. 13 wt% to 21 wt% of LNnT, preferably 16 wt% to 20 wt%; andvi. 7 wt% to 33 wt% of LNFP-I, preferably 11 wt% to 23 wt%.22. The composition or combination according to clause 13, wherein the HMO mixtureconsists of 2'-fucosyllactose (2FL), difucosyllactose (DFL), lacto-N-tetraose (LNT), 6'- sialyllactose (6SL), 3'-sialyllactose (3SL), 3-fucosyllactose (3FL), and lacto-N-fucopentaose I (LNFP-I).23. The composition or combination according to clause 22, wherein the HMO mixtureconsists essentially of: i. 20 wt% to 46 wt% of 2FL, preferably 22 wt% to 42 wt% of 2FL;ii. 11 wt% to 17 wt% of LNT, preferably 12 wt% to 15 wt% of LNT;iii. 2 wt% to 7 wt% of DFL, preferably 3 wt% to 6 wt% of DFL;iv. 9 wt% to 21 wt% of 6SL and 3SL combined, preferably 9 wt% to 19 wt% of 6SLand 3SL combined; v. 9 wt% to 34 wt% of 3FL, preferably 11 wt% to 32 wt% of 3FL; andvi. 5 wt% to 32 wt% of LNFP-I, preferably 10 wt% to 19 wt% of LNFP-I.24. The composition or combination according to clause 13, wherein the HMO mixtureconsists of 2'-fucosyllactose (2FL), difucosyllactose (DFL), lacto-N-tetraose (LNT), 6'- sialyllactose (6SL), 3'-sialyllactose (3SL), 3-fucosyllactose (3FL), lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT), and lacto-N-fucopentaose I (LNFP-I).25. The composition or combination according to clause 24, wherein the HMO mixtureconsists essentially of: i. 29 wt% to 40 wt% of 2FL, preferably 32 wt% to 39 wt% of 2FL;ii. 8 wt% to 13 wt% of LNT, preferably 9 wt% to 12 wt% of LNT;iii. 3 wt% to 11 wt % of DFL;iv. 3 wt% to 15 wt% of 6SL and 3SL combined, preferably 4 wt% to 15 wt% of 6SLand 3SL combined; v. 11 wt% to 35 wt% of 3FL, preferably 12 wt% to 35 wt% of 3FL;vi. 1 wt% to 18 wt% of LNnT, preferably 1 wt% to 17 wt% of LNnT; andvii. 2 wt% to 24 wt% of LNFP-I, preferably 4 wt% to 14 wt% of LNFP-I.26. The composition or combination according to any one of the preceding clauses,wherein the composition or combination further comprises Bifidobacterium longum subsp.iuvenis, Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis and / or Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis,preferably wherein:(a) the Bifidobacterium longum subsp. iuvenis has an Average Nucleotide Identity (ANI) of atleast 96% (preferably, at least 99%) with at least one B. longum strain selected from the groupconsisting of CNCM I-5942, CNCM I-5683, CNCM I-5684, CNCM I-5685, CNCM I-5686,CNCM I-5687, and CMCC-P0001 (ATCC BAA-2753), or is CNCM I-5942, CNCM I-5683,CNCM I-5684, CNCM I-5685, CNCM I-5686, CNCM I-5687, and CMCC-P0001 (ATCC BAA- 2753);(b) the Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis has at least 99% ANI to Bifidobacterium longumsubsp. infantis LMG 11588 or is Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis LMG 11588; and / or(c) the Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis has at least 99% ANI to Bifidobacterium animalissubsp. lactis CNCM 1-3446 or is Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis CNCM 1-3446.27. The composition or combination according to clause 26, wherein the composition orcombination further comprises Bifidobacterium longum subsp. iuvenis.28. The composition or combination according to clause 26, wherein the composition orcombination further comprises Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis.29. The composition or combination according to clause 26, wherein the composition orcombination further comprises Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis.30. The composition or combination according to clause 26, wherein the composition orcombination further comprises Bifidobacterium longum subsp. iuvenis and Bifidobacteriumlongum subsp. infantis.31. The composition or combination according to clause 26, wherein the composition orcombination further comprises Bifidobacterium longum subsp. iuvenis and Bifidobacteriumanimalis subsp. lactis.32. The composition or combination according to clause 26, wherein the composition orcombination further comprises Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis and Bifidobacteriumanimalis subsp. lactis.33. The composition or combination according to clause 26, wherein the composition orcombination further comprises Bifidobacterium longum subsp. iuvenis, Bifidobacteriumlongum subsp. infantis and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis34. The composition or combination according to any one of clauses 26, 27, 30, 31and 33, wherein the Bifidobacterium longum subsp. iuvenis has an Average Nucleotide Identity(ANI) of at least 96% (preferably, of at least 99%) with at least one B. longum strain selectedfrom the group consisting of CNCM I-5942, CNCM I-5683, CNCM I-5684, CNCM I-5685,CNCM I-5686, CNCM I-5687, and CMCC-P0001 (ATCC BAA-2753).35. The composition or combination according to clause 34, wherein theBifidobacterium longum subsp. iuvenis has an ANI of at least 99% with at least one B. longumstrain selected from the group consisting of CNCM I-5942, CNCM I-5683, CNCM I-5684,CNCM I-5685, CNCM I-5686, CNCM I-5687, and CMCC-P0001 (ATCC BAA-2753).36. The composition or combination according to clause 34 or clause 35, wherein theBifidobacterium longum subsp. iuvenis is a strain selected from the group consisting of CNCMI-5942, CNCM I-5683, CNCM I-5684, CNCM I-5685, CNCM I-5686, CNCM I-5687, and CMCC- P0001 (ATCC BAA-2753).37. The composition or combination according to any one of clauses 26, 28, 30, or 32-36, wherein the Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis has at least 99% ANI to Bifidobacteriumlongum subsp. infantis LMG 11588.38. The composition or combination according to clause 37, wherein theBifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis is Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis LMG 11588.39. The composition or combination according to any one of clauses 26, 29, or 31-38,wherein the Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis has at least 99% ANI to Bifidobacteriumanimalis subsp. lactis CNCM 1-3446. 40. The composition or combination according to clause 39, wherein theBifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis is Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis CNCM 1-3446.41. The composition according to any one of the preceding clauses, wherein the composition is a nutritional composition, preferably wherein the nutritional composition is selected from an infant formula, a starter infant formula, a follow-on or follow-up formula, a baby food, an infant cereal composition, a growing-up-milk, a fortifier such as a human milkfortifier, or a supplement such as a paediatric supplement.42. A composition or combination as defined in any one of the preceding clauses for usein preventing and / or treating an infection in a subject.43. The composition or combination for use according to clause 42, wherein thecomposition is for use in reducing the risk of developing the infection and / or reducing thesymptoms associated with the infection.44. The composition or combination for use according to clause 42 or clause 43, whereinthe infection is a viral, bacterial or fungal infection.45. The composition or combination for use according to clause 44, wherein the infectionis a viral infection.46. The composition or combination for use according to clause 45, wherein the viralinfection causes a disease selected from the group consisting of common cold, influenza (flu), bronchitis, bronchiolitis and pneumonia.47. The composition or combination for use according to clause 45 or clause 46, whereinthe viral infection is caused by a virus selected from the group consisting of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), parainfluenza virus (PIV), influenza virus such as influenza virus A (IVA) and / or influenza virus B (IVB), rhinovirus (RV), adenovirus (ADV), metapneumovirus (MPV), bocavirus (BoV), coronavirus (CoV), myxovirus, herpesvirus, enterovirus (EV), and parachovirus (PeV), or any combination thereof, preferably wherein the viral infection is caused by RSV.48. The composition or combination for use according to any one of clauses 45-47,wherein the symptoms associated with the viral infection are selected from the group consisting of irritation in the lungs, congestion in the lungs, excessive mucus production, fever, cough, wheezing, breathlessness, abdominal cramps, diarrhoea and vomiting.49. The composition or combination for use according to clause 44, wherein the infectionis a bacterial infection.50. The composition or combination for use according to clause 44 or clause 49, whereinthe bacterial infection is caused by a bacteria selected from the group consisting ofMycobacterium tuberculosis, Strepcoccus pneumoniae, Clostridium difficile (e.g. Clostridiumdifficile toxin A / B), Campylobacter, Salmonella, Shigella, Citrobacter, and / or Escherichia coli.51. The composition or combination for use according to clause 49 or clause 50, whereinthe symptoms associated with the bacterial infection are selected from the group consisting of irritation in the lungs, congestion in the lungs, excessive mucus production, fever, cough, wheezing, breathlessness, abdominal cramps, diarrhoea or vomiting.52. The composition or combination for use according to any one of clauses 42-51,wherein the infection is a respiratory infection, preferably wherein the infection is a viral respiratory infection or a bacterial respiratory infection.53. The composition or combination for use according to any one of clauses 42-51,wherein the infection is a gastrointestinal infection.54. The composition or combination for use according to clause 53, wherein thegastrointestinal infection is caused by a bacteria selected from the group consisting ofSalmonella, Shigella, Clostridium difficile and / or Citrobacter.55. The composition or combination for use according to any one of clauses 42-54,wherein the subject is an infant, a young child or a child.56. The composition or combination for use according to clause 55, wherein the infant,young child or child has a fragile or unbalanced microbiota or dysbiosis of microbiota.57. The composition or combination for use according to clause 56, wherein the infant,young child or child having a fragile or unbalanced microbiota or dysbiosis of microbiota isselected from the group consisting of an infant, young child or child born preterm, born byCaesarean-section, born small for gestational age, born with low birth weight (LBW), very lowbirth weight (VLBW), extremely low birth weight (ELBW), born suffering from intrauterinegrowth restriction; or hospitalized infants, young children, or children; or infants, young childrenor children treated or having been treated by antibiotics; or infants, young children or children suffering or having suffered from gut infection and / or gut inflammation.58. A composition or combination as defined in any one of clauses 1-41 for use inmodulating the immune response in a subject.59. The composition or combination according to clause 58, wherein modulating theimmune response comprises supporting or promoting protective immunity.60. The composition or combination for use according to clause 58 or 59, wherein thesubject is an infant, a young child or a child.61. The composition or combination for use according to clause 60, wherein the infant,young child or child has a fragile or unbalanced microbiota or dysbiosis of microbiota.62. The composition or combination for use according to clause 61, wherein the infant,young child or child having a fragile or unbalanced microbiota or dysbiosis of microbiota isselected from the group consisting of an infant, young child or child born preterm, born byCaesarean-section, born small for gestational age, born with low birth weight (LBW), very lowbirth weight (VLBW), extremely low birth weight (ELBW), born suffering from intrauterinegrowth restriction; or hospitalized infants, young children, or children; or infants, young childrenor children treated or having been treated by antibiotics; or infants, young children or children suffering or having suffered from gut infection and / or gut inflammation.63. A method of:i) preventing and / or treating an infection in a subject; and / orii) modulating the immune response, the method comprising administering to the subject a composition or combination as defined in any one of clauses 1 to 41.64. The method according to clause 63, wherein the subject is an infant, a young child ora child.65. The method according to clause 64, wherein the infant, young child or child has afragile or unbalanced microbiota or dysbiosis of microbiota.66. The method according to clause 65, wherein the infant, young child or child having afragile or unbalanced microbiota or dysbiosis of microbiota is selected from the group consisting of an infant, young child or child born preterm, born by Caesarean-section, bornsmall for gestational age, born with low birth weight, born with very low birth weight, born withextremely low birth weight, born suffering from intrauterine growth restriction; or hospitalizedinfants, young children, or children; or infants, young children or children treated or having been treated by antibiotics; or infants, young children or children suffering or having suffered from gut infection and / or gut inflammation.67. The composition or combination according to any one of clauses 1-41, the compositionor combination for use according to any one of clauses 42-62, or the method according to anyone of clauses 63-66, wherein the composition or combination is not breast milk.68. The composition or combination according to any one of clauses 1-41, the compositionor combination for use according to any one of clauses 42-62, or the method according to anyone of clauses 63-66, wherein the composition or combination is not human breast milk.69. The composition or combination according to any one of clauses 1-41, the compositionor combination for use according to any one of clauses 42-62, or the method according to anyone of clauses 63-66, wherein the composition or combination is comprising lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT), and wherein the composition or combination is not human breast milk.70. The composition or combination according to any one of clauses 1-41, the compositionor combination for use according to any one of clauses 42-62, or the method according to anyone of clauses 63-66, wherein the composition or combination is comprising lacto-N-fucopentaose I (LNFP-I), and wherein the composition or combination is not human breastmilk.71. The composition or combination according to any one of clauses 1-41, the compositionor combination for use according to any one of clauses 42-62, or the method according to anyone of clauses 63-66, wherein the composition or combination is comprising a HMO mixtureconsisting of 2'-fucosyllactose (2FL), difucosyllactose (DFL), lacto-N-tetraose (LNT), 6'- sialyllactose (6SL), 3'-sialyllactose (3SL), and (i) lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT), (ii) 3- fucosyllactose (3FL), (iii) LNnT and 3FL, (iv) LNFP-I, (v) LNnT and LNFP-I, (vi) 3FL and LNFP-I, or (vii) LNnT, 3FL and LNFP-I, and wherein the composition or combination is not humanbreast milk.72. The composition or combination according to any one of clauses 1-41, the compositionor combination for use according to any one of clauses 42-62, or the method according to anyone of clauses 63-66, wherein the composition or combination is comprising a HMO mixtureconsisting of 2'-fucosyllactose (2FL), difucosyllactose (DFL), lacto-N-tetraose (LNT), 6'- sialyllactose (6SL), 3'-sialyllactose (3SL), and (i) lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT), (ii) 3- fucosyllactose (3FL), (iii) LNnT and 3FL, (iv) LNFP-I, (v) LNnT and LNFP-I, (vi) 3FL and LNFP-I, or (vii) LNnT, 3FL and LNFP-I, and wherein the composition or combination is not comprisingany other HMO.73. The composition or combination according to any one of clauses 1-41, the compositionor combination for use according to any one of clauses 42-62, or the method according to anyone of clauses 63-66, wherein the composition or combination is not comprising a HMOmixture consisting of 2'-fucosyllactose (2FL), difucosyllactose (DFL), lacto-N-tetraose (LNT), 6'-sialyllactose (6SL), 3'-sialyllactose (3SL), and lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT).74. The combination according to any one of clauses 1-41, the combination for useaccording to any one of clauses 42-62, or the method according to any one of clauses 63-66,wherein the combination is consisting of human lactoferrin and lacto-N-fucopentaose I (LNFP-I).75. The combination according to any one of clauses 1-41, the combination for useaccording to any one of clauses 42-62, or the method according to any one of clauses 63-66,wherein the combination is consisting of human lactoferrin and lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT),wherein lactoferrin is for example iron-depleted human lactoferrin.76. A nutritional composition, which comprises a combination according to any one ofclauses 2-40 or 74-75. All publications mentioned in the above specification are herein incorporated by reference. Various modifications and variations of the described methods and system of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention. Although the invention has been described in connection with specific preferred embodiments, it should be understood that the invention as claimed should not be unduly limited to such specific embodiments. Indeed, various modifications of the described modes for carrying out the invention which are obvious to those skilled in molecular biology or related fields are intended to be within the scope of the following claims.

[0002] CLAIMS1. A composition comprising or combination consisting of human lactoferrin andlacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT); orlacto-N-fucopentaose I (LNFP-I); ora HMO mixture consisting of 2'-fucosyllactose (2FL), difucosyllactose (DFL), lacto-N-tetraose(LNT), 6'-sialyllactose (6SL), 3'-sialyllactose (3SL), and (i) lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT), (ii) 3-fucosyllactose (3FL), (iii) LNnT and 3FL, (iv) LNFP-I, (v) LNnT and LNFP-I, (vi) 3FL and LNFP- I, or (vii) LNnT, 3FL and LNFP-I. 2. The composition or combination according to claim 1, wherein the human lactoferrin is recombinant human lactoferrin.3. The composition or combination according to claim 1 or claim 2, wherein thecomposition comprises or is consisting of about 0.03 g to about 5 g human lactoferrin per L orabout 0.02 g to about 4 g human lactoferrin per 100g, preferably wherein the composition comprises about 0.05 g to about 2.5 g human lactoferrin per L or about 0.04 g to about 2 g human lactoferrin per 100g.4. The composition or combination according to any one of claims 1-3, wherein thecomposition comprises or is consisting of human lactoferrin and LNFP-I, and wherein the composition comprises LNFP-I in a total amount of from 25 mg / L to 5000 mg / L of thecomposition or of from 0.02 g / 100 g to 4 g / 100 g of the composition (dry weight).5. The composition or combination according to any one of claims 1-3, wherein thecomposition comprises or is consisting of human lactoferrin and LNnT, and wherein the composition comprises LNnT in a total amount of from 0.02 g / L to 1.5 g / L of the composition or of from 0.01 g / 100 g to 1.2 g / 100 g of the composition (dry weight).6. The composition or combination according to any one of claims 1-5, wherein thecomposition comprises or is consisting of human lactoferrin and a HMO mixture consisting of 2'-fucosyllactose (2FL), difucosyllactose (DFL), lacto-N-tetraose (LNT), 6'-sialyllactose (6SL),3'-sialyllactose (3SL), and (i) lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT), (ii) 3-fucosyllactose (3FL), (iii) LNnTand 3FL, (iv) LNFP-I, (v) LNnT and LNFP-I, (vi) 3FL and LNFP-I, or (vii) LNnT, 3FL and LNFP- I.7. The composition or combination according to claim 6, wherein the HMO mixtureconsists of 2'-fucosyllactose (2FL), difucosyllactose (DFL), lacto-N-tetraose (LNT), 6'- sialyllactose (6SL), 3'-sialyllactose (3SL), and lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT). 8. The composition or combination according to claim 6, wherein the HMO mixture consists of 2'-fucosyllactose (2FL), difucosyllactose (DFL), lacto-N-tetraose (LNT), 6'- sialyllactose (6SL), 3'-sialyllactose (3SL), and 3-fucosyllactose (3FL).9. The composition or combination according to claim 6, wherein the HMO mixtureconsists of 2'-fucosyllactose (2FL), difucosyllactose (DFL), lacto-N-tetraose (LNT), 6'- sialyllactose (6SL), 3'-sialyllactose (3SL), 3-fucosyllactose (3FL), and lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT).10. The composition or combination according to claim 6, wherein the HMO mixtureconsists of 2'-fucosyllactose (2FL), difucosyllactose (DFL), lacto-N-tetraose (LNT), 6'- sialyllactose (6SL), 3'-sialyllactose (3SL), lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT), and lacto-N- fucopentaose I (LNFP-I). 11. The composition or combination according to claim 6, wherein the HMO mixture consists of 2'-fucosyllactose (2FL), difucosyllactose (DFL), lacto-N-tetraose (LNT), 6'- sialyllactose (6SL), 3'-sialyllactose (3SL), 3-fucosyllactose (3FL), and lacto-N-fucopentaose I (LNFP-I).12. The composition or combination according to claim 6, wherein the HMO mixtureconsists of 2'-fucosyllactose (2FL), difucosyllactose (DFL), lacto-N-tetraose (LNT), 6'- sialyllactose (6SL), 3'-sialyllactose (3SL), 3-fucosyllactose (3FL), lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT), and lacto-N-fucopentaose I (LNFP-I).13. The combination according to any one of claims 1-4, consisting of human lactoferrinand lacto-N-fucopentaose I (LNFP-I).14. The combination according to any one of claims 1-3 or 5, consisting of humanlactoferrin and lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT).15. The composition or combination according to any one of claims 1-12, wherein thecomposition further comprises Bifidobacterium longum subsp. iuvenis, Bifidobacteriumlongum subsp. infantis and / or Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis.16. The composition according to any one of claims 1-12 or 15, wherein the compositionis a nutritional composition.17. The composition according to claim 16, wherein the nutritional composition isselected from an infant formula, a starter infant formula, a follow-on or follow-up formula, a baby food, an infant cereal composition, a growing-up-milk, a fortifier such as a human milkfortifier, or a supplement such as a paediatric supplement.18. A composition or combination as defined in any one of claims 1-17 for use in preventingand / or treating an infection in a subject, or for use in modulating the immune response in asubject.19. The composition or combination for use according to claim 18, wherein the subject isan infant, a young child or a child.20. A method of:i) preventing and / or treating an infection in a subject; and / orii) modulating the immune response in a subject,the method comprising administering to the subject a composition or combination as defined in any one of claims 1 to 17.21. A method of claim 20, wherein the subject is an infant, a young child or a child.22. A composition, comprising a combination as defined in any one of claims 1-15.23. The composition according to claim 22, wherein the composition is a nutritionalcomposition, which is not breast milk.24. The nutritional composition according to claim 23, wherein the nutritional compositionis selected from an infant formula, a starter infant formula, a follow-on or follow-up formula, a baby food, an infant cereal composition, a growing-up-milk, a fortifier such as a human milk fortifier, or a supplement such as a paediatric supplement. 25. The composition according to any of claims 1-2, 22-24, wherein the amount of humanlactoferrin is as defined in claim 3, and / or wherein the amount of LNFP-I is as defined in claim4, and / or wherein the amount of LNnT is as defined in claim 5.26. The composition according to any of claims 1-2, 22-25, for use in preventing and / or treatingan infection in a subject, or for use in modulating the immune response in a subject, whereinthe subject is preferably an infant, a young child or a child. ABSTRACTThe invention provides a composition or a combination comprising human lactoferrin andlacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT), lacto-N-fucopentaose I (LNFP-I) or a HMO mixture consisting of 2'-fucosyllactose (2FL), difucosyllactose (DFL), lacto-N-tetraose (LNT), 6'-sialyllactose (6SL), 3'-sialyllactose (3SL), and lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT) and / or 3-fucosyllactose (3FL), and optionally lacto-N-fucopentaose I (LNFP-I).

[0003] (Original in Electronic Form)

[0004] (This sheet is not part of and does not count as a sheet of the international application) (Original in Electronic Form)

[0005] (This sheet is not part of and does not count as a sheet of the international application)

[0006] FOR RECEIVING OFFICE USE ONLY (Original in Electronic Form)

[0007] (This sheet is not part of and does not count as a sheet of the international application)

[0008] FOR INTERNATIONAL BUREAU USE ONLY

Claims

CLAIMS1 . A composition comprising or combination consisting of human lactoferrin and lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT); or lacto-N-fucopentaose I (LNFP-I); or a HMO mixture consisting of 2'-fucosyllactose (2FL), difucosyllactose (DFL), lacto-N-tetraose (LNT), 6'-sialyllactose (6SL), 3'-sialyllactose (3SL), and (i) lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT), (ii) 3- fucosyllactose (3FL), (iii) LNnT and 3FL, (iv) LNFP-I, (v) LNnT and LNFP-I, (vi) 3FL and LNFP-1. or (vii) LNnT, 3FL and LNFP-I.

2. The composition or combination according to claim 1 , wherein the human lactoferrin is recombinant human lactoferrin.

3. The composition or combination according to claim 1 or claim 2, wherein the composition comprises or is consisting of about 0.03 g to about 5 g human lactoferrin per L or about 0.02 g to about 4 g human lactoferrin per 100g, preferably wherein the composition comprises about 0.05 g to about 2.5 g human lactoferrin per L or about 0.04 g to about 2 g human lactoferrin per 100g.

4. The composition or combination according to any one of claims 1-3, wherein the composition comprises or is consisting of human lactoferrin and LNFP-I, and wherein the composition comprises LNFP-I in a total amount of from 25 mg / L to 5000 mg / L of the composition or of from 0.02 g / 100 g to 4 g / 100 g of the composition (dry weight).

5. The composition or combination according to any one of claims 1-3, wherein the composition comprises or is consisting of human lactoferrin and LNnT, and wherein the composition comprises LNnT in a total amount of from 0.02 g / L to 1.5 g / L of the composition or of from 0.01 g / 100 g to 1 .2 g / 100 g of the composition (dry weight).

6. The composition or combination according to any one of claims 1-5, wherein the composition comprises or is consisting of human lactoferrin and a HMO mixture consisting of 2'-fucosyllactose (2FL), difucosyllactose (DFL), lacto-N-tetraose (LNT), 6'-sialyllactose (6SL), 3'-sialyllactose (3SL), and (i) lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT), (ii) 3-fucosyllactose (3FL), (iii) LNnT and 3FL, (iv) LNFP-I, (v) LNnT and LNFP-I, (vi) 3FL and LNFP-I, or (vii) LNnT, 3FL and LNFP- I.

7. The composition or combination according to claim 6, wherein the HMO mixture consists of 2'-fucosyllactose (2FL), difucosyllactose (DFL), lacto-N-tetraose (LNT), 6'- sialyllactose (6SL), 3'-sialyllactose (3SL), and lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT).

8. The composition or combination according to claim 6, wherein the HMO mixture consists of 2'-fucosyllactose (2FL), difucosyllactose (DFL), lacto-N-tetraose (LNT), 6'- sialyllactose (6SL), 3'-sialyllactose (3SL), and 3-fucosyl lactose (3FL).

9. The composition or combination according to claim 6, wherein the HMO mixture consists of 2'-fucosyllactose (2FL), difucosyllactose (DFL), lacto-N-tetraose (LNT), 6'- sialyllactose (6SL), 3'-sialyllactose (3SL), 3-fucosyllactose (3FL), and lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT).

10. The composition or combination according to claim 6, wherein the HMO mixture consists of 2'-fucosyllactose (2FL), difucosyllactose (DFL), lacto-N-tetraose (LNT), 6'- sialyllactose (6SL), 3'-sialyllactose (3SL), lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT), and lacto-N- fucopentaose I (LNFP-I).

11. The composition or combination according to claim 6, wherein the HMO mixture consists of 2'-fucosyllactose (2FL), difucosyllactose (DFL), lacto-N-tetraose (LNT), 6'- sialyllactose (6SL), 3'-sialyllactose (3SL), 3-fucosyllactose (3FL), and lacto-N-fucopentaose I (LNFP-I).

12. The composition or combination according to claim 6, wherein the HMO mixture consists of 2'-fucosyllactose (2FL), difucosyllactose (DFL), lacto-N-tetraose (LNT), 6'- sialyllactose (6SL), 3'-sialyllactose (3SL), 3-fucosyllactose (3FL), lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT), and lacto-N-fucopentaose I (LNFP-I).

13. The combination according to any one of claims 1-4, consisting of human lactoferrin and lacto-N-fucopentaose I (LNFP-I).

14. The combination according to any one of claims 1-3 or 5, consisting of human lactoferrin and lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT).

15. The composition or combination according to any one of claims 1-12, wherein the composition further comprises Bifidobacterium longum subsp. iuvenis, Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis and / or Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis.

16. The composition according to any one of claims 1-12 or 15, wherein the composition is a nutritional composition.

17. The composition according to claim 16, wherein the nutritional composition is selected from an infant formula, a starter infant formula, a follow-on or follow-up formula, a baby food, an infant cereal composition, a growing-up-milk, a fortifier such as a human milk fortifier, or a supplement such as a paediatric supplement.

18. A composition or combination as defined in any one of claims 1-17 for use in preventing and / or treating an infection in a subject, or for use in modulating the immune response in a subject.

19. The composition or combination for use according to claim 18, wherein the subject is an infant, a young child or a child.

20. A method of: i) preventing and / or treating an infection in a subject; and / or ii) modulating the immune response in a subject, the method comprising administering to the subject a composition or combination as defined in any one of claims 1 to 17.21 . A method of claim 20, wherein the subject is an infant, a young child or a child.

22. A composition, comprising a combination as defined in any one of claims 1-15.

23. The composition according to claim 22, wherein the composition is a nutritional composition, which is not breast milk.

24. The nutritional composition according to claim 23, wherein the nutritional composition is selected from an infant formula, a starter infant formula, a follow-on or follow-up formula, a baby food, an infant cereal composition, a growing-up-milk, a fortifier such as a human milk fortifier, or a supplement such as a paediatric supplement.

25. The composition according to any of claims 1-2, 22-24, wherein the amount of human lactoferrin is as defined in claim 3, and / or wherein the amount of LNFP-I is as defined in claim 4, and / or wherein the amount of LNnT is as defined in claim 5.

26. The composition according to any of claims 1-2, 22-25, for use in preventing and / or treating an infection in a subject, or for use in modulating the immune response in a subject, wherein the subject is preferably an infant, a young child or a child.111

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