Desiccant wheel deploying special materials

Abstract

The present invention discloses a desiccant wheel comprising a honeycomb matrix structure formulated with special desiccant materials, whereby the desiccant wheel is capable of exhibiting improved performance characteristics compared to conventional silica gel and molecular sieve desiccant wheel.

Description

[0001] DESICCANT WHEEL DEPLOYING SPECIAL MATERIALS

[0002] FIELD OF INVENTION

[0003] This present invention relates to the field of desiccant technology. In particular, there is provided a desiccant wheel comprising special desiccant materials with improved moisture adsorption performance and low reactivation energy requirement.

[0004] BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0005] Dehumidification is a process of removing moisture from air. A desiccant wheel is a rotating matrix, also called as rotor, containing a desiccant material, to continuously dehumidify a process air stream. It consists of a large number of passages disposed axially, such that discrete air streams can pass through the wheel with minimal cross-mixing. Desiccant wheels generally use up considerable amounts of energy (steam, electric, gas, etc.) for regeneration or reactivation. Over the years, attempts have been made to minimize the amount of energy required for regeneration and / or increase efficiency of such systems. Attempts have also been made to improve the configuration of the desiccant wheel or bed.

[0006] The traditional adsorbent materials used in desiccant wheel(s) are silica gels, molecular sieves, and combinations thereof. In some limited cases of less than 1%, polymeric adsorbents have also been used. Besides silica gel and molecular sieve that are used in greater than 99% of desiccant wheels around the world, there are no other materials currently in commercial use except for some very narrow types of polymeric type materials coated on plastic substrates with its own accompanying drawbacks.

[0007] Silica gels suffer from substantial drop in performance at high inlet air temperatures in dehumidifier apparatuses using said wheels. Molecular sieves are essentially used where high inlet temperatures are encountered, and have to pay the penalty of high energy use for reactivation.

[0008] Rotary silica gel desiccant wheels are generally regenerated at around 140°C in most parts of the world, and in some relatively less humid areas, at around 120°C; however, at lower temperatures, the performance degrades rapidly. On the other hand, molecular sieves are generally regenerated at 160°C to 200°C.

[0009] There has been very limited advancement in performance of conventional desiccant wheels using traditional desiccant materials.

[0010] AU 2017208389 teaches about a honeycomb matrix which is essentially a chemical filter, which is based on chemisorption in which both the adsorbate and impregnate react and the impregnate is consumed in an irreversible way through a chemical reaction with the contaminating gases at the molecular level through a chemical reaction and this product is limited to removing such contaminants from an air stream.

[0011] US2016 / 0084541 teaches a trithermal adsorption cooling / heating system (ex. Heat exchangers) based on MOFs as solid adsorbents, in certain specific operating ranges, depending upon MOF used. This is essentially a closed cycle refrigeration system referred to as adsorption chiller in normal parlance.

[0012] IN202141058305 teaches the use of mesoporous materials which are in the range of pore size of 2-50 nm, i.e., 20-500 A and correspondingly have high pore volume and limited surface area. Also, there is no reference to use of novel materials, which in general are microporous with pore size around or less than 10 A.

[0013] IN3581 / DEL / 2014 teaches traditional silica gel type adsorbent impregnated to make a desiccant wheel and is limited to only varieties of silica gel and / or wheels with silica gel and molecular sieves sandwich sections.

[0014] W02016170317 teaches about a rotary silica gel coated wheel being for a passive (building) ventilation system. This is essentially an energy recovery wheel in which energy, both thermal and latent / moisture is recovered / exchanged between two air streams of a building: one into the building and one out of the building. The wheel is being rotated at about 20 rpm (revolution / minute) which is typical of well-known energy recovery wheels, which in this patent is being referred to as a passive desiccant wheel. There is no thermal activation of the wheel in the application that is taught by this patent. This is not a thermally activated desiccant dehumidification wheel which typically rotate at less than 20 rph (revolution / hour).

[0015] IN202121036565 teaches a traditional desiccant wheel using silica gel, activated alumina, or molecular sieve, or a mixture / composite thereof. This is limited only to the traditional known adsorbents, mainly silica gel.

[0016] US 2011 / 0067426 teaches the numerous combinations between metals and ligands which are fundamental to making any MOF as taught in fundamentals of Chemistry. It does not teach the specific MOFs that can be selected and made for water adsorption, for desiccant dehumidification. While it teaches broadly the use of such adsorbents in an apparatus, it further does not teach the intermediate steps of making of either the specific water selective adsorbents nor the formulation of these into a porous substrate for converting into a honeycomb matrix and the making of a rotor. It talks about the MOF material in different forms like pellet, powder, film, etc directly for use in the apparatus which is impracticable in current apparatuses.

[0017] US12263464 (B2) teaches mainly a new method for making novel materials like MOF, COF and ZIF within and onto a porous substrate, and is not limited to water vapour adsorption for desiccant dehumidification in a rotary wheel format.

[0018] US 20220260262A1 teaches the use of a desiccant wheel for commercial AHU (Air handling units) which are mainly used for commercial buildings, application wheels, passive dehumidification wheels, i.e., without any thermal activation; besides the adsorbents selected is having an adsorption and desorption band of 25% or lower relative humidity. Thermally activated desiccant wheels see a very wide range of adsorption relative humidity up to 100% and the desorption air relative humidity less than 3% of adsorption air. Besides, the adsorbent is limited to only those exhibiting s-type adsorption isotherms.

[0019] US 20220390127A1 does not refer to or teach a thermally activated honeycomb desiccant wheel.

[0020] Accordingly, there is a need in the art to provide a desiccant wheel formulated with special desiccant materials to not only achieve improved water adsorption, but also realize reduction in energy required for reactivation.

[0021] In furtherance to the limitations in the art as above, particularly with regard to scalability and varied application, the present invention provides a desiccant wheel with special desiccant materials, which advantageously overcomes at least some of the limitations of conventional desiccants described above. The desiccant wheel of the present invention exhibits one or more of high adsorption performance, low reactivation energy, high water uptake, high surface area, high porosity, high hydrolytic stability, high thermal stability, high hydrothermal stability, long term cyclic stability, and faster kinetics.

[0022] SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0023] The present invention utilizes special desiccant materials formulated ‘onto and within’ porous substrates to create a honeycomb matrix. While many desiccant materials unlike conventional / traditional silica gel and molecular sieves tend to breakdown or lose performance significantly under multi-cycle conditions, the present invention provides desiccant wheel formulated with special desiccant materials that can provide continued stable performance in excess of 50,000 cycles. The special desiccant material is "formulated throughout the porous substrate". It is incorporated uniformly within the entire structure of the porous substrate of the honeycomb matrix comprised in a desiccant wheel, thereby increasing the surface area. This results in more efficient adsorption due to enhanced adsorbent-adsorbate interaction.

[0024] The desiccant wheel of the present invention comprises honeycomb flutes, which maximize the surface area for contact of air with the special desiccant material, thereby minimizing the pressure drop of the air across the desiccant wheel bed.

[0025] In an aspect of the present invention, there is provided a desiccant wheel comprising a honeycomb matrix structure, said honeycomb matrix structure comprising a plurality of honeycombs, the honeycomb matrix structure comprising a porous substrate, and at least a special desiccant material formulated onto and within the porous substrate, wherein the special desiccant material is selected from the group consisting of Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs), Covalent Organic Frameworks (COFs), Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework (ZIFs), an inorganic material, and combinations thereof; wherein the special desiccant material is characterized by at least one or more of properties where the special desiccant material is porous; the special desiccant material is microporous having a pore size less than 15 Angstrom; the special desiccant material has a surface area between 500 to 10,000 m2 / g; the special desiccant material has a regeneration temperature below 120°C; and the special desiccant material offers sustained performance over at least 50,000 repeated operational cycles; wherein the energy requirement of the desiccant wheel with special desiccant material capable of being regenerated at < 120°C is at least 10% less in terms of kW / kg of water removed, compared to desiccant wheel with silica gel type desiccant material, at identical operating conditions; and wherein the moisture removal capacity of the desiccant wheel with special desiccant material capable of being regenerated at < 120°C is at least 10% more in terms of kg of water removal / kg of air, compared to desiccant wheel with silica-gel type desiccant material, at identical conditions.

[0026] In an aspect of the present invention, the special desiccant material is selected from the group consisting of hierarchical desiccant material, non-hierarchical desiccant material, multivariate desiccant material, and combinations thereof.

[0027] In an aspect of the present invention, the special desiccant material has Type-I adsorption isotherm, Type-II adsorption isotherm, Type-III adsorption isotherm, Type-IV adsorption isotherm, Type-V adsorption isotherm, Type-VI adsorption isotherm or any S-type adsorption isotherm. In an aspect of the present invention, the special desiccant material having S-type adsorption isotherm is characterized by greater than 40% moisture uptake between 50 and 100%RH.

[0028] In an aspect of the present invention, the ratio of special desiccant material to porous substrate is up to 8: 1 by weight.

[0029] In an aspect of the present invention, the plurality of the honeycomb flutes has a cross-section which is polygonal, square, triangular, circular, sinusoidal, rectangular, hexagonal, straight, zigzag, skewed, or herringbone.

[0030] In an aspect of the present invention, the flute pitch is in the range of 2.5 - 5 mm and flute height is in the range of 1.0 - 3 mm.

[0031] In another aspect of the present invention, the honeycomb matrix structure comprises a rolled single facer, or a plurality of stacked facers.

[0032] In another aspect of the present invention, the desiccant wheel with special desiccant material has a regeneration temperature of <70°C, <60°C, or <50°C; and up to 30% more moisture removal in terms of kg of water removal / kg of air; and up to 30% more energy efficiency, in terms of kW / kg of water removed, as compared to desiccant wheel with silica gel desiccant material, at identical operating conditions.

[0033] In another aspect of the present invention, the desiccant wheel matrix moisture desorption (down to 30% saturation) time is at least 60% less as compared to silica gel desiccant wheel matrix.

[0034] In yet another aspect of the present invention, the desiccant wheel matrix material has moisture adsorption capacity in the range of 0.5 to 1.8 times its weight at a relative humidity (RH) of 100%.

[0035] In still another aspect of the present invention, the special desiccant material is selected from the group consisting of CAU-10H, CAU-23, CAU-30, MIL-16O(A1), aluminum fumarate, aluminum terephthalate, UiO-66, UiO-66-NH2, UiO-67, MOF-801, MOF-802, MOF-841, PCN- 222, MIL-lOO(Fe), MIL-101(Fe), MIL-53(Fe), MIL-lOl(Cr), MIL-lOO(Cr), MIL-53(Cr), HKUST-1, Cu-BDC, , MIL-125(Ti), NEL-MIL- 125(Ti), Ni-CPO-27, , MOF-808, NU-1000, NU- 1200, MOF-802, C02CI2BTDD, Cr-soc-MOF-1, MOF-573, MOF-805, MOF-8O6, MOF-812, MIL-53(A1), Co-MOF-74, Mg-MOF-74, NOTT-400, MIL-121 , CAU-3, MFM-300, Al-NDC, Ga-soc-MOF, IRMOF-1, IRMOF-3, MOF-177, MOF-205, MOF-210, PCN-124, MIL-68(In), MOF-DRIF2, Cu-TDPAT, Zn-TDPAT, UiO-68, MIL-88, PCN-333, NU-1400, MOF-525, SIFSIX, MOF-DRIF3, TIFSIX, Cu-BTTri, MfL-125(Ti), NFl2-MIL-125(Ti), MOF-573, MOF- 525, Bio-MOF-11, MOF-DRIF4, Tb-mesoMOF, Cu-TCPP, Zr-NDC, BUT- 17, FJI-HMOF , Al- MOF-235 , Al-MIL-69, Al-PMOF, MIL-47(V) , MIL-68(Ga), Fe-soc-MOF , Cu-MOF-505 , Cu- TZP, Cu-TPT, Cu-CPF-5, RE-fcu-MOFs, Ce-UiO-66, Ce-UiO-67, Yb-MOFs (Yb-MOF-76), MOF-DRIF5, Mg-MOF-235, Zn-MOF-235, Bio-MOF-lOO , UTSA-16 (Cu-TATB) , UTSA-60, DUT-67(Zr) , DUT-4(A1) , [Ni2(dobdc)] , Zn-Triazolate PCPs, M0F-DRIF1, M0R0F-1, MOF- 841 (Sc) , CAU-21, C AU-36, ZrTUD-1 , InOF-1 , Ni-MOF-202 , Zn-MOF-74 , KMF-1 , C AU- 26, FIR-53, UiO-611, UiO-67, UiO-68 , Ni8(OH)4(BDC)6(DUT-8(Ni)), Ti3-MIL-88B-NH2, CAU-13 , SBMOF-1 , SBMOF-2, MFU-4 , MFU-41 , FMOF-1 , FMOF-2 , C AU-13, IR-MOF- 8, DMOF(Zn), CAU-21, C AU-26 , C AU-36 , MIP-200 (Al) , Al-PF-1 , ICR-2, ICR-7, PCN- 777 (Zr) , BUT-66 (Zr) , PCN-608 (Zr) , DUT-52 (Zr) , MIP-202(Zr) , IFP-1 , IFP-8, MAF- X27-Fe , MAF-X8-C0, DMOF-1 , NKMOF-l-Ni , CPL-2 , CPL-4 (Ni(pyz)(NO3)2) , InOF-1 , FIR-53, MOF-199 , MFM-300(In) , MIL-68(In)-BDC-NO2, Ti-CAT-5 , Ti-HTA-1 , CAU-22- Ln , MOF-76-Ln , PCP-Ln, MIL-96(A1) , MIL- 140 A (Zr) , Cu-BDC-BPY, Cu-BPyDC , Cu- QPTC , Zn-TBAPy , Z JU-28 , POST-66 , C AU-24 , ALF-1, MOF-5, UiO-66-(OH)2, UiO-66- (COOH)2, UiO-66-Br, UiO-66-(CF3)2, MOF-303, UiO-67-NTL, UiO-67-(OH)2, MOF-8OI-SO4, MOF-802-NTL, MOF-802-(OH)2, NU-1100, NU-1101, NU-1103, MIL-12O(A1), MIL-122(A1), MIL-53-NH2(Al), MIL-53-(OH)2(Al), CAU-IO-COOH, CAU-IO-OH, CAU-12, CAU-15, Al- TCPP-MOF, MIL-53-NH2(Fe), MIL-68(Fe), MIL-127(Fe), PCN-250(Fe), Fe-BDC-NO2MOFs, Fe-BTC-NFL, Fe-BPDC, Cu-BTC-NTL, Cu-TATB , Cu-TPA, Cu-PMOF, Cu-HHTP , Cu-CP- MOFs , Zn-MOF-74-NIL , Mg-dobpdc, Ni-dobpdc, Co-CUK-1, Co-MOF-253, JLU-Liu-10, JLU-Liu-20, AZMOF-1, AZMOF-2, FJLMOF-8, FJI-MOF-11, FJU-90, CPM-200-In, MIP-200- NFL, NENU-500, NENU-511, UiO-66-SO3H, UiO-67-SO3H, PCN-224, PCN-225, Mg2(dobpdc), TpPa-1, TpPa-2, COF-1, COF-5, COF-6, COF-8, TpBD, COF-LZU1, Tp-Azo, COF-300, TpTt, COF-42, COF-43, N-COF, TpNDI, COF-JLU6, TpBpy, COF-320, PyVg-COF, Tp-DANT-COF, COF-366, Tp-DMTP-COF, COF-PI, Tp-Eth, COF-OMe, COF-F, Tp-Ph, COF-BPDA, COF- TpPa-NH2, COF-TBD: COF-102, COF-103, COF-108, COF-202, COF-203, COF-432, COF- 505, TpPa-NO2,COF-DRIFl COF-506, COF-507, COF-508, COF-909, COF-910, COF-912, COF-919, COF-920, CTF-1, CTF-2, CTF-3, CTF-4, TAPT-COF, HT-COF, COF-F3, FCTF-1, PcPBBA, FCTF-2 , FCOF-1, FCOF-2, Porphyrin COF-366-Fe , Porphyrin-COF-367, COF- Porph-v2, Pc-COF, DhaTph COF, TpDha COF, COF-OH, TpPa(OH)-COF, TpBD-(NO2), (ICOF-1), ICOF-2, ICOF-3, Sulfated COFs, COF-150, COF-170, COF-1, COF-180, COF-200, COF-300, COF-300-MeNH2, COF-DHTA , COF-DAAQ ,COF-DRIF2, Azo-COF-1, Azo-COF- 2, TFB-DHzD COF , COF-TpBD-(OH)2, COF-SDU1 , EB-COF-1, COF-TpDb , Py-COF, PyTTA-COF, DPP-COF-1, HNU-25, HNU-30, 3D-Py-COF, 3D-CuPc-COF, 3D-Salphen COF, TpPa-F4, COF-TTI, COF-TFPB, AA-COFs, COF-480, COF-482, TPB-DMTP-COF, COF- 432, JUC-353, ZIF-7, ZIF-8, ZIF-67, ZIF-71, ZIF-90, ZIF-93, ZIF-94, ZIF-95, ZIF-100, ZIF- 300, ZIF-301, ZIF-302, ZIF-L, ZIF-4, ZIF-20, ZIF-25, ZIF-68, ZIF-69, ZIF-78, ZIF-81, ZIF-82, ZIF-204, ZIF-1, ZIF-2, ZIF-3, ZIF-DRIF2, ZIF-6, ZIF-10, ZIF-11, ZIF-12, ZIF-71a, ZIF-201, ZIF-202, ZIF-203, ZIF-DRIF1, ZIF-13, ZIF-15, ZIF-16, ZIF-17, ZIF-18, ZIF-19, ZIF-21, ZIF- 22, ZIF-23, ZIF-24, ZIF-26, ZIF-27, ZIF-28, ZIF-29, ZIF-70, ZIF-DRIF1, ZIF-72, ZIF-73, ZIF- 74, ZIF-76, ZIF-77 , ZIF-79 , ZIF-80 , ZIF-202a, ZIF-8-NH2 , ZIF-8-SO3H , ZIF-8-COOH , ZIF- 8-OH , ZIF-67-NH2, ZIF-L-NH2 , ZIF-30, ZIF-31, ZIF-32, ZIF-33, ZIF-34, ZIF-35,ZIF-36, ZIF- 37, ZIF-38, ZIF-39, ZIF-40, ZIF-41, ZIF-42, ZIF-DRIF2, ZIF-43, ZIF-44, ZIF-45, ZIF-46, ZIF- 47, ZIF-48, ZIF-49, ZIF-50, ZIF-51, ZIF-52, ZIF-53, ZIF-54, ZIF-55, ZIF-56, ZIF-57, ZIF-58, ZIF-59, ZIF-60, ZIF-61, ZIF-62, ZIF-63, ZIF-64, ZIF-65, ZIF-66, transition metal complexes, cyanometallates, and combinations thereof.

[0036] In still another aspect of the present invention, the special desiccant material has at least a metal selected from the group consisting of Al, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Cd, In, Sn, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Au, Ti, Pb, Bi, Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, and combinations thereof.

[0037] In still another aspect of the present invention, the special desiccant material has at least a ligand selected from the group consisting of Benzene- 1,4-dicarboxylic acid, benzene- 1,3 -dicarboxylic acid, Biphenyl dicarboxylic acid , Azobenzene dicarboxylic acid, 4,4-Bipyridine , 1,2-Bis(4- pyridyl)ethane , 2,2-Bipyridine, triazine-l,3,5-tribenzoate, Tetrakis(4-carboxyphenyl)methane, Hexakis(4-carboxyphenyl)benzene, tetrakis(4-carboxyphenyl)porphyrin), Coronene, perylene,2- Butenedioic acid , butanedioic acid , pentanedioic acid , hexanedioic acid , Amino-Hydroxyterephthalic acid , 2-hydroxypropane-l,2,3-tricarboxylic acid, 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoic acid, 3, 4-dihydroxy cinnamic acid , 2,3 -dihydroxybutanedioic acid , 1,3,5, 7-Adamantane- tetracarboxylic acid ,4,4-Azopyridine, Propanedioic acid , 2,2-Dicyano-4,4- biphenyldicarboxylate, 5,5-Dihydroxy-l, l-binaphthalene-5,5-dicarboxylate, 4,4,4-s-Triazine- 1,3,5-triyltri-p-aminobenzoate, Biphenyl-3,4,5-tricarboxylate, 5-(4-Carboxybenzoylamino)- isophthalate , Bicyclo[2,2,2]octane-l,4-dicarboxylic acid, Ethyloxalic acid, 1,4-Benzene dicarboxylic acid, Biphenyl-4,4-dicarboxylic acid, 2,6-Naphthalene dicarboxylic acid, Benzene tribenzoic acid, Benzene tribiphenylcarboxylic acid , Cyclobutyl-l,4-benzene dicarboxylic acid, Terephthalaldehyde, 4,4-Biphenyldicarboxaldehyde, 2,5-Dihydroxyterephthalaldehyde, 2,5- Dimethoxyterephthalaldehyde, 2,3,5,6-Tetrafluoroterephthalaldehyde, 2,4,6-

[0038] Triformylphloroglucinol, 2,4,6-Triformylresorcinol, 1,3,5-Triformylbenzene, 1,3,5-Tris(4- formylphenyl)benzene, 2,4,6-Tris(4-formylphenoxy)-l,3,5-triazine, 1,4-Diaminobenzene, 2,5- Diaminobenzenesulfonic acid, 2,2'-Bipyridine-5,5'-diamine, 2,6-Diaminoanthraquinone, Tris(4- aminophenyl)amine, l,3,5-Tris(4-aminophenyl)benzene, 4,4,4-(l,3,5-Triazine-2,4,6- triyl)trianiline, 2,5,8-Triamino-l,3,4,6,7,9b-heptaazaphenalene, Tetrakis(4- aminophenyl)methane, 5,10,15,20-Tetrakis(4-aminophenyl)porphyrin, 1,4-Benzenediboronic acid, 4,4-Biphenyldiboronic acid, 9,9-Dimethylfluorene-2,7-diboronic acid, 2, 3,6,7- Naphthalenetetracarboxylic dianhydride, Naphthalene-l,4,5,8-tetracarboxylic dianhydride,

[0039] 1.2.5.6-Naphthalenetetracarboxylic dianhydride, 3,4,9, 10-Perylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride,

[0040] 2,3,6,7,10,11-Hexahydroxytriphenylene, Hydrazine monohydrate, 4-Aminobenzohydrazide, Cyanuric chloride, 3, 4-Dihydroxy-3 -cyclobutene- 1,2-dione, l,l'-(l,4-Phenylene)diurea, Terephthalonitrile, Tetrafluoroterephthalonitrile, p-Xylene dicyanide,

[0041] Hydrazinecarbohydrazonohydrazide hydrochloride, Benzene-l,3,5-tricarbohydrazide, 2,5-Bis(2- methoxy ethoxy )terephthalohydrazide, Tris(4-formylphenyl)amine, Benzene- 1,3,5- tricarbaldehyde, l,3,6,8-Tetrakis(p-formylphenyl)pyrene, 2,2-Dimethylbenzidine, Benzotri thiophene, 4,4-(2,l,3-Benzothiadiazole-4,7-diyl)dianiline, 5,10,15,20-

[0042] Tetraphenylporphyrin, Tetraphenyl ethene, Tetraphenylmethane, Thiophene, Triphenylene, Tetraphenylpyrene, Tetrathiafulvalene, Hexaazatriphenylene, Dehydrobenzoannulene, Hexaphenylbenzene, Trioxaazatriangulene, Pyrene tetraniline, Tetrakis(4-ethynylphenyl)ethene, 4,4-Diaminodiphenyl ether, 2,6-Diaminopyridine, 2,4,6-Triaminopyrimidine, Tris(4- hydroxyphenyl)methane, l,3,5-Tris(4-hydroxyphenyl)benzene, 1,3,5-Tris(4- hydroxyphenyl)triazine, l,3,5-Tris(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethane, 1,3, 5 -Benzenetri acetic acid, 1,3,5- Benzenetri carbonyl trichloride, Benzene-l,3,5-tricarbonitrile, 4,4,4-Tris(ethynyl)triphenylamine,

[0043] 1.3.5-Tris(4-ethynylphenyl)benzene, 2,4,6-Tris(4-ethynylphenyl)-l,3,5-triazine, Benzene- 1,3,5- tris(sulfonyl chloride), Trimesoyl chloride, 2,4,6-Tris(chlorocarbonyl)-l,3,5-triazine, 2,5- Thiophenedicarboxaldehyde, 2,5-Thiophenediamine, 2,3-Dimethoxyterephthalaldehyde, 2,5- Dinitroterephthalaldehyde, 2,5-Diaminoterephthalic acid, 4, 4-Diamino-3, 3 '-dihydroxybiphenyl, 3,3-Diaminobenzidine, 1,5 -Diaminonaphthalene, 2,6-Diaminonaphthalene, 4,4'-Diaminostilbene,

[0044] 1.3.5-Tris(aminomethyl)benzene, l,3,5-Tris(4-aminophenyl)triazine, 1,3,5-Tris(4- formylphenyl)ethane, l,3,5-Tris(4-formylphenyl)triazine, 2,6-Diformylpyridine, 2,6- Diformylpyridin, 1 ,3 , 5 -Tri s(4-aminophenyl)cy cl ohexane, 1 , 3 , 5 -Tri s(4-formylphenoxy)benzene,

[0045] 2.3.6.7-Tetraaminonaphthalene, 2,3,6,7-Tetrakis(formyl)phenazine, Hexakis(4- aminophenyl)benzene, Imidazole, 2-Methylimidazole, 2-Ethylimidazole, 2-Propylimidazole, 2- Butylimidazole, 2-Isopropylimidazole, 2-Isobutylimidazole, 2-Phenylimidazole, Benzimidazole, 5,6-Dimethylbenzimidazole, 5 -Nitrobenzimidazole, 2 -Nitroimidazole, 4-Nitroimidazole, 2- Chloroimidazole, 4-Chloroimidazole, 2-Bromoimidazole, 2-Iodoimidazole, 2-Fluoroimidazole, 4-Fluoroimidazole, 2-Trifluoromethylimidazole, 4-Trifluoromethylimidazole, 2-Cyanoimidazole, 4-Cyanoimidazole, 2-Aminoimidazole, 4-Aminoimidazole, 2-Hydroxyimidazole, 4- Hydroxyimidazole, 4,5-Dihydroxyimidazole, 2-Mercaptoimidazole, 4-Mercaptoimidazole, 2- Carboxyimidazole, 4-Carboxyimidazole, Imidazole-2-carboxaldehyde, Imidazole-4- carboxaldehyde, 1 -Methylimidazole, 1 -Ethylimidazole, 1 -Propylimidazole, 1 -Butylimidazole, 1- Benzylimidazole, 2-Isopropenylimidazole, 4-Isopropylimidazole, 2,4-Dimethylimidazole, 2,5-

[0046] Dimethylimidazole, 2,4,5-Trimethylimidazole, 4,5-Dimethylimidazole, 2-Formylimidazole, 4-

[0047] Formylimidazole, 2-Methoxyimidazole, 4 -Methoxy imi dazol e, 2-Ethoxyimidazole, 2-

[0048] Acetylimidazole, 2 -Propi ony limi dazol e, 2-Pyridylimidazole, 4-Pyridylimidazole, 2-

[0049] Thienylimidazole, 2-Furylimidazole, 4-Furylimidazole, 2-Indolylimidazole, N-

[0050] Methylbenzimidazole, N-Ethylbenzimidazole, 2-(2-Hydroxyethyl)imidazole, 2-(2-

[0051] Aminoethyl)imidazole, 2-(2-Carboxyethyl)imidazole, 2-(2-Methoxyethyl)imidazole, 2-

[0052] Vinylimidazole, 4-Vinylimidazole, 2-(4-Nitrophenyl)imidazole, 2-(4-Methoxyphenyl)imidazole, 2-(3-Chlorophenyl)imidazole, 2-(4-Carboxyphenyl)imidazole, 2-(4-Aminophenyl)imidazole, 2-

[0053] (3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)imidazole, 2-(3,5-Dinitrophenyl)imidazole, 2-Naphthylimidazole, 2- Styrylimidazole, 2-(2-Thienylmethyl)imidazole, 2-(2-Furylmethyl)imidazole, 2-(4- Pyridylmethyl)imidazole, 2-(3-Pyridylmethyl)imidazole, 2-Hydroxybenzimidazole, 5- Nitrosobenzimidazole, 2-(Hydroxyphenyl)imidazole, 2-(Sulfonylphenyl)imidazole, 2- (Carboxyphenyl)imidazole, 2-(Aminophenyl)imidazole, 2-Cinnamylimidazole, 2- Acetamidoimidazole, 2-Benzoylimidazole, 2-Isobutyrylimidazole, 2-Naphthoylimidazole, 2- Pyrazinylimidazole, 2-Quinolinylimidazole, E-But-2-enedioic acid, 2,5-dihydroxyterephthalic acid, 4-Amino-l,2,3,5-benzenetetracarboxylic acid, Cyclobutane-l,2,3,4-tetracarboxylic acid, (ethane- l,2-diamine)tetraacetic acid, 1,2,4,5-benzenetetracarboxylic acid, 5-Hydroxyisophthalic acid, 3, 4-dihydroxy -benzoic acid, Benzene-l,3,5-tricarboxylate (BTC), Benzene-l,3-disulfonic acid, 5 -sulfobenzene- 1,3 -dicarboxylic acid, Phenylphosphonic acid, 2, 5 -thiophenedicarboxylic acid, (2-Aminoethyl)phosphonic acid, 2,4,6-trisulfonyl-l,3,5-triazine, lH-imidazole-2- carbaldehyde, 2-Aminoethanesulfonic acid, Naphthalene-2,6-dicarboxylate, 4,4'-((E)-diazene- l,2-diyl)dibenzoic acid, 4,4',4"-nitrilotribenzoic acid, Pyridine-2,5-dicarboxylic acid, Tetra(4- carboxyphenyl)methane, Furan-2,5-dicarboxylic acid, 4,4'-Biphenyldicarboxylic acid, 4, 4', 4"- Tricarboxytriphenylamine, l,3,5-Tris(4-carboxyphenyl)benzene, (4,4',4"-s-triazine-2,4,6-triyl- tribenzoic acid) , (l,3,6,8-tetrakis(p-benzoate)pyrene) , 4,4'-dihydroxy-[l,l'-biphenyl]-3,3'- dicarboxylate , Biphenyl-3,3',5,5'-tetracarboxylic acid. Terephthaldehyde (benzene-1,4- dicarboxaldehyde, 1,3,5-triformylbenzen , Triformylphloroglucinol (Tp) , Pyrene-4,5,9,10- tetracarbaldehyde (Pyrene-TdA) , 1,4-diaminobenzene , 4,4'-diaminodiphenyl ether , 4,4'- diaminodiphenylmethane , 4,4',4'',4'"-(porphyrin-5,10,15,20-tetrayl)tetraaniline , p- phenylenediamine , 4,4'-diaminobiphenyl , succinic acid , 1,4 - butanedicarboxylic acid , 1,4 - butenedicarboxylic acid , 4 - oxopyran - 2,6 - dicarboxylic acid , decanedicarboxylic acid , 1,8 - heptadecanedicarboxylic acid l,6hexanedicarboxylic acid , heptadecanedicarboxylic acid , acetylene dicarboxylic acid , 1,9 - heptadecanedicarboxylic acid , 1,2 - benzenedicarboxylic acid , 1,3 - benzenedicarboxylic acid , 2,3 - pyridinedi carboxylic acid , pyridine - 2,3 - dicarboxylic acid , 1,4 - benzenedicarboxylic acid , p - benzenedicarboxylic acid , imidazole - 2,4 - dicarboxylic acid ,2 - methylquinoline - 3,4 - dicarboxylic acid , quinoline - 2,4 - dicarboxylic acid , quinoxaline - 2,3 - dicarboxylic acid , 6 - chloroquinoxaline - 2,3 - dicarboxylic acid , 1,3 - butadiene - 1,4 - dicarboxylic acid , 4,4 ' - diaminophenylmethane - 3,3'dicarboxylic acid , quinoline - 3,4 - dicarboxylic acid , diimidedicarboxylic acid , pyridine - 2,6 - dicarboxylic acid ,2 - methylimidazole - 4,5 - dicarboxylic acid , 7 - chloro - 4 - hydroxy quinoline - 2,8 - dicarboxylic acid , thiophene - 3,4 - dicarboxylic acid , tetrahydropyran

[0054] - 4,4 - dicarboxylic acid , perylene - 3,9 - dicarboxylic acid , 2 - isopropylimidazole - 4,5- dicarboxylic acid ,perylenedicarboxylic acid , Pluriol E 200dicarboxylic acid , 3,5 - cyclohexadiene - 1,2 - dicarboxylic acid, octanedicarboxylic acid , pentane - 3,3 - carboxylic acid ,3,6 - dioxaoctanedicarboxylic acid , 4,4 ' - diamino - 1,1 * -biphenyl - 3,3 ' - dicarboxylic acid , 4,4 ' - diaminobiphenyl - 3,3 - dicarboxylic acid , benzidine - 3,3 ' - dicarboxylic acid , 1,1 '

[0055] - binaphthyldicarboxylic acid , 1,4 - bis ( phenylamino ) benzene - 2,5dicarboxylic acid , 7 - chloro - 8 - methylquinoline - 2,3-dicarboxylic acid , 1 - anilinoanthraquinone - 2,4 ' - dicarboxylic acid , 1,4 - bis ( carboxymethyl ) piperazine - 2,3 - dicarboxylic acid , phenylinanedicarboxylic acid , 7 - choroquinoline - 3,8- dicarboxylic acid , polytetrahydrofuran 250 - dicarboxylic acid , 1- ( 4 - carboxy ) phenyl - 3- ( 4 - chloro ) phenylpyrazoline - 4 ,5 - dicarboxylic acid , 1,4, 5, 6, 7, 7 - hexachloro - 5 - norbornene - 2 ,3 dicarboxylic acid , 1,3 - dibenzyl - 2 - oxoimidazolidine - 4,5-dicarboxylic acid , 1,4 - cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid , naphthalene - 1,8 - dicarboxylic acid , 1,3 - dibenzyl - 2 - oxoimidazolidine - 4,5 - cis - dicarboxylic acid , 2,2 - biquinoline - 4,4'dicarboxylic acid , 2 - benzoylbenzene - 1,3 - dicarboxylic acid , 3,5-pyrazoledicarboxylic acid, pyridine - 3,4dicarboxylic acid , 3,6,9 - tri oxaundecanedicarboxylic acid , Pluriol E 300 dicarboxylic acid , Pluriol E 400 - dicarboxylic acid, hydroxybenzophenonedicarboxylic acid , Pluriol E 600 - dicarboxylic acid , pyrazole - 3,4 - dicarboxylic acid , bis (4 - aminophenyl) sulfone diimide - dicarboxylic acid , 5,6 - dimethyl -

[0056] 2.3 - pyrazinedicarboxylic acid , bis(4aminophenyl) ether diimide - dicarboxylic acid, 2,3pyrazinedicarboxylic acid , 4,4 ' - di aminodiphenylmethane diimide - dicarboxylic acid , 1,4 - naphthalenedicarboxylic acid , 1,3 - adamantanedicarboxylic acid , 1,8 - naphthalenedicarboxylic acid , 2,6 - naphthalenedicarboxylic acid , 2,3 naphthalenedicarboxylic acid , 8-m ethoxy - 2,3 -n aphthalenedicarboxylic acid , 8 - sulfo - 2,3 - naphthalenedicarboxylic acid , anthracene - 2,3 - dicarboxylic acid , 8 - nitro - 2,3 - naphthalenecarboxylic acid , 2,3 ' - diphenyl - p - terphenyl -

[0057] 4.4 " -dicarboxylic acid , (diphenyl ether) -4,4 - dicarboxylic acid , 4 (IH)oxothiochromene - 2,8

[0058] - dicarboxylic acid , imidazole - 4,5dicarboxylic acid , 5 - tert - butyl - 1,3 - benzenedi carboxylic acid , 7,8 - quinolinedicarboxylic acid , 4,5 - imidazoledicarboxylic acid, and combinations thereof.

[0059] In an aspect of the present invention, the porous substrate of the honeycomb structure is selected from the group consisting of glass fibers, ceramic fibres, natural fibers, synthetic fibers, biosoluble fibers, pulp, and combinations thereof, and optionally strengthened with 2 to 8% by weight of a rigidifying agent selected from the group consisting of silica sol, alumina sol, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl acetate, and acrylate.

[0060] In another aspect of the present invention, the porous substrate of the honeycomb structure optionally comprises at least a binder selected from the group consisting of cellulose, polymeric resins, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl alcohol, polyacrylates, water glass, alumina sol, silica sol, and combinations thereof.

[0061] In an aspect of the present invention, the special desiccant material optionally further comprises at least an additive such as graphene, nano carbon-based material, and Titanium salt, to improve the kinetics and / or performance.

[0062] In yet another aspect of the present invention, at least an anti-microbial additive is optionally added such as silver, copper, titanium, nickel salts and other materials with similar properties.

[0063] In still yet another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method for manufacturing a desiccant wheel, comprising the steps of: (a) providing a porous substrate; (b) contacting the porous substrate with a first solution comprising a metal salt or an organic linker, and optionally at least a rigidifying agent; (c) forming a honeycomb matrix structure from the porous substrate, the matrix structure comprising a plurality of flutes; (d) contacting the matrix structure with a second solution comprising a metal salt or and an organic linker to in situ synthesize a special desiccant material onto and within the matrix structure to obtain a formulated honeycomb desiccant matrix; and (e) activating the formulated honeycomb desiccant matrix and forming into a desiccant wheel.

[0064] In still yet another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method for manufacturing a desiccant wheel, comprising the steps of: (a) preparing a slurry comprising a special desiccant material and a binder; (b) contacting a porous substrate with the slurry to formulate the desiccant material onto and within the porous substrate; (c) forming a honeycomb matrix structure comprising a plurality of flutes from the porous substrate to obtain a formulated honeycomb desiccant matrix; and (d) activating the formulated honeycomb desiccant matrix and forming into a desiccant wheel. In an aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method for manufacturing a desiccant wheel, comprising the steps of: (a) obtaining a honeycomb matrix structure formed from a porous substrate, comprising a plurality of flutes; (b) contacting the matrix structure with a first solution comprising a metal salt or an organic linker; (c) contacting the matrix structure from step (b) with a second solution comprising a metal salt or an organic linker to in situ synthesize a special desiccant material onto and within the matrix structure to obtain a formulated honeycomb desiccant matrix; and (d) activating the formulated honeycomb desiccant matrix and forming into a desiccant wheel.

[0065] In an aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method for manufacturing a desiccant wheel, comprising the steps of: (a) obtaining a honeycomb matrix structure formed from a porous substrate, comprising a plurality of flutes; (b) contacting the matrix structure with a slurry comprising at least a special desiccant material and a binder; and (c) activating the formulated honeycomb desiccant matrix and forming into a desiccant wheel.

[0066] In an aspect of the present invention, there is provided a desiccant wheel configured for use in battery cell manufacturing, pharmaceutical manufacturing, electronics manufacturing, cold-chain handling, HVAC dehumidifiers, and industrial drying, and other industrial and commercial applications.

[0067] The reduction in reactivation energy and enhanced water-removal capacity, together have a compounding effect, which gives the desiccant wheel of the present invention a tremendous advantage and benefit.

[0068] OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION

[0069] An object of the present invention relates to providing a desiccant wheel formulated with special desiccant materials. These special desiccant materials, compared to universally used silica gel desiccant wheels, are highly porous, having a surface area in the range of 500 m2 / g to 10,000 m2 / g, and are optimized for energy efficiency and enhanced moisture adsorbing performance at regeneration temperatures of less than 120°C.

[0070] BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE ACCOMPANING DRAWINGS

[0071] Figure- la shows a pictorial representation of a first process of preparing the desiccant wheel of the present invention, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

[0072] Figure- lb shows a pictorial representation of a second process of preparing the desiccant wheel of the present invention, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. Figure 1c shows a pictorial representation of a third process of preparing the desiccant wheel of the present invention, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

[0073] Figure Id shows a pictorial representation of a fourth process of preparing the desiccant wheel of the present invention, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

[0074] Figure-2 shows a pictorial representation of MOFs / ZIFs in 1-D, 2-D and 3-D geometries, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

[0075] Figure-3a shows a pictorial representation of multivariate MOF / ZIFs in 1-D, 2-D and 3-D geometries, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

[0076] Figure-3b shows a pictorial representation of multivariate MOF / ZIFs in 1-D, 2-D and 3-D geometries, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

[0077] Figure-3c shows a pictorial representation of multivariate MOF / ZIFs in 1-D, 2-D and 3-D geometries, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

[0078] Figure-4 shows a pictorial representation of combination of additive with MOFs to form MOF composites, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

[0079] Figure-5 shows a pictorial representation of COFs in 1-D, 2-D and 3-D geometries, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

[0080] Figure-6 shows the graphical depiction of the performance of M0F-DRIF1, M0F-DRIF2, MOF- DRIF3, M0F-DRIF4, and M0F-DRIF5 as compared to silica gel on percent (%) water adsorption at different %RH (10-100%), in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

[0081] DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0082] In the following description, for the purposes of explanation, various specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of embodiments of the present invention. It will be apparent, however, that embodiments of the present invention may be practiced without these specific details. Several features described hereafter can each be used independently of one another or with any combination of other features. An individual feature may not address any of the problems discussed above or might address only one of the problems discussed above. Some of the problems discussed above might not be fully addressed by any of the features described herein. Exemplified embodiments of the present invention are described below, as illustrated in various drawings.

[0083] The term ‘desiccant wheel’ refers to a rotary honeycomb body partitioned into simple adsorption and regeneration sectors, or multiple sectors, to cyclically adsorb moisture from process air and desorb to a heated regeneration airstream.

[0084] The term ‘special desiccant material’ as mentioned throughout the specification are all adsorbents other than silica gel(s) / metal silicates AhCSiCh molecular sieves, which are currently used in over 99% of open-cycle desiccant dehumidification apparatus(es) and applications. More specifically, the special desiccant materials have characteristics including any one or more of, high adsorption performance, high porosity, crystallinity, high surface area in a range of 500 to 10,000 m2 / g, low regeneration temperature of less than 120°C, faster kinetics, high water uptake, high hydrolytic stability, high thermal stability, high hydrothermal stability, and long-term cyclic stability (over at least 50,000 repeated operational cycles). Such materials include Type-I isotherm materials: materials with steep uptake at very low RH, advantageous for ultra-dry applications, including materials exhibiting S-type curve, including materials exhibiting type-II isotherm, including materials exhibiting type-III isotherm, including materials exhibiting type-IV isotherm, including materials exhibiting type-V isotherm and including materials exhibiting type- VI isotherm.

[0085] The desiccant wheel of the present invention comprises honeycomb flutes for maximizing the surface area for contact of air with the special desiccant material, thereby minimizing the pressure drop of the air across the desiccant wheel bed.

[0086] The present invention provides a desiccant wheel comprising a honeycomb matrix structure, said honeycomb matrix structure comprising a plurality of honeycombs, the honeycomb matrix structure comprising a porous substrate, and at least a special desiccant material formulated onto and within the porous substrate.

[0087] In an embodiment, the special desiccant material is selected from the group consisting of Metal- Organic Frameworks (MOFs), Covalent Organic Frameworks (COFs), Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework (ZIFs), an inorganic material, and combinations thereof. In an embodiment, the special desiccant material is one or more MOF. In an embodiment the special desiccant material is one or more ZIF. In an embodiment, the special desiccant material is one or more COF. In an embodiment, the special desiccant material is one or more inorganic materials. In an embodiment the special desiccant material is at least an inorganic material and at least one or more of MOF, COF, or ZIF.

[0088] In an embodiment, the special desiccant material is characterized by at least one or more of properties where the special desiccant material is porous; the special desiccant material is microporous having a pore size less than 15 Angstrom; the special desiccant material has a surface area between 500 to 10,000 m2 / g; the special desiccant material has a regeneration temperature below 120°C; and the special desiccant material offers sustained performance over at least 50,000 repeated operational cycles.

[0089] In a preferred embodiment, the special desiccant material is characterized by properties where the special desiccant material is porous; the special desiccant material is microporous having a pore size less than 15 Angstrom; the special desiccant material has a surface area between 500 to 10,000 m2 / g; the special desiccant material has a regeneration temperature below 120°C; and the special desiccant material offers sustained performance over at least 50,000 repeated operational cycles.

[0090] In an embodiment, the special desiccant material has a regeneration temperature of less than 120°C. In an embodiment, the special desiccant material has a regeneration temperature of less than 105°C, 100°C, 95°C, 90°C, 85°C, 80°C, 75°C, 70°C, 60°C, or 50°C.

[0091] In an embodiment, the special desiccant material is passively regenerated through humidity swing, where the regeneration sector of the desiccant wheel is activated with air at room temperature, with no additional heat, in a phenomenon referred to as passive dehumidification, utilizing the moisture uptake differential between 50 and 100% RH. In a particular embodiment, MOF-DRIF5 is the desiccant material suitable for passive dehumidification having substantial moisture uptake differential between 50 and 100% RH. In an embodiment, the moisture uptake differential is greater than 40%.

[0092] In an embodiment, the energy requirement of the desiccant wheel formulated with the special desiccant material having regeneration temperature of < 120°C is at least 10% less in terms of kW / kg of water removed, compared to desiccant wheel with silica gel-type desiccant material, at identical operating conditions.

[0093] In an embodiment, the moisture removal capacity of the desiccant wheel formulated with the special desiccant material having regeneration temperature of < 120°C is at least 10% more in terms of kg of water removal / kg of air, compared to desiccant wheel with silica-gel type desiccant material, at identical conditions. In a preferred embodiment, the special desiccant material is characterized by micropores having a pore size less than 15 Angstrom, surface area between 500 to 10,000 m2 / g, regeneration temperature below 120°C, sustained performance over at least 50,000 repeated operational cycles, energy requirement of the desiccant wheel formulated with special desiccant material having regeneration temperature of < 120°C is at least 10% less in terms of kW / kg of water removed, compared to desiccant wheel with silica gel-type desiccant material, at identical operating conditions, and moisture removal capacity of the desiccant wheel formulated with special desiccant material having regeneration temperature of < 120°C is at least 10% more in terms of kg of water removal / kg of air, compared to desiccant wheel with silica-gel type desiccant material, at identical conditions

[0094] In an embodiment, the flutes have a cross-section selected from polygonal, square, triangular, or sinusoidal. In a preferred embodiment, the flutes have a sinusoidal cross-section. In an embodiment, the plurality of honeycomb flutes is arranged straight, zig-zag, skewed, or herringbone arrangement.

[0095] In an embodiment, the honeycomb structure is formulated with one special desiccant material. In an embodiment, the honeycomb structure is formulated with two special desiccant materials. In an embodiment, the honeycomb structure is formulated with more than two special desiccant materials. In an embodiment, the honeycomb structure formulated with one or more special desiccant material further comprises at least a binder.

[0096] In an embodiment, the special desiccant material offers sustained performance over at least 60,000, 70,000, 80,000, 90,000, 120,000, 150,000, 200,000, 300,000, or 500,000 repeated operational cycles. It is understood by a person skilled in the art that any number of cycles between 50,000 and 500,000 are also deemed disclosed.

[0097] In an embodiment, the surface area of the special desiccant material is up to 10,000m2 / g. In an embodiment, the surface area of the special desiccant material is up to 9,000m2 / g. In an embodiment, the surface area of the special desiccant material is up to 8,000m2 / g. In an embodiment, the surface area of the special desiccant material is up to 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000, 6000, or 7000m2 / g. It is understood by a person skilled in the art that any number between 500 and 10,000 are also deemed disclosed.

[0098] In an embodiment, the special desiccant material is selected from the group consisting of CAU- 10H, C AU-23, C AU-30, MIL-16O(A1), aluminum fumarate, aluminum terephthalate, UiO-66, UiO-66-NH2, UiO-67, MOF-801, MOF-802, MOF-841, PCN-222, MIL-lOO(Fe), MIL- 101(Fe), MIL-53(Fe), MIL-lOl(Cr), MIL-lOO(Cr), MIL-53(Cr), HKUST-1, Cu-BDC„ MIL- 125(Ti), NH2-MIL-125(Ti), Ni-CPO-27, , MOF-808, NU-1000, NU-1200, MOF-802, C02CI2BTDD, Cr-soc-MOF-1, MOF-573, MOF-805, MOF-8O6, MOF-812, MIL-53(A1), Co- MOF-74, Mg-MOF-74, NOTT-400, MIL-121 , CAU-3, MFM-300, Al-NDC, Ga-soc-MOF, IRMOF-1, IRMOF-3, MOF-177, MOF-205, MOF-210, PCN-124, MIL-68(In), MOF-DRIF2, Cu-TDPAT, Zn-TDPAT, UiO-68, MIL-88, PCN-333, NU-1400, MOF-525, SIFSIX, MOF- DRIF3, TIFSIX, Cu-BTTri, MIL-125(Ti), NH2-MIL-125(Ti), MOF-573, MOF-525, Bio-MOF- 11, MOF-DRIF4, Tb-mesoMOF, Cu-TCPP, Zr-NDC, BUT- 17, FJI-HMOF , Al-MOF-235 , Al- MIL-69, Al-PMOF, MIL-47(V) , MIL-68(Ga), Fe-soc-MOF , Cu-MOF-505 , Cu-TZP, Cu-TPT, Cu-CPF-5, RE-fcu-MOFs, Ce-UiO-66, Ce-UiO-67, Yb-MOFs (Yb-MOF-76), MOF-DRIF5, Mg- MOF-235, Zn-MOF-235, Bio-MOF-lOO , UTSA-16 (Cu-TATB) , UTSA-60, DUT-67(Zr) , DUT- 4(A1) , [Ni2(dobdc)] , Zn-Triazolate PCPs, MOF-DRIF1, M0R0F-1, MOF-841(Sc) , CAU-21, CAU-36, ZrTUD-1 , InOF-1 , Ni-MOF-202 , Zn-MOF-74 , KMF-1 , CAU-26, FIR-53, UiO-611, UiO-67, UiO-68 , Ni8(OH)4(BDC)6(DUT-8(Ni)), Ti3-MIL-88B-NH2, CAU-13 , SBMOF-1 , SBMOF-2, MFU-4 , MFU-41 , FMOF-1 , FMOF-2 , CAU-13, IR-MOF-8, DMOF(Zn), CAU- 21, CAU-26 , CAU-36 , MIP-200 (Al) , Al-PF-1 , ICR-2, ICR-7, PCN-777 (Zr) , BUT-66 (Zr) , PCN-608 (Zr) , DUT-52 (Zr) , MIP-202(Zr) , IFP-1 , IFP-8, MAF-X27-Fe , MAF-X8- Co, DMOF-1 , NKMOF-l-Ni , CPL-2 , CPL-4 (Ni(pyz)(NO3)2) , InOF-1 , FIR-53, MOF-199 , MFM-300(In) , MIL-68(In)-BDC-NO2, Ti-CAT-5 , Ti-HTA-1 , CAU-22-Ln , MOF-76-Ln , PCP-Ln, MIL-96(A1) , MIL- 140 A (Zr) , Cu-BDC-BPY, Cu-BPyDC , Cu-QPTC , Zn-TBAPy , ZJU-28 , POST-66 , CAU-24 , ALF-1, MOF-5, UiO-66-(OH)2, UiO-66-(COOH)2, UiO-66-Br, UiO-66-(CF3)2, MOF-303, UiO-67-NH2, UiO-67-(OH)2, MOF-8OI-SO4, MOF-8O2-NH2, MOF- 802-(OH)2, NU-1100, NU-1101, NU-1103, MIL-12O(A1), MIL-122(A1), MIL-53-NH2(Al), MIL- 53-(OH)2(Al), CAU-IO-COOH, CAU-IO-OH, CAU-12, CAU-15, Al-TCPP-MOF, MIL-53- NH2(Fe), MIL-68(Fe), MIL-127(Fe), PCN-250(Fe), Fe-BDC-NO2MOFs, Fe-BTC-NFE, Fe- BPDC, Cu-BTC-NFE, Cu-TATB , Cu-TPA, Cu-PMOF, Cu-HHTP , Cu-CP-MOFs , Zn-MOF-74- NH2 , Mg-dobpdc, Ni-dobpdc, Co-CUK-1, Co-MOF-253, JLU-Liu-10, JLU-Liu-20, AZMOF-1, AZMOF-2, FJI-MOF-8, FJI-MOF-11, FJU-90, CPM-200-In, MIP-2OO-NH2, NENU-500, NENU-511, UiO-66-SO3H, UiO-67-SO3H, PCN-224, PCN-225, Mg2(dobpdc), TpPa-1, TpPa-2, COF-1, COF-5, COF-6, COF-8, TpBD, COF-LZU1, Tp-Azo, COF-300, TpTt, COF-42, COF-43, N-COF, TpNDI, COF-JLU6, TpBpy, COF-320, PyVg-COF, Tp-DANT-COF, COF-366, Tp- DMTP-COF, COF-PI, Tp-Eth, COF-OMe, COF-F, Tp-Ph, COF-BPDA, COF-TpPa-NH2, COF- TBD: COF-102, COF-103, COF-108, COF-202, COF-203, COF-432, COF-505, TpPa- NO2,COF-DRIF1 COF-506, COF-507, COF-508, COF-909, COF-910, COF-912, COF-919, COF-920, CTF-1, CTF-2, CTF-3, CTF-4, TAPT-COF, HT-COF, COF-F3, FCTF-1, PcPBBA, FCTF-2 , FCOF-1, FCOF-2, Porphyrin COF-366-Fe , Porphyrin-COF-367, COF-Porph-v2, Pc- COF, DhaTph COF, TpDha COF, COF-OH, TpPa(OH)-COF, TpBD-(NO2), (ICOF-1), ICOF-2, ICOF-3, Sulfated COFs, COF-150, COF-170, COF-1, COF-180, COF-200, COF-300, COF- 300-MeNH2, COF-DHTA , COF-DAAQ ,COF-DRIF2, Azo-COF-1, Azo-COF-2, TFB-DHzD COF , COF-TpBD-(OH)2, COF-SDU1 , EB-COF-1, COF-TpDb , Py-COF, PyTTA-COF, DPP-COF-1, HNU-25, HNU-30, 3D-Py-COF, 3D-CuPc-COF, 3D-Salphen COF, TpPa-F4, COF- TTI, COF-TFPB, AA-COFs, COF-480, COF-482, TPB-DMTP-COF, COF-432, JUC-353, ZIF-7, ZIF-8, ZIF-67, ZIF-71, ZIF-90, ZIF-93, ZIF-94, ZIF-95, ZIF-100, ZIF-300, ZIF-301, ZIF-302, ZIF-L, ZIF-4, ZIF-20, ZIF-25, ZIF-68, ZIF-69, ZIF-78, ZIF-81, ZIF-82, ZIF-204, ZIF- 1, ZIF-2, ZIF-3, ZIF-DRIF2, ZIF-6, ZIF-10, ZIF-11, ZIF-12, ZIF-7 la, ZIF-201, ZIF-202, ZIF- 203, ZIF-DRIF1, ZIF-13, ZIF-15, ZIF-16, ZIF-17, ZIF-18, ZIF-19, ZIF-21, ZIF-22, ZIF-23, ZIF- 24, ZIF-26, ZIF-27, ZIF-28, ZIF-29, ZIF-70, ZIF-DRIF1, ZIF-72, ZIF-73, ZIF-74, ZIF-76, ZIF- 77 , ZIF-79 , ZIF-80 , ZIF-202a, ZIF-8-NH2 , ZIF-8-SO3H , ZIF-8-COOH , ZIF-8-OH , ZIF-67- NFL, ZIF-L-NH2 , ZIF-30, ZIF-31, ZIF-32, ZIF-33, ZIF-34, ZIF-35,ZIF-36, ZIF-37, ZIF-38, ZIF-39, ZIF-40, ZIF-41, ZIF-42, ZIF-DRIF2, ZIF-43, ZIF-44, ZIF-45, ZIF-46, ZIF-47, ZIF-48, ZIF-49, ZIF-50, ZIF-51, ZIF-52, ZIF-53, ZIF-54, ZIF-55, ZIF-56, ZIF-57, ZIF-58, ZIF-59, ZIF- 60, ZIF-61, ZIF-62, ZIF-63, ZIF-64, ZIF-65, ZIF-66, transition metal complexes, cyanometallates, and combinations thereof.

[0099] In a preferred embodiment, the special desiccant material is MOF-DRIF1. In another preferred embodiment, the special desiccant material is MOF-DRIF2. In another preferred embodiment, the special desiccant material is MOF-DRIF3. In another preferred embodiment, the special desiccant material is MOF-DRIF4. In another preferred embodiment, the special desiccant material is MOF-DRIF5.

[0100] In an embodiment, MOF-DRIF1 comprises aluminum metal ion and 2-aminoterephthalic acid ligand. In an embodiment, MOF-DRIF2 comprises zirconium metal ion and 2-aminoterephthalic acid ligand. In an embodiment, MOF-DRIF3 comprises nickel metal ion and 2,5- dihydroxyterephthalic acid ligand. In an embodiment, MOF-DRIF4 comprises iron metal ion and benzene tricarboxylic acid ligand. In an embodiment, MOF-DRIF5 comprises chromium metal ion and terephthalic acid ligand.

[0101] In an embodiment, the special desiccant material comprises at least a metal ion selected from the group consisting of Al, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Cd, In, Sn, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Au, Ti, Pb, Bi, Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, and combinations thereof. In an embodiment, the special desiccant material comprises at least a ligand. In an embodiment, the ligand is selected from the group consisting of Benzene-l,4-dicarboxylic acid, benzene-1,3- dicarboxylic acid, Biphenyl dicarboxylic acid , Azobenzene dicarboxylic acid, 4,4-Bipyridine , l,2-Bis(4-pyridyl)ethane , 2,2-Bipyridine, triazine-l,3,5-tribenzoate, Tetrakis(4- carboxyphenyl)methane, Hexakis(4-carboxyphenyl)benzene, tetrakis(4- carboxyphenyl)porphyrin), Coronene, perylene,2-Butenedioic acid , butanedioic acid , pentanedioic acid , hexanedioic acid , Amino-Hydroxy-terephthalic acid , 2-hydroxypropane-

[0102] 1.2.3 -tricarboxylic acid, 4-hydroxy-3 -methoxybenzoic acid, 3, 4-dihydroxy cinnamic acid , 2,3- dihydroxybutanedioic acid ,1,3,5,7-Adamantane-tetracarboxylic acid ,4,4-Azopyridine, Propanedioic acid , 2,2-Dicyano-4,4-biphenyldicarboxylate, 5,5-Dihydroxy-l,l-binaphthalene-

[0103] 5.5 -di carb oxy late, 4,4,4-s-Triazine-l,3,5-triyltri-p-aminobenzoate, Biphenyl-3,4,5-tricarboxylate,

[0104] 5-(4-Carboxybenzoylamino)-isophthalate, Bicyclo[2, 2, 2]octane-l,4-di carboxylic acid,

[0105] Ethyloxalic acid, 1,4-Benzene dicarboxylic acid, Biphenyl-4,4-dicarboxylic acid, 2,6- Naphthalene dicarboxylic acid, Benzene tribenzoic acid, Benzene tribiphenylcarboxylic acid , Cyclobutyl-l,4-benzene dicarboxylic acid, Terephthalaldehyde, 4,4-Biphenyldicarboxaldehyde,

[0106] 2.5-Dihydroxyterephthalaldehyde, 2,5-Dimethoxyterephthalaldehyde, 2, 3,5,6-

[0107] Tetrafluoroterephthalaldehyde, 2,4,6-Triformylphloroglucinol, 2,4,6-Triformylresorcinol, 1,3,5- Triformylbenzene, l,3,5-Tris(4-formylphenyl)benzene, 2,4,6-Tris(4-formylphenoxy)-l,3,5- triazine, 1,4-Diaminobenzene, 2,5-Diaminobenzenesulfonic acid, 2,2'-Bipyridine-5,5'-diamine,

[0108] 2.6-Diaminoanthraquinone, Tris(4-aminophenyl)amine, l,3,5-Tris(4-aminophenyl)benzene,

[0109] 4.4.4-(l,3,5-Triazine-2,4,6-triyl)trianiline, 2,5,8-Triamino-l,3,4,6,7,9b-heptaazaphenalene,

[0110] Tetrakis(4-aminophenyl)methane, 5,10,15,20-Tetrakis(4-aminophenyl)porphyrin, 1,4- Benzenediboronic acid, 4,4-Biphenyldiboronic acid, 9,9-Dimethylfluorene-2,7-diboronic acid, 2,3,6,7-Naphthalenetetracarboxylic dianhydride, Naphthalene-l,4,5,8-tetracarboxylic dianhydride, 1,2,5,6-Naphthalenetetracarboxylic dianhydride, 3,4,9, 10-Perylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride, 2,3,6,7,10,11-Hexahydroxytriphenylene, Hydrazine monohydrate, 4- Aminobenzohydrazide, Cyanuric chloride, 3, 4-Dihydroxy-3 -cyclobutene- 1,2-dione, 1,1'-(1,4- Phenylene)diurea, Terephthalonitrile, Tetrafluoroterephthalonitrile, p-Xylene dicyanide, Hydrazinecarbohydrazonohydrazide hydrochloride, Benzene-l,3,5-tricarbohydrazide, 2,5-Bis(2- methoxy ethoxy )terephthalohydrazide, Tris(4-formylphenyl)amine, Benzene- 1,3,5- tricarbaldehyde, l,3,6,8-Tetrakis(p-formylphenyl)pyrene, 2,2-Dimethylbenzidine, Benzotri thiophene, 4,4-(2,l,3-Benzothiadiazole-4,7-diyl)dianiline, 5,10,15,20-

[0111] Tetraphenylporphyrin, Tetraphenyl ethene, Tetraphenylmethane, Thiophene, Triphenylene, Tetraphenylpyrene, Tetrathiafulvalene, Hexaazatriphenylene, Dehydrobenzoannulene, Hexaphenylbenzene, Trioxaazatriangulene, Pyrene tetraniline, Tetrakis(4-ethynylphenyl)ethene, 4,4-Diaminodiphenyl ether, 2,6-Diaminopyridine, 2,4,6-Triaminopyrimidine, Tris(4- hydroxyphenyl)methane, l,3,5-Tris(4-hydroxyphenyl)benzene, 1,3,5-Tris(4- hydroxyphenyl)triazine, l,3,5-Tris(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethane, 1,3, 5 -Benzenetri acetic acid, 1,3,5- Benzenetri carbonyl trichloride, Benzene-l,3,5-tricarbonitrile, 4,4,4-Tris(ethynyl)triphenylamine,

[0112] 1.3.5-Tris(4-ethynylphenyl)benzene, 2,4,6-Tris(4-ethynylphenyl)-l,3,5-triazine, Benzene- 1,3,5- tris(sulfonyl chloride), Trimesoyl chloride, 2,4,6-Tris(chlorocarbonyl)-l,3,5-triazine, 2,5- Thiophenedicarboxaldehyde, 2,5-Thiophenediamine, 2,3-Dimethoxyterephthalaldehyde, 2,5- Dinitroterephthalaldehyde, 2,5-Diaminoterephthalic acid, 4, 4-Diamino-3, 3 '-dihydroxybiphenyl, 3,3-Diaminobenzidine, 1,5 -Diaminonaphthalene, 2,6-Diaminonaphthalene, 4,4'-Diaminostilbene,

[0113] 1.3.5-Tris(aminomethyl)benzene, l,3,5-Tris(4-aminophenyl)triazine, 1,3,5-Tris(4- formylphenyl)ethane, l,3,5-Tris(4-formylphenyl)triazine, 2,6-Diformylpyridine, 2,6- Diformylpyridin, l,3,5-Tris(4-aminophenyl)cyclohexane, l,3,5-Tris(4-formylphenoxy)benzene, 2,3,6,7-Tetraaminonaphthalene, 2,3,6,7-Tetrakis(formyl)phenazine, Hexakis(4- aminophenyl)benzene, Imidazole, 2-Methylimidazole, 2-Ethylimidazole, 2-Propylimidazole, 2- Butylimidazole, 2-Isopropylimidazole, 2-Isobutylimidazole, 2-Phenylimidazole, Benzimidazole, 5,6-Dimethylbenzimidazole, 5 -Nitrobenzimidazole, 2 -Nitroimidazole, 4-Nitroimidazole, 2- Chloroimidazole, 4-Chloroimidazole, 2-Bromoimidazole, 2-Iodoimidazole, 2-Fluoroimidazole,

[0114] 4-Fluoroimidazole, 2-Trifluoromethylimidazole, 4-Trifluoromethylimidazole, 2-Cyanoimidazole, 4-Cyanoimidazole, 2-Aminoimidazole, 4-Aminoimidazole, 2-Hydroxyimidazole, 4- Hydroxyimidazole, 4,5-Dihydroxyimidazole, 2-Mercaptoimidazole, 4-Mercaptoimidazole, 2- Carboxyimidazole, 4-Carboxyimidazole, Imidazole-2-carboxaldehyde, Imidazole-4- carboxaldehyde, 1 -Methylimidazole, 1 -Ethylimidazole, 1 -Propylimidazole, 1 -Butylimidazole, 1-

[0115] Benzylimidazole, 2-Isopropenylimidazole, 4-Isopropylimidazole, 2,4-Dimethylimidazole, 2,5-

[0116] Dimethylimidazole, 2,4,5-Trimethylimidazole, 4,5-Dimethylimidazole, 2-Formylimidazole, 4-

[0117] Formylimidazole, 2 -Methoxy imi dazol e, 4 -Methoxy imi dazol e, 2-Ethoxyimidazole, 2-

[0118] Acetylimidazole, 2 -Propi ony limi dazol e, 2-Pyridylimidazole, 4-Pyridylimidazole, 2-

[0119] Thienylimidazole, 2-Furylimidazole, 4-Furylimidazole, 2-Indolylimidazole, N-

[0120] Methylbenzimidazole, N-Ethylbenzimidazole, 2-(2-Hydroxyethyl)imidazole, 2-(2-

[0121] Aminoethyl)imidazole, 2-(2-Carboxyethyl)imidazole, 2-(2-Methoxyethyl)imidazole, 2-

[0122] Vinylimidazole, 4-Vinylimidazole, 2-(4-Nitrophenyl)imidazole, 2-(4-Methoxyphenyl)imidazole, 2-(3-Chlorophenyl)imidazole, 2-(4-Carboxyphenyl)imidazole, 2-(4-Aminophenyl)imidazole, 2-

[0123] (3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)imidazole, 2-(3,5-Dinitrophenyl)imidazole, 2-Naphthylimidazole, 2- Styrylimidazole, 2-(2-Thienylmethyl)imidazole, 2-(2-Furylmethyl)imidazole, 2-(4- Pyridylmethyl)imidazole, 2-(3-Pyridylmethyl)imidazole, 2-Hydroxybenzimidazole, 5- Nitrosobenzimidazole, 2-(Hydroxyphenyl)imidazole, 2-(Sulfonylphenyl)imidazole, 2- (Carboxyphenyl)imidazole, 2-(Aminophenyl)imidazole, 2-Cinnamylimidazole, 2- Acetamidoimidazole, 2-Benzoylimidazole, 2-Isobutyrylimidazole, 2-Naphthoylimidazole, 2- Pyrazinylimidazole, 2-Quinolinylimidazole, E-But-2-enedioic acid, 2,5-dihydroxyterephthalic acid, 4-Amino-l,2,3,5-benzenetetracarboxylic acid, Cyclobutane-l,2,3,4-tetracarboxylic acid, (ethane- l,2-diamine)tetraacetic acid, 1,2,4,5-benzenetetracarboxylic acid, 5-Hydroxyisophthalic acid, 3, 4-dihydroxy -benzoic acid, Benzene-l,3,5-tricarboxylate (BTC), Benzene-l,3-disulfonic acid, 5 -sulfobenzene- 1,3 -dicarboxylic acid, Phenylphosphonic acid, 2, 5 -thiophenedicarboxylic acid, (2-Aminoethyl)phosphonic acid, 2,4,6-trisulfonyl-l,3,5-triazine, lH-imidazole-2- carbaldehyde, 2-Aminoethanesulfonic acid, Naphthalene-2,6-dicarboxylate, 4,4'-((E)-diazene- l,2-diyl)dibenzoic acid, 4,4',4"-nitrilotribenzoic acid, Pyridine-2,5-dicarboxylic acid, Tetra(4- carboxyphenyl)methane, Furan-2,5-dicarboxylic acid, 4,4'-Biphenyldicarboxylic acid, 4, 4', 4"- Tricarboxytriphenylamine, l,3,5-Tris(4-carboxyphenyl)benzene, (4,4',4"-s-triazine-2,4,6-triyl- tribenzoic acid) , (l,3,6,8-tetrakis(p-benzoate)pyrene) , 4,4'-dihydroxy-[l,l'-biphenyl]-3,3'- dicarboxylate , Biphenyl-3,3',5,5'-tetracarboxylic acid. Terephthaldehyde (benzene-1,4- dicarboxaldehyde, 1,3,5-triformylbenzen , Triformylphloroglucinol (Tp) , Pyrene-4,5,9,10- tetracarbaldehyde (Pyrene-TdA) , 1,4-diaminobenzene , 4,4'-diaminodiphenyl ether , 4,4'- diaminodiphenylmethane , 4,4',4'',4'"-(porphyrin-5,10,15,20-tetrayl)tetraaniline , p- phenylenediamine , 4,4'-diaminobiphenyl , succinic acid , 1,4 - butanedicarboxylic acid , 1,4 - butenedicarboxylic acid , 4 - oxopyran - 2,6 - dicarboxylic acid , decanedicarboxylic acid , 1,8 - heptadecanedicarboxylic acid l,6hexanedicarboxylic acid , heptadecanedicarboxylic acid , acetylene dicarboxylic acid , 1,9 - heptadecanedicarboxylic acid , 1,2 - benzenedicarboxylic acid , 1,3 - benzenedicarboxylic acid , 2,3 - pyridinedi carboxylic acid , pyridine - 2,3 - dicarboxylic acid , 1,4 - benzenedicarboxylic acid , p - benzenedicarboxylic acid , imidazole - 2,4 - dicarboxylic acid ,2 - methylquinoline - 3,4 - dicarboxylic acid , quinoline - 2,4 - dicarboxylic acid , quinoxaline - 2,3 - dicarboxylic acid , 6 - chloroquinoxaline - 2,3 - dicarboxylic acid , 1,3 - butadiene - 1,4 - dicarboxylic acid , 4,41- diaminophenylmethane - 3,3'dicarboxylic acid , quinoline - 3,4 - dicarboxylic acid , diimidedicarboxylic acid , pyridine - 2,6 - dicarboxylic acid ,2 - methylimidazole - 4,5 - dicarboxylic acid , 7 - chloro - 4 - hydroxy quinoline - 2,8 - dicarboxylic acid , thiophene - 3,4 - dicarboxylic acid , tetrahydropyran

[0124] - 4,4 - dicarboxylic acid , perylene - 3,9 - dicarboxylic acid , 2 - isopropylimidazole - 4,5- dicarboxylic acid ,perylenedicarboxylic acid , Pluriol E 200dicarboxylic acid , 3,5 - cyclohexadiene - 1,2 - dicarboxylic acid, octanedicarboxylic acid , pentane - 3,3 - carboxylic acid ,3,6 - dioxaoctanedicarboxylic acid , 4,4 ' - diamino - 1,1 * -biphenyl - 3,3 ' - dicarboxylic acid , 4,4 ' - diaminobiphenyl - 3,3 - dicarboxylic acid , benzidine - 3,3 ' - dicarboxylic acid , 1,1 '

[0125] - binaphthyldicarboxylic acid , 1,4 - bis ( phenylamino ) benzene - 2,5dicarboxylic acid , 7 - chloro - 8 - methylquinoline - 2,3-dicarboxylic acid , 1 - anilinoanthraquinone - 2,4 ' - dicarboxylic acid , 1,4 - bis ( carboxymethyl ) piperazine - 2,3 - dicarboxylic acid , phenylinanedicarboxylic acid , 7 - choroquinoline - 3,8- dicarboxylic acid , polytetrahydrofuran 250 - dicarboxylic acid , 1- ( 4 - carboxy ) phenyl - 3- ( 4 - chloro ) phenylpyrazoline - 4 ,5 - dicarboxylic acid , 1,4, 5, 6, 7, 7 - hexachloro - 5 - norbornene - 2 ,3 dicarboxylic acid , 1,3 - dibenzyl - 2 - oxoimidazolidine - 4,5-dicarboxylic acid , 1,4 - cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid , naphthalene - 1,8 - dicarboxylic acid , 1,3 - dibenzyl - 2 - oxoimidazolidine - 4,5 - cis - dicarboxylic acid , 2,2 - biquinoline - 4,4'dicarboxylic acid , 2 - benzoylbenzene - 1,3 - dicarboxylic acid , 3,5-pyrazoledicarboxylic acid, pyridine - 3,4dicarboxylic acid , 3,6,9 - tri oxaundecanedicarboxylic acid , Pluriol E 300 dicarboxylic acid , Pluriol E 400 - dicarboxylic acid, hydroxybenzophenonedicarboxylic acid , Pluriol E 600 - dicarboxylic acid , pyrazole - 3,4 - dicarboxylic acid , bis (4 - aminophenyl) sulfone diimide - dicarboxylic acid , 5,6 - dimethyl -

[0126] 2.3 - pyrazinedicarboxylic acid , bis(4aminophenyl) ether diimide - dicarboxylic acid, 2,3pyrazinedicarboxylic acid , 4,4 ' - di aminodiphenylmethane diimide - dicarboxylic acid , 1,4 - naphthalenedicarboxylic acid , 1,3 - adamantanedicarboxylic acid , 1,8 - naphthalenedicarboxylic acid , 2,6 - naphthalenedicarboxylic acid , 2,3 naphthalenedicarboxylic acid , 8-m ethoxy - 2,3 -n aphthalenedicarboxylic acid , 8 - sulfo - 2,3 - naphthalenedicarboxylic acid , anthracene - 2,3 - dicarboxylic acid , 8 - nitro - 2,3 - naphthalenecarboxylic acid , 2,3 ' - diphenyl - p - terphenyl -

[0127] 4.4 " -dicarboxylic acid , (diphenyl ether) -4,4 - dicarboxylic acid , 4 (IH)oxothiochromene - 2,8 - dicarboxylic acid , imidazole - 4,5dicarboxylic acid , 5 - tert - butyl - 1,3 - benzenedi carboxylic acid , 7,8 - quinolinedicarboxylic acid , 4,5 - imidazoledicarboxylic acid, and combinations thereof.

[0128] In an embodiment, the special desiccant material is a multivariate desiccant. In an embodiment, the special desiccant material is hierarchical desiccant material. In an embodiment, the special desiccant material is non-hierarchical desiccant material.

[0129] In an embodiment, the MOF / ZIF special desiccant material formulated onto and within the porous substrate is 1-dimensional (ID). In an embodiment, the MOF / ZIF special desiccant material formulated onto and within the porous substrate in 2-dimensional (2D). In an embodiment, the MOF / ZIF special desiccant material formulated onto and within the porous substrate is 3-dimensional (3D). In an embodiment, the MOF / ZIF special desiccant material formulated onto and within the porous substrate has hierarchical 3D structure. In an embodiment, the MOF / ZIF special desiccant material formulated onto and within the porous substrate has non-hierarchical 3D structure. In an embodiment, the MOF / ZIF special desiccant material formulated onto and within the porous substrate comprises a first metal ion center and a first organic linker. In an embodiment, the MOF / ZIF special desiccant material formulated onto and within the porous substrate comprises a first metal ion center, a second metal ion center, and a first organic linker. In an embodiment, the MOF / ZIF special desiccant material formulated onto and within the porous substrate comprises a first metal ion center, a first organic linker, and a second organic linker. In an embodiment, the MOF / ZIF special desiccant material formulated onto and within the porous substrate comprises a first metal ion center, a second metal ion center, a first organic linker, and a second organic linker. In an embodiment, the MOF / ZIF special desiccant material formulated onto and within the porous substrate is a MOF / ZIF composite comprising at least a metal ion, at least an organic linker, and at least an additive.

[0130] In an embodiment, the COF special desiccant material formulated onto and within the porous substrate has a 1-dimesional (ID) structure. In an embodiment, the structure is 2-dimesional (2D). In an embodiment, the structure is 3-dimesional (3D), in an embodiment, the COF special desiccant material comprises a first organic linker and a second organic linker.

[0131] In an embodiment, the special desiccant material has Type-I adsorption isotherm. In an embodiment, the special desiccant material has Type-II adsorption isotherm. In an embodiment, the special desiccant material has Type-III adsorption isotherm. In an embodiment, the special desiccant material has Type-IV adsorption isotherm. In an embodiment, the special desiccant material has Type-V adsorption isotherm. In an embodiment, the special desiccant material has Type- VI adsorption isotherm. In an embodiment, the special desiccant material has Type-S adsorption isotherm.

[0132] In an embodiment, the special desiccant material having any S-type adsorption isotherm is characterized by greater than 40% moisture uptake between 50 and 100%RH.

[0133] In another embodiment, the special desiccant material is a hybrid material. Hybrid material can include MOFs, COFs, ZIFs, and those co-synthesized or formulated with an inorganic material.

[0134] In an embodiment, the ratio of special desiccant material to porous substrate is up to 8: 1 by weight.

[0135] In an embodiment, the moisture removal efficiency of the desiccant wheel formulated with special desiccant materials is up to 30% more as compared to desiccant wheel formulated with silica gel desiccant material. In an embodiment, the energy efficiency of the desiccant wheel formulated with special desiccant materials is up to 30% more as compared to desiccant wheel formulated with silica gel desiccant material. In an embodiment, the special desiccant material is thermally stable. In an embodiment, the special desiccant material is hydrothermally stable. In an embodiment, the special desiccant material is hydrolytically stable. In an embodiment, the special desiccant material has fast adsorption kinetics, particularly desorption kinetics. In an embodiment, the special desiccant material has high surface area. In an embodiment, the special desiccant material is crystalline in nature. In an embodiment, the special desiccant material is amorphous in nature. In an embodiment, the special desiccant material is semi-crystalline in nature. In an embodiment, the special desiccant material is a combination of crystalline and amorphous material.

[0136] In an embodiment, the special desiccant material is a composite material, which is a combination of special desiccant material with at least an additive. In an embodiment, the additive improves the kinetics of the special desiccant material. In an embodiment, the additive improves the performance of the special desiccant material. In yet another embodiment, the additive improves the kinetics and performance of the special desiccant material. The additive is selected from the group consisting of graphene, nano carbon-based material, titanium salt, and combinations thereof.

[0137] In an embodiment, the desiccant wheel optionally further comprises an anti-microbial additive such as silver, copper, titanium, nickel salts, and combinations thereof.

[0138] It is understood to a person of ordinary skill in the art that the additives are not restricted to those as recited, and can include further additional additives, which can improve kinetics and / or performance, and / or anti-microbial properties.

[0139] In an embodiment, the honeycomb structure formulated with special desiccant material shows 15-30% enhancement in adsorption performance (water removal) compared to desiccant wheel formulated with conventional desiccants such as silica gel(s) and / or molecular sieve(s).

[0140] In an embodiment, the honeycomb structure formulated with special desiccant material shows 15-30% enhancement in energy efficiency (kg moisture removed per hour per kW) compared to desiccant wheel formulated with conventional desiccants such as silica gel(s) and / or molecular sieve(s).

[0141] In an embodiment, the special desiccant material has an adsorption capacity in a range of 50- 80% of its weight at a relative humidity (RH) of 100%.

[0142] In an embodiment, the honeycomb structure is formulated with a single special desiccant material. In another embodiment, the honeycomb structure is formulated with at least two or more special desiccant materials. In an embodiment, the substrate of the honeycomb structure is a porous substrate. The porous substrate is selected from the group consisting of glass fiber, carbon fiber, ceramic fiber, natural fiber, biosoluble fiber, synthetic fiber, pulp, or composite material or any similar porous tissues. In an embodiment, the porous substrate optionally further comprises at least a rigidifying agent. The rigidifying agent is selected from the group consisting of silica sol, alumina sol, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl acetate, and acrylates. The weight concentration of the rigidifying agent is in the range of 2-15wt%, preferably 2-8wt%.

[0143] In an embodiment, the special desiccant material is formulated onto and within the porous substrate and then converted into a honeycomb matrix, and converted into a wheel / rotor. In an embodiment, the special desiccant material is formulated onto and within the porous substrate using a binder and then converted into a honeycomb matrix, and converted into a wheel / rotor. In an embodiment, the special desiccant material is formulated directly onto and within a honeycomb matrix formed from a porous substrate and then converted into a wheel / rotor.

[0144] In an embodiment, there is provided a method for manufacturing a desiccant wheel, comprising the steps of: (a) providing a porous substrate as substantially described herein; (b) contacting the porous substrate with a first solution comprising a metal salt or an organic linker, and optionally at least a rigidifying agent; (c) forming a honeycomb matrix structure from the porous substrate, the matrix structure comprising a plurality of flutes; (d) contacting the matrix structure with a second solution comprising a metal salt or an organic linker to in situ synthesize a desiccant material onto and within the matrix structure to obtain a formulated honeycomb desiccant matrix; and (e) washing and activating the formulated honeycomb desiccant matrix and forming into a desiccant wheel. In an embodiment, where the first solution comprises a metal salt, the second solution comprises an organic linker. In an embodiment, where the first solution comprises an organic linker, the second solution comprises a metal salt.

[0145] In a particular embodiment, there is provided a method for manufacturing a desiccant wheel, comprising the steps of: (a) preparing a solution A by mixing 2-aminoterephthalic acid with methanol-water solution; (b) preparing a solution B by mixing aluminium sulphate in water; (c) soaking or dipping glass fiber substrate in solution A at room temperature (about 25°C) and forming the substrate into a honeycomb matrix; (d) treating the honeycomb matrix with solution B at a temperature of about 80°C for about 12 hours; (e) drying the honeycomb matrix, followed by washing with methanol -water solution to remove the by-products, followed by activation in a drying / activation chamber. In another particular embodiment, there is provided a method for manufacturing a desiccant wheel, comprising the steps of: (a) preparing a solution A by mixing 2-aminoterephthalic acid with methanol-water solution; (b) preparing a solution B by mixing zirconium chloride in water;

[0146] (c) soaking or dipping glass fiber substrate in solution A at room temperature (about 25°C) and forming the substrate into a honeycomb matrix; (d) treating the honeycomb matrix with solution B at a temperature of about 75°C for about 24 hours; (e) drying the honeycomb matrix, followed by washing with water to remove the by-products, followed by activation in a drying / activation chamber.

[0147] In an embodiment, there is provided a method for manufacturing a desiccant wheel, comprising the steps of: (a) preparing a slurry comprising a desiccant material and a binder; (b) contacting a porous substrate with the slurry to formulate the desiccant material onto and within the porous substrate; (c) forming a honeycomb matrix structure comprising a plurality of flutes from the porous substrate with plurality of flutes to obtain a formulated honeycomb desiccant matrix; and

[0148] (d) activating the formulated honeycomb desiccant matrix and forming into a desiccant wheel.

[0149] In a particular embodiment, there is provided a method for manufacturing a desiccant wheel, comprising the steps of: (a) preparing a slurry by mixing M0F-DRIF1 (aluminum metal ion and 2-aminoterephthalic acid as ligand) with silica sol binder; (b) soaking or dipping glass fiber substrate in the slurry and forming the substrate into a honeycomb matrix; (c) activating the honeycomb matrix in a drying / activation chamber.

[0150] In another particular embodiment, there is provided a method for manufacturing a desiccant wheel, comprising the steps of: (a) preparing a slurry by mixing M0F-DRIF2 (zirconium metal ion and 2-aminoterephthalic acid as ligand) with silica sol binder; (b) soaking or dipping glass fiber substrate in the slurry and forming the substrate into a honeycomb matrix; (c) activating the honeycomb matrix in a drying chamber. In an embodiment, the desiccant wheel of the present invention is for use in battery cell manufacturing cleanrooms. In an embodiment, the desiccant wheel of the present invention is for use in pharmaceutical manufacturing. In an embodiment, the desiccant wheel of the present invention is for use in electronics manufacturing. In an embodiment, the desiccant wheel of the present invention is for use in cold-chain handling. In an embodiment, the desiccant wheel of the present invention is for use in HVAC dehumidifiers. In an embodiment, the desiccant wheel of the present invention is for use in industrial drying.

[0151] In another embodiment, there is provided a method for manufacturing a desiccant wheel, comprising the steps of: (a) obtaining a honeycomb matrix structure formed from a porous substrate, comprising a plurality of flutes; (b) contacting the honeycomb matrix structure with a first solution comprising a metal salt or an organic linker; (c) contacting the honeycomb matrix from step (b) with a second solution comprising a metal salt or an organic linker to in situ synthesize a special desiccant material onto and within the matrix structure to obtain a formulated honeycomb desiccant matrix; and (d) washing and activating the formulated honeycomb desiccant matrix and forming into a desiccant wheel. In an embodiment, where the first solution comprises a metal salt, the second solution comprises an organic linker. In an embodiment, where the first solution comprises an organic linker, the second solution comprises a metal salt.

[0152] In a particular embodiment, there is provided a method for manufacturing a desiccant wheel, comprising the steps of (a) obtaining a honeycomb matrix structure formed from glass fiber substrate, comprising a plurality of flutes; (b) contacting the honeycomb matrix structure with a first solution obtained from mixing 2-aminoterephthalic acid with methanol-water solution; (c) contacting the honeycomb matrix of step (b) with a second solution obtained from mixing aluminium sulphate in water, to obtain a formulated honeycomb desiccant matrix; and (d) washing and activating the formulated honeycomb desiccant matrix and forming into a desiccant wheel.

[0153] In another particular embodiment, there is provided a method for manufacturing a desiccant wheel, comprising the steps of (a) obtaining a honeycomb matrix structure formed from glass fiber substrate, comprising a plurality of flutes; (b) contacting the honeycomb matrix structure with a first solution obtained from mixing 2-aminoterephthalic acid with methanol -water solution; (c) contacting the honeycomb matrix of step (b) with a second solution obtained from mixing zirconium chloride in water, to obtain a formulated honeycomb desiccant matrix; and (d) washing and activating the formulated honeycomb desiccant matrix and forming into a desiccant wheel.

[0154] In yet another embodiment, there is provided a method for manufacturing a desiccant wheel, comprising the steps of (a) obtaining a honeycomb matrix structure formed from a porous substrate, comprising a plurality of flutes; (b) contacting the honeycomb matrix structure with a slurry comprising at least a special desiccant material and a binder to obtain a formulated honeycomb desiccant matrix; and (c) activating the formulated honeycomb desiccant matrix and forming into a desiccant wheel. The porous substrate and the matrix structure is as substantially described herein.

[0155] In a particular embodiment, there is provided a method for manufacturing a desiccant wheel, comprising the steps of (a) obtaining a honeycomb matrix structure formed from a glass fiber substrate, comprising a plurality of flutes; (b) contacting the honeycomb matrix structure with a slurry containing M0F-DRIF1 as desiccant material and silica sol as binder, to obtain formulated honeycomb desiccant matrix; (d) activating the formulated honeycomb desiccant matrix and forming into a desiccant wheel.

[0156] In another particular embodiment, there is provided a method for manufacturing a desiccant wheel, comprising the steps of: (a) obtaining a honeycomb matrix structure formed from a glass fiber substrate, comprising a plurality of flutes; (b) contacting the honeycomb matrix structure with a slurry containing M0F-DRIF2 as desiccant material and silica sol as binder, to obtain formulated honeycomb desiccant matrix; (d) activating the formulated honeycomb desiccant matrix and forming into a desiccant wheel.

[0157] Where the special desiccant material is a MOF, in an embodiment, the first solution comprises at least a metal salt and the second solution comprises at least an organic ligand / linker. In an alternate embodiment, the first solution comprises at least an organic ligand / linker and the second solution comprises at least a metal salt. In an embodiment, the first solution further comprises at least a rigidifying agent.

[0158] In an embodiment, the binder in the slurry can be organic or inorganic. Organic binder can be, but not limited to, cellulose, polymeric resins, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl alcohol, and polyacrylates. Inorganic binder can be, but not limited to, water glass, alumina sol, silica sol, and the like. Addition of functional binders provide additional adsorption at different RH without increasing regeneration temperature.

[0159] In an embodiment, the weight ratio of special desiccant material to porous substrate of the honeycomb matrix is up to 8: 1. In an embodiment, the weight ratio of special desiccant material to porous substrate of the honeycomb matrix is up to 7: 1.

[0160] Furthermore, it is clarified that usage of such special desiccant material in the desiccant wheel increases the overall adsorption performance of the desiccant wheel, or consuming less reactivation energy, preferably both. Accordingly, not only high-performance requirements are achieved by the desiccant wheel of the present invention, but also substantial energy savings are observed.

[0161] In an embodiment, the percent enhancement of moisture removal as compared to conventional silica gel is at least 15% at a regeneration temperature of 50°C, and where desiccant wheel speed is 24 revolutions per hour (RPH) and air flow is 600 cmh. In an embodiment, the percent enhancement of moisture removal as compared to conventional silica gel is up to 30% at a regeneration temperature of 50°C, and where desiccant wheel speed is 24 RPH and air flow is 600 cmh.

[0162] In a particular embodiment, the percent enhancement is about 18% as compared to silica gel, where the regeneration temperature is 50°C, desiccant wheel speed is 24 RPH, air flow is 600 cmh, and where the special desiccant material is MOF-DRIF2.

[0163] In another particular embodiment, the percent enhancement is about 26% as compared to silica gel, where the regeneration temperature is 50°C, desiccant wheel speed is 24 RPH, air flow is 600 cmh, and where the special desiccant material is MOF-DRIF1.

[0164] In an embodiment, the desiccant wheel comprising honeycomb matrix structure formulated with special desiccant material removes at least 1.1kg water per hour as compared to 0.95kg water per hour by silica gel, at a regeneration temperature of 50°C, where desiccant wheel speed is 24 RPH, and air flow is 600 cmh.

[0165] In a particular embodiment, the desiccant wheel removes about 1.12kg water per hour as compared to 0.95kg water per hour by silica gel, at a regeneration temperature of 50°C, where desiccant wheel speed is 24 RPH, air flow is 600 cmh, and where the special desiccant material is MOF-DRIF2.

[0166] In another particular embodiment, the desiccant wheel removes about 1.2kg water per hour as compared to 0.95kg water per hour by silica gel, at a regeneration temperature of 50°C, where desiccant wheel speed is 24 RPH, air flow is 600 cmh, and where the special desiccant material is MOF-DRIFl.

[0167] In an embodiment, the desiccant wheel comprising honeycomb matrix structure formulated with special desiccant material exhibits enhanced energy efficiency in moisture removal. The enhanced energy efficiency (kg / hr / kW) is measured by amount of moisture removed per hour (kg / hr) per kW of energy spent on reactivation. In an embodiment, the percent enhancement of energy efficiency in moisture removal is at least 15% at a regeneration temperature of 50°C, and where desiccant wheel speed is 24 revolutions per hour (RPH) and air flow is 600 cmh. In an embodiment, the percent enhancement of energy efficiency in moisture removal is up to 30% at a regeneration temperature of 50°C, where desiccant wheel speed is 24 revolutions per hour (RPH) and air flow is 600 cmh.

[0168] In a particular embodiment, the percent enhancement is about 18% as compared to silica gel, where the regeneration temperature is 50°C, desiccant wheel speed is 24 RPH, air flow is 600 cmh, and where the special desiccant material is MOF-DRIF2. In a particular embodiment, the percent enhancement is about 26% as compared to silica gel, where the regeneration temperature is 50°C, desiccant wheel speed is 24 RPH, air flow is 600 cmh, and where the special desiccant material is MOF-DRIF1.

[0169] In an embodiment, the desiccant wheel comprising honeycomb matrix structure formulated with special desiccant material removes at least 0.6kg / hr / kW moisture as compared to 0.56kg / hr / kW moisture by silica gel, at a regeneration temperature of 50°C, where desiccant wheel speed is 24 RPH, and air flow is 600 cmh.

[0170] In a particular embodiment, the desiccant wheel comprising honeycomb matrix structure formulated with MOF-DRIF2 removes about 0.66kg / hr / kW moisture as compared to 0.56kg / hr / kW moisture by silica gel, at a regeneration temperature of 50°C, where desiccant wheel speed is 24 RPH, and air flow is 600 cmh.

[0171] In a particular embodiment, the desiccant wheel comprising honeycomb matrix structure formulated with MOF-DRIF1 removes about 0.71kg / hr / kW moisture as compared to 0.56kg / hr / kW moisture by silica gel, at a regeneration temperature of 50°C, where desiccant wheel speed is 24 RPH, and air flow is 600 cmh.

[0172] In an embodiment, the percent enhancement of moisture removal as compared to conventional silica gel is at least 15% at a regeneration temperature of 60°C, where desiccant wheel speed is 24 revolutions per hour (RPH), and air flow is 600 cmh. In an embodiment, the percent enhancement of moisture removal as compared to conventional silica gel is up to 25% at a regeneration temperature of 60°C, where desiccant wheel speed is 24 RPH, and air flow is 600 cmh.

[0173] In a particular embodiment, the percent enhancement is about 15% as compared to silica gel, where the regeneration temperature is 60°C, desiccant wheel speed is 24 RPH, air flow of 600 cmh, and where the special desiccant material is MOF-DRIF2.

[0174] In another particular embodiment, the percent enhancement is 22% as compared to silica gel, where the regeneration temperature is 60°C, desiccant wheel speed is 24 RPH, air flow of 600 cmh, and where the special desiccant material is MOF-DRIF1.

[0175] In an embodiment, the desiccant wheel comprising honeycomb matrix structure formulated with special desiccant material removes at least 1.3kg water per hour as compared to 1.14kg water per hour by silica gel, at a regeneration temperature of 60°C, where desiccant wheel speed is 24 RPH, and air flow is 600 cmh.

[0176] In a particular embodiment, the desiccant wheel removes about 1.31kg water per hour as compared to 1.14kg water per hour by silica gel, at a regeneration temperature of 60°C, where desiccant wheel speed is 24 RPH and air flow of 600 cmh, and where the special desiccant material is MOF-DRIF2.

[0177] In another particular embodiment, the desiccant wheel removes about 1.39kg water per hour as compared to 1.14kg water per hour by silica gel, at a regeneration temperature of 60°C, where desiccant wheel speed is 24 RPH, and air flow is 600 cmh, and where the special desiccant material is MOF-DRIF1.

[0178] In an embodiment, the percent enhancement of energy efficiency in moisture removal is at least 15% at a regeneration temperature of 60°C, where desiccant wheel speed is 24 revolutions per hour (RPH) and air flow is 600 cmh. In an embodiment, the percent enhancement of energy efficiency in moisture removal is up to 30% at a regeneration temperature of 60°C, where desiccant wheel speed is 24 revolutions per hour (RPH) and air flow is 600 cmh.

[0179] In a particular embodiment, the percent enhancement is about 15% as compared to silica gel, where the regeneration temperature is 60°C, desiccant wheel speed is 24 RPH, air flow is 600 cmh, and where the special desiccant material is MOF-DRIF2.

[0180] In a particular embodiment, the percent enhancement is about 21% as compared to silica gel, where the regeneration temperature is 60°C, desiccant wheel speed is 24 RPH, air flow is 600 cmh, and where the special desiccant material is MOF-DRIF1.

[0181] In an embodiment, the desiccant wheel comprising honeycomb matrix structure formulated with special desiccant material removes at least 0.5kg / hr / kW moisture as compared to 0.48kg / hr / kW moisture by silica gel, at a regeneration temperature of 60°C, where desiccant wheel speed is 24 RPH, and air flow is 600 cmh.

[0182] In a particular embodiment, the desiccant wheel comprising honeycomb matrix structure formulated with MOF-DRIF2 removes about 0.55kg / hr / kW moisture as compared to 0.48kg / hr / kW moisture by silica gel, at a regeneration temperature of 60°C, where desiccant wheel speed is 24 RPH, and air flow is 600 cmh.

[0183] In a particular embodiment, the desiccant wheel comprising honeycomb matrix structure formulated with MOF-DRIF1 removes about 0.58kg / hr / kW moisture as compared to 0.48kg / hr / kW moisture by silica gel, at a regeneration temperature of 60°C, where desiccant wheel speed is 24 RPH, and air flow is 600 cmh.

[0184] In an embodiment, the percent enhancement of moisture removal as compared to conventional silica gel is at least 15% at a regeneration temperature of 70°C, where desiccant wheel speed is 24 revolutions per hour (RPH), and air flow is 600 cmh. In an embodiment, the percent enhancement of moisture removal as compared to conventional silica gel is up to 25% at a regeneration temperature of 70°C, where desiccant wheel speed is 24 RPH, and air flow of 600 cmh.

[0185] In a particular embodiment, the percent enhancement is about 18% as compared to silica gel, where the regeneration temperature is 70°C, desiccant wheel speed is 24 RPH, air flow is 600 cmh, and where the special desiccant material is MOF-DRIF2.

[0186] In another particular embodiment, the percent enhancement is about 21% as compared to silica gel, where the regeneration temperature is 70°C, desiccant wheel speed is 24 RPH, air flow is 600 cmh, and where the special desiccant material is MOF-DRIF1.

[0187] In an embodiment, the desiccant wheel comprising honeycomb matrix structure formulated with desiccant material removes at least 1.4kg water per hour as compared to 1.2kg moisture per hour by silica gel, at a regeneration temperature of 70°C, where desiccant wheel speed is 24 RPH, and air flow is 600 cmh.

[0188] In a particular embodiment, the desiccant wheel removes about 1.41kg water per hour as compared to 1.2kg water per hour by silica gel, at a regeneration temperature of 70°C, where desiccant wheel speed is 24 RPH, air flow is 600 cmh, and where the special desiccant material is MOF-DRIF2.

[0189] In another particular embodiment, the desiccant wheel removes about 1.45kg water per hour as compared to 1.2kg water per hour by silica gel, where regeneration temperature is 70°C, desiccant wheel speed is 24 RPH, air flow of 600 cmh, and where the special desiccant material is MOF-DRIFl.

[0190] In an embodiment, the percent enhancement of energy efficiency in moisture removal is at least 15% at a regeneration temperature of 70°C, where desiccant wheel speed is 24 revolutions per hour (RPH) and air flow is 600 cmh. In an embodiment, the percent enhancement of energy efficiency in moisture removal is up to 25% at a regeneration temperature of 70°C, where desiccant wheel speed is 24 revolutions per hour (RPH) and air flow is 600 cmh.

[0191] In a particular embodiment, the percent enhancement is about 15% as compared to silica gel, where the regeneration temperature is 70°C, desiccant wheel speed is 24 RPH and air flow is 600 cmh, and where the special desiccant material is MOF-DRIF2.

[0192] In a particular embodiment, the percent enhancement is about 21% as compared to silica gel, where the regeneration temperature is 70°C, desiccant wheel speed is 24 RPH and air flow is 600 cmh, and where the special desiccant material is MOF-DRIF1. In an embodiment, the desiccant wheel comprising honeycomb matrix structure formulated with desiccant material removes at least 0.45kg / hr / kW moisture as compared to 0.39kg / hr / kW moisture by silica gel, at a regeneration temperature of 70°C, where desiccant wheel speed is 24 RPH, and air flow is 600 cmh.

[0193] In a particular embodiment, the desiccant wheel comprising honeycomb matrix structure formulated with MOF-DRIF2 removes about 0.45kg / hr / kW moisture as compared to 0.39kg / hr / kW moisture by silica gel, at a regeneration temperature of 70°C, where desiccant wheel speed is 24 RPH, and air flow is 600 cmh.

[0194] In a particular embodiment, the desiccant wheel comprising honeycomb matrix structure formulated with MOF-DRIF1 removes about 0.47kg / hr / kW moisture as compared to 0.39kg / hr / kW moisture by silica gel, at a regeneration temperature of 70°C, where desiccant wheel speed is 24 RPH, and air flow is 600 cmh.

[0195] In an embodiment, the desiccant wheel comprising honeycomb matrix structure formulated with special desiccant material exhibits enhanced moisture removal and energy efficiency as substantially described herein.

[0196] The desiccant wheel of the present invention comprising a honeycomb matrix structure formulated with special desiccant materials exhibit enhanced reduction in desorption time (from 100% saturated value to 30% of that value) as compared to desiccant wheel formulated with conventional silica gel desiccant material.

[0197] In a particular embodiment, the enhanced reduction in desorption time (from 100% saturated value to 30% of that value) is about 29% where the special desiccant material is MOF-DRIF1, as compared to silica gel.

[0198] In a particular embodiment, the desorption time (from 100% saturated value to 30% of that value) where the special desiccant material is MOF-DRIF1 is about 9.79 mins as compared to about 13.8 mins in the case of silica gel.

[0199] The desiccant wheel of the present invention comprising a honeycomb matrix structure formulated with special desiccant materials exhibit enhanced water adsorption across relative humidity (RH) ranging from 10-100% as compared to desiccant wheel formulated with conventional silica gel desiccant material. The special desiccant materials have S-curves / isotherms at various ascending RH. In an embodiment, the special desiccant materials have type I-VI curves / isotherms at various ascending RH. In an embodiment, the desiccant wheel comprising honeycomb matrix structure formulated with special desiccant materials exhibit higher water adsorption at 10% to 100% RH as compared to silica gel. In an embodiment, the desiccant wheel comprising honeycomb matrix structure formulated with special desiccant materials exhibit higher water adsorption at 20%, 30%, 50%, 70%, 80%, 90%, or to 100% RH as compared to silica gel.

[0200] In an embodiment, the desiccant wheel formulated with special desiccant material exhibits about 55-115% water adsorption at 100% RH compared to about 32% by desiccant wheel formulated with conventional silica gel desiccant material. In a particular embodiment, the desiccant wheel formulated with MOF-DRIF1 exhibits about 56% water adsorption at 100% RH; the desiccant wheel formulated with MOF-DRIF2 exhibits about 90% water adsorption at 100% RH; the desiccant wheel formulated with MOF-DRIF3 exhibits about 61.5% water adsorption at 100% RH; the desiccant wheel formulated with MOF-DRIF4 exhibits about 73% water adsorption at 100% RH; and the desiccant wheel formulated with MOF-DRIF5 exhibits about 112% water adsorption at 100% RH.

[0201] In an embodiment, the desiccant wheel formulated with special desiccant material exhibits about 48-110% water adsorption at 90% RH compared to about 32.5% by desiccant wheel formulated with conventional silica gel desiccant material. In a particular embodiment, the desiccant wheel formulated with MOF-DRIF1 exhibits about 49% water adsorption at 90% RH; the desiccant wheel formulated with MOF-DRIF2 exhibits about 66% water adsorption at 90% RH; the desiccant wheel formulated with MOF-DRIF3 exhibits about 61% water adsorption at 90% RH; the desiccant wheel formulated with MOF-DRIF4 exhibits about 69.5% water adsorption at 90% RH; and the desiccant wheel formulated with MOF-DRIF5 exhibits about 110% water adsorption at 90% RH.

[0202] In an embodiment, the desiccant wheel formulated with special desiccant material exhibits 45- 110% water adsorption at 80% RH compared to about 32% by desiccant wheel formulated with conventional silica gel desiccant material. In a particular embodiment, the desiccant wheel formulated with MOF-DRIF1 exhibits about 45% water adsorption at 80% RH; the desiccant wheel formulated with MOF-DRIF2 exhibits about 55% water adsorption at 80% RH; the desiccant wheel formulated with MOF-DRIF3 exhibits about 60.5% water adsorption at 80% RH; the desiccant wheel formulated with MOF-DRIF4 exhibits about 64% water adsorption at 80% RH; and the desiccant wheel formulated with MOF-DRIF5 exhibits about 55% water adsorption at 108% RH.

[0203] In an embodiment, the desiccant wheel formulated with special desiccant material exhibits 44- 110% water adsorption at 70% RH compared to about 31% by desiccant wheel formulated with conventional silica gel desiccant material. In a particular embodiment, the desiccant wheel formulated with MOF-DRIF1 exhibits about 44% water adsorption at 70% RH; the desiccant wheel formulated with M0F-DRIF2 exhibits about 52% water adsorption at 70% RH; the desiccant wheel formulated with MOF-DRIF3 exhibits about 60% water adsorption at 70% RH; the desiccant wheel formulated with MOF-DRIF4 exhibits about 62.5% water adsorption at 70% RH; and the desiccant wheel formulated with MOF-DRIF5 exhibits about 106% water adsorption at 70% RH.

[0204] In an embodiment, the desiccant wheel formulated with special desiccant materials exhibits 40- 62% water adsorption at 60% RH compared to about 29% by desiccant wheel formulated with conventional silica gel desiccant material. In a particular embodiment, the desiccant wheel formulated with MOF-DRIF1 exhibits about 42.5% water adsorption at 60% RH; the desiccant wheel formulated with MOF-DRIF2 exhibits about 50% water adsorption at 60% RH; the desiccant wheel formulated with MOF-DRIF3 exhibits about 59.5% water adsorption at 60% RH; the desiccant wheel formulated with MOF-DRIF4 or 5 exhibits about 60% water adsorption at 60% RH.

[0205] In an embodiment, the desiccant wheel formulated with special desiccant material exhibits 40- 60% water adsorption at 50% RH compared to about 25% by desiccant wheel formulated with conventional silica gel desiccant material. In a particular embodiment, the desiccant wheel formulated with MOF-DRIF1 exhibits about 41% water adsorption at 50% RH; the desiccant wheel formulated with MOF-DRIF2 exhibits about 47.5% water adsorption at 50% RH; the desiccant wheel formulated with MOF-DRIF3 exhibits about 59% water adsorption at 50% RH; and the desiccant wheel formulated with MOF-DRIF4 exhibits about 59.5% water adsorption at 50% RH.

[0206] In an embodiment, the desiccant wheel formulated with special desiccant materials exhibits 40- 60% water adsorption at 40% RH compared to about 20% by desiccant wheel formulated with conventional silica gel desiccant material. In a particular embodiment, the desiccant wheel formulated with MOF-DRIF1 exhibits about 40% water adsorption at 40% RH; the desiccant wheel formulated with MOF-DRIF2 exhibits about 45% water adsorption at 40% RH; the desiccant wheel formulated with MOF-DRIF3 exhibits about 57.5% water adsorption at 40% RH; and the desiccant wheel formulated with MOF-DRIF4 exhibits about 52% water adsorption at 40% RH.

[0207] In an embodiment, the desiccant wheel formulated with special desiccant material exhibits 30- 60% water adsorption at 30% RH compared to about 15% by desiccant wheel formulated with conventional silica gel desiccant material. In a particular embodiment, the desiccant wheel formulated with MOF-DRIF1 exhibits about 39% water adsorption at 30% RH; the desiccant wheel formulated with M0F-DRIF2 exhibits about 43% water adsorption at 30% RH; the desiccant wheel formulated with MOF-DRIF3 exhibits about 57.5% water adsorption at 30% RH; and the desiccant wheel formulated with MOF-DRIF4 exhibits about 36.5% water adsorption at 30% RH.

[0208] In an embodiment, the desiccant wheel formulated with special desiccant material exhibits 12- 60% water adsorption at 20% RH compared to about 11% by desiccant wheel formulated with conventional silica gel desiccant material. In a particular embodiment, the desiccant wheel formulated with MOF-DRIF1 exhibits about 37% water adsorption at 20% RH; the desiccant wheel formulated with MOF-DRIF2 exhibits about 40% water adsorption at 20% RH; the desiccant wheel formulated with MOF-DRIF3 exhibits about 56.5% water adsorption at 20% RH; and the desiccant wheel formulated with MOF-DRIF5 exhibits about 13% water adsorption at 20% RH.

[0209] In an embodiment, the desiccant wheel formulated with special desiccant material exhibits 8- 60% water adsorption at 10% RH compared to about 7% by desiccant wheel formulated with conventional silica gel desiccant material. In a particular embodiment, the desiccant wheel formulated with MOF-DRIF1 exhibits about 12% water adsorption at 10% RH; the desiccant wheel formulated with MOF-DRIF2 exhibits about 30% water adsorption at 10% RH; the desiccant wheel formulated with MOF-DRIF3 exhibits about 54% water adsorption at 10% RH; and the desiccant wheel formulated with MOF-DRIF4 exhibits about 8% water adsorption at 10% RH.

[0210] Although, particular embodiments have been disclosed herein in detail, this is for illustrative purposes only and is not intended in any way to limit the intended scope of the invention. Variations and adaptions of the system as described herein do not depart from the spirit and scope of the invention and is within the expertise of a person skilled in the art.

[0211] ADVANTAGES OF THE PRESENT INVENTION

[0212] (a) Lower regeneration temperature (<120 °C, preferably 50-70 °C) vs silica gel;

[0213] (b) Higher moisture removal (kg / hr) vs silica gel;

[0214] (c) Higher energy efficiency (kg / hr / kW) vs silica gel, i.e., specific performance;

[0215] (d) Fast kinetics permitting lower regeneration time and energy requirement; and improved specific performance;

[0216] (e) Long term stability of at least 50,000 cycles for long service life

[0217] (f) Thermal, Hydrothermal and Hydrolytic stability for long service life. EXAMPLES

[0218] Method of making desiccant matrix

[0219] In an exemplary example, the honeycomb matrix formulated with various special desiccant materials [MOF-DRIF1 (aluminium sulphate + 2-aminoterephthalic acid), and MOF-DRIF2 (zirconium chloride + 2-aminoterephthalic acid)] was prepared by methods as substantially disclosed in US 12,263,464 B2.

[0220] Briefly, as shown in Fig. la, in a first method, the porous substrate is contacted with a first solution (solution A), the substrate is rolled to form the honeycomb matrix. Next, the honeycomb matrix is contacted with a second solution (solution B) to form the honeycomb matrix formulated with desiccant material.

[0221] In a second method, briefly, as shown in Fig. lb, the porous substrate is contacted with a slurry comprising the desiccant material and a binder, rolled to form a honeycomb matrix formulated with special desiccant material.

[0222] In a third method, briefly, as shown in Fig. lc, the honeycomb matrix structure is contacted with a first solution (solution A); and thereafter contacted with a second solution (Solution B), to obtain a formulated honeycomb desiccant matrix.

[0223] In a fourth method, briefly, as shown in Fig. Id, the honeycomb matrix structure is contacted with a slurry comprising at least a special desiccant material and a binder, to obtain a formulated honeycomb desiccant matrix.

[0224] In a non-limiting example, the MOF-DRIF1 is formulated by the process as described below.

[0225] (a) in situ formulation

[0226] The solution A is prepared by mixing 2-aminoterephthalic acid with methanolwater solution. The solution B is prepared by mixing aluminium sulphate in water. The glass fiber substrate is soaked / dipped in solution A at room temperature and wound to form a honeycomb matrix. This honeycomb matrix is then treated with solution B at a temperature of 80°C and for a time period of 12 hrs. After completion of the reaction, followed by drying, the honeycomb matrix is washed with methanol -water solution to remove the byproducts, followed by activation in a drying / activation chamber.

[0227] (b) Formulation with binder A slurry is prepared by mixing M0F-DRIF1 with silica sol binder. The substrate is soaked / dipped in this slurry and wound to form a honeycomb matrix, followed by activation in a drying / activation chamber.

[0228] In another non-limiting example, the M0F-DRIF2 is formulated by the process as described below.

[0229] (a) in situ formulation

[0230] The solution A is prepared by mixing 2-aminoterephthalic acid in methanol -water solution. The solution B is prepared by mixing zirconium chloride in water. The glass fiber substrate is soaked / dipped in solution A at room temperature and wound to form a honeycomb matrix. This honeycomb matrix is then treated with solution B at a temperature of 75°C and for a time period of 24 hrs. After completion of the reaction, followed by drying, the honeycomb matrix is washed with water to remove the by-products, followed by activation in a drying / activation chamber.

[0231] (b) Formulation with binder

[0232] A slurry is prepared by mixing M0F-DRIF2 with silica sol binder. The substrate is soaked / dipped in this slurry and wound to form a honeycomb matrix, followed by activation in a drying / activation chamber.

[0233] (II) COFs, Example - COF-DRIF1

[0234] (a) in situ formulation

[0235] The solution A is prepared by mixing 2,4-dihydroxy-l,3,5-triformylbenzene in acetic acid-water solution. The solution B is prepared by mixing di arylpyrimidine in trichlorobenzene-dioxane solution. The glass fiber substrate is soaked / dipped in solution A at room temperature and wound to form a honeycomb matrix. This honeycomb matrix is then treated with solution B at room temperature for a time period of 20 hrs. After completion of the reaction, followed by drying, the honeycomb matrix is washed with trichlorobenzene-dioxane-water solution to remove the by-products, followed by activation in a drying / activation chamber.

[0236] (b) Formulation with binder A slurry is prepared by mixing C0F-DRIF1 with silica sol binder. The substrate is soaked / dipped in this slurry and wound to form a honeycomb matrix, followed by activation in a drying / activation chamber.

[0237] (Ill) ZIFs, Example - ZIF-DRIF1

[0238] (a) in situ formulation

[0239] The solution A is prepared by mixing 4-Methyl-5-imidazolecarboxaldehyde in water. The solution B is prepared by mixing zinc nitrate in water. The glass fiber substrate is soaked / dipped in solution A at room temperature and wound to form a honeycomb matrix. This honeycomb matrix is then treated with solution B at a temperature of 45°C and for a time period of 4 hrs. After completion of the reaction, followed by drying, the honeycomb matrix is washed with water to remove the by-products, followed by activation in a drying / activation chamber.

[0240] (b) Formulation with binder

[0241] A slurry is prepared by mixing ZIF-DRIF1 with silica sol binder. The substrate is soaked / dipped in this slurry and wound to form a honeycomb matrix, followed by activation in a drying / activation chamber.

[0242] Types of desiccant materials

[0243] As shown in Fig. 2, the MOF / ZIF desiccant material formulated onto and within the porous substrate can have a ID, 2D, or 3D structure, where the 3D structure can be non-hierarchical or hierarchical. The MOF desiccant material comprises a first metal ion center and a first organic linker. As shown in Fig. 3a, the MOF / ZIF desiccant material comprises a first and second metal ion center, where the first and second metal ions are different; and a first organic linker, where the organic linker in the MOF / ZIF desiccant material is the same. As seen in Fig. 3b, the MOF / ZIF desiccant material comprises a first metal ion center, where the metal ion is the same in the MOF / ZIF desiccant material; and a first and second organic linker, where the first and second organic linker are different. As shown in Fig. 3c, the MOF / ZIF desiccant material comprises a first and second metal ion center, where the first and second metal ions are different; and a first and second organic linker, where the first and second organic linker are different. As shown in Fig. 4, the MOF / ZIF desiccant material is a MOF / ZIF composite formed from a combination of MOF / ZIF with at least an additive material. It is understood by a person skilled in the art that various typical MOFs / ZIFs can be manufactured by selecting one or more metals and one or more ligands / linkers, which are as substantially disclosed herein. As shown in Fig. 5, the COF desiccant material formulated onto and within the porous substrate can have a ID, 2D, or 3D structure, where the COF desiccant material comprises a first organic linker and a second organic linker.

[0244] Example 1

[0245] Compared to conventional (silica gel) material, the special desiccant materials exhibit a 15-30% higher performance in terms of moisture removed (kg) per hour when formulated into a rotating desiccant wheel under same operating conditions. The moisture removal efficacy (kg / hr) of the desiccant wheels comprising the honeycomb matrix formulated with the special desiccant materials was evaluated in comparison to silica gel as desiccant material, which is widely used conventionally in dehumidification systems. For the purposes of this example, the operating conditions were optimized as follows: air flow was maintained at 600 cmh (cubic meter per hour), rotor speed of the desiccant wheel was maintained at 24 RPH (revolutions per hour), and regeneration temperature was kept at 50, 60, or 70°C. The results are provided in Table 1 below.

[0246] Table 1

[0247] As seen in Table 1 above, it can be seen that for the desiccant wheel comprising honeycomb matrix formulated with MOF-DRIF1, operating under the conditions of 600 cmh, 24 RPH, and 50°C regeneration temperature, there is about a 26% enhancement in moisture removal (kg moisture removal per hour) as compared to a desiccant wheel comprising silica gel as desiccant material, operating under identical conditions. A similar enhancement in moisture removal is also seen in the case of M0F-DRIF2, though in the case of M0F-DRIF2 the enhancement is about 18%.

[0248] It can also be seen that for the desiccant wheel comprising honeycomb matrix formulated with M0F-DRIF1, operating under the conditions of 600 cmh, 24 RPH, and 60°C regeneration temperature, there is about a 22% enhancement in moisture removal (kg moisture removal per hour) as compared to a desiccant wheel comprising silica gel as desiccant material, operating under identical conditions. A similar enhancement in moisture removal is also seen in the case of MOF-DRIF2, though in the case of MOF-DRIF2 the enhancement is about 15%.

[0249] Further, it can also be seen that for the desiccant wheel comprising honeycomb matrix formulated with MOF-DRIF1, operating under the conditions of 600 cmh, 24 RPH, and 70°C regeneration temperature, there is about a 21% enhancement in moisture removal (kg moisture removal per hour) as compared to a desiccant wheel comprising silica gel as desiccant material, operating under identical conditions. A similar enhancement in moisture removal is also seen in the case of MOF-DRIF2, though in the case of MOF-DRIF2 the enhancement is about 18%.

[0250] In each of the cases above, it can be seen that MOF-DRIF1 and MOF-DRIF2 exhibit enhanced efficiency in moisture removal (kg moisture removal per hour) even at lower regeneration temperatures, as compared to silica gel. In fact, the performance of MOF-DRIF1 and MOF- DRIF2, relative to silica gel, appears to be enhanced at lower regeneration temperatures (50°C as compared to 70°C). This is of particular relevance as regeneration temperature refers to the temperature at which a desiccant material is heated to release the moisture it has adsorbed. This regeneration is crucial for recycling and reusing the desiccant in dehumidification systems. These data also show that for the purposes of efficiencies of moisture removal as a function of time, the special desiccant materials, MOF-DRIF1, and MOF-DRIF2 are superior and preferred over conventionally used desiccant materials such as silica gel.

[0251] Example 2

[0252] Further to determination of moisture removal efficacy of the desiccant wheel as per Example 1, the energy efficiency of the said desiccant wheel in moisture removal was also determined (at same operating conditions as in Example 1). The energy efficiency was determined basis moisture removed per hour (kg / hr) per kW of energy spent. In other words, a higher amount of moisture removed per hour per kW energy spent on reactivation / regeneration, would be indicative of higher energy efficiency. The results are provided in Table 2 below. Table 2

[0253] As seen in Table 2 above, it can be appreciated that in contrast to a desiccant wheel formulated with conventionally used desiccant material (silica gel), a desiccant wheel formulated with the special desiccant materials M0F-DRIF1 or M0F-DRIF2, at regeneration temperature of 50°C, the desiccant wheel formulated with M0F-DRIF1 exhibits a 26% increase in moisture removal per hour per kW (kg / hr / kW) as compared to silica gel. M0F-DRIF2 also shows an increase in moisture removal per hour per kW (kg / hr / kW) as compared to silica gel, at regeneration temperature of 50°C, though in the case of MOF-DRIF2, the increase is 18%.

[0254] Increase in moisture removal per hour per kW (kg / hr / kW) by MOF-DRIF1 (21%) and MOF- DRIF2 (15%) as compared to silica gel is also seen at regeneration temperature of 60°C. Further, even at a regeneration temperature of 70°C, the desiccant wheel formulated with M0F-DRIF1 or M0F-DRIF2 shows 21% and 15% enhancement respectively in moisture removal per hour per kW (kg / hr / kW) as compared to desiccant wheel formulated with silica gel. This is of particular relevance as in desiccant systems, a substantial amount of energy is required to be spent on regeneration, with higher regeneration temperatures requiring higher energy input. These data also show that for the purposes of energy efficiencies in moisture removal, as the special desiccant materials M0F-DRIF1, and M0F-DRIF2 are superior and preferred over widely conventionally used materials such as silica gel.

[0255] Overall, the data trend as seen in Table 1 and Table 2 of the examples above, show that the desiccant wheel of the present invention, formulated with the special desiccant materials, MOF- DRIF1, or M0F-DRIF2, adsorb more moisture than silica gel under identical operating conditions, however, this enhanced moisture adsorption is not at the cost of an energy penalty (reactivation energy). In fact, the desiccant wheel formulated with M0F-DRIF1 or M0F-DRIF2 adsorbs more water per hour per kW than silica gel, which indicates that the present invention is superior than conventional desiccant wheels known in the art in terms of both moisture adsorption and energy efficiency.

[0256] Example 3

[0257] The efficacy of the desiccant wheel comprising the honeycomb matrix formulated with the special desiccant materials was also evaluated in comparison to silica gel with regard to adsorption / desorption kinetics, particularly desorption time. Briefly, desorption time refers to the time it takes for a substance (moisture in this case) to be released from a surface of material after having been adsorbed. In desorption of a rotary desiccant wheel, faster kinetics of desorption in many cases play a critical and significant role in the overall performance, rotational speed and heat carry over, etc. of the rotary desiccant wheel. The special desiccant materials used in the construction of the desiccant wheel covered by this invention exhibit a much faster adsorption characteristics as compared to the benchmark / conventional silica gel material. Briefly, the loaded samples were initially stabilized at set low RH (0% RH) and set temperature of 25 °C, following water sorption- water desorption at the same temperature. The data was measured over 5 cycles.

[0258] Table 3 below depicts the desorption times of the desiccant wheel of the present invention, comprising honeycomb matrix formulated with silica gel or MOF-DRIF1.

[0259] Table 3

[0260] As seen in Table 3 above, desiccant wheel comprising honeycomb matrix formulated with silica gel exhibits a total desorption (from 100% saturated value to 30% of that value) time of 13.8 mins. In contrast, desiccant wheel comprising honeycomb matrix formulated with MOF-DRIF1 exhibits a total desorption (from 100% saturated value to 30% of that value) time of 9.79 mins, under identical conditions which represents an improvement of about 29% less time taken by the desiccant wheel formulated with MOF-DRIF1 as compared to silica gel. In view of the same, advantageously, because of lower desorption time, the desiccant wheel of the present invention formulated with the special desiccant materials can potentially be operated at higher RPH. Example 4

[0261] The water uptake of the desiccant wheel of the present invention comprising honeycomb matrix formulated with the special desiccant materials, MOF-DRIF1, MOF-DRIF2, MOF-DRIF3, MOF-DRIF4, or MOF-DRIF5 was also evaluated across relative humidity (RH) ranging from 10-100%, results of which are shown in Table 4 below. A graphical representation of the water adsorption trend from 10-100% RH is also shown in Fig. 6.

[0262] Table 4 As seen in Table 4 above, at 100% RH, percent water adsorption by silica gel is 32.6% (in other words, at 100% RH, silica gel adsorbs up to about 0.32 times its weight). In contrast, at identical conditions, each of MOF-DRIF1 through MOF-DRIF5 is able to adsorb more moisture than silica gel, from up to about 0.56 times its weight (MOF-DRIF1) to about 1.12 times (MOF- DRIF5).

[0263] At 90% RH, silica gel adsorbs about 0.32 times its weight. In contrast, at identical conditions, each of MOF-DRIF1 through MOF-DRIF5 is able to adsorb more moisture than silica gel, from up to about 0.49 times its weight (MOF-DRIF1) to about 1.1 times (MOF-DRIF5).

[0264] At 80% RH, silica gel adsorbs about 0.32 times its weight. In contrast, at identical conditions, each of MOF-DRIF1 through MOF-DRIF5 is able to adsorb more moisture than silica gel, from up to about 0.45 times its weight (MOF-DRIF1) to about 1.08 times (MOF-DRIF5).

[0265] At 70% RH, silica gel adsorbs about 0.31 times its weight. In contrast, at identical conditions, each of MOF-DRIF1 through MOF-DRIF5 is able to adsorb more moisture than silica gel, from up to about 0.44 times its weight (MOF-DRIF1) to about 1.06 times (MOF-DRIF5).

[0266] At 60% RH, silica gel adsorbs about 0.29 times its weight. In contrast, at identical conditions, each of MOF-DRIF1 through MOF-DRIF5 is able to adsorb more moisture than silica gel, from up to about 0.42 times its weight (MOF-DRIF1) to about 0.61 times (MOF-DRIF4, and MOF- DRIF5).

[0267] At 50% RH, silica gel adsorbs about 0.25 times its weight. In contrast, at identical conditions, each of MOF-DRIF1 through MOF-DRIF4 is able to adsorb more moisture than silica gel, from up to about 0.41 times its weight (MOF-DRIF1) to about 0.595 times (MOF-DRIF4).

[0268] At 40% RH, silica gel adsorbs about 0.2 times its weight. In contrast, at identical conditions, each of MOF-DRIF1 through MOF-DRIF4 is able to adsorb more moisture than silica gel, from up to about 0.4 times its weight (MOF-DRIF1) to about 0.585 times (MOF-DRIF3).

[0269] At 30% RH, silica gel adsorbs about 0.15 times its weight. In contrast, at identical conditions, each of MOF-DRIF1 through MOF-DRIF4 is able to adsorb more moisture than silica gel, from up to about 0.365 times its weight (MOF-DRIF4) to about 0.575 times (MOF-DRIF3).

[0270] At 20% RH, silica gel adsorbs about 0.11 times its weight. In contrast, at identical conditions, each of MOF-DRIF1 through MOF-DRIF4 is able to adsorb more moisture than silica gel, from up to about 0.13 times its weight (MOF-DRIF4) to about 0.565 times (MOF-DRIF3). At 10% RH, silica gel adsorbs about 0.07 times its weight. In contrast, at identical conditions, each of M0F-DRIF1 through MOF-DRIF4 is able to adsorb more moisture than silica gel, from up to about 0.08 times its weight (MOF-DRIF4) to about 0.54 times (MOF-DRIF3).

[0271] Overall, these data showcase that the desiccant wheel of the present invention formulated with the special desiccant materials, MOF-DRIF1 through MOF-DRIF5, exhibit higher adsorption, which can potentially allow for more compact systems and better performance.

[0272] Example 6

[0273] Next, the thermal stability of the special desiccant materials was evaluated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), which illustrates the thermal stability of the material by showing the change in weight of a sample material on heating. The TGA curve typically plots weight loss or gain as against temperature or time, thus revealing where and how a material decomposes or undergoes other thermal changes. The special desiccant materials formulated onto and within the honeycomb matrix wheel of this invention are characterized by good thermal stability and are stable up to higher temperatures at least up to 200°C (data not shown).

[0274] Example 7

[0275] The hydrolytic stability of the special desiccant materials (MOF-DRIF1 and MOF-DRIF2) was also evaluated using XRD test carried out pre- and post-exposure of the desiccant material to a saturated NaCl solution at 40°C for a specific period of time, i.e., 28 days. Hydrolytic stability refers to the resistance of a material to breakdown or degradation upon exposure to water or high humidity. The special desiccant materials formulated onto and within the honeycomb matrix wheel of the present invention are characterized by excellent hydrolytic stability and show no diversion from XRD pattern even in accelerated conditions (data not shown).

[0276] Example 8

[0277] The special desiccant materials formulated onto and within the honeycomb matrix wheel of the present invention are characterized by high surface area and pore diameter of less than 15A as shown in Table 5 below.

[0278] Table 5 Example 9

[0279] Cyclic performance test

[0280] The special desiccant materials (MOF-DRIF1) formulated onto and within the honeycomb matrix wheel of the present invention was also evaluated for performance over repeated cycles, results of which are shown in Table 6 below. As seen in Table 6, the desiccant wheel formulated with M0F-DRIF1 shows highly consistent performance over at least 160,800 cycles as evidenced by moisture removal (kg / hr) after 160,800 cycles. It can be seen that there is a performance drop (kg moisture removal / hr) of only about 1.2% at 160,800 cycles as compared to about 1.5% drop in the case of silica gel, at 50°C regeneration temperature. At 60° regeneration temperature, in the case of desiccant wheel formulated with MOF-DRIF1, the performance drop is only about 4.3% at 160,800 cycles as compared to about 5.5% drop in the case of silica gel. In both the cases, it is seen that the special materials outperform conventional silica gel based desiccant wheel in terms of performance consistency (lower reduction / loss in moisture removal rate), while at the same time, the moisture removal / hr in the case of the special desiccant materials is more than silica gel. In case of silica gel, the stabilized performance considered is after 5-10 cycles.

[0281] Table 6

[0282] Overall, these data as shown in Tables 1-6 show the superior efficacy (moisture removal), (energy) efficiency, and longevity (cycles) of the desiccant wheel of the present invention formulated with special desiccant materials. Unlike conventional desiccant materials like silica gel, the special MOFs as exemplified herein, provide for superior performance parameters, which is neither contemplated, nor expected in the art. Furthermore, as shown, the desiccant wheel of the present invention, formulated with special desiccant materials such as MOF-DRIF1 or MOF-DRIF2, show enhanced cyclic performance without performance degradation, which has not been previously contemplated, let alone demonstrated outside of silica gel based desiccant wheels.

Claims

We Claim:

1. A desiccant wheel comprising:(a) a honeycomb matrix structure, said honeycomb matrix structure comprising a plurality of honeycomb flutes, the honeycomb matrix structure comprising a porous substrate; and(b) at least a special desiccant material formulated onto and within the porous substrate; wherein the special desiccant material is selected from the group consisting of Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs), Covalent Organic Frameworks (COFs), Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework (ZIFs), an inorganic material, and combinations thereof; wherein the special desiccant material is characterized by at least one or more of properties where the special desiccant material is porous; the special desiccant material is microporous having a pore size less than 15 Angstrom; the special desiccant material has a surface area between 500 to 10,000 m2 / g; the special desiccant material has a regeneration temperature below 120°C; and the special desiccant material offers sustained performance over at least 50,000 repeated operational cycles; wherein the energy requirement of the desiccant wheel with special desiccant material capable of being regenerated at < 120°C is at least 10% less, in terms of kW / kg of water removed, compared to desiccant wheel with silica gel-type desiccant material, at identical operating conditions; and wherein the moisture removal capacity of the desiccant wheel with special desiccant material capable of being regenerated at < 120°C is at least 10% more, in terms of kg of water removal / kg of air, compared to desiccant wheel with silica-gel type desiccant material, at identical operating conditions.

2. The desiccant wheel as claimed in claim 1, wherein the special desiccant material is selected from the group consisting of hierarchical desiccant material, non-hierarchical desiccant material, multivariate desiccant material, and combinations thereof.

3. The desiccant wheel as claimed in claim 1, wherein the special desiccant material has Type-I adsorption isotherm, Type-II adsorption isotherm, Type-III adsorption isotherm, Type-IV adsorption isotherm, Type-V adsorption isotherm, Type- VI adsorption isotherm or any S-type adsorption isotherm.

4. The desiccant wheel as claimed in claim 3, wherein the S-type adsorption isotherm is characterized by greater than 40% moisture uptake between 50 and 100% RH.

5. The desiccant wheel as claimed in claim 1, wherein the ratio of special desiccant material to porous substrate is up to 8: 1 by weight.

6. The desiccant wheel as claimed in claim 1, wherein the plurality of the honeycomb flutes has a cross-section which is polygonal, square, triangular, circular, sinusoidal, rectangular, hexagonal, straight, zig-zag, skewed, or herringbone.

7. The desiccant wheel as claimed in claim 1, wherein the flute pitch is in the range of 2.5 - 5 mm and flute height is in the range of 1.0 - 3 mm.

8. The desiccant wheel as claimed in claim 1, wherein the honeycomb matrix structure comprises a rolled single facer, or a plurality of stacked facers.

9. The desiccant wheel as claimed in claim 1, wherein the desiccant wheel with special desiccant material has a regeneration temperature of <70°C, <60°C, or <50°C; up to 30% more moisture removal in terms of kg of water removal / kg of air; and up to 30% more energy efficiency, in terms of kW / kg of water removed, as compared to desiccant wheel with silica gel desiccant material, at identical operating conditions.

10. The desiccant wheel as claimed in claim 1, wherein the desiccant wheel matrix moisture desorption (down to 30% saturation) time is at least 60% less as compared to silica gel desiccant wheel matrix.

11. The desiccant wheel as claimed in claim 1, wherein the desiccant wheel matrix material has moisture adsorption capacity in the range of 0.5 to 1.8 times of its weight at a relative humidity (RH) of 100%.

12. The desiccant wheel as claimed in claim 1, wherein the special desiccant material is selected from the group consisting of CAU-10H, CAU-23, CAU-30, MIL-16O(A1), aluminum fumarate, aluminum terephthalate, UiO-66, UiO-66-NH2, UiO-67, MOF-801, MOF-802, MOF-841, PCN-222, MIL-100(Fe), MIL-lOl(Fe), MIL-53(Fe), MIL-lOl(Cr), MIL-lOO(Cr), MIL-53(Cr), HKUST-1, Cu-BDC, MIL-125(Ti), NH2-MIL-125(Ti), Ni-CPO-27, MOF- 808, NU-1000, NU-1200, MOF-802, C02CI2BTDD, Cr-soc-MOF-1, MOF-573, MOF-805, MOF-8O6, MOF-812, MIL-53(A1), Co-MOF-74, Mg-MOF-74, NOTT-400, MIL-121 , CAU-3, MFM-300, Al-NDC, Ga-soc-MOF, IRMOF-1, IRMOF-3, MOF-177, MOF-205, MOF-210, PCN-124, MIL-68(In), MOF-DRIF2, Cu-TDPAT, Zn-TDPAT, UiO-68, MIL-88,PCN-333, NU-1400, MOF-525, SIFSIX, M0F-DRIF3, TIFSIX, Cu-BTTri, MIL-125(Ti), NIL-MIL- 125(Ti), MOF-573, MOF-525, Bio-MOF-U, M0F-DRIF4, Tb-mesoMOF, Cu- TCPP, Zr-NDC, BUT-17, FJI-HMOF , Al-MOF-235 , AI-MIL-69, Al-PMOF, MIL-47(V) , MIL-68(Ga), Fe-soc-MOF , Cu-MOF-505 , Cu-TZP, Cu-TPT, Cu-CPF-5, RE-fcu-MOFs, Ce-UiO-66, Ce-UiO-67, Yb-MOFs (Yb-MOF-76), MOF-DRIF5, Mg-MOF-235, Zn-MOF- 235, Bio-MOF-lOO , UTSA-16 (Cu-TATB) , UTSA-60, DUT-67(Zr) , DUT-4(A1) , [Ni2(dobdc)] , Zn-Triazolate PCPs, MOF-DRIF1, M0R0F-1, MOF-841(Sc) , CAU-21, CAU-36, ZrTUD-1 , InOF-1 , Ni-MOF-202 , Zn-MOF-74 , KMF-1 , CAU-26, FIR-53, UiO- 611, UiO-67, UiO-68 , Ni8(OH)4(BDC)6(DUT-8(Ni)), Ti3-MIL-88B-NH2, CAU-13 , SBMOF-1 , SBMOF-2, MFU-4 , MFU-41 , FMOF-1 , FMOF-2 , CAU-13, IR-MOF-8, DMOF(Zn), CAU-21, CAU-26 , CAU-36 , MIP-200 (Al) , Al-PF-1 , ICR-2, ICR-7, PCN-777 (Zr) , BUT-66 (Zr) , PCN-608 (Zr) , DUT-52 (Zr) , MIP-202(Zr) , IFP-1 , IFP- 8, MAF-X27-Fe , MAF-X8-C0, DMOF-1 , NKMOF-l-Ni , CPL-2 , CPL-4 (Ni(pyz)(NO3)2) , InOF-1 , FIR-53, MOF-199 , MFM-300(In) , MIL-68(In)-BDC-NO2, Ti- CAT-5 , Ti-HTA-1 , CAU-22-Ln , MOF-76-Ln , PCP-Ln, MIL-96(A1) , MIL- 140 A (Zr) , Cu-BDC-BPY, Cu-BPyDC , Cu-QPTC , Zn-TBAPy , Z JU-28 , POST-66 , CAU-24 , ALF-1, MOF-5, UiO-66-(OH)2, UiO-66-(COOH)2, UiO-66-Br, UiO-66-(CF3)2, MOF-303, UiO-67- NBL, UiO-67-(OH)2, MOF-8OI-SO4, MOF-802-NBL, MOF-802-(OH)2, NU-1100, NU-1101, NU-1103, MIL-12O(A1), MIL-122(A1), MIL-53-NH2(Al), MIL-53-(OH)2(Al), CAU-10- COOH, CAU-IO-OH, CAU-12, CAU-15, Al-TCPP-MOF, MIL-53-NH2(Fe), MIL-68(Fe), MIL-127(Fe), PCN-250(Fe), Fe-BDC-NO2MOFs, Fe-BTC-NBL, Fe-BPDC, Cu-BTC-NBL, Cu-TATB , Cu-TPA, Cu-PMOF, Cu-HHTP , Cu-CP-MOFs , Zn-MOF-74-NTL , Mg-dobpdc, Ni-dobpdc, Co-CUK-1, Co-MOF-253, JLU-Liu-10, JLU-Liu-20, AZMOF-1, AZMOF-2, FJI-MOF-8, FJI-MOF-11, FJU-90, CPM-200-In, MIP-200-NIL, NENU-500, NENU-511, UiO-66-SO3H, UiO-67-SO3H, PCN-224, PCN-225, Mg2(dobpdc), TpPa-1, TpPa-2, COF-1, COF-5, COF-6, COF-8, TpBD, COF-LZU1, Tp-Azo, COF-300, TpTt, COF-42, COF-43, N- COF, TpNDI, COF-JLU6, TpBpy, COF-320, PyVg-COF, Tp-DANT-COF, COF-366, Tp- DMTP-COF, COF-PI, Tp-Eth, COF-OMe, COF-F, Tp-Ph, COF-BPDA, COF-TpPa-NH2, COF-TBD: COF-102, COF-103, COF-108, COF-202, COF-203, COF-432, COF-505, TpPa- NO2,COF-DRIF1 COF-506, COF-507, COF-508, COF-909, COF-910, COF-912, COF-919, COF-920, CTF-1, CTF-2, CTF-3, CTF-4, TAPT-COF, HT-COF, COF-F3, FCTF-1, PcPBBA, FCTF-2 , FCOF-1, FCOF-2, Porphyrin COF-366-Fe , Porphyrin-COF-367, COF- Porph-v2, Pc-COF, DhaTph COF, TpDha COF, COF-OH, TpPa(OH)-COF, TpBD-(NO2), (ICOF-1), ICOF-2, ICOF-3, Sulfated COFs, COF-150, COF-170, COF-1, COF-180, COF- 200, COF-300, COF-300-MeNH2, COF-DHTA , COF-DAAQ ,COF-DRIF2, Azo-COF-1,Azo-COF-2, TFB-DHzD COF , COF-TpBD-(OH)2, COF-SDU1 , EB-COF-1, COF-TpDb , Py-COF, PyTTA-COF, DPP-COF-1, HNU-25, HNU-30, 3D-Py-COF, 3D-CuPc-COF, 3D-Salphen COF, TpPa-F4, COF-TTI, COF-TFPB, AA-COFs, COF-480, COF-482, TPB- DMTP-COF, COF-432, JUC-353, ZIF-7, ZIF-8, ZIF-67, ZIF-71, ZIF-90, ZIF-93, ZIF-94, ZIF-95, ZIF-100, ZIF-300, ZIF-301, ZIF-302, ZIF-L, ZIF-4, ZIF-20, ZIF-25, ZIF-68, ZIF-69, ZIF-78, ZIF-81, ZIF-82, ZIF-204, ZIF-1, ZIF-2, ZIF-3, ZIF-DRIF2, ZIF-6, ZIF-10, ZIF- 11, ZIF-12, ZIF-71a, ZIF-201, ZIF-202, ZIF-203, ZIF-DRIF1, ZIF-13, ZIF-15, ZIF-16, ZIF- 17, ZIF-18, ZIF-19, ZIF-21, ZIF-22, ZIF-23, ZIF-24, ZIF-26, ZIF-27, ZIF-28, ZIF-29, ZIF-70, ZIF-DRIF1, ZIF-72, ZIF-73, ZIF-74, ZIF-76, ZIF-77 , ZIF-79 , ZIF-80 , ZIF-202a, ZIF- 8-NH2 , ZIF-8-SO3H , ZIF-8-COOH , ZIF-8-OH , ZIF-67-NH2, ZIF-L-NH2 , ZIF-30, ZIF- 31, ZIF-32, ZIF-33, ZIF-34, ZIF-35,ZIF-36, ZIF-37, ZIF-38, ZIF-39, ZIF-40, ZIF-41, ZIF- 42, ZIF-DRIF2, ZIF-43, ZIF-44, ZIF-45, ZIF-46, ZIF-47, ZIF-48, ZIF-49, ZIF-50, ZIF-51, ZIF-52, ZIF-53, ZIF-54, ZIF-55, ZIF-56, ZIF-57, ZIF-58, ZIF-59, ZIF-60, ZIF-61, ZIF-62, ZIF-63, ZIF-64, ZIF-65, ZIF-66, transition metal complexes, cyanometallates, and combinations thereof.

13. The desiccant wheel as claimed in claim 1, wherein the special desiccant material has at least a metal selected from the group consisting of Al, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Cd, In, Sn, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Au, Ti, Pb, Bi, Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, and combinations thereof.

14. The desiccant wheel as claimed in claim 1, wherein the special desiccant material has at least a ligand selected from the group consisting of Benzene- 1,4-dicarboxylic acid, benzene-1,3- dicarboxylic acid, Biphenyl dicarboxylic acid , Azobenzene dicarboxylic acid, 4,4- Bipyridine , l,2-Bis(4-pyridyl)ethane , 2,2-Bipyridine, triazine-l,3,5-tribenzoate, Tetrakis(4-carboxyphenyl)methane, Hexakis(4-carboxyphenyl)benzene, tetrakis(4- carboxyphenyl)porphyrin), Coronene, perylene,2-Butenedioic acid , butanedioic acid , pentanedioic acid , hexanedioic acid , Amino-Hydroxy-terephthalic acid , 2- hydroxypropane-l,2,3-tricarboxylic acid, 4-hydroxy-3 -methoxybenzoic acid, 3,4- dihydroxycinnamic acid , 2,3-dihydroxybutanedioic acid ,1,3,5,7-Adamantane- tetracarboxylic acid ,4,4-Azopyridine, Propanedioic acid , 2,2-Dicyano-4,4- biphenyldicarboxylate, 5,5-Dihydroxy-l, l-binaphthalene-5,5-dicarboxylate, 4,4,4-s-Triazine-l,3,5-triyltri-p-aminobenzoate, Biphenyl-3,4,5-tricarboxylate, 5-(4- Carboxybenzoylamino)-isophthalate , Bicyclo[2, 2, 2]octane- 1,4-dicarboxylic acid,Ethyloxalic acid, 1,4-Benzene dicarboxylic acid, Biphenyl-4,4-dicarboxylic acid, 2,6- Naphthalene dicarboxylic acid, Benzene tribenzoic acid, Benzene tribiphenylcarboxylic acidCyclobutyl- 1 ,4-benzene dicarboxylic acid, Terephthalaldehyde, 4,4-Biphenyldicarboxaldehyde, 2,5-Dihydroxyterephthalaldehyde, 2,5-Dimethoxyterephthalaldehyde, 2,3,5,6-Tetrafluoroterephthalaldehyde, 2,4,6- Triformylphloroglucinol, 2,4,6-Triformylresorcinol, 1,3,5-Triformylbenzene, 1,3,5-Tris(4- formylphenyl)benzene, 2,4,6-Tris(4-formylphenoxy)-l,3,5-triazine, 1,4-Diaminobenzene,2.5-Diaminobenzenesulfonic acid, 2,2'-Bipyridine-5,5'-diamine, 2,6-Diaminoanthraquinone,Tris(4-aminophenyl)amine, l,3,5-Tris(4-aminophenyl)benzene, 4,4,4-(l,3,5-Triazine-2,4,6- triyl)trianiline, 2,5,8-Triamino-l,3,4,6,7,9b-heptaazaphenalene, Tetrakis(4- aminophenyl)methane, 5,10,15,20-Tetrakis(4-aminophenyl)porphyrin, 1,4-Benzenediboronic acid, 4,4-Biphenyldiboronic acid, 9,9-Dimethylfluorene-2,7-diboronic acid, 2,3,6,7-Naphthalenetetracarboxylic dianhydride, Naphthalene-l,4,5,8-tetracarboxylic dianhydride, 1,2,5,6-Naphthalenetetracarboxylic dianhydride, 3,4,9,10- Perylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride, 2,3,6,7,10, 11 -Hexahydroxytriphenylene, Hydrazine monohydrate, 4-Aminobenzohydrazide, Cyanuric chloride, 3,4-Dihydroxy-3-cyclobutene- 1, 2-dione, l,l'-(l,4-Phenylene)diurea, Terephthalonitrile, Tetrafluoroterephthalonitrile, p- Xylene dicyanide, Hydrazinecarbohydrazonohydrazide hydrochloride, Benzene-1,3,5- tricarbohydrazide, 2, 5-Bis(2 -methoxyethoxy )terephthalohydrazide, Tris(4- formylphenyl)amine, Benzene- 1, 3, 5-tricarbaldehy de, 1,3,6,8-Tetrakis(p- formylphenyl)pyrene, 2,2-Dimethylbenzidine, Benzotrithiophene, 4,4-(2,l,3- Benzothiadiazole-4,7-diyl)dianiline, 5,10,15,20-Tetraphenylporphyrin, Tetraphenyl ethene, Tetraphenylmethane, Thiophene, Triphenylene, Tetraphenylpyrene, Tetrathiafulvalene, Hexaazatriphenylene, Dehydrobenzoannulene, Hexaphenylbenzene, Tri oxaazatri angulene, Pyrene tetraniline, Tetrakis(4-ethynylphenyl)ethene, 4,4-Diaminodiphenyl ether, 2,6- Diaminopyridine, 2,4,6-Triaminopyrimidine, Tris(4-hydroxyphenyl)methane, 1,3,5-Tris(4- hydroxyphenyl)benzene, l,3,5-Tris(4-hydroxyphenyl)triazine, 1,3,5-Tris(4- hydroxyphenyl)ethane, 1,3,5-Benzenetriacetic acid, 1,3, 5 -Benzenetri carbonyl trichloride, Benzene- 1,3, 5 -tri carbonitrile, 4,4,4-Tris(ethynyl)triphenylamine, 1,3,5-Tris(4- ethynylphenyl)benzene, 2,4,6-Tris(4-ethynylphenyl)-l,3,5-triazine, Benzene- 1,3,5- tris(sulfonyl chloride), Trimesoyl chloride, 2,4,6-Tris(chlorocarbonyl)-l,3,5-triazine, 2,5- Thiophenedicarboxaldehyde, 2,5-Thiophenediamine, 2,3-Dimethoxyterephthalaldehyde,2.5-Dinitroterephthalaldehyde, 2,5-Diaminoterephthalic acid, 4,4-Diamino-3,3'- dihydroxybiphenyl, 3,3-Diaminobenzidine, 1,5-Diaminonaphthalene, 2,6- Diaminonaphthalene, 4,4'-Diaminostilbene, 1,3,5-Tris(aminomethyl)benzene, 1,3,5-Tris(4- aminophenyl)triazine, l,3,5-Tris(4-formylphenyl)ethane, l,3,5-Tris(4-formylphenyl)triazine,2.6-Diformylpyridine, 2,6-Diformylpyridin, l,3,5-Tris(4-aminophenyl)cyclohexane, 1,3,5-Tris(4-formylphenoxy)benzene, 2,3,6,7-Tetraaminonaphthalene, 2, 3,6,7 -Tetrakis(formyl)phenazine, Hexakis(4-aminophenyl)benzene, Imidazole, 2- Methylimidazole, 2-Ethylimidazole, 2-Propylimidazole, 2-Butylimidazole, 2- Isopropylimidazole, 2-Isobutylimidazole, 2-Phenylimidazole, Benzimidazole, 5,6- Dimethylbenzimidazole, 5 -Nitrobenzimidazole, 2-Nitroimidazole, 4-Nitroimidazole, 2- Chloroimidazole, 4-Chloroimidazole, 2-Bromoimidazole, 2-Iodoimidazole, 2- Fluoroimidazole, 4-Fluoroimidazole, 2-Trifluoromethylimidazole, 4- Trifluoromethylimidazole, 2-Cyanoimidazole, 4-Cyanoimidazole, 2-Aminoimidazole, 4- Aminoimidazole, 2-Hydroxyimidazole, 4-Hydroxyimidazole, 4,5-Dihydroxyimidazole, 2- Mercaptoimidazole, 4-Mercaptoimidazole, 2-Carboxyimidazole, 4-Carboxyimidazole, Imidazole-2-carboxaldehyde, Imidazole-4-carboxaldehyde, 1 -Methylimidazole, 1- Ethylimidazole, 1 -Propylimidazole, 1 -Butylimidazole, 1 -Benzylimidazole, 2- Isopropenylimidazole, 4-Isopropylimidazole, 2,4-Dimethylimidazole, 2,5- Dimethylimidazole, 2,4,5-Trimethylimidazole, 4, 5 -Dimethylimidazole, 2-Formylimidazole, 4-Formylimidazole, 2-Methoxyimidazole, 4-Methoxyimidazole, 2-Ethoxyimidazole, 2- Acetylimidazole, 2-Propionylimidazole, 2-Pyridylimidazole, 4-Pyridylimidazole, 2- Thienylimidazole, 2-Furylimidazole, 4-Furylimidazole, 2-Indolylimidazole, N- Methylbenzimidazole, N-Ethylbenzimidazole, 2-(2-Hydroxyethyl)imidazole, 2-(2- Aminoethyl)imidazole, 2-(2-Carboxyethyl)imidazole, 2-(2-Methoxyethyl)imidazole, 2- Vinylimidazole, 4-Vinylimidazole, 2-(4-Nitrophenyl)imidazole, 2-(4- Methoxyphenyl)imidazole, 2-(3-Chlorophenyl)imidazole, 2-(4-Carboxyphenyl)imidazole, 2- (4-Aminophenyl)imidazole, 2-(3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)imidazole, 2-(3,5-Dinitrophenyl)imidazole, 2-Naphthylimidazole, 2-Styrylimidazole, 2-(2- Thienylmethyl)imidazole, 2-(2-Furylmethyl)imidazole, 2-(4-Pyridylmethyl)imidazole, 2-(3- Pyridylmethyl)imidazole, 2-Hydroxybenzimidazole, 5 -Nitrosobenzimidazole, 2-(Hydroxyphenyl)imidazole, 2-(Sulfonylphenyl)imidazole, 2-(Carboxyphenyl)imidazole, 2- (Aminophenyl)imidazole, 2-Cinnamylimidazole, 2-Acetamidoimidazole, 2-Benzoylimidazole, 2-Isobutyrylimidazole, 2-Naphthoylimidazole, 2-Pyrazinylimidazole, 2- Quinolinylimidazole, E-But-2-enedioic acid, 2,5-dihydroxyterephthalic acid, 4-Amino- 1,2,3,5-benzenetetracarboxylic acid, Cyclobutane- 1,2, 3, 4-tetracarboxylic acid, (ethane- l,2-diamine)tetraacetic acid, 1,2,4,5-benzenetetracarboxylic acid, 5-Hydroxyisophthalic acid, 3,4-dihydroxy-benzoic acid, Benzene-l,3,5-tricarboxylate (BTC), Benzene-1,3- disulfonic acid, 5-sulfobenzene-l,3-dicarboxylic acid, Phenylphosphonic acid, 2,5- thiophenedi carb oxy lie acid, (2-Aminoethyl)phosphonic acid, 2,4,6-trisulfonyl-l,3,5-triazine, lH-imidazole-2-carbaldehyde, 2-Aminoethanesulfonic acid, Naphthalene-2,6-dicarboxylate,4,4'-((E)-diazene-l,2-diyl)dibenzoic acid, 4,4',4"-nitrilotribenzoic acid, Pyridine-2,5- dicarboxylic acid, Tetra(4-carboxyphenyl)methane, Furan-2,5-dicarboxylic acid, 4,4'- Biphenyldicarboxylic acid, 4,4',4"-Tricarboxytriphenylamine, 1,3,5-Tris(4- carboxyphenyl)benzene, (4,4',4''-s-triazine-2,4,6-triyl-tribenzoic acid) , (1, 3,6,8- tetrakis(p-benzoate)pyrene) , 4,4'-dihydroxy-[l,l'-biphenyl]-3,3'-dicarboxylate , Biphenyl- 3,3',5,5'-tetracarboxylic acid. Terephthaldehyde (benzene- 1,4-dicarboxaldehy de, 1,3,5- triformylbenzen , Triformylphloroglucinol (Tp) , Pyrene-4,5,9,10-tetracarbaldehyde (Pyrene-TdA) , 1,4-diaminobenzene , 4,4'-diaminodiphenyl ether , 4,4'- diaminodiphenylmethane , 4,4',4'',4'"-(porphyrin-5,10,15,20-tetrayl)tetraaniline , p- phenylenediamine , 4,4'-diaminobiphenyl , succinic acid , 1,4 - butanedicarboxylic acid , 1,4- butenedicarboxylic acid , 4 - oxopyran - 2,6 - dicarboxylic acid , decanedicarboxylic acid , 1,8 - heptadecanedicarboxylic acid l,6hexanedi carboxylic acid , heptadecanedicarboxylic acid , acetylene dicarboxylic acid , 1,9 - heptadecanedicarboxylic acid , 1,2 - benzenedicarboxylic acid , 1,3 - benzenedicarboxylic acid , 2,3 - pyridinedicarboxylic acid , pyridine - 2,3 - dicarboxylic acid , 1,4 - benzenedicarboxylic acid , p - benzenedicarboxylic acid , imidazole - 2,4 - dicarboxylic acid ,2 - methylquinoline - 3,4 - dicarboxylic acid , quinoline - 2,4 - dicarboxylic acid , quinoxaline - 2,3 - dicarboxylic acid , 6 - chloroquinoxaline - 2,3 - dicarboxylic acid , 1,3 - butadiene - 1,4 - dicarboxylic acid , 4,41- diaminophenylmethane - 3,3'dicarboxylic acid , quinoline - 3,4 - dicarboxylic acid , diimidedicarboxylic acid , pyridine - 2,6 - dicarboxylic acid ,2 - methylimidazole - 4,5 - dicarboxylic acid , 7 - chloro - 4 - hydroxy quinoline - 2,8 - dicarboxylic acid , thiophene -3.4 - dicarboxylic acid , tetrahydropyran - 4,4 - dicarboxylic acid , perylene - 3,9 - dicarboxylic acid , 2 - isopropylimidazole - 4,5-dicarboxylic acid ,perylenedicarboxylic acid , Pluriol E 200dicarboxylic acid , 3,5 - cyclohexadiene - 1,2 - dicarboxylic acid, octanedicarboxylic acid , pentane - 3,3 - carboxylic acid ,3,6 - dioxaoctanedicarboxylic acid , 4,4 ' - diamino - 1,1 * -biphenyl - 3,3 ' - dicarboxylic acid , 4,4 ' - diaminobiphenyl - 3,3 - dicarboxylic acid , benzidine - 3,3 ' - dicarboxylic acid , 1,1 ' - binaphthyldicarboxylic acid ,1.4 - bis ( phenylamino ) benzene - 2,5dicarboxylic acid , 7 - chloro - 8 - methylquinoline - 2,3-dicarboxylic acid , 1 - anilinoanthraquinone - 2,4 ' - dicarboxylic acid , 1,4 - bis ( carboxymethyl ) piperazine - 2,3 - dicarboxylic acid , phenylinanedicarboxylic acid , 7 - choroquinoline - 3,8- dicarboxylic acid , polytetrahydrofuran 250 - dicarboxylic acid , 1- ( 4- carboxy ) phenyl - 3- ( 4 - chloro ) phenylpyrazoline - 4 ,5 - dicarboxylic acid , 1,4, 5, 6, 7, 7 - hexachloro - 5 - norbomene - 2 ,3 dicarboxylic acid , 1,3 - dibenzyl - 2 - oxoimidazolidine - 4,5-dicarboxylic acid , 1,4 - cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid , naphthalene - 1,8 - dicarboxylic acid , 1,3 - dibenzyl - 2 - oxoimidazolidine - 4,5 - cis - dicarboxylic acid , 2,2 - biquinoline -4,4'dicarboxylic acid , 2 - benzoylbenzene - 1,3 - dicarboxylic acid , 3,5- pyrazoledicarboxylic acid, pyridine - 3,4dicarboxylic acid , 3,6,9 trioxaundecanedicarboxylic acid , Pluriol E 300 dicarboxylic acid , Pluriol E 400 - dicarboxylic acid, hydroxybenzophenonedicarboxylic acid , Pluriol E 600 - dicarboxylic acid , pyrazole - 3,4 - dicarboxylic acid , bis (4 - aminophenyl) sulfone diimide - dicarboxylic acid , 5,6 - dimethyl - 2,3 - pyrazinedicarboxylic acid , bis(4aminophenyl) ether diimide - dicarboxylic acid, 2,3pyrazinedicarboxylic acid , 4,4 ' - diaminodiphenylmethane diimide - dicarboxylic acid , 1,4 - naphthalenedicarboxylic acid , 1,3 adamantanedicarboxylic acid , 1,8 - naphthalenedicarboxylic acid , 2,6 naphthalenedicarboxylic acid , 2,3 naphthalenedicarboxylic acid , 8-m ethoxy - 2,3 -n aphthalenedicarboxylic acid , 8 - sulfo - 2,3 - naphthalenedicarboxylic acid , anthracene - 2,3 - dicarboxylic acid , 8 - nitro - 2,3 - naphthalenecarboxylic acid , 2,3 ' - diphenyl - p - terphenyl - 4,4 " -dicarboxylic acid , (diphenyl ether) -4,4 - dicarboxylic acid , 4 (IH)oxothiochromene - 2,8 - dicarboxylic acid , imidazole - 4,5dicarboxylic acid , 5 - tert - butyl - 1,3 - benzenedicarboxylic acid, 7,8 - quinolinedicarboxylic acid, 4,5 - imidazoledicarboxylic acid, and combinations thereof.

15. The desiccant wheel as claimed in claim 1, wherein the porous substrate of the honeycomb structure is selected from the group consisting of glass fibers, ceramic fibres, natural fibers, synthetic fibers, biosoluble fibers, pulp, and combinations thereof, and optionally strengthened with 2 to 8% by weight of a rigidifying agent selected from the group consisting of silica sol, alumina sol, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl acetate, and acrylate.

16. The desiccant wheel as claimed in claim 1, wherein the porous substrate of the honeycomb structure optionally comprises at least a binder selected from the group consisting of cellulose, polymeric resins, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl alcohol, polyacrylates, water glass, alumina sol, silica sol, and combinations thereof.

17. The desiccant wheel as claimed in claim 1, wherein the special desiccant material optionally further comprises at least an additive such as graphene, nano carbon-based material, and Titanium salt, to improve the kinetics and / or performance.

18. The desiccant wheel as claimed in claim 1, wherein the special desiccant material optionally further comprises at least an anti-microbial additive such as silver, copper, titanium, nickel salts and other materials with similar properties.

19. A method for manufacturing a desiccant wheel as claimed in claim 1, comprising the steps of:providing a porous substrate; contacting the porous substrate with a first solution comprising a metal salt or an organic linker, and optionally at least a rigidifying agent;• forming a honeycomb matrix structure from the porous substrate, the matrix structure comprising a plurality of flutes;• contacting the matrix structure with a second solution comprising a metal salt or an organic linker to in situ synthesize a special desiccant material onto and within the matrix structure to obtain a formulated honeycomb desiccant matrix; and• washing and activating the formulated honeycomb desiccant matrix and forming into a desiccant wheel.

20. A method of manufacturing a desiccant wheel as claimed in claim 1, comprising the steps of• preparing a slurry comprising a special desiccant material and a binder;• contacting a porous substrate with the slurry to formulate the special desiccant material onto and within the porous substrate;• forming a honeycomb matrix structure comprising a plurality of flutes from the porous substrate to obtain a formulated honeycomb desiccant matrix; and• activating the formulated honeycomb desiccant matrix and forming into a desiccant wheel.

21. A method of manufacturing a desiccant wheel as claimed in claim 1, comprising the steps of• obtaining a honeycomb matrix structure formed from a porous substrate, comprising a plurality of flutes;• contacting the honeycomb matrix structure with a first solution comprising a metal salt or an organic linker;• contacting the honeycomb matrix with a second solution comprising a metal salt or an organic linker to in situ synthesize a special desiccant material onto and within the matrix structure to obtain a formulated honeycomb desiccant matrix; and• Washing and activating the formulated honeycomb desiccant matrix and forming into a desiccant wheel.

22. A method of manufacturing a desiccant wheel as claimed in claim 1, comprising the steps of:• obtaining a honeycomb matrix structure formed from a porous substrate, comprising a plurality of flutes;• contacting the honeycomb matrix with a slurry comprising at least a special desiccant material and a binder to obtain a formulated honeycomb desiccant matrix; and• activating the formulated honeycomb desiccant matrix and forming into a desiccant wheel.

23. The desiccant wheel as claimed in claim 1 for use in battery cell manufacturing, pharmaceutical manufacturing, electronics manufacturing, cold-chain handling, HVAC dehumidifiers, and industrial drying, and other industrial and commercial applications.

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