Methods and compositions for selectively controlling undesirable gramineae

Abstract

The present application relates to herbicide and selective control of undesirable Gramineae More specifically, the present application relates to a method for controlling undesirable Gramineae, the method comprising: applying a composition comprising about 0.25% to about 4% of a compound of Formula (I), wherein R is selected from H, linear or branched C1-C10 alkyl, optionally interrupted with one or more heteroatoms selected from N, S and O and X is H or OH, wherein applying the composition selectively reduce or kill at least one undesirable Gramineae without substantially affecting at least one desirable Gramineae. The present application also includes herbicide compositions, uses thereof, methods for controlling moss, and methods for controlling crabgrass.

Description

METHODS AND COMPOSITIONS FOR SELECTIVELY CONTROLLING UNDESIRABLE GRAMINEAECROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

[0001] The present application claims the benefit of priority of co-pending U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 712,620, which was filed October 28, 2024, the content of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.FIELD

[0002] The present application is in the field of herbicides. More specifically, the present application relates to composition for selective control of undesirable Gramineae over desirable Gramineae, methods and uses thereof.BACKGROUND

[0003] Growing plants, whether for food or ornamental purposes, inevitably leads to the secondary cultivation of undesirable plants, which will compete with the main crop for resources such as water, nutrients, space, light, etc. These unwanted plants must be removed in order to maintain optimal growth of the crop. The elimination of these plants can be done by mechanical methods (uprooting), by burning, or by the application of herbicides. When using an herbicide, it is always necessary to ensure that only the target plant will be affected, and not the crop intended for preservation. Different strategies exist for this purpose. In some cases, the herbicide will be applied before the crop of interest has germinated. In other cases, the herbicide will be applied only to the plants to eliminate. Two main categories of herbicides exist: selective herbicides and non-selective herbicides. Non-selective herbicides will affect a multitude of plant types. These are typically used to eliminate all the plants on a surface. They can also be used in a targeted manner, by treating only unwanted plants within a crop. It must then be ensured that no product drift affects the main crop, which involves precision application that is costly and risky.

[0004] Selective herbicides, for their part, have the particularity of only affecting certain types of plants, while they are safe for other types of plants. This selectivity is due to morphological and / or physiological differences between plants. In some cases,the shape of the plant limits the quantity of active ingredient that can be deposited on the foliage. In other cases, the plant is tolerant to the concentration of active ingredient present in the herbicide, while this same concentration will cause significant damage to another species of plant. Selectivity may also be linked to a plant's ability to recover quickly from herbicide damage, whereas sensitive plants will not recover. A carefully chosen selective herbicide will offer the advantage of being able to be applied to an area with various plant species and will affect all plants except the desired cultivated plant. Given the great diversity of plants, however, it is challenging to have selective herbicides appropriate for each crop. This is why in crops with high commercial value such as major agricultural crops, a resistance gene has been included in the genome of certain plants in order to grant the crop resistance to a non-selective herbicide which will affect all other plants.

[0005] In domestic environments, the presence of unwanted plants is also problematic, affecting the aesthetic appearance of public leisure spaces and that of domestic areas. In these environments, herbicide applications are not without risk and can cause adverse impacts in residential and commercial areas.

[0006] Most herbicides available on the market are synthetic products, with no equivalent in nature. As such, 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) is one of the most commonly used synthetic herbicides. In fact, it is found in the formulation of several hundred products on the market, particularly those sold for weed control in lawns. Over the past decades, several studies have highlighted risks to the environment and human health arising from the use of certain synthetic herbicides, notably 2,4-D. Faced with this situation, several countries or territories have decided to ban their use for lawn maintenance, given the proximity of residences and the purely aesthetic considerations of this practice. In regions where there are bans or limitations on their use, various alternative solutions are developed or studied. However, these have met with only mixed success to date.

[0007] As mentioned, the effectiveness of a selective herbicide is based on two main parameters, namely the control of the weed to be eliminated and the selectivity of the effect against desirable plants. These two parameters are influenced by variousfactors linked to the plant itself, the external environment as well as the nature of the active ingredient. Although intended to eradicate a specific plant among a given crop, an herbicide may prove not to be sufficiently effective, without risking damage to the crop to be protected. In addition, the development of a new low-risk selective herbicide for agriculture and horticulture presents several challenges which are often of an antagonistic nature, which greatly complicates the process. On the one hand, the active ingredient used must be stable enough to withstand various storage and application conditions but relatively easy to degrade to avoid its accumulation in the environment.

[0008] There are alternatives to conventional synthetic herbicides. Certain acids, soaps, oils or salts, many of which are natural chemicals, can act as contact herbicides. Potassium salt of fatty acids is an example.

[0009] No low environmental risk solution offered on the market in recent years meets all the criteria sought, whether for spreading or targeted applications, for the lawn and greens maintenance in golf sector; where the presence of undesirable plants such as crabgrass (D. sanguinalis, D. ischaemum), annual bluegrass (Poa annua) and / or moss (Bryophyta) causes problems.

[0010] The attraction to more ecological approaches is generating more and more interest. This is why the giants of the agrochemical industry are looking for new ways to counter the presence of unwanted plants; ways that are intended to be more respectful of the environment.

[0011] It is generally preferable for herbicides to have minimal negative impact on the environment, with the exception of the target species. It would also be preferable to offer an herbicide inspired by compounds already present in nature; that is to say substances derived from plants, with low risk for humans and the environment.

[0012] It is also desirable to have botanical herbicides that are selective against certain weeds and grasses, while still allowing desirable grasses and other crops to thrive.

[0013] For all these reasons, taken separately or combined, there is a need for a low-risk, selective and effective herbicide that can be used for targeted and / or spreading type applications for the maintenance of lawns and green spaces.SUMMARY

[0014] It has been shown herein that compounds of the present application provide for a low-risk, selective and effective herbicide that can be used for selective control of undesirable Gramineae over desirable Gramineae. The herbicide of the present application further provides for selective control of moss. The present application thus provides methods selectively reduce or kill at least one undesirable Gramineae or moss.

[0015] Accordingly, the present application includes a method for controlling undesirable Gramineae, the method comprising: applying a composition comprising about 0.25% to about 4% of a compound of Formula (I) or a salt thereof,wherein R is selected from H, linear or branched C1-C10 alkyl, optionally interrupted with one or more heteroatoms selected from N, S and 0, and X is H or OH, wherein applying the composition selectively reduces or kills at least one undesirable Gramineae without substantially affecting at least one desirable Gramineae.

[0016] The present application also includes a method for controlling undesirable Gramineae, the method comprising: applying a composition comprising about 0.25% to about 4% of a compound of Formula (l-A),wherein R is selected from H, linear or branched C3-C8 alkyl, optionally interrupted with one or more heteroatoms selected from N, S and 0, wherein applying the composition selectively reduces or kills at least one undesirable Gramineae without substantially affecting at least one desirable Gramineae.

[0017] The present application also includes a method for controlling undesirable Gramineae, the method comprising: applying a composition comprising about 0.25% to about 4% of a compound of Formula (l-B) or a salt thereof,wherein R is selected from H, linear or branched Cs-Cs alkyl, optionally interrupted with one or more heteroatoms selected from N, S and 0, wherein applying the composition selectively reduces or kills at least one undesirable Gramineae without substantially affecting at least one desirable Gramineae.

[0018] The application also provides a method for controlling moss, the method comprising: applying a composition comprising about 0.25% to about 4% of a compound of Formula (I), or Formula (l-A) or (l-B), wherein applying the composition reduces or kills moss.

[0019] Also provided is a method for controlling moss, the method comprising: applying a composition comprising about 0.25% to about 4% of amyl-cinnamaldehyde, wherein applying the composition selectively reduces or kills moss without substantially affecting at least one desirable Gramineae.

[0020] Further provided is a method for controlling crabgrass, the method comprising: applying a composition comprising about 0.25% to about 4% of a compound of Formula (I), or Formula (l-A) or (l-B),, wherein applying the composition selectively reduces or kills crabgrass without substantially affecting at least one desirable Gramineae.

[0021] The present application also includes an herbicidal composition comprising about 0.25% to about 4% of a compound of Formula (I), or Formula (l-A) or (l-B), and at least one herbicidally acceptable excipient for use as a selective herbicide on Gramineae.

[0022] Also provided is use of an herbicidal composition of the present application for selectively controlling at least one undesirable Gramineae.

[0023] Further included is use of an herbicidal composition of the present application for selectively controlling crabgrass.

[0024] The application also includes use of an herbicidal composition of the present application for controlling moss.

[0025] Other features and advantages of the present application will become apparent from the following detailed description. It should be understood, however, that the detailed description and the specific examples, while indicating embodiments of the application, are given by way of illustration only and the scope of the claims should not be limited by these embodiments but should be given the broadest interpretation consistent with the description as a whole.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

[0026] The embodiments of the application will now be described in greater detail with reference to the attached drawings in which SP2: Amyl-cinnamaldehyde, SP3: cinnamaldehyde, and SP4: hexyl-cinnamaldehyde:

[0027] FIG.1 shows a bar graph of crabgrass damage (%) in function of days after application, according to exemplary embodiments of the present application.

[0028] FIG.2 shows a bar graph of grass damage (%) in function of days after application, according to exemplary embodiments of the present application.

[0029] FIG.3A, FIG.3B, FIG.3C, FIG.3D show pictures of crabgrass damage of treatment with 1 % SP2 composition compared to Dimension (comparative example) where at: FIG.3A- before application, FIG.3B - SP2 1 % after 14 days, FIG.3C - before application, and FIG.3D - Dimension after 14 days, according to exemplary embodiments of the present application.

[0030] FIG.4 shows a bar graph of crabgrass damage (%) in function of days after application, according to exemplary embodiments of the present application.

[0031] FIG.5 shows a bar graph of grass damage (scale 0-3) in function of days after application, according to exemplary embodiments of the present application.

[0032] FIG.6A, FIG.6B, FIG.6C, FIG.6D show pictures of crabgrass damage of treatment with 1 % SP2 composition at: FIG.6A - before application, FIG.6B - after 3 days, FIG.6C - after 6 days, and FIG.6D - after 18 days, according to exemplary embodiments of the present application.

[0033] FIG.7 shows a bar graph of grass damage (scale 0-3) on PerennialRyegrass (PRG) and Kentucky bluegrass turf in function of days after application, according to exemplary embodiments of the present application.

[0034] FIG.8A, FIG.8B, FIG.8C, FIG.8D, FIG.8E, FIG.8F show pictures of grass damage after 21 days: on Perennial Ryegrass (PRG) with FIG.8A - SP42.5%, FIG.8B - SP2 2.5%, and FIG.8C - SP2 1 %, and on Kentucky bluegrass with FIG.8D - SP4 2.5%, FIG.EB - SP2 2.5%, and FIG.8F - SP2 1 %,, according to exemplary embodiments of the present application, where SP2: Amyl-cinnamaldehyde, SP3: cinnamaldehyde, and SP4: hexyl-cinnamaldehyde.

[0035] FIG.9 shows a bar graph of moss damage (%) in function of days after application, according to exemplary embodiments of the present application.

[0036] FIG.10 shows a bar graph of grass damage (scale 0-3) in function of days after application, according to exemplary embodiments of the present application.

[0037] FIG.11 is a schematic representation of a bag / experimental unit where the numbers represent a crabgrass plant (sample), according to exemplary embodiments of the present application.

[0038] FIG.12 shows a bar graph of crabgrass damage (scale 0-5) in function of days after application, according to exemplary embodiments of the present application.

[0039] FIG.13 shows a bar graph of crabgrass control (%) in function of days after application, according to exemplary embodiments of the present application.

[0040] FIG.14 shows a bar graph of grass damage (scale 0-3) in function of days after application, according to exemplary embodiments of the present application.

[0041] FIG.15, FIG.16, FIG.17, FIG.18 and FIG.19 show bar graphs of phytotoxicity of SP2 0.75% and 1 % on different Gramineae species, namely Bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera), Chewing Fescue (Festuca rubra ssp. commutata), Creeping Red Fescue (Festuca rubra), Kentucky Bluegrass (Poa pratensis), and Perennial Ryegrass (Lolium perenne), respectively, damage (scale 0-3) in function of days after application, according to exemplary embodiments of the present application.

[0042] FIG.20 shows a bar graph of crabgrass control (%) in function of days after application, according to exemplary embodiments of the present application.

[0043] FIG.21 a bar graph of grass damage (scale 0-3) in function of days after application, according to exemplary embodiments of the present application.

[0044] FIG.22 shows a bar graph of annual bluegrass affected (%) two weeks after application of amyl-cinnamaldehyde solutions at different concentrations, according to exemplary embodiments of the present application.

[0045] FIG.23 shows a bar graph of crabgrass mortality (%) in function of days after application of SP2, SP3 and SP4 solutions at different concentrations, according to exemplary embodiments of the present application.

[0046] FIG.24 shows a bar graph of crabgrass coverage reduction (%) in function of days after application of SP2 solutions at different concentrations and methods of application, according to exemplary embodiments of the present application.

[0047] FIG.25 shows a bar graph of grass damage (scale 0-3) in function of days after application of SP2 solutions at different concentrations, according to exemplary embodiments of the present application.

[0048] FIG.26 shows a bar graph of crabgrass coverage reduction (%) in function of days after application of SP2 solutions at different methods of application, according to exemplary embodiments of the present application.

[0049] FIG.27 shows a bar graph of grass damage (scale 0-3) in function of days after application of SP2 solutions at different methods of application, according to exemplary embodiments of the present application.

[0050] FIG.28 shows a bar graph of crabgrass coverage reduction (%) in function of days after application of SP2 solutions at different concentrations and methods of application, according to exemplary embodiments of the present application.

[0051] FIG.29 shows a bar graph of grass damage (scale 0-3) in function of days after application of SP2 solutions at different concentrations and methods of application, according to exemplary embodiments of the present application.DETAILED DESCRIPTIONI. Definitions

[0052] Unless otherwise indicated, the definitions and embodiments described in this and other sections are intended to be applicable to all embodiments and aspects of the present application herein described for which they are suitable as would be understood by a person skilled in the art.

[0053] As used in this application and claim(s), the words "comprising" (and any form of comprising, such as "comprise" and "comprises"), "having" (and any form of having, such as "have" and "has"), "including" (and any form of including, such as "include" and "includes") or "containing" (and any form of containing, such as "contain" and "contains"), are inclusive or open-ended and do not exclude additional, unrecited elements or process steps.

[0054] The term “consisting” and its derivatives as used herein are intended to be closed terms that specify the presence of the stated features, elements, components, groups, integers, and / or steps, and also exclude the presence of other unstated features, elements, components, groups, integers and / or steps.

[0055] The term “consisting essentially of’, as used herein, is intended to specify the presence of the stated features, elements, components, groups, integers, and / orsteps as well as those that do not materially affect the basic and novel characteristic(s) of these features, elements, components, groups, integers, and / or steps.

[0056] The terms "about", “substantially” and “approximately” as used herein mean a reasonable amount of deviation of the modified term such that the end result is not significantly changed. These terms of degree should be construed as including a deviation of at least ±5% of the modified term if this deviation would not negate the meaning of the word it modifies or unless the context suggests otherwise to a person skilled in the art.

[0057] As used in the present application, the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” include plural references unless the content clearly dictates otherwise. For example, an embodiment including “a compound” should be understood to present certain aspects with one compound, or two or more additional compounds.

[0058] In embodiments comprising an “additional” or “second” component, such as an additional or second compound, the second component as used herein is chemically different from the other components or first component. A “third” component is different from the other, first, and second components, and further enumerated or “additional” components are similarly different.

[0059] The term “and / or” as used herein means that the listed items are present, or used, individually or in combination. In effect, this term means that “at least one of” or “one or more” of the listed items is used or present.

[0060] The term “compound of the application” or “compound of the present application” and the like as used herein refers to a compound of Formula (I) or Formula (l-A) or (l-B), or salts, and / or solvates.

[0061] The term “composition of the application” or “composition of the present application” and the like as used herein refers to a composition comprising one or more compounds of the application.

[0062] The term “alkyl” as used herein, whether it is used alone or as part of another group, means straight or branched chain, saturated alkyl groups. The number of carbon atoms that are possible in the referenced alkyl group are indicated by theprefix “Cni-n2”. For example, the term Ci -ioalkyl means an alkyl group having 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 carbon atoms.

[0063] The term “suitable” as used herein means that the selection of the particular composition or conditions would depend on the specific steps to be performed, the identity of the components to be transformed and / or the specific use for the compositions, but the selection would be well within the skill of a person trained in the art.

[0064] The term “herbicidally acceptable” means compatible with the treatment of plants, optionally while being non-toxic to animals and humans.

[0065] The term “herbicidally acceptable carrier” means a solvent, dispersant, excipient, adjuvant, or other material which is mixed with the active ingredient in order to permit the formation of an herbicidal composition.

[0066] As used herein, the term “effective amount” means an amount effective, at dosages and for periods of time, necessary to achieve a desired result.

[0067] As used herein, the term “without substantially affecting” means that the product may cause damage, but this damage is acceptable to the user, considering that the desired plant may recover within a reasonable period of time, while the undesired plant will be significantly reduced or will die.II. Methods of the Application

[0068] It has been shown herein that compounds of the present application provide for a low-risk, selective and effective herbicide that can be used for selective control of undesirable Gramineae over desirable Gramineae.

[0069] Accordingly, the present application includes a method for controlling undesirable Gramineae, the method comprising: applying a composition comprising about 0.25% to about 4% of a compound of Formula (I) or a salt thereof,wherein R is selected from H, linear or branched C1-C10 alkyl, optionally interrupted with one or more heteroatoms selected from N, S and 0, and X is H or OH, wherein applying the composition selectively reduce or kill at least one undesirableGramineae without substantially affecting at least one desirable Gramineae.

[0070] The present application further includes a method for controlling undesirable Gramineae, the method comprising: applying a composition comprising about 0.25% to about 4% of a compound of Formula (l-A),wherein R is selected from H, linear or branched C3-C8 alkyl, optionally interrupted with one or more heteroatoms selected from N, S and 0, wherein applying the composition selectively reduces or kills at least one undesirable Gramineae without substantially affecting at least one desirable Gramineae.

[0071] The present application also includes a method for controlling undesirable Gramineae, the method comprising: applying a composition comprising about 0.25% to about 4% of a compound of Formula (l-B) or a salt thereof,wherein R is selected from H, linear or branched C3-C8 alkyl, optionally interrupted with one or more heteroatoms selected from N, S and 0, wherein applying the composition selectively reduce or kill at least one undesirable Gramineae without substantially affecting at least one desirable Gramineae.

[0072] In some embodiments, the at least one undesirable Gramineae is selected from crabgrass, annual bluegrass, and a combination thereof.

[0073] In some embodiments, the at least one desirable Gramineae is selected from Creeping Red Fescue (CRF), Chewing Fescue (CF), Perennial Ryegrass (PRG), Kentucky Bluegrass (KBG), Tall Fescue (TF), Fine Fescue (FF) Creeping bentgrass, Clover, Bermuda Grass, Centipede Grass, Seashore Paspalum, St.Augustine Grass, Manila Grass and a combination thereof.

[0074] The present application also includes a method for controlling moss, the method comprising: applying a composition comprising about 0.25% to about 4% of a compound of Formula (I), or Formula (l-A) or (l-B), wherein applying the composition selectively reduces or kills moss without substantially affecting at least one desirable Gramineae.

[0075] Also provided is a method for controlling crabgrass, the method comprising: applying a composition comprising about 0.25% to about 4% of a compound of Formula (I), or Formula (l-A) or (l-B), wherein applying the composition selectively reduces or kills crabgrass without substantially affecting at least one desirable Gramineae.

[0076] Cinnamon is a spice derived from tropical plants whose use in food and perfumes is well established. Trans-cinnamaldehyde (CgHsO) is one of the main components of cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum and Cinnamomum cassia) and its essential oils. It is found there at 60-90%, with eugenol. As a pesticide, cinnamon essential oil finds its main use as a repellent on insects and mites; although it has a biocidal action at higher doses. Combined with other compounds, it finds certain other uses as an antimicrobial and nematicide.

[0077] Cinnamon may also be a good candidate as a contact herbicide. From this perspective, in formulation, it represents the main active ingredient given the presence of cinnamaldehyde. This is the case of the preparation based on cinnamon bark, sold in the United States, under the name Agralawn Crabgrass Killer, from the company Agralawn Inc (Georgetown, Texas). Also, to develop appropriate herbicidal activity on certain plants, other active ingredients can be added. This is the case of cinnamon and Java lemongrass essential oils where some of their main components,namely cinnamaldehyde (CIN), citronellal (CitA) and citronellol (CitO), act jointly as an herbicide.

[0078] Belonging to the cinnamaldehyde family, amyl-cinnamaldehyde (CuH O) - Formula 1-1 - is a pale yellowish liquid with a strong floral odor reminiscent of jasmine. It is an aromatic organic compound, containing a cinnamaldehyde portion, consisting of a benzene group and an aldehyde group to form 3-phenylprop-2-enal. This aromatic compound, recognized as safe (GRAS) for use in food and cosmetic products, is used mainly as a flavoring or perfume. Amyl-cinnamaldehyde (1-1 ), like hexyl-cinnamaldehyde (I-2), is not found naturally to any significant extent. It is primarily synthesized for industrial use, although its parent compounds and analogues, such as cinnamaldehyde (CgHsO) and amyl-cinnamate (C14H18O2), employed for similar uses, can be derived from natural sources. Compounds I-3 and 1 -4 are the carboxylic acid derivatives of 1-1 and I-2, respectively and are also not found naturally.

[0079] Patent application WO 99 / 56544, filed by Summus Group LTD, describes an herbicidal composition comprising a compound derived from 3-phenyl-2-propen-1 - ol (cinnamyl alcohol); compound capable of inhibiting the growth of many undesirable plants, whether dicotyledons (broad-leaved) or monocotyledons (grasses). However, as a selective herbicide, when broadcast over large areas, or in targeted application, where possible, its use is intended to be limited in the event of eradication of a given grass, within a set of grasses, without generating any apparent phytotoxic activity in the latter. This is particularly the case for grassy areas where crabgrass and annual bluegrass can easily establish themselves and thrive among the grasses making up these plots of lawn, not to mention the possible presence of moss in such an environment.

[0080] Digitaria (crabgrass) is a genus of herbaceous plants in the Poaceae family, which includes around 300 species from tropical and temperate regions. Some species are considered undesirable plants, especially in lawns, golf courses and in certain crops, including com. The most common in North America is D. sanguinalis, and D. ischaemum, which is an unwanted grass in lawns and gardens. It competes with domestic grasses and spreads in a circle up to 30 cm in diameter. In the fall, when D. sanguinalis dies, it leaves large gaps in lawns, giving space for a new generation of crabgrass seeds to thrive there the following season.

[0081] Other options are available to professionals and the general public to counter the presence of crabgrass in lawns. For the vast majority of them, these are synthetic herbicides used alone or in conjunction with other more common ones, such as dicamba or 2,4-D. Their application can be pre- or post-emergence. Without being exhaustive, here are the most common alternatives: prodiamine (Barricade™), dithiopyr (Dimension™, Preen), pendimethalin (Halts™, Pendulum, Pre-M) and a combination of trifluralin and benefin (Team, Hi-Yield Crabgrass Control), bensulide(Bensumec, Pre-an), oryzalin (Surflan, Weed Impede), oxadiazon (Ronstar™), quinclorac (Drive, Momentum™, Trimec™).

[0082] Annual bluegrass (Poa annua) is a species of annual grass commonly found in lawns, golf courses, gardens, and agricultural lands. Its ability to regenerate quickly makes it a tenacious weed. In addition to competing with cultivated grasses for water, nutrients and light, its rapid growth and different appearance disrupt the visual uniformity of lawns and golf courses. It is important to note that annual bluegrass can develop resistance to herbicides. As a synthetic herbicide, the most common are based on dinitroaniline (benin, dithiopyr, oryzalin, pendimethalin, prodiamine, trifluralin) or belong to the class of herbicides that inhibit cellulose biosynthesis, including indaziflam.

[0083] Mosses (Bryophyta) are common in lawns and cause certain problems. They can form a layer on the lawn, blocking light and water. Unable to take root in soil saturated with moss, grass can no longer grow adequately. Although carfentrazone- ethyl demonstrates some effectiveness, iron sulfate and chelated iron products are among the most recommended; although their use may stain concrete, stone or other non-grassy surfaces.

[0084] In some embodiments, wherein the composition comprises about 0.4% to about 3% of the compound of Formula (I), or Formula (l-A) or (l-B). In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 0.5% to about 2.5% of the compound of Formula (I), or Formula (l-A) or (l-B).

[0085] In some embodiments, R is selected from H, linear or branched Cs-Cs alkyl. In some embodiments, R is selected from linear or branched C4-C7 alkyl. In some embodiments, R is pentyl or hexyl.

[0086] In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) or Formula (l-A) is amyl-cinnamaldehyde (1-1 ) or hexyl-cinnamaldehyde (I-2). In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is cinnamic acid, amyl-cinnamic acid (I-3) or hexyl-cinnamic acid (I-4).

[0087] In some embodiments, the applying comprises diffuse spraying of an area to be treated comprising the at least one undesirable Gramineae. In some embodiments, the applying is at an application rate of about 50 mL / m2to about 500 mL / m2In some embodiments, the applying is at an application rate of about 65 mL / m2to about 400 mL / m2In some embodiments, the applying is at an application rate of about 80 mL / m2to about 200 mL / m2. In some embodiments, wherein the applying is at an application rate of about 500 L / ha to about 5000 L / ha. In some embodiments, wherein the applying is at an application rate of about 1000 L / ha to about 3500 L / ha. In some embodiments, wherein the applying is at an application rate of about 1500 L / ha to about 3000 L / ha. It is to be noted that the application rate of L / ha refers to the area treated. For example, on a patch or spot treatment on a 1 sq ft patch, the equivalent of 3000 L / ha is the effective rate on this patch, but the effective application rate on the remaining “hectare” will actually be much lower elsewhere if the application is limited to the patch. Accordingly, the application rate is to be understood as per treated surface.

[0088] In some embodiments, the applying comprises direct spraying of the at least one undesirable Gramineae. In some embodiments, the applying is at an application rate of about 5mL / plant to about 8mL / plant. In some embodiments, the applying is at an application rate of about 4mL / plant to about 10mL / plant.

[0089] In some embodiments, the applying comprises spraying the composition 1 to 7 times, i.e. 1 to 7 sprays considered one application. In some embodiments, the applying comprises spraying the composition 1 to 5 times. In some embodiments, the applying comprises spraying the composition 1 to 3 times.

[0090] In some embodiments, 1 day after application, about 50% to about 85% of the at least one undesirable Gramineae is affected, i.e. showing necrosis tissues. In some embodiments, 3 days after application, about 70% to about 95% of the at least one undesirable Gramineae is affected. In some embodiments, 7 days after application, about 80% to about 96% of the at least one undesirable Gramineae is affected. In some embodiments, 14 days after application, about 85% to about 98% of the at least one undesirable Gramineae is affected. In some embodiments, 21 daysafter application, about 90% to about 100% of the at least one undesirable Gramineae is affected.

[0091] In some embodiments, the method further comprises repeating application after 28 days. In some embodiments, the method further comprises repeating application after 21 days. In some embodiments, the method further comprises repeating application after 14 days. In some embodiments, the method further comprises repeating application after 7 days.

[0092] The present application also includes a method for controlling moss, the method comprising: applying a composition comprising about 0.25% to about 4% of a compound of Formula (I), or Formula (l-A) or (l-B), wherein applying the composition reduces or kills moss. For example, moss may be present on various surfaces such as, but not limited thereto, treated wood, cedar, polyvinyl chloride (pvc), asphalt shingles, vinyl and canexel siding, concrete, ceramic, composite, white soffit and the like.III. Compositions and Uses of the Application

[0093] Included is an herbicidal composition comprising about 0.25% to about 4% of a compound of Formula (I) or a salt thereof:wherein R is selected from H, linear or branched C1-C10 alkyl, optionally interrupted with one or more heteroatoms selected from N, S and O, and X is H or OH, and at least one herbicidally acceptable excipient for use as a selective herbicide on Gramineae.

[0094] An herbicidal composition comprising about 0.25% to about 4% of a compound of Formula (l-A),wherein R is selected from H, linear or branched C3-C8 alkyl, optionally interrupted with one or more heteroatoms selected from N, S and 0, and at least one herbicidally acceptable excipient for use as a selective herbicide on Gramineae.

[0095] Also included is an herbicidal composition comprising about 0.25% to about 4% of a compound of Formula (l-B) or a salt thereof:wherein R is selected from H, linear or branched Cs-Cs alkyl, optionally interrupted with one or more heteroatoms selected from N, S and 0, and at least one herbicidally acceptable excipient for use as a selective herbicide on Gramineae.

[0096] In some embodiments, the at least one herbicidally acceptable carrier is selected from a surfactant, an antioxidant a solvent, an adjuvant and a combination thereof.

[0097] In some embodiments, the surfactant is an anionic, cationic or non-ionic agent selected from wetting agents, dispersing agents, suspending agents, emulsifying agents and a combination thereof.

[0098] In some embodiments, the composition is in the form of a solution.

[0099] Further included is use of an herbicidal composition of the present application for selectively controlling at least one undesirable Gramineae.

[0100] Also provided is use of an herbicidal composition of the present application for selectively controlling crabgrass.

[0101] Further provided is use of an herbicidal composition of the present application for controlling moss.EXAMPLES

[0102] The following non-limiting examples are illustrative of the present application.Example 1 - WEED CONTROL EFFICACITY TRIAL - SPOT APPLICATION

[0103] A spot treatment for an herbicide application could be defined as applying the compound directly on a single weed established in the desired crop / lawn. To gather data as a spot application, different concentrations of SP2 (Amyl-cinnamaldehyde), SP3 (cinnamaldehyde) and SP4 (Hexyl-cinnamaldehyde) were applied on crabgrass and on an established lawn, to determine mortality of crabgrass (one specie) and damage on the lawn.Experimental site

[0104] Testing site was located at Premier Tech’s experimental site in Saint Antonin, QC. Efficacy trial on crabgrass was conducted outside in growing bags - Opentop growth bags referred as OTGB (1 cubic ft - about 0.03 m3) where the weeds were transplanted in those bags. PRO-MIX™ HP Blend (73 % peat moss, 27 % perlite) was used as the soil media in the bags. Crabgrass specie used was the Digitaria sanguinalis. Bags were weekly irrigated depending on the conditions. Damage on desired grass species, was evaluated on established lawn plots:Drought resisting lawn ((Tall Fescue (TF)ZCreeping Red Fescue (CRF)ZPerennial Ryegrass (PRG)) mainly composed of PRG, seeded in 2023.Kentucky Bluegrass (KBG) lawn (sods installed in 2020)Crop Weed: Large crabgrass (Digitaria Sanguinalis)- was sown and grown in greenhouse for 2-3 weeks before transplanting in OTGB for a hardening period (until crabgrass reaches 3 to 4 tillers stage).Experimental design

[0105] Herbicide-part: A complete randomized blocks (repetitions) design with 5 blocks and 14 treatments (ranging from A to N) was used. There were 5 plants per bag (experimental unit). Considering this, there was a total of 350 plants (70 bags total / experimental units).

[0106] Lawn damage part: A complete randomized blocks design with 3 blocks and 7 treatments was used.

[0107] Identify & measure plants in bag following the design shown in FIG.11 .Table 1. Source of variations and degrees of freedom of the experimental design.Treatment listTable 2: Efficacywherein Tween™ is a polysorbate-type nonionic surfactant, to be used as an emulsifier for stability, and consistency; and Proxel™ is a broad spectrum biocide (aqueous dipropylene glycol solution of 1 ,2-benzisothiazolin-3-one).Table 3: Treatments list used to evaluate SP2, SP3 & SP4 on lawn damage when used as a spot applicationTreatment description and application

[0108] The first application started when the weeds were well acclimated, in August. All treatment solutions were labeled with the corresponding treatment number in bottles with a handheld trigger sprayer with a straight shot nozzle. Treatments were applied at a rate of ~ 5 ml / plant - around 4 pulls of the trigger. Treatments were applied during a sunny day, with minimal wind, when temperature did not exceed 30°C during treatment, and without rain within 12h following the application of treatment. The conditions during treatment (Time of day, temperature, humidity wind speed) were noted. For each application, the volume of liquid per treatment, before & after the application was weighted.

[0109] A second application was scheduled following the first application, if needed (depending on the regrowth).Data acquisition

[0110] Each parameter was measured 6 hours, 1 , 3, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days following each treatment application. Mortality / damage assessment was evaluated on a scale of 0 to 5:0 - No damage, plant completely green1 - 1 to 25 % necrosis / chlorosis (1 / 4 of the plant I patch affected)2 - 26 to 50 % necrosis (half of the plant I patch affected)3 - 51 to 75 % necrosis (3 / 4 of the plant I patch affected)4 - 76 to 99 % necrosis (most of the plant I patch is affected but green parts remains or there’s a regrowth observable)5 - 100 % necrosis (plant is dead)

[0111] Damage assessment (%) was conducted and pictures of plots for each treatment for all blocks were taken.

[0112] Results of this trial are shown at FIG.23. Results show that sufficient mortality was achieved with 1 % SP2 and high concentration of SP2 and SP4.

[0113] Phytotoxicity (%) was evaluated on a scale of 0 to 3:0 - No damage1 - tips of grass start yellowing2 - Half of the grass is yellowing3 - Most of the grass is yellow, only a few remains green

[0114] Again, pictures were taken of each repetition for each treatment at each data taking measurement.

[0115] Applications on two types of lawn: Kentucky bluegrass (KBG) and Perennial Ryegrass (PRG) lawns were conducted, and results are shown on FIG.7. FIG.8A-FIG.8F show pictures at 21 days, on PRG (FIG.8A-FIG.8C) and on Kentucky bluegrass (FIG.8D-FIG.8F) of SP42%, SP22.5% and SP2 1 %. Solutions were applied as a spot treatmentExample 2 - WEED CONTROL EFFICACITY TRIAL - BROADCAST APPLICATION (Levis - summer 2024)

[0116] A broadcast or blanket application for an herbicide can be defined as applying the product uniformly on a define area. In the case of a selective herbicide, only the undesired weeds are targeted and greatly affected. SP2 (Amyl- cinnamadehyde) was evaluated as a broadcast application on crabgrass at Levis, Quebec.

[0117] Using a 10X concentrate of SP2, different concentrations ranging from 1 % to 4.25 % were prepared using distilled water to prepare the final volume of solutions to be use in the trial. Solutions were applied using 2 different nozzles, flat fan and full cone (Table 4.)

[0118] T reatments were applied on 1 m2plots of a fairway composed KentuckyBluegrass (30%), Annual Bluegrass adapted to the region (20%), Chewing Fescue (30%) and Perennial Ryegrass (20%) adapted to the region where smooth crabgrass (Digitaria ischaemum) was present. Crabgrass stage was 4 to 5 tillers. A complete randomized blocks design was used for the trial, with 7 treatments and 5 blocks, for a total of 35 plots.Table 4: Treatments list of broadcast application trial for SP2 on crabgrass control*g of SP2 calculated considering that the area covered by a single weed is a circle of about 10 cm in diameter, or about 0.0079 m2

[0119] A flow zone 20 L sprayer was used for the trial. Full cone nozzle application rate was 10 L / 1000 ft2or 100 mL / m2Jet fan nozzle application rate was6.5 L 1 1000 ft2or 70 mL I m2. Pressure for the flat fan nozzle treatments was adjusted to obtain an application rate of 80 mL / m2

[0120] Conditions at the time of the application were as follows:• Application: 9 AM• Temperature: 29 °C with humidex• Wind: 18 km / h• Humidity: 80 %, Light dew on the lawn. Some plots were dried with a blower

[0121] Application using Flow zone sprayer. Crabgrass stage at TO: 4 to 5 tillers.

[0122] Efficacy assessment: Before and every 7 days following application, % of crabgrass not affected was evaluated per plot, and % of crabgrass reduction was calculated.

[0123] Phytotoxicity assessment: Every 7 days following application, % of annual bluegrass affected was evaluated

[0124] Pictures were taken of each repetition for each treatment at every data measurement.

[0125] Results for efficacy and phytotoxicity are showed in FIG.24 and FIG.25. Results show that a concentration of 4.25 % provides a sufficient control on crabgrass. Using a concentration of SP2 greater than 2.75% during a broadcast application causes excessive damage on a lawn composed mainly of Kentucky bluegrass, even if this damage is reduced 21 days following application.Example 3 - WEED CONTROL EFFICA CITY TRIAL - PA TCH TREA TMENT (1 % SP2 Premier Tech experimental site 2024)

[0126] Unlike broadleaf weed like plantain that are easily singled out in the lawn, crabgrass and other Gramineae weeds grows often in patch limiting a spot application of the weed. That is why a patch application of the herbicide is frequently required to control crabgrass The test was conducted to evaluate efficacy of SP2 at 1 % concentration as a patch treatment, specifically by evaluating mortality of crabgrass(one specie) and evaluating the phytotoxicity of the weed control agent on an established lawn.Experimental site

[0127] Trial weas conducted at Premier Tech’s experimental site. Efficacy on crabgrass and damage on lawn were evaluated separately. Experimental unit was composed of 30 cm x 30 cm plot with crabgrass I lawn with different grass species.Crop

[0128] Weed: Smooth crabgrass (D. ischaemum)

[0129] Grass Species: mix of KBG / PRG / CRFExperimental design

[0130] For both the herbicide and phytotoxicity part, a complete randomized design with 10 repetitions and 3 treatments (ranging from A to C) was used Two nozzle types were used for the trialsTreatment listTable 6: Treatments list used for patch application trials of SP2 on crabgrass controlTreatment preparation and application

[0131] Prior to applying to a plot, the volume of liquid for each treatment was weighted. Liquid was weighted again following the application to determine the actual volume applied per plot

[0132] Treatments were applied until all the surface of the plot appeared covered and until run off (around 15-16 presses of the sprayer ~ 20 mL).

[0133] Treatments applied during a sunny day in the morning, with minimal wind. Temperature did not exceed 30°C during treatment and no rain within 12h following the application of treatment. The conditions at the time of application (temperature, wind speed, humidity, hour applied) were noted.).

[0134] Before application, the following data was taken:• initial coverage of crabgrass in each plot.• Pictures of each plot.

[0135] During application:• volume applied for each plot.• After application at 7, 14, 21 and 28 days application

[0136] The following assessment was made:Visual coverage of the crabgrass not affected (%)Mortality assessment evaluated on a scale of 0 to 5:0 - No damage, plant completely green1 - 1 to 25 % necrosis / chlorosis (1 / 4 of the plant I patch affected)2 - 26 to 50 % necrosis (half of the plant I patch affected)3 - 51 to 75 % necrosis (3 / 4 of the plant I patch affected)4 - 76 to 99 % necrosis (most of the plant I patch is affected but green parts remains or there’s a regrowth observable)5 - 100 % necrosis (plants are dead)Lawn damage assessment (scale of 1 to 3))0 - No damage1 - tips of grass start yellowing2 - Half of the grass is yellowing3 - Most of the grass is yellow, only a few remains greenPictures of each plot were taken.

[0137] Results are shown in FIG.26 and FIG.27. Results show a high efficacy of SP 1 % in controlling crabgrass as well as a reduction in grass damage over time.Example 4 - WEED CONTROL EFFICACITY TRIAL - PATCH TREATMENT (two concentrations of SP2 - Levis 2024)

[0138] The test was conducted to evaluate efficacy of SP2 at different concentrations as a patch treatment, specifically by evaluating mortality of crabgrass (one specie) and evaluating the phytotoxicity of the weed control agent on an established lawn.Experimental site (soil profit, location)

[0139] Testing was conducted at Levis. Efficacy on crabgrass and phytotoxicity were evaluated separately. Experimental unit was composed of 30 cm x 30 cm plot with crabgrass I lawn with different grass species.Crop (Variety, seed treatment, seeding rate, etc.)

[0140] Weed: Smooth crabgrass (D. ischaemum)

[0141] Grass Species: mix of KBG / PRG / CRFExperimental design

[0142] For both the herbicide and phytotoxicity part, a complete randomized design with 4 repetitions and 5 treatments (ranging from A to E) were conducted.Treatment listTable 7: Treatments list used for patch application trials of SP2 at different concentrations on crabgrass controlTreatment preparation and application

[0143] The volume of liquid for each treatment was weighted before applying it on the plots. Liquid was weighted again following the application to determine the actual volume applied per treatment

[0144] Treatment was applied until all the surface of the plot appeared covered and until run off (around 15-16 presses of the sprayer ~ 20 mL). The number of presses used for each plot was noted.

[0145] Treatments were applied during a sunny day in the morning, with minimal wind. Temperature did not exceed 30°C during treatment and no rain within 12h following the application of treatment. The conditions at the time of application (temperature, wind speed, relative humidity, hour applied) were noted. A second application was scheduled 21 to 28 days following the first application (depending on the regrowth).

[0146] Before application, the following assessments were taken:• initial coverage of crabgrass in each plot;• pictures of each plot.

[0147] During application:• volume applied for each treatment.

[0148] After application at 7, 14, 21 and 28 days following the application, the following assessments were made:Visual coverage of the crabgrass not affected (%)Mortality assessment evaluated on a scale of 0 to 5:0 - No damage, plant completely green1 - 1 to 25 % necrosis / chlorosis (1 / 4 of the plant I patch affected)2 - 26 to 50 % necrosis (half of the plant / patch affected)3 - 51 to 75 % necrosis (3 / 4 of the plant I patch affected)4 - 76 to 99 % necrosis (most of the plant I patch is affected but green parts remains or there’s a regrowth observable)5 - 100 % necrosis (plants are dead)Lawn damage assessment (scale of 0 to 3)0 - No damage1 - tips of grass start yellowing2 - Half of the grass is yellowing3 - Most of the grass is yellow, only a few remains greenPictures of each plot were taken.

[0149] Results are shown in FIG.28 and FIG.29. Results show a high efficacy of SP2 0.5% and 1 % as well as an almost complete recovery of the grass damage on lawn after 28 days following application.ResultsExperiment PT - Riviere du Loup

[0150] Following the determination of an advantageous application dose, i.e. 1 % SP2 giving suitable efficacy and minimal damage to the lawn, a validation test was carried out to validate the previous observations. The 0.5% SP2 dose was used to validate the minimum threshold where acceptable efficacy is no longer observed. SP2 solutions were applied as a spot treatment.

[0151] The Dimension herbicide (Dithiopyr 240 g / L) was used as a commercial comparative example. Although it is mainly a pre-emergence or post-emergence herbicide with a very short application window (application at a maximum of 3 leaves of development for crabgrass), it was chosen because it was the only herbicide against crabgrass available on the market (professional class). Results of evaluation of the efficacy on smooth crabgrass plants in grow bags without lawn - 5 repetitions / treatment. Crabgrass stage - 3 to 7 tillers (stems) are shown in FIG.1 andFIG.2 shows evaluation of the damage on Kentucky bluegrass lawn without crabgrass- 3 repetitions / treatment, where UTC = untreated control.General conclusion:

[0152] The 1 % dose of SP2 allows faster and more significant control of crabgrass than a 0.5% dose, with minimal impact on the lawn.

[0153] Pictures are shown in FIG.3A, FIG.3B, FIG.3C, FIG.3D, where after 14 days 100 % mortality is observed on crabgrass plants applied with 1 % SP2 (FIG.3A, FIG.3B) compared to 6.9% for plants applied with Dimension (FIG.3C, FIG.3D).Lawn of an individual - Saint-Jean-Port-Joli

[0154] Again, following the determination of an advantageous application rate, i.e. 1 % SP2 giving suitable efficacy and minimal damage to the lawn.

[0155] The 0.5% SP2 dose was used to validate the minimum threshold where acceptable efficacy is no longer observed. SP2 solutions were applied as a spot treatment.

[0156] Results of evaluation of the efficacy on smooth crabgrass plants planted in a clover and Kentucky bluegrass lawn - 5 repetitions I treatment, with crabgrass stage - 6 to 8 tillers (stems) are shown in FIG.4 and FIG.5, where UTC = untreated control.

[0157] FIG.6A-FIG.6D show pictures before application, at 3, 6 and 18 days. Complete disappearance of crabgrass is observed from 18 days following application. FIG.6A-FIG.6D also illustrate the selectivity of the product on crabgrass.General conclusion:

[0158] The 1 % SP2 dose allows faster control of crabgrass than a 0.5% dose, with minimal impact on the lawn. This test also demonstrates the selectivity of the product in a context where crabgrass is already established in the lawn.Lawn damage test carried out at the experimental site of Chemin du Lac

[0159] Following exploratory tests, phytotoxicity tests (damage to lawns) were carried out to determine the limit dose of SP2 and its derivatives (SP3 and SP4) which can be used in the context of a selective herbicide.General conclusion:Experiment PT - Riviere du Loup

[0160] After the exploratory trial at the private lawn, the application rate of 1 % SP2 was determined for the control of established moss in a lawn. A validation trial was conducted to validate the effectiveness of this product compared to other commercial products available for controlling moss in lawns.Comparative treatments:

[0161] Untreated - UTC

[0162] MossOff - Lactic Acid Based

[0163] MossOut™ - Ferrous Sulfate Based (Premier Tech Home and Garden, operating as Wilson)

[0164] Results are shown in FIG.9 and 10, illustrating the efficacy evaluation on 15x15 cm plot of moss on bare soil - 6 repetitions / treatment and damage evaluation on Kentucky Bluegrass lawn without moss - 3 repetitions / treatment.General conclusion:

[0165] Compared to MossOut, SP2 provides effective moss control with minimal regrowth and turf damage.EXAMPLE 5 - ACID DERIVATIVES TRIAL - PATCH TREATMENT

[0166] A complete randomized block design with 5 treatments and 5 repetitions for crabgrass. 5 crabgrass plants per repetition was conducted with the following compositions, as shown in Table 9.Table 9: Treatments list used for patch application trials for comparative effectiveness of carboxylic acid derivatives on crabgrass control# TreatmentA Negative controlB Positive control (SP2-2024 formulation)Amyl-cinnamaldehyde solution (1 %)C Amyl-cinnamaldehyde solution (SP2-1 %)D Cinnamaldehyde solution (SP3-1 %)E Cinnamic acid (1 %)Crop-.

[0167] Young plant of large crabgrass (D. sanguinalis) in an OTBG.Experimental Design:

[0168] 2 applications at 2 weeks intervals.

[0169] 6-7 mL / plant (hand sprayer-Mode direct jet).

[0170] Datas:

[0171] Crabgrass mortality damage (0-5 scale) as previously defined.

[0172] Results of this trial are shown at FIG.12. Although the SP2 formulation tested (C, containing a high amount of Tween additive) is less effective than the control formulation (B), it has shown to reduce plant growth. For equivalent formulations in terms of additive, SP2 is more effective than SP3 and cinnamic acid, but cinnamic acid seems slightly more effective than its derivative SP3 (cinnamaldehyde). These results demonstrate that carboxylic acid derivatives are at least as effective or more effective than their aldehyde derivatives.EXAMPLE 6 - APPLICA TION RA TE TRIAL - BROADCAST APPLICA TION - St-Michel de Bellechasse (July 2025)

[0173] A complete randomized block design with 7 treatments and 3 repetitions for crabgrass on a 0.5 m2area was conducted with the following compositions, as shown in Table 10.Table 10: Treatments list used for broadcast application trials on crabgrass controlCrop-.

[0174] Young plant of large crabgrass (D. ischaemum).Experimental Design:

[0175] 2 applications at 2 weeks intervals.

[0176] Concentrations of 0.75% and 1 % for each of SP2, SP3 and SP4.

[0177] Application rates of 2000L / ha and 3000L / ha.Data:

[0178] Crabgrass control %=[1 -(crabgrass presence in treated area / crabgrass presence in untreated area)]x100

[0179] Crabgrass control in % = [1 -(crabgrass presence in treated area / crabgrass presence in untreated area)]x100

[0180] Phytotoxicity on Gramineae on a scale of 1-3, as previously defined.

[0181] The results are shown in FIG.13 and FIG.14. The results confirm the good performance of SP2 and SP4 solutions in reducing crabgrass under the two conditions tested: i.e. 0.75% at an application rate of 3000 L / ha and 1 % at an application rate of 2000 L / ha, although the effectiveness of SP3 solutions is lower.

[0182] Without being bound to theory, the application appears to provide better foliage coverage with a higher volume (3000 L / ha). Phytotoxicity with SP2 and SP4 solutions decreased after 7 to 14 days (depending on climatic conditions). The low phytotoxicity with SP3 solutions was likely related to its effectiveness against crabgrass - it takes more SP3 than SP2 to cause the same damage. These results are consistent with data of the examples provided above.

[0183] The phytotoxicity observed on the lawn is transient and easily acceptable to users. SP2-SP3-SP4 kill crabgrass, but only cause temporary damage to the lawn, i.e. the desirable Gramineae.EXAMPLE 6 - PHYTOTOXICITY ON DESIRED GRAMINEAE - PATCH APPLICATION - St-Antonin (September 2025)

[0184] A randomized block design with 3 treatments and 3 repetitions for 5 different species of Gramineae was conducted with the following compositions, as shown in Table 11 .Table 11 : Treatments list used for phytotoxicity trials on different Gramineae# SolutionsA UntreatedB Amyl-cinnamaldehyde (SP2)-0.75%C Amyl-cinnamaldehyde (SP2)-1 %Crops:

[0185] Bentgrass (Agrost is stolonifera)

[0186] Chewing Fescue (Festuca rubra ssp. commutata)

[0187] Creeping Red Fescue - CRF (Festuca rubra)

[0188] Kentucky Bluegrass - KBG (Poa pratensis)

[0189] Perennial Ryegrass - PRG (Lolium perenne)Experimental Design:

[0190] 3 treatments and 3 repetitions on each species.

[0191] Concentrations of 0.75% and 1 % of SP2.

[0192] 5-6 mL / patch (area of a diameter of about 15 cm) (equivalent to about3100 L / ha)Data:

[0193] Phytotoxicity on desired Gramineae on a scale of 1 -3, as previously defined.

[0194] The results are presented in FIG.15-19, from which it may be seen that phytotoxicity with the 1 % solution was observed for all species evaluated, but very little for KBG. The damage diminished after 10 days and was practically non-existent after 14 days. There was very low phytotoxicity with the 0.75% solution, except for Chewing's fescue. Without wishing to be bound to theory, the SP2 treatment at 0.75% and 1 % is compatible with all of the desirable Gramineae tested.EXAMPLE 7 - PERFORMANCE TRIAL - BROADCAST APPLICATION - Levis (July 2025)

[0195] A complete randomized block design with 10 treatments and 2 repetitions for crabgrass on a 1 m2area was conducted with the following compositions, as shown in Table 12.Table 12: Treatments list used for broadcast application trials on crabgrass control# Amyl-cinnamaldehyde Application rate solutions (%) (L / ha)A UntreatedB 0.5 1000c 0.5 2000D 0.5 3000E 0.75 1000F 0.75 2000G 0.75 3000H 1 1000I 1 2000J 1 3000Crop-.

[0196] Young plant of smooth crabgrass (D. ischaemum).Experimental Design.

[0197] 2 applications at 2 weeks intervals.

[0198] Concentrations of 0.5 %, 0.75% and 1 % of SP2.

[0199] Application rates of 1000L / ha, 2000L / ha and 3000L / ha.Data'.

[0200] Crabgrass control in %.

[0201] Phytotoxicity on Gramineae on a scale of 1 -3, as previously defined.

[0202] The results are shown in FIG.20 and FIG.21 . For three treatments, a 70% reduction was observed 2 weeks after the first application and then a 80% reduction of crabgrass 2 weeks after the second application. The most effective treatments exhibited high phytotoxicity up to 10 days after the first application but it considered to be without substantially affecting the desired plant as the plant desired plant recovered within a reasonable period of time and the observed damage was acceptable for professionals. The results confirm that application of the compounds of the present disclosure has reduced the spread of crabgrass.EXAMPLE 7 - ANNUAL BLUEGRASS TRIAL - St-Antonin (October 2025)

[0203] A randomized block design with 3 treatments and 3 repetitions as shown in Table 11.Crop:

[0204] Annual bluegrass (Poa annua) was sown and grown in greenhouse for 3 weeks before transplanting in OTGB.Application rate:

[0205] Apply until runoff.Data:

[0206] Mortality damage (%)

[0207] The results are shown in FIG 22. The results show that both the 0.75% and 1 % solutions performed well in controlling to annual bluegrass with more than 60% of the plants affected two weeks after application.

[0208] While the applicant's teachings described herein are in conjunction with various embodiments for illustrative purposes, it is not intended that the applicant's teachings be limited to such embodiments as the embodiments described herein are intended to be examples. On the contrary, the applicant's teachings described and illustrated herein encompass various alternatives, modifications, and equivalents, without departing from the embodiments described herein, the general scope of which is defined in the appended claims.

Claims

1. CLAIMS1 . A method for controlling undesirable Gramineae, the method comprising: applying a composition comprising about 0.25% to about 4% of a compound of Formula (I) or a salt thereof,wherein R is selected from H, linear or branched C1-C10 alkyl, optionally interrupted with one or more heteroatoms selected from N, S and 0, andX is H or OH, wherein applying the composition selectively reduces or kills at least one undesirable Gramineae without substantially affecting at least one desirable Gramineae.

2. A method for controlling undesirable Gramineae, the method comprising: applying a composition comprising about 0.25% to about 4% of a compound of Formula (l-A),wherein R is selected from H, linear or branched C3-C8 alkyl, optionally interrupted with one or more heteroatoms selected from N, S and 0, wherein applying the composition selectively reduce or kill at least one undesirable Gramineae without substantially affecting at least one desirable Gramineae.

3. A method for controlling undesirable Gramineae, the method comprising:applying a composition comprising about 0.25% to about 4% of a compound of Formula (l-B) or a salt thereof,wherein R is selected from H, linear or branched Cs-Cs alkyl, optionally interrupted with one or more heteroatoms selected from N, S and 0, wherein applying the composition selectively reduces or kills at least one undesirable Gramineae without substantially affecting at least one desirable Gramineae.

4. The method of any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the composition comprises about 0.4% to about 3% of the compound of Formula (I), Formula (l-A) or Formula (l-B).

5. The method of any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the composition comprises about 0.5% to about 2.5% of the compound of Formula (I), Formula (l-A) or Formula (l-B).

6. The method of any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein R is selected from linear or branched C4-C7 alkyl.

7. The method of claim 1 or 2, wherein the compound of Formula (I) or Formula (I-A) is cinnamaldehyde, amyl-cinnamaldehyde or hexyl-cinnamaldehyde.

8. The method of claim 1 or 3, wherein the compound of Formula (I) or Formula (I-B) is cinnamic acid, amyl-cinnamic acid or hexyl-cinnamic acid.

9. The method of any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein the at least one undesirable Gramineae is selected from crabgrass, annual bluegrass, and a combination thereof.

10. The method of any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein the at least one desirable Gramineae is selected from Creeping Red Fescue (CRF), Chewing Fescue (CF), Perennial Ryegrass (PRG), Kentucky Bluegrass (KBG), Tall Fescue (TF), Fine Fescue (FF), Creeping Bentgrass, Clover, Bermudagrass, Centipede Grass, Seashore Paspalum, St.Augustine Grass, Manila grass and a combination thereof.11 . The method of any one of claims 1 to 10, wherein the applying comprises diffuse spraying of an area to be treated comprising the at least one undesirable Gramineae.

12. The method of any one of claims 1 to 11 , wherein the applying is at an application rate of about 50 mL / m2to about 500 mL / m2.

13. The method of any one of claims 1 to 11 , wherein the applying is at an application rate of about 65 mL / m2to about 400 mL / m2.

14. The method of any one of claims 1 to 1 1 , wherein the applying is at an application rate of about 500 L / ha to about 5000 L / ha.

15. The method of any one of claims 1 to 10, wherein the applying comprises direct spraying of the at least one undesirable Gramineae.

16. The method of any one of claims 1 to 10 and 15, wherein the applying is at an application rate of about 5mL / plant to about 8mL / plant.

17. The method of any one of claims 1 to 10 and 15, wherein the applying is at an application rate of about 4mL / plant to about 10mL / plant.

18. The method of any one of claims 1 to 17, wherein the applying comprises spraying the composition 1 to 7 times.

19. The method of any one of claims 1 to 17, wherein the applying comprises spraying the composition 1 to 5 times.

20. The method of any one of claims 1 to 17, wherein the applying comprises spraying the composition 1 to 3 times.21 . The method of any one of claims 1 to 20, wherein 1 day after application, about 50% to about 85% of the at least one undesirable Gramineae is affected.

22. The method of any one of claims 1 to 20, wherein 3 days after application, about 70% to about 95% of the at least one undesirable Gramineae is affected.

23. The method of any one of claims 1 to 20, wherein 7 days after application, about 80% to about 96% of the at least one undesirable Gramineae is affected.

24. The method of any one of claims 1 to 20, wherein 14 days after application, about 85% to about 98% of the at least one undesirable Gramineae is affected.

25. The method of any one of claims 1 to 20, wherein 21 days after application, about 90% to about 100% of the at least one undesirable Gramineae is affected.

26. The method of any one of claims 1 to 25, further comprising repeating application after 28 days.

27. The method of any one of claims 1 to 25, further comprising repeating application after 21 days.

28. A method for controlling moss, the method comprising: applying a composition comprising about 0.25% to about 4% of a compound of Formula (I) or a salt thereof,wherein R is selected from H, linear or branched C1-C10 alkyl, optionally interrupted with one or more heteroatoms selected from N, S and 0, and X is H or OH, wherein applying the composition reduces or kills moss.

29. A method for controlling moss, the method comprising: applying a composition comprising about 0.25% to about 4% of a compound of Formula (l-A),wherein R is selected from H, linear or branched C3-C8 alkyl, optionally interrupted with one or more heteroatoms selected from N, S and 0, wherein applying the composition reduces or kills moss.

30. A method for controlling moss, the method comprising: applying a composition comprising about 0.25% to about 4% of a compound of Formula (l-B) or a salt thereof,wherein R is selected from H, linear or branched C3-C8 alkyl, optionally interrupted with one or more heteroatoms selected from N, S and 0, wherein applying the composition reduce or kill moss.31 .A method for controlling moss, the method comprising: applying a composition comprising about 0.25% to about 4% of amyl- cinnamaldehyde, wherein applying the composition selectively reduces or kills moss without substantially affecting at least one desirable Gramineae.

32. A method for controlling crabgrass, the method comprising: applying a composition comprising about 0.25% to about 4% of a compound of Formula (I) or a salt thereof,wherein R is selected from H, linear or branched C1-C10 alkyl, optionally interrupted with one or more heteroatoms selected from N, S and 0, and X is H or OH, wherein applying the composition selectively reduces or kills crabgrass without substantially affecting at least one desirable Gramineae.

33. A method for controlling crabgrass, the method comprising: applying a composition comprising about 0.25% to about 4% of a compound of Formula (l-A),wherein R is selected from H, linear or branched C3-C8 alkyl, optionally interrupted with one or more heteroatoms selected from N, S and 0, wherein applying the composition selectively reduces or kills crabgrass without substantially affecting at least one desirable Gramineae.

34. A method for controlling crabgrass, the method comprising: applying a composition comprising about 0.25% to about 4% of a compound of Formula (l-B) or a salt thereof,wherein R is selected from H, linear or branched Cs-Cs alkyl, optionally interrupted with one or more heteroatoms selected from N, S and 0, wherein applying the composition selectively reduces or kill crabgrass without substantially affecting at least one desirable Gramineae.

35. The method of any one of claims 32 to 34, wherein the composition comprises about 0.4% to about 3% of the compound of Formula (I), Formula (l-A) or Formula (l-B).

36. The method of any one of claims 32 to 34, wherein the composition comprises about 0.5% to about 2.5% of the compound of Formula (I), Formula (l-A) or Formula (l-B).

37. The method of any one of claims 32 to 34, wherein R is selected from linear or branched C4-C7 alkyl.

38. The method of claim 32 or 33, wherein the compound of Formula (I), or Formula (l-A) is amyl-cinnamaldehyde or hexyl-cinnamaldehyde.

39. The method of claim 32 or 34, wherein the compound of Formula (I) or Formula (l-B) is cinnamic acid, amyl-cinnamic acid or hexyl-cinnamic acid.

40. The method of any one of claims 32 to 39, wherein the at least one desirable Gramineae is selected from Creeping Red Fescue (CRF), Chewing Fescue (CF), Perennial Ryegrass (PRG), Kentucky Bluegrass (KBG), Tall Fescue (TF),Fine Fescue (FF), Creeping Bentgrass, Clover, Bermudagrass, Centipede Grass, Seashore Paspalum, St.Augustine Grass, Manila grass and a combination thereof.

41. The method of any one of claims 32 to 40, wherein the applying comprises diffuse spraying of an area to be treated comprising the crabgrass.

42. The method of any one of claims 32 to 41 , wherein the applying is at an application rate of about 50 mL / m2to about 500 mL / m2.

43. The method of any one of claims 32 to 41 , wherein the applying is at an application rate of about 65 mL / m2to about 400 mL / m2.

44. The method of any one of claims 32 to 41 , wherein the applying is at an application rate of about 500 L / ha to about 5000 L / ha.

45. The method of any one of claims 32 to 40, wherein the applying comprises direct spraying of the crabgrass.

46. The method of any one of claims 32 to 40 and 45, wherein the applying is at an application rate of about 5mL / plant to about 8mL / plant.

47. The method of any one of claims 32 to 40 and 45, wherein the applying is at an application rate of about 4mL / plant to about 10mL / plant.

48. The method of any one of claims 32 to 47, wherein the applying comprises spraying the composition 1 to 7 times.

49. The method of any one of claims 32 to 47, wherein the applying comprises spraying the composition 1 to 5 times.

50. The method of any one of claims 32 to 47, wherein the applying comprises spraying the composition 1 to 3 times.51 . The method of any one of claims 32 to 50, wherein 1 day after application, about 50% to about 85% of the crabgrass is affected.

52. The method of any one of claims 32 to 50, wherein 3 days after application, about 70% to about 95% of the crabgrass is affected.

53. The method of any one of claims 32 to 50, wherein 7 days after application, about 80% to about 96% of the crabgrass is affected.

54. The method of any one of claims 32 to 50, wherein 14 days after application, about 85% to about 98% of the crabgrass is affected.

55. The method of any one of claims 32 to 50, wherein 21 days after application, about 90% to about 100% of the crabgrass is affected.

56. The method of any one of claims 32 to 55, further comprising repeating application after 28 days.

57. The method of any one of claims 32 to 55, further comprising repeating application after 21 days.

58. An herbicidal composition comprising about 0.25% to about 4% of a compound of Formula (I) or a salt thereof,wherein R is selected from H, linear or branched C1-C10 alkyl, optionally interrupted with one or more heteroatoms selected from N, S and O, and X is H or OH,and at least one herbicidally acceptable excipient for use as a selective herbicide on Gramineae.

59. An herbicidal composition comprising about 0.25% to about 4% of a compound of Formula (l-A),wherein R is selected from H, linear or branched Cs-Cs alkyl, optionally interrupted with one or more heteroatoms selected from N, S and 0, and at least one herbicidally acceptable excipient for use as a selective herbicide on Gramineae.

60. An herbicidal composition comprising about 0.25% to about 4% of a compound of Formula (l-B) or a salt thereof,wherein R is selected from H, linear or branched Cs-Cs alkyl, optionally interrupted with one or more heteroatoms selected from N, S and 0, and at least one herbicidally acceptable excipient for use as a selective herbicide on Gramineae.

61. The composition of any one of claims 58 to 60, wherein the at least one herbicidally acceptable carrier is selected from a surfactant, an antioxidant, a solvent, an adjuvant and a combination thereof.

62. The composition of claim 61 , wherein the surfactant is an anionic, cationic or non-ionic agent selected from wetting agents, dispersing agents, suspending agents, emulsifying agents and a combination thereof.

63. The composition of any one of claims 58 to 62, in the form of a solution.

64. Use of an herbicidal composition as defined in any one of claims 58 to 63 for selectively controlling at least one undesirable Gramineae.

65. Use of an herbicidal composition as defined in any one of claims 58 to 63 for selectively controlling crabgrass.

66. Use of an herbicidal composition as defined in any one of claims 58 to 63 for controlling moss.

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