Bio-based coating compositions and uses thereof

Abstract

Bio-based coating compositions and uses thereof are disclosed. In some embodiments, the bio-based coating compositions comprise or consist essentially of used cooking oil (UCO), and optionally one or more additives. In some embodiments, the bio-based coating compositions comprise or consist essentially of fatty acid esters (FAEs), and optionally one or more additives. In some embodiments, the bio-based coating compositions comprise used cooking oil (UCO) and one or more products and byproducts formed in the transesterification of used cooking oil with alcohol (e.g., methanol and / or ethanol). Such products and byproducts include, for example, fatty acid esters (FAEs) and glycerin.

Description

BIO-BASED COATING COMPOSITIONS AND USES THEREOFField of the Invention

[0001] The invention pertains to coating compositions, in particular, those that are biobased.Background

[0002] Coating compositions are known in the art. Many coating compositions that are currently used in the construction industry contain synthetic chemicals. For example, most of the existing concrete form- and paving-release coating compositions are made from petroleum. This means that such coating compositions are not renewable and may contain harmful chemicals. This poses health risks to construction workers and can lead to environmental contamination around the construction site.

[0003] Another example of a coating composition is a dust suppressing composition, or also known as a dust suppressant or dust palliative. Dust that is produced from unpaved roadways poses safety and health concerns. Dust can become airborne which could obscure a driver’s vision. Breathing in dust can contaminate the lungs, potentially introducing harmful microbes or minerals. Currently, a commonly used dust suppressant is water. The use of water as a dust suppressant is impractical since it must be applied often as its efficacy disappears once the water is dry. Another commonly used dust suppressant is brine solutions generally comprising NaCI, CaC or MgC . The salts may be reduced by rain and heavy traffic and therefore require frequent re-applications. There is also a risk that the salts runoff into the land adjacent to the roads where the salts may build up and eventually degrade the soil by salting. Historically, a commonly used dust suppressant product may include petroleum oil, or a mixture of petroleum oil and lignin. Such dust suppressants undesirably contain toxic chemicals.

[0004] The present invention is directed to improved coating compositions which are fully biodegradable, and more particularly, those that are environmentally safe and cost effective.Summary

[0005] The invention provides bio-based coating compositions. In some embodiments, the bio-based coating compositions comprise or consist essentially of used cooking oil(UCO), and optionally one or more additives. In some embodiments, the bio-based coating compositions comprise or consist essentially of fatty acid esters (FAEs) such as fatty acid methyl esters (FAME), and optionally one or more additives. In some embodiments, the biobased coating compositions comprise used cooking oil (UCO) and one or more products and byproducts formed in the transesterification of used cooking oil with alcohol (e.g., methanol and / or ethanol). Such products and byproducts include for example fatty acid esters (FAEs) and glycerin.

[0006] In some embodiments, the bio-based coating compositions comprise one or more lipids and one or more fatty acid esters (FAEs). The one or more lipids may comprise recycled food waste, and in particular, used cooking oil. The one or more fatty acid esters may be derived from processing such used cooking oil, for example, by a transesterification process. The bio-based coating compositions comprise low free fatty acid (FFA) content. In some embodiments, the weight concentration of the free fatty acid in the bio-based coating compositions is less than about 10% v / v, and in some embodiments, between about 0.1 % v / v to about 7% v / v, and in some embodiments, between about 5% v / v to about 7% v / v. The one or more fatty acid esters may comprise fatty acid methyl esters (FAME).

[0007] Such bio-based coating composition may be used as a wood stain and preservative and / or form and / or paving release agent and / or penetrating oil and / or metal protectant.

[0008] In some embodiments, the bio-based coating compositions comprise one or more lipids, glycerin, and water. In some embodiments, the bio-based coating composition is formulated as a concentrate. In some embodiments, the concentrate comprises one or more lipids and glycerin. The glycerin may comprise crude glycerin and / or pure glycerin. The one or more lipids may comprise recycled food waste, and in particular, used cooking oil. The crude glycerin may be obtained from a byproduct stream in alcohol transesterification of triglycerides contained in an oil feedstock. The oil feedstock may comprise used cooking oil. The concentrate may be suspended or emulsified in water by an end-user before use.

[0009] Such bio-based coating composition may be used as a dust suppressant.

[0010] Further aspects of the invention and features of specific embodiments of the invention are described below.Brief Description of the Drawings

[0011] Exemplary embodiments are illustrated in referenced figures of the drawings. It is intended that the embodiments and figures disclosed herein are to be consideredillustrative rather than restrictive.

[0012] Figure 1 is a schematic flow chart illustrating a method of making bio-based coating compositions according to an example embodiment of the invention.

[0013] Figure 2 is a schematic flow chart illustrating a method of making bio-based coating compositions with high free fatty acid content according to another example embodiment of the invention.

[0014] Figure 3 is a plot illustrating the measurement of dust particles 2.5 microns and larger, expressed in pg / m3of air measured on the Mill Bay, BC test site between June 6thand August 28thas detailed in Example #2. Readings were taken continuously approximately every two minutes. The arrows designate the two times (July 11thand August 8th) that the dust palliative product was applied to the road.

[0015] Figure 4 is a plot showing hourly dust concentrations measured before and after the dust suppressant application as described in Example #3. The dark gray box (“Pre”) represents data collected from June 5th- July 10th(pre-treatment), and the light gray box (“Post”) represents data from July 12th- August 28th(post-treatment). Each box encloses the interquartile range (IQR), which captures the middle 50% of all readings, bounded by the 25th percentile (lower edge) and 75th percentile (upper edge). The horizontal lines (whiskers) above and below the boxes extend to 1.5 x |QR beyond each box, representing typical variability in the dataset, while points beyond the whiskers indicate individual high- dust events.

[0016] Figure 5 is a plot showing dust quantification on a typical workday as described in Example #4. Panel A shows ambient dust during non-working hours (12 AM to 7 AM), where no traffic passes the road. Panel B shows ambient dust during typical working hours. Untreated section is shown by the black line. The watered section is show by the medium gray line. The section treated with the dust palliative is shown by the light gray line.

[0017] Figure 6 is plot which illustrates an uptake of FAME, UCO, and different combinations by white birch over time as described in Example #5.

[0018] Figure 7 is a plot illustrating the relative change (%) in mass of coated and uncoated steel panels over time during accelerated corrosion testing under simulated winter-salt exposure as described in Example #6. Lower values indicate improved corrosion resistance due to lower formation of iron oxides. FAME 100 and UCO 100 represent treatments comprising pure FAME and UCO, respectively. 95:5, 90:10 and 50:50 represent the ratio of FAME:UCO in each formulation.

[0019] Figure 8 is a graph illustrating the torque required to loosen corroded nuts on corroded bolts with or without treatment with penetrating oils as described in Example #7.Errors designate one standard deviation, determined from triplicate measurements. The ratios of 75:25, 50:50, and 25:75 represent the ratio of FAME to UCO.

[0020] Figure 9 is a plot showing the survey results derived from concrete construction company worker interviews as described in Example #8. Participants were questioned about the performance and working properties of the experimental composition for a form and paving release product as described herein in comparison to a competitor product that they normally used. Average score from interviews is shown.Detailed DescriptionDefinitions

[0021] “Used cooking oil (UCO)” means a vegetable or animal-based oil that is generated from cooking or frying foods. Used cooking oil may contain impurities, such as food particles and water. Used cooking oil is a waste product that is primarily generated from commercial or industrial food processing operations such as restaurants. The used cooking oil may optionally be pretreated. The pretreatment may for example include epoxidation and / or acrylation.

[0022] “Fatty acid esters (FAEs)” are compounds that are synthesized by reacting fatty acids with alcohol. Any suitable fatty acid esters may be used in the bio-based coating composition, for example, fatty acid methyl esters (FAME), fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE), etc. In some embodiments, the fatty acid esters are derived by transesterification of fats or oils in an oil feedstock with an alcohol such as methanol and / or ethanol. In some example embodiments, the fatty acid esters are at least partly obtained from a product stream in a biodiesel production process. In some embodiments, the fatty acid esters are at least partly obtained from a product stream in the transesterification of used cooking oil with alcohol. In some embodiments, the fatty acid esters may comprise one or more impurities. The one or more impurities may comprise glycerin, salt, soap, catalyst, alcohol, etc. The fatty acid esters need not however be derived from used cooking oil.

[0023] “Glycerin” (also called glycerol or glycerine) is an organic compound with the molecular formula C3H8O3. The glycerin in the bio-based coating composition may be pure glycerin and / or crude glycerin. The crude glycerin may comprise glycerin generated in the process of making a primary product. For example, in some embodiments, the crude glycerin is at least partly or entirely obtained from a byproduct stream in a biodiesel production process via the transesterification of used cooking oil with alcohol. In some embodiments, the crude glycerin may comprise one or more impurities. The one or more impurities may comprise salt, soap, catalyst, alcohol (e.g., methanol, ethanol, etc.),glycerides, free fatty esters, etc. In some embodiments, the crude glycerin comprises free fatty acids. The crude glycerin may be treated prior to mixing with the one or more lipids. In some examples, methanol is removed from the crude glycerin. In some examples, the pH of the crude glycerin is modified. The pH of the crude glycerin may be alkaline. The pH of the crude glycerin may for example be adjusted to about 8-10.Example Embodiments

[0024] The present invention pertains to bio-based coating compositions. The biobased coating compositions comprise renewable, biodegradable raw materials. The biobased coating composition of the present invention is free from synthetic chemicals, which may be harmful to the environment and / or to individuals. In some embodiments, the biobased coating compositions comprise or consist essentially of used cooking oil (UCO). In some embodiments, the bio-based coating compositions comprise or consist essentially of fatty acid esters (FAEs) such as fatty acid methyl esters (FAME). In some embodiments, the bio-based coating compositions comprise used cooking oil (UCO) and one or more products and byproducts formed in the transesterification of used cooking oil with alcohol (e.g., methanol and / or ethanol). Such products and byproducts include for example fatty acid esters (FAEs) and glycerin.

[0025] In a first embodiment of the invention, the bio-based coating compositions comprise a mixture. In some embodiments, the mixture comprises one or more lipids and one or more fatty acid esters. In some embodiments, the mixture comprises an emulsifier. In some embodiments, the lipid is obtained and / or derived from living organisms. Examples of “lipids” include fats, oils, and waxes. In some embodiments, the lipids comprise triacylglycerol (TAG), monoacylglycerol, and / or diacylglycerol.

[0026] In some embodiments, the lipids in the composition comprise more than 80% v / v, and in some embodiments, more than 90% v / v of triacylglycerol. In some embodiments, the lipids in the composition comprise one or more of vegetable or plant oil (e.g., soybean, canola / rapeseed, palm, corn, sunflower oil, etc.), and / or animal oil. In some embodiments, the lipids in the composition comprise virgin or pure oil, i.e. , one or more oil products which are obtained by extraction from a source. In some embodiments, the lipids in the composition comprises or consists essentially of used oil. In some embodiments, the used oil comprises used cooking oil. In some embodiments, the lipids in the composition comprise a mixture of pure oil and used cooking oil. The used cooking oil may be pretreated, or refined to remove impurities.

[0027] In some embodiments, the free fatty acid (FFA) content in the one or more lipidsis not more than about 35% v / v, and in some embodiments, not more than about 30%v / v, and in some embodiments, not more than about 10% v / v, and in some embodiments, not more than about 7%, and in some embodiments, not more than about 5%. In some embodiments, the free fatty acid (FFA) content in the one or more lipids is between about 0.5% v / v and 35% v / v, and in some embodiments, between about 0.5% v / v and 30% v / v, and in some embodiments, between about 5% v / v to about 7% v / v.

[0028] In some embodiments, at least some of the free fatty acids contained in the composition are produced from the hydrolysis of triacylglycerol which forms the one or more lipids. In embodiments in which the lipids comprise used cooking oil, the hydrolysis of triacylglyercol occurs during the using of the cooking oil (i.e., during the cooking process) at residential, commercial and / or industrial food processing operations.

[0029] In some embodiments, the bio-based coating compositions comprise one or more surfactants. In some embodiments, the one or more surfactants are derived partly or entirely from a byproduct stream in the transesterification of fats or oils with an alcohol. The one or more surfactants may comprise a soap contained in the byproduct stream. The soap may for example be produced from the reaction between the free fatty acids in the fats or oil and the catalyst during the transesterification process.

[0030] In some embodiments, the bio-based coating composition comprises used cooking oil and one or more fatty acid esters. In some embodiments, the bio-based coating composition consists essentially of used cooking oil and one or more fatty acid esters. In some embodiments, the bio-based coating composition consists essentially of used cooking oil and fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) and / or fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE). The used cooking oil may be untreated and / or pre-treated. The used cooking oil may comprise one or more impurities.

[0031] In some embodiments, the bio-based coating composition consists essentially of vegetable oil and one or more fatty acid esters. In some embodiments, the bio-based coating composition consists essentially of vegetable oil and fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) and / or fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE).

[0032] In some embodiments, the one or more lipids in the bio-based coating composition are between 0% v / v and 95% v / v, and in some embodiments, between 20% v / v and 95%, and in some embodiments, between 30% v / v and 70% v / v. In some embodiments, the one or more one or more fatty acid esters in the bio-based coating composition are between 10% v / v and 100% v / v, and in some embodiments, between 20% v / v and 80% v / v.

[0033] In some example embodiments, the bio-based coating composition comprisesabout 0%-50% v / v lipids (or about 10% v / v to about 25% v / v lipids) and about 70%-90% fatty acid esters (or about 50% v / v to about 80% v / v fatty acid esters). In some embodiments, the bio-based coating composition comprises about 20% v / v lipids and about 80% fatty acid esters. In some example embodiments, the bio-based coating composition comprises or consists essentially of about 20% v / v used cooking oil and about 80% fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) and / or fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE). Such bio-based coating composition may be used as a form release and / or a paving release coating agent. The composition may be applied on hard surfaces so as to prevent sticking of objects (such as objects made by materials comprising one or more of concrete, asphalt and the like) to such surfaces.

[0034] In some embodiments, the bio-based coating composition comprises about 0.01 % v / v to about 1 % v / v of the one or more surfactants.

[0035] In some embodiments, the bio-based coating composition comprises about 0% v / v to about 20% v / v of glycerin. In some embodiments, the glycerin comprises crude glycerin. The crude glycerin, may for example, be obtained from a byproduct stream in alcohol transesterification of triglycerides contained in an oil feedstock. In some embodiments, the glycerin comprises pure glycerin.

[0036] In some embodiments, the bio-based coating composition comprises one or more additives. The one or more additives comprise one or more anti-oxidation agents, anti-foaming agents, anti-flocculating agents, anti-fungal agents, anti-gel, fixatives, emulsifiers or co-solvents, pigments or dyes, and / or cross-linking initiator. Other suitable preservatives and / or stabilizers may be used. In some embodiments, the bio-based coating composition comprises about 0% v / v to about 50% v / v of the one or more additives. The one or more additives provide enhanced properties and / or prolong the life of the compositions. In some embodiments, one or more of pigment, dye, colorant and / or scent / fragrance may be included in the bio-based coating composition.

[0037] Some aspects of the invention pertain to methods of making a bio-based composition. Referring to Figure 1 , the method 10 comprises collecting used cooking oil from residential, commercial and / or industrial food processing operations. The used cooking oil may be pre-treated (block 14). The pre-treating of the used cooking oil may comprise refining the used cooking oil to remove impurities, for example, solid food particles. For example, the refining of the used cooking oil may comprise one or more of settling, heating, filtering / separating and dewatering the used cooking oil to yield refined used cooking oil. Either one of the used cooking oil (untreated) or pre-treated used cooking oil may be used as the feedstock in the transesterification step (block 18). “Transesterification” is a chemicalreaction that can, for example, be used to convert triacylglycerol contained in oils into biodiesel. In some example embodiments, the transesterification step 18 comprises supplying a feedstock comprising used cooking oil and an alcohol such as methanol in a reactor. A catalyst is optionally mixed in with the feedstock and the alcohol. The catalyst may be alkaline. In some example methods, the feedstock, alcohol and optionally the catalyst may be heated to about 60°C for about an hour. The desired product comprising fatty acid esters (e.g., fatty acid methyl esters) may be outputted, and separated from a byproduct stream comprising glycerin. The product comprising fatty acid esters may be neutralized with an acid, and separated from impurities. The product comprising fatty acid esters may be washed with water to remove salts, catalyst, soap, alcohol and free glycerin, etc.

[0038] In some embodiments, fatty acid esters produced from the transesterification step 18 are combined with the used cooking oil and / or the pre-treated used cooking oil to produce the bio-based coating composition (block 20). In some embodiments, the fatty acid esters are combined and mixed with the used cooking oil and / or the pre-treated used cooking oil in ambient temperature, for example, at room temperature. In some embodiments, the combining step 20 is performed in the absence of subjecting the substances / components under heat; accordingly, no addition of heat and / or special equipment is required to perform the combining step 20. The combining step 20 may be performed in any suitable container, and in some embodiments, the combining step 20 is performed directly in the container in which the coating composition is shipped and / or sold and / or stored before use.

[0039] In some embodiments, the combining step 20 further comprises adding one or more surfactants to the mixture comprising the fatty acid esters and the used cooking oil and / or the pre-treated used cooking oil to produce the bio-based coating composition. In some embodiments, the combining step 20 further comprises adding one or more additives to the mixture comprising the fatty acid esters and the used cooking oil and / or the pretreated used cooking oil, and optionally the one or more surfactants, and optionally the glycerin to produce the bio-based coating composition. In some embodiments, the transesterification step 18 yields a product stream comprising fatty acid esters and one or more byproduct streams. The one or more surfactants and / or the glycerin may at least be partially obtained from the one or more of the byproduct streams. For example, the soap and / or glycerin that is produced in the transesterification step 18 may be separated from the other impurities such as salts, catalyst, salt, alcohol, etc. contained in the byproduct streams.

[0040] The bio-based coating compositions of the present invention advantageously provide, when applied to a surface, one or more of the following properties: refurbishing and lubricating, e.g., to reduce friction between moving surfaces; providing a non-stick surface;- adhesive and / or resin removing; protecting, e.g., from degradation such as by weathering, oxidation and / or rust;- cleaning, e.g., as a degreaser to solubilize oils and other hydrophobic substances and / or as a degummer; preventing seizing of moving parts and / or freeing movement of seized parts;- staining and / or preserving, e.g., protecting surfaces by excluding water and / or inhibiting degradation by microorganisms; penetrating corrosion (e.g., rust) onto surfaces (or anti-corrosive agent);- demulsifying (e.g., to break emulsions) ; and / or- etc.

[0041] The bio-based coating compositions may be applied onto surfaces that are made from materials comprising wood, concrete, asphalt, metal, and / or plastic. In some embodiments, the bio-based coating compositions are applied on surfaces of equipment such as truck beds, asphalt rollers, etc.

[0042] In some embodiments, the bio-based coating composition comprising greater than about 70% v / v and in some embodiments, greater than about 80% v / v, and in some embodiments, greater than 90%, and in some embodiments, between 90-99% v / v of fatty acid esters is made for use as a penetrating agent. In some embodiments, the penetrating agent is applied on metal surfaces to penetrate corrosion such as rust on such surfaces, thereby removing the corrosion and / or facilitating seized parts to freely move. In some embodiments, the penetrating agent is applied on wood surfaces which may then penetrate into the wood pieces. The penetrating agent may function to exclude water and / or inhibit degradation by microorganisms, thereby staining and preserving the wood piece.

[0043] In some embodiments, the bio-based coating composition comprising greater than about 70% v / v and in some embodiments, greater than about 80% v / v, and in some embodiments, greater than 90%, and in some embodiments, between 90-99% v / v of one or more lipids, and in some embodiments, vegetable oil and / or used cooking oil, for use as a lubricating agent. The lubricating agent may be applied to surfaces to provide non-stick surfaces and / or reduce friction between contacted surfaces.Non-limiting Example Compositions

[0044] A non-limiting example composition for use as a form release and paving release agent comprises:- about 20% v / v lipids (in some embodiments, used cooking oil); and- about 80% v / v fatty acid esters.

[0045] A non-limiting example composition for use as a form release and paving release agent comprises:- a ratio of fatty acid esters (e.g., FAME) to lipids (e.g., UCO) of about 30% v / v - 98% v / v fatty acid esters to 70% v / v - 2% lipids.

[0046] A non-limiting example composition for use as a form release and paving release agent comprises:- a ratio of fatty acid esters (e.g., FAME) to lipids (e.g., UCO) of about 50% v / v - 95% v / v fatty acid esters to 50% v / v - 5% v / v lipids.

[0047] A non-limiting example composition for use as a form release and paving release agent comprises:- a ratio of fatty acid esters (e.g., FAME) to lipids (e.g., UCO) of about 60% v / v - 95% v / v fatty acid esters to 40% v / v - 5% v / v lipids.

[0048] A non-limiting example composition for use as a form release and paving release agent comprises:- a ratio of fatty acid esters (e.g., FAME) to lipids (e.g., UCO) of about 80% v / v fatty acid esters to 20% v / v lipids.

[0049] The described form release and paving release agent compositions may be used to minimize sticking of concrete or asphalt to forms and equipment.

[0050] A non-limiting example composition for use as a wood preservative and stain product comprises:- about 40-70% v / v lipids (in some embodiments, used cooking oil);- about 20-40% v / v fatty acid esters;- about 10-20% v / v additives.

[0051] A non-limiting example composition for use as a wood preservative and stain product comprises or consists essentially of: used cooking oil (UCO) and optionally one or more additives.

[0052] A non-limiting example composition for use as a wood preservative and stain product comprises:- a ratio of fatty acid esters (e.g., FAME) to lipids (e.g., UCO) of about 25% v / v - 75% v / v fatty acid esters to 75% v / v - 25% lipids.

[0053] A non-limiting example composition for use as a wood preservative and stainproduct comprises:- a ratio of fatty acid esters (e.g., FAME) to lipids (e.g., UCO) of about 0 v / v - 50% v / v fatty acid esters to 100% v / v - 50% v / v lipids.

[0054] A non-limiting example composition for use as a wood preservative and stain product comprises:- a ratio of fatty acid esters (e.g., FAME) to lipids (e.g., UCO) of about 5% v / v fatty acid esters to 95% v / v lipids.

[0055] A non-limiting example composition for use as a wood preservative and stain product comprises:- a ratio of fatty acid esters (e.g., FAME) to lipids (e.g., UCO) of about 75% v / v fatty acid esters to 25% v / v lipids.

[0056] In some embodiments, the composition for use as a wood preservative and stain product comprises one or more chemical compounds as an additive. In some embodiments, the one or more chemical compounds comprise a metal naphthenate such as copper naphthenate and / or zinc naphthenate.

[0057] A non-limiting example composition for use as a wood preservative and stain product comprises:- a ratio of fatty acid esters (e.g., FAME) to lipids (e.g., UCO) of about 75% v / v fatty acid esters to 25% v / v lipids such as 19% v / v UCO and 56% v / v FAME; and- 25% v / v metal naphthenate.

[0058] A non-limiting example composition for use as a wood preservative and stain product comprises:- a ratio of fatty acid esters (e.g., FAME) to lipids (e.g., UCO) of about 25% v / v fatty acid esters to 75% v / v lipids such as 19% v / v FAME and 56% v / v UCO; and- 25% v / v metal naphthenate.

[0059] A non-limiting example composition for use as a wood preservative and stain product comprises:- a ratio of fatty acid esters (e.g., FAME) to lipids (e.g., UCO) of about 50% v / v fatty acid esters to 50% v / v lipids such as 37.5% v / v FAME and 37.5% v / v UCO; and- 25% v / v metal naphthenate.

[0060] The described wood preservative and stain compositions may be used to colour wood and protect the wood from water penetration, sunlight and / or weathering.

[0061] A non-limiting example composition for use as a penetrating oil product comprises or consists essentially of:- fatty acid esters (e.g., FAME) and one or more additives.

[0062] A non-limiting example composition for use as a penetrating oil product comprises:- a ratio of fatty acid esters (e.g., FAME) to lipids (e.g., UCO) of about 50% v / v - 100% v / v fatty acid esters to 50% v / v - 0% lipids.

[0063] A non-limiting example composition for use as a penetrating oil product comprises:- a ratio of fatty acid esters (e.g., FAME) to lipids (e.g., UCO) of about 95% v / v fatty acid esters to 5% lipids.

[0064] The described compositions for use as a penetrating oil product may be used to loosen corroded metal parts to facilitate the separation of the metal parts.

[0065] A non-limiting example composition for a metal protectant comprises or consists essentially of:- fatty acid esters (e.g., FAME) and one or more additives.

[0066] A non-limiting example composition for use as a metal protectant comprises:- a ratio of fatty acid esters (e.g., FAME) to lipids (e.g., UCO) of about 50% v / v - 100% v / v fatty acid esters to 50% v / v - 0% lipids.

[0067] A non-limiting example composition for use as a metal protectant comprises:- a ratio of fatty acid esters (e.g., FAME) to lipids (e.g., UCO) of about 95% v / v fatty acid esters to 5% v / v lipids.

[0068] The described compositions for a metal protectant may be used to protect metal objects to resist corrosion of the metal objects.

[0069] One or more additives may be included in the above compositions. In some embodiments, the additives comprise antioxidants, antifungal / fungicide, antifoaming agents, anti-gel, emulsifiers, fixatives, catalysts to promote molecular crosslinking, water repellent, UV stabilizer, and / or other suitable preservatives and stabilizers. One or more of pigment, dye, colorant and / or scent / fragrance may be included in the compositions.

[0070] In some embodiments, the amount of one or more additives added to the compositions is up to about 50% v / v, and in some embodiments, up to about 45% v / v, and in some embodiments, up to about 40% v / v, and in some embodiments, up to about 30% v / v.

[0071] A non-limiting example composition for a drilling lubricant product comprises:- about 45-55% v / v lipids (in some embodiments, used cooking oil);- about 30-40% v / v fatty acid esters;- about 6-10% v / v additives.

[0072] In some embodiments, the additives comprise heat resistant additives, frictionmodifiers, corrosion inhibitors, emulsifiers and / or antioxidants.

[0073] Another non-limiting example composition for a drilling lubricant product comprises:- about 50% v / v lipids (in some embodiments, used cooking oil);- about 20% v / v fatty acid esters;- about 15% crude glycerin;- about 15% v / v additives.

[0074] In some embodiments, the additives comprise heat resistant additives, friction modifiers, and / or corrosion inhibitors.

[0075] A non-limiting composition for a degreaser, degummer and / or rusting inhibitor product comprises:- about 20-30% v / v lipids (in some embodiments, used cooking oil);- about 30-40% v / v fatty acid esters;- about 2-10% v / v glycerin;- about 10-30% v / v additives.

[0076] In some embodiments, the additives comprise corrosion inhibitors, penetrating solvent additives, demulsifiers, rust inhibitors, antioxidants, and / or fungicides.

[0077] In a second embodiment of the invention, the bio-based coating compositions may be formulated as a concentrate. The concentrate may be emulsified or suspended in a solvent, such as water.

[0078] In some embodiments of such bio-based coating compositions, the bio-based coating compositions comprise an emulsion. An emulsion is a mixture of two or more liquids. In some embodiments, the emulsion comprises one or more lipids and glycerin. In some embodiments, the one or more lipids and the glycerin are mixed with water to form the emulsion. In some embodiments, the composition comprises one or more lipids and / or one or more fatty acid esters (FAEs) and glycerin. In such embodiments, the one or more lipids and / or one or more fatty acid esters and glycerin are mixed with water to form the emulsion.

[0079] In some embodiments, the lipid is obtained and / or derived from living organisms. Examples of “lipids” include fats, oils, and waxes. In some embodiments, the lipids comprise triacylglycerine (TAG), monoacylglycerine, and / or diacylglycerine. In some embodiments, the lipids in the composition comprise more than 80% v / v, and in some embodiments, more than 90% v / v of triacylglycerol. In some embodiments, the lipids in the composition comprise one or more of vegetable or plant oil (e.g., soybean, canola, palm, corn, sunflower oil, etc.), and / or animal oil. In some embodiments, the lipids in thecomposition comprise virgin or pure oil, i.e. , one or more oil products which are obtained by extraction from a source such as a seed. In some embodiments, the lipids in the composition comprise or consist essentially of used oil. In some embodiments, the used oil comprises used cooking oil. In some embodiments, the lipids in the composition comprise a mixture of pure oil and used cooking oil. The used cooking oil may be pre-treated, or refined to remove impurities.

[0080] In some embodiments, the free fatty acid (FFA) content in the composition is greater than about 2% v / v, and in some embodiments, greater than about 5% v / v, and in some embodiments, greater than about 10%, and in some embodiments, between about 2% v / v and about 50% v / v, and in some embodiments, between about 2% v / v and about 40% v / v, and in some embodiments, between about 2% to about 30% v / v, and in some embodiments, between about 2% to about 20% v / v. In some embodiments, the free fatty acids contained in the bio-based coating composition are derived from one or both or both of the lipids and the glycerin components.

[0081] In some embodiments, at least some of the free fatty acids contained in the composition are produced from the hydrolysis of triacylglyercol which comprises the one or more lipids. In embodiments in which the lipids comprise used cooking oil, hydrolysis of triacylglyercol occurs during the using of the cooking oil (i.e., during the cooking process) at residential, commercial and / or industrial food processing operations.

[0082] In some embodiments, the one or more lipids containing the free fatty acids are supplied as a feedstock in a transesterification reaction with alcohol, which yields fatty acid esters and one or more byproduct streams. The one or more byproduct streams may comprise glycerin and free fatty acids.

[0083] In some embodiments, at least some of the free fatty acids contained in the composition are contained in the lipids and / or the glycerin. In such embodiments, the lipids and / or the glycerin may comprise free fatty acids. An additional supply of free fatty acids may be added to the mixture to increase the fatty acid content in the composition. In some embodiments, the free fatty acids are derived from oils and / or fat, such as plant oils and fats and / or other edible oils and fats.

[0084] In some embodiments, the bio-based coating composition comprises used cooking oil, pure and / or crude glycerin and water. In some embodiments, the bio-based coating composition consists essentially of used cooking oil, pure and / or crude glycerin and water. In some embodiments, the bio-based coating composition consists essentially of used cooking oil, crude or waste glycerin generated from a byproduct stream in the biodiesel production process, and water. The used cooking oil may be untreated and / or pre-treated. The used cooking oil may comprise one or more impurities. In some embodiments, the used cooking oil is pretreated by one or both of epoxidation and acrylation.

[0085] In some embodiments, the bio-based coating composition comprises vegetable oil, pure and / or crude glycerin and water. In some embodiments, free fatty acids are added to the bio-based coating composition.

[0086] In some embodiments, the one or more lipids such as used cooking oil (UCO) in the bio-based coating composition are less than about 80% v / v, and in some embodiments, less than about 50% v / v, and in some embodiments between about 0% v / v and about 80% v / v, and in some embodiments, between about 5% v / v and about 50% v / v, and in some embodiments, between about 0% v / v and about 30% v / v, and in some embodiments, between 0% to about 20% v / v.

[0087] In some embodiments, the glycerin in the bio-based coating composition is less than about 80% v / v, and in some embodiments, less than about 45% v / v, and in some embodiments, about 10% v / v, and in some embodiments, between about 0% v / v and about 80% v / v, and in some embodiments, between about 5% v / v and 45% v / v, and in some embodiments, between about 0% v / v and about 20% v / v, and in some embodiments, between about 0% v / v and about 10% v / v.

[0088] In some embodiments, the one or more lipids in the coating composition is replaced with one or more fatty acid esters. In some embodiments, the one or more fatty acid esters in the bio-based coating composition is between about 0% and 80% v / v fatty acid esters, and in some embodiments between about 5% and 80% v / v fatty acid esters.

[0089] In some embodiments, the water in the bio-based coating composition is between about 40% v / v and about 90% v / v, and in some embodiments, between about 60% v / v and about 90% v / v. In some embodiments, the weight concentration of water in the biobased coating composition is greater than the weight concentrations of the lipids and / or the glycerin. In some embodiments, the bio-based coating composition comprising one or more lipids, glycerin, and optionally one or more surfactants and additives are formulated as a concentrate. The water is added to dilute the concentrate. The amount of water to add may be adjusted depending on the application and / or the preference of the end user.

[0090] In some example embodiments, the bio-based coating composition comprises about 20% v / v to about 50% v / v lipids (or in some embodiments, about 25% v / v to about 45% v / v lipids), about 1 % v / v to about 20% v / v glycerin (or in some embodiments, about 5% v / v to about 15% v / v glycerin), and about 40% v / v and 80% v / v water (or in some embodiments, about 50% v / v to about 70% v / v water). In some embodiments, the bio- based coating composition comprises about 30% v / v lipids, about 10% glycerin, and about60% v / v water. In some example embodiments, the bio-based coating composition comprises or consists essentially of about 30% v / v used cooking oil, about 10% crude glycerin, and about 60% v / v water. In some embodiments, the bio-based coating composition comprises about 5-75% v / v lipids comprising used cooking oil and / or about 5%-80% fatty acid esters, about 5-60% v / v glycerin comprising crude glycerin, and about 5- 70% v / v water. Such bio-based coating compositions may be used as a dust suppressant. The compositions may be formulated to bind dust particles to each other, thereby reducing their tendency to become airborne.

[0091] In some embodiments, the bio-based coating composition comprises about 0.01 % v / v to about 1 % v / v of one or more surfactants.

[0092] In some embodiments, the bio-based coating composition comprises one or more additives. The one or more additives comprise one or more anti-oxidation agents, lignin and / or lignin sulfonate, anti-foam agents, anti-flocculating agents, anti-fungal agents, emulsifiers or co-solvents, pigments or dyes, and / or cross-linking initiator. In some embodiments, the bio-based coating composition comprises about 0% v / v to about 25% v / v of the one or more additives, and in some embodiments, about 0% v / v to about 15% v / v, and in some embodiments, about 0% v / v to about 10% v / v .The one or more additives provide enhanced properties and / or prolong the shelf life of the compositions.

[0093] In some embodiments, the lignin and / or lignin sulfonate in the composition is between 10% and 60% v / v.

[0094] In some embodiments, the bio-based coating composition is formulated as a concentrate. The concentrate comprises one or more lipids and glycerin. The one or more lipids may comprise used cooking oil (UCO). In some embodiments, the glycerin comprises crude glycerin. The crude glycerin may be at least partly or entirely obtained from a byproduct stream in a biodiesel production process via the transesterification of used cooking oil with alcohol (e.g., methanol and / or ethanol).

[0095] In some embodiments, the ratio of the one or more lipids such as used cooking oil (UCO) to glycerin in the concentrate is 30% v / v - 98% v / v lipids to 70% v / v - 2% v / v glycerin, and in some embodiments, 40% v / v - 95% v / v lipids to 60% v / v - 5% v / v glycerin, and in some embodiments, 50% v / v - 95% v / v lipids to 50% v / v - 5% v / v glycerin.

[0096] In some example embodiments, the ratio of used cooking oil (UCO) to glycerin in the concentrate is about 70% v / v to about 95% v / v used cooking oil (UCO) to about 5% v / v to about 30% v / v crude glycerin. In some example embodiments, the ratio of used cooking oil (UCO) to glycerin in the concentrate is about 75% v / v used cooking oil (UCO) to about 25% v / v crude glycerin. In some example applications, the described concentrate isused for minimizing and / or controlling and / or suppressing the production of dust from surfaces, and in particular treated surfaces such as but are not limited to gravel roads.

[0097] One or more additives may be included in the concentrate to form the bio-based coating composition. The one or more additives may be selected from one or more of polymerization catalysts, antifoaming agents, emulsifiers, anti-fungals, anti-oxidants, and other suitable preservatives and / or stabilizers. In some embodiments, one or more odor modifiers are added to the concentrate. The one or more odor modifiers may for example include a scent, fragrance, perfume, etc. In some embodiments, a bitterant and / or other suitable repellant may be added. Such bitterant may serve to dissuade interaction from wildlife. In some embodiments, lignin and / or lignin sulfonate and / or salts thereof may be added. In some embodiments, the amount of lignin and / or lignin sulfonate and / or salts in the concentrate is between 0 and 30% by mass.

[0098] The concentrate is mixed with a solvent before application to produce a diluted formulation. In some embodiments, the solvent comprises water. The mixing may occur immediately before application. In some embodiments, the mixing of the solvent and the concentrate is by hand mixing, i.e., without the use of tools and equipment to facilitate the mixing. The mixing may be performed at ambient temperature. For example, the mixing may be performed on the site at which the product is applied.

[0099] In some embodiments, the diluted formulation comprises about 20% v / v to about 95% v / v water, and about 5% v / v to about 80% v / v of the described concentrate, and in some embodiments, about 30% v / v to about 90% v / v water, and about 10% v / v to about 70% v / v of the described concentrate, and in some embodiments, about 40% v / v to about 80% v / v water, and about 20% v / v to about 60% v / v of the described concentrate.

[0100] In some example embodiments, the diluted formulation comprises about 40% v / v water and about 60% of the described concentrate, and in some embodiments, about 95% v / v water and about 5% of the described concentrate.

[0101] Some aspects of the invention pertain to methods of making a bio-based coating composition. Referring to Figure 2, the method 100 comprises collecting used cooking oil from residential, commercial and / or industrial food processing operations. The used cooking oil may be pre-treated (block 140). The pre-treating of the used cooking oil may comprise refining the used cooking oil to remove impurities, for example, solid food particles. For example, the refining of the used cooking oil may comprise one or more of gravimetric separation (settling), heating, filtering / separating and dewatering the used cooking oil to yield refined cooking oil. Either one of the used cooking oil (untreated) or pre-treated used cooking oil may be used as the feedstock in the transesterification step (block 180).“Transesterification” is a chemical reaction for converting triacylglycerine contained in oils into biodiesel. In some example embodiments, the transesterification step 180 comprises supplying a feedstock comprising used cooking oil and an alcohol such as methanol in a reactor. A catalyst is optionally mixed in with the feedstock and the alcohol. The catalyst may be alkaline. In some example methods, the feedstock, alcohol and optionally the catalyst may be heated to about 60°C for about an hour. The desired product comprising fatty acid esters (e.g., fatty acid methyl esters) may be produced, and separated from a byproduct stream comprising crude glycerin. The crude glycerin may comprise free fatty acids. The crude glycerin may comprise one or more other impurities such as salts, catalyst, free fatty acids, alcohol, glycerides and / or fatty acid esters, etc. The crude glycerin may be separated from the other impurities.

[0102] In some embodiments, the crude glycerin produced as a byproduct from the transesterification step 180 are combined with the used cooking oil and / or the pre-treated used cooking oil to produce the bio-based coating composition (block 200). In some embodiments, the crude glycerin is combined and mixed with the used cooking oil and / or the pre-treated used cooking oil in ambient temperature, for example, at room temperature. In some embodiments, the combining step 200 is performed in the absence of subjecting the substances / components to heat; accordingly, no addition of heat and / or special equipment is required to perform the combining step 200. The combining step 200 may be performed in any suitable container, and in some embodiments, the combining step 200 is performed directly in the container in which the coating composition is shipped and / or sold and / or stored before use.

[0103] In some embodiments, the combining step 200 comprises adding water to the mixture comprising the crude glycerin and the used cooking oil and / or the pre-treated used cooking oil to form the bio-based coating composition which is in the form of an emulsion. In some embodiments, the water is added and mixed with the mixture comprising the crude glycerin and the used cooking oil and / or the pre-treated used cooking oil to form the emulsion separate from the combining of the crude glycerin with the used cooking oil (block 240). For example, the mixture comprising the crude glycerin with the used cooking oil and / or the pre-treated used cooking oil may be stored and / or shipped as a concentrate. Water may be added to the mixture prior to use of the coating composition by the end user.

[0104] In some embodiments, the combining step 200 further comprises adding one or more surfactants to the mixture comprising the crude glycerin and the used cooking oil and / or the pre-treated used cooking oil to produce the bio-based coating composition. In some embodiments, the transesterification step 180 yields one or more byproduct streams.The one or more surfactants may at least be partially obtained from the one or more of the byproduct streams. For example, the soap that is produced in the transesterification step 180 may be separated from the other impurities such as salts, catalyst, alcohol, etc. contained in the byproduct streams.

[0105] In some embodiments, the combining step 200 comprises adding an additional supply of free fatty acids to the mixture comprising the crude glycerin and the used cooking oil and / or the pre-treated used cooking oil.

[0106] In some embodiments, the combining step 200 further comprises adding one or more additives to the mixture comprising the crude glycerin and the used cooking oil and / or the pre-treated used cooking oil, and optionally the water and / or the additional supply of the free fatty acids to produce the bio-based coating composition.

[0107] The bio-based coating compositions of the present invention advantageously provide, when applied to a surface, one or more of the following properties:- controlling or reducing the generation and spread of dust particles; preventing adhesion or sticking on architectural forms; preventing adhesion or sticking on surfaces such as asphalt;- etc.

[0108] The bio-based coating compositions may be applied onto surfaces that are made from materials comprising wood, concrete, asphalt, metal, and / or plastic. They may also be applied to bare ground, such as dirt roads or parking lots, to suppress dust. In some examples, the bio-based coating composition is applied over tools and / or large surface areas such as truck beds to prevent cement, asphalt, or other substances from sticking to the treated surface.Non-limiting Example Compositions

[0109] A non-limiting example composition for a dust suppressant comprises:- about 30% v / v lipids (in some embodiments, used cooking oil);- about 10% v / v glycerin; and- about 60% v / v water.

[0110] A non-limiting example composition for use as a dust suppressant comprises about 5% v / v free fatty acids. Another non-limiting composition for a dust suppressant comprises about 10 v / v free fatty acids.

[0111] A non-limiting example composition for use as a dust suppressant is formulated as a concentrate, the concentrate comprises:- a ratio of lipids to crude glycerin of 30% v / v - 98% v / v used cooking oil to 70% v / v -2% v / v crude glycerin.

[0112] A non-limiting example composition for use as a dust suppressant is formulated as a concentrate, the concentrate comprises:- a ratio of lipids to crude glycerin of 40% v / v - 95% v / v used cooking oil to 60% v / v - 5% v / v crude glycerin.

[0113] A non-limiting example composition for use as a dust suppressant is formulated as a concentrate, the concentrate comprises:- a ratio of lipids to crude glycerin of 50% v / v - 95% v / v used cooking oil to 50% v / v - 5% v / v crude glycerin.

[0114] Example ratios of concentrate to solvent to formulate a diluted formulation are:- 95% v / v - 20% v / v solvent (e.g., water) to 5% v / v - 80% v / v concentrate;- 90% v / v - 30% v / v solvent (e.g., water) to 10% v / v - 70% v / v concentrate;- 80% v / v - 40% v / v solvent (e.g., water) to 20% v / v - 60% v / v concentrate.

[0115] The invention is further described with reference to the following specific examples, which are not meant to limit the invention, but rather to further illustrate it.ExamplesExample #1 - Dust Suppressant

[0116] In these examples, eight different formulations (see Table 1) of the bio-based composition were tested. Each of the eight formulations were applied on a hard surface, and the effectiveness of each of the formulations for use as a dust suppressant as compared to water was evaluated by testing the following variables: the degree of penetration, palliative effect in respect of longevity, efficiency (relative to volume), efficiency (relative to cost), and tackiness (relative to 50% v / v glycerin solution in water). Water was selected as the control since water is conventionally used as a dust suppressant. A score was provided for each of the tested variables. The score provided is based on a subjective assessment of the performance of each of the tested formulations. A total score, which is the sum of all of the scores of the tested variables, was calculated with all attributes evenly weighted (note that some attributes, such as longevity, may be prioritized by users). The total score of water, as the control, was 17. The scores are listed in Table 2.Table 1. Formulations of the bio-based composition that were tested in the examplesTable 2. Performance of the tested formulations described in Table 1.Total Score 17 18 16 17 15 16 14 15Example #2 - Dust Suppressant

[0117] An experimental composition for a dust suppressant as described herein for testing comprises 75% Used Cooking Oil (UCO) and 25% crude glycerin derived from UCO via hydrolysis with an alcohol, such as methanol. For application to the road, this concentrate was diluted 2:3 (v / v) with water and thoroughly mixed to form an emulsion. Crude glycerin contains a mixture of glycerin with free fatty acid-salts (>30%) and small amounts (<2% each) of mono-, di- and triacylglycerols, alcohol, and other molecules.

[0118] To analyze the efficacy of the dust control product, a gravel road on a construction site in Mill Bay, British Columbia, Canada was used as a test site. The product was applied using a custom-made spray bar with a measured width of spray of 3.5m. After two passes per application, the total area covered was 2625 square meters. A total volume of about 3320 litres of the dust suppressant at a 2:3 ratio of concentrate to water was applied to the area in two applications (1500 litres on July 11 and 1820 litres on August 8).

[0119] Dust monitors (PurpleAir Flex™, Draper, UT, USA) were placed in the test area, guided by EPA recommendations for sensor placement. The particle size measured included particles >2.5 microns, and all data are reported as pg / m3of air. As shown in Figure 3, dust monitoring began on June 6 and terminated August 28th. The first application of the dust palliative product occurred on July 11 , and the second occurred on August 8th. As shown in Figure 3, the amount of ambient dust decreased substantially after the first application. It remained effective until the second application and thereafter, showing that the product performance can last for multiple weeks.

[0120] Table 3 quantifies the reduction in dust. In this case, two data sets were analyzed: June 8ththrough July 10th, and July 12ththrough August 28th. The first application of dust palliative was on July 11thand the second was on August 8th. In both data sets, data were filtered to include only data from 7 AM to 5 PM daily (the primary working hours), and weekends and holidays were excluded, thereby generating a picture of performance when dust production from industrial traffic is most likely. Prior to application of the dust palliative, the average and maximum dust concentrations were at their highest. The standard deviations for both data sets are large because of the periodic nature of dust production upon passing of vehicles, but the trend is clear.Table 3. Quantification of Reduction of Dust Particles.

[0121] Further analysis of the data is shown in Figure 4. This boxplot shows the same data sets analyzed in Table 3. Dust concentrations in the “Post” dataset are markedly lower, and the overall distribution narrower, demonstrating that dust levels were lower after suppressant application. This visual trend is supported by two statistical tests. First, Welch’s t-test was applied, which is used to determine whether two populations have equivalent averages. Second, the Mann-Whitney U-test, which assesses whether the distributions of the two groups differ, was applied. In both cases, the probability that the two datasets were significantly different was well below the P=0.05 threshold, demonstrating the efficacy of thedust suppressant product.Example #3 - Dust Suppressant

[0122] In another experiment, the road was divided into 3 sections of approximately 600 meters each. One section was untreated, and one section was treated with water multiple times per day (which is a standard dust control practice). Finally, one section was treated with the experimental composition for a dust suppressant described in Example #2. The experiment was concluded on September 26 after a (third) application of the dust suppressant product on September 5th.

[0123] Dust monitors (PurpleAir Flex™, Draper, UT, USA) were placed midway through each of the road sections as described above and dust data were collected. Data from a typical day are shown in Figure 5, and Table 4 shows the maximum and minimum dust recorded for each section within the same day. The day analyzed was an active construction day, with approximately 8-10 trucks / hour passing over the road during the most active hours.Table 4. Maximum and minimum dust concentrations (pg / m3air; particle size 2.5 microns and above)

[0124] Several points stand out. First, dust is essentially the same in all three sections outside of work hours. Second, dust control by the experimental product is better than either the untreated or watered sections. Third, even three weeks after the final application of the experimental product, dust control remains robust.

[0125] Physical inspection of the road surfaces showed clear differences between the untreated and watered sections versus the section treated with experimental product. Theformer two sections had loose, packed surfaces that, when probed with a shovel, were easily disrupted. The latter treatment produced a compact, cohesive surface that could be cut and a section removed. The inventors determined that the treated road surface had an effective treatment depth of between 8 and 12 mm, and it was somewhat flexible while retaining its structural integrity. This formation of a cohesive surface suggests that it will be durable, and that prospect is supported by the fact that dust suppression is effective for at least three weeks after application (see e.g., Figures 3-5 and Tables 3-4, above).

[0126] An additional benefit is that water beads on the surface for at least several hours. This means that rain does not readily penetrate the surface, which combined with the improved structural cohesiveness of the treated surface, suggests less likelihood for the road to form ruts during the rainy season.Example #4 - Dust Suppressant

[0127] In another Experiment, the described dust suppressant formulation was tested on the pilot treatment site, Malahat Business Park. The dust suppressant formulation tested was a concentrate which comprises 75% Used Cooking Oil (UCO) and 25% crude glycerol. The concentrate was diluted 2 parts to 3 parts water. The formulation was applied three times over the pilot study period, on July 11th, August 8th, and September 6th. The pilot study period was between June 6, 2025 and September 26, 2025. The total number of days is 77, with 53 of those being workdays.

[0128] Table 5 below shows the total water use, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and projected cost savings from using the described dust suppressant as compared to using pure water as the method of treatment at the site. For easier comparison and applicability, the results below have been extrapolated from the study period and applied over an entire “dust control season” which is assumed to be 100 days per year.Table 5. Water Conservation, CO2e Emissions Reduction and Projected Cost Savings from Using the Described Dust Suppressant as compared to Pure Water at Malahat Business Park (MBP)Water ConservationCO2e Emissions ReductionsProjected Cost Savings**★Assumes the "dust control season" is 100 days per year** Assumes water used by tanker truck for dust control is obtained at $0.01 / LExample #5 - Wood Stain and Preservative

[0129] Several compositions for a wood stain and preservative product as described herein were formulated using either FAME, UCO, or a combination thereof. The formulations were tested against two commercially available products, designated as Product A and Product B. Two parameters were measured: 1) efficiency of product uptake into untreated wood, as measured by increased weight of wood blocks over time, and 2) the amount of water taken up by treated versus untreated wood, measured by increased weight after soaking in water for 30 minutes. Efficiency of Product Uptake

[0130] The uptake of the compositions into the wood was recorded from the increase in mass (0.1 mg accuracy) as a function of time. White pine wood blocks with dimensions of 12x15x15 mm (height x width x length) were hung under a microbalance with the side grainpositioned to contact the liquid. The wood blocks were carefully brought into contact with the liquid by raising the liquid container. After the desired contact time, the liquid was lowered until contact with the liquid was lost. The excess amount of liquid present on the wood block was removed and the weight determined.

[0131] Thereafter, this procedure was repeated for the next time interval. The weight was recorded after 15, 30, 60, 600, and 1 ,800 seconds. All measurements were made at room temperature. All measurements were performed in triplicate and the results show the average of the replicates. As shown in Figure 6, formulations with a higher percentage of UCO tended to be taken up more efficiently, with 100% FAME having the lowest uptake. The data show that optimizing toward higher UCO concentration leads to more mass of the product penetrating the wood.Water Resistance

[0132] Water resistance was measured on white pine wood specimens cut to be straight-grained, flat-sawn and clear with dimensions of 0.4 inches in depth, 6 inches in length, and 1.7 inches in width. Each product was brushed onto the wood until a uniform thickness of 6.0 mils was achieved, measured with a manual thickness gauge. After application, the treated wood specimens were left to air dry for 4 days. Following the drying period, the specimens were initially weighed and then placed in a conditioning chamber maintained at a controlled temperature of 23 ± 2 °C and relative humidity of 50 ± 5% to ensure uniform moisture content. The samples remained in the chamber for one hour, after which they were weighed. This process was repeated for an additional hour to confirm that the specimens had reached a stable weight.

[0133] After conditioning, the test specimens were submerged in water for 30 minutes. Once removed, residual water was removed from the surface and the wood samples were weighed. The water in the tank was replaced between measurements to ensure consistent testing conditions.

[0134] The results of the analysis are shown in Table 6. Products A and B are commercially available wood preservatives. UCO 100 and FAME 100 are pure UCO and FAME, respectively. “Untreated” designates wood that received no product. Similar to the uptake data, resistance to water correlated positively with UCO treatment, which was comparable to Commercial Product B. In combination, these studies show that a higher UCO content provides superior performance in protection of wood from water.Table 6. Percent weight increase of wood blocks after submersion in water for 30 minutes.UV Resistance

[0135] Six formulations were tested for resistance to UV exposure and compared to two commercial preparations, Products A and B, (mentioned above). Formulations are provided in Table 7. Metal napthanates are fungicides that have been added to some formulations.Table 7. Wood treatment formulations tested for UV resistance.

[0136] Wood specimens were cut to dimensions of 0.5 inches in depth, 6 inches in length, and 2.8 inches in width. Each formulation was brushed onto the wood until a uniform thickness of 6.0 mils was achieved, measured with a thickness gauge. After application, the treated wood specimens were left to air dry for 24 hours.

[0137] Colour measurements were conducted on a Hunter Lab MSEZ portable colorimeter. Model # 4500L, SN (MSEZ1816). Measurements were done in 3 different spots on the wood samples (upper, middle and lower) and the average of these 3 measurements were taken. A calibration was done before each one of the readings experiments.

[0138] The six formulations were tested for resistance to colour change in the presence of UV light. Accelerated weathering was performed on coated wood using an ATLAS™ Ci3000+ Xenon Weather-Ometer. The parameters used, based on Cycle 1 of the ASTM G155-21 standard, are shown in Table 8.Table 8. Parameters for UV exposure of samples in the UV resistance test.

[0139] Results of the UV exposure are shown in Table 9, quantified in terms of Absolute and Percent Variation of colour between time zero and 1500 hours of UV exposure. Higher FAME content generally correlated with higher UV resistance. The top performer, Product B, is advertised specifically as a UV-resistant wood treatment. Even so, one of the experimental formulations, containing copper napthanate, outperformed it in absolute variation of colour change.Table 9. Colour change in wood samples exposed to UV light over 1500 hours.

[0140] As the data presented above demonstrate, the optimal ratio of FAME to UCO can vary depending on the types of additives in the formulation and performance properties measured. Whereas high UCO formulations show better water repellency in the assay of Table 6, High FAME is correlated with better UV resistance, as shown in Table 9. In addition, a high FAME formulation (75%FAME:25%UCO ratio) containing copper napthanate is performing exceedingly well in terms of colour retention and overall appearance after about 6 months of environmental exposure. The FAME:UCO ratio in the context of other additives may preferably be evaluated to assess the best formulation.Example #6 - Metal Corrosion Protectant

[0141] The corrosion resistance of six FAME-UCO coating compositions for a metal protectant as described herein was evaluated on steel panels under simulated winter road conditions using a handheld dry-salt gun. Commercial road salt (NaCI, CaCI, MgCI) was applied in controlled wet-dry cycles inside an environmental chamber (32-35 °C, 90-95% RH wet phase; 22-25 °C, 50-60% RH dry phase). Each panel received a single uniform coating (6 ± 0.5 mils) and was exposed to 20 cycles over five days. Salt deposition was maintained at 1 g m-2per cycle from a 60 cm distance. Panels were weighed before testing to quantify mass change due to corrosion. Corrosion increases weight due to addition oxygen and water to form iron oxides.

[0142] The corrosion resistance varied significantly among the tested coatingformulations (Figure 7). The uncoated metal exhibited the highest relative change across all cycles, confirming its susceptibility to corrosion. Among the coated samples, UCO 100 and FAME 50:50 UCO demonstrated the lowest overall relative change values, indicating superior corrosion protection under the simulated winter-salt exposure. Conversely, coatings with higher FAME content (e.g., FAME 100, FAME 95:5 UCO, and FAME 90:10 UCO) showed light corrosion resistance, reducing but not preventing corrosion progression. Overall, increasing the UCO proportion in the formulation enhances barrier performance and reduced metal degradation.Example #7 - Penetrating Oil

[0143] The efficiency of compositions for a penetrating oil product as described herein is determined. To determine efficacy of the penetrating oil compositions, a torque test was used to measure the ease with which corroded nut-bolt pairs could be loosened. Briefly, nuts were tightened on bolts using an electronic torque wrench to 27 N m. Three pairs were left untreated, and 5 sets of 3 pairs were corroded for 72 hours in a bath of 10% H2SO4. After corrosion, the sets were removed from the acid bath, washed copiously with water to remove residual acid, and allowed to dry.

[0144] Three different penetrating oil formulations were prepared by combining FAME and Filtered UCO, with FAME comprising 75%, 50%, or 25% of the composition. The corroded nut: bolt pairs were separated into groups of three, and each group was treated with one of the penetrating oil formulations. One set was left untreated, and one set was treated with a commercially available product, designated Product C. Treatment involved standing each nut:bolt pair upright on the nut head, and application of 500 Dl of the appropriate penetrating oil on the upper side of the nut at the crevice between the nut and the bolt.

[0145] Ten minutes after application of the penetrating oil, nuts were loosened with the digital torque wrench and the amount of torque required was determined. As shown in Figure 8, all the penetrating oil samples reduced the torque required to loosen the corroded nut. After performing an ANOVA and Tukey’s HSD test, the 75:25 and 50:50 (FAME: UCO) formulations were shown to be significantly better at loosening the nut (P < 0.05) than the uncorroded control, corroded / untreated control, 25:75 formulation, and Product C. All four penetrating oil formulations were significantly different from the corroded / untreated sample, demonstrating their utility, with the 75:25 and 50:50 formulations being superior to the others.Example #8 - Form and Paving Release Agent

[0146] An experimental composition for a form and paving release agent as described herein for preventing the adhesion of building materials, including but not limited to bituminous asphalt and lime concrete, from tools, vehicles, hoppers, forms, molds, and other shaping, handling, and transport equipment was prepared. The formulation tested comprises 80% FAME and 20% UCO.

[0147] In asphalt paving applications, the release agent is intended to be applied in a thin, uniform film across materials contact surfaces, including dump truck beds, shovel faces, rake tines, conveyance chutes, asphalt hoppers, hot rollers, roller tires, and other handling and spreading equipment. It can also be employed for the release of dried and hardened materials and in the recycling of asphalt from old roads into reworked material.

[0148] In concrete pre-cast, foundation wall, footings, or other applications requiring the release of concrete from molds or forms after curing, the formulation is intended to be applied as a thin, uniform film across material contact surfaces, including the form faces, conveyance chutes, spreading and forming tools, hand tools, and other surfaces where permanent adhesion of concrete is undesirable.

[0149] To analyze the efficacy of this formulation, local contractors were supplied samples for them to use in place of industry standard products. In the asphalt paving space, four local contractors were provided with samples and three of them became recurring, paying customers. Six years later, all three remain active clients, though two have merged under the same corporate umbrella.

[0150] Overall, the formulation was shown to be effective at reducing the adhesion of bituminous materials from a variety of contact surfaces as evidenced by customer feedback and continued product loyalty.

[0151] In the concrete form and precast space, local contractors at both the large / corporate and small / owner-operator levels were engaged to gather feedback on efficacy in different environments. Users were asked to compare the formulation against established products available commercially. Efficacy was assessed when using both metal (steel) and wooden (plywood) forms with metal being the preference of large precast operations and wood being that of smaller operations and those forming footings or foundation walls for buildings such as homes and warehouses. Respondents were asked to rate the formulation on a scale from 1-5 (with 1 representing poor performance and 5 representing excellent performance) across ten dimensions of performance (Figure 9). Compared to competing established products, the FAME / UCO-based formulation was shown to perform similarly in dimensions of performance and ease of use, and exceeded the performance of the established products in the dimensions related to usersatisfaction, including effects on skin (skin irritation being an issue with petroleum-based products) and air quality (owing to the low VOC content). Support for the formulation was particularly strong among users of wood forms who reported very high satisfaction across most dimensions.

[0152] In follow-up interviews with shop managers and forepersons, respondents indicated an overwhelming preference for the formulation under most circumstances. They highlighted the feedback from front-line employees directly involved in the use of release agents who indicated a preference for this formulation based-on reduced skin irritation, improved smell and air quality, and ease of cleanup in the event of a spill or leak. At least one front-line employee shared how their clothes were lasting longer than when using established products, which tend to break down areas such as the sleeve cuffs that come into contact with the release agent most frequently.

[0153] Overall, the formulation was shown to be effective at reducing the adhesion of concrete to contact surfaces such as forms and tools, and to be preferred by front-line users for its superior health and safety benefits.Interpretation of Terms

[0154] Unless the context clearly requires otherwise, throughout the description and the claims:• “comprise”, “comprising”, and the like are to be construed in an inclusive sense, as opposed to an exclusive or exhaustive sense; that is to say, in the sense of “including, but not limited to”;• “connected”, “coupled”, or any variant thereof, means any connection or coupling, either direct or indirect, between two or more elements; the coupling or connection between the elements can be physical, logical, or a combination thereof;• “herein”, “above”, “below”, and words of similar import, when used to describe this specification, shall refer to this specification as a whole, and not to any particular portions of this specification;• “or”, in reference to a list of two or more items, covers all of the following interpretations of the word: any of the items in the list, all of the items in the list, and any combination of the items in the list;• the singular forms “a”, “an”, and “the” also include the meaning of any appropriateplural forms. These terms (“a”, “an”, and “the”) mean one or more unless stated otherwise;• “and / or” is used to indicate one or both stated cases may occur, for example A and / or B includes both (A and B) and (A or B);• “approximately” when applied to a numerical value means the numerical value ± 10%;• where a feature is described as being “optional” or “optionally” present or described as being present “in some embodiments” it is intended that the present disclosure encompasses embodiments where that feature is present and other embodiments where that feature is not necessarily present and other embodiments where that feature is excluded. Further, where any combination of features is described in this application this statement is intended to serve as antecedent basis for the use of exclusive terminology such as "solely," "only" and the like in relation to the combination of features as well as the use of "negative" limitation(s)” to exclude the presence of other features; and• “first” and “second” are used for descriptive purposes and cannot be understood as indicating or implying relative importance or indicating the number of indicated technical features.

[0155] Words that indicate directions such as “vertical”, “transverse”, “horizontal”, “upward”, “downward”, “forward”, “backward”, “inward”, “outward”, “left”, “right”, “front”, “back”, “top”, “bottom”, “below”, “above”, “under”, and the like, used in this description and any accompanying claims (where present), depend on the specific orientation of the apparatus described and illustrated. The subject matter described herein may assume various alternative orientations. Accordingly, these directional terms are not strictly defined and should not be interpreted narrowly.

[0156] Where a range for a value is stated, the stated range includes all sub-ranges of the range. It is intended that the statement of a range supports the value being at an endpoint of the range as well as at any intervening value to the tenth of the unit of the lower limit of the range, as well as any subrange or sets of sub ranges of the range unless the context clearly dictates otherwise or any portion(s) of the stated range is specifically excluded. Where the stated range includes one or both endpoints of the range, ranges excluding either or both of those included endpoints are also included in the invention.

[0157] Certain numerical values described herein are preceded by "about". In this context, "about" provides literal support for the exact numerical value that it precedes, the exact numerical value ±5%, as well as all other numerical values that are near to or approximately equal to that numerical value. Unless otherwise indicated a particular numerical value is included in “about” a specifically recited numerical value where the particular numerical value provides the substantial equivalent of the specifically recited numerical value in the context in which the specifically recited numerical value is presented. For example, a statement that something has the numerical value of “about 10” is to be interpreted as: the set of statements:• in some embodiments the numerical value is 10;• in some embodiments the numerical value is in the range of 9.5 to 10.5; and if from the context the person of ordinary skill in the art would understand that values within a certain range are substantially equivalent to 10 because the values with the range would be understood to provide substantially the same result as the value 10 then “about 10” also includes:• in some embodiments the numerical value is in the range of C to D where C and D are respectively lower and upper endpoints of the range that encompasses all of those values that provide a substantial equivalent to the value 10.

[0158] Specific examples of systems, methods and apparatus have been described herein for purposes of illustration. These are only examples. The technology provided herein can be applied to systems other than the example systems described above. Many alterations, modifications, additions, omissions, and permutations are possible within the practice of this invention. This invention includes variations on described embodiments that would be apparent to the skilled addressee, including variations obtained by: replacing features, elements and / or acts with equivalent features, elements and / or acts; mixing and matching of features, elements and / or acts from different embodiments; combining features, elements and / or acts from embodiments as described herein with features, elements and / or acts of other technology; and / or omitting combining features, elements and / or acts from described embodiments.

[0159] As will be apparent to those of skill in the art upon reading this disclosure, each of the individual embodiments described and illustrated herein has discrete components and features which may be readily separated from or combined with the features of anyother described embodiment(s) without departing from the scope of the present invention.

[0160] Any recited method can be carried out in the order of events recited or in any other order which is logically possible. For example, while processes or blocks are presented in a given order, alternative examples may perform routines having steps, or employ systems having blocks, in a different order, and some processes or blocks may be deleted, moved, added, subdivided, combined, and / or modified to provide alternative or subcombinations. Each of these processes or blocks may be implemented in a variety of different ways. Also, while processes or blocks are at times shown as being performed in series, these processes or blocks may instead be performed in parallel, simultaneously or at different times.

[0161] Various features are described herein as being present in “some embodiments”. Such features are not mandatory and may not be present in all embodiments. Embodiments of the invention may include zero, any one or any combination of two or more of such features. All possible combinations of such features are contemplated by this disclosure even where such features are shown in different drawings and / or described in different sections or paragraphs. This is limited only to the extent that certain ones of such features are incompatible with other ones of such features in the sense that it would be impossible for a person of ordinary skill in the art to construct a practical embodiment that combines such incompatible features. Consequently, the description that “some embodiments” possess feature A and “some embodiments” possess feature B should be interpreted as an express indication that the inventors also contemplate embodiments which combine features A and B (unless the description states otherwise or features A and B are fundamentally incompatible). This is the case even if features A and B are illustrated in different drawings and / or mentioned in different paragraphs, sections or sentences.

[0162] It is therefore intended that the following appended claims and claims hereafter introduced are interpreted to include all such modifications, permutations, additions, omissions, and sub-combinations as may reasonably be inferred. The scope of the claims should not be limited by the preferred embodiments set forth in the examples, but should be given the broadest interpretation consistent with the description as a whole.

Claims

Claims1. A bio-based coating composition for use as a dust suppressant, the bio-based coating composition being formulated as a concentrate, the concentrate comprising: one or more lipids comprising used cooking oil (UCO); and crude glycerin, wherein the glycerin is produced from alcohol transesterification of triglycerides contained in an oil feedstock.

2. The bio-based coating composition for use as a dust suppressant, the bio-based coating composition being formulated as a concentrate, the concentrate consists essentially of: one or more lipids comprising used cooking oil (UCO); glycerin; and one or more additives.

3. The bio-based coating composition according to claim 1 or 2, wherein a ratio of the one or more lipids to the glycerin in the composition is 95% v / v - 70% v / v lipids to 5% v / v - 30% v / v glycerin.

4. The bio-based coating composition according to claim 1 or 2, wherein a ratio of the one or more lipids to the glycerin in the composition is 75% v / v lipids to 25% v / v glycerin.

5. The bio-based coating composition according to claim 1 , further comprising one or more additives.

6. The bio-based coating composition according to claim 2 or 5, wherein the one or more additives comprise one or more anti-oxidation agents, anti-foam agents, anti-flocculating agents, anti-fungal agents, stabilizing agents, preservatives, scents, pigments or dyes, and cross-linking initiators.

7. The bio-based coating composition according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the free fatty acid content in the composition is greater than 2% v / v.

8. The bio-based coating composition according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the free fatty acid content in the composition is between 2% v / v and about 50% v / v.

9. The bio-based coating composition according to claim 2, wherein the glycerin comprises crude glycerin, and wherein the crude glycerin is obtained from a byproduct stream in alcohol transesterification of triglycerides contained in an oil feedstock.

10. A method of making a bio-based coating composition for use as a dust suppressant, the method comprising the steps of: reacting an oil feedstock with an alcohol to form the one or more byproducts comprising crude glycerin; and mixing one or more lipids comprising used cooking oil with the crude glycerin to form a concentrate.11 . The method according to claim 10, further comprising the step of mixing the concentrate with a solvent at ambient temperature to form a diluted formulation.

12. The method according to claim 11 , wherein the solvent comprises water.

13. The method according to any one of claims 10 to 12, further comprising: separating the crude glycerin from the one or more byproducts; and supplying the crude glycerin to mix with the one or more lipids to form the concentrate.

14. A bio-based coating composition for use as a wood stain and preservative product, the bio-based coating composition consisting essentially of: one or more lipids comprising used cooking oil (UCO); and one or more additives.

15. A bio-based coating composition for use as a wood stain and preservative product, the bio-based coating composition comprising: one or more lipids comprising used cooking oil (UCO); and fatty acid esters (FAE).

16. A bio-based coating composition for use as a wood stain and preservative product, the bio-based coating composition consisting essentially of: one or more lipids comprising used cooking oil (UCO); fatty acid esters (FAE); and one or more additives.

17. The bio-based composition according to claim 15 or 16, wherein a ratio of the one or more lipids to the fatty acid esters in the composition is 99% v / v - 50% v / v lipids to 1 % v / v - 50% v / v fatty acid esters.

18. The bio-based composition according to claim 15 or 16, wherein a ratio of the one or more lipids to the fatty acid esters in the composition is 95% v / v lipids to 5% v / v fatty acid esters.

19. The bio-based composition according to any one of claims 15 to 18, wherein the fatty acid esters comprises fatty acid methyl esters (FAME).

20. The bio-based composition according to any one of claims 15 to 19, wherein the one or more fatty acid esters are obtained from a product stream in alcohol transesterification of triglycerides contained in an oil feedstock.21 . The bio-based composition according to any one of claims 14, and 16-20, wherein the one or more additives comprise one or more anti-oxidation agents, anti-foam agents, antiflocculating agents, anti-fungal agents, stabilizing agents, preservatives, scents, pigments or dyes, and cross-linking initiators.

22. The bio-based composition according to claim 14, and 16-21 , wherein the one or more additives comprise one or more metal naphthenate.

23. A method of making a bio-based coating composition for use as a wood stain and preservative product, comprising: reacting an oil feedstock with an alcohol to form the one or more fatty acid esters and one or more products and byproducts; separating the one or more fatty acid esters from the one or more products and byproducts; supplying the separated one or more fatty acid esters to mix with one or more lipids comprising used cooking oil; and mixing the one or more lipids with the one or more fatty acid esters at ambient temperature to form the composition.

24. A bio-based coating composition for use as a form and paving release product, the bio-based coating composition consisting essentially of:fatty acid esters (FAE); and one or more additives.

25. A bio-based coating composition for use as a form and paving release product, the bio-based coating composition comprising: one or more lipids comprising used cooking oil (UCO); and fatty acid esters (FAE).

26. A bio-based coating composition for use as a form and paving release product, the bio-based coating composition consisting essentially of: one or more lipids comprising used cooking oil (UCO); fatty acid esters (FAE); and one or more additives.

27. The bio-based composition according to claim 25 or 26, wherein a ratio of the one or more lipids to the fatty acid esters in the composition is 70% v / v - 2% v / v lipids to 30% v / v - 98% v / v fatty acid esters.

28. The bio-based composition according to claim 25 or 26, wherein a ratio of the one or more lipids to the fatty acid esters in the composition is 20% v / v lipids to 80% v / v fatty acid esters.

29. The bio-based composition according to any one of claims 25 to 28, wherein the fatty acid esters comprises fatty acid methyl esters (FAME).

30. The bio-based composition according to any one of claims 25 to 29, wherein the one or more fatty acid esters are obtained from a product stream in alcohol transesterification of triglycerides contained in an oil feedstock.31 . The bio-based composition according to any one of claims 24, and 26-30, wherein the one or more additives comprise one or more anti-oxidation agents, anti-foam agents, antiflocculating agents, anti-fungal agents, stabilizing agents, preservatives, scents, pigments or dyes, and cross-linking initiators.

32. A method of making a bio-based coating composition for use as a form and paving release product, comprising: reacting an oil feedstock with an alcohol to form the one or more fatty acid esters and one or more products and byproducts; separating the one or more fatty acid esters from the one or more products and byproducts; supplying the one or more fatty acid esters to mix with one or more lipids comprising used cooking oil; and mixing the one or more lipids and the one or more fatty acid esters at ambient temperature to form the composition.

33. A bio-based coating composition for use as a penetrating oil product, the bio-based coating composition consisting essentially of: fatty acid esters (FAE); and one or more additives.

34. A bio-based coating composition for use as a penetrating oil product, the bio-based coating composition comprising: one or more lipids comprising used cooking oil (UCO); and fatty acid esters (FAE).

35. A bio-based coating composition for use as a penetrating oil product, the bio-based coating composition consisting essentially of: one or more lipids comprising used cooking oil (UCO); fatty acid esters (FAE); and one or more additives.

36. The bio-based composition according to claim 34 or 35, wherein a ratio of the one or more lipids to the fatty acid esters in the composition is 50% v / v - 1 % v / v lipids to 50% v / v - 99% v / v fatty acid esters.

37. The bio-based composition according to claim 34 or 35, wherein a ratio of the one or more lipids to the fatty acid esters in the composition is 5% v / v lipids to 95% v / v fatty acid esters.

38. The bio-based composition according to any one of claims 34 to 37, wherein the fatty acid esters comprises fatty acid methyl esters (FAME).

39. The bio-based composition according to any one of claims 34 to 38, wherein the one or more fatty acid esters are obtained from a product stream in alcohol transesterification of triglycerides contained in an oil feedstock.

40. The bio-based composition according to any one of claims 33, and 35-39, wherein the one or more additives comprise one or more anti-oxidation agents, anti-foam agents, antiflocculating agents, anti-fungal agents, stabilizing agents, preservatives, scents, pigments or dyes, and cross-linking initiators.41 . A method of making a bio-based coating composition for use as a penetrating oil product, comprising: reacting an oil feedstock with an alcohol to form the one or more fatty acid esters and one or more products and byproducts; separating the one or more fatty acid esters from the one or more products and byproducts; supplying the one or more fatty acid esters to mix with one or more lipids comprising used cooking oil; and mixing the one or more lipids and the one or more fatty acid esters at ambient temperature to form the composition.

42. A bio-based coating composition for use as a metal protectant, the bio-based coating composition consisting essentially of: fatty acid esters (FAE); and one or more additives.

43. A bio-based coating composition for use as a metal protectant, the bio-based coating composition comprising: one or more lipids comprising used cooking oil (UCO); and fatty acid esters (FAE).

44. A bio-based coating composition for use as a metal protectant, the bio-based coating composition consisting essentially of: one or more lipids comprising used cooking oil (UCO);fatty acid esters (FAE); and one or more additives.

45. The bio-based composition according to claim 43 or 44, wherein a ratio of the one or more lipids to the fatty acid esters in the composition is 95% v / v - 50% v / v lipids to 5% v / v - 50% v / v fatty acid esters.

46. The bio-based composition according to any one of claims 42 to 45, wherein the fatty acid esters comprises fatty acid methyl esters (FAME).

48. The bio-based composition according to any one of claims 42 to 46, wherein the one or more fatty acid esters are obtained from a product stream in alcohol transesterification of triglycerides contained in an oil feedstock.

49. The bio-based composition according to any one of claims 42, and 44-48, wherein the one or more additives comprise one or more anti-oxidation agents, anti-foam agents, antiflocculating agents, anti-fungal agents, stabilizing agents, preservatives, scents, pigments or dyes.

50. A method of making a bio-based coating composition for use as a metal protectant, comprising: reacting an oil feedstock with an alcohol to form the one or more fatty acid esters and one or more products and byproducts; separating the one or more fatty acid esters from the one or more products and byproducts; supplying the one or more fatty acid esters to mix with one or more lipids comprising used cooking oil; and mixing the one or more lipids and the one or more fatty acid esters at ambient temperature to form the composition.

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