Non-uniform mesh for lens distortion correction
A non-uniform distortion mesh with radial vertex distribution addresses inefficiencies in lens distortion correction, optimizing computational resources and improving image quality in extended reality systems by aligning vertex distribution with lens characteristics.
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- QUALCOMM INC
- Filing Date
- 2024-11-01
- Publication Date
- 2026-05-07
AI Technical Summary
Existing lens distortion correction methods in extended reality systems are inefficient, leading to increased computational load, power consumption, and latency due to uneven vertex distribution in distortion meshes, particularly those based on uniform square grids, which waste computational effort on non-visible image regions.
Implementing a non-uniform distortion mesh with consistent vertex distribution along radial directions, using radial arrangements of vertices and controlled distortion increments to match lens distortion characteristics, thereby optimizing computational resources and reducing unnecessary processing.
The non-uniform mesh effectively corrects optical distortion while minimizing computational overhead, reducing power consumption, and enhancing the quality of virtual images displayed in extended reality systems.
Smart Images

Figure CN2024129260_07052026_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
NON-UNIFORM MESH FOR LENS DISTORTION CORRECTIONFIELD
[0001] This present disclosure is generally related to lens distortion correction. For example, aspects of the present disclosure relate to systems and techniques of using a non-uniform mesh for lens distortion correction.BACKGROUND
[0002] An extended reality (XR) device is a device that displays an environment to a user, for example through a head-mounted display (HMD) or other device. The environment is at least partially different from the real-world environment in which the user is in. The user can generally change their view of the environment interactively, for example by tilting or moving the HMD or other device. Virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) are examples of XR.
[0003] In some cases, an XR system can include a “see-through” display that allows the user to see their real-world environment based on light from the real-world environment passing through the display. In some cases, an XR system can include a “pass-through” display that allows the user to see their real-world environment, or a virtual environment based on their real-world environment, based on a view of the environment being captured by one or more cameras and displayed on the display. “See-through” or “pass-through” XR systems can be worn by users while the users are engaged in activities in their real-world environment.SUMMARY
[0004] Systems and techniques are described herein for displaying images. According to at least one illustrative example, a method of displaying images is provided. The method includes: obtaining an image for displaying on a display; applying a distortion mesh configured to correct an optical distortion associated with a lens to the image to generate a corrected image, the distortion mesh comprising a first plurality of vertices at a first radial distance from a center of the distortion mesh and a second plurality of vertices at a second radial distance from the center of the distortion mesh, wherein the second radial distance is greater than the first radial distance; and displaying the corrected image on the display.
[0005] In another example, an apparatus for displaying images is provided that includes a memory configured to store at least one frame and one or more processors (e.g., implemented in circuitry) coupled to the memory. The one or more processors are configured to and can: obtain an image for displaying on a display; apply a distortion mesh configured to correct an optical distortion associated with a lens to the image to generate a corrected image, the distortion mesh comprising a first plurality of vertices at a first radial distance from a center of the distortion mesh and a second plurality of vertices at a second radial distance from the center of the distortion mesh, wherein the second radial distance is greater than the first radial distance; and display the corrected image on the display.
[0006] In another example, a non-transitory computer-readable medium is provided that has stored thereon instructions that, when executed by one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to: obtain an image for displaying on a display; apply a distortion mesh configured to correct an optical distortion associated with a lens to the image to generate a corrected image, the distortion mesh comprising a first plurality of vertices at a first radial distance from a center of the distortion mesh and a second plurality of vertices at a second radial distance from the center of the distortion mesh, wherein the second radial distance is greater than the first radial distance; and display the corrected image on the display.
[0007] In accordance with another embodiment of the present disclosure, an apparatus for displaying images is provided. The apparatus includes: means for obtaining an image for displaying on a display; means for applying a distortion mesh configured to correct an optical distortion associated with a lens to the image to generate a corrected image, the distortion mesh comprising a first plurality of vertices at a first radial distance from a center of the distortion mesh and a second plurality of vertices at a second radial distance from the center of the distortion mesh, wherein the second radial distance is greater than the first radial distance; and means for displaying the corrected image on the display.
[0008] In some aspects, one or more of the apparatuses described herein is or is part of a camera, a mobile device (e.g., a mobile telephone or so-called “smart phone” or other mobile device) , a wireless communication device, an extended reality device (e.g., a virtual reality (VR) device, an augmented reality (AR) device, or a mixed reality (MR) device) , a wearable device, a personal computer, a laptop computer, a server computer, or other device. In some aspects, the one or more processors include an image signal processor (ISP) . In some aspects, the apparatus includes a camera or multiple cameras for capturing one or more images. In some aspects, the apparatus includes an image sensor that captures the image data. In some aspects, the apparatus further includes a display for displaying the image, one or more notifications (e.g., associated with processing of the image) , and / or other displayable data.
[0009] This summary is not intended to identify key or essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to be used in isolation to determine the scope of the claimed subject matter. The subject matter should be understood by reference to appropriate portions of the entire specification of this patent, any or all drawings, and each claim.
[0010] The foregoing, together with other features and aspects, will become more apparent upon referring to the following specification, claims, and accompanying drawings.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0011] Illustrative aspects of the present application are described in detail below with reference to the following figures:
[0012] FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating an architecture of an image capture and processing device, in accordance with some examples of the present disclosure;
[0013] FIG. 2A is a block diagram illustrating an architecture of an example extended reality (XR) system, in accordance with some examples of the present disclosure;
[0014] FIG. 2B is a block diagram illustrating an architecture of rendering engine, in accordance with some examples of the present disclosure;
[0015] FIG. 2C is a diagram illustrating application of a texture to pixel locations by a rendering engine, in accordance with some examples of the present disclosure;
[0016] FIG. 3A is a perspective diagram illustrating a head-mounted display (HMD) , in accordance with some examples of the present disclosure;
[0017] FIG. 3B is a perspective diagram illustrating the HMD of FIG. 3A being worn by a user, in accordance with some examples of the present disclosure;
[0018] FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating a configuration for projecting a virtual image using a display, in accordance with some examples of the present disclosure;
[0019] FIG. 5A is a diagram illustrating a projected image with distortion caused by a lens, in accordance with some examples of the present disclosure;
[0020] FIG. 5B is an image illustrating a corrected projected image using a distortion mesh to correct distortion caused by a lens, in accordance with some examples of the present disclosure;
[0021] FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating an example of distortion of points in an image, in accordance with some examples of the present disclosure;
[0022] FIG. 7A is a diagram illustrating a barrel distortion mesh, in accordance with some examples of the present disclosure;
[0023] FIG. 7B is a diagram illustrating varying levels of distortion at different positions of the barrel distortion mesh of FIG. 7A, in accordance with some examples of the present disclosure;
[0024] FIG. 7C is a diagram illustrating a field of view (FOV) of a lens overlaid on the barrel distortion mesh of FIG. 7A, in accordance with some examples of the present disclosure;
[0025] FIG. 8A is a diagram illustrating a radial distortion mesh, in accordance with some examples of the present disclosure;
[0026] FIG. 8B is a diagram illustrating radial distances of vertices in the radial distortion mesh of FIG. 8A, in accordance with some examples of the present disclosure;
[0027] FIG. 9A and FIG. 9B are diagrams illustrating qualitative similarity between corrected images generated using the barrel distortion mesh of FIG. 7A and the radial distortion mesh of FIG. 8A, in accordance with some examples of the present disclosure;
[0028] FIG. 10A is a perspective diagram illustrating a front surface of a mobile handset, in accordance with some examples of the present disclosure;
[0029] FIG. 10B is a perspective diagram illustrating a rear surface of a mobile handset, in accordance with some examples of the present disclosure;
[0030] FIG. 11 is a flow diagram illustrating an example of an image processing technique, in accordance with some examples of the present disclosure;
[0031] FIG. 12 is a diagram illustrating an example of a system for implementing certain aspects of the present technology.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0032] Certain aspects of this disclosure are provided below. Some of these aspects may be applied independently and some of them may be applied in combination as would be apparent to those of skill in the art. In the following description, for the purposes of explanation, specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of aspects of the application. However, it will be apparent that various aspects may be practiced without these specific details. The figures and description are not intended to be restrictive.
[0033] The ensuing description provides example aspects only, and is not intended to limit the scope, applicability, or configuration of the disclosure. Rather, the ensuing description of the example aspects will provide those skilled in the art with an enabling description for implementing an example aspect. It should be understood that various changes may be made in the function and arrangement of elements without departing from the spirit and scope of the application as set forth in the appended claims.
[0034] Extended reality (XR) systems or devices can provide virtual content to a user and / or can combine real-world views of physical environments (scenes) and virtual environments (including virtual content) . XR systems facilitate user interactions with such combined XR environments. The real-world view can include real-world objects (also referred to as physical objects) , such as people, vehicles, buildings, tables, chairs, and / or other real-world or physical objects. XR systems or devices can facilitate interaction with different types of XR environments (e.g., a user can use an XR system or device to interact with an XR environment) . XR systems can include virtual reality (VR) systems facilitating interactions with VR environments, augmented reality (AR) systems facilitating interactions with AR environments, mixed reality (MR) systems facilitating interactions with MR environments, and / or other XR systems. Examples of XR systems or devices include head-mounted displays (HMDs) , smart glasses, among others. In some cases, an XR system can track parts of the user (e.g., a hand and / or fingertips of a user) to allow the user to interact with items of virtual content.
[0035] In some cases, the real-world view can be displayed to a user of an XR system on one or more “pass-through” displays. In the case of a pass-through display, a user’s direct view of the real-world environment may be obscured by a display and / or other components of the XR system. In some implementations, one or more cameras can be provided to capture images of the real-world environment (e.g., a scene) and the captured images can be displayed on a display. In some cases, the images captured by the one or more cameras may be captured from a perspective that is different from how the user of an XR system would directly perceive the real-world environment. In some implementations, a digital reprojection can be used to depict the real-world environment in images captured by the one or more cameras from a perspective or viewpoint of a user’s eyes.
[0036] In some cases, one or more lenses may be disposed between a display of an XR system and a viewing position (e.g., a user’s eye position) . In one illustrative example, a convex lens may be disposed between the display and the viewing position. In another illustrative example, a Fresnel lens may be disposed between the display and the viewing position. In some examples, the one or more lenses can increase an apparent distance of objects displayed on the display and / or increase a field of view (FOV) for the user. In some cases, the one or more lenses may introduce distortion in how a user perceives virtual images. As used herein, “virtual images” refer to images displayed on the display viewed at or near the viewing position through the one or more lenses. In one illustrative example, distortion introduced by the one or more lenses may cause straight lines in the image displayed on the display to appear curved in the virtual image. In one illustrative example, the one or more lenses result in a pincushion distortion of the virtual image. In some cases, the degree of distortion produced by the one or more lenses be smallest for light rays passing through the center of the one or more lenses and largest near the edges of the one or more lenses.
[0037] In some cases, lens distortion correction can be applied to images prior to displaying the images on the display. In some examples, the lens distortion correction can include application of a distortion mesh to pre-distort displayed images such that a virtual image appears to be free of distortion at the viewing position. In some cases, a barrel distortion mesh can be applied to displayed images so that a virtual image viewed from the viewing position (e.g., a user’s eye) is not distorted. In one illustrative example, a uniform square grid may be used to demonstrate the lens distortion correction. For example, an image of a uniform square grid may be distorted using the barrel distortion mesh. In some examples, a virtual image viewed from the viewing position may appear as a uniform square grid.
[0038] In some cases, application of an optical distortion mesh may increase computational load (e.g., for a rendering pipeline of an XR system) . For example, a distortion mesh (e.g., a barrel distortion mesh) may be based on a uniform square grid. In some cases, a barrel distortion mesh based on a uniform square grid may have uneven distribution along vertical and horizontal directions relative to a diagonal direction. However, in some cases, lens distortion may be symmetric along any radial direction. In some aspects, it can be preferrable to have a distortion mesh with consistent vertex distribution along any radial direction to match the characteristics of the lens distortion. In some examples, inconsistent vertex distribution along different radial directions may result in an unnecessarily large number of vertices in the mesh that do not significantly improve distortion correction. In addition, a distortion mesh based on a square grid may distort portions of the images that are outside of the FOV of the one or more lenses and therefore are not visible from the viewing position. In such an example, computational effort may be wasted on portions of an image that will never be seen by a user. In some implementations, a large percentage of vertices of the distortion mesh may correspond to regions of the display that experience low optical distortion (e.g., portions of the display viewed through the center of the one or more lenses) . In some cases, computational effort associated with applying the distortion mesh in regions of low optical distortion may not enhance the appearance of the virtual image resulting in wasted computational effort, increased power consumption, increased latency, increased memory usage, and / or any combination thereof. In view of the above, systems and techniques are needed for efficient correction of lens distortion.
[0039] Systems, apparatuses, processes (also referred to as methods) , and computer-readable media (collectively referred to as “systems and techniques” ) are described herein for providing efficient correction of optical distortion. In some aspects, a non-uniform distortion mesh may be used to correct for optical distortion introduced by one or more lenses between a display and a viewing position (e.g., a user’s eye position) . For example, the non-uniform mesh may be configured to ensure consistent vertex distribution along any radial direction. In some implementations, the non-uniform mesh may include a radial arrangement of vertices. In some cases, the radial arrangement of vertices can include mesh layers of vertices at specified radial distances. In some implementations, a number of mesh layers included in the non-uniform mesh may be determined based on a distortion increment between different mesh layers. In some implementations, the distortion increment may be selected such that the distortion increment does not exceed the highest distortion increment of the outermost unit grid of a barrel distortion mesh based on a square grid. In some examples, vertices of the non-uniform distortion mesh can be arranged such that the distortion increment between vertices in adjacent layers remains consistent. In some implementations, an innermost layer of the non-uniform mesh grid may include a particular number of vertices. In some cases, the number of vertices in each layer of the non-uniform mesh grid may increase as radial distance increases. In one illustrative example, an innermost layer of the non-uniform mesh grid may include ten (20) vertices and the number of vertices may increase by ten (10) as radial distance increases.
[0040] Various aspects of the application will be described with respect to the figures.
[0041] FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating an architecture of an image capture and processing system 100. The image capture and processing system 100 includes various components that are used to capture and process images of scenes (e.g., an image of a scene 110) . The image capture and processing system 100 can capture standalone images (or photographs) and / or can capture videos that include multiple images (or video frames) in a particular sequence. In some cases, the lens 115 and image sensor 130 can be associated with an optical axis. In one illustrative example, the photosensitive area of the image sensor 130 (e.g., the photodiodes) and the lens 115 can both be centered on the optical axis. A lens 115 of the image capture and processing system 100 faces a scene 110 and receives light from the scene 110. The lens 115 bends incoming light from the scene toward the image sensor 130. The light received by the lens 115 passes through an aperture. In some cases, the aperture (e.g., the aperture size) is controlled by one or more control mechanisms 120 and is received by an image sensor 130. In some cases, the aperture can have a fixed size.
[0042] The one or more control mechanisms 120 may control exposure, focus, and / or zoom based on information from the image sensor 130 and / or based on information from the image processor 150. The one or more control mechanisms 120 may include multiple mechanisms and components; for instance, the control mechanisms 120 may include one or more exposure control mechanisms 125A, one or more focus control mechanisms 125B, and / or one or more zoom control mechanisms 125C. The one or more control mechanisms 120 may also include additional control mechanisms besides those that are illustrated, such as control mechanisms controlling analog gain, flash, HDR, depth of field, and / or other image capture properties.
[0043] The focus control mechanism 125B of the control mechanisms 120 can obtain a focus setting. In some examples, focus control mechanism 125B store the focus setting in a memory register. Based on the focus setting, the focus control mechanism 125B can adjust the position of the lens 115 relative to the position of the image sensor 130. For example, based on the focus setting, the focus control mechanism 125B can move the lens 115 closer to the image sensor 130 or farther from the image sensor 130 by actuating a motor or servo (or other lens mechanism) , thereby adjusting focus. In some cases, additional lenses may be included in the image capture and processing system 100, such as one or more microlenses over each photodiode of the image sensor 130, which each bend the light received from the lens 115 toward the corresponding photodiode before the light reaches the photodiode. The focus setting may be determined via contrast detection autofocus (CDAF) , phase detection autofocus (PDAF) , hybrid autofocus (HAF) , time of flight (ToF) , structured light, stereoscopy, or some combination thereof. The focus setting may be determined using the control mechanism 120, the image sensor 130, and / or the image processor 150. The focus setting may be referred to as an image capture setting and / or an image processing setting. In some cases, the lens 115 can be fixed relative to the image sensor and focus control mechanism 125B can be omitted without departing from the scope of the present disclosure.
[0044] The exposure control mechanism 125A of the control mechanisms 120 can obtain an exposure setting. In some cases, the exposure control mechanism 125A stores the exposure setting in a memory register. Based on this exposure setting, the exposure control mechanism 125A can control a size of the aperture (e.g., aperture size or f / stop) , a duration of time for which the aperture is open (e.g., exposure time or shutter speed) , a duration of time for which the sensor collects light (e.g., exposure time or electronic shutter speed) , a sensitivity of the image sensor 130 (e.g., ISO speed or film speed) , analog gain applied by the image sensor 130, or any combination thereof. The exposure setting may be referred to as an image capture setting and / or an image processing setting.
[0045] The zoom control mechanism 125C of the control mechanisms 120 can obtain a zoom setting. In some examples, the zoom control mechanism 125C stores the zoom setting in a memory register. Based on the zoom setting, the zoom control mechanism 125C can control a focal length of an assembly of lens elements (lens assembly) that includes the lens 115 and one or more additional lenses. For example, the zoom control mechanism 125C can control the focal length of the lens assembly by actuating one or more motors or servos (or other lens mechanism) to move one or more of the lenses relative to one another. The zoom setting may be referred to as an image capture setting and / or an image processing setting. In some examples, the lens assembly may include a parfocal zoom lens or a varifocal zoom lens. In some examples, the lens assembly may include a focusing lens (which can be lens 115 in some cases) that receives the light from the scene 110 first, with the light then passing through an afocal zoom system between the focusing lens (e.g., lens 115) and the image sensor 130 before the light reaches the image sensor 130. The afocal zoom system may, in some cases, include two positive (e.g., converging, convex) lenses of equal or similar focal length (e.g., within a threshold difference of one another) with a negative (e.g., diverging, concave) lens between them. In some cases, the zoom control mechanism 125C moves one or more of the lenses in the afocal zoom system, such as the negative lens and one or both of the positive lenses. In some cases, zoom control mechanism 125C can control the zoom by capturing an image from an image sensor of a plurality of image sensors (e.g., including image sensor 130) with a zoom corresponding to the zoom setting. For example, image capture and processing system 100 can include a wide angle image sensor with a relatively low zoom and a telephoto image sensor with a greater zoom. In some cases, based on the selected zoom setting, the zoom control mechanism 125C can capture images from a corresponding sensor.
[0046] The image sensor 130 includes one or more arrays of photodiodes or other photosensitive elements. Each photodiode measures an amount of light that eventually corresponds to a particular pixel in the image produced by the image sensor 130. In some cases, different photodiodes may be covered by different filters. In some cases, different photodiodes can be covered in color filters, and may thus measure light matching the color of the filter covering the photodiode. Various color filter arrays can be used, including a Bayer color filter array, a quad color filter array (also referred to as a quad Bayer color filter array or QCFA) , and / or any other color filter array. For instance, Bayer color filters include red color filters, blue color filters, and green color filters, with each pixel of the image generated based on red light data from at least one photodiode covered in a red color filter, blue light data from at least one photodiode covered in a blue color filter, and green light data from at least one photodiode covered in a green color filter
[0047] Returning to FIG. 1, other types of color filters may use yellow, magenta, and / or cyan (also referred to as “emerald” ) color filters instead of or in addition to red, blue, and / or green color filters. In some cases, some photodiodes may be configured to measure infrared (IR) light. In some implementations, photodiodes measuring IR light may not be covered by any filter, thus allowing IR photodiodes to measure both visible (e.g., color) and IR light. In some examples, IR photodiodes may be covered by an IR filter, allowing IR light to pass through and blocking light from other parts of the frequency spectrum (e.g., visible light, color) . Some image sensors (e.g., image sensor 130) may lack filters (e.g., color, IR, or any other part of the light spectrum) altogether and may instead use different photodiodes throughout the pixel array (in some cases vertically stacked) . The different photodiodes throughout the pixel array can have different spectral sensitivity curves, therefore responding to different wavelengths of light. Monochrome image sensors may also lack filters and therefore lack color depth.
[0048] In some cases, the image sensor 130 may alternately or additionally include opaque and / or reflective masks that block light from reaching certain photodiodes, or portions of certain photodiodes, at certain times and / or from certain angles. In some cases, opaque and / or reflective masks may be used for phase detection autofocus (PDAF) . In some cases, the opaque and / or reflective masks may be used to block portions of the electromagnetic spectrum from reaching the photodiodes of the image sensor (e.g., an IR cut filter, a UV cut filter, a band-pass filter, low-pass filter, high-pass filter, or the like) . The image sensor 130 may also include an analog gain amplifier to amplify the analog signals output by the photodiodes and / or an analog to digital converter (ADC) to convert the analog signals output of the photodiodes (and / or amplified by the analog gain amplifier) into digital signals. In some cases, certain components or functions discussed with respect to one or more of the control mechanisms 120 may be included instead or additionally in the image sensor 130. The image sensor 130 may be a charge-coupled device (CCD) sensor, an electron-multiplying CCD (EMCCD) sensor, an active-pixel sensor (APS) , a complimentary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) , an N-type metal-oxide semiconductor (NMOS) , a hybrid CCD / CMOS sensor (e.g., sCMOS) , or some other combination thereof.
[0049] The image processor 150 may include one or more processors, such as one or more image signal processors (ISPs) (including ISP 154) , one or more host processors (including host processor 152) , and / or one or more of any other type of processor 1210 discussed with respect to the computing system 1200 of FIG. 12. The host processor 152 can be a digital signal processor (DSP) and / or other type of processor. In some implementations, the image processor 150 is a single integrated circuit or chip (e.g., referred to as a system-on-chip or SoC) that includes the host processor 152 and the ISP 154. In some cases, the chip can also include one or more input / output ports (e.g., input / output (I / O) ports 156) , central processing units (CPUs) , graphics processing units (GPUs) , broadband modems (e.g., 3G, 4G or LTE, 5G, etc. ) , memory, connectivity components (e.g., BluetoothTM, Global Positioning System (GPS) , etc. ) , any combination thereof, and / or other components. The I / O ports 156 can include any suitable input / output ports or interface according to one or more protocol or specification, such as an Inter-Integrated Circuit 2 (I2C) interface, an Inter-Integrated Circuit 3 (I3C) interface, a Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) interface, a serial General Purpose Input / Output (GPIO) interface, a Mobile Industry Processor Interface (MIPI) (such as a MIPI CSI-2 physical (PHY) layer port or interface, an Advanced High-performance Bus (AHB) bus, any combination thereof, and / or other input / output port. In one illustrative example, the host processor 152 can communicate with the image sensor 130 using an I2C port, and the ISP 154 can communicate with the image sensor 130 using an MIPI port.
[0050] The image processor 150 may perform a number of tasks, such as de-mosaicing, color space conversion, image frame downsampling, pixel interpolation, automatic exposure (AE) control, automatic gain control (AGC) , CDAF, PDAF, automatic white balance, merging of image frames to form an HDR image, image recognition, object recognition, feature recognition, receipt of inputs, managing outputs, managing memory, or some combination thereof. The image processor 150 may store image frames and / or processed images in random access memory (RAM) 140 / 1225, read-only memory (ROM) 145 / 1220, a cache, a memory unit, another storage device, or some combination thereof.
[0051] Various input / output (I / O) devices 160 may be connected to the image processor 150. The I / O devices 160 can include a display screen, a keyboard, a keypad, a touchscreen, a trackpad, a touch-sensitive surface, a printer, any other output devices 1235, any other input devices 1245, or some combination thereof. In some cases, a caption may be input into the image processing device 105B through a physical keyboard or keypad of the I / O devices 160, or through a virtual keyboard or keypad of a touchscreen of the I / O devices 160. The I / O 160 may include one or more ports, jacks, or other connectors that enable a wired connection between the image capture and processing system 100 and one or more peripheral devices, over which the image capture and processing system 100 may receive data from the one or more peripheral device and / or transmit data to the one or more peripheral devices. The I / O 160 may include one or more wireless transceivers that enable a wireless connection between the image capture and processing system 100 and one or more peripheral devices, over which the image capture and processing system 100 may receive data from the one or more peripheral device and / or transmit data to the one or more peripheral devices. The peripheral devices may include any of the previously-discussed types of I / O devices 160 and may themselves be considered I / O devices 160 once they are coupled to the ports, jacks, wireless transceivers, or other wired and / or wireless connectors.
[0052] In some cases, the image capture and processing system 100 may be a single device. In some cases, the image capture and processing system 100 may be two or more separate devices, including an image capture device 105A (e.g., a camera) and an image processing device 105B (e.g., a computing device coupled to the camera) . In some implementations, the image capture device 105A and the image processing device 105B may be coupled together, for example via one or more wires, cables, or other electrical connectors, and / or wirelessly via one or more wireless transceivers. In some implementations, the image capture device 105A and the image processing device 105B may be disconnected from one another.
[0053] As shown in FIG. 1, a vertical dashed line divides the image capture and processing system 100 of FIG. 1 into two portions that represent the image capture device 105A and the image processing device 105B, respectively. The image capture device 105A includes the lens 115, control mechanisms 120, and the image sensor 130. The image processing device 105B includes the image processor 150 (including the ISP 154 and the host processor 152) , the RAM 140, the ROM 145, and the I / O 160. In some cases, certain components illustrated in the image processing device 105B, such as the ISP 154 and / or the host processor 152, may be included in the image capture device 105A.
[0054] The image capture and processing system 100 can include an electronic device, such as a mobile or stationary telephone handset (e.g., smartphone, cellular telephone, or the like) , a desktop computer, a laptop or notebook computer, a tablet computer, a set-top box, a television, a camera, a display device, a digital media player, a video gaming console, a video streaming device, an Internet Protocol (IP) camera, or any other suitable electronic device. In some examples, the image capture and processing system 100 can include one or more wireless transceivers for wireless communications, such as cellular network communications, 1002.11 wi-fi communications, wireless local area network (WLAN) communications, or some combination thereof. In some implementations, the image capture device 105A and the image processing device 105B can be different devices. For instance, the image capture device 105A can include a camera device and the image processing device 105B can include a computing device, such as a mobile handset, a desktop computer, or other computing device.
[0055] While the image capture and processing system 100 is shown to include certain components, one of ordinary skill will appreciate that the image capture and processing system 100 can include more or fewer components than those shown in FIG. 1. In some cases, the image capture and processing system 100 can include software, hardware, or one or more combinations of software and hardware. For example, in some implementations, the components of the image capture and processing system 100 can include and / or can be implemented using electronic circuits or other electronic hardware, which can include one or more programmable electronic circuits (e.g., microprocessors, GPUs, DSPs, CPUs, and / or other suitable electronic circuits) , and / or can include and / or be implemented using computer software, firmware, or any combination thereof, to perform the various operations described herein. The software and / or firmware can include one or more instructions stored on a computer-readable storage medium and executable by one or more processors of the electronic device implementing the image capture and processing system 100.
[0056] In some examples, the XR system 200 of FIG. 2A can include the image capture and processing system 100, the image capture device 105A, the image processing device 105B, or a combination thereof.
[0057] FIG. 2A is a diagram illustrating an architecture of an example XR system 200, in accordance with some aspects of the disclosure. The XR system 200 can run (or execute) XR applications and implement XR operations. In some examples, the XR system 200 can perform tracking and localization, mapping of an environment in the physical world (e.g., a scene) , and / or positioning and rendering of virtual content on a display 209 (e.g., a screen, visible plane / region, and / or other display) as part of an XR experience. For example, the XR system 200 can generate a map (e.g., 3D map) of an environment in the physical world, track a pose (e.g., location and position) of the XR system 200 relative to the environment (e.g., relative to the 3D map of the environment) , position and / or anchor virtual content in a specific location (s) on the map of the environment, and render the virtual content on the display 209 such that the virtual content appears to be at a location in the environment corresponding to the specific location on the map of the scene where the virtual content is positioned and / or anchored. The display 209 can include a glass, a screen, a lens, a projector, and / or other display mechanism that allows a user to see the real-world environment and also allows XR content to be overlaid, overlapped, blended with, or otherwise displayed thereon.
[0058] In this illustrative example, the XR system 200 includes one or more image sensors 202, an accelerometer 204, a gyroscope 206, storage 207, compute components 210, an XR engine 220, an image processing engine 224, a rendering engine 226, and a communications engine 228. It should be noted that the components 202-228 shown in FIG. 2A are non-limiting examples provided for illustrative and explanation purposes, and other examples can include more, less, or different components than those shown in FIG. 2A. For example, in some cases, the XR system 200 can include one or more other sensors (e.g., one or more inertial measurement units (IMUs) , radars, light detection and ranging (LIDAR) sensors, radio detection and ranging (RADAR) sensors, sound detection and ranging (SODAR) sensors, sound navigation and ranging (SONAR) sensors. audio sensors, etc. ) , one or more display devices, one more other processing engines, one or more other hardware components, and / or one or more other software and / or hardware components that are not shown in FIG. 2A. While various components of the XR system 200, such as the image sensor 202, may be referenced in the singular form herein, it should be understood that the XR system 200 may include multiple of any component discussed herein (e.g., multiple image sensors 202) .
[0059] The XR system 200 includes or is in communication with (wired or wirelessly) an input device 208. The input device 208 can include any suitable input device, such as a touchscreen, a pen or other pointer device, a keyboard, a mouse a button or key, a microphone for receiving voice commands, a gesture input device for receiving gesture commands, a video game controller, a steering wheel, a joystick, a set of buttons, a trackball, a remote control, any other input device 1245 discussed herein, or any combination thereof. In some cases, the image sensor 202 can capture images that can be processed for interpreting gesture commands.
[0060] The XR system 200 can also communicate with one or more other electronic devices (wired or wirelessly) . For example, communications engine 228 can be configured to manage connections and communicate with one or more electronic devices. In some cases, the communications engine 228 can correspond to the communications interface 1240 of FIG. 12.
[0061] FIG. 2B is a block diagram is illustrating an example of a rendering pipeline 250 for the rendering engine 226. As illustrated in FIG. 2B, vertices of a 3D object to be rendered can be represented in an element array 252. In some examples, the element array 252 can correspond to a vertex array 254 in a 3D environment. In some cases, the vertex array 254 can be processed by a vertex shader 256 of the rendering engine 226. In some implementations, after processing by the vertex shader 256, triangulation can be performed on the 3D vertices at a triangle assembly module 258. In some aspects, a rasterization engine 260 can convert the triangulated 3D vertices into a 2D representation. In some examples, a fragment shader 262 can apply textures to the 2D representation. In some implementations, a testing and blending engine 264 can perform final processing on the 2D image. In some cases, the image processed by the rendering engine 226 can be stored in a framebuffer 266.
[0062] FIG. 2C is a diagram illustrating application of a texture to pixel locations by a rendering engine (e.g., rendering engine 226 of FIG. 2A) . In the illustrated example of FIG. 2C, a simulated display 270 can include a plurality of pixels. A simple mesh can include four vertices P1, P2, P3, P4, and triangulation (e.g., at vertex shader 256) of the simple mesh can result in two triangles. In some examples, the four vertices P1, P2, P3, P4 can be associated with display pixels after rasterization (e.g., at rasterization engine 260) of the triangles. In some cases, a portion of the texture 280 included in a rectangle defined by texture coordinates T1, T2, T3, T4 may also undergo triangulation resulting in two triangles. In some aspects, the four pixel locations P1, P2, P3, P4 can be associated with the texture coordinates T1, T2, T3, T4, respectively. In some examples, the rendering pipeline 250 (e.g., fragment shader 262) can render the triangles of the texture to fit within the region specified by the pixel locations P1, P2, P3, P4 resulting in the distorted displayed texture 290 of FIG. 2C. In some aspects, FIG. 2C illustrates how a mesh can be used to distort images.
[0063] Returning to FIG. 2A, in some implementations, the one or more image sensors 202, the accelerometer 204, the gyroscope 206, storage 207, compute components 210, XR engine 220, image processing engine 224, and rendering engine 226 can be part of the same computing device. For example, in some cases, the one or more image sensors 202, the accelerometer 204, the gyroscope 206, storage 207, compute components 210, XR engine 220, image processing engine 224, and rendering engine 226 can be integrated into an HMD, extended reality glasses, smartphone, laptop, tablet computer, gaming system, and / or any other computing device. However, in some implementations, the one or more image sensors 202, the accelerometer 204, the gyroscope 206, storage 207, compute components 210, XR engine 220, image processing engine 224, and rendering engine 226 can be part of two or more separate computing devices. For example, in some cases, some of the components 202-226 can be part of, or implemented by, one computing device and the remaining components can be part of, or implemented by, one or more other computing devices.
[0064] The storage 207 can be any storage device (s) for storing data. Moreover, the storage 207 can store data from any of the components of the XR system 200. For example, the storage 207 can store data from the image sensor 202 (e.g., image or video data) , data from the accelerometer 204 (e.g., measurements) , data from the gyroscope 206 (e.g., measurements) , data from the compute components 210 (e.g., processing parameters, preferences, virtual content, rendering content, scene maps, tracking and localization data, object detection data, privacy data, XR application data, face recognition data, occlusion data, etc. ) , data from the XR engine 220, data from the image processing engine 224, and / or data from the rendering engine 226 (e.g., output frames) . In some examples, the storage 207 can include a buffer for storing frames (e.g., framebuffer 266) for processing by the compute components 210.
[0065] The one or more compute components 210 can include a central processing unit (CPU) 212, a graphics processing unit (GPU) 214, a digital signal processor (DSP) 216, an image signal processor (ISP) 218, and / or other processor (e.g., a neural processing unit (NPU) implementing one or more trained neural networks) . The compute components 210 can perform various operations such as image enhancement, computer vision, graphics rendering, extended reality operations (e.g., tracking, localization, pose estimation, mapping, content anchoring, content rendering, etc. ) , image and / or video processing, sensor processing, recognition (e.g., text recognition, facial recognition, object recognition, feature recognition, tracking or pattern recognition, scene recognition, occlusion detection, etc. ) , trained machine learning operations, filtering, and / or any of the various operations described herein. In some examples, the compute components 210 can implement (e.g., control, operate, etc. ) the XR engine 220, the image processing engine 224, and the rendering engine 226. In other examples, the compute components 210 can also implement one or more other processing engines.
[0066] The image sensor 202 can include any image and / or video sensors or capturing devices. In some examples, the image sensor 202 can be part of a multiple-camera assembly, such as a dual-camera assembly. The image sensor 202 can capture image and / or video content (e.g., raw image and / or video data) , which can then be processed by the compute components 210, the XR engine 220, the image processing engine 224, and / or the rendering engine 226 as described herein. In some examples, the image sensors 202 may include an image capture and processing system 100, an image capture device 105A, an image processing device 105B, or a combination thereof.
[0067] In some examples, the image sensor 202 can capture image data and can generate images (also referred to as frames) based on the image data and / or can provide the image data or frames to the XR engine 220, the image processing engine 224, and / or the rendering engine 226 for processing. An image or frame can include a video frame of a video sequence or a still image. An image or frame can include a pixel array representing a scene. For example, an image can be a red-green-blue (RGB) image having red, green, and blue color components per pixel; a luma, chroma-red, chroma-blue (YCbCr) image having a luma component and two chroma (color) components (chroma-red and chroma-blue) per pixel; or any other suitable type of color or monochrome image.
[0068] In some cases, the image sensor 202 (and / or other camera of the XR system 200) can be configured to also capture depth information. For example, in some implementations, the image sensor 202 (and / or other camera) can include an RGB-depth (RGB-D) camera. In some cases, the XR system 200 can include one or more depth sensors (not shown) that are separate from the image sensor 202 (and / or other camera) and that can capture depth information. For instance, such a depth sensor can obtain depth information independently from the image sensor 202. In some examples, a depth sensor can be physically installed in the same general location as the image sensor 202, but may operate at a different frequency or frame rate from the image sensor 202. In some examples, a depth sensor can take the form of a light source that can project a structured or textured light pattern, which may include one or more narrow bands of light, onto one or more objects in a scene. Depth information can then be obtained by exploiting geometrical distortions of the projected pattern caused by the surface shape of the object. In one example, depth information may be obtained from stereo sensors such as a combination of an infra-red structured light projector and an infra-red camera registered to a camera (e.g., an RGB camera) .
[0069] The XR system 200 can also include other sensors in its one or more sensors. The one or more sensors can include one or more accelerometers (e.g., accelerometer 204) , one or more gyroscopes (e.g., gyroscope 206) , and / or other sensors. The one or more sensors can provide velocity, orientation, and / or other position-related information to the compute components 210. For example, the accelerometer 204 can detect acceleration by the XR system 200 and can generate acceleration measurements based on the detected acceleration. In some cases, the accelerometer 204 can provide one or more translational vectors (e.g., up / down, left / right, forward / back) that can be used for determining a position or pose of the XR system 200. The gyroscope 206 can detect and measure the orientation and angular velocity of the XR system 200. For example, the gyroscope 206 can be used to measure the pitch, roll, and yaw of the XR system 200. In some cases, the gyroscope 206 can provide one or more rotational vectors (e.g., pitch, yaw, roll) . In some examples, the image sensor 202 and / or the XR engine 220 can use measurements obtained by the accelerometer 204 (e.g., one or more translational vectors) and / or the gyroscope 206 (e.g., one or more rotational vectors) to calculate the pose of the XR system 200. As previously noted, in other examples, the XR system 200 can also include other sensors, such as an inertial measurement unit (IMU) , a magnetometer, a gaze and / or eye tracking sensor, a machine vision sensor, a smart scene sensor, a speech recognition sensor, an impact sensor, a shock sensor, a position sensor, a tilt sensor, etc.
[0070] As noted above, in some cases, the one or more sensors can include at least one IMU. An IMU is an electronic device that measures the specific force, angular rate, and / or the orientation of the XR system 200, using a combination of one or more accelerometers, one or more gyroscopes, and / or one or more magnetometers. In some examples, the one or more sensors can output measured information associated with the capture of an image captured by the image sensor 202 (and / or other camera of the XR system 200) and / or depth information obtained using one or more depth sensors of the XR system 200.
[0071] The output of one or more sensors (e.g., the accelerometer 204, the gyroscope 206, one or more IMUs, and / or other sensors) can be used by the XR engine 220 to determine a pose of the XR system 200 (also referred to as the head pose) and / or the pose of the image sensor 202 (or other camera of the XR system 200) . In some cases, the pose of the XR system 200 and the pose of the image sensor 202 (or other camera) can be the same. The pose of image sensor 202 refers to the position and orientation of the image sensor 202 relative to a frame of reference (e.g., with respect to the scene 110) . In some implementations, the camera pose can be determined for 6-Degrees Of Freedom (6DoF) , which refers to three translational components (e.g., which can be given by X (horizontal) , Y (vertical) , and Z (depth) coordinates relative to a frame of reference, such as the image plane) and three angular components (e.g. roll, pitch, and yaw relative to the same frame of reference) . In some implementations, the camera pose can be determined for 3-Degrees of Freedom (3DoF) , which refers to the three angular components (e.g. roll, pitch, and yaw) .
[0072] In some cases, a device tracker (not shown) can use the measurements from the one or more sensors and image data from the image sensor 202 to track a pose (e.g., a 6DoF pose) of the XR system 200. For example, the device tracker can fuse visual data (e.g., using a visual tracking solution) from the image data with inertial data from the measurements to determine a position and motion of the XR system 200 relative to the physical world (e.g., the scene) and a map of the physical world. As described below, in some examples, when tracking the pose of the XR system 200, the device tracker can generate a three-dimensional (3D) map of the scene (e.g., the real world) and / or generate updates for a 3D map of the scene. The 3D map updates can include, for example and without limitation, new or updated features and / or feature or landmark points associated with the scene and / or the 3D map of the scene, localization updates identifying or updating a position of the XR system 200 within the scene and the 3D map of the scene, etc. The 3D map can provide a digital representation of a scene in the real / physical world. In some examples, the 3D map can anchor location-based objects and / or content to real-world coordinates and / or objects. The XR system 200 can use a mapped scene (e.g., a scene in the physical world represented by, and / or associated with, a 3D map) to merge the physical and virtual worlds and / or merge virtual content or objects with the physical environment.
[0073] In some aspects, the pose of image sensor 202 and / or the XR system 200 as a whole can be determined and / or tracked by the compute components 210 using a visual tracking solution based on images captured by the image sensor 202 (and / or other camera of the XR system 200) . For instance, in some examples, the compute components 210 can perform tracking using computer vision-based tracking, model-based tracking, and / or SLAM techniques. For instance, the compute components 210 can perform SLAM or can be in communication (wired or wireless) with a SLAM system (not shown) . SLAM refers to a class of techniques where a map of an environment (e.g., a map of an environment being modeled by XR system 200) is created while simultaneously tracking the pose of a camera (e.g., image sensor 202) and / or the XR system 200 relative to that map. The map can be referred to as a SLAM map, and can be three-dimensional (3D) . The SLAM techniques can be performed using color or grayscale image data captured by the image sensor 202 (and / or other camera of the XR system 200) , and can be used to generate estimates of 6DoF pose measurements of the image sensor 202 and / or the XR system 200. Such a SLAM technique configured to perform 6DoF tracking can be referred to as 6DoF SLAM. In some cases, the output of the one or more sensors (e.g., the accelerometer 204, the gyroscope 206, one or more IMUs, and / or other sensors) can be used to estimate, correct, and / or otherwise adjust the estimated pose.
[0074] In some cases, the 6DoF SLAM (e.g., 6DoF tracking) can associate features observed from certain input images from the image sensor 202 (and / or other camera) to the SLAM map. For example, 6DoF SLAM can use feature point associations from an input image to determine the pose (position and orientation) of the image sensor 202 and / or XR system 200 for the input image. 6DoF mapping can also be performed to update the SLAM map. In some cases, the SLAM map maintained using the 6DoF SLAM can contain 3D feature points triangulated from two or more images. For example, key frames can be selected from input images or a video stream to represent an observed scene. For every key frame, a respective 6DoF camera pose associated with the image can be determined. The pose of the image sensor 202 and / or the XR system 200 can be determined by projecting features from the 3D SLAM map into an image or video frame and updating the camera pose from verified 2D-3D correspondences.
[0075] In one illustrative example, the compute components 210 can extract feature points from certain input images (e.g., every input image, a subset of the input images, etc. ) or from each key frame. A feature point (also referred to as a registration point) as used herein is a distinctive or identifiable part of an image, such as a part of a hand, an edge of a table, among others. Features extracted from a captured image can represent distinct feature points along three-dimensional space (e.g., coordinates on X, Y, and Z-axes) , and every feature point can have an associated feature location. The feature points in key frames either match (are the same or correspond to) or fail to match the feature points of previously captured input images or key frames. Feature detection can be used to detect the feature points. Feature detection can include an image processing operation used to examine one or more pixels of an image to determine whether a feature exists at a particular pixel. Feature detection can be used to process an entire captured image or certain portions of an image. For each image or key frame, once features have been detected, a local image patch around the feature can be extracted. Features may be extracted using any suitable technique, such as Scale Invariant Feature Transform (SIFT) (which localizes features and generates their descriptions) , Learned Invariant Feature Transform (LIFT) , Speed Up Robust Features (SURF) , Gradient Location-Orientation histogram (GLOH) , Oriented Fast and Rotated Brief (ORB) , Binary Robust Invariant Scalable Keypoints (BRISK) , Fast Retina Keypoint (FREAK) , KAZE, Accelerated KAZE (AKAZE) , Normalized Cross Correlation (NCC) , descriptor matching, another suitable technique, or a combination thereof.
[0076] In some cases, the XR system 200 can also track the hand and / or fingers of the user to allow the user to interact with and / or control virtual content in a virtual environment. For example, the XR system 200 can track a pose and / or movement of the hand and / or fingertips of the user to identify or translate user interactions with the virtual environment. The user interactions can include, for example and without limitation, moving an item of virtual content, resizing the item of virtual content, selecting an input interface element in a virtual user interface (e.g., a virtual representation of a mobile phone, a virtual keyboard, and / or other virtual interface) , providing an input through a virtual user interface, etc.
[0077] FIG. 3A is a perspective diagram 300 illustrating an HMD 310, in accordance with some examples. The HMD 310 may be, for example, an augmented reality (AR) headset, a virtual reality (VR) headset, a mixed reality (MR) headset, an extended reality (XR) headset, or some combination thereof. The HMD 310 may be an example of an XR system 200. The HMD 310 includes a first camera 330A and a second camera 330B along a front portion of the HMD 310. The first camera 330A and the second camera 330B may be two of image sensor 202 of FIG. 2A. In some examples, the HMD 310 may only have a single camera. In some examples, the HMD 310 may include one or more additional cameras in addition to the first camera 330A and the second camera 330B. In some examples, the HMD 310 may include one or more additional sensors in addition to the first camera 330A and the second camera 330B.
[0078] FIG. 3B is a perspective diagram 340 illustrating the HMD 310 of FIG. 3A being worn by a user 320, in accordance with some examples. The user 320 wears the HMD 310 on the user 320’s head over the user 320’s eyes. The HMD 310 can capture images with the first camera 330A and the second camera 330B. In some examples, the HMD 310 displays one or more display images toward the user 320’s eyes that are based on the images captured by the first camera 330A and the second camera 330B. The display images may provide a stereoscopic view of the environment, in some cases with information overlaid and / or with other modifications. For example, the HMD 310 can display a first display image to the user 320’s right eye, the first display image based on an image captured by the first camera 330A. The HMD 310 can display a second display image to the user 320’s left eye, the second display image based on an image captured by the second camera 330B. For instance, the HMD 310 may provide overlaid information in the display images overlaid over the images captured by the first camera 330A and the second camera 330B.
[0079] The HMD 310 includes no wheels, propellers, or other conveyance of its own. Instead, the HMD 310 relies on the movements of the user 320 to move the HMD 310 about the environment. In some cases, for instance where the HMD 310 is a VR headset, the environment may be entirely or partially virtual. If the environment is at least partially virtual, then movement through the virtual environment may be virtual as well. For instance, movement through the virtual environment can be controlled by an input device (e.g., input device 208 of FIG. 2A) . The movement actuator may include any such input device. Movement through the virtual environment may not require wheels, propellers, legs, or any other form of conveyance. If the environment is a virtual environment, the HMD 310 can perform movement actuation using the movement actuator by performing a virtual movement within the virtual environment.
[0080] FIG. 4 is a diagram 400 illustrating a configuration for projecting a virtual image 430 using a display 420 of an HMD 410. As illustrated in FIG. 4, the display 420 may be viewed from a viewing position 404 (e.g., a position of a user’s eye) . In some cases, one or more lenses 405 can be placed between the viewing position 404 and the display 420. In one illustrative example, the one or more lenses 405 can include a convex lens. As illustrated in FIG. 4, an image displayed on the display 420 viewed from the viewing position 404 through the one or more lenses 405 can be perceived as a virtual image 430. In some cases, optical distortion associated with the one or more lenses 405 can result in a distorted virtual image 430 when viewed from the viewing position 404. As illustrated in FIG. 4, in some cases, a FOV 435 of an optical configuration including the one or more lenses 405 and the display 420 may exclude portions of the display 420.
[0081] FIG. 5A is a diagram 500 illustrating a distorted virtual image 530 with distortions from viewing a displayed image 520 on a display through a lens 505. In some cases, the lens 505 can correspond to the one or more lenses 405 of FIG. 4. In the example of FIG. 5A, the displayed image 520 is represented by a uniform square grid of vertices. As illustrated in FIG. 5A, when viewed from the viewing position 504 through the lens 505, distortion introduced by the lens 505 can result in a distorted virtual image 530. As illustrated in FIG. 5A, the lens 505 can create a pincushion distortion in distorted virtual image 530 when viewed from the viewing position 504.
[0082] FIG. 5B is a diagram 550 illustrating a corrected virtual image 580 depicting a unit square grid. In the example of FIG. 5B, a distortion mesh (e.g., a barrel distortion) can be applied to a unit square gride to generate a distorted displayed image 570 displayed on a display. In some cases, when the distorted displayed image 570 is viewed from the viewing position 554 through the lens 555, the resulting corrected virtual image 580 can appear as a unit square grid. In some cases, a distortion mesh can be utilized to generate the distorted displayed image 570.
[0083] FIG. 6 is a scatter diagram 600 illustrating an example of original points 602 of a unit square grid and distorted points 604 generated by applying a barrel distortion mesh to the original points 602. As illustrated in FIG. 6, original points 602 can be distributed in a unit square grid. In one illustrative example, the original points 602 can correspond to the unit square grid displayed of the displayed image 520 of FIG. 5A. In the example of FIG. 6, distorted points 604 can be distributed with a barrel distortion relative to the unit square grid of the original points 602. In one illustrative example, the distorted points 604 can correspond to the distorted displayed image 570 of FIG. 5B.
[0084] As illustrated in FIG. 6, a central original point 605 of the unit square grid may overlap with a corresponding distorted point 604. However, an edge original point 606 with a maximum radial distance from the central original point 605 in the unit square grid may be distorted toward the central original point 605 as illustrated by distorted point 608. In some cases, the length of the arrow drawn between the edge original point 606 and the distorted point 608 can represent a quantity of radial distortion 607 applied to the edge original point 606. An additional original point 610 illustrated in FIG. 6 is the original point 602 with the closest radial distance to the edge original point 606 that is positioned along the same radial direction as the edge original point 606. As illustrated in FIG. 6, distorted point 612 may be distorted toward the central original point 605 by a quantity of radial distortion 611 that is less than the quantity of radial distortion 607. In some cases, a distortion increment at the edge of the unit square grid can correspond to a difference between the quantity of radial distortion 607 and the quantity of radial distortion 611. In some cases, the distortion increment at the edge of the unit square grid can correspond to a maximum radial distortion increment for the distorted points 604.
[0085] FIG. 7A is a diagram 700 illustrating a barrel distortion mesh 710 for correcting lens distortion. In the example of FIG. 7A, the barrel distortion mesh includes vertices that have different distributions along vertical and horizontal radial directions when compared with a vertex distribution along a diagonal radial direction. In some implementations, the density of vertices near the center 714 of the barrel distortion mesh 710 relative to the density of vertices near a corner 712 of the barrel distortion mesh 710 does not decrease in proportion to the relative amount of distortion as illustrated by FIG. 7B. In some cases, allocating a large number of vertices near the center 714 of the barrel distortion mesh 710 may result in relatively small improvements in the appearance of a resulting virtual image. In some implementations, a reduced number of vertices near the center 714 of the barrel distortion mesh 710 may result in a reduction in computational effort, reduced power consumption, reduced latency, reduced memory usage, and / or any combination thereof.
[0086] FIG. 7B is a diagram 730 illustrating a quantity of distortion 740 at different coordinates of the barrel distortion mesh 710 of FIG. 7A. As illustrated in FIG. 7B, the distortion near the center 744 of the barrel distortion mesh can be relatively low when compared to the distortion near a corner 742 of the barrel distortion mesh.
[0087] FIG. 7C is a diagram 760 illustrating an FOV 770 of a lens (e.g., one or more lenses 405 of FIG. 4) overlaid on the barrel distortion mesh 710 of FIG. 7A. In the example of FIG. 7C, vertices of the barrel distortion mesh 710 outside of the FOV 770 of a lens may not be visible to a user. In such an example, computational effort may be wasted on distorting and / or rendering portions of an image that will never be seen by a user. Accordingly, in some aspects, vertices 780 of the barrel distortion mesh 710 outside of the FOV 770 may be removed to provide a reduction in computational effort, reduced power consumption, reduced latency, reduced memory usage, and / or any combination thereof.
[0088] FIG. 8A is a diagram 800 illustrating a radial distortion mesh 810. In some cases, the radial distortion mesh 810 can represent an example of a non-uniform distortion mesh. In the example of FIG. 8A, an innermost layer 812 (e.g., a first layer) of the radial distortion mesh 810 can include vertices at a first radial distance from the center of the radial distortion mesh 810. As illustrated in FIG. 8A, the radial distortion mesh 810 can include a second layer 814 including vertices at a second radial distance. As shown in FIG. 8A, the second layer 814 can include a greater number of vertices than the innermost layer 812. FIG. 8A further illustrates a third layer 816 of the radial distortion mesh 810 at a third radial distance greater than the second radial distance. As illustrated in FIG. 8A, the third layer 816 can include more vertices than the second layer 814. As illustrated in FIG. 8A, the radial distortion mesh 810 can include additional layers 818 at increasing radial distances and a circumferential layer 820 at the greatest radial distance from the center of the radial distortion mesh. In some cases, a radial distance of the circumferential layer 820 can correspond to a circumference of the FOV 770 of FIG. 7C. In such an example, all of the vertices of the radial distortion mesh 810 can be included within the FOV thereby avoiding additional computational effort, power consumption, latency, memory usage, and / or any combination thereof associated with rendering the vertices 780 of FIG. 7C.
[0089] As illustrated in FIG. 8A, a distribution of the triangles formed by a triangulation of the radial distortion mesh 810 can be consistent in any radial direction. In some cases, a Delaunay triangulation can be applied to the vertices of the radial distortion mesh 810. In some aspects, a Delaunay triangulation of the vertices in the radial distortion mesh 810 maximizes the size of the smallest angle in any of the triangles in the triangulation.
[0090] In some cases, the number of vertices in a layer of the radial distortion mesh 810 can increase with increasing radial distance associated with the respective layers of the radial distortion mesh 810. In some examples, the number of vertices in each subsequent layer of the radial distortion mesh 810 may increase by a fixed number of vertices. In some implementations, the number of vertices in each subsequent layer of the radial distortion mesh 810 may increase by differing numbers of vertices. In one illustrative example, the innermost layer 812 of the radial distortion mesh can include N vertices, and second layer 814 can include N+M vertices where N and M are integers. Similarly, each layer of the radial distortion mesh 810 can include M additional vertices relative to an adjacent layer with a smaller radial distance. In one illustrative example, a radial distortion mesh can include N=20 vertices in the innermost layer 812 and can increase the number of vertices in each subsequent layer by M=10 vertices.
[0091] FIG. 8B is a plot 850 illustrating distortion against radial distances of vertices in the radial distortion mesh 810 of FIG. 8A. As illustrated in FIG. 8B, an x-axis of the plot represents radial distances of each layer of vertices included in the radial distortion mesh 810 of FIG. 8A. The y-axis of the plot 850 can represent an amount of distortion. As shown in FIG. 8B, a center vertex of the radial distortion mesh 810 of FIG. 8A may have no distortion. As illustrated in FIG. 8B, a first radial distance 852 can correspond to the radial distance of the innermost layer 812 of the radial distortion mesh of FIG. 8A. In some cases, the vertices at the first radial distance 852 can be associated with a distortion of 0.107. In some aspects, subtracting the distortion value of zero (0) of the central vertex from the distortion value of 0.107 of the innermost layer yields a distortion increment of 0.107. In some examples, a distortion increment between layers of the radial distortion mesh 810 of FIG. 8A can be constant. For example, a radial distortion value associated with a second layer (e.g., second layer 814 of FIG. 8A) at a second radial distance 854 can be equal to 0.214. In some cases, the distortion increment between the innermost layer at the first radial distance 852 and the second layer at the second radial distance 854 can be equal to 0.107. In some examples, radial distances associated with a third radial distance 856, additional radial distances 858, and circumferential radial distance 860 can be selected to maintain the constant distortion increment between subsequent layers of the radial distortion mesh 810 of FIG. 8A. In some cases, the distortion increment can be selected to be no larger than a maximum radial distortion increment of a barrel distortion mesh (e.g., barrel distortion mesh 710 of FIG. 7A) with a desired visual quality for a virtual image (e.g., corrected virtual image 580 of FIG. 5B) . In one illustrative example, a maximum radial distortion increment of a barrel distortion mesh with a size of 50x50 vertices can be equal to 0.15.
[0092] FIG. 9A is a diagram illustrating a corrected image 900 generated using a non-uniform distortion mesh (e.g., radial distortion mesh 810 of FIG. 8A) and FIG. 9B is a diagram illustrating a corrected image 950 generated using a uniform distortion mesh (e.g., barrel distortion mesh 710 of FIG. 7A) . As shown in FIG. 9A and FIG. 9B, the corrected images 900 and 950 demonstrate qualitative similarity. As shown in FIG. 9A and FIG. 9B, the corrected images 900 and 950 discard the areas outside a lens FOV (e.g., lens FOV 770 of FIG. 7C) .
[0093] Table 1 illustrates a comparison between a non-uniform distortion mesh designed to achieve a peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) similar to a 60x60 barrel distortion mesh with multiple barrel distortion meshes of different sizes. In some cases, PSNR can be used as a metric to measure the relative quality image produced by application of different distortion meshes for a given set of experimental conditions.
[0094] Table 1
[0095] As shown in Table 1, a non-uniform mesh can achieve a PSNR similar to a 60x60 barrel distortion mesh while including a number of vertices and a number of triangles after triangulation of the vertices similar to a 35x35 barrel distortion mesh. Accordingly, in some cases, the non-uniform mesh of the present disclosure can provide similar performance to a 60x60 barrel distortion mesh using approximately one-third (1 / 3) the number of vertices and / or triangles.
[0096] Table 2 illustrates a comparison of a non-uniform distortion mesh designed to achieve PSNR similar to a 70x70 barrel distortion mesh with multiple distortion meshes of different sizes.
[0097] Table 2
[0098] As shown in Table 2, a non-uniform mesh can achieve a PSNR similar to a 70x70 barrel distortion mesh while including a number of vertices slightly great than a 50x50 barrel distortion mesh and a number of triangles after triangulation of the vertices similar to the 50x50 barrel distortion mesh. As can be seen from Table 1 and Table 2, for a similar number of vertices and / or triangles, a non-uniform mesh as described herein can achieve an improved visual quality than a barrel distortion mesh.
[0099] Table 3 illustrates a comparison of GPU time in millisecond (ms) required to render a frame (e.g., using the rendering engine 226 of FIG. 2A) using different distortion meshes.
[0100] Table 3
[0101] In the example of Table 3, the non-uniform mesh type can correspond to the radial distortion mesh 810 of FIG. 8A. In some examples, the reduced GPU time associated with the selecting the radial distortion mesh can reduce latency, reduce usage of computational resources, reduce power consumption, and / or any combination thereof.
[0102] FIG. 10A is a perspective diagram 1000 illustrating a front surface 1055 of a mobile device 1050 that performs feature tracking and / or visual simultaneous localization and mapping (VSLAM) using one or more front-facing cameras 1030A-1030B, in accordance with some examples. The mobile device 1050 may be an example of a XR system 200, an HMD 310, or a combination thereof. The mobile device 1050 may be, for example, a cellular telephone, a satellite phone, a portable gaming console, a music player, a health tracking device, a wearable device, a wireless communication device, a laptop, a mobile device, any other type of computing device or computing system 1200 discussed herein, or a combination thereof. The front surface 1055 of the mobile device 1050 includes a display screen 1045. The front surface 1055 of the mobile device 1050 includes a first camera 1030A and a second camera 1030B. The first camera 1030A and the second camera 1030B are illustrated in a bezel around the display screen 1045 on the front surface 1055 of the mobile device 1050. In some examples, the first camera 1030A and the second camera 1030B can be positioned in a notch or cutout that is cut out from the display screen 1045 on the front surface 1055 of the mobile device 1050. In some examples, the first camera 1030A and the second camera 1030B can be under- display cameras that are positioned between the display screen 1045 and the rest of the mobile device 1050, so that light passes through a portion of the display screen 1045 before reaching the first camera 1030A and the second camera 1030B. The first camera 1030A and the second camera 1030B of the perspective diagram 1000 are front-facing cameras. The first camera 1030A and the second camera 1030B face a direction perpendicular to a planar surface of the front surface 1055 of the mobile device 1050. In some examples, the front surface 1055 of the mobile device 1050 may only have a single camera. In some examples, the mobile device 1050 may include one or more additional cameras in addition to the first camera 1030A and the second camera 1030B. In some examples, the mobile device 1050 may include one or more additional sensors in addition to the first camera 1030A and the second camera 1030B.
[0103] FIG. 10B is a perspective diagram 1090 illustrating a rear surface 1065 of a mobile device 1050 that performs feature tracking and / or visual simultaneous localization and mapping (VSLAM) using one or more rear-facing cameras 1030C-1030D, in accordance with some examples. The mobile device 1050 includes a third camera 1030C and a fourth camera 1030D on the rear surface 1065 of the mobile device 1050. The third camera 1030C and the fourth camera 1030D of the perspective diagram 1090 are rear-facing. The third camera 1030C and the fourth camera 1030D face a direction perpendicular to a planar surface of the rear surface 1065 of the mobile device 1050. While the rear surface 1065 of the mobile device 1050 does not have a display screen 1045 as illustrated in the perspective diagram 1090, in some examples, the rear surface 1065 of the mobile device 1050 may have a second display screen. If the rear surface 1065 of the mobile device 1050 has a display screen 1045, any positioning of the third camera 1030C and the fourth camera 1030D relative to the display screen 1045 may be used as discussed with respect to the first camera 1030A and the second camera 1030B at the front surface 1055 of the mobile device 1050. In some examples, the rear surface 1065 of the mobile device 1050 may only have a single camera. In some examples, the mobile device 1050 may include one or more additional cameras in addition to the first camera 1030A, the second camera 1030B, the third camera 1030C, and the fourth camera 1030D. In some examples, the mobile device 1050 may include one or more additional sensors in addition to the first camera 1030A, the second camera 1030B, the third camera 1030C, and the fourth camera 1030D.
[0104] Like the HMD 310 of FIG. 3A and FIG. 3B, the mobile device 1050 includes no wheels, propellers, or other conveyance of its own. Instead, the mobile device 1050 relies on the movements of a user holding or wearing the mobile device 1050 to move the mobile device 1050 about the environment. In some cases, for instance where the mobile device 1050 is used for AR, VR, MR, or XR, the environment may be entirely or partially virtual. In some cases, the mobile device 1050 may be slotted into an HMD (e.g., into a cradle of the HMD) so that the mobile device 1050 functions as a display of the HMD, with the display screen 1045 of the mobile device 1050 functioning as the display of the HMD. If the environment is at least partially virtual, then movement through the virtual environment may be virtual as well. For instance, movement through the virtual environment can be controlled by one or more joysticks, buttons, video game controllers, mice, keyboards, trackpads, and / or other input devices that are coupled in a wired or wireless fashion to the mobile device 1050. The movement actuator may include any such input device. Movement through the virtual environment may not require wheels, propellers, legs, or any other form of conveyance. If the environment is a virtual environment, then the mobile device 1050 can still perform path planning using the path planning engine and / or movement actuation. If the environment is a virtual environment, the mobile device 1050 can perform movement actuation using the movement actuator by performing a virtual movement within the virtual environment.
[0105] FIG. 11 is a flow diagram of a process 1100 for displaying images. The process 1100 may be performed by a computing device (or apparatus) or a component (e.g., a chipset, codec, etc. ) of the computing device. The computing device may be a mobile device, a network-connected wearable such as a watch, an XR device such as a VR device or AR device, a vehicle or component or system of a vehicle, a network node / entity / device, wireless device, or other type of computing device. The operations of the process 1100 may be implemented as software components that are executed and run on one or more processors.
[0106] At block 1102, the computing device (or component thereof) may obtain an image for displaying on a display (e.g., display 420 of FIG. 4) . In some cases, the computing device includes the display.
[0107] At block 1104, the computing device (or component thereof) may apply a distortion mesh (e.g., radial distortion mesh 810 of FIG. 8A) configured to correct an optical distortion (e.g., pincushion distortion in distorted virtual image 530 of FIG. 5A) associated with a lens (e.g., one or more lenses 405 of FIG. 4, lens 505 of FIG. 5A, lens 555 of FIG. 5B) to the image to generate a corrected image (e.g., distorted displayed image 570 of FIG. 5B) . In some aspects, the lens is disposed between a viewing position and the display. In some implementations, the distortion mesh includes a first plurality of vertices (e.g., innermost layer 812 of FIG. 8A) at a first radial distance from a center of the distortion mesh and a second plurality of vertices (e.g., second layer 814 of FIG. 8A) at a second radial distance from the center of the distortion mesh. In some examples, the second radial distance is greater than the first radial distance. In some examples, a numerical correspondence between the first radial distance and the second radial distance corresponds to a distortion increment of the distortion mesh. In some cases, the distortion increment of the distortion mesh is between 0.1 and 0.15. In some examples, a circumference (e.g., circumferential layer 820 of FIG. 8A) of the distortion mesh corresponds to a field of view (FOV) (e.g., FOV 770 of FIG. 7C) of the distortion mesh. In some implementations, the first plurality of vertices includes N vertices, and the second plurality of vertices includes at least N+1 vertices.
[0108] At block 1106, the computing device (or component thereof) may display the corrected image on the display (e.g., distorted displayed image 570 of FIG. 5B) .
[0109] In some implementations, the distortion mesh further includes a third plurality of vertices at a third radial distance from the center of the distortion mesh. In some aspects, the third radial distance is greater than the second radial distance, and a numerical correspondence between the second radial distance and the third radial distance corresponds to the distortion increment of the distortion mesh. In some examples, a difference between the first radial distance and the second radial distance is greater than a difference between the second radial distance and the third radial distance. In some cases, the third plurality of vertices includes at least one more vertex than the second plurality of vertices.
[0110] In some implementations, a triangulation of the distortion mesh includes a consistent distribution of triangles along any radial direction of the distortion mesh. In some aspects, a triangulation of vertices of the distortion mesh is a Delaunay triangulation.
[0111] The process 1100 illustrated in FIG. 11 may also include any operation discussed illustrated in, or discussed with respect to, the image capture and processing system 100 of FIG. 1, the image capture device 105A of FIG. 1, the image processing device 105B of FIG. 1, the XR system 200 of FIG. 2A, the HMD 310 of FIG. 3A and / or FIG. 3B, or a combination thereof. The image capture technique of FIG. 11 may represent at least some of the operations of an image capture and processing system 100, an image capture device 105A, an image processing device 105B, an XR system 200, an HMD 310, a mobile device 1050, a computing system 1200, or a combination thereof.
[0112] In some cases, at least a subset of the techniques illustrated by the process 1100 may be performed remotely by one or more network servers of a cloud service. In some examples, the processes described herein (e.g., process 1100 and / or other process (es) described herein) may be performed by a computing device or apparatus. In some examples, the process 1100 can be performed by the image capture device 105A of FIG. 1. In some examples, the process 1100 can be performed by the image processing device 105B of FIG. 1. The process 1100 can also be performed by the image capture and processing system 100 of FIG. 1. The process 1100 can also be performed by the XR device of FIG. 2A, the HMD 310 of FIG. 3A through FIG. 3B, the mobile device 1050 of FIG. 10A and FIG. 10B, a variation thereof, or a combination thereof.
[0113] The process 1100 can also be performed by a computing device with the architecture of the computing system 1200 shown in FIG. 12. The computing device can include any suitable device, such as a mobile device (e.g., a mobile phone) , a desktop computing device, a tablet computing device, a wearable device (e.g., a VR headset, an AR headset, AR glasses, a network-connected watch or smartwatch, or other wearable device) , a server computer, an autonomous vehicle or computing device of an autonomous vehicle, a robotic device, a television, and / or any other computing device with the resource capabilities to perform the processes described herein, including the process 1100. In some cases, the computing device or apparatus may include various components, such as one or more input devices, one or more output devices, one or more processors, one or more microprocessors, one or more microcomputers, one or more cameras, one or more sensors, and / or other component (s) that are configured to carry out the steps of processes described herein. In some examples, the computing device may include a display, a network interface configured to communicate and / or receive the data, any combination thereof, and / or other component (s) . The network interface may be configured to communicate and / or receive Internet Protocol (IP) based data or other type of data.
[0114] The components of the computing device can be implemented in circuitry. For example, the components can include and / or can be implemented using electronic circuits or other electronic hardware, which can include one or more programmable electronic circuits (e.g., microprocessors, graphics processing units (GPUs) , digital signal processors (DSPs) , central processing units (CPUs) , and / or other suitable electronic circuits) , and / or can include and / or be implemented using computer software, firmware, or any combination thereof, to perform the various operations described herein.
[0115] The processes illustrated by block diagrams in FIG. 1 (of image capture and processing system 100) , FIG. 2A (of XR system 200) , FIG. 3A (of HMD 310) , FIG. 3B (of HMD 310) , and FIG. 12 (of computing system 1200) and the flow diagram illustrating process 1100 are illustrative of, or organized as, logical flow diagrams, the operation of which represents a sequence of operations that can be implemented in hardware, computer instructions, or a combination thereof. In the context of computer instructions, the operations represent computer-executable instructions stored on one or more computer-readable storage media that, when executed by one or more processors, perform the recited operations. Generally, computer-executable instructions include routines, programs, objects, components, data structures, and the like that perform particular functions or implement particular data types. The order in which the operations are described is not intended to be construed as a limitation, and any number of the described operations can be combined in any order and / or in parallel to implement the processes.
[0116] Additionally, the processes illustrated by block diagrams 100, 200, 250, and 1200 and the flow diagram illustrating process 1100 and / or other processes described herein may be performed under the control of one or more computer systems configured with executable instructions and may be implemented as code (e.g., executable instructions, one or more computer programs, or one or more applications) executing collectively on one or more processors, by hardware, or combinations thereof. As noted above, the code may be stored on a computer-readable or machine-readable storage medium, for example, in the form of a computer program comprising a plurality of instructions executable by one or more processors. The computer-readable or machine-readable storage medium may be non-transitory.
[0117] FIG. 12 is a diagram illustrating an example of a system for implementing certain aspects of the present technology. In particular, FIG. 12 illustrates an example of computing system 1200, which can be for example any computing device making up the image capture and processing system 100, the image capture device 105A, the image processing device 105B, the XR system, or any component thereof in which the components of the system are in communication with each other using connection 1205. Connection 1205 can be a physical connection using a bus, or a direct connection into processor 1210, such as in a chipset architecture. Connection 1205 can also be a virtual connection, networked connection, or logical connection.
[0118] In some aspects, computing system 1200 is a distributed system in which the functions described in this disclosure can be distributed within a datacenter, multiple data centers, a peer network, etc. In some cases, one or more of the described system components represents many such components each performing some or all of the function for which the component is described. In some cases, the components can be physical or virtual devices.
[0119] Example computing system 1200 includes at least one processing unit (CPU or processor) 1210 and connection 1205 that couples various system components including system memory 1215, such as read-only memory (ROM) 1220 and random access memory (RAM) 1225 to processor 1210. Computing system 1200 can include a cache 1212 of high-speed memory connected directly with, in close proximity to, or integrated as part of processor 1210.
[0120] Processor 1210 can include any general purpose processor and a hardware service or software service, such as services 1232, 1234, and 1236 stored in storage device 1230, configured to control processor 1210 as well as a special-purpose processor where software instructions are incorporated into the actual processor design. Processor 1210 may essentially be a completely self-contained computing system, containing multiple cores or processors, a bus, memory controller, cache, etc. A multi-core processor may be symmetric or asymmetric.
[0121] To enable user interaction, computing system 1200 includes an input device 1245, which can represent any number of input mechanisms, such as a microphone for speech, a touch-sensitive screen for gesture or graphical input, keyboard, mouse, motion input, etc. Computing system 1200 can also include output device 1235, which can be one or more of a number of output mechanisms. In some instances, multimodal systems can enable a user to provide multiple types of input / output to communicate with computing system 1200. Computing system 1200 can include communications interface 1240, which can generally govern and manage the user input and system output. The communication interface may perform or facilitate receipt and / or transmission wired or wireless communications using wired and / or wireless transceivers, including those making use of an audio jack / plug, a microphone jack / plug, a universal serial bus (USB) port / plug, an port / plug, an Ethernet port / plug, a fiber optic port / plug, a proprietary wired port / plug, a wireless signal transfer, a low energy (BLE) wireless signal transfer, an wireless signal transfer, a radio-frequency identification (RFID) wireless signal transfer, near-field communications (NFC) wireless signal transfer, dedicated short range communication (DSRC) wireless signal transfer, 1002.11 Wi-Fi wireless signal transfer, wireless local area network (WLAN) signal transfer, Visible Light Communication (VLC) , Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) , Infrared (IR) communication wireless signal transfer, Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) signal transfer, Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) signal transfer, 3G / 4G / 5G / LTE cellular data network wireless signal transfer, ad-hoc network signal transfer, radio wave signal transfer, microwave signal transfer, infrared signal transfer, visible light signal transfer, ultraviolet light signal transfer, wireless signal transfer along the electromagnetic spectrum, or some combination thereof. The communications interface 1240 may also include one or more Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receivers or transceivers that are used to determine a location of the computing system 1200 based on receipt of one or more signals from one or more satellites associated with one or more GNSS systems. GNSS systems include, but are not limited to, the US-based Global Positioning System (GPS) , the Russia-based Global Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS) , the China-based BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) , and the Europe-based Galileo GNSS. There is no restriction on operating on any particular hardware arrangement, and therefore the basic features here may easily be substituted for improved hardware or firmware arrangements as they are developed.
[0122] Storage device 1230 can be a non-volatile and / or non-transitory and / or computer-readable memory device and can be a hard disk or other types of computer readable media which can store data that are accessible by a computer, such as magnetic cassettes, flash memory cards, solid state memory devices, digital versatile disks, cartridges, a floppy disk, a flexible disk, a hard disk, magnetic tape, a magnetic strip / stripe, any other magnetic storage medium, flash memory, memristor memory, any other solid-state memory, a compact disc read only memory (CD-ROM) optical disc, a rewritable compact disc (CD) optical disc, digital video disk (DVD) optical disc, a blu-ray disc (BDD) optical disc, a holographic optical disk, another optical medium, a secure digital (SD) card, a micro secure digital (microSD) card, a Memory card, a smartcard chip, a EMV chip, a subscriber identity module (SIM) card, a mini / micro / nano / pico SIM card, another integrated circuit (IC) chip / card, random access memory (RAM) , static RAM (SRAM) , dynamic RAM (DRAM) , read-only memory (ROM) , programmable read-only memory (PROM) , erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM) , electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM) , flash EPROM (FLASHEPROM) , cache memory (L1 / L2 / L3 / L4 / L5 / L#) , resistive random-access memory (RRAM / ReRAM) , phase change memory (PCM) , spin transfer torque RAM (STT-RAM) , another memory chip or cartridge, and / or a combination thereof.
[0123] The storage device 1230 can include software services, servers, services, etc., that when the code that defines such software is executed by the processor 1210, it causes the system to perform a function. In some aspects, a hardware service that performs a particular function can include the software component stored in a computer-readable medium in connection with the necessary hardware components, such as processor 1210, connection 1205, output device 1235, etc., to carry out the function.
[0124] As used herein, the term “computer-readable medium” includes, but is not limited to, portable or non-portable storage devices, optical storage devices, and various other mediums capable of storing, containing, or carrying instruction (s) and / or data. A computer-readable medium may include a non-transitory medium in which data can be stored and that does not include carrier waves and / or transitory electronic signals propagating wirelessly or over wired connections. Examples of a non-transitory medium may include, but are not limited to, a magnetic disk or tape, optical storage media such as compact disk (CD) or digital versatile disk (DVD) , flash memory, memory or memory devices. A computer-readable medium may have stored thereon code and / or machine-executable instructions that may represent a procedure, a function, a subprogram, a program, a routine, a subroutine, a module, a software package, a class, or any combination of instructions, data structures, or program statements. A code segment may be coupled to another code segment or a hardware circuit by passing and / or receiving information, data, arguments, parameters, or memory contents. Information, arguments, parameters, data, etc. may be passed, forwarded, or transmitted using any suitable means including memory sharing, message passing, token passing, network transmission, or the like.
[0125] In some aspects, the computer-readable storage devices, mediums, and memories can include a cable or wireless signal containing a bit stream and the like. However, when mentioned, non-transitory computer-readable storage media expressly exclude media such as energy, carrier signals, electromagnetic waves, and signals per se.
[0126] Specific details are provided in the description above to provide a thorough understanding of the aspects and examples provided herein. However, it will be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art that the aspects may be practiced without these specific details. For clarity of explanation, in some instances the present technology may be presented as including individual functional blocks including functional blocks comprising devices, device components, steps or routines in a method embodied in software, or combinations of hardware and software. Additional components may be used other than those shown in the figures and / or described herein. For example, circuits, systems, networks, processes, and other components may be shown as components in block diagram form in order not to obscure the aspects in unnecessary detail. In other instances, well-known circuits, processes, algorithms, structures, and techniques may be shown without unnecessary detail in order to avoid obscuring the aspects.
[0127] Individual aspects may be described above as a process or method which is depicted as a flowchart, a flow diagram, a data flow diagram, a structure diagram, or a block diagram. Although a flowchart may describe the operations as a sequential process, many of the operations can be performed in parallel or concurrently. In addition, the order of the operations may be re-arranged. A process is terminated when its operations are completed, but could have additional steps not included in a figure. A process may correspond to a method, a function, a procedure, a subroutine, a subprogram, etc. When a process corresponds to a function, its termination can correspond to a return of the function to the calling function or the main function.
[0128] Processes and methods according to the above-described examples can be implemented using computer-executable instructions that are stored or otherwise available from computer-readable media. Such instructions can include, for example, instructions and data which cause or otherwise configure a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, or a processing device to perform a certain function or group of functions. Portions of computer resources used can be accessible over a network. The computer executable instructions may be, for example, binaries, intermediate format instructions such as assembly language, firmware, source code, etc. Examples of computer-readable media that may be used to store instructions, information used, and / or information created during methods according to described examples include magnetic or optical disks, flash memory, USB devices provided with non-volatile memory, networked storage devices, and so on.
[0129] Devices implementing processes and methods according to these disclosures can include hardware, software, firmware, middleware, microcode, hardware description languages, or any combination thereof, and can take any of a variety of form factors. When implemented in software, firmware, middleware, or microcode, the program code or code segments to perform the necessary tasks (e.g., a computer-program product) may be stored in a computer-readable or machine-readable medium. A processor (s) may perform the necessary tasks. Typical examples of form factors include laptops, smart phones, mobile phones, tablet devices or other small form factor personal computers, personal digital assistants, rackmount devices, standalone devices, and so on. Functionality described herein also can be embodied in peripherals or add-in cards. Such functionality can also be implemented on a circuit board among different chips or different processes executing in a single device, by way of further example.
[0130] The instructions, media for conveying such instructions, computing resources for executing them, and other structures for supporting such computing resources are example means for providing the functions described in the disclosure.
[0131] In the foregoing description, aspects of the application are described with reference to specific aspects thereof, but those skilled in the art will recognize that the application is not limited thereto. Thus, while illustrative aspects of the application have been described in detail herein, it is to be understood that the inventive concepts may be otherwise variously embodied and employed, and that the appended claims are intended to be construed to include such variations, except as limited by the prior art. Various features and aspects of the above-described application may be used individually or jointly. Further, aspects can be utilized in any number of environments and applications beyond those described herein without departing from the broader spirit and scope of the specification. The specification and drawings are, accordingly, to be regarded as illustrative rather than restrictive. For the purposes of illustration, methods were described in a particular order. It should be appreciated that in alternate aspects, the methods may be performed in a different order than that described.
[0132] One of ordinary skill will appreciate that the less than ( “<” ) and greater than ( “>” ) symbols or terminology used herein can be replaced with less than or equal to ( “≤” ) and greater than or equal to ( “≥” ) symbols, respectively, without departing from the scope of this description.
[0133] Where components are described as being “configured to” perform certain operations, such configuration can be accomplished, for example, by designing electronic circuits or other hardware to perform the operation, by programming programmable electronic circuits (e.g., microprocessors, or other suitable electronic circuits) to perform the operation, or any combination thereof.
[0134] The phrase “coupled to” refers to any component that is physically connected to another component either directly or indirectly, and / or any component that is in communication with another component (e.g., connected to the other component over a wired or wireless connection, and / or other suitable communication interface) either directly or indirectly.
[0135] Claim language or other language reciting “at least one of” a set and / or “one or more” of a set indicates that one member of the set or multiple members of the set (in any combination) satisfy the claim. For example, claim language reciting “at least one of A and B” means A, B, or A and B. In another example, claim language reciting “at least one of A, B, and C” means A, B, C, or A and B, or A and C, or B and C, or A and B and C. The language “at least one of” a set and / or “one or more” of a set does not limit the set to the items listed in the set. For example, claim language reciting “at least one of A and B” can mean A, B, or A and B, and can additionally include items not listed in the set of A and B.
[0136] The various illustrative logical blocks, modules, circuits, and algorithm steps described in connection with the aspects disclosed herein may be implemented as electronic hardware, computer software, firmware, or combinations thereof. To clearly illustrate this interchangeability of hardware and software, various illustrative components, blocks, modules, circuits, and steps have been described above generally in terms of their functionality. Whether such functionality is implemented as hardware or software depends upon the particular application and design constraints imposed on the overall system. Skilled artisans may implement the described functionality in varying ways for each particular application, but such implementation decisions should not be interpreted as causing a departure from the scope of the present application.
[0137] The techniques described herein may also be implemented in electronic hardware, computer software, firmware, or any combination thereof. Such techniques may be implemented in any of a variety of devices such as general purposes computers, wireless communication device handsets, or integrated circuit devices having multiple uses including application in wireless communication device handsets and other devices. Any features described as modules or components may be implemented together in an integrated logic device or separately as discrete but interoperable logic devices. If implemented in software, the techniques may be realized at least in part by a computer-readable data storage medium comprising program code including instructions that, when executed, performs one or more of the methods described above. The computer-readable data storage medium may form part of a computer program product, which may include packaging materials. The computer-readable medium may comprise memory or data storage media, such as random access memory (RAM) such as synchronous dynamic random access memory (SDRAM) , read-only memory (ROM) , non-volatile random access memory (NVRAM) , electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM) , FLASH memory, magnetic or optical data storage media, and the like. The techniques additionally, or alternatively, may be realized at least in part by a computer-readable communication medium that carries or communicates program code in the form of instructions or data structures and that can be accessed, read, and / or executed by a computer, such as propagated signals or waves.
[0138] The program code may be executed by a processor, which may include one or more processors, such as one or more digital signal processors (DSPs) , general purpose microprocessors, an application specific integrated circuits (ASICs) , field programmable logic arrays (FPGAs) , or other equivalent integrated or discrete logic circuitry. Such a processor may be configured to perform any of the techniques described in this disclosure. A general purpose processor may be a microprocessor; but in the alternative, the processor may be any conventional processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. A processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices, e.g., a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, or any other such configuration. Accordingly, the term “processor, ” as used herein may refer to any of the foregoing structure, any combination of the foregoing structure, or any other structure or apparatus suitable for implementation of the techniques described herein. In addition, in some aspects, the functionality described herein may be provided within dedicated software modules or hardware modules configured for encoding and decoding, or incorporated in a combined video encoder-decoder (CODEC) .
[0139] Illustrative aspects of the disclosure include:
[0140] Aspect 1. An apparatus for displaying images on a display, the apparatus comprising: at least one memory; and at least one processor coupled to the at least one memory and configured to: obtain an image for displaying on a display; apply a distortion mesh configured to correct an optical distortion associated with a lens to the image to generate a corrected image, the distortion mesh comprising a first plurality of vertices at a first radial distance from a center of the distortion mesh and a second plurality of vertices at a second radial distance from the center of the distortion mesh, wherein the second radial distance is greater than the first radial distance; and display the corrected image on the display.
[0141] Aspect 2. The apparatus of Aspect 1, further comprising the display.
[0142] Aspect 3. The apparatus of Aspect 1 or 2, wherein the lens is disposed between a viewing position and the display.
[0143] Aspect 4. The apparatus of any one of Aspects 1 to 3, wherein a numerical correspondence between the first radial distance and the second radial distance corresponds to a distortion increment of the distortion mesh.
[0144] Aspect 5. The apparatus of Aspect 4, wherein the distortion increment of the distortion mesh is between 0.1 and 0.15.
[0145] Aspect 6. The apparatus of Aspect 4, wherein a circumference of the distortion mesh corresponds to a field of view (FOV) of the distortion mesh.
[0146] Aspect 7. The apparatus of Aspect 4, wherein the distortion mesh further comprises: a third plurality of vertices at a third radial distance from the center of the distortion mesh, wherein the third radial distance is greater than the second radial distance, and wherein a numerical correspondence between the second radial distance and the third radial distance corresponds to the distortion increment of the distortion mesh.
[0147] Aspect 8. The apparatus of Aspect 7, wherein a triangulation of the distortion mesh includes a consistent distribution of triangles along any radial direction of the distortion mesh.
[0148] Aspect 9. The apparatus of Aspect 7, wherein a difference between the first radial distance and the second radial distance is greater than a difference between the second radial distance and the third radial distance.
[0149] Aspect 10. The apparatus of Aspect 7, wherein the first plurality of vertices includes N vertices and the second plurality of vertices includes at least N+1 vertices.
[0150] Aspect 11. The apparatus of Aspect 10, wherein a third plurality of vertices includes at least one more vertex than the second plurality of vertices.
[0151] Aspect 12. The apparatus of any one of Aspects 1 to 11, wherein a triangulation of vertices of the distortion mesh comprises a Delaunay triangulation.
[0152] Aspect 13. A method for displaying images on a display, the method comprising: obtaining an image for displaying on a display; applying a distortion mesh configured to correct an optical distortion associated with a lens to the image to generate a corrected image, the distortion mesh comprising a first plurality of vertices at a first radial distance from a center of the distortion mesh and a second plurality of vertices at a second radial distance from the center of the distortion mesh, wherein the second radial distance is greater than the first radial distance; and displaying the corrected image on the display.
[0153] Aspect 14. The apparatus of Aspect 13, wherein the lens is disposed between a viewing position and the display.
[0154] Aspect 15. The apparatus of Aspects 13 or 14, wherein a numerical correspondence between the first radial distance and the second radial distance corresponds to a distortion increment of the distortion mesh.
[0155] Aspect 16. The apparatus of Aspect 15, wherein the distortion increment of the distortion mesh is between 0.1 and 0.15.
[0156] Aspect 17. The apparatus of Aspect 15, wherein a circumference of the distortion mesh corresponds to FOV of the distortion mesh.
[0157] Aspect 18. The apparatus of Aspect 15, wherein the distortion mesh further comprises: a third plurality of vertices at a third radial distance from the center of the distortion mesh, wherein the third radial distance is greater than the second radial distance, and wherein a numerical correspondence between the second radial distance and the third radial distance corresponds to the distortion increment of the distortion mesh.
[0158] Aspect 19. The apparatus of Aspect 18, wherein a triangulation of the distortion mesh includes a consistent distribution of triangles along any radial direction of the distortion mesh.
[0159] Aspect 20. The apparatus of Aspect 18, wherein a difference between the first radial distance and the second radial distance is greater than a difference between the second radial distance and the third radial distance.
[0160] Aspect 21. The apparatus of Aspect 18, wherein the first plurality of vertices includes N vertices and the second plurality of vertices includes at least N+1 vertices.
[0161] Aspect 22. The apparatus of Aspect 21, wherein a third plurality of vertices includes at least one more vertex than the second plurality of vertices.
[0162] Aspect 23. The apparatus of any one of Aspects 13 to 22, wherein a triangulation of vertices of the distortion mesh comprises a Delaunay triangulation.
[0163] Aspect 24: A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium having stored thereon instructions which, when executed by one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to perform any of the operations of aspects 1 to 23.
[0164] Aspect 25: An apparatus comprising means for performing any of the operations of aspects 1 to 23.
Claims
1.An apparatus for displaying images on a display, the apparatus comprising:at least one memory; andat least one processor coupled to the at least one memory and configured to:obtain an image for displaying on a display;apply a distortion mesh configured to correct an optical distortion associated with a lens to the image to generate a corrected image, the distortion mesh comprising a first plurality of vertices at a first radial distance from a center of the distortion mesh and a second plurality of vertices at a second radial distance from the center of the distortion mesh, wherein the second radial distance is greater than the first radial distance; anddisplay the corrected image on the display.2.The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising the display.3.The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the lens is disposed between a viewing position and the display.4.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein a numerical correspondence between the first radial distance and the second radial distance corresponds to a distortion increment of the distortion mesh.5.The apparatus of claim 4, wherein the distortion increment of the distortion mesh is between 0.1 and 0.15.6.The apparatus of claim 4, wherein a circumference of the distortion mesh corresponds to a field of view (FOV) of the distortion mesh.7.The apparatus of claim 4, wherein the distortion mesh further comprises:a third plurality of vertices at a third radial distance from the center of the distortion mesh, wherein the third radial distance is greater than the second radial distance, and wherein a numerical correspondence between the second radial distance and the third radial distance corresponds to the distortion increment of the distortion mesh.8.The apparatus of claim 7, wherein a triangulation of the distortion mesh includes a consistent distribution of triangles along any radial direction of the distortion mesh.9.The apparatus of claim 7, wherein a difference between the first radial distance and the second radial distance is greater than a difference between the second radial distance and the third radial distance.10.The apparatus of claim 7, wherein the first plurality of vertices includes N vertices and the second plurality of vertices includes at least N+1 vertices.11.The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the third plurality of vertices includes at least one more vertex than the second plurality of vertices.12.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein a triangulation of vertices of the distortion mesh comprises a Delaunay triangulation.13.A method for displaying images on a display, the method comprising:obtaining an image for displaying on a display;applying a distortion mesh configured to correct an optical distortion associated with a lens to the image to generate a corrected image, the distortion mesh comprising a first plurality of vertices at a first radial distance from a center of the distortion mesh and a second plurality of vertices at a second radial distance from the center of the distortion mesh, wherein the second radial distance is greater than the first radial distance; anddisplaying the corrected image on the display.14.The method of claim 13, wherein the lens is disposed between a viewing position and the display.15.The method of claim 13, wherein a numerical correspondence between the first radial distance and the second radial distance corresponds to a distortion increment of the distortion mesh.16.The method of claim 15, wherein the distortion increment of the distortion mesh is between 0.1 and 0.15.17.The method of claim 15, wherein the distortion mesh further comprises:a third plurality of vertices at a third radial distance from the center of the distortion mesh, wherein the third radial distance is greater than the second radial distance, and wherein a numerical correspondence between the second radial distance and the third radial distance corresponds to the distortion increment of the distortion mesh.18.The method of claim 17, wherein a triangulation of the distortion mesh includes a consistent distribution of triangles along any radial direction of the distortion mesh.19.The method of claim 17, wherein the first plurality of vertices includes N vertices and the second plurality of vertices includes at least N+1 vertices.20.The method of claim 17, wherein a difference between the first radial distance and the second radial distance is greater than a difference between the second radial distance and the third radial distance.
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