Power system, in particular in the form of a wind farm

Abstract

The invention relates to a power system (100, 300, 500), comprising at least one power apparatus (102, 302, 502), comprising at least one power generator and / or at least one power consumer and / or at least one power transmitter, at least one electrical network connection (114, 314, 514) designed to connect the at least one power apparatus (102, 302, 502) to an electrical network (116, 316, 516), at least one network connection monitoring device (112, 512) designed to detect a network connection abnormality of a network connection to the electrical network (116, 316, 516) on the basis of at least one provided electrical parameter of the electrical network (116, 316, 516) and / or of the electrical network connection (114, 314, 514), at least one perturbation generation device (120, 520) designed to generate at least one predefined electrical perturbation during a perturbation period when the network connection abnormality is detected, at least one measuring device (118, 518) designed to measure at least one electrical perturbation parameter during the perturbation period, and at least one state determination device (122, 322, 522) designed to determine the state of the network connection on the basis of the at least one measured electrical perturbation parameter.

Description

[0001]

[0002] October 7, 2025

[0003] Power system, particularly in the form of a wind farm

[0004] The invention relates to power systems comprising at least one power device, comprising at least one power generator and / or at least one power consumer and / or one power transmitter. Furthermore, the invention relates to methods for the power systems and data processing devices for executing the (computer-implemented) methods.

[0005] (High-)power systems with at least one power generator and / or at least one power consumer are known from the prior art. The power system can be an energy generation system designed to generate electrical energy based on a renewable energy source. For example, the energy generation system can be a wind farm and / or a photovoltaic park. A wind farm, especially an offshore wind farm, comprises multiple wind turbines and, in particular, at least one substation or converter station (e.g., offshore substation and / or onshore substation). A power system with a power consumer can be, for example, an electrolyzer plant, but also any other type of consumer.

[0006] A power system is characterized by the fact that it includes an electrical grid connection. An electrical grid connection is established to electrically connect or couple the power system (or the at least one power generator and / or power consumer of the power system) to an electrical grid. In particular, the electrical grid connection is established to feed in electrical power generated by the power system and / or to receive or draw electrical power from the power system. A constant concern in the state of the art is the safe and, in particular, stable operation of a power system. However, such operation of a power system depends on the condition of the connected grid or the condition of the power system's electrical grid connection. In particular, operation depends on the condition of the grid connection or...The strength (this refers in particular to the short-circuit power, inertia and / or internal impedance) of the grid to which a power system is connected depends on this. In particular, the weaker the grid connection, the less stable the operation of the power system, and also the operation of the electrical grid.

[0007] A weak grid connection or a weak grid exists, for example, when a transmission line within the electrical grid or a power generator or generating unit of the electrical grid, such as a conventional power plant (e.g. nuclear power plant, coal-fired power plant, gas-fired power plant, etc.), fails within the electrical grid and is replaced by a power plant based on renewable sources which includes state-of-the-art voltage regulation.

[0008] The problem of such a weak grid connection is further exacerbated by a power system electrically connected to the grid in the form of an energy generation system based on a renewable energy source.

[0009] From US patent 11,619,206 B2, a wind farm energy generation system is disclosed to reduce the described disadvantages of the prior art. US patent 11,619,206 B2 specifically proposes a method for a wind farm in which a power value (specifically the short-circuit power value, flywheel mass value, and / or internal impedance value) of the electrical grid or the state of the grid connection of the energy generation system is calculated in real time. The calculation is based on two sets of electrical parameter measurements taken at the electrical grid connection or grid connection point.

[0010] HB / HB 240647WO

[0011] From these measurement data sets, a network model can be generated on October 7, 2025, and the current strength value of the network connection can be calculated.

[0012] US 11 619 206 B2 also reveals that the power output of the wind farm to the electrical grid is controlled via the electrical grid connection, in particular based on the calculated instantaneous strength value of the grid connection.

[0013] A disadvantage of the power system used by US 11 619 206 B2 is that a weak grid connection cannot be identified or detected with sufficient reliability. This, in turn, can lead to faulty control of the wind farm, which is based on an inaccurately determined grid connection strength value. In particular, an inaccurate strength value (relative to the actual strength of the electrical grid) can lead to incorrect control decisions.

[0014] Furthermore, the use of rotating phase shifters (also known as "synchronous condensers") is known from the prior art. For example, the power system, particularly in the form of a renewable energy generation system, can include at least one rotating phase shifter, as can the electrical grid. Besides the disadvantage of high costs for such a power system with a continuously operating rotating phase shifter, the high electrical losses during this continuous operation are also a drawback.

[0015] The same applies to a so-called Statcom (Static Synchronous Compensator) device, which can be located at the electrical network connection and / or distributed throughout the electrical network and can also be in continuous operation. This, too, is associated with high costs. Furthermore, the control of such devices is complex.

[0016] HB / HB 240647WO

[0017] October 7, 2025 Furthermore, a network expansion can be carried out to reduce the network impedance or the internal impedance of the network. This also involves high costs.

[0018] Therefore, the present invention is based on the objective of creating a possibility in which the disadvantages of the prior art are at least reduced in a power system and, in particular, a more reliable and stable operation of the power system and / or the electrical network connected to the power system is enabled.

[0019] According to a first aspect of the invention, the problem is solved by a (high-)power system according to claim 1. The power system comprises at least one power device. The at least one power device comprises at least one power generator and / or at least one power consumer and / or at least one power transformer (e.g., a converter or inverter). The power system comprises at least one electrical grid connection. The electrical grid connection is configured for (electrically) connecting the at least one power device to an electrical grid. The power system comprises at least one grid connection monitoring device.The grid connection monitoring device is designed to detect a grid connection anomaly in a grid connection (of the power system) to the electrical grid (in particular a distribution network), based on at least one provided electrical parameter of the electrical grid and / or the electrical grid connection. The power system includes at least one perturbation generation device. The perturbation generation device is designed to generate at least one predefined electrical perturbation during a (predefined) perturbation period upon detection of the grid connection anomaly. The power system includes at least one measuring device. The measuring device is designed to measure at least one electrical perturbation parameter during the perturbation period. The power system includes at least one...

[0020] HB / HB 240647WO

[0021] October 7, 2025. Condition determination device. The condition determination device is set up to determine the condition of the grid connection, based on at least one measured electrical perturbation parameter.

[0022] In contrast to the state of the art, by first generating a defined perturbation when a grid connection anomaly is detected, and then measuring and evaluating one or more electrical perturbation parameters (especially at multiple measurement points) during this generated perturbation, particularly in the area of ​​or at the electrical grid connection, the disadvantages of the state of the art are at least reduced in a power system. In particular, this enables more reliable and stable operation of the power system and / or the electrical grid connected to the power system.

[0023] The power system according to the invention is in particular a high-performance system. In this context, an (electrical) power system means in particular a power system with a minimum generated power and / or drawn power of and / or a maximum generated power and / or drawn power of 1 MW to 5000 MW, preferably from 1 MW to 2000 MW.

[0024] The power system according to the invention can preferably be an energy generation system. In particular, the energy generation system is an energy generation system or power generation system based on at least one renewable energy source (e.g., solar energy, wind energy, etc.). Alternatively or additionally, the power system can be an energy consumption system or power consumption system, in particular in the form of a hydrogen production plant. Alternatively or additionally, the power system according to the invention can be an energy transmission system, such as an HVDC (high-voltage direct current) transmission system.

[0025] HB / HB 240647WO

[0026] October 7, 2025. The power system comprises at least one power device. Preferably, the power system comprises a plurality of power devices, which can be electrically interconnected, for example. The at least one power device can be a power generator or a power generator device and / or a power consumer or a power consumer device and / or a power transformer, such as an HVDC transformer in the form of an HVDC converter. In particular, two or more power generators and / or two or more power consumers and / or two or more power transformers (e.g., two HVDC converters) can be provided in the power system.

[0027] For example, at least one power generator could be a wind turbine. A wind turbine is designed to convert the kinetic energy of the wind into electrical energy. The power system could be a wind farm, particularly one with multiple wind turbines (acting as power generators).

[0028] According to a preferred embodiment, the power system can be an offshore wind farm comprising a plurality of offshore wind turbines. An offshore wind farm can include at least one converter station or substation, such as at least one offshore substation and / or at least one onshore substation. The plurality of offshore wind turbines can be connected to the offshore substation via an internal power cable network (e.g., formed by submarine power cables). The offshore substation can be connected to the onshore substation via at least one further submarine power cable. The offshore substation (optionally together with the submarine power cable and / or the onshore substation) can provide the electrical connection to an electrical network, such as an electrical distribution network.

[0029] Alternatively or additionally, the power system can be a photovoltaic park with at least one photovoltaic system as a power generator. A photovoltaic system is designed to convert solar energy into electrical energy.

[0030] HB / HB 240647WO

[0031] October 7, 2025. A photovoltaic park can be, in particular, an offshore photovoltaic park. The photovoltaic park can be connected to the electrical grid via a converter station or substation and a power cable.

[0032] Alternatively or additionally, the power system can be a hydrogen production system. The hydrogen production system can be an offshore hydrogen production system. The hydrogen production system can include at least one electrolyzer as a power consumer. An electrolyzer is designed to carry out water electrolysis based on supplied or drawn electrical energy or power, in particular from the electrical grid. It is understood that a hydrogen production system can include other electrically powered devices, such as compressors, water and / or hydrogen processing plants, nitrogen generators, etc.

[0033] In variants of the invention, a power system can be formed from an energy generation system and an energy consumption system, such as a (previously described) (offshore) wind farm with a (previously described) (offshore) hydrogen production system.

[0034] The power system is connected to an electrical network (for example, a distribution network) via an electrical connection. The electrical network is, in particular, a (public) extra-high-voltage network (e.g., between 110 kV and 380 kV), a (public) high-voltage network (e.g., between 50 kV and 110 kV), and / or a (public) medium-voltage network (e.g., between 1 kV and 50 kV).

[0035] The electrical grid connection particularly includes or forms a grid connection point. In particular, the power system according to the invention is connected to the electrical grid via at least one inverter or an inverter arrangement. In other words, the power system can in particular include at least one inverter, in particular a

[0036] HB / HB 240647WO

[0037] October 7, 2025 Inverter arrangement with at least one inverter. For example, a converter station or converter plant (as previously described) can include the inverter arrangement. Alternatively or additionally, a (preferably any) wind power plant (for example, with an HVAC-based grid connection) can include an inverter arrangement.

[0038] Furthermore, the power system includes a grid connection monitoring device. This device (implemented, for example, in a data processing unit of the power system) is specifically designed for the essentially continuous monitoring of the grid connection and / or the electrical network. In particular, the grid connection monitoring device is designed to detect any (abnormal) change in the temporal profile of at least one electrical parameter of the electrical connection and / or the electrical network. The cause of the (abnormal) change could be a (previously described) weak or unstable grid connection or a weak electrical network.

[0039] For example, a weak or unstable grid connection can be caused by the failure of a power generator in the electrical grid, such as a conventional power plant, or by the failure of a transmission line. The power plant could be, for example, a nuclear power plant, coal-fired power plant, gas-fired power plant, etc., particularly one with a synchronous generator. Another example of a cause is the failure of a transmission line in the electrical grid. It goes without saying that there can be other causes as well.

[0040] The at least one electrical parameter measured by a measuring device of the power system and / or the electrical network (especially continuously) can be a voltage parameter, a frequency parameter, a current parameter, etc.

[0041] HB / HB 240647WO

[0042] October 7, 2025. The grid connection monitoring device is designed to detect grid connection anomalies, in particular by comparing a detected (abnormal) change in at least one measured electrical parameter with at least one predefined anomaly criterion. The anomaly criterion can, in particular, define when an (abnormal) change in at least one electrical parameter constitutes a grid connection anomaly. For example, permissible limits and / or limit ranges can be predefined by the at least one anomaly criterion. For example, a phase shift in the voltage waveform of the measured voltage that exceeds a limit predefined by the anomaly criterion can constitute a grid connection anomaly.

[0043] According to the invention, the power system comprises a perturbation generation device (for example, implemented in a data processing device of the power system). The perturbation generation device is configured to generate a predefined (power) perturbation (e.g., a predefined power change), in particular the power exchange between the electrical grid and the power system.

[0044] The perturbation is generated, in particular, during a predefined perturbation period (e.g., between 0.1 s and 15 min). A predefined perturbation is generated by the perturbation generation device (only) upon detection of a grid connection anomaly. For example, the predefined perturbation can be generated immediately upon or after detection of the grid connection anomaly. In particular, a predefined perturbation can be triggered by the perturbation generation device of at least one power unit, for example, by specifying at least one perturbation setpoint that is modified according to the predefined change.

[0045] HB / HB 240647WO

[0046] October 7, 2025. Furthermore, the power system comprises a measuring device. The measuring device (for example, implemented in a data processing device of the power system) is configured to measure at least one electrical perturbation parameter (in particular at a multitude of measurement times) during the occurrence of the perturbation, i.e., while the perturbation or change in the power exchange between the electrical grid and the power system is generated. The at least one electrical perturbation parameter can be a voltage parameter, a frequency parameter, a current parameter, etc., in particular of the electrical grid connection. In particular, the measurement of the at least one perturbation parameter can be carried out at least during the entire perturbation period. Preferably, two different perturbation parameters (e.g., current and voltage) can be measured.

[0047] The grid connection monitoring device may, in particular, include the measuring device. The measuring device may, in particular, continuously measure at least one electrical parameter of the electrical grid connection (for example, at the grid connection point). During the perturbation period, this at least one electrical parameter of the electrical grid connection is referred to herein, in particular, as the electrical perturbation parameter.

[0048] The at least one state determination device is configured to (continuously) determine the state of the grid connection (during the perturbation period), based at least on the at least one measured electrical perturbation parameter (and optionally an electrical reference parameter measured outside the perturbation period). For example, based on at least one measured perturbation parameter (in particular, a multitude of time-dependent perturbation parameter values ​​at different times), a grid model can be generated (in a known manner). Based on this (instantaneous) grid model

[0049] HB / HB 240647WO

[0050] The state of the network connection can be determined, and in particular calculated, on October 7, 2025.

[0051] Particularly preferably, the state determination device can be configured to determine the state of the network connection (during the perturbation period), at least based on the at least one measured electrical perturbation parameter and the applied predefined perturbation (in particular a power change).

[0052] During the weak grid connection state, perturbation can be generated at defined times and / or regularly. As described, the state of the grid connection can then be repeatedly determined by the state determination device (at least until a stable state of the grid connection is determined).

[0053] According to a further embodiment of the power system according to the invention, the predefined electrical perturbation can be a predefined change in the power supplied to the electrical grid by the at least one power generator (of the power system) during the perturbation period. Preferably, the predefined change in power can be a predefined pattern of changes in power.

[0054] In particular, the perturbation generation device can be configured to control the at least one power generator with a predefined power setpoint, preferably with a predefined power setpoint pattern. For example, two or more power generators (preferably all power generators) of the power system can be controlled (accordingly) by the perturbation generation device. The power exchange between the power system and the electrical grid, in particular

[0055] HB / HB 240647WO

[0056] From October 7, 2025, the power feed-in to the electrical grid can be influenced or disrupted in a predefined manner.

[0057] According to a preferred embodiment, the at least one predefined power change can be at least greater than 0.01% (preferably between 0.1% and 100%, particularly preferably between 10% and 50%) of the power fed into the electrical grid by the at least one power generator (in particular by the entire power system) during the non-perturbation period. This can depend, in particular, on the available power. Preferably, the predefined power change can be determined dynamically based on the available power. In other words, the perturbation generating device changes the power fed into the electrical grid by the power system in the disturbed state (i.e., only during the perturbation period) compared to the undisturbed state (i.e., during the non-perturbation period) by at least one predefined power change, in particular by at least 0.01%.As described, a power change pattern can be predefined, where, for example, the power is iteratively changed between the predefined power change and 0% during the perturbation period.

[0058] As described, the applied power change or power change pattern can be made available to the state determination device to determine the state of the network connection.

[0059] Alternatively or additionally, the predefined electrical perturbation can be a predefined change in the power drawn from the electrical grid by the at least one power consumer during the perturbation period. Preferably, the predefined change in power can be a predefined pattern of changes in power.

[0060] HB / HB 240647WO

[0061] October 7, 2025. In particular, the perturbation generation device can be configured to control at least one power consumer with a predefined power setpoint or a predefined power setpoint pattern. Specifically, two or more power consumers (preferably all power consumers) of the power system can be controlled (accordingly) by the perturbation generation device. The power exchange between the power system and the electrical grid, in particular the power consumption from the electrical grid, can be influenced or disrupted in a predefined manner.

[0062] According to a preferred embodiment, the predefined power change can be at least greater than 0.01% (preferably between 0.1% and 100%, particularly preferably between 10% and 50%) of the power drawn from the electrical grid by the at least one power consumer during the non-perturbation period. This can depend, in particular, on the available power. Preferably, the predefined power change can be determined dynamically based on the available power. In other words, the perturbation-generating device changes the power drawn from the electrical grid by the power system in the disturbed state (i.e., only during the perturbation period) compared to the undisturbed state (i.e., only during the non-perturbation period) by a predefined power change, in particular of at least 0.01%.As described, a power change pattern can be predefined, in which, for example, the power is iteratively changed between at least the predefined power change and 0% during the perturbation period.

[0063] As described, the applied power change or power change pattern can be made available to the state determination device to determine the state of the network connection.

[0064] HB / HB 240647WO

[0065] October 7, 2025. According to a preferred embodiment, the predefined power change can be at least greater than 0.01% (preferably between 0.1% and 100%, particularly preferably between 10% and 50%) of the power transmitted by the at least one power transmitter during the non-perturbation period. This can depend, in particular, on the available power. Preferably, the predefined power change can be determined dynamically based on the available power. In other words, the perturbation-generating device changes the power transmitted by the power system in the disturbed state (i.e., only during the perturbation period) compared to the undisturbed state (i.e., only during the non-perturbation period) by a predefined power change, in particular of at least 0.01%.As described, a power change pattern can be predefined, in which, for example, the power is iteratively changed between at least the predefined power change and 0% during the perturbation period.

[0066] According to a preferred embodiment of the power system according to the invention, the state determination device can be configured to determine the state of the grid connection by determining, in particular calculating, a grid impedance of the electrical grid and / or a short-circuit ratio of the grid connection or the electrical grid. The short-circuit ratio can be the ratio between the short-circuit apparent power (SCMVA) in the event of a line-to-line-to-earth fault (3LG) at the location in the grid where a power generator is connected and the rated power of the power generator itself (GMW). In particular, the short-circuit ratio can be determined at the electrical grid connection, especially at the grid connection point (equation (a)):

[0067] SCR = SCMVA / GMW [a]

[0068] HB / HB 240647WO

[0069] October 7, 2025 The SCMAVA value can be based in particular on at least one measured electrical perturbation parameter.

[0070] The short-circuit ratio (SCR) can be used, in particular, to quantify the state of the grid connection or the grid itself (also referred to as the system strength of the grid). In this context, "state" refers specifically to the grid's ability to handle changes in the feed-in and / or consumption of active and reactive power. A high SCR value can represent a strong grid connection state, while a low SCR value can represent an unstable or weak grid connection state.

[0071] As previously described, the state of the grid connection, or the system strength (referring in particular to short-circuit power, inertia, and / or internal impedance) of the electrical grid, can be used to evaluate the grid's resilience to changes from the perspective of the power system. Specifically, the system strength is related to the voltage changes experienced by the power system at the terminals of the electrical grid connection when the power input from the at least one power generator is varied. This allows for a particularly precise determination of the grid connection's state when a defined perturbation is introduced.

[0072] The system strength, or the aforementioned state of the grid connection, can be quantified by determining the equivalent (Thevenin) electrical impedance of the system, or the aforementioned grid impedance of the electrical network, as experienced by the power system at the specified terminals. The calculated impedance can be used, in particular, to calculate the SCR (Standard Compensation Rate). The state of the grid connection can thus be determined reliably and simply.

[0073] HB / HB 240647WO

[0074] October 7, 2025 As previously described, determining the state of the grid connection can, in particular, include determining the system strength of the electrical grid. According to a further embodiment of the power system according to the invention, the state determination device can be configured to determine, as the state of the grid connection, at least one strong grid connection state and one weak grid connection state, based on the at least one measured electrical perturbation parameter and a predefined state criterion. In particular, a distinction can be made between at least two different states, preferably between three or more different states or system strengths (e.g., "stable", "slightly unstable", "moderately unstable", "strongly unstable", and / or the like).

[0075] According to a particularly preferred embodiment of the power system according to the invention, the power system can comprise at least one control unit. The control unit (for example, implemented in a data processing device of the power system) can be configured to control the power system based on the specific state of the grid connection. In particular, the control unit can be a controller (for example, formed by a data processing device with a processor and storage means) for controlling the power system, especially for controlling or regulating the power exchange with the electrical grid (via the electrical grid connection). The control can, in particular, include specifying power setpoints. As already described, at least the perturbation generation device can be implemented in a control unit or be part of this control unit.The power system can be operated in an even more stable manner.

[0076] According to a further embodiment of the power system according to the invention, the control device can be configured to control the at least one power device based on the specific state of the network connection.

[0077] HB / HB 240647WO

[0078] October 7, 2025 As described, in particular each power device of the power system can be controlled by the control unit with respective power setpoints, whereby the respective power setpoints depend on the specific state of the grid connection.

[0079] According to a further preferred embodiment of the power system according to the invention, the control device can be configured to reduce the (maximum) power consumption by the at least one power consumer, based on a specific weak grid connection condition. Alternatively or additionally, the control device can be configured to reduce the (maximum) power input by the at least one power generator, based on a specific weak grid connection condition.

[0080] Reducing the power input from the at least one power generator can include reducing the active power fed in and / or preferably at least partially storing the power generated by the at least one power generator in an energy storage system (in particular the power system).

[0081] According to a particularly preferred embodiment of the power system according to the invention, the power system can comprise at least one inverter arrangement with at least one inverter. The power system can be electrically connected to the electrical grid via the inverter arrangement. For example, the inverter arrangement can be enclosed by the electrical grid connection.

[0082] The inverter arrangement of the power system can be operated in at least a grid-following mode and a grid-forming mode. The power system includes at least one control unit, as already described in detail. The control unit can be configured

[0083] HB / HB 240647WO

[0084] October 7, 2025, to control the inverter configuration based on the determined state of the grid connection. In other words, controlling the power system based on the (instantaneously) determined state of the grid connection may, in particular, include controlling the inverter configuration based on the (instantaneously) determined state of the grid connection.

[0085] This embodiment of the invention is an inventive aspect in its own right, in particular independent of the determination of the state of the network connection using the perturbation generation device, the measuring device and the state determination device.

[0086] In an energy generation system such as a wind farm and / or photovoltaic park, the inverter assembly can be operated in a grid-following mode. In this mode, the inverter assembly provides a constant current or constant power source, particularly for feeding power into a (static) electrical grid. Specifically, the inverter assembly can be operated under a stable (normal) grid connection condition.

[0087] In contrast to the prior art, the invention recognizes that an inverter arrangement switchable between a grid-following operating mode and a grid-forming operating mode can be used to stabilize the operation of both the power system and the electrical grid. In a grid-forming operating mode, the inverter arrangement represents a regulated voltage source with internal impedance, particularly for interconnected grid operation with multiple voltage sources. Specifically, an inverter arrangement can be operated in a grid-forming operating mode to ensure stable interconnected grid operation by operating the inverter arrangement as a voltage source in parallel with other power generators of the electrical grid.

[0088] HB / HB 240647WO

[0089] October 7, 2025. In one embodiment, wind turbines with their respective inverter arrangements can switch between grid-forming and grid-following operation, particularly depending on whether the grid connection is weak or strong, as described. In other words, there can be an inverter arrangement in each wind turbine, regardless of the type of grid connection, which can be either HVDC or AC. In the case of HVDC, there can be another (additional) inverter arrangement, for example, in an onshore substation. If the transmission type is HVDC, the wind turbine control system may not be relevant, and the transition between grid-forming and grid-following transmission can be applied only to the inverter arrangement in the onshore substation.In the case of alternating current transmission, the transition between grid formation and grid continuity can be applied to all (at least one) inverter arrangements in the wind turbines.

[0090] In particular, an offshore wind farm can have two types of transmission systems for grid connection: HVDC and HVAC.

[0091] The grid connection can be weak or strong for both types of transmission systems, as already described. In the case of a weak grid connection, particularly in an HVDC system, the inverter array in an onshore converter station can be switched to grid-forming mode. For the inverters in the respective wind turbines, a change of operating mode is not required. In the case of a weak grid connection, particularly in an HVAC system, at least one inverter array of at least one wind turbine (preferably all inverter arrays of all wind turbines) can be switched to grid-forming mode. In this case, no inverter array can be present at the grid connection point, i.e., at the onshore converter station.

[0092] HB / HB 240647WO

[0093] October 7, 2025 According to a particularly preferred embodiment of the power system according to the invention, the control unit can be configured to set (or appropriately control) the inverter arrangement into the grid-forming operating mode, based on a (currently) determined weak grid connection state. In particular, it has been recognized according to the invention that by changing the operating mode of the inverter arrangement from the (standard) grid-following operating mode to the grid-forming operating mode, the power system can not only be operated stably and safely, but can also have a stabilizing effect on the electrical (currently weak) grid.

[0094] In particular, the inverter arrangement behaves like a voltage source with internal resistance (Thevenin equivalent) in the grid-forming operating mode. In this operating state, the power system behaves primarily in a voltage-enhancing manner. Preferably, the inverter arrangement switches from the grid-following operating mode to the grid-forming operating mode (immediately) upon detection of a weak grid connection condition. This operating mode can be maintained until a (sufficiently) stable grid connection condition is determined. As already described, the state of the grid connection can be monitored and, in particular, determined at least almost continuously, especially when a weak grid connection condition is detected.

[0095] Alternatively or additionally, the control unit can be configured to set (or appropriately control) the inverter array into grid-following operating mode, based on a specific strong grid connection state. In particular, if it is determined that the electrical grid has (re)stabilized (for example, at least partly due to the power system with the inverter array in grid-forming operating mode), a (renewed) change in the operating mode of the inverter array may be necessary.

[0096] HB / HB 240647WO

[0097] October 7, 2025, inverter arrangement. Preferably, the inverter arrangement switches from grid-forming operating mode to grid-following operating mode (immediately) upon detection of a strong grid connection state. It is understood that in the stable operating mode or strong grid connection mode, the grid-following operating mode can be maintained, and in the unstable operating mode or weak grid connection mode, the grid-forming operating mode can be maintained.

[0098] The at least one inverter (e.g., an HVDC converter) of the inverter arrangement can preferably be switchable between grid-forming and grid-following operating modes, i.e., operable in these modes. In variants of the invention, the at least one inverter arrangement can comprise at least two inverters, wherein the first inverter is operable in grid-following mode, while the at least one further inverter is operable in grid-forming mode. The electrical connection of the power system to the electrical grid is made either via the first inverter (under a certain strong grid connection condition) or via the at least one further inverter (under a certain weak grid connection condition).In particular, in the case of an offshore wind farm and / or an offshore solar park that is connected to the electrical grid via an HVDC link, the HVDC converter or inverter on the onshore side can be operated in both grid-forming and grid-following modes.

[0099] According to a further embodiment of the power system according to the invention, the control device can be configured to activate at least one rotating phase shifter (in particular of the line system) and / or at least one Statcom device (in particular of the line system),

[0100] HB / HB 240647WO

[0101] October 7, 2025, based on a specific weak grid connection state. Preferably, the at least one rotating phase shifter and / or the at least one Statcom device are activated (immediately and, in particular, only) upon (instantaneous) detection or determination of a weak grid connection state. The power system, and especially the electrical grid, can be operated even more reliably. In particular, the at least one rotating phase shifter and / or the at least one Statcom device can only be activated while the grid connection is unstable.

[0102] Alternatively or, preferably, additionally, the control device can be configured to deactivate the at least one rotating phase shifter (in particular, of the line system) and / or the at least one Statcom device (in particular, of the line system) based on a specific strong grid connection state. Preferably, the at least one rotating phase shifter and / or the at least one Statcom device are deactivated (immediately) upon detection or determination of a strong grid connection state. During the strong grid connection state, the rotating phase shifter and / or the Statcom device can remain deactivated. In particular, the feed-in power can be further maximized.

[0103] According to a further preferred embodiment of the power system according to the invention, the measuring device can comprise (or form) at least one phasor measurement unit (PMU). For example, the phasor measurement unit can measure at least one phasor parameter as an electrical parameter or perturbation parameter, for example, in or at the electrical network connection. Preferably, at least one phasor voltage and one phasor current can be measured by the phasor measurement unit. In particular, a nearly continuous measurement or measurement at a multitude of times can be performed. A multitude of (time-dependent) measurement data sets, containing

[0104] HB / HB 240647WO

[0105] The phaser parameters mentioned above can be generated by the phaser measuring device on October 7, 2025. The numerous measurement data sets can be evaluated by the condition determination device and / or the grid connection monitoring device. In particular, the condition determination device can be configured to determine the equivalent voltage source and the equivalent impedance of the power system. Based on the determined equivalent voltage source and the determined equivalent impedance, the condition determination device can determine the state of the grid connection or the grid strength of the electrical network. The state of the grid connection can be determined and, in particular, monitored in a particularly reliable manner.

[0106] As already described, according to one embodiment of the power system according to the invention, the power system can be a wind farm and / or a photovoltaic park and / or a hydrogen production system.

[0107] Another aspect of the invention is a method, in particular a computer-implemented method, for the (stable) operation of a power system, in particular a power system described above, with at least one power device comprising at least one power generator and / or at least one power consumer and / or at least one power transformer, wherein the power system is connected to an electrical network via at least one electrical network connection. The method comprises:

[0108] Detecting a network connection anomaly of the network connection to the electrical network, based on at least one provided electrical parameter of the electrical network and / or the electrical network connection,

[0109] Generating at least one predefined electrical perturbation during a perturbation period upon detection of a network connection anomaly,

[0110] HB / HB 240647WO

[0111] October 7, 2025: Measuring at least one electrical perturbation parameter during the perturbation period, and

[0112] Determining the state of the grid connection, based on at least one measured electrical perturbation parameter.

[0113] The method can in particular be carried out and / or controlled by a data processing device comprising at least one processor and at least one storage medium.

[0114] Thus, another aspect of the invention is a data processing device, equipped for the execution and / or control of the previously described method or comprising respective means for the execution and / or control of the steps of the previously described method.

[0115] The means of the disclosed data processing device can comprise hardware and / or software components. For example, the means can comprise at least one memory containing program instructions of a computer program (e.g., the computer program according to the invention) and at least one processor configured for executing program instructions from the at least one memory. Accordingly, according to the invention, at least one data processing device is also to be understood as disclosed, comprising at least one processor and at least one memory containing program instructions, wherein the at least one memory and the program instructions are configured, together with the at least one processor, to cause the data processing device to execute and / or control the method according to the invention.

[0116] Another aspect of the invention is a (high-)power system. The power system comprises at least one (previously described) power device, comprising at least one power generator and / or at least one power consumer and / or at least one

[0117] HB / HB 240647WO

[0118] October 7, 2025 Power transformer. The power system comprises at least one (previously described) electrical grid connection, configured to connect the at least one power device to an electrical grid. The power system comprises at least one state determination device. The state determination device is configured to determine the state of a grid connection of the power system. The power system comprises at least one (previously described) inverter arrangement with at least one inverter. The inverter arrangement is operable in at least one grid-following operating mode and one grid-forming operating mode. The power system comprises at least one control device. The at least one control device is configured to control the inverter arrangement based on the determined state of the grid connection.

[0119] For example, the state determination device can determine the state of the grid connection in the manner described above. Alternatively, the state determination device can be configured to determine the state of the grid connection based on receiving a state of the grid connection from a grid monitoring device, such as a transmission system operator (TSO) of the electrical grid. For example, the grid monitoring device can be configured to determine the state of the electrical grid (in a known manner) and, in particular, to provide the determined state, which specifically represents the state of the grid connection.

[0120] According to a preferred embodiment of the power system according to the invention (according to claim 15), at least one requirement for fault pass-through in an inverter arrangement in the grid-forming operating mode can be changed in such a way that the prioritization of an active power component and / or reactive power component of a fault current feed-in from the inverter arrangement is cancelled.

[0121] HB / HB 240647WO

[0122] October 7, 2025. The distribution system operator may specify requirements for fault propagation for converter-based power systems (especially those with at least one power generator). Specifically, there are two types of requirements: 1. Remaining connected to the grid-based voltage profile below the fault for a specified period. 2. Prioritizing active or reactive power injection in the event of a fault.

[0123] It has been shown that state-of-the-art grid-forming controllers are unable to meet the second requirement. This requirement forces grid-forming units to switch to grid-following control in the event of a fault. It is specifically proposed here that this requirement can be waived for grid-forming systems, allowing them to continue operating as grid-forming controllers in the event of a fault.

[0124] A further aspect of the invention is a method, in particular a computer-implemented method, for operating a power system, in particular a power system described above (according to claim 15), with at least one power device comprising at least one power generator and / or at least one power consumer and / or at least one power transformer, wherein the power system is connected to an electrical grid via at least one electrical grid connection, wherein the power system comprises at least one inverter arrangement with at least one inverter, wherein the inverter arrangement is operable in at least one grid-following operating mode and one grid-forming operating mode. The method comprises:

[0125] Determining the state of a grid connection of the power system, controlling the inverter arrangement based on the determined state of the grid connection.

[0126] HB / HB 240647WO

[0127] October 7, 2025 The process can in particular be carried out and / or controlled by a data processing device comprising at least one processor and at least one storage medium.

[0128] Thus, another aspect of the invention is a data processing device, equipped for the execution and / or control of the previously described method or comprising respective means for the execution and / or control of the steps of the previously described method.

[0129] The means of the disclosed data processing device can comprise hardware and / or software components. For example, the means can comprise at least one memory containing program instructions of a computer program (e.g., the computer program according to the invention) and at least one processor configured for executing program instructions from the at least one memory. Accordingly, according to the invention, at least one data processing device is also to be understood as disclosed, comprising at least one processor and at least one memory containing program instructions, wherein the at least one memory and the program instructions are configured, together with the at least one processor, to cause the data processing device to execute and / or control the method according to the invention.

[0130] It should be noted that terms such as "first," "second," "further," etc., do not indicate an order, but rather serve primarily to distinguish between two elements. Furthermore, it should be noted that

[0131] The features of the performance systems, processes, and data processing devices are freely combinable. In particular, features of the description and / or the dependent claims can be combined, even by completely or partially circumventing features of the independent claims.

[0132] HB / HB 240647WO

[0133] October 7, 2025 Claims, whether used alone or freely combined, must be independently inventive.

[0134] There are now numerous possibilities for designing and further developing the performance systems, methods, and data processing devices according to the invention. Reference is made, on the one hand, to the claims subordinate to the independent claims, and on the other hand, to the description of exemplary embodiments in conjunction with the drawing. The drawing shows:

[0135] Fig. 1 shows a schematic view of an embodiment of a power system according to a first aspect of the present invention,

[0136] Fig. 2 shows a diagram of an embodiment of a method according to the present invention,

[0137] Fig. 3 shows a schematic view of an embodiment of a power system according to a further aspect of the present invention,

[0138] Fig. 4 shows a diagram of a further embodiment of a method according to the present invention,

[0139] Fig. 5 shows a schematic view of a further embodiment of a power system according to the present invention, and

[0140] Fig. 6 shows a diagram of a further embodiment of a method according to the present invention.

[0141] In the following, similar reference symbols are used for similar elements.

[0142] HB / HB 240647WO

[0143] October 7, 2025. Figure 1 shows a schematic view of an embodiment of a power system 100 according to a first aspect of the present invention. The power system 100 comprises at least one power device 102, comprising at least one power generator and / or at least one power consumer and / or at least one power transformer.

[0144] For example, the power system 100 is presented here (and also in the following embodiments) as an energy generation system in the form of a wind farm, set up to feed electrical power into an electrical grid 116. It is understood that the following explanations can be applied to other power systems, such as photovoltaic parks and / or hydrogen production systems and / or the like.

[0145] The depicted wind farm is specifically an offshore wind farm with a large number of power units 102 in the form of offshore wind turbines. Four offshore wind turbines are shown as examples. It is understood that a wind farm can comprise more or fewer offshore wind turbines.

[0146] A wind turbine is configured to convert kinetic energy into electrical energy. The electrical energy can be fed into an electrical grid 116 via at least one converter station 104 (e.g., an offshore substation and / or an onshore substation) and, in particular, via an electrical grid connection 114 (especially at least one submarine power cable). In embodiments of the invention, the electrical grid connection can include the at least one converter station. In other words, the power system 100 comprises at least one electrical grid connection 114, configured to connect the at least one power device 102 to the electrical grid 116.

[0147] HB / HB 240647WO

[0148] October 7, 2025. The electrical network 116 can be, in particular, a medium-voltage network, a high-voltage network, or an extra-high-voltage network. The electrical network can include a large number of (not shown) transmission lines, a large number of (conventional) power plants (e.g., nuclear power plant, coal-fired power plant, gas-fired power plant, etc.) (especially with a synchronous generator), and / or a large number of consumers (or be electrically connected to them).

[0149] The performance system 100 can in particular comprise a data processing device 106 with at least one processor 108 and at least one storage medium 110. The data processing device 106 is configured for executing and / or controlling the method according to the invention, for example according to Figure 2, or comprises respective means for executing and / or controlling the steps of the method according to the invention, for example according to Figure 2.

[0150] For example, the data processing device 106 can be the central control system of the power system 100, for example the wind farm, and / or be included by it.

[0151] The power system 100, in particular the data processing device 106, comprises at least one (executable by the processor 108) network connection monitoring device 112. The network connection monitoring device 112 is configured to detect a network connection anomaly of a network connection to the electrical network 116 or a network connection anomaly of the electrical network 116, based on at least one provided electrical parameter of the electrical network 116 and / or the electrical network connection 114.

[0152] For example, the at least one provided parameter can be a (measured) voltage parameter and / or a (measured) current parameter and / or a (measured) frequency parameter. The at least one electrical parameter can be provided by a (not shown) network monitoring device of the electrical system.

[0153] HB / HB 240647WO

[0154] October 7, 2025, network, provided by a measuring device 118 and / or the like. In particular, at least one electrical parameter can be provided at least almost continuously. In particular, a time series of the at least one electrical parameter (e.g., voltage waveform, current waveform, frequency waveform, etc.) can be provided.

[0155] Detecting a grid connection anomaly can involve, in particular, comparing a detected change in at least one electrical parameter (especially its temporal profile) with at least one predefined anomaly criterion. The anomaly criterion can define, in particular, when a detected change in the at least one electrical parameter constitutes a grid connection anomaly. For example, permissible limits and / or limit ranges can be predefined by the at least one anomaly criterion. For example, a phase shift in the measured voltage that exceeds a predefined limit can constitute a grid connection anomaly. If such a phase shift is detected, the perturbation generation device 120 can be controlled or notified accordingly.

[0156] The power system 100, in particular the data processing device 106, comprises at least one (executable by the processor 108) perturbation generation device 120, configured to generate at least one predefined electrical perturbation during a (predefined) perturbation period, in particular immediately upon detection of the network connection anomaly.

[0157] The predefined electrical perturbation can be a predefined change in power (or a power change pattern) of the power fed into the electrical network 116 by the at least one power generator during the perturbation period. In particular, the perturbation generating device 120 can be configured to control the

[0158] HB / HB 240647WO

[0159] On October 7, 2025, at least one wind turbine with a predefined power setpoint is required. In particular, two or more wind turbines (preferably all wind turbines) of the power system 100 can be controlled by the perturbation generation device 120 (accordingly). In particular, the predefined power change can be at least greater than 0.01% (preferably between 0.1% and 100%) of the power fed into the electrical grid 116 by the at least one wind turbine (in particular by the entire power system) during the non-perturbation period. In other words, the perturbation generation device 120 changes the power fed into the electrical grid 116 by the power system 100 in the disturbed state compared to the undisturbed state by a predefined power change, in particular of at least 0.01%.Similarly, a (not shown) power consumer within the power system can be controlled. As described, the change in power output can depend on the actual available power.

[0160] The power system 100, in particular the data processing device 106, comprises at least one measuring device 118 (executable by the processor 108), configured to measure at least one electrical perturbation parameter during the perturbation period, for example at the electrical network connection 114. The measuring device 118 may in particular comprise or be a phase meter (PMU) as previously described.

[0161] The power system 100, in particular the data processing device 106, comprises at least one (executable by the processor 108) state determination device 122, configured to determine the state of the network connection, based on the at least one measured electrical perturbation parameter and in particular the perturbation applied during the perturbation period (in particular the aforementioned power changes or the power change pattern).

[0162] HB / HB 240647WO

[0163] October 7, 2025. For example, the phasor measuring device can measure at least one phasor parameter as an electrical parameter or perturbation parameter, for example, in or at the electrical network connection 114. Preferably, at least one phasor voltage and one phasor current can be measured by the phasor measuring device. In particular, a nearly continuous measurement or measurement at a multitude of consecutive time points can be performed. A multitude of measurement data sets, each containing the aforementioned phasor parameters as perturbation parameters, can be generated by the phasor measuring device. The multitude of measurement data sets can be evaluated by the state determination device 122, in particular together with the applied perturbation.

[0164] In particular, the state determination device 122 can be configured to determine the equivalent voltage source and the equivalent impedance of the power system 100. Based on the determined equivalent voltage source and the determined equivalent impedance, the state determination device 122 can determine the state of the grid connection or the grid strength of the electrical network 116. In particular, it can at least be determined whether the state is currently an unstable state (also referred to as a weak grid connection state) or a stable state (also referred to as a strong grid connection state). Preferably, the degree of instability can be determined when determining a weak grid connection state. The state of the grid connection can be determined in a particularly reliable manner, and in particular, the state of the grid connection can be monitored.

[0165] Figure 2 shows a diagram of an embodiment of a method, in particular a computer-implemented method, for example executable by the data processing device according to Figure 1, for the (stable) operation (or for a strong grid connection state) of a power system, for example according to Figure 1, comprising at least one power generator and / or at least one power consumer, wherein the power system has at least

[0166] HB / HB 240647WO

[0167] On October 7, 2025, an electrical network connection will be established. The process can be carried out continuously or at defined times.

[0168] In step 201, a network connection anomaly of the network connection to the electrical network is detected, based on at least one provided electrical parameter of the electrical network and / or the electrical network connection, as described in particular above.

[0169] In step 203, at least one predefined electrical perturbation is generated during a perturbation period upon detection of the network connection anomaly, as described in particular above.

[0170] In step 205, at least one electrical perturbation parameter is measured during the perturbation period, as described in particular above.

[0171] In step 207, the state of the grid connection is determined based on at least one measured electrical perturbation parameter, as described in particular above.

[0172] In a further step 209, the power system can be controlled (by a control device not shown in Figure 1) based on the specific state of the network connection, as described in particular above.

[0173] Under a certain strong grid connection condition, the power system can continue to operate unchanged until another grid connection anomaly is detected in step 201. In particular, step 201 can be executed at least almost continuously during the strong grid connection condition. Under a certain weak grid connection condition...

[0174] HB / HB 240647WO

[0175] From October 7, 2025, steps 203 to 207 can be carried out regularly, for example, until a strong network connectivity state is detected.

[0176] Figure 3 shows a schematic view of an embodiment of a power system 300 according to a second aspect of the present invention. To avoid repetition, only the differences from the embodiment shown in Figure 1 are explained below, and reference is otherwise made, for example, to the explanations relating to Figure 1.

[0177] The power system 300, exemplified as an offshore wind farm, comprises at least one power device 302, comprising at least one power generator and / or at least one power consumer. The power system 300 comprises at least one electrical grid connection 314, configured to connect the at least one power device 302 to an electrical grid 316.

[0178] The power system 300 can, in particular, comprise a data processing device 306 with at least one processor 308 and at least one storage medium 310. The data processing device 306 is configured for executing and / or controlling the method according to the invention, for example according to Figure 4, or comprises respective means for executing and / or controlling the steps of the method according to the invention, for example according to Figure 4. For example, the data processing device 306 can be the central control unit of the power system 300, for example of the wind farm, and / or be comprised of it.

[0179] The power system 300, in particular the data processing device 306, comprises at least one (executable by the processor 308) state determination device 322, configured to determine a state of a network connection of the power system 300.

[0180] HB / HB 240647WO

[0181] October 7, 2025 For example, the state determination device 322 can determine the state of the grid connection of the power system 300 according to the state determination device according to Figure 1.

[0182] The state determination device 322 can also be configured to determine the state of the network connection based on receiving (via a communication module not shown) a state of the network connection from a network monitoring device 336, for example, a transmission system operator (TSO) of the electrical network 316. Different TSOs can communicate in different ways. Some report the failure of a component, e.g., a transmission line in the network, and grant permission to reduce power. Others only request a power reduction without specifying the reason (failure of a component).

[0183] For example, the network monitoring device 336 can be configured to monitor and, in particular, determine the state of the electrical network 316 (in a known manner) and, in particular, to provide the determined state, which especially represents the state of the network connection. In other words, the TSO can at least inform the power system about a weak network connection state of the network connection or the electrical network by transmitting corresponding information to the data processing device 306 or the state determination device 322.

[0184] The power system 300 shown comprises at least one inverter arrangement 332 with at least one inverter 334. For example, the at least one converter station 304 of the power system can comprise the inverter arrangement 332. The power system 300 can be connected to the electrical network 316 via the inverter arrangement 332 and the electrical network connection 314.

[0185] HB / HB 240647WO

[0186] October 7, 2025. The inverter arrangement 332 can be operated in at least a grid-following operating mode and a grid-forming operating mode. The power system 300, in particular the data processing device 306, comprises at least one control unit 330 (executable by the processor 308). The control unit 330 is configured to control the inverter arrangement 332 based on the determined state of the grid connection.

[0187] In an energy generation system in the form of a wind farm and / or photovoltaic park, the inverter arrangement 332 can be operated, in particular, in a grid-following operating mode (as standard). In this case, the inverter arrangement 332 represents a constant current source or constant power source, especially for feeding power into a (rigid) electrical grid 316. In particular, the inverter arrangement 332 can be operated in this operating mode in a stable (normal) state of grid connection.

[0188] According to the invention, by using an inverter arrangement 332 that is switchable between a grid-following operating mode and a grid-forming operating mode, the operation of the power system 300 as well as the operation of the electrical network 316 can be stabilized. In a grid-forming operating mode, the inverter arrangement 332 represents a regulated voltage source with internal impedance, particularly for interconnected network operation with multiple voltage sources. In particular, the inverter arrangement 332 can be operated in a grid-forming operating mode to ensure stable interconnected network operation by operating the inverter arrangement 332 as a voltage source in parallel with other power generators of the electrical network 316.

[0189] The control unit 330 can be configured to set the inverter assembly 332 into grid-forming operating mode, based on a weak signal determined by the state-determining device 322.

[0190] HB / HB 240647WO

[0191] October 7, 2025 Grid connection status. In particular, by changing the operating mode of the inverter arrangement 332 from the grid-following operating mode to the grid-forming operating mode, the power system can not only be operated stably and safely, but can also have a stabilizing effect on the electrical (currently weak) grid 316. In particular, the inverter arrangement 332 behaves like a voltage source with internal resistance (Thevenin equivalent) in the grid-forming operating mode. In this operating state, it behaves in a voltage-enhancing manner. Preferably, the inverter arrangement 332 is switched from the grid-following operating mode to the grid-forming operating mode (immediately) upon detection or determination of a weak grid connection status by the state determination device 322.

[0192] Furthermore, the control unit 330 can be configured to set the inverter arrangement 332 to grid-following operating mode, based on a strong grid connection state determined by the state determination unit 322. In particular, if it is determined that the electrical grid 316 has (re)stabilized (for example, at least partly due to the power system 300 with the inverter arrangement 332 in grid-forming operating mode), the operating mode of the inverter arrangement 332 can be (re)changed. Preferably, the inverter arrangement 332 is set or switched from grid-forming operating mode to grid-following operating mode upon detection or determination of a strong grid connection state.

[0193] The at least one inverter 334 of the inverter arrangement 332 can preferably be switched between the grid-forming operating mode and the grid-following operating mode.

[0194] In an embodiment not shown, a wind farm may include wind turbines with respective inverter arrangements, which

[0195] HB / HB 240647WO

[0196] On October 7, 2025, the system will be able to switch between grid-forming and grid-following operation, particularly depending on whether the grid connection is weak or strong. In other words, there can be a separate inverter array in each wind turbine, regardless of the type of grid connection, which can be either HVDC or AC. In the case of HVDC, there can be another (additional) inverter array, for example, in an onshore substation, as shown in Figure 3. If the transmission type is HVDC, the control system of the wind turbines may not be relevant, and the transition between grid-forming and grid-following operation can only be applied to the inverter array in the onshore substation. In the case of AC transmission, the transition between grid-forming and grid-following operation can be applied to all (at least one) inverter arrays in the wind turbines.

[0197] Figure 4 shows a diagram of an embodiment of a method, in particular a computer-implemented method, for example executable by the data processing device according to Figure 3, for operating a power system, for example according to Figure 3, with at least one power device comprising at least one power generator and / or at least one power consumer and / or at least one power transformer, wherein the power system is connected to an electrical network via at least one electrical network connection, wherein the power system comprises at least one inverter arrangement with at least one inverter, wherein the inverter arrangement is operable at least in a grid-following operating mode and a grid-forming operating mode.

[0198] In step 401, a state of a network connection of the power system is determined, as described in particular above.

[0199] In step 403, the inverter arrangement is controlled based on the specific state of the grid connection, as described in particular above.

[0200] HB / HB 240647WO

[0201] October 7, 2025. Figure 5 shows a schematic view of an embodiment of a power system 500 according to the present invention. To avoid repetition, only the differences from the previous embodiments according to Figures 1 and 3 are explained below, and reference is otherwise made, for example, to the descriptions of Figures 1 and / or 3. Among other things, the power systems according to Figures 1 and 3 are combined with one another.

[0202] The depicted power system 500 is, in particular, a combination of an offshore wind farm and an offshore power consumption system (e.g., a hydrogen production system). The (offshore) power system 500 comprises a plurality of power devices, including at least one power generator in the form of an offshore wind turbine 502 and at least one power consumer, for example, in the form of an (offshore) hydrogen production plant 540. Additionally or alternatively, a power transformer (not shown) may be provided.

[0203] Furthermore, the illustrated power system 500 comprises a data processing device 506 with a processor 508 and at least one storage device 510. The power system 500, in particular the data processing device 506, comprises a (previously described) network connection monitoring device 512, a (previously described) measuring device 518, a (previously described) perturbation generation device 520, a (previously described) state determination device 522 (in particular according to Figure 1) and a (previously described) control device 530.

[0204] Furthermore, it can be seen from Figure 5 that the power system 500 is connected to the electrical network 516 via an inverter arrangement 532 (as previously described) and to at least one inverter 534 and via an electrical network connection 514.

[0205] HB / HB 240647WO

[0206] October 7, 2025. Furthermore, the power system 500 preferably comprises at least one rotating phase shifter 542 and / or at least one Statcom device 544 and / or at least one energy storage device 546. The energy storage device 546 can, in particular, be charged in a weak grid connection state and discharged in a strong grid connection state, in order, in particular, to feed the stored energy into the electrical grid.

[0207] The operation of the power system of Figure 5 is described in more detail with reference to Figure 6. Figure 6 shows a diagram of a preferred embodiment of a method according to the present invention. The method can be carried out, for example, (continuously) by the data processing device according to Figure 5, for the (stable) operation of a power system, for example according to Figure 5, comprising at least one power generator and / or at least one power consumer and / or at least one power transformer, wherein the power system is connected to an electrical network via at least one electrical network connection.

[0208] In step 601, a network connection anomaly of the network connection to the electrical network is detected, based on at least one provided electrical parameter of the electrical network and / or the electrical network connection, as described in particular above.

[0209] In step 603, at least one predefined electrical perturbation is generated during a perturbation period upon detection of the network connection anomaly, as described in particular above.

[0210] In step 605, at least one electrical perturbation parameter is measured during the perturbation period, as described in particular above.

[0211] HB / HB 240647WO

[0212] October 7, 2025. In step 607, the state of the grid connection is determined based on at least one measured electrical perturbation parameter, as described above. In particular, the state determination device in step 607 can determine at least one strong grid connection state and one weak grid connection state as the state of the grid connection, based on at least one measured electrical perturbation parameter and, in particular, a predefined state criterion and / or the applied perturbation.

[0213] As previously described, the short-circuit ratio (SCR) can be calculated and, in particular, used to determine and especially quantify the state of the grid connection or the electrical grid (also referred to as the system strength of the grid). In this context, the state of the grid connection refers specifically to the grid's ability to handle changes in the feed-in and / or consumption of active and reactive power. A high SCR value can represent a strong grid connection state, while a low SCR value can represent an unstable or weak state.

[0214] In a further step 609, the power system can be controlled based on the specific state of the network connection.

[0215] In particular, the power system is controlled based on whether the grid connection is in a (currently) strong or a (currently) weak state. As already explained, monitoring can be carried out, at least almost continuously.

[0216] Under certain conditions of strong grid connection, the power system can continue to operate in its unchanged form, particularly until a fault is detected.

[0217] HB / HB 240647WO

[0218] October 7, 2025, further network connectivity anomalies in step 601. In particular, step 601 can be executed at least almost continuously during the strong network connectivity state. For example, during a specific weak network connectivity state, steps 603 to 607 can be performed regularly until a strong network connectivity state is detected.

[0219] As previously described, the control device can be configured to control the at least one power device in step 609, based on the specific state of the grid connection. Preferably, the control device can be configured to reduce the (maximum) power consumption by the at least one power consumer, based on a (currently) determined weak grid connection state. Alternatively or additionally, the control device can be configured to reduce the (maximum) power input by the at least one power generator, based on a (currently) determined weak grid connection state.Reducing the power input from the at least one power generator can include reducing the active power fed in and / or at least partially storing the power generated by the at least one power generator in the aforementioned energy storage system (in particular the power system).

[0220] In particular, the control unit can control the at least one power device accordingly until a stable grid connection state is (re)detected. Then the at least one power device can be controlled with the original setpoint that was applied during the strong grid connection state.

[0221] As previously described, alternatively or preferably additionally, the control unit for controlling the inverter arrangement may be configured in step 609, based on the specific state of the grid connection. The control unit may be configured

[0222] HB / HB 240647WO

[0223] On October 7, 2025, the inverter array will be set to grid-forming operating mode based on a specific weak grid connection state. This mode can be maintained until a stable grid connection state is (re)detected. The control unit can then be configured to (re)set the inverter array to grid-following operating mode based on a specific strong grid connection state.

[0224] Furthermore, alternatively or preferably additionally, in step 609, the control device can control the at least one rotating phase shifter and / or the at least one Statcom device. Preferably, the at least one rotating phase shifter and / or the at least one Statcom device is activated (directly and in particular only) upon detection or determination of a weak network connection state. In particular, the at least one rotating phase shifter and / or the at least one Statcom device can only be activated while the network connection is unstable. In particular, the at least one rotating phase shifter and / or the at least one Statcom device can remain activated as long as an unstable state is detected.

[0225] In step 609, the control unit can deactivate the at least one rotating phase shifter (particularly of the line system) and / or the at least one Statcom device (particularly of the line system) based on a specific strong grid connection state. Preferably, the at least one rotating phase shifter and / or the at least one Statcom device is deactivated (immediately) upon detection or determination of a strong grid connection state. In particular, the feed-in power can be further maximized.

[0226] HB / HB 240647WO

[0227] October 7, 2025

[0228] October 7, 2025

[0229] Reference symbol list:

[0230] 100 performance system

[0231] 102 Power device

[0232] 104 Converter station

[0233] 106 Data processing device

[0234] 108 processor

[0235] 110 storage devices

[0236] 112 Network connection monitoring device

[0237] 114 Network connection

[0238] 116 network

[0239] 118 Measuring device

[0240] 120 Perturbation generating device

[0241] 122 Condition assessment device

[0242] Step 201

[0243] Step 203

[0244] Step 205

[0245] Step 207

[0246] Step 209

[0247] 300 performance system

[0248] 302 Power device

[0249] 304 Converter station

[0250] 306 Data processing device

[0251] 308 processor

[0252] 310 storage media

[0253] 314 Network connection

[0254] 316 network

[0255] 322 Condition assessment device

[0256] 330 Control unit

[0257] 332 Inverter arrangement - 2 -

[0258] 334 inverters

[0259] 336 Network monitoring device

[0260] Step 401

[0261] Step 403

[0262] 500 performance system

[0263] 502 Power device

[0264] 506 Data processing device

[0265] 508 processor

[0266] 510 storage devices

[0267] 512 Network connection monitoring device

[0268] 514 Network connection

[0269] 516 network

[0270] 518 Measuring device

[0271] 520 Perturbation generating device

[0272] 522 Condition assessment device

[0273] 530 Control unit

[0274] 532 Inverter arrangement

[0275] 534 inverters

[0276] 540 hydrogen production plant

[0277] 542 rotating phase shifter

[0278] 544 Statcom device

[0279] 546 Energy storage

[0280] Step 601

[0281] Step 603

[0282] Step 605

[0283] Step 607

[0284] Step 609

[0285] HB / HB 240647WO

[0286] October 7, 2025

Claims

7. Oktober 2025 P a t e n t a n s p r ü c h e 1. Power system (100, 300, 500), comprising: at least one power device (102, 302, 502), comprising at least one power generator and / or at least one power consumer and / or at least one power transformer, at least one electrical grid connection (114, 314, 514), configured to connect the at least one power device (102, 302, 502) to an electrical grid (116, 316, 516), at least one grid connection monitoring device (112, 512), configured to detect a grid connection anomaly of a grid connection to the electrical grid (116, 316, 516), based on at least one provided electrical parameter of the electrical grid (116, 316, 516) and / or the electrical grid connection (114, 314, 514), at least one perturbation generating device (120, 520),configured to generate at least one predefined electrical perturbation during a perturbation period upon detection of a grid connection anomaly, at least one measuring device (118, 518) configured to measure at least one electrical perturbation parameter during the perturbation period, and at least one state determination device (122, 322, 522) configured to determine the state of the grid connection based on the at least one measured electrical perturbation parameter.

2. Power system (100, 300, 500) according to claim 1, characterized in that The predefined electrical perturbation is a predefined change in power fed into the electrical network (116, 316, 516) by the at least one power generator during the perturbation period, wherein in particular the predefined change in power is at least greater than 0.01% of the power fed into the electrical network (116, 316, 516) by the at least one power generator during the non-perturbation period, and / or the predefined electrical perturbation is a predefined change in power drawn from the electrical network (116, 316, 516) by the at least one power consumer during the perturbation period, wherein in particular the predefined change in power is at least greater than 0.01% of the power drawn from the electrical network (116, 316, 516) by the at least one power consumer during the non-perturbation period.516) is related to power and / or the predefined electrical perturbation is a predefined change in power of power transmitted by the at least one power transformer during the perturbation period, wherein in particular the predefined change in power is at least greater than 0.01% of the power transmitted by the at least one power transformer during the non-perturbation period.

3. Power system (100, 300, 500) according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the state determination device (122, 322, 522) is configured to determine the state of the grid connection by determining a grid impedance of the electrical grid (116, 316, 516) and / or a short-circuit ratio of the grid connection. HB / HB 240647WO October 7, 2025 4. Power system (100, 300, 500) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the state determination device (122, 322, 522) is configured to determine, as the state of the grid connection, at least one strong grid connection state and one weak grid connection state, based on the at least one measured electrical perturbation parameter and a predefined state criterion.

5. Power system (100, 300, 500) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the power system (100, 300, 500) comprises: at least one control device (330, 530), configured to control the power system (100, 300, 500) based on the determined state of the network connection.

6. Power system (100, 300, 500) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the control device (330, 530) is configured to control the at least one power device (102, 302, 502) based on the determined state of the network connection.

7. Power system according to claims 4 and 6, characterized in that the control device (330, 530) is configured to reduce power consumption by the at least one power consumer, based on a certain weak grid connection state, and / or the control device (330, 530) is configured to reduce power input by the at least one power generator, based on a certain weak grid connection state. HB / HB 240647WO October 7, 2025 8. Power system (100, 300, 500) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the power system (100, 300, 500) comprises: at least one inverter arrangement (332, 532) with at least one inverter (334, 534), wherein the inverter arrangement (332, 532) is operable in at least a grid-following operating mode and a grid-forming operating mode, and at least one control device (330, 530) configured to control the inverter arrangement (332, 532) based on the determined state of the grid connection.

9. Power system (100, 300, 500) according to claims 4 and 8, characterized in that the control device (330, 530) is configured to set the inverter arrangement (332, 532) into the grid-forming operating mode, based on a certain weak grid connection state, and / or the control device (330, 530) is configured to set the inverter arrangement (332, 532) into the grid-following operating mode, based on a certain strong grid connection state.

10. Power system (100, 300, 500) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the control device (330, 530) is configured to activate at least one rotating phase shifter (542) and / or at least one Statcom device (544), based on a specific weak network connection state of the network connection, and / or HB / HB 240647WO October 7, 2025 the control device (330, 530) is configured to disable at least one rotating phase shifter (542) and / or at least one Statcom device (544) based on a certain strong network connection state of the network connection.

11. Power system (100, 300, 500) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the measuring device (118, 518) comprises a phasor measuring device.

12. Power system (100, 300, 500) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the power system (100, 300, 500) is a wind farm and / or a photovoltaic park and / or a hydrogen production system.

13. Method, in particular a computer-implemented method, for operating a power system, in particular according to one of the preceding claims, with at least one power device (102, 302, 502), comprising at least one power generator and / or at least one power consumer and / or at least one power transformer, wherein the power system is connected to an electrical network (116, 316, 516) via at least one electrical network connection (114, 314, 514), the method comprising: detecting a network connection anomaly of the network connection to the electrical network, based on at least one provided electrical parameter of the electrical network (116, 316, 516) and / or the electrical network connection (114, 314, 514), Generating at least one predefined electrical perturbation during a perturbation period upon detection of a network connection anomaly, Measuring at least one electrical perturbation parameter during the perturbation period, and HB / HB 240647WO October 7, 2025 Determining the state of the grid connection, based on at least one measured electrical perturbation parameter.

14. Data processing device (106, 306, 506), configured for executing and / or controlling the method according to claim 13 or comprising respective means for executing and / or controlling the steps of the method according to claim 13.

15. Power system (100, 300, 500), comprising: at least one power device (102, 302, 502), comprising at least one power generator and / or at least one power consumer and / or at least one power transformer, at least one electrical grid connection (114, 314, 514), configured for connecting the at least one power device (102, 302, 502) to an electrical grid (116, 316, 516), at least one state determination device (122, 322, 522), configured for determining a state of a grid connection of the power system (100, 300, 500), at least one inverter arrangement (332, 532) with at least one inverter (334, 534), wherein the inverter arrangement (332, 532) is operable in at least a grid-following operating mode and a grid-forming operating mode, and at least one control unit (330, 530) configured to control the inverter arrangement (332, 532),based on the specific state of the network connection.

16. Power system (100, 300, 500) according to claim 15, characterized in that at least one requirement for fault propagation in an inverter arrangement in the grid-forming operating mode is changeable, HB / HB 240647WO October 7, 2025 such that the prioritization of an active power component and / or reactive power component of a fault current feed-in from the inverter arrangement is eliminated.

17. Method, in particular a computer-implemented method, for operating a power system, in particular according to claim 15, with at least one power device (102, 302, 502), comprising at least one power generator and / or at least one power consumer and / or at least one power transformer, wherein the power system is connected to an electrical network (116, 316, 516) via at least one electrical network connection (114, 314, 514), wherein the power system comprises at least one inverter arrangement (332, 532) with at least one inverter (334, 534), wherein the inverter arrangement (332, 532) is operable in at least a grid-following operating mode and a grid-forming operating mode, the method comprising: Determining the state of a network connection of the power system (100, 300, 500), Control of the inverter arrangement (332, 532) based on the determined state of the grid connection.

18. Data processing device (106, 306, 506), configured for executing and / or controlling the method according to claim 17 or comprising respective means for executing and / or controlling the steps of the method according to claim 17. HB / HB 240647WO October 7, 2025

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