DC electric field sensing system with a rotating structure
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- STATE GRID HENAN ELECTRIC POWER
- Filing Date
- 2026-01-16
- Publication Date
- 2026-07-16
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Figure CN2026073126_16072026_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
DC ELECTRIC FIELD SENSING SYSTEM WITH A ROTATING STRUCTUREFIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0001] The present application belongs to the technical field of electric fields, specifically concerning a DC electric field sensing system, in particular relates to a DC electric field sensing system with a rotating structure.BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] How to accurately measure electric fields has always been a trend of research in power science. Electric sensors mostly employ a technology for measuring electric fields and adopt a principle of charge induction to measure a spatial electric field. As material science and optical sensing technology continuously develop, the technology for measuring electric fields provides a better solution for measuring electric fields. Optical electric field sensors outperform traditional electrical electric field sensors in terms of performance and attract wide attention in research.
[0003] In recent years, the rapid development of material and optical technology has provided many new solutions for measuring electric fields. The optical electric field sensors based on an optical sensing principle have significant advantages over traditional electrical sensors in terms of response speeds, bandwidths, volumes, and insulation performance. In general, the optical electric field sensors perform measure by employing changes in properties of media under an applied electric field to convert an electric field signal into a corresponding optical signal.
[0004] However, an integrated optical waveguide electric field sensor and a bulk-effect interferometric electric field sensor are both used to measure AC electric fields and are not suitable for measuring an extremely-low-frequency or DC electric field. Under the influence of the DC or very low-frequency electric field, charges inside a crystal of a sensor drift and accumulate on a surface of the crystal. The electric field generated by the accumulated charges is in an opposite direction to an external electric field to be measured, so the electric field intensity inside the crystal is gradually offset, causing an output signal of the sensor to change; therefore, it is impossible to accurately measure the DC electric field.
[0005] Therefore, it is necessary to establish a DC electric field sensing system to achieve accurately measuring the DC electric field.SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0006] A DC electric field sensing system with a rotating structure according to the present invention shown in Fig. 1 comprises a laser, a rotating structure, and a detector, wherein the rotating structure includes a single-mode fiber-optic slip ring, a collimator lens, a polarizer, a quarter-wave plate, acrystal, and a multi-mode fiber-optic slip ring.
[0007] The technical solution of the present invention adopts electro-optic sensing technology, so as to convert electric field signals into optical signals mainly based on one-time electro-optic effect, and separate and extract the electric field components through subsequent signal processing, and then perform reverse calculation to obtain an electric field intensity to be measured. The present invention employs one-time electro-optic effect of a crystal and principle of interferometric phase detection to convert an electric field signal to be measured into an optical intensity signal, then uses the detector to convert the optical intensity signal into an electrical signal, so as to facilitate subsequent signal acquisition and processing. In a linear operation range of an optoelectronic sensing unit, there is a linear relationship between an output voltage signal and the electric field to be measured, as follows. Uout=k1+k2Ez
[0008] In the above formula, Uout represents an output voltage signal; k1 represents a DC component output by a photodetector; k2 represents a proportionality coefficient between an electric field intensity and an output voltage; Ez is a modulated electric field intensity to be measured.
[0009] A fiber-optic slip ring is configured to transmit optical signals from a rotating platform to a stationary platform. In the present invention, the single-mode fiber-optic slip ring and the multi-mode fiber-optic slip ring play a role of the fiber-optic slip ring.
[0010] The fiber-optic slip ring uses an optical fiber as a transmission medium, and needs a device that can rotate 360-degree to guide and transmit optical signals, serving as the best technical solution for data transmission between any two system components that are rotationally connected with each other. Such a device is especially suitable for applications that require unlimited, continuous or intermittent rotation with necessity to transmit data and signals from a fixed position to a rotating position; therefore, it can improve mechanical performance, simplify system operation, and prevent damage to optical fibers caused by rotation of moving joints.
[0011] The crystal serves as a core component of the technical solution in the present invention, and play a role of converting an external electric field signal into an optical signal; therefore, its performance directly influences the electro-optical sensing unit in terms of sensitivity, measurement ranges, adaptability to environmental temperature, and the like. For this reason, in cases of selecting an electro-optic crystal, we shall primarily consider the following factors. 1. Whether it has good optical transmission performance, minimal light intensity loss of an optical path caused by reflection and absorption, and uniform crystal texture. 2. Whether it has a relatively big electro-optic coefficient, high electro-optic effect under the conditions of the same optical path, and advantages of improving sensitivity of sensors and achieving miniaturization of sensors. 3. Whether it has stable physical and chemical properties. The electro-optic crystals should have a high hardness and a melting point with resistance to photodecomposition and deliquescence, and a high optical damage threshold, which makes it easy to package a sensor and improve operational stability. The crystal defined in the technical solution of the present invention may be barium metaborate, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, or lithium niobate.
[0012] In the technical solution of the present invention, the polarizer is arranged behind the crystal, and a light intensity of an output ray varies with a phase difference. One quarter-wave plate whose optical axis lies in the same direction as the optical axis of the crystal is arranged before the crystal. The quarter-wave plate performs a function of introducing a 90°inherent phase difference between an o-ray and an e-ray, which is equivalent to a DC bias of one unit of light intensity. When an applied electric field intensity is much smaller than a half-wave voltage, the electro-optic sensing unit lies in a linear operation zone.
[0013] The rotating structure defined in the present invention is a core and key of the technical solution. A DC electric field sensing system needs the rotating structure to achieve measurement. However, the rotating structure has a relatively large spatial gap, especially for the measurement to a strong DC electric field, it is impossible to use metal components in the rotating structure; instead, plastic components are typically used and produce larger gaps. Beam deviation occurs during rotation, causing the beam to be unable to collimate. The way of using the fiber-optic slip ring to turn to an interface where seamless operation can be achieved, can inhibit beam deviation, achieve beam collimation, and enable a high-precision measurement method.
[0014] The collimator lens defined in the present invention has an input end positioned on the front side of the single-mode fiber-optic slip ring and an output end positioned on the rear side of the multi-mode fiber-optic slip ring. This present invention makes an investigation on three types of collimator lenses, that is, a metal-cased aspheric fiber-optic collimator lens, a metal-sleeved aspheric fiber-optic collimator lens, and a glass-sleeved fiber-optic collimator lens. Based on experimental results, their characteristics are summarized as follows. 1. The metal-cased aspheric fiber-optic collimator lens has characteristics of bigness in beam diameter (2mm) , long distance in operation, high coupling efficiency, bigness in volume and composition of metal. 2. The metal-sleeved aspheric fiber-optic collimator lens has characteristics of medium sizes in beam diameter, the maximum distance in operation (100mm) , the maximum size in beam diameter approximately (0.5mm) , medium coupling efficiency, compactness in volume, and existence of a metal sleeve. 3. The glass-sleeved fiber-optic collimator lens has characteristics of compactness in volume, metal-free, short distance in operation, low coupling efficiency and small sizes in beam diameter.
[0015] The present invention has the following beneficial effect.
[0016] The technical solution has advantages such as fast response, and strong resistance to electromagnetic interference, and makes it possible to inhibit beam deviation, achieve beam collimation, and enable high-precision measurement, by using the rotating structure and the fiber-optic slip ring.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0017] Fig. 1 is a diagram of the DC electric field sensing system.
[0018] DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF SOME EMBODIMENTS
[0019] A DC electric field sensing system with a rotating structure according to the present invention shown in Fig. 1 comprises a laser, a rotating structure, and a detector, wherein the rotating structure includes a single-mode fiber-optic slip ring, a collimator lens, a polarizer, a quarter-wave plate, acrystal, and a multi-mode fiber-optic slip ring.
[0020] The technical solution of the present invention adopts electro-optic sensing technology, so as to convert electric field signals into optical signals mainly based on one-time electro-optic effect, and separate and extract the electric field components through subsequent signal processing, and then perform reverse calculation to obtain an electric field intensity to be measured. The present invention employs one-time electro-optic effect of a crystal and principle of interferometric phase detection to convert an electric field signal to be measured into an optical intensity signal, then uses the detector to convert the optical intensity signal into an electrical signal, so as to facilitate subsequent signal acquisition and processing. In a linear operation range of an optoelectronic sensing unit, there is a linear relationship between an output voltage signal and the electric field to be measured, as follows. Uout=k1+k2Ez
[0021] In the above formula, Uout represents an output voltage signal; k1 represents a DC component output by a photodetector; k2 represents a proportionality coefficient between an electric field intensity and an output voltage; Ez is a modulated electric field intensity to be measured.
[0022] A fiber-optic slip ring is configured to transmit optical signals from a rotating platform to a stationary platform. In the present invention, the single-mode fiber-optic slip ring and the multi-mode fiber-optic slip ring play a role of the fiber-optic slip ring.
[0023] The fiber-optic slip ring uses an optical fiber as a transmission medium, and needs a device that can rotate 360-degree to guide and transmit optical signals, serving as the best technical solution for data transmission between any two system components that are rotationally connected with each other. Such a device is especially suitable for applications that require unlimited, continuous or intermittent rotation with necessity to transmit data and signals from a fixed position to a rotating position; therefore, it can improve mechanical performance, simplify system operation, and prevent damage to optical fibers caused by rotation of moving joints. The fiber-optic slip ring can be used in combination with a traditional electrical slip ring to form an optoelectronic hybrid slip ring, so as to transmit power and high-speed data. Fiber-optic connectors can be chosen from FC,SC, ST, SMA, and LC.
[0024] The crystal serves as a core component of the technical solution in the present invention, and play a role of converting an external electric field signal into an optical signal; therefore, its performance directly influences the electro-optical sensing unit in terms of sensitivity, measurement ranges, adaptability to environmental temperature, and the like. For this reason, in cases of selecting an electro-optic crystal, we shall primarily consider the following factors. 1. Whether it has good optical transmission performance, minimal light intensity loss of an optical path caused by reflection and absorption, and uniform crystal texture. 2. Whether it has a relatively big electro-optic coefficient, high electro-optic effect under the conditions of the same optical path, and advantages of improving sensitivity of sensors and achieving miniaturization of sensors. 3. Whether it has stable physical and chemical properties. The electro-optic crystals should have a high hardness and a melting point with resistance to photodecomposition and deliquescence, and a high optical damage threshold, which makes it easy to package a sensor and improve operational stability.
[0025] For the technical solution of the present invention, we have investigated three types of crystals, beta barium borate (BBO) , potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) , and lithium niobate (LN) . The KDP crystal has characteristics of relative bigness in electro-optic coefficient and excellence in optical transmission ability, but existence of natural birefringence, proneness to deliquescence, and poorness in environmental stability. The BBO crystal has characteristics of existence of natural birefringence due to its negative uniaxial nature, extreme lowness in absorption coefficient, weakness in piezoelectric ringing effect, excellence in temperature stability, stableness in physical and chemical properties, resistance to deliquescence, excellence in optical transmission, and bigness in laser damage threshold, and has disadvantages of limitation of an ideal application wavelength band as 3μm-5μm, relative smallness in electro-optic coefficient, and less usability to make high-sensitivity sensors. The LN crystal has characteristics of excellence in physical and chemical stability, height in transmittance up to 98%within a 400-5000 nm wavelength range, and bigness in electro-optic coefficient despite existence of natural birefringence; therefore, the LN crystal is a preferred material for making high-sensitivity electro-optic sensing units. The basic parameters are shown in Table 1.
[0026] Table 1. Basic Parameters of the Crystal
[0027] Regarding an electric field intensity to be measured under 100 kV / m=100 V / mm, we set a half-wave voltage as 10,000 V, and its linear zone voltage as 1,000 V. At this time, a theoretical error of nonlinear measurement can reach about 1.6%. A crystal length is calculated as 19 mm by way of using a half-wave voltage formula of a sensor with a transverse electro-optic effect. Therefore, an electrode of the crystal acts as an induction electrode plate, with a length of 19 mm, athickness of 100 nm, and an interelectrode distance as d=10 mm. Given that the electric field intensity to be measured is E, and an induced voltage between the electrode plates is U, there is U=E*d.
[0028] The electrode of the crystal sensor can be regarded as a voltage source controlled by the electric field intensity to be measured. Since the crystal sensor has very high internal resistance, whether to use a high-insulation switch and a related circuit that have a sufficiently high input impedance and strictly prevent charge leakage becomes a key to controlling an induced voltage signal itself generated. A discharge time constant through estimation is approximately on the order of seconds. In cases of switching off, a capacitor is charged, and the insulation resistance of the crystal and the switch is bigger than 1012Ω, so their charging time constant is quite big; therefore, the time for sampling electric fields after switching off mainly depends on the drift time of the charges within the crystal. A switch MRE05-2A79-HI from Mencke company may be used as the high-insulation switch having a control voltage of5V and an overall insulation resistance of up to 100 TΩ.
[0029] In the technical solution of the present invention, the polarizer is arranged behind the crystal, and a light intensity of an output ray varies with a phase difference. One quarter-wave plate whose optical axis lies in the same direction as the optical axis of the crystal is arranged before the crystal. The quarter-wave plate performs a function of introducing a 90°inherent phase difference between an o-ray and an e-ray, which is equivalent to a DC bias of one unit of light intensity. When an applied electric field intensity is much smaller than a half-wave voltage, the electro-optic sensing unit lies in a linear operation zone. As calculated, when an applied electric field lies within a range [-Eπ / 2, Eπ / 2] , a nonlinear error is 18%; when an applied electric field lies within a range [-Eπ / 10, Eπ / 10] , a nonlinear error is 1.6%; when an applied electric field lies within a range [-Eπ / 12, Eπ / 12] , a nonlinear error is 0.1%. Based on the characteristics of the electric field to be measured, it is possible to effectively adjust a half-wave voltage of the electro-optic sensing unit by reasonably designing parameters such as a laser wavelength and a crystal length, so as to keep input-output nonlinear errors within an acceptable range.
[0030] After an output optical signal is transmitted to reach the detector, the latter converts a laser signal modulated by the electro-optic sensing unit into an electrical signal, enabling subsequent signals to be collected and processed. The core component of the detector is a photodiode. During actual measurement, changes in light intensity caused by the electro-optic effect are generally on the order ofμW, easily causing interference under dark current noise of the photodiode and leading to a decrease in signal-to-noise ratio. Therefore, in cases of designing a detection circuit, it is usual to adopt a high-voltage anti-bias topology, which on one hand increases the response speed of the detector, and on the other hand enhances detection sensitivity. A proper design makes it possible to achieve equivalent noise power to meet requirements. Under the conditions of good optical transmission, a low amplification gain is used at subsequent stages as much as possible, so as to reduce noise introduced by an amplifier circuit in the photodetector.
[0031] It is essential for the present invention to perform encasement. In order to enhance the overall mechanical strength of the electro-optical sensing unit, ensure stability of each optical components during measurement, and improve ease of use, the collimator lens, the polarizer, the quarter-wave plate, the crystal, and other optical components are encased in a hollow casing made of acrylic material. The casing is machined by CNC equipment, which performs precise slotting to match geometric shapes of optical components, ensuring that an angular relationship of an optical axe between any two components and collimation of an optical path meet design requirements. A laser beam from an encased electro-optic sensing unit is input through a single-mode optical fiber and is modulated by the electro-optic sensing unit under an applied electric field. The light intensity changes with the applied electric field and is output through a multimode optical fiber. Fiber-optic transmission makes it possible to arrange a laser source and a photodetector in an area far from a strong electric field, reducing electromagnetic interference during measurement and enabling accurate measurement of electric field signals.
[0032] The rotating structure defined in the present invention is a core and key of the technical solution. A DC electric field sensing system needs the rotating structure to achieve measurement. However, the rotating structure has a relatively large spatial gap, especially for the measurement to a strong DC electric field, it is impossible to use metal components in the rotating structure; instead, plastic components are typically used and produce larger gaps. Beam deviation occurs during rotation, causing the beam to be unable to collimate. The way of using the fiber-optic slip ring to turn to an interface where seamless operation can be achieved, can inhibit beam deviation, achieve beam collimation, and enable a high-precision measurement method.
[0033] The stability of the laser light source acting as a reference light source for the sensor is crucial. In this embodiment, we use a FC / PC fiber-optic output interface having a central wavelength of 1550 nm, output power adjustable within 20 mW, an output power error less than 0.03 dB, and an output spectral linewidth less than 1 nm. A lithium niobate crystal serving as a core component of the electro-optic sensing unit is configured to maximize the sensitivity of the electro-optic sensing unit. A pair of polarizers whose polarization directions are perpendicular to each other are arranged inside the electro-optic sensing unit, and configured to achieve interferometric phase detection. Apolarizing beam-splitting prism serving as a polarizer and an analyzer in an optical path operates at a wavelength of 1550 nm and has an end face coated with anti-reflection laser coating whose transmittance is more than 95%. A quarter-wave plate in the optical path of the electro-optical sensing unit introduces an inherent phase difference ofπ / 2 between an o-ray and an e-ray, thereby adjusting an operation point of the electro-optical sensing unit into an optimal linear zone. A fiber-optic collimator lens is used to collimate a beam from an optical fiber into a free space and then to recouple the collimated beam back into the optical fiber for transmission at the end. An optical fiber is chosen as a medium for transmitting optical signals because it has advantages such as low loss, light weight, and strong resistance to electromagnetic interference; therefore, it is widely used in communication and sensing fields and can achieve long-distance signal transmission. A slip ring connector is configured to achieve flexible connection of optical fibers, making it easy to adjust the sensor's attitude and enable a sensor to rotate. A remote monitoring unit mainly enable output signals to be controlled and measured. Operators control a remote switch to be off and on or a sensor to rotate to eliminate charge drift by means of a command transmitter connected to an industrial control computer, and measure and record an output signal while controlling the switch to be on, so as to achieve measuring the DC electric field.
[0034] The collimator lens defined in the present invention has an input end positioned on the front side of the single-mode fiber-optic slip ring and an output end positioned on the rear side of the multi-mode fiber-optic slip ring. This present invention makes an investigation on three types of collimator lenses, that is, a metal-cased aspheric fiber-optic collimator lens, a metal-sleeved aspheric fiber-optic collimator lens, and a glass-sleeved fiber-optic collimator lens. Based on experimental results, their characteristics are summarized as follows. 1. The metal-cased aspheric fiber-optic collimator lens has characteristics of bigness in beam diameter (2mm) , long distance in operation, high coupling efficiency, bigness in volume and composition of metal. 2. The metal-sleeved aspheric fiber-optic collimator lens has characteristics of medium sizes in beam diameter, the maximum distance in operation (100mm) , the maximum size in beam diameter approximately (0.5mm) , medium coupling efficiency, compactness in volume, and existence of a metal sleeve. 3. The glass-sleeved fiber-optic collimator lens has characteristics of compactness in volume, metal-free, short distance in operation, low coupling efficiency and small sizes in beam diameter.
[0035] In this embodiment, we use a 1550nm single-mode fiber-coupled single-frequency high-precision laser source, with a linewidth up to 100 kHz and fiber-coupled output power up to 40 mW. This laser has characteristics such as compactness in structure, narrowness in linewidth, and high quality in beam. In addition, an advanced design for stabilizing cavities is adopted to ensure high-stability output of lasers. Moreover, the way of single-mode fiber coupling output is adopted for the laser and an FC / PC fiber interface is used, enabling adjustment through an RS232 serial port and making operation flexible and convenient.
[0036] The detector serves as a main device used to measure laser intensity. When the laser irradiates a photosensitive area of the photodetector, inside which a photodiode can convert a light intensity signal into a voltage signal, so as to facilitate subsequently collecting and processing signals. In this embodiment, a PDA10CS-EC photodetector produced by THORLABS is selected. This type of photodetectors has a photosensitive area of 1 mm2, a laser wavelength detectable within 900~1700 nm,a maximum noise of500μV, a bandwidth up to 17 MHz, amplification gains adjustable within the range of 70 dB, and an output voltage proportional to the laser intensity, and it can be connected to devices such as oscilloscopes through a BNC interface, facilitating collecting and processing signals.
[0037] Experimental results show that the technical solution has advantages such as fast response, and strong resistance to electromagnetic interference, and makes it possible to inhibit beam deviation, achieve beam collimation, and enable high-precision measurement, by using the rotating structure and the fiber-optic slip ring.
Claims
1.A DC electric field sensing system with a rotating structure, comprising a laser, a rotating structure, and a detector, wherein the rotating structure includes a single-mode fiber-optic slip ring, a collimator lens, a polarizer, a quarter-wave plate, a crystal, and a multi-mode fiber-optic slip ring.2.The DC electric field sensing system with a rotating structure according to claim 1, wherein the polarizer is arranged behind the crystal, and one quarter-wave plate whose optical axis lies in the same direction as the optical axis of the crystal is arranged before the crystal.3.The DC electric field sensing system with a rotating structure according to claim 1, wherein the crystal is of barium metaborate, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, or lithium niobate.4.The DC electric field sensing system with a rotating structure according to claim 1, wherein the collimator lens has an input end positioned on the front side of the single-mode fiber-optic slip ring and an output end positioned on the rear side of the multi-mode fiber-optic slip ring.5.The DC electric field sensing system with a rotating structure according to claim 1, wherein the collimator lens is a metal-cased aspheric fiber-optic collimator lens, a metal-sleeved aspheric fiber-optic collimator lens,or a glass-sleeved fiber-optic collimator lens.