Horticultural and agricultural facility in which wavelength-selective organic solar cell module is installed

Abstract

The purpose of the present invention is to provide a horticultural and agricultural facility which utilizes a wavelength-selective organic solar cell and in which it is possible to achieve both power generation and crop growth. Disclosed, as one embodiment of the present invention, is a horticultural and agricultural facility characterized in that the exterior of the horticultural and agricultural facility is covered by or a roof portion or a wall portion of the horticultural and agricultural facility is constructed by a wavelength-selective organic solar cell module including a photovoltaic layer having an SG value of at least 0.3 as calculated from equation 1 in a transmission spectrum, or the interior of the horticultural and agricultural facility is covered by and 10-100% of the total area of the roof portion and the wall portion is occupied by the wavelength-selective organic solar cell module. (In the equation, symbols are as defined in the specification.)

Description

Horticultural agricultural facility equipped with a wavelength-selective organic solar cell module

[0001] The present invention relates to a horticultural agricultural facility equipped with a wavelength-selective organic solar cell module as one of the embodiments of the invention.

[0002] In horticultural agricultural facilities, the production capacity of agricultural crops is higher than that of open-field cultivation. On the other hand, energy for facility operation such as temperature control is required, and the use of a large amount of fossil fuels poses a problem in terms of cost increase and CO ,

[0004] reduction. As an energy source to replace fossil fuels in agriculture, for example, solar sharing or agricultural solar cells installed in combination on agricultural land, such as pn-junction silicon-based solar cells installed on the roofs of houses, have been proposed. However, since silicon solar cells are heavy, a mounting base is required for installation, and they are not suitable for installation in horticultural agricultural facilities. Furthermore, depending on the material and structure of the above silicon-based solar cells, they generally absorb light in the range of 300 nm to 1100 nm of sunlight, and also absorb light in the blue region (400 - 500 nm) and red region (600 - 700 nm) necessary for plant photosynthesis and use it for power generation. Therefore, it is common to install them juxtaposed with the plant cultivation area, reducing the cultivation area for solar cell installation. Consequently, the production volume of agricultural crops has decreased as a result of power generation.

[0003] On the other hand, research and development of organic thin-film solar cells using organic semiconductor materials are actively underway. When using organic semiconductor materials, there are features such as being able to fabricate a thin-film organic semiconductor layer by a simple method such as a printing method or a spin coating method, which is a wet process. Compared with inorganic semiconductor materials, there are advantages such as lower manufacturing costs, large area, lightweight, thin, and excellent flexibility, and an organic thin-film solar cell can be manufactured. Furthermore, the light absorption wavelength of organic semiconductor materials can be relatively freely controlled by molecular design, and materials and organic thin-film solar cells (hereinafter abbreviated as "wavelength-selective organic solar cells") that can generate electricity in the green region and long wavelength region that plants do not use for photosynthesis have been developed as shown in Patent Documents 1, 2, 3 and Non-Patent Documents 1 - 6.

[0004] With these technological developments, wavelength-selective organic solar cell modules, which can select the wavelength range for power generation, have been explored for their potential to be installed in horticultural facilities to simultaneously generate electricity from green sunlight and enable plant photosynthesis using transmitted blue and red light (Non-Patent Document 7).

[0005] International Publication No. 2019 / 039369, Japanese Patent Publication No. 2018-161044, Japanese Patent No. 7029721

[0006] Solar Energy, Vol. 44, p. 49 (2018) Journal of Japan Solar Energy Society, 45(1), 101-107 (2019) Joule 5, 945-957 (2021) American Journal of Botany 100, 70-78 (2013) ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. 11, 1548-1556 (2023) Faraday Discuss., 250, 220-232 (2024) Japan Science and Technology Agency, Future Society Creation Project New Technology Briefing "Development of Wavelength Selective Organic Solar Cells for Agricultural Greenhouses" (May 12, 2023)

[0007] However, despite the above expectations, no concrete methods have yet been provided regarding which specific wavelength-selective organic solar cells to select and in what manner to install them in horticultural facilities to realize the above possibilities. Therefore, the realization of horticultural facilities utilizing wavelength-selective solar cells that can achieve both power generation and crop cultivation has been eagerly awaited in this field.

[0008] The inventors of the present invention have diligently pursued the search for suitable wavelength-selective organic solar cells and the optimal installation configuration for horticultural facilities to achieve the above-mentioned problems. They have found that the above-mentioned problems can be solved by a favorable combination of both, and have completed the present invention. The present invention will be described below by sequentially showing specific embodiments of the present invention. However, these embodiments are examples of representative forms, and the present invention is not limited thereto.

[0009] [1] A horticultural facility, in which S is calculated from the following formula 1 in the transmission spectrum Ｇ A horticultural facility characterized in that the outside of the horticultural facility is covered with wavelength-selective organic solar cell modules, which include a photovoltaic layer (hereinafter sometimes referred to as "organic photovoltaic layer," "organic power generation layer," or "power generation layer") having a value of 0.3 or higher, or the roof and walls of the horticultural facility are constructed with such modules, or the inside of the horticultural facility is covered with such modules, and 10% to 10% or more of the total area of ​​the roof and walls is occupied by wavelength-selective organic solar cell modules.

[0010]

[0011] (In Equation 1, T represents transmittance, and N is set such that the sum of the first, second, and third terms equals 1.) Ｇ , N ＲＢ , and N ＲＧＢλ∈G indicates the number of data points in the wavelength range of 500-600 nm, 400-500 nm and 600-700 nm, and 400-700 nm, respectively; λ∈RB indicates that the calculation is performed in the wavelength range of 500-600 nm; λ∈RB indicates that the calculation is performed in the ranges of 400-500 nm and 600-700 nm; λ∈RGB indicates that the calculation is performed in the range of 400-700 nm; and Σ(1-T) indicates that the values ​​of (1-T) are integrated.) [2] The horticultural agricultural facility described in [1] above, wherein the horticultural agricultural facility is an agricultural greenhouse having a frame and a structure covered with agricultural film. [3] The horticultural agricultural facility according to [1] or [2] above, wherein the horticultural agricultural facility has a structure in which the frame is mainly assembled of pipes and is covered with an agricultural film, and the inside of the covering of the agricultural film is covered with wavelength-selective organic solar cell modules. [4] The horticultural agricultural facility according to [2] or [3] above, wherein the agricultural film is at least one agricultural film selected from agricultural polyolefin film, agricultural polyvinyl chloride film, and agricultural fluorine-based film. [5] The horticultural agricultural facility according to [1] above, wherein the horticultural agricultural facility is a greenhouse having a structure in which the frame and the roof and / or wall portions are made of glass plates and / or polymer sheets. [6] The horticultural agricultural facility described in [5] above, wherein the frame is mainly constructed of skylights, ridge beams, and / or valley gutter members, and the ceiling and / or sides are made of glass plates and / or polymer sheets, and wavelength-selective organic solar cell modules are installed close to the roof or installed in a planar manner at a height of 50% or more of the highest height of the ridge.

[0012] [7] The horticultural facility according to any one of [1] to [6] above, wherein the horticultural facility further comprises environmental measuring sensors for continuously measuring the environment within the facility. [8] The horticultural facility according to [7] above, wherein the environmental measuring sensor is at least one sensor selected from a temperature sensor, humidity sensor, illuminance sensor, carbon dioxide gas concentration sensor, soil temperature sensor, growing point temperature sensor, vapor pressure deficit sensor, soil fertilizer concentration sensor, soil pH sensor, and soil moisture sensor, and 50% or more of the power to drive the sensor can be supplied by power generated by a wavelength-selective organic solar cell module. [9] The horticultural facility according to [7] or [8] above, wherein the horticultural facility further comprises a device for transmitting and receiving data from environmental measuring sensors to a data center outside the horticultural facility via at least one selected from wired, wireless, or individual storage devices.

[0013]

[10] A horticultural agricultural facility according to any one of [1] to [9] above, wherein the horticultural agricultural facility further has an environmental control device for controlling the environment inside the facility.

[11] The environmental control device includes an irrigation system, a ventilation system, a heater, a heat pump, a spraying system, a water supply system, a light control device, a temperature control device, a humidity control device, and a CO2 control device. ２ A horticultural facility according to

[10] above, comprising at least one device selected from a concentration control device, an airflow control device, a soil moisture control device, and a soil fertilizer amount control device, wherein 50% or more of the power required to drive the device is supplied by power generated by a wavelength-selective organic solar cell module.

[12] A horticultural facility according to

[10] or

[11] above, further comprising a device that transmits and receives data for controlling an environmental control device from a control device outside the horticultural facility via at least one selected from wired, wireless, or individual storage devices.

[13] A horticultural facility according to any one of [1] to

[12] above, for the cultivation of crops or flowers.

[0014] "An agricultural facility for horticulture with a wavelength-selective organic solar cell module installed", provided as one of the embodiments of the present invention, can generate solar power while achieving sufficient growth of crops without reducing the area for growing crops. Therefore, it can create an environment suitable for growing crops even in areas without commercial power, and can also control the environment to be favorable for crop growth, contributing to an increase in crop yield. Thus, it is extremely useful for agricultural production.

[0015] FIG. 1 shows the results of calculating the number of photons at 400 - 500 nm, the number of photons at 600 - 700 nm, and the photocurrent generated by light at 500 - 600 nm using the transmission spectrum of the发电层 A in Reference Example 2 below, by changing the occupancy area ratio per unit area of direct light and transmitted light. FIG. 2 shows the results of examining the effect on the photosynthesis rate when leaves are covered with a wavelength-selective organic solar cell module in Example 10(2) below.

[0016] Hereinafter, the present invention will be specifically described based on embodiments, but the present invention is not limited to these. Those skilled in the art can change the embodiments of the present invention in various ways without departing from the meaning of the present invention, and such changes are also included in the scope of the present invention.

[0017] One embodiment disclosed by the present invention is "an agricultural facility for horticulture, comprising a wavelength-selective organic solar cell module including a photovoltaic layer having an S value calculated from the following formula 1 in the transmission spectrum Ｇ such that the outer side of the agricultural facility for horticulture is covered, or the roof part and wall part of the agricultural facility for horticulture are constructed, or the inner side of the agricultural facility for horticulture is covered, and 10% or more but 100% or less of the total area of the roof part and wall part is occupied by the wavelength-selective organic solar cell module."

[0018]

[0019] (In formula 1, T represents the transmittance, and N Ｇ , N ＲＢ , and N ＲＧＢThe following describes this embodiment in detail.

[0020] <S Ｇ Wavelength-selective organic solar cell module including a photovoltaic layer with a value of 0.3 or more > The wavelength-selective organic solar cell module in this embodiment is exemplified by the following structure. The constituent members are exemplified in order from the bottom layer: (1) a transparent or translucent flexible substrate, (2) a first current collector electrode, (3) an electron transport layer, (4) an organic photovoltaic layer, (5) a hole transport layer, and (6) a second current collector electrode. Alternatively, the structure may be in the reverse order: (1) a transparent or translucent flexible substrate, (2) a first current collector electrode, (3) a hole transport layer, (4) an organic photovoltaic layer, (5) an electron transport layer, and (6) a second current collector electrode. Components other than the organic photovoltaic layer may be omitted if the module's characteristics do not significantly deteriorate. Furthermore, if necessary, it is preferable to cover both sides with a water vapor and / or oxygen barrier film from the viewpoint of increasing the durability of the wavelength-selective organic solar cell module.

[0021] Furthermore, for installation in horticultural facilities, it is preferable to provide fasteners that allow connection to pipes and columnar structures constituting the horticultural facilities, as well as holes and eyelets around the outer circumference of the power generation layer of the module.

[0022] (Transparent or translucent flexible substrate) The flexible substrate of this embodiment is preferably in the form of a thin plate or film, substantially transparent or translucent in the wavelength range of 400 nm to 1000 nm, and bendable to a radius of curvature of 2 cm. The flexible substrate is preferably made from a material that does not undergo chemical changes when solar cells and solar cell modules are manufactured. Examples of flexible substrates include ultrathin glass substrates, plastic substrates, silicon substrates, polymer films, and combinations thereof. Polymer films are particularly preferred. Specifically, examples include polyesters such as polyethylene terephthalate, polyamides, polysulfones, polyethersulfones, polyetheretherketones, polyphenylene sulfide, polycarbonate, polyimide, polymethyl methacrylate, polystyrene, triacetylcellulose, and polymethylpentene.

[0023] The flexible substrate may contain components and materials for adjusting the wavelength, intensity, and temperature of light incident on the growing space. Examples of such components and materials include ultraviolet absorbers, ultraviolet reflectors, ultraviolet shielding films (e.g., SUV400 Neutral 70 from BRAINTEC, INC.), and ultraviolet reflective films for adjusting the amount of ultraviolet light incident on phototrophic organisms, which is generally considered harmful to them.

[0024] Examples of materials for the first or second current collector electrode formed on the flexible substrate include metal oxides and conductive polymers. Examples of metal oxides include indium oxide, zinc oxide, tin oxide, and their composites: indium tin oxide (ITO), indium zinc oxide (IZO), and gallium-doped zinc oxide (GZO).

[0025] Examples of conductive polymers include PEDOT (poly-3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) / polystyrene sulfonic acid composites and polyaniline / polystyrene sulfonic acid composites.

[0026] Furthermore, the first or second current collector electrode may consist solely of conductive nanoparticles, nanowires, or nanofibers, or it may have a configuration in which conductive nanoparticles, nanowires, or nanofibers are dispersed in a predetermined medium such as a conductive polymer. In addition, for the advantage of improving the current collection performance of the first or second current collector electrode, current collection power may be used by printing a mesh-like structure using an ink in which metal fine particles or metal nanoparticles are dispersed in a binder such as a polymer and an organic solvent.

[0027] From the viewpoint of obtaining high photoelectric conversion efficiency, the material of the first or second current collector electrode is preferably ITO, IZO, GZO, tin oxide, silver nanowire, silver particles, silver nanoparticles, or carbon nanotube electrode.

[0028] (Electron transport layer) From the viewpoint of improving the efficiency of electron transport from the photoelectric conversion layer to the cathode and suppressing cathode delamination, it is preferable that the wavelength-selective organic solar cell according to this embodiment includes an electron transport layer between the photoelectric conversion layer and the cathode.

[0029] The electron transport layer includes an electron transport material. The electron transport material may be an organic compound or an inorganic compound. The electron transport material, if it is an organic compound, may be a low-molecular-weight compound or a high-molecular-weight compound.

[0030] Examples of low-molecular-weight organic compounds that are electron-transporting materials include oxadiazole derivatives, anthraquinodimethane and its derivatives, benzoquinone and its derivatives, naphthoquinone and its derivatives, anthraquinone and its derivatives, tetracyanoanthraquinodimethane and its derivatives, fluorenone derivatives, diphenyldicyanoethylene and its derivatives, diphenoquinone derivatives, metal complexes of 8-hydroxyquinoline and its derivatives, fullerenes and their derivatives, and phenanthrene derivatives such as bathocuproine.

[0031] Examples of polymer compounds among organic polymer compounds that are electron transport materials include polyvinylcarbazole and its derivatives, polysilane and its derivatives, polysiloxane derivatives having aromatic amine residues in the side chain or main chain, polyaniline and its derivatives, polythiophene and its derivatives, polypyrrole and its derivatives, polyphenylene vinylene and its derivatives, polythienylene vinylene and its derivatives, polyquinoline and its derivatives, polyquinoxaline and its derivatives, polyfluorene and its derivatives, PEIE (polyethyleneimine ethoxylate), and PEI (polyethyleneimine).

[0032] Among these, polyfluorene derivatives, PEIE (polyethyleneimine ethoxylate), and PEI (polyethyleneimine) are preferred as electron transport materials that are organic compounds, from the viewpoint of obtaining high photoelectric conversion efficiency.

[0033] Examples of inorganic compounds that act as electron transport materials include zinc oxide, titanium oxide, zirconium oxide, tin oxide, indium oxide, ITO, FTO (fluorine-doped tin oxide), GZO (gallium-doped zinc oxide), ATO (antimond-doped tin oxide), and AZO (aluminum-doped zinc oxide). Among these, zinc oxide, gallium-doped zinc oxide, or aluminum-doped zinc oxide are preferred, and it is more preferable to use nanoparticles of zinc oxide, gallium-doped zinc oxide, or aluminum-doped zinc oxide. The average particle size of the nanoparticles of zinc oxide, gallium-doped zinc oxide, or aluminum-doped zinc oxide is preferably 1 nm to 1000 nm, and more preferably 10 nm to 100 nm. This average particle size can be measured by laser light scattering or X-ray diffraction.

[0034] In the wavelength-selective organic solar cell of this embodiment, the electron transport layer preferably has a transmittance of 10% or more, more preferably 30% or more, and even more preferably 50% or more, for light with wavelengths of 400 nm to 1000 nm, from the viewpoint of ensuring the amount of light incident on phototrophic organisms and the amount of light converted into photoelectricity by the solar cell. From the viewpoint of the efficiency of electron transport from the photoelectric conversion layer to the cathode, the thickness of the electron transport layer is preferably about 0.1 nm to 300 nm, and more preferably 1 nm to 100 nm.

[0035] (Organic photovoltaic layer) The organic photovoltaic layer that can be used in this embodiment is calculated by the following formula 1 S Ｇ The value is preferably 0.3 or higher, and more preferably 0.4 or higher. Here, S Ｇ The maximum value is 3.

[0036]

[0037] (In Equation 1, T represents transmittance, and N is set such that the sum of the first, second, and third terms equals 1.) Ｇ , N ＲＢ , and N ＲＧＢ The values ​​of λ and RB indicate the number of data points in the wavelength ranges of 500-600 nm, 400-500 nm, 600-700 nm, and 400-700 nm, respectively. λ∈G indicates that the calculation is performed in the 500-600 nm wavelength range, λ∈RB indicates that the calculation is performed in the 400-500 nm and 600-700 nm ranges, λ∈RGB indicates that the calculation is performed in the 400-700 nm range, and Σ(1-T) indicates that the value of (1-T) is integrated. The transmission spectrum of the organic power generation layer can be measured using a spectrophotometer with the organic power generation layer deposited on a transparent substrate in the 400-700 nm range, for example, on a glass plate.

[0038] The organic photovoltaic layer in this embodiment includes an electron-donating compound and an electron-accepting compound. At least one of the electron-donating compound and the electron-accepting compound must absorb light in the range of 500-600 nm, and it is necessary to separate electrons and holes between the electron-donating compound and the electron-accepting compound. This can be achieved by appropriately selecting the highest occupied orbital level (HOMO) and the lowest unoccupied orbital level (LUMO) of the electron-donating compound and the electron-accepting compound, respectively. The HOMO level can be measured by photoelectron spectroscopy of the thin film of the material, and the LUMO can be measured by inverse photoelectron spectroscopy.

[0039] As electron-donating and electron-accepting compounds, it is preferable that they be soluble in a solvent, since an organic photovoltaic layer is to be formed on a flexible substrate. Furthermore, since it is necessary to separate the electron-donating and electron-accepting compounds into holes and electrons after photoexcitation and transfer electrons and holes to and from the electron transport layer and hole transport layer, these compounds are selected relatively based on their energy levels.

[0040] The electron-donating compounds can be used in combination of one or more types. Furthermore, in order to enhance the hole transport properties of the organic photovoltaic layer, low-molecular-weight compounds and / or high-molecular-weight compounds can be mixed and used in the organic photovoltaic layer as electron-donating compounds and / or electron-accepting compounds. The electron-donating compounds and electron-accepting compounds are determined relatively from the energy levels of their respective energy levels.

[0041] Examples of the electron-donating compounds include poly-3-hexylthiophene (P3HT), poly-p-phenylenevinylene, poly-alkoxy-p-phenylenevinylene, poly-9,9-dialkylfluorene, and poly-p-phenylenevinylene. Examples of donor units in donor-acceptor type π-conjugated polymers include benzothiophene, dithienosilol, and N-alkylcarbazole, while examples of acceptor units include benzothiadiazole, thienothiophene, and thiophenepyrroledione. Specifically, combinations of these units include poly(thieno[3,4-b]thiophene-co-benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']thiophene) (PTBx series) and poly(dithieno[1 Examples of polymer compounds include ,2-b:4,5-b'][3,2-b:2',3'-d]silol-alt-(2,1,3-benzothiadiazole) compounds. Among these, preferred are poly({4,8-bis[(2-ethylhexyl)oxy]benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']dithiophen-2,6-diyl}{3-fluoro-2-[(2-ethylhexyl)carbonyl]thieno[3,4-b]thiophendiyl}) (PTB7), poly[ 4,8-di(2-ethylhexyloxy)benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']dithiophene]-2,6-diyl-alt-((5-octylthieno[3,4-c]pyrrole-4,6-dione)-1,3-diyl)(PBCTTPD), poly[(4,4'-bis(2-ethylhexyl)dithieno[3,2-b:2',3'-d]silole)-2,6-diyl-alt-(2,1,3-benzothiadiazole-4,7-diyl)(PSBTBT), poly[N Examples include -9''-heptadecanyl-2,7-carbazole-alt-5,5-(4',7'-di-2-thienyl-2',1',3'-benzothiadiazole)] (PCDTBT), and poly[1-(6-{4,8-bis[(2-ethylhexyl)oxy]-6-methylbenzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']dithiophen-2-yl}{3-fluoro-4-methylthieno[3,4-b]thiophen-2-yl}-1-octanone) (PBDTTT-CF).

[0042] Examples of electron-accepting compounds of the present invention include compounds having naphthobistiadianazole derivatives and polymer compounds containing naphthobistiadianazole and its derivatives as repeating units, and naphthobistiadianazole and its derivatives may be fluorine-substituted.

[0043] Specific examples of suitable electron-donating compounds and suitable electron-accepting compounds in this embodiment are shown below for reference. However, electron-donating compounds and electron-accepting compounds are not limited to these. A suitable electron-donating compound in this embodiment is, for example, poly-3-hexylthiophene (P3HT). A suitable electron-accepting compound in this embodiment is, for example, the following compound (I) described in Japanese Patent Publication No. 7029721.

[0044]

[0045] (In the formula, each symbol is as described in the above patent specification.) Among these, particularly preferred compounds include the compound described in "Reference Example 1" in the "Examples" section below.

[0046] Another preferred electron-accepting compound in this embodiment is, for example, the following compound (I) described in International Publication No. 2021 / 230035.

[0047]

[0048] (In the formula, each symbol is as described in the above patent application specification.) Among these, the compound described in "Synthesis Example 3" in the "Examples" section below is particularly preferred.

[0049] Other specific examples include the compounds described in "Synthesis Examples 1 and 2" in the "Examples" section below.

[0050] Those skilled in the art can implement this embodiment without requiring any particular trial and error by preparing an organic photovoltaic layer by appropriately selecting electron-accepting compounds and electron-donating compounds in accordance with the guidance described above.

[0051] (Hole Transport Layer) Examples of the hole transport layer (hole extraction layer) in this embodiment include conductive polymers such as PEDOT (poly-3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) / polystyrene sulfonic acid composite, polyrol, polyaniline, polyfuran, polypyridine, and polycarbazole; inorganic compounds such as MoO3 and WO3; organic semiconductor molecules such as phthalocyanines and porphyrins and their derivatives; transition metal complexes; charge transfer agents such as triphenylamine compounds and hydrazine compounds; and charge transfer complexes such as TTF (tetrathiafulvalene); which are materials with high hole mobility.

[0052] <Manufacturing Method for Wavelength-Selective Organic Solar Cell Modules> There are no restrictions on the manufacturing method for the wavelength-selective organic solar cell module used in this embodiment, but it is common to fabricate one or more of the electron transport layer, organic photovoltaic layer, and hole transport layer from a solution.

[0053] The solvent used for film formation from solution is not particularly limited as long as it dissolves the electron-donating compound and electron-accepting compound that constitute the organic photovoltaic layer used in the present invention. Examples of such solvents include unsaturated hydrocarbon solvents such as toluene, xylene, mesitylene, tetralin, decalin, bicyclohexyl, n-butylbenzene, sec-butylbenzene, and tert-butylbenzene; halogenated saturated hydrocarbon solvents such as carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, dichloromethane, dichloroethane, chlorobutane, bromobutane, chloropentane, bromopentane, chlorohexane, bromohexane, chlorocyclohexane, and bromocyclohexane; halogenated unsaturated hydrocarbon solvents such as chlorobenzene, dichlorobenzene, and trichlorobenzene; and ether-type solvents such as tetrahydrofuran and tetrahydropyran. The electron-donating compound and electron-accepting compound of the present invention can usually be dissolved in the aforementioned solvent in a total amount of 0.1% by weight or more.

[0054] For film formation, coating methods such as spin coating, casting, microgravure coating, gravure coating, bar coating, die coating, roll coating, slit coating, wire bar coating, dip coating, spray coating, screen printing, gravure printing, flexographic printing, offset printing, inkjet printing, dispenser printing, nozzle coating, and capillary coating can be used, with flexographic printing, microgravure printing, inkjet printing, die coating, microgravure coating, and slit coating being preferred. The thickness of the organic photovoltaic layer is usually preferably 1 nm to 100 μm, more preferably 2 nm to 1000 nm, even more preferably 5 nm to 500 nm, and more preferably 20 nm to 300 nm.

[0055] Electron transport layers and hole transport layers can be fabricated in the same way as organic photovoltaic layers. However, when depositing one layer on top of another, it is effective to either select a solvent that does not dissolve the first layer, or to reduce the solubility of the first layer through heat treatment or other methods.

[0056] While wavelength-selective organic solar cell modules may be formed across the entire substrate, due to the increased resistance of the conductive material, it is preferable to use module structures specifically known as superstraight type, substrate type, or potting type. Typical superstraight type or substrate type module structures consist of organic photoelectric conversion modules arranged at regular intervals between substrates that are transparent on one or both sides and treated with an anti-reflective coating. The generated power is extracted to the outside of the module by connecting adjacent organic photoelectric conversion modules to each other.

[0057] To obtain the module with the above structure, first, the first current collector electrode is patterned. Generally, the flexible substrate is patterned so that it forms stripes in the longitudinal direction at regular intervals. Any suitable method can be used, such as photolithography and etching of a thin film of conductive material, or laser patterning. After patterning, the first current collector electrode is formed, consisting of multiple electrically isolated stripe-like patterns. The spacing between the stripe-like first current collector electrodes is generally 20 μm to 2 mm, but 0.1 to 1 mm is preferred.

[0058] Next, after cleaning the first current collector electrode, the electron transport layer, organic photovoltaic layer, and hole transport layer are deposited as described above. Subsequently, the electron transport layer, organic photovoltaic layer, and hole transport layer are removed between the stripes of the first current collector electrode and the adjacent stripes to form contact grooves that electrically connect to the second current collector electrode, which will be formed after the first current collector electrode. Examples of methods for forming the contact grooves include laser scribing and mechanical scribing. In this process, the contact grooves are not formed in the center between the stripes of the first current collector electrode, but rather at a shorter interval than the spacing between the stripes of the first current collector electrode, with one first current collector electrode exposed, while the adjacent first current collector electrode is covered by the electron transport layer, organic photovoltaic layer, and hole transport layer and not exposed.

[0059] Next, a second current collector electrode is formed by electrically connecting it to one adjacent first current collector electrode in the aforementioned contact groove, but not connecting it to the adjacent first current collector electrode on the opposite side. As for the formation method, there are no particular restrictions as long as the second current collector electrode is formed so that the striped wavelength-selective organic solar cells are connected in series, but screen printing can be suitably used in wavelength-selective organic solar cell modules using a flexible substrate.

[0060] Finally, to reduce the effects of moisture and oxygen, one or both sides of the wavelength-selective organic solar cell module manufactured with these barrier films are covered. If the flexible substrate used has water and oxygen barrier properties, it is sufficient to cover the side opposite the flexible substrate with the barrier film. If the flexible substrate does not have water and oxygen barrier properties, it is common practice to cover both sides with the barrier film.

[0061] The moisture permeability of the barrier film is 0.1 g / (m²). ２ / 24h) or less 0.00001g / (m ２ Preferably 0.01 to 0.0001 g / (m³) / 24h or more, and 0.01 to 0.0001 g / (m³) ２ ( / 24h) is more preferable. Also, the oxygen permeability of the barrier film should be 0.1 cc / (m ２ / day / atom) or less 0.00001cc / (m ２ ( / day / atom) is preferred, and 0.01 to 0.0001 cc / (m ２ ( / day / atom) is more preferable. When bonding a barrier film to a wavelength-selective organic solar cell module, thermosetting, photocuring, or thermoplastic adhesives can be used.

[0062] After manufacturing the wavelength-selective organic solar cell module, contact holes for extracting current from the first current collector electrode and the second main current electrode are formed by mechanical processing. Similarly, mounting hardware such as eyelets may be installed in parts other than the power generation section.

[0063] Furthermore, the method for manufacturing a wavelength-selective organic solar cell module that is consistent with the objectives of this embodiment is not limited to the method described above.

[0064] (Horticultural Facilities) Horticultural facilities include agricultural greenhouses, which consist of a frame constructed from wood or steel (mainly pipes) and agricultural film, and greenhouses, which consist of a frame and glass plates or polymer sheets, but are not limited to these. Wavelength-selective solar cell modules can also be used in agricultural greenhouses for tunnel cultivation, as long as they can be installed within a range that ensures sufficient space for crop growth.

[0065] Agricultural greenhouses typically have a frame constructed of metal pipes and are covered entirely with agricultural film. The side agricultural film can be opened and closed for sun protection and ventilation. Irrigation systems include irrigation tubes, sprinklers, or reel hoses. Furthermore, ventilation fans, heating and cooling systems, or humidifiers are installed for climate control. Sensors for measuring environmental conditions such as temperature, humidity, sunlight, and carbon dioxide, as well as cameras for monitoring crop growth, may also be installed. By processing the measurements and images from these various sensors, ventilation fans, heating and cooling systems, heating devices, carbon dioxide control devices, artificial light lighting systems, etc., can be appropriately controlled within the range supplied by the selective wavelength solar cell modules to create conditions suitable for crop growth inside the greenhouse. Furthermore, data can be communicated directly between the greenhouse and individual sensors, or data can be transmitted via a communication control device. By accumulating data sent from across the country, a system can be built to control crop cultivation under more optimal conditions using artificial intelligence, etc.

[0066] Commonly used agricultural films include agricultural vinyl film, agricultural polyethylene film, agricultural polyolefin film, and agricultural fluoropolymer film. Furthermore, agricultural films with transparent or textured surfaces are available, but textured films are preferred.

[0067] Greenhouses typically consist of frames made of aluminum or stainless steel, with semi-tempered glass or polycarbonate sheets covering the entire surface. The frames are usually constructed on a concrete foundation. They are equipped with sunshade curtains, fans, heating and cooling systems, and irrigation systems as needed.

[0068] <Installation of Wavelength-Selective Organic Solar Cell Modules> In the case of a typical agricultural greenhouse, where horticultural facilities consist of pipes and agricultural film, it is possible to use a greenhouse where part or all of the agricultural film is made up of wavelength-selective organic solar cell modules. However, since it can be easily used in existing agricultural greenhouses, a simple method is to attach the wavelength-selective organic solar cell modules to the pipes that make up the greenhouse, either on the outside or inside of the agricultural film. In this case, a simple method is to secure the modules to the pipes by passing string or cable ties through the installed grommets. They can also be further secured to the pipes with packers. The shape of the roof of the horticultural facility is not particularly limited, including the shape of the ceiling, but in the case of an arched agricultural greenhouse, the entire ceiling of the arch may be covered, or they may be installed only on the sides with high levels of sunlight. On the walls of the agricultural greenhouse, installation may be limited to the south side only. Long wavelength-selective solar cell modules may be installed, but short modules of about 20-50 cm can also be installed by folding them. The installation area for wavelength-selective organic solar cell modules should be determined by the power required for the agricultural greenhouse, etc., but it is desirable to install them in an area of ​​10% to less than 100% of the total area of ​​the roof and walls. More preferably, it should be 80% to 30%.

[0069] When installing wavelength-selective organic solar cell modules in an agricultural greenhouse, the ability to install them adjacent to pipes offers the advantage of ensuring sufficient space for crop growth and work. Regarding the placement of wavelength-selective organic solar cell modules within an agricultural greenhouse, if the entire greenhouse is not covered, it is efficient to consider the crop growth area when determining the installation location. They may also be installed with appropriate spacing.

[0070] In the case of a greenhouse for horticultural agricultural facilities, where the frame is made of glass plates or polymer sheets, wavelength-selective organic solar cell modules may be installed close to the ceiling (roof) (for example, by attaching them), or they may be installed planarly on a support structure at a certain height (for example, at least 50% of the highest height of the ridge), or suspended from the ceiling, as long as this does not narrow the growing space or working space. The installation area of ​​the wavelength-selective organic solar cell modules should be determined by the power required by the greenhouse, but it is desirable to install them in an area of ​​10% to 100% or less of the total area of ​​the ceiling and walls. More preferably, it is 80% to 30%.

[0071] <Installation of Environmental Measurement Sensors in Horticultural Facilities> In this embodiment, horticultural facilities may further have environmental measurement sensors for continuously measuring the environment within the facility. Examples of environmental measurement sensors used in horticultural facilities include sensors that measure temperature, humidity, illuminance, carbon dioxide gas, soil temperature, growing point temperature, vapor pressure deficit, fertilizer concentration in the soil (EC), soil pH, and soil moisture. Furthermore, imaging devices for image sensing that can monitor crop growth can also be used. One (one type) or two (two or more types) of these sensors may be used in a single horticultural facility. It is desirable to select and use these sensors according to the crop being cultivated. The type and number of sensors incorporated into the horticultural facility are determined by the power generation amount of the installed wavelength-selective organic solar cell module, but the measurement intervals, etc. should be adjusted so that the power supplied is 50% or more of the total rated power consumption of the sensors incorporated. In addition, the amount of power generated can be smoothed by using a storage battery. If the module cannot supply power, commercial power may be used as long as it is 50% or less of the power required to drive the sensors.

[0072] <Installation of Environmental Control Devices in Horticultural Facilities> In this embodiment, horticultural facilities may further have environmental control devices for controlling the environment within the facility. Examples of environmental control devices used in horticultural facilities include irrigation systems, ventilation systems, heaters, heat pumps, spraying systems, and water supply systems. Other environmental control devices include those for light, temperature, humidity, and CO2.２ It is also desirable to install devices that control environmental factors such as concentration, airflow, soil moisture, and soil fertilizer levels. In hydroponics, it is desirable to control fertilizers in the circulating water. For this purpose, air conditioners such as hot air heaters (including heat pumps), blowers, and circulating fans, as well as curtains for shading, heat retention, and humidity control, are used. One (Type 1) or two (Type 2 or more) of these environmental control devices may be used in a single horticultural facility. It is desirable to select and use these environmental control devices according to the crop being cultivated. The type and number of environmental control devices to be incorporated into a horticultural facility are determined by the power generation capacity of the installed wavelength-selective organic solar cell modules. However, if commercial power can be used from an external source, it is desirable to determine the type, performance, and number of control devices so that they can supply at least 50% of the total rated power consumption of the incorporated environmental control devices.

[0073] <Data collection within horticultural facilities, external data processing, and environmental control> It is preferable to send measurement data from environmental measurement sensors to external sources via wireless or wired communication or memory devices in order to store and process the data even outside the facility. Furthermore, it is preferable to control the environmental control device by communicating wirelessly or via wired communication from an external source, or to install control patterns in the control device through individual memory devices.

[0074] (Target crops for cultivation in horticultural facilities) The target crops for cultivation in the horticultural facilities of this embodiment are not particularly limited and can be anything that is generally cultivated in horticultural facilities, for example, crops and flowers can be used as targets for cultivation.

[0075] The following examples illustrate the present invention in more detail, but the present invention is not limited thereto. Those skilled in the art can modify embodiments of the present invention in various ways without departing from the meaning of the present invention, and such modifications are also included within the scope of the present invention.

[0076] [Reference Example 1] (Preparation of Wavelength Selective Organic Solar Cell Module A) 3 g of compound A for organic semiconductor material shown in the following formula was synthesized according to the example (compound 14) of Japanese Patent Publication No. 7029721.

[0077]

[0078] We purchased poly-3-hexylthiophene (hereinafter abbreviated as P3HT) with molecular weights ranging from 50,000 to 100,000 from Merck. We provided 3.5g of each to MORESCO Corporation, who prepared a 2.18 wt% chlorobenzene solution. MORESCO then used a die-coating method to deposit electron transport layers, organic photovoltaic layers, and hole transport layers onto a substrate of polyethylene terephthalate film coated with ITO. Silver mesh electrodes were then screen-printed to separate the modules. The modules were then sealed with two barrier layers using lamination. As a result, 18 wavelength-selective organic solar cell modules with an effective width of 30 cm and a length of 95 cm were manufactured under contract. The actual dimensions of the modules were 40 cm wide and 100 cm long. There was a margin in the width direction, and eyelets were placed on both sides at 23.75 cm intervals. These modules averaged 17.2V and 188mA, with a conversion efficiency of 0.68%.

[0079] [Synthesis Example 1] (Synthesis of Compound B for Organic Semiconductor Materials) Compound B for organic semiconductor materials, shown in the formula below, was synthesized as Compound 7 by the synthesis scheme leading to Compounds 1 to 7 described later.

[0080]

[0081] As described later, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra were measured as physical property data for the obtained compounds. Specifically, the measurements were performed using the "JMM-ECS400" product name from JEOL (JEOL Ltd.) or the "ULTRASHIELD300" product name from Bruker K.K. Chemical shifts were expressed in parts per million (ppm), and tetramethylsilane (TMS) was used as the internal standard (0 ppm). Bonding constants (J) were expressed in Hertz, and the abbreviations s, d, t, q, m, and br represent singlet, doublet, triplet, quartet, multiplet, and broad, respectively. All chemical substances used in the examples and the silica gel used in column chromatography separation were reagent-grade quality and purchased from Fujifilm Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd., Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., Kanto Chemical Co., Ltd., Nacalai Tesque Co., Ltd., or Sigma-Aldrich Japan Co., Ltd.

[0082] [Compounds 1-5] (Synthesis of Compound 1) Fluorene (4.15 g, 25.0 mmol), THF (30 mL), octyl bromide (9.6 mL, 55 mmol), and potassium tert-butoxide (8.4 g, 75 mmol) were added to a reaction vessel, and the reaction solution was stirred overnight at 40°C. Water was added to the reaction solution, the organic layer was extracted with ethyl acetate, and the organic layer was washed with water. The resulting reaction mixture was separated and purified by silica gel column chromatography using heptane as the mobile phase to obtain compound 1 as a white solid (8.16 g, yield 84%).

[0083] The physical properties of compound 1 obtained are as follows: １ H-NMR (400MHz, CDCl ３ ): δ = 7.71-7.68 (m, 2H), 7.35-7.28 (m, 6H), 1.97-1.92 (m, 4H), 1.27-1.03 (m, 20H), 0.81 (t, J = 6.9Hz, 6H), 0.63-0.58 (m, 4H)

[0084] (Synthesis of Compound 2) Compound 1 (8.16 g, 20.9 mmol), chloroform (27 mL), and iron(III) chloride (52 mg, 0.32 mmol) were added to a reaction vessel, and the reaction solution was cooled to 0°C. Bromine (2.3 mL, 45 mmol) was added dropwise to the reaction solution, and the reaction solution was heated to room temperature and stirred for 3 hours. Water was added to the reaction solution, and the organic layer was extracted with heptane, and the organic layer was washed with water. The resulting reaction mixture was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and then filtered to purify it. The heptane solvent was removed from the crude product under reduced pressure to obtain Compound 2 as a white solid (10.8 g, yield 94%).

[0085] The physical properties of compound 2 obtained are as follows: １ H-NMR (400MHz, CDCl ３ ): δ = 7.53-7.50 (m, 2H), 7.46-7.43 (m, 4H), 1.93-1.87 (m, 4H), 1.26-1.04 (m, 20H), 0.83 (t, J = 6.9Hz, 6H), 0.64-0.53 (m, 4H)

[0086] (Synthesis of Compound 3) Compound 2 (2.0 g, 3.6 mmol) and diethyl ether (20 mL) were added to the reaction vessel, and the reaction vessel was purged with nitrogen. The reaction solution was cooled to -78°C, n-BuLi (2.5 mL, 4.0 mmol) was added, and the mixture was stirred at -78°C for 30 minutes. Then, the reaction solution was brought to room temperature and stirred for 30 minutes. The reaction solution was cooled to 0°C, and while maintaining this temperature, DMF (0.42 mL, 5.5 mmol) was added and the mixture was stirred for 1 hour. After that, the reaction solution was brought to room temperature and stirred overnight. The reaction solution was cooled to 0°C, hydrochloric acid (4 mL) was added, and the reaction solution was brought to room temperature and stirred for 1 hour. Water was added to the reaction solution, the organic layer was extracted with diethyl ether, and the organic layer was washed with water. The resulting reaction mixture was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and the diethyl ether solvent was removed under reduced pressure. Next, the crude product was separated and purified by silica gel column chromatography using hexane:ethyl acetate (20:1) as the mobile phase to obtain compound 3 as a white solid (1.12 g, yield 63%).

[0087] The physical properties of compound 3 obtained are as follows: １ H-NMR (400MHz, CDCl３ ): δ = 10.06 (s, 1H), 7.87-7.85 (m, 2H), 7.80 (d, J = 8.4Hz, 1H), 7.64 (d, J = 8.4Hz, 1H), 7.53-7 .49 (m, 2H), 2.07-1.89 (m, 4H), 1.33-1.03 (m, 20H), 0.81 (t, J=6.9Hz, 6H), 0.62-0.51 (m, 4H)

[0088] (Synthesis of Compound 4) Compound 3 (1.45 g, 2.91 mmol), bis(pinacolate)diborone (1.74 g, 6.85 mmol), potassium acetate (2.32 g, 23.6 mmol), palladium acetate (90 mg, 0.40 mmol), and DMF (18 mL) were added to a reaction vessel, and the reaction vessel was purged with nitrogen. The reaction solution was stirred overnight at 100°C. Water was added to the resulting reaction solution, and the organic layer was extracted with ethyl acetate, and the organic layer was washed with water. The resulting reaction mixture was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, purified by filtration, and the ethyl acetate solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The crude product was then purified by silica gel column chromatography with hexane:ethyl acetate (20:1) as the mobile phase, and further purified by gel permeation chromatography with ethyl acetate as the mobile phase to obtain Compound 4 as a white solid (1.16 g, yield 73%).

[0089] The physical properties of compound 4 obtained are as follows: １ H-NMR (400MHz, CDCl ３ ): δ = 10.06 (s, 1H), 7.89-7.82 (m, 4H), 7.78-7.76 (m, 2H), 2.05-2.00 (m, 4H) , 1.40 (s, 12H), 1.21-1.01 (m, 20H), 0.80 (t, J=6.9Hz, 6H), 0.60-0.49 (m, 4H)

[0090] (Synthesis of Compound 5) Compound 4 (313 mg, 0.58 mmol) and FNTz-Br synthesized in reference to Japanese Patent Publication No. 6968373 were placed in the reaction vessel. ２(100 mg, 0.23 mmol), tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium (0) (26 mg, 0.023 mmol), a 2.0 mol / L potassium carbonate solution (1.5 mL, 3 mmol), and toluene (5 mL) were added, and the reaction vessel was purged with nitrogen. The reaction solution was stirred at 160°C for 15 minutes using a microwave reactor (Biotage, Initiator 2.5). The resulting reaction mixture was purified by gel permeation chromatography using chloroform as the mobile phase to obtain compound 5 as a white solid (180 mg, yield 70%).

[0091] The physical properties of compound 5 obtained are as follows: １ HNMR (400MHz, CDCl ３ ): δ = 10.90 - 10.05 (m, 2H), 8.15 - 7.75 (m, 12H), 2.15 - 1.95 (m, 8H), 1.27 - 0.93 (m, 40H), 0.85 - 0.74 (m, 12H), 0.60 - 0.44 (m, 8H) The reaction equation is shown below.

[0092]

[0093] [Compounds 6-7] (Synthesis of Compound 6) Malononitrile (1.32 g, 20.0 mmol), ethyl isothiocyanate (1.92 mL, 22.0 mmol), acetonitrile (50 mL), and 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]-7-undecene (3 mL, 20 mmol) were added to a reaction vessel, and the reaction solution was stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes. Ethyl bromoethyl (3.7 mL, 33.5 mmol) was added dropwise to this reaction solution over 1 hour, and the mixture was heated under reflux for 3 hours. Acetonitrile was removed from the reaction solution under reduced pressure after heating under reflux. Then, hydrochloric acid was added, and the organic layer was extracted with ethyl acetate, and the organic layer was washed with water. The resulting reaction mixture was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and the ethyl acetate solvent was removed under reduced pressure. Methanol solvent was added to the resulting crude product, and the mixture was purified and separated by recrystallization to obtain compound 6 as a yellow solid (2.07 g, yield 54%).

[0094] The physical properties of compound 6 obtained are as follows: １ H-NMR (400MHz, CDCl ３): δ=4.18 (q, J=7.2Hz, 2H), 4.00 (s, 2H), 1.35 (t, J=7.2Hz, 6H)

[0095] (Synthesis of Compound 7) Compound 5 (50 mg, 0.045 mmol), Compound 6 (65 mg, 0.34 mmol), piperidine (50 μL, 0.50 mmol), and chloroform (5 mL) were added to a reaction vessel, and the reaction solution was stirred at 70°C for 16 hours. Ethanol solvent was added to the resulting reaction mixture, and the precipitate was separated. The obtained precipitate was purified by silica gel column chromatography using chloroform as the mobile phase, and then by gel permeation chromatography using chloroform as the mobile phase. The obtained crude product was dissolved in chloroform solvent, and then methanol solvent was added to obtain Compound 7 as an orange solid precipitate (38 mg, yield 58%).

[0096] The physical properties of compound 7 obtained are as follows: １ HNMR (400MHz, CDCl ３ ): δ = 8.09 (s, 2H), 8.01 (s, 2H), 8.00 (d, J = 8.0Hz, 4H), 7.94 (d, J = 8.0Hz, 2H), 7.61 (d, J = 8.0Hz, 2H), 7.55 (s, 2H), 4.36 (q, J = 7.2Hz, 4H), 2.19-2.02 (m, 8H), 1.43 (t, J = 7.2Hz, 6H), 1.23-1.03 (m, 40H), 0.90-0.65 (m, 20H) The reaction formula is shown below.

[0097]

[0098] [Synthesis Example 2] (Synthesis of Compound C for Organic Semiconductor Materials) Compound C for organic semiconductor materials, shown in the formula below, was synthesized according to the method described in Non-Patent Document 6.

[0099]

[0100] [Synthesis Example 3] (Synthesis of Compound D for Organic Semiconductor Materials) Compound D for organic semiconductor materials, as shown in Non-Patent Literature 5 shown in the formula below, was synthesized according to the method described in Synthesis Example 14 (Compound 19) of International Publication No. 2021 / 230035.

[0101]

[0102] [Example 1] (Horticultural facility equipped with wavelength-selective organic solar cell module) S obtained from (Equation 1) of the organic power generation layer used in the wavelength-selective organic solar cell module A obtained in Reference Example 1 ＧThe ratio was 0.61. The agricultural greenhouse was approximately 55m from east to west, 5m from north to south, and 5m high from the ground at the highest point of the roof. Nine sets of wavelength-selective organic solar cell modules, manufactured in Reference Example 1, were installed on the south side of the arched roof covered with textured agricultural film. Two modules were placed vertically 50cm below the top, and these two modules were then spaced approximately 40cm apart as a pair. For this installation, the modules could be easily and quickly secured to the pipes constituting the agricultural greenhouse using cable ties by utilizing the grommets attached to the modules. The coverage rate of the wavelength-selective organic solar cell modules over the entire agricultural greenhouse was about 1.5%, but in this example, partial installation was used to compare covered and uncovered areas under the same conditions. If installed over the entire greenhouse, the effective coverage rate of the module installation area would be approximately 15%. The modules installed in this way were connected in parallel, connected to an EPEVER MPPT solar controller (TRIRON4210N series), and then connected to a lead-acid battery. The output of the solar controller was connected to the power supply for the timer and solenoid valve to control the irrigation schedule. A TR-74Ui-S manufactured by T&D Corporation was used to measure temperature, humidity, and illuminance inside the greenhouse. Although the device was battery-powered, it could also be powered by the aforementioned module, and data could be transmitted to an external personal computer via USB communication. Illuminance and temperature measurements inside the greenhouse were continued for five months. In areas without the module, the daily maximum illuminance fluctuated between 100,000 and 80,000 lux. In contrast, the illuminance in areas with the module fluctuated between 10,000 and 12,000 lux. The average temperature at 2 PM in the areas without and with the module was 20.3°C and 19.4°C, respectively. The module's effect in suppressing temperature increases inside the greenhouse was observed. Spinach was cultivated in this agricultural greenhouse. Irrigation control continued until the spinach harvest. There was no significant difference in spinach growth between areas where the module was installed and areas where it was not.

[0103] [Example 2] (Construction of a data collection system for horticultural facilities) A ​​Raspberry Pi 3B manufactured by Raspberry Pi Ltd. was connected to a BME280 temperature, humidity, and pressure sensor module purchased from Switch Science Co., Ltd. and a TSL2561 illuminance sensor purchased from Strawberry Inc. via I2C. A Pi Camera that can be connected to the Raspberry Pi 3B was also attached. Using these systems, a data collection system was constructed that was programmed to acquire images three times a day (morning, noon, and evening) and measure other data every 20 minutes. By connecting this to a power supply converted to 5V from a wavelength-selective organic solar cell module installed in the horticultural facility described in Example 1, it is possible to detect environmental conditions and crop growth status within the horticultural facility without relying on an external power supply. Furthermore, this data can be acquired from other personal computers via Wi-Fi and used to understand the influence of environmental conditions on growth and for control purposes.

[0104] [Example 3] Strawberry leaves were attached to the LI-6800 photosynthesis evaluation device manufactured by Meiwa Forsis Co., Ltd., and S obtained from (Equation 1) of Module B of Example 5 (described later) was attached to the top. Ｇ Module B, with a carbon-to-energy ratio of 0.31, and an agricultural film were installed. Light was then applied using a SOLAX series XC-100EF artificial solar lamp from Seric Co., Ltd. Outside of the high irradiation intensity range, the carbon dioxide generation rate was almost the same as when using a neutral filter of similar quality to that of a wavelength-selective organic solar cell module. Although this was not conducted in an agricultural greenhouse, the growth status of plants can be investigated by detecting the photosynthetic rate from the carbon dioxide generation rate. Therefore, this result indicates that power generation and crop growth can be achieved simultaneously with wavelength-selective organic solar cell modules.

[0105] [Example 4] (Preparation of Wavelength Selective Organic Solar Cell Module A) A wavelength selective organic solar cell module was prepared using compound A in the same manner as in Example 1 of Japanese Patent Publication No. 7029721 (hereinafter referred to as Module A). Furthermore, using a solution containing P3HT (18 mg) and compound A (18 mg) dissolved in chlorobenzene (1 mL) prepared for the preparation of the module, a power generation layer was created by spin coating (3000 rpm, 2 minutes) onto a glass plate (hereinafter referred to as Power Generation Layer A). The transmission spectrum of the obtained Power Generation Layer A was measured using a UV-3600 ultraviolet-visible-near-infrared spectrophotometer manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation. Using the obtained transmission spectrum, S was derived from the formula Ｇ The calculation yielded 0.59. Furthermore, using the created module A, a solar simulator (San-ei Electric Works XES-301S) (AM1.5G filter, irradiance 100 mW / cm) was used. ２ The power generation characteristics and action spectrum were measured using ( ). The PCE-GR, shown in Equation 2 below, was determined using the obtained data. PCE-GR indicates the power generation efficiency from sunlight to module A in the range of 500-600 nm.

[0106]

[0107] (V in Equation 2) ＯＣ is the open-circuit voltage of the wavelength-selective organic solar cell module, FF is the curve factor of the same module, and EQE λ The external quantum efficiency at each wavelength of the module is measured using nPhoton λ P is the number of photons at each wavelength of sunlight (AM 1.5G). Ｇ This is the irradiation energy (15.1 mWcm) of sunlight (AM1.5G) with a wavelength of 500-600 nm. －２(This shows...) Furthermore, using the solar radiation spectrum ASTM G173-03 (2012) (Standard Tables for Reference Solar Spectral Irradiances: Direct Normal and Hemispherical on 37° Tilted Surface, ASTM International, Pennsylvania, USA, DOI: 10.1520 / G0173-03R12), the number of photons transmitted through power generation layer A in the ranges of 400-500 nm and 600-500 nm was determined from the absorption spectrum of power generation layer A obtained above, and these values ​​were defined as PhB and PhR, respectively. Furthermore, the number of photons absorbed by power generation layer A in the range of 500-600 nm was calculated, and the photocurrent value (IpG) was calculated assuming that it is converted into current with a conversion efficiency of 1. The obtained values ​​are S Ｇ The ratio is 0.59, PCE-GR is 11.7%, and PhB is 1.7 x 10⁻¹⁶ per second. ２０ pieces / m ２ PhR is 3.6 x 10⁻¹⁶ per second ２０ pieces / m ２ IpG is 3.9 mA / cm². ２ On the other hand, IpG, PhB, and PhR were 6.7 mA / cm² each under sunlight alone. ２ , 3.2 x 10⁻¹⁰ per second ２０ pieces / m ２ and 4.5 x 10⁻¹⁰ per second ２０ pieces / m ２ S Ｇ By using a light-emitting layer with a value of 0.59, it is possible to secure 54% and 80% of the transmitted light in the 400-500 nm and 600-700 nm wavelength ranges necessary for plant growth, respectively, and to convert 58% of the light in the 500-600 nm wavelength range into photocurrent, demonstrating that power generation and crop growth can be achieved simultaneously. Wavelength-selective organic solar cell modules using this power generation layer can be suitably used in horticultural facilities.

[0108] [Example 5] (Preparation of Wavelength Selective Organic Solar Cell Module B) A wavelength selective organic solar cell module (hereinafter referred to as module B) and a power generation layer B were obtained in the same manner as in Example 4, except that compound B was used instead of compound A. S obtained using the obtained module B and power generation layer BＧ The ratio is 0.31, PCE-GR is 19%, and PhB is 1.2 x 10⁻¹⁶ per second. ２０ pieces / m ２ PhR is 3.9 x 10⁻¹⁶ per second ２０ pieces / m ２ IpG is 3.4 mA / cm². ２ That was the case. S Ｇ By using a power generation layer with a value of 0.31, 37% and 87% of the transmitted light in the 400-500 nm and 600-700 nm wavelength ranges necessary for plant growth can be secured, and 50% of the light in the 500-600 nm wavelength range can be converted into photocurrent, demonstrating that power generation and crop growth can be achieved simultaneously. Wavelength-selective organic solar cell modules using this power generation layer can be suitably used in horticultural facilities.

[0109] [Example 6] (Preparation of Wavelength Selective Organic Solar Cell Module C) A wavelength selective organic solar cell module (hereinafter referred to as module C) and a power generation layer C were obtained in the same manner as in Example 4, except that compound C was used instead of compound A. S obtained using the obtained module C and power generation layer C Ｇ The ratio is 0.52, PCE-GR is 8.6%, and PhB is 2.1 x 10⁻¹⁶ per second. ２０ pieces / m ２ PhR is 3.1 x 10⁻¹⁶ per second ２０ pieces / m ２ IpG is 3.5 mA / cm². ２ That was the case. S Ｇ By using a power generation layer with a value of 0.52, 66% and 69% of the transmitted light in the 400-500 nm and 600-700 nm wavelength ranges necessary for plant growth can be secured, and 52% of the light in the 500-600 nm wavelength range can be converted into photocurrent, demonstrating that power generation and crop growth can be achieved simultaneously. Wavelength-selective organic solar cell modules using this power generation layer can be suitably used in horticultural facilities.

[0110] [Example 7] (Preparation of Wavelength Selective Organic Solar Cell Module D) A wavelength selective organic solar cell module (hereinafter referred to as module D) and a power generation layer D were obtained in the same manner as in Example 4, except that compound D was used instead of compound A. S obtained using the obtained module D and power generation layer D Ｇ The ratio is 0.44, PCE-GR is 5.8%, and PhB is 1.8 x 10⁻¹⁶ per second.２０ pieces / m ２ PhR is 2.3 x 10⁻¹⁶ per second ２０ pieces / m ２ IpG is 4.2 mA / cm². ２ That was the case. S Ｇ By using a power generation layer with a value of 0.52, 57% and 50% of the transmitted light in the 400-500 nm and 600-700 nm wavelength ranges necessary for plant growth can be secured, and 63% of the light in the 500-600 nm wavelength range can be converted into photocurrent, demonstrating that power generation and crop growth can be achieved simultaneously. Wavelength-selective organic solar cell modules using this power generation layer can be suitably used in horticultural facilities.

[0111] [Comparative Example 1] Instead of using compound A in Example 4, use Poly[[4,8-bis[5-(2-ethylhexyl)-2-thienyl]benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']dithiophene-2,6-diyl]-2,5-thiophenediyl[5,7-bis(2-ethylhexyl)-4,8-dioxo-4H,8H-benzo[1,2-c:4,5-c']dithiophene-1,3-diyl]] (purchased from Merck; hereinafter referred to as compound E) (PBDB-T), and Example 4 A wavelength-selective organic solar cell module (hereinafter referred to as module E) and power generation layer E were obtained in the same manner as in Example 4, except that 3,9-bis(2-methylene-(3-(1,1-dicyanomethylene)-indanone))-5,5,11,11-tetrakis(4-hexylphenyl)-dithioeno[2,3-d:2',3'-d']-s-indaceno[1,2-b:5,6-b']dithiophene (purchased from Merck; hereinafter referred to as compound F) was used instead of P3HT as in Example 4. In this case, the amounts of compound E and compound F used were 1:1 by weight. S Ｇ The pressure was -0.06, PCE-GR was 19%, and PhB was 2.5 x 10⁻¹⁶ per second. ２０ pieces / m ２ PhR is 1.7 x 10⁻¹⁶ per second ２０ pieces / m ２ IpG is 2.7 mA / cm². ２That was the case. S Ｇ When a power generation layer with a value of -0.06 was used, the transmitted light in the 400-500 nm and 600-700 nm wavelength ranges necessary for plant growth was 78% and 38%, respectively. 40% of the light in the 599-600 nm wavelength range could be converted into photocurrent. Contrary to the fact that sunlight has more photons in the 600-700 nm range than in the 400-500 nm range, the number of photons in the 600-700 nm range is extremely low. This indicates that it is difficult to achieve both power generation and crop growth simultaneously, and therefore, it is presumed that wavelength-selective organic solar cell modules using this power generation layer are not suitable for use in horticultural facilities.

[0112] [Reference Example 2] In a plane irradiated vertically with sunlight (AM 1.5G), when the light transmitted through the wavelength-selective organic solar cell module (transmitted light) and the light directly irradiated by the sunlight (direct light) are irradiated onto the same surface, the photocurrent generated by the 400-500 nm photon count, the 600-700 nm photon count, and the 500-600 nm light were calculated using the transmission spectrum of power generation layer A obtained in Example 4, based on the solar radiation spectrum ASTM G173-03 (2012), by changing the ratio of the area occupied per unit area of ​​direct light and transmitted light. The results are shown in Figure 1. However, for the number of photons, only the mantissa part is plotted when expressed with both the exponent and mantissa. For reference, the exponent part is 10. ２０ That is the case.

[0113] As the proportion of the area occupied by the power generation layer changed from 0% to 100%, the amount of photocurrent that could be extracted as electricity increased. On the other hand, the total number of photons of transmitted and direct light in the 400-500 nm and 600-700 nm ranges decreased in proportion to the occupied area, from the value of direct light only to the value of transmitted light only.

[0114] [Comparative Example 2] In the case where module A is not installed in the agricultural greenhouse used in Example 1, that is, when the area occupied by module A is 0%, crops can grow, but it is not possible to convert sunlight into electricity.

[0115] [Example 8] When modules A (40 cm, 100 cm in length) are installed in the agricultural greenhouse used in Example 1 at a rate of approximately 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, and 95% to less than 100% of its surface area, it is possible to secure electricity and sunlight necessary for crop growth in proportion to the area occupied by modules A, as shown in Reference Example 2.

[0116] [Example 9] Similar to Example 3, strawberry leaves were attached to the LI-6800 photosynthesis evaluation device manufactured by Meiwa Forsis Co., Ltd., and the power generation layer A obtained in Example 1 and an agricultural polyolefin film were installed on top of it. The irradiation area was varied with respect to the effective area of ​​the leaf using the power generation layer A. Light irradiation was then applied from above using the SOLAX series XC-100EF artificial sun lamp manufactured by Seric Co., Ltd. The carbon dioxide generation rate increased according to approximately 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, and 95% to less than 100% of the effective area.

[0117] [Example 10] (1) Using the power generation layers A, B, C, and D obtained in Examples 4 to 7, the carbon dioxide generation rate was measured using strawberry leaves in the same manner as in Example 3. The carbon dioxide generation rate was measured for each S Ｇ It correlates with (2) Using the wavelength-selective organic solar cell module A (P3HT:FNTz film; test example) obtained in Reference Example 1 and a general combination of materials for red OPV (P3HT:PCBM film; comparative example), the carbon dioxide generation rate was measured using strawberry leaves in the same manner as in Example 3. Figure 2 shows the amount of carbon dioxide absorbed by the leaves per unit area per unit time (photosynthetic rate) as a percentage of the amount of light irradiated to the leaves per unit area per unit time (amount of light defined as photosynthetic quantum flux density) (PPFD). In the figure, Control shows the data under conditions where sunlight is directly irradiated to the leaves without being covered by a solar cell. When the leaves were covered with P3HT:FNTz film, a photosynthetic rate equivalent to that when sunlight is directly irradiated to the leaves was obtained, indicating that sufficient sunlight for crop growth can be secured.

[0118] [Comparative Example 3] Using the power generation layer E used in Comparative Example 1, the carbon dioxide generation rate was measured using strawberry leaves, similar to Example 3. The carbon dioxide generation rate was slower.

[0119] The "horticultural facility for installing a wavelength-selective organic solar cell module," provided as one embodiment of the present invention, can generate solar power without reducing the area for growing crops and while achieving sufficient crop growth. Therefore, it can create an environment suitable for growing crops even in areas without commercial power, and can control the environment to create a favorable environment for crop growth, thereby contributing to increased crop yields, making it extremely useful for agricultural production. This application is based on Japanese Patent Application No. 2024-201160 (filing date: November 18, 2024), the contents of which are entirely contained herein.

Claims

1. In a horticultural facility, S calculated from the following formula 1 in the transmission spectrum Ｇ A horticultural facility characterized in that the outside of the horticultural facility is covered with wavelength-selective organic solar cell modules containing a photovoltaic layer with a value of 0.3 or higher, or the roof and walls of the horticultural facility are constructed with such modules, or the inside of the horticultural facility is covered with such modules, and 10% to 10% or more of the total area of ​​the roof and walls is occupied by wavelength-selective organic solar cell modules. (In Equation 1, T represents transmittance, and N is set such that the sum of the first, second, and third terms equals 1.) Ｇ , N ＲＢ , and N ＲＧＢ The values ​​of λ and RB indicate the number of data points in the wavelength regions of 500-600 nm, 400-500 nm, 600-700 nm, and 400-700 nm, respectively. λ∈G indicates that the calculation is performed in the 500-600 nm wavelength region, λ∈RB indicates that the calculation is performed in the 400-500 nm and 600-700 nm regions, λ∈RGB indicates that the calculation is performed in the 400-700 nm region, and Σ(1-T) indicates that the values ​​of (1-T) are being integrated.

2. The horticultural agricultural facility according to claim 1, wherein the horticultural agricultural facility is an agricultural greenhouse having a frame and a structure covered with agricultural film.

3. The horticultural agricultural facility according to claim 1, wherein the horticultural agricultural facility has a structure in which the frame is mainly assembled from pipes and covered with an agricultural film, and the inside of the agricultural film covering is covered with wavelength-selective organic solar cell modules.

4. The horticultural facility according to claim 2, wherein the agricultural film is at least one agricultural film selected from agricultural polyolefin film, agricultural polyvinyl chloride film, and agricultural fluorine-based film.

5. The horticultural facility according to claim 1, wherein the horticultural facility is a greenhouse having a structure in which a roof portion and / or wall portions are made of glass plates and / or polymer sheets.

6. The horticultural agricultural facility according to claim 5, wherein the structure is assembled mainly of skylights, ridge beams, and / or valley gutter members, and the ceiling and / or sides are made of glass plates and / or polymer sheets, and wavelength-selective organic solar cell modules are installed close to the roof portion or installed in a planar manner at a height of 50% or more of the highest height of the ridge.

7. The horticultural facility according to claims 1 to 6, further comprising an environmental measurement sensor for continuously measuring the environment within the facility.

8. The horticultural facility according to claim 7, wherein the environmental measurement sensor is at least one sensor selected from a temperature sensor, a humidity sensor, an illuminance sensor, a carbon dioxide gas concentration sensor, a soil temperature sensor, a growing point temperature sensor, a vapor pressure deficit sensor, a soil fertilizer concentration sensor, a soil pH sensor, and a soil moisture sensor, and 50% or more of the power to drive the sensor can be supplied by power generated by a wavelength-selective organic solar cell module.

9. The horticultural facility according to claim 7, further comprising a device for transmitting and receiving data from sensors measuring the environment to a data center outside the horticultural facility via at least one selected from wired, wireless, and individual storage devices.

10. The horticultural facility according to claims 1 to 6, further comprising an environmental control device for controlling the environment within the facility.

11. Environmental control devices include irrigation systems, ventilation systems, heaters, heat pumps, spraying systems, water supply systems, light control devices, temperature control devices, humidity control devices, CO2 control devices. ２ A horticultural facility according to claim 10, comprising at least one device selected from a concentration control device, an airflow control device, a soil moisture control device, and a soil fertilizer amount control device, wherein 50% or more of the power required to drive the device can be supplied by power generated by a wavelength-selective organic solar cell module.

12. The horticultural facility according to claim 10, further comprising a device for transmitting and receiving data for controlling an environmental control device from a control device outside the horticultural facility via at least one selected from wired, wireless, or individual storage devices.

13. A horticultural facility according to claim 1, which is for the cultivation of crops and flowers.

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