A process for preparing an acrylate

Abstract

The present invention relates to a process for preparing an acrylate, preferably an R-CH2-CH2-(CHR-CH2)x-acrylate, more preferably N-butyl acrylate, and in particular to an alcohol conversion process of ethanol employing a homogeneous catalyst and a base, wherein 1-butanol as a product of said alcohol conversion process is formed, and wherein said 1-butanol is converted into N-butyl acrylate by an esterification process.

Description

231021W001A process for preparing an acrylateThe present invention relates to a process for preparing an acrylate, preferably an R-CH2-CH2-(CHR-CH2)x-acrylate, more preferably N-butyl acrylate, and in particular to an alcohol conversion process of at least one alcohol R-CH2-CH2-OH, preferably ethanol, employing a homogeneous catalyst and a base, wherein at least one alcohol R-CH2-CH2-(CHR-CH2)X-OH, preferably 1 -butanol, as a product of said alcohol conversion process is formed, and wherein the obtained at least one alcohol R-CH2-CH2-(CHR-CH2)x-OH, preferably 1 -butanol, is converted into the respective acrylate, preferably N-butyl acrylate, by an esterification process.Production and application of bio-butyl acrylate is up to date very challenging due to the complexity of the required value chains. One approach to obtain butyl acrylate is an esterification of acrylic acid produced by oxidation of propylene and 1 -butanol. 1 -Butanol itself may be obtained via hydrogenation of 1 -butanal which is produced by hydroformylation of propylene with syngas.A commonly used industrial production of alcohols is mainly based on an oxo process. Said process comprises the reaction of an alkene with oxo gas, which is a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide in a 1 :1 molar ratio. The reaction is followed by hydrogenation of the aldehyde into the desired alcohol.An alternative process for the synthesis of alcohols is based on the Guerbet reaction which is known for many decades (M. Guerbet, C. R. Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci. 1899, 128, p. 511-513). It is generally accepted that the mechanism leading to Guerbet alcohols comprises the following three steps: (I) dehydrogenation of a primary alcohol to the respective aldehyde; (II) aldol condensation of two aldehyde molecules to an a,p-unsaturated aldehyde with elimination of water; and (ill) hydrogenation of the unsaturated aldehyde to the dimer alcohol. An alkaline catalyst, e.g. sodium or potassium hydroxide or sodium or potassium alkoxides, is required for the Guerbet reaction. Often homogeneous or hetereogeneous metal catalysts are added to accelerate the dehydrogenation and hydrogenation steps. However, the Guerbet reaction generally suffers from harsh conditions, poor selectivity, separation issues and low yield.In the chemical industry, 1 -butanol is an important intermediate product and solvent for a broad variety of products, including paints and various plastics, and is used for the production of N-butyl acrylate. Up to now, 1 -butanol is produced from a petro-based feedstock, leading to a significant product carbon footprint for 1 -butanol and the resulting products. Therefore, it is important for the chemical industry to find and open an economical and sustainable process route to 1 -butanol with a lower product carbon footprint.Ethanol may be a sustainable feedstock to produce chemicals. Using ethanol in the Guerbet reaction may be a profitable and sustainable approach to produce butanol. Whereas the Guerbet reaction is used up to date to produce higher alcohols from higher boiling alcohol feedstocks than ethanol, there is so far no industrial usage for the Guerbet reaction for ethanol as the feedstock to produce 1 -butanol. While the Guerbet reaction itself may seem a simple231021W001- 2 - chemical reaction, employing ethanol as the feedstock causes inherent problems particularly concerning selectivity. Because the product, 1 -butanol, can itself also undergo dehydrogenation, higher alcohols often result as side products in the process, making the reaction so far not profitable on an industrial scale. A further optimization of said process to turn said process profitable on an industrial scale, also allowing for the use of alcohols different than ethanol and esterification of various alcohols obtained with said process, is thus desired.EP 4 015 498 A relates to a process for the continuous production of acrylic acid n-butyl ester by reacting acrylic acid with n-butanol in a solvent-free phase at elevated temperature and with the addition of acid as an acidic esterification catalyst.WO 2011 / 085223 A discloses an integrated process for preparing renewable hydrocarbons, comprising the steps of providing renewable isobutanol and renewable ethanol; dehydrating the renewable isobutanol, thereby forming a renewable butene mixture comprising one or more renewable linear butenes and renewable isobutene; dehydrating the renewable ethanol, thereby forming renewable ethylene; and reacting at least a portion of the renewable butene mixture and at least a portion of the renewable ethylene to form one or more renewable C3-C16 olefins.Y.Xie et al., "Highly efficient Process for Production of Biofuel from Ethanol Catalyzed by Ruthenium Pincer Complexes”, Journal of the American Society, vol. 138, no. 29, 2016-07-18, pages 9077 to 9080, relates to a ruthenium pincer-catalyzed Guerbet-type process for the production of biofuel from ethanol.Constantino Dania et al., "Butyl acrylate production: A review on process intensification strategies”, CHEMICAL ENGINERING AND PROCESSING: PROCESS INTENSIFICATION, Elsevier Sequoia, Lausanne, CH, vol. 142, 2019-06-28, summarizes the state-of-the-art of butyl acrylate production and the main results achieved.In order to produce bio R-CH2-CH2-(CHR-CH2)x-acrylate, preferably bio N-butyl acrylate, the so far employed petrobased starting compounds for producing R-CH2-CH2-(CHR-CH2)x-acrylate, preferably N-butyl acrylate, must be replaced with their bio-available counterparts. A new process of production of R-CH2-CH2-(CHR-CH2)x-acrylate, preferably N-butyl acrylate, in particular bio-N-butyl acrylate, would provide less strain on the environment and would reduce the CO2 emission as compared to the currently employed approach to obtain R-CH2-CH2-(CHR-CH2)X- acrylate, preferably N-butyl acrylate.Therefore, it was an object of the present invention to provide a process for producing R-CH2-CH2-(CHR-CH2)X- acrylate, preferably N-butyl acrylate, and in particular to produce bio-R-CH2-CH2-(CHR-CH2)x-acrylate, more preferably bio-N-butyl acrylate, wherein the process is more environmentally friendly, and more profitable on an industrial scale at the same time.The present invention therefore relates to a more profitable and sustainable approach to produce R-CH2-CH2-(CHR- CH2)x-acrylate, preferably N-butyl acrylate, in particular bio R-CH2-CH2-(CHR-CH2)x-acrylate, more preferably bio-N-231021W001- 3 - butyl acrylate. Employing R-CH2-CH2-(CHR-CH2)x-OH, preferably 1 -butanol obtained from a Guerbet reaction allows for the use of bio-available sources such as bio-ethanol, overall reducing the CO2 emission. Also, the required number of apparatuses may be reduced as compared to apparatuses employed for obtaining R-CH2-CH2-(CHR- CH2)x-acrylate, preferably N-butyl acrylate up to date. Furthermore, the employed Guerbet catalyst may advantageously be recycled in the chemical process, reducing the overall costs while creating less potentially environmentally harmful waste material.The present invention in particular relates to a process for preparing an R-CH2-CH2-(CHR-CH2)x-acrylate, comprising(I) providing a chemical component C comprising one or more of a catalyst, a precursor of the catalyst, a reduced form of the catalyst, and a reduced form of the precursor of the catalyst;(II) preparing a liquid mixture ME comprising at least one alcohol R-CH2-CH2-OH, a base, and the chemical component C provided in (I) R being selected from the group consisting of H and Ci-C4-alkyl;(iii) subjecting the liquid mixture ME prepared in (ii) to alcohol conversion conditions in a reaction space SR, obtaining in said reaction space a reaction mixture MG comprising at least one alcohol R-CH2-CH2- (CHR-CH2)X-0H, x being an integer in the range of from 1 to 5;(iv) separating at least part of the at least one alcohol R-CH2-CH2-(CHR-CH2)x-OH from the reaction mixture MG obtained in (iii) obtaining a stream SBO comprising at least part of the at least one alcohol R- CH2-CH2-(CHR-CH2)X-OH and a mixture MGOB depleted in the at least one alcohol R-CH2-CH2-(CHR- CH2)X-OH;(v) obtaining a reaction mixture MP comprising at least propene by at least one of the following steps (v.a1), (v.a2), (v.b) and (v.c)(v.a1) dividing the at least one alcohol R-CH2-CH2-(CHR-CH2)x-OH obtained in (iv) into two separate streams SBI and SB2, and subjecting the at least one alcohol R-CH2-CH2-(CHR-CH2)x-OH of stream SB2 to retro hydroformylation conditions in a reaction space SH, wherein reaction space SH further comprises a heterogeneous catalyst comprising a platinum group metal supported on a carrier, obtaining in said reaction space SH a reaction mixture MP comprising at least propene;(v.a2) dividing the at least one alcohol R-CH2-CH2-(CHR-CH2)x-OH obtained in (iv) into two separate streams SBI and SB2, subjecting the at least one alcohol R-CH2-CH2-(CHR-CH2)x-OH of stream SB2 to dehydration conditions obtaining a stream SBE comprising 1 -butene; subjecting at least part of 1 -butene in stream SBE to isomerization conditions obtaining a stream SBE2 comprising 2-butene; subjecting at least part of 2-butene comprised in stream SBE2 to metathesis conditions obtaining a reaction mixture MP comprising at least propene;(v.b) providing ethanol; subjecting ethanol to dehydration conditions obtaining a stream SET comprising ethylene; subjecting pat least part of the ethylene comprised in stream SET to dimerization conditions obtaining a stream SBE comprising 2-butene;231021W001- 4 - subjecting at least part of 2-butene comprised in stream SBE to metathesis conditions with ethylene, preferably bio-ethylene, obtaining a reaction mixture MP comprising at least propene;(v.c) providing a propylene source to prepare a reaction mixture MP comprising at least propene;(vi) optionally combining at least two reaction mixtures MP obtained in any one of (v.a) to (v.c);(vii) optionally separating at least part of propene from the reaction mixture MP obtained in (v) or (vi) obtaining a stream SPI comprising the separated propene and a stream SOP depleted in propene;(viii) optionally providing a steam SP2 comprising propene;(ix) subjecting at least one of the reaction mixture MP obtained in (v), the reaction mixture MP obtained in (vi), the streamspi obtained in (vii) and the stream SP2 provided in (viii) to oxidation conditions in a reaction space So, wherein reaction space So further comprises an oxidation catalyst, obtaining in said reaction space So a reaction mixture MAA comprising at least acrylic acid;(x) separating at least part of the acrylic acid from the reaction mixture MAA obtained in (viii) obtaining a stream SAA comprising acrylic acid and a mixture MOAA depleted in acrylic acid;(xi) preparing a liquid mixture Me comprising at least one of the at least one alcohol R-CH2-CH2-(CHR- CH2)X-OH obtained in step (iv), the stream SBO obtained in step (iv) and the stream SBI obtained in (v), with stream SAA obtained in (ix);(xii) subjecting the liquid mixture Me prepared in (xi) to esterification conditions in a reaction space SES, obtaining in said reaction space a reaction mixture MES comprising at least one R-CH2-CH2-(CHR- CH2)x-acrylate; wherein(a) the base is selected from the group consisting of ammonium hydroxide, alkali hydroxides, alkaline earth hydroxides, ammonium carbonate, ammonium hydrogen carbonate, alkali carbonates, alkali hydrogen carbonates, alkaline earth carbonates, alkaline hydrogen carbonates, alkali alkoxides, alkaline earth alkoxides, alkali amides, alkaline earth amides, alkali metal 2, 2,6,6- tetramethylpiperidines, alkaline earth metal 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidines, secondary amino acids, and a mixture of two or more thereof;(b) the catalyst comprises a compound of formula (A)whereinM is selected from the group consisting of Ir, Mn, Os, Pd, Pt, Rh, and Ru;L1and L2are, independently of each other, PRdRe, NRdRe, SRd, SH, S(=O)R9,231021W001- 5 -C5-Cio-heteroaryl containing at least one heteroatom selected from nitrogen and sulfur, AsRdRe, SbRdRe, and a N-heterocyclic carbene represented by the structures:L3is selected from the group consisting of CO, PRdReRf, AsRdReRf, SbRdReRf, SRdRe, RgCN, RgNC, N2, PF3, pyridine, and thiophene;R1, R2, R3and R4either are hydrogen, or form together with the pyridyl unit of the catalyst of formula (A) an acridinyl unit, or R1and R2or R3and R4form together with the pyridyl unit of the compound of formula (A) a quinolinyl unit; n Is O or 1 ;Y is selected from the group consisting of H, F, Cl, Br, I, OC(=O)CF3, OSO2CF3, ON, CO, OH, OR, NRg2, NH3, NRg3, and Rg2NSO2Rg;Rd, Re, Rf, Rg, R5, R6and R7are, independently of each other, selected from the group consisting of H, unsubstituted or substituted Ci-Cio-alkyl, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, ON, NH2, and Ci-Cio-alkyl; unsubstituted or substituted Cs-C -cycloalkyl, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, ON, NH2, and C1-C10- alkyl; unsubstituted or substituted Cs-Cio-heterocyclyl comprising at least one heteroatom selected from the group consisting of N, 0, and S, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, ON, NH2, and Ci-Cio-alkyl; unsubstituted or substituted Cs-C -aryl, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, ON, NH2, and Ci-Cio-alkyl; and unsubstituted or substituted Cs-Cio-heteroary I comprising at least one heteroatom selected from the group consisting of N, 0, and S, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, ON, NH2 and Ci-Cio-alkyl; andX is optional and is selected from the group consisting of one, two, three, four, five, six, and seven substituents positioned at any carbon atom on the acridinyl unit, or one, two, three, four and five substituents positioned at any carbon atom on the quinolinyl unit, or one substituent positioned at the carbon atom on the pyridyl unit, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, ON, NH2, C6-C12— aryl, and C1-C10— alkyl;(c) the precursor of the catalyst comprising a compound of formula (A) comprises a mixture comprising 1) a compound comprising a metal M; 2) at least one component selected from the group consisting of CO, PRdReRf, SRdRe, RdCN, RdNC, N2, PF3, organic carbonyl compounds, Ci-Cio-alkyl, C3-C12- cycloalkyl, C2-Ci2-alkenyl, Cs-Cis-cycloalkenyl, C5-C2o-aryl, ON, CO, OH, 0C(=0)CF3, OSO2CF3, hydrides, pyridines, halogenides, hydroxides, and thiophenes; and 3) a compound of formula (H)231021W001- 6 -M is selected from the group consisting of Ir, Mn, Os, Pd, Pt, Rh, and Ru;L1and L2, are, independently of each other, PRdRe, NRdRe, SRd, SH, S(=0)R9,C5-Cio-heteroary I containing at least one heteroatom selected from nitrogen and sulfur, AsRdRe, SbRdRe, and a N-heterocyclic carbene represented by the structures:R1, R2, R3and R4either are hydrogen, or form together with the pyridyl unit of the catalyst of formula (A) an acridinyl unit, or R1and R2or R3and R4form together with the pyridyl unit of the catalyst of formula (A) a quinolinyl unit; n Is O or 1 ;Rd, Re, Rf, Rs, R5, R6and R7are, independently of each other, selected from the group consisting of H, unsubstituted or substituted Ci-Cio-alkyl, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, ON, NH2, and Ci-Cio-alkyl; unsubstituted or substituted Cs-C -cycloalkyl, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, ON, NH2, and C1-C10- alkyl; unsubstituted or substituted Ca-Cio-heterocyclyl comprising at least one heteroatom selected from the group consisting of N, 0, and S, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, ON, NH2, and Ci-Cio-alkyl; unsubstituted or substituted Cs-C -aryl, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, ON, NH2, and Ci-Cio-alkyl; and unsubstituted or substituted Cs-Cio-heteroary I comprising at least one heteroatom selected from the group consisting of N, 0, and S, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, ON, NH2 and Ci-Cio-alkyl; andX is optional and is selected from the group consisting of one, two, three, four, five, six, and seven substituents positioned at any carbon atom on the acridinyl unit, or one, two, three, four and five substituents positioned at any carbon atom on the quinolinyl unit, or one substituent positioned at the carbon atom on the pyridyl unit, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, ON, NH2, C6-C12— aryl, and Ci-Cio-alkyl.The process in accordance with the present invention, and in particular the alcohol conversion process of at least one alcohol R-CH2-CH2-OH, preferably ethanol, employing a homogeneous catalyst and a base, preferably is an231021W001- 7 - industrial process. In these embodiments, the process is thus based on the industrial scale dimensions, as compared to, for example, a setup and equipment for an experiment conducted in a laboratory. Preferably, the nominal capacity of a process to be carried out in accordance with the present invention, based on the desired product alcohol, e.g. butanol, is 1 kt (kiloton) or more, more preferably 10 kt or more, more preferably 50 kt or more.In the above, process, preferably, more than one alcohol R-CH2-CH2-OH may be employed. In this case, each R is independently selected from the group consisting of H and Ci-C4-alkyl. For example, in this case, each R in R-CH2- CH2-(CHR-CH2)X-OH and in R-CH2-CH2-(CHR-CH2)x-acrylate is independently selected from the group consisting of H and Ci-C4-alkyl. Also, for example, ethanol and propanol may be used as starting alcohols, or a mixture of methanol, ethanol and propanol etc. may be employed if desired.Preferably, in (iv), separating at least part of the at least one alcohol R-CH2-CH2-(CHR-CH2)X-OH from the reaction mixture MG obtained in (iii) obtaining a stream SBO comprising at least part of the at least one alcohol R-CH2-CH2- (CHR-CH2)X-OH and a mixture MGOB depleted in the at least one alcohol R-CH2-CH2-(CHR-CH2)X-OH may include separating more than one than one alcohol R-CH2-CH2-(CHR-CH2)X-OH. In this case, the obtained acryl esters will preferably be a mixture of esters of said separated alcohols.In the following, the process will be described with respect to a preferred alcohol R-CH2-CH2-OH, e.g. butanol. However, the above process is not limited thereto. All of the following aspects and embodiments, if referring to butanol, are also referring to the other alcohols R-CH2-CH2-OH.The present invention in particular relates to a process, preferably the afore-mentioned process, for preparing N-butyl acrylate, comprising(I) providing a chemical component C comprising one or more of a catalyst, a precursor of the catalyst, a reduced form of the catalyst, and a reduced form of the precursor of the catalyst;(II) preparing a liquid mixture ME comprising ethanol, a base, and the chemical component C provided in 0);(iii) subjecting the liquid mixture ME prepared in (ii) to alcohol conversion conditions in a reaction space SR, obtaining in said reaction space a reaction mixture MG comprising at least butanol;(iv) separating at least part of the butanol from the reaction mixture MG obtained in (iii) obtaining a mixture MGOB depleted in butanol;(v) obtaining a reaction mixture MP comprising at least propene by at least one of the following steps (v.a1), (v.a2), (v.b) and (v.c)(v.a1) dividing butanol obtained in (iv) into two separate butanol streams SBI and SB2; and subjecting butanol of stream SB2 to retro hydroformylation conditions in a reaction space SH, wherein reaction space SH further comprises a heterogeneous catalyst comprising a platinum group metal supported on a carrier, obtaining in said reaction space SH a reaction mixture MP comprising at least propene;231021W001- 8 -(v.a2) dividing butanol obtained in (iv) into two separate butanol streams SBI and SB?; and subjecting butanol of stream SB2 to dehydration conditions obtaining a stream SBE comprising 1 -butene; subjecting at least part of 1 -butene in stream SBE to isomerization conditions obtaining a stream SBE2 comprising 2-butene; subjecting at least part of 2-butene comprised in stream SBE2 to metathesis conditions obtaining a reaction mixture MP comprising at least propene;(v.b) providing ethanol; subjecting ethanol to dehydration conditions obtaining a stream SET comprising ethylene; subjecting pat least part of the ethylene comprised in stream SET to dimerization conditions obtaining a stream SBE comprising 2-butene; subjecting at least part of 2-butene comprised in stream SBE to metathesis conditions with ethylene, preferably bio-ethylene, obtaining a reaction mixture MP comprising at least propene;(v.c) providing a propylene source to prepare a reaction mixture MP comprising at least propene;(vi) optionally combining at least two reaction mixtures MP obtained in any one of (v.a) to (v.c);(vii) optionally separating at least part of propene from the reaction mixture MP obtained in (v) or (vi) obtaining a stream SPI comprising the separated propene and a stream SOP depleted in propene;(viii) optionally providing a steam SP2 comprising propene;(ix) subjecting at least one of the reaction mixture MP obtained in (v), the reaction mixture MP obtained in (vi), the streamspi obtained in (vii) and the stream SP2 provided in (viii) to oxidation conditions in a reaction space So, wherein reaction space So further comprises an oxidation catalyst, obtaining in said reaction space So a reaction mixture MAA comprising at least acrylic acid;(x) separating at least part of the acrylic acid from the reaction mixture MAA obtained in (ix) obtaining a stream SAA comprising acrylic acid and a mixture MOAA depleted in acrylic acid;(xi) preparing a liquid mixture Me comprising at least one of the butanol obtained in (iv), the stream SBO obtained in step (iv) and stream SBI obtained in (v), with stream SAA obtained in (x);(xii) subjecting the liquid mixture Me prepared in (xi) to esterification conditions in a reaction space SES, obtaining in said reaction space a reaction mixture MES comprising at least butyl acrylate; wherein(a) the base is selected from the group consisting of ammonium hydroxide, alkali hydroxides, alkaline earth hydroxides, ammonium carbonate, ammonium hydrogen carbonate, alkali carbonates, alkali hydrogen carbonates, alkaline earth carbonates, alkaline hydrogen carbonates, alkali alkoxides, alkaline earth alkoxides, alkali amides, alkaline earth amides, alkali metal 2, 2,6,6- tetramethylpiperidines, alkaline earth metal 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidines, secondary amino acids, and a mixture of two or more thereof;(b) the catalyst comprises a compound of formula (A)231021W001whereinM is selected from the group consisting of Ir, Mn, Os, Pd, Pt, Rh, and Ru;L1and L2are, independently of each other, PRdRe, NRdRe, SRd, SH, S(=O)Rg,C5-Cio-heteroaryl containing at least one heteroatom selected from nitrogen and sulfur, AsRdRe, SbRdRe, and a N-heterocyclic carbene represented by the structures:L3is selected from the group consisting of CO, PRdReRf, AsRdReRf, SbRdReRf, SRdRe, RgCN, RgNC, N2, PF3, pyridine, and thiophene;R1, R2, R3and R4either are hydrogen, or form together with the pyridyl unit of the catalyst of formula (A) an acridinyl unit, or R1and R2or R3and R4form together with the pyridyl unit of the compound of formula (A) a quinolinyl unit; n Is O or 1 ;Y is selected from the group consisting of H, F, Cl, Br, I, OC(=O)CF3, OSO2CF3, ON, CO, OH, OR, NRg2, NH3, NRg3, and Rg2NSO2Rg;Rd, Re, Rf, Rg, R5, R6and R7are, independently of each other, selected from the group consisting of H, unsubstituted or substituted Ci-Cio-alkyl, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, ON, NH2, and Ci-Cio-alkyl; unsubstituted or substituted Cs-C -cycloalkyl, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, ON, NH2, and C1-C10- alkyl; unsubstituted or substituted Cs-Cio-heterocyclyl comprising at least one heteroatom selected from the group consisting of N, 0, and S, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, ON, NH2, and Ci-Cio-alkyl; unsubstituted or substituted Cs-C -aryl, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, ON, NH2, and Ci-Cio-alkyl; and unsubstituted or substituted Cs-Cio-heteroary I comprising at least one heteroatom selected from the group consisting of N, 0, and S, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, ON, NH2 and Ci-Cio-alkyl; and231021W001- 10 -X is optional and is selected from the group consisting of one, two, three, four, five, six, and seven substituents positioned at any carbon atom on the acridinyl unit, or one, two, three, four and five substituents positioned at any carbon atom on the quinolinyl unit, or one substituent positioned at the carbon atom on the pyridyl unit, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, ON, NH2, C6-C12- aryl, and C1-C10— alkyl;(c) the precursor of the catalyst comprising a compound of formula (A) comprises a mixture comprising 1) a compound comprising a metal M; 2) at least one component selected from the group consisting of CO, PRdReRf, SRdRe, RdCN, RdNC, N2, PF3, organic carbonyl compounds, Ci-Cio-alkyl, C3-C12- cycloalkyl, C2-Ci2-alkenyl, Cs-Cis-cycloalkenyl, C5-C2o-aryl, ON, CO, OH, OC(=O)CF3, OSO2CF3, hydrides, pyridines, halogenides, hydroxides, and thiophenes; and 3) a compound of formula (H)M is selected from the group consisting of Ir, Mn, Os, Pd, Pt, Rh, and Ru;L1and L2, are, independently of each other, PRdRe, NRdRe, SRd, SH, S(=O)R9,C5-Cio-heteroary I containing at least one heteroatom selected from nitrogen and sulfur, AsRdRe, SbRdRe, and a N-heterocyclic carbene represented by the structures:R1, R2, R3and R4either are hydrogen, or form together with the pyridyl unit of the catalyst of formula (A) an acridinyl unit, or R1and R2or R3and R4form together with the pyridyl unit of the catalyst of formula (A) a quinolinyl unit; n Is O or 1 ;Rd, Re, Rf, Rs, R5, R6and R7are, independently of each other, selected from the group consisting of H, unsubstituted or substituted Ci-Cio-alkyl, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, ON, NH2, and Ci-Cio-alkyl; unsubstituted or substituted Cs-C -cycloalkyl, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, ON, NH2, and C1-C10- alkyl; unsubstituted or substituted Cs-Cio-heterocyclyl comprising at least one heteroatom selected from the group consisting of N, 0, and S, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, ON, NH2, and Ci-Cio-alkyl; unsubstituted or substituted Cs-C -aryl, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, ON, NH2, and Ci-Cio-alkyl; and unsubstituted or substituted Cs-Cio-heteroary I comprising at least one heteroatom selected from231021W001- 11 - the group consisting of N, 0, and S, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, ON, NH2 and Ci-Cio-alkyl; andX is optional and is selected from the group consisting of one, two, three, four, five, six, and seven substituents positioned at any carbon atom on the acridinyl unit, or one, two, three, four and five substituents positioned at any carbon atom on the quinolinyl unit, or one substituent positioned at the carbon atom on the pyridyl unit, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, CN, NH2, C6-C12- aryl, and Ci-Cio-alkyl.The present invention also relates, in another embodiment, relates to a process for preparing N-butyl acrylate, comprising(I) providing a chemical component C comprising one or more of a catalyst, a precursor of the catalyst, a reduced form of the catalyst, and a reduced form of the precursor of the catalyst;(ii) preparing a liquid mixture ME comprising ethanol, a base, and the chemical component C provided in 0);(ill) subjecting the liquid mixture ME prepared in (ii) to alcohol conversion conditions in a reaction space SR, obtaining in said reaction space a reaction mixture MG comprising at least butanol;(iv) separating at least part of the butanol from the reaction mixture MG obtained in (ill) obtaining a mixture MGOB depleted in butanol;(v) dividing butanol obtained in (iv) into two separate butanol streams SBI and SB2; and obtaining a reaction mixture MP comprising at least propene by at least one of the following(v.a1) subjecting butanol of stream SB2 to retro hydroformylation conditions in a reaction space SH, wherein reaction space SH further comprises a heterogeneous catalyst comprising a platinum group metal supported on a carrier, obtaining in said reaction space SH a reaction mixture MP comprising at least propene;(v.a2) subjecting butanol of stream SB2 to dehydration conditions obtaining a stream SBE comprising 1-butene; subjecting at least part of 1-butene in stream SBE to isomerization conditions obtaining a stream SBE2 comprising 2-butene; subjecting at least part of 2-butene comprised in stream SBE2 to metathesis conditions obtaining a reaction mixture MP comprising at least propene;(v.b) providing ethanol; subjecting ethanol to dehydration conditions obtaining a stream SET comprising ethylene; subjecting pat least part of the ethylene comprised in stream SET to dimerization conditions obtaining a stream SBE comprising 2-butene; subjecting at least part of 2-butene comprised in stream SBE to metathesis conditions with ethylene, preferably bio-ethylene, obtaining a reaction mixture MP comprising at least propene;(v.c) providing a propylene source to prepare a reaction mixture MP comprising at least propene;(vi) optionally combining at least two reaction mixtures MP obtained in any one of (v.a) to (v.c);231021W001- 12 -(vii) optionally separating at least part of propene from the reaction mixture MP obtained in (v) or (vi) obtaining a stream SRI comprising the separated propene and a stream SOP depleted in propene;(viii) optionally providing a steam SP2 comprising propene;(ix) subjecting at least one of the reaction mixture MP obtained in (v), the reaction mixture MP obtained in (vi), the streamspi obtained in (vii) and the stream SP2 provided in (viii) to oxidation conditions in a reaction space So, wherein reaction space So further comprises an oxidation catalyst, obtaining in said reaction space So a reaction mixture MAA comprising at least acrylic acid;(x) separating at least part of the acrylic acid from the reaction mixture MAA obtained in (ix) obtaining a stream SAA comprising acrylic acid and a mixture MOAA depleted in acrylic acid;(xi) preparing a liquid mixture Me comprising stream SBI obtained in (v) and stream SAA obtained in (x);(xii) subjecting the liquid mixture Me prepared in (xi) to esterification conditions in a reaction space SES, obtaining in said reaction space a reaction mixture MES comprising at least butyl acrylate; wherein(a) the base is selected from the group consisting of ammonium hydroxide, alkali hydroxides, alkaline earth hydroxides, ammonium carbonate, ammonium hydrogen carbonate, alkali carbonates, alkali hydrogen carbonates, alkaline earth carbonates, alkaline hydrogen carbonates, alkali alkoxides, alkaline earth alkoxides, alkali amides, alkaline earth amides, alkali metal 2, 2,6,6- tetramethylpiperidines, alkaline earth metal 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidines, secondary amino acids, and a mixture of two or more thereof;(b) the catalyst comprises a compound of formula (A)whereinM is selected from the group consisting of Ir, Mn, Os, Pd, Pt, Rh, and Ru;L1and L2are, independently of each other, PRdRe, NRdRe, SRd, SH, S(=O)R9,C5-Cio-heteroaryl containing at least one heteroatom selected from nitrogen and sulfur, AsRdRe, SbRdRe, and a N-heterocyclic carbene represented by the structures:231021W001L3is selected from the group consisting of CO, PRdReRf, AsRdReRf, SbRdReRf, SRdRe, RgCN, RgNC, N2, PF3, pyridine, and thiophene;R1, R2, R3and R4either are hydrogen, or form together with the pyridyl unit of the catalyst of formula (A) an acridinyl unit, or R1and R2or R3and R4form together with the pyridyl unit of the compound of formula (A) a quinolinyl unit; n Is O or 1 ;Y is selected from the group consisting of H, F, Cl, Br, I, OC(=O)CF3, OSO2CF3, ON, CO, OH, OR, NRg2, NH3, NRg3, and Rg2NSO2Rg;Rd, Re, Rf, Rg, R5, R6and R7are, independently of each other, selected from the group consisting of H, unsubstituted or substituted Ci-Cio-alkyl, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, ON, NH2, and Ci-Cio-alkyl; unsubstituted or substituted Cs-C -cycloalkyl, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, ON, NH2, and C1-C10- alkyl; unsubstituted or substituted Cs-Cio-heterocyclyl comprising at least one heteroatom selected from the group consisting of N, 0, and S, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, ON, NH2, and Ci-Cio-alkyl; unsubstituted or substituted Cs-C -aryl, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, ON, NH2, and Ci-Cio-alkyl; and unsubstituted or substituted Cs-Cio-heteroary I comprising at least one heteroatom selected from the group consisting of N, 0, and S, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, ON, NH2 and Ci-Cio-alkyl; andX is optional and is selected from the group consisting of one, two, three, four, five, six, and seven substituents positioned at any carbon atom on the acridinyl unit, or one, two, three, four and five substituents positioned at any carbon atom on the quinolinyl unit, or one substituent positioned at the carbon atom on the pyridyl unit, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, ON, NH2, C6-C12— aryl, and C1-C10— alkyl;(c) the precursor of the catalyst comprising a compound of formula (A) comprises a mixture comprising 1) a compound comprising a metal M; 2) at least one component selected from the group consisting of CO, PRdReRf, SRdRe, RdCN, RdNC, N2, PF3, organic carbonyl compounds, Ci-Cio-alkyl, C3-C12- cycloalkyl, C2-Ci2-alkenyl, Cs-Cis-cycloalkenyl, C5-C2o-aryl, ON, CO, OH, 0C(=0)CF3, OSO2CF3, hydrides, pyridines, halogenides, hydroxides, and thiophenes; and 3) a compound of formula (H)231021W001- 14 -M is selected from the group consisting of Ir, Mn, Os, Pd, Pt, Rh, and Ru;L1and L2, are, independently of each other, PRdRe, NRdRe, SRd, SH, S(=0)R9,C5-Cio-heteroary I containing at least one heteroatom selected from nitrogen and sulfur, AsRdRe, SbRdRe, and a N-heterocyclic carbene represented by the structures:R1, R2, R3and R4either are hydrogen, or form together with the pyridyl unit of the catalyst of formula (A) an acridinyl unit, or R1and R2or R3and R4form together with the pyridyl unit of the catalyst of formula (A) a quinolinyl unit; n Is O or 1 ;Rd, Re, Rf, Rs, R5, R6and R7are, independently of each other, selected from the group consisting of H, unsubstituted or substituted Ci-Cio-alkyl, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, ON, NH2, and Ci-Cio-alkyl; unsubstituted or substituted Cs-C -cycloalkyl, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, ON, NH2, and C1-C10- alkyl; unsubstituted or substituted Ca-Cio-heterocyclyl comprising at least one heteroatom selected from the group consisting of N, 0, and S, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, ON, NH2, and Ci-Cio-alkyl; unsubstituted or substituted Cs-C -aryl, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, ON, NH2, and Ci-Cio-alkyl; and unsubstituted or substituted Cs-Cio-heteroary I comprising at least one heteroatom selected from the group consisting of N, 0, and S, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, ON, NH2 and Ci-Cio-alkyl; andX is optional and is selected from the group consisting of one, two, three, four, five, six, and seven substituents positioned at any carbon atom on the acridinyl unit, or one, two, three, four and five substituents positioned at any carbon atom on the quinolinyl unit, or one substituent positioned at the carbon atom on the pyridyl unit, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, ON, NH2, C6-C12- aryl, and Ci-Cio-alkyl.Preferably, the dehydration conditions of the at least one alcohol R-CH2-CH2-(CHR-CH2)x-OH, preferably butanol, in (v.a2) comprise the presence of a catalyst, wherein the catalyst more preferably is a zeolite. It is also preferred that the dehydration conditions in (v.a2) comprise a temperature in the range of from 150 to 300 °C.231021W001- 15 -The isomerization conditions in (v.a2) preferably comprise the presence of a catalyst, wherein the catalyst preferably is selected from the group consisting of a zeolite, aluminum oxides, silicon oxides, magnesium oxides, and a mixture of two or more thereof. It is also preferred that the isomerization conditions in (v.a2) comprise a temperature in the range of from 200 to 600 °C.Preferably, the metathesis conditions in (v.a2) comprise the presence of a catalyst, wherein the catalyst preferably is selected from the group consisting of Pt, Pd, Rh, Ru, Co, Ni, silicon oxides, and a mixture of two or more thereof. It is also preferred that the metathesis conditions in (v.a2) comprise a temperature in the range of from 200 to 600 °C. It is also preferred that the metathesis conditions comprise cross-metathesis with ethylene.In another preferred embodiment, the metathesis conditions in (v.b) comprise the presence of a carrier, wherein the carrier is selected from the group consisting of zeolites, silicon oxides, aluminum oxides, zirconium oxides, and a mixture of two or more thereof, preferably wherein the carrier is zirconium oxide carrier.Preferably, (v) further comprises(v.a3) separating propene from the reaction mixture MP by distillation, wherein distillation preferably comprises a first distillation to separate mixture MP into a mixture MP comprising propene and a mixture MHB; and a second distillation to separate mixture MP into a mixture MP- comprising propene and a mixture MHCO comprising at least hydrogen and carbon monoxide.Preferably, (ix) comprises the oxidation of propene in two stages.It is furthermore preferred that (vii) comprises a distillation step, obtaining propene and a mixture MPD comprising at least one of N2, CO and CO2.It is also preferred that (x) comprises separation employing an absorption and distillation column.Preferably, (xi) comprises continuously preparing R-CH2-CH2-(CHR-CH2)x-acrylate, preferably n-butyl acrylate, by reacting acrylic acid with the at least one alcohol R-CH2-CH2-(CHR-CH2)x-OH, preferably n-butanol, in a solvent-free phase at elevated temperature and with addition of acid as esterification catalyst, in which the acrylic acid, the at least one alcohol R-CH2-CH2-(CHR-CH2)x-OH, preferably n-butanol, and the esterification catalyst are fed to a reaction zone, the water formed is separated from the reaction mixture during a dwell time in the reaction zone as a constituent of an at least one alcohol R-CH2-CH2-(CHR-CH2)X-OH comprising mixture, preferably n-butanol- comprising mixture, in a first rectification unit I atop the reaction zone, the distillate obtained is separated into an at least one alcohol R-CH2-CH2-(CHR-CH2)X-OH comprising organic phase, preferably n-butanol-comprising organic phase, and a water-comprising aqueous phase, the organic phase is recycled to the rectification unit I, the aqueous phase is optionally sent wholly or partly to a stripping unit IX, the at least one alcohol R-CH2-CH2-(CHR-CH2)X-231021W001- 16 - acrylate comprising reaction mixture, preferably n-butyl acrylate-comprising reaction mixture, which is drawn off from the reaction zone is sent to a prepurification.It is more preferred that the process further comprises a) in a first prepurification stage (prepurification I), the predominant portion of the esterification catalyst is removed by extraction by water scrubbing and b) in a second prepurification stage (prepurification II), the acidic components are neutralized and extracted with an aqueous alkali solution by reactive extraction and c) optionally, in a third prepurification stage (prepurification III), residual salts and aqueous extraneous phase components are removed by extraction with water from the residual organic reaction mixture remaining after the second prepurification stage, the remaining residual organic reaction mixture I is directed into a further separation zone comprising rectification units and the R-CH2-CH2-(CHR-CH2)x-ester, preferably n-butyl ester, of acrylic acid formed is separated off therein by- feeding the remaining residual reaction mixture I to a rectification unit II and rectificatively separating the remaining residual reaction mixture I therein into a low boiler product comprising the at least one R-CH2-CH2-(CHR-CH2)X- acry late, preferably n-butyl acrylate, and lower-boiling constituents than the at least one R-CH2-CH2-(CHR-CH2)X- acrylate, preferably n-butyl acrylate, and a residual reaction mixture II comprising the at least one R-CH2-CH2-(CHR- CH2)x-acrylate, preferably the n-butyl acrylate, and higher-boiling constituents than the at least one R-CH2-CH2- (CHR-CH2)x-acrylate, preferably n-butyl acrylate,- feeding the residual reaction mixture II to a rectification unit III and separating the at least one R-CH2-CH2-(CHR- CH2)x-acrylate, preferably the n-butyl acrylate therein from the higher-boiling constituents than the at least one R- CH2-CH2-(CHR-CH2)x-acrylate, preferably n-butyl acrylate.In an even more preferred embodiment,- the amount of acid added as catalyst to the reaction zone is in the range from 51 to 163 mmol of acid per kg of the reaction mixture drawn off from the reaction zone,- the at least one alcohol R-CH2-CH2-(CHR-CH2)X-OH, preferably n-butanol, and acrylic acid are used in a mass ratio in the range of the at least one alcohol R-CH2-CH2-(CHR-CH2)X-OH, preferably n-butanol to acrylic acid being 1 .0 to 1.3,- at least the organic component of the low boiler product from the rectification unit II that has not been used as return stream to the rectification unit II is fed at least partly to a rectification unit IV (stream 1) in which water and the at least one alcohol R-CH2-CH2-(CHR-CH2)X-OH and R-CH2-CH2-(CHR-CH2)x-acetate and di-R-CH2-CH2-(CHR- CH2)x-ether, preferably n-butanol and n-butyl acetate and di-n-butyl ether, are distilled off, the distillate (stream 3) is fed at least partly to an at least one alcohol R-CH2-CH2-(CHR-CH2)X-OH, preferably n-butanol, extraction unit VII, and the bottom product (stream 2) is recycled into the reaction zone either directly or via an acrylic acid extraction unit VIII.231021W001- 17 -Also preferred is a method for a continuous production of esters using an azeotropic process as disclosed in EP 0795535 B1 , the content thereof incorporated herewith in its entirety. Furthermore preferred is a process for a continuous production of butyl acrylate using an extraction method as disclosed in EP 4015498 A1 , the content thereof also incorporated herewith in its entirety.In another preferred embodiment, the process further comprises(xiii) subjecting the reaction mixture MES comprising at least butyl acrylate obtained in (xii) to distillation obtaining a mixture MESD comprising butyl acrylate and a mixture MESL.It is also preferred that the process further comprises(xiv) subjecting the mixture MESD comprising butyl acrylate obtained in (xiii) to extraction obtaining a stream SBA comprising butyl acrylate and a stream SR.Separation of the acrylic acid in (x) preferably comprises azeotropic distillation to remove the water with an entrainer of a boiling point of no higher than 130 °C. More preferably, separation comprises a two-column process for the purification of acrylic acid.It is also preferred that the entrainer is azeotropically distilled with both water and acetic acid, and has a boiling point of 80 to 130 °C, preferably wherein the entrainer is selected from the group consisting of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons and isobutylether and which azeotropically distills with both water and acetic acid, more preferably from the group consisting of alkyl esters of acetic acid and methylisobutylketone and which azeotropically boils with water.The alcohol conversion conditions in (ill) preferably comprise a temperature of the reaction mixture MG in the range of from 100 to 250 °C and a pressure in the reaction space SG in the range of from 1 x 105to 4 x 106Pa. It is also preferred that the alcohol conversion conditions according to (ill) comprise a temperature of the reaction mixture MG in the range of from 100 to 200 °C, preferably in the range of from 120 to 180 °C, more preferably in the range of from 120 to 170 °C, more preferably in the range of from 140 to 170 °C.The at least one alcohol R-CH2-CH2-OH, preferably ethanol, comprised in the liquid mixture ME preferably is a biobased alcohol, preferably obtainable or obtained from sugar-containing crops, preferably from one or more of crops, hemp, sugar cane, potatoe, cassava and corn, more preferably one or more of sugar cane and corn. It is moreover preferred that the at least one alcohol R-CH2-CH2-OH, preferably ethanol, is a bio-based alcohol obtained by alcoholic fermentation.Preferably, in (iv), the separation of at least part of the at least one alcohol R-CH2-CH2-(CHR-CH2)x-OH, preferably of at least part of the butanol, from the reaction mixture MG obtained in (ill) further comprises obtaining at least part of the at least one alcohol R-CH2-CH2-(CHR-CH2)x-OH, preferably at least part of the butanol, and a mixture MGOB comprising the chemical component C. It is more preferred that the process further comprises231021W001- 18 -(xv) recycling at least a part of the chemical component C comprised in the mixture MGOB obtained according to (iv) to (ii) or (ill).In yet another preferred embodiment, the alcohol conversion conditions according to (ill) comprise an amount of the base in the reaction mixture MG in the range of from 0.1 to 10 weight-%, more preferably in the range of from 0.5 to 8 weight-%, more preferably in the range of from 1 to 5 weight-%, based on the total weight of the reaction mixture MG.It is moreover preferred that the reaction mixture MG according to (ill) comprises an amount of the chemical component C in the range of from 0.002 to 2.0 weight-%, more preferably in the range of from 0.002 to 1 .5 weight-%, more preferably in the range of from 0.005 to 1 weight-%, more preferably in the range of from 0.007 to 0.8 weight-%, based on the total weight of the reaction mixture MG.The base is preferably selected from the group consisting of alkali hydroxides, alkali alkoxides, and a mixture thereof. The alkali hydroxide is preferably selected from the group consisting of NaOH, KOH, and a mixture thereof, more preferably the alkali hydroxide is KOH. The alkali alkoxide is preferably selected from the group consisting of sodium alkoxides, potassium alkoxides, and a mixture thereof, more preferably from the group consisting of sodium ethoxide, potassium ethoxide, and a mixture thereof.The alcohol conversion conditions in (ill) preferably comprise a temperature of the reaction mixture MG in the range of from 100 to 250 °C and a pressure in the reaction space SG in the range of from 1 x 105to 4 x 106Pa.The process is preferably a continuous process. Alternatively, the process is a semi-batch process or a batch process.The alcohol conversion conditions according to (ill) preferably comprise the presence of at least one inert gas in the reaction space SR, wherein the at least one inert gas is more preferably selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, argon, and a mixture thereof. It is also preferred that the alcohol conversion conditions according to (ill) comprise a pressure in the reaction space S in the range of from 1 x 105to 3.5 x 106Pa, more preferably in the range of from 1 x 105to 3.1 x 106Pa, more preferably in the range in the range of from 1 x 105to 2 x 106Pa, more preferably in the range in the range from 1 x 105to 1.5 x 106Pa. It is furthermore preferred that in (ill), said gas phase comprises H2, more preferably wherein the H2 partial pressure of the gas phase in the reaction space SG is maintained in the range of from 2 x 104to 3.1 x 106Pa, more preferably in the range of from 2 x 104to 1.1 x 106Pa, more preferably in the range of from 2 x 104to 6 x 105Pa. It is even more preferred that the H2 partial pressure of the gas phase is maintained by relaxation of the gas phase or by introducing H2 into the gas phase."Maintaining” the H2 partial pressure of the gas phase in the sense of the present invention includes ensuring that the H2 partial pressure is within the desired range during the reaction. In case the H2 partial pressure is within the desired range, no active steps have to be carried out mandatorily, but the pressure may still be adjusted to a different part of231021W001- 19 - the range if desired. However, in order to ensure that the H2 partial pressure is neither too high nor too low, the H2 partial pressure may preferably be adjusted, or must be adjusted in case of ensuring that the H2 partial pressure is maintained within the desired range, for example by relaxation of the gas phase, in which case the H2 partial pressure may be reduced, or, alternatively, by introducing H2 into the gas phase, in which case the H2 partial pressure may be increased. Depending upon the H2 partial pressure during the reaction, one or even both of said alternatives may be carried out if desired to adjust the H2 partial pressure and to maintain the H2 partial pressure within the desired pressure range at all times during the reaction.The pressure during the reaction can be monitored by, for example, determination of the overall pressure and comparison to the starting pressure. As hydrogen tends to build up during the reaction, the H2 partial pressure changes, e.g. increases, resulting in the pressure to increase over time. For example, by actively measuring and controlling the overall pressure during the reaction, it may be ensured that the H2 partial pressure is within the claimed range. If the overall pressure built up is too high, this tends to be at least in part the result of the H2 partial pressure increasing. By relaxation of the gas phase, hydrogen can be removed from the gas phase and the H2 partial pressure can be maintained in the desired range. Thus, in one preferred embodiment, the H2 partial pressure of the gas phase is preferably maintained in the respective range by monitoring the overall pressure of the reaction and adjusting the overall pressure if required, preferably by relaxation of the gas phase, in which case the H2 partial pressure may be reduced, or, alternatively, by introducing H2 into the gas phase, in which case the H2 partial pressure may be increased.Alternatively, the hydrogen partial pressure can be determined by other means, such as taking samples of the gas phase during the reaction and analyzing same. As another alternative, the pressure may be monitored via online measurement, and adjusted accordingly as outlined above.The liquid mixture ME prepared according to (ii) preferably further comprises a solvent component S. More preferably, the solvent component S comprises a solvent which has a boiling point of 110 °C or more, more preferably a boiling point of 140 °C or more, more preferably a boiling point of 160 °C or more, more preferably a boiling point of 180 °C or more, more preferably a boiling point of 190 °C or more.In yet another preferred embodiment, the solvent in the solvent component S has a solubility in water at 25 °C of from 0 to 0.7 weight-%, more preferably a solubility in water at 25 °C of from 0 to 0.5 weight-%, more preferably a solubility in water at 25 °C of from 0 to 0.1 weight-%, more preferably a solubility in water at 25 °C of from 0 to 0.05 weight-%. It is also preferred that a distribution coefficient of the catalyst in a system of the solvent component S and water is from 0 to 0.01, more preferably from 0 to 0.005, more preferably from 0 to 0.005, based on 1 kg catalyst.Preferably, the solvent of the solvent component S does not form an azeotrope with water. An azeotrope or a constant heating point mixture is a mixture of two or more components in fluidic states whose proportions cannot be altered or changed by simple distillation. This happens because when an azeotrope is boiled, the vapor has the231021W001- 20 - same proportions of constituents as the unboiled mixture. Each azeotrope has a characteristic boiling point. It is not possible to separate the components by fractional distillation.The solvent component S preferably comprises a mixture of at least two solvents with a boiling point of 140 °C or more, more preferably with a boiling point of 160 °C or more, more preferably with a boiling point of 180 °C or more, more preferably with a boiling point of 190 °C or more.The solvent component S preferably comprises a solvent which is selected from the group consisting of biphenyl, diphenyl ether, 1 -tert-butyl-3,5-dimethyl-benzene, ethylbenzene, cyclododecane, cyclononane, cyclooctane, cycloheptane, decaline, n-butylbutyrate, n-hexylhexyrate, n-octyloctyrate, texanole, di-n-butylether, di-iso-butylether, di-sec-butylether, 1 -hexanol, 1 -octanol, 1 -decanol, 1-dodedacanol, 2-ethylbutan-1-ol, 2-ethylhexan-1-ol, 2-ethyloctan- 1-ol, 2-ethyldecan-1-ol, 2-ethyldodecan-1-ol, 2-butylhexan-1-ol, 2-butyloctan-1-ol, 2-butyldecan-1-ol, 2-butyldodecan- 1-ol, 2-hexyldecanol, 2-octyldodecanol, 2-propylheptan-1-ol, and a mixture of two or more thereof; more preferably wherein the solvent component S comprises at least one solvent selected from the group consisting of 2-ethy Ibutan- 1-ol, 2-ethylhexan-1-ol, 2-ethyloctan-1-ol, 2-ethyldecan-1-ol, 2-ethyldodecan-1-ol, 2-butylhexan-1-ol, 2-butyloctan-1 - ol, 2-butyldecan-1-ol, 2-butyldodecan-1-ol, 2-hexadecanol, 2-octyldodecanol, 2-propylheptan-1-ol, and a mixture of two or more thereof.Preferably, the solvent component S does not include any one of benzene, toluene, xylene or mesitylene.The alcohol conversion conditions according to (iii) preferably comprise an amount of the solvent component S in the reaction mixture MG in the range of from 5 to 50 weight-%, more preferably in the range of from 5 to 30 weight-%, more preferably in the range of from 5 to 10 weight-%, based on the total weight of the reaction mixture MG.Preferably, from 90 to 100 weight-%, more preferably from 95 to 100 weight-%, more preferably from 98 to 100 weight-%, more preferably from 99 to 100 weight-% of the liquid mixture ME prepared according to (ii) consist of the at least one alcohol R-CH2-CH2-OH, preferably ethanol, the base, the solvent component S and the chemical component C.The mixture MGOB obtained according to (iv) preferably further comprises at least part of the chemical component C, and more preferably further comprises at least part of the solvent component S.It is more preferred that the process further comprises(xv) recycling at least a part of the solvent component S comprised in the mixture MGOB obtained according to (iv) to (ii) or (iii).It is also more preferred that the process further comprises231021W001- 21 -(xv) recycling at least a part of the solvent component S and at least a part of the chemical component C comprised in the mixture MGOB obtained according to (iv) to (II) or (ill).In formula (A), preferably, n is 0 if R1, R2, R3and R4are hydrogen.The reaction mixture MG in (ill) preferably further comprises water; more preferably the amount of water in reaction mixture MG is 0.2 weight-% or less, more preferably in the range of from 0 to 0.2 weight-%, more preferably from 0.0001 to 0.2 weight-%, more preferably from 0.0001 to 0.15 weight-%, more preferably from 0.0005 to 0.1 weight-%, more preferably from 0.0005 to 0.08 weight-%, more preferably from 0.0005 to 0.05 weight-%, based on the total weight-% of the reaction mixture MG. Even more preferred is that step (ill) further comprises at least partially removing of water from the reaction mixture reaction mixture MG, preferably the continuous removal of at least a part of water from the reaction mixture reaction mixture MG.The chemical component C preferably comprises a compound of formula (B)whereinM is selected from the group consisting of Ir, Mn, Os, Pd, Pt, Rh, and Ru;L1and L2are, independently of each other, PRaRb, NRaRb, SRa, SH, and S(=O)Ra;L3is selected from the group consisting of CO, PRaRbRc, SRaRb, RaCN, RaNC, N2, PF3, pyridine, and thiophene;R1, R2, R3and R4either are hydrogen, or form together with the pyridyl unit of the catalyst of formula (A) an acridinyl unit; n is 0 or 1, and if R1, R2, R3and R4are hydrogen, n is 0;Ra, Rb, Rcand Rdare, independently of each other, selected from the group consisting of H, unsubstituted or substituted Ci-Cio-alkyl wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, ON, NH2, and Ci-Cio-alkyl; unsubstituted or substituted Ci-Cio-cycloalkyl wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, ON, NH2, and Ci-Cio-alkyl; Ca-Cio-heterocyclyl comprising at least one heteroatom selected from the group consisting of N, O, and S; Cs-C -aryl; and Cs-Cio-heteroaryl comprising at least one heteroatom selected from the group consisting of N, O, and S;Y is selected from the group consisting of H, F, Cl, Br, I, OC(=O)CF3, OSO2CF3, ON, CO, and OH;231021W001- 22 - and wherein for the compound of formula (L), R1, R2, R3and R4’ L1, L2and n are preferably identical to R1, R2, R3and R4, L1, L2and n of the catalyst of formula (B).It is also preferred that the chemical component C comprises a compound of formula (C)whereinM is selected from the group consisting of Ir, Ru, and Mn;L1and L2are, independently of each other, PRaRb, NRaRb, SRa, SH, and S(=O)Ra;L3is selected from the group consisting of CO, PRaRbRc, SRaRb, RaCN, RaNC, N2, PF3, pyridine, and thiophene;Ra, Rb, Rcand Rdare, independently of each other, selected from the group consisting of H, unsubstituted or substituted C1-C10 alkyl wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, ON, NH2, and C1-C10 alkyl; unsubstituted or substituted Ci-Cio-cycloalkyl wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, ON, NH2, and C1-C10 alkyl; C3-C10 heterocyclyl comprising at least one heteroatom selected from the group consisting of N, 0, and S; C5-C10 aryl; and C5-C10 heteroaryl comprising at least one heteroatom selected from the group consisting of N, 0, and S;Y is selected from the group consisting of H, F, Cl, Br, I, 0C(=0)CF3, OSO2CF3, ON, CO, and OH; and wherein for the compound of formula (L), R1, R2, R3and R4, L1, L2, and n are preferably identical to R1, R2, R3and R4’ L1, L2, and n of the catalyst of formula (0).In another preferred embodiment, the chemical component 0 comprises a compound of formula (D)whereinM is selected from the group consisting of Ir, Ru, and Mn;L1and L2are, independently of each other, PRaRb, NRaRb, SRa, SH, and S(=0)Ra;L3is selected from the group consisting of CO, PRaRbRc, SRaRb, RaCN, RaNC, N2, PF3, pyridine, and thiophene;231021W001- 23 -Ra, Rb, Rcand Rdare, independently of each other, selected from the group consisting of H, unsubstituted or substituted Ci-Cio-alkyl wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, CN, NH2, and Ci-Cio-alkyl; unsubstituted or substituted Ci-Cio-cycloalkyl wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, CN, NH2, and Ci-Cio-alkyl; Ca-Cio-heterocyclyl comprising at least one heteroatom selected from the group consisting of N, 0, and S; C5-C10 aryl; and Cs-Cio-heteroaryl comprising at least one heteroatom selected from the group consisting of N, 0, and S;Y is selected from the group consisting of H, F, Cl, Br, I, 0C(=0)CF3, OSO2CF3, CN, CO, and OH; and wherein for the compound of formula (L), R1, R2, R3and R4, L1, L2and n are preferably identical to R1, R2, R3and R4’ L1, L2and n of the catalyst of formula (D).M is preferably selected from the group consisting of Ir and Ru, preferably wherein M is Ru.L3is preferably CO. Also, L1and L2preferably are each (PRaRb), and wherein Raand Rbare Ci-Cio-alkyl, more preferably wherein Raand Rbare each isopropyl or tert-butyl. Furthermore, preferably, L1and L2are each (PRaRb), and wherein Raand Rbare Ci-C -cycloalkyl, more preferably wherein Raand Rbare each cyclohexyl. It is also preferred that L1and L2are each (PRaRb), and wherein Raand Rbare Cs-Cio-aryl.Y is preferably selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br and I, more preferably wherein Y is selected from the group consisting of Cl or Br, more preferably wherein Y is Cl. In an alternative preferred embodiment, Y is CO.Preferably, the chemical component C comprises a compound of formula (E)wherein Cy is cyclohexyl.The reduced form of the catalyst preferably comprises a compound of formula (E’)wherein Cy is cyclohexyl.231021W001- 24 -In another preferred embodiment, the chemical component C comprises a compound of formula (F)wherein iPr is isopropyl.In yet another preferred embodiments, the reduced form of the catalyst comprises a compound of formula (F’)wherein iPr is isopropyl. In another preferred embodiment, the chemical component C comprises a compound of formula (G)wherein tBu is tert-butyl.The reduced form of the catalyst preferably comprises a compound of formula (G’)wherein tBu is tert-butyl.231021W001- 25 -In another preferred embodiment, the chemical component C comprises a compound comprising a metal M selected from the group consisting of lrCI3x H2O, [lr(COD)CI]2, [lr(COE)2CI]2, [lr(C2H4)2CI]2, [lr(COD)OH]2, [lr(COD)MeO]2, [lrCp*CI2], [IrCp Cl2], lr4(CO)i2, [lr(PPh3)2(CO)CI], [lr(acetylacetonate)3], and [lr(acetylacetonate)(COD)], wherein Cp is cylclopentadienyl, Cp* is pentamethylcyclopentadienyl, COD is 1 ,5-cyclooctadienyl, COE is cyclooctenyl, and methylallyl is 2-methylallyl. Alternatively, the chemical component C preferably comprises a compound comprising a metal M selected from the group consisting of [Ru(p-cymene)CI2]2, [Ru(benzene)CI2]y, [Ru(CO)2CI2]y, where y is in each case in the range from 1 to 1000, [Ru(CO)3CI2]2, [Ru(COD)(allyl)2], RuCh x H2O, [Ru(acetylacetonate)3], [RU(DMSO)4CI2], [Ru(cyclopentadienyl)(CO)2CI], [Ru(cyclopentadienyl)(CO)2H], [Ru(cyclopentadienyl)(CO)2]2, [Ru(Cp)(CO)2CI], [Ru(Cp*)(CO)2H], [Ru(Cp*)(CO)2]2, [Ru(indenyl)(CO)2CI], [Ru(indenyl)(CO)2H], [Ru(indenyl)(CO)2]2, ruthenocene, [Ru(COD)CI2]2, [Ru(Cp*)(COD)CI], [RU3(CO)I2], [Ru(PPh3)4(H)2], [Ru(PPh3)3(CI)2], [Ru(PPh3)3(CO)(CI)2], [Ru(PPh3)3(CO)(CI)(H)], [Ru(PPh3)3(CO)(H)2], and [Ru(cyclooctadienyl)(methylallyl)2], wherein Cp is cylclopentadienyl, Cp* is pentamethylcyclopentadienyl, COD is 1 ,5-cyclooctadienyl, and methylallyl is 2-methylallyl.The reduced form of the precursor preferably comprises a compound of formula (P-l) or (P-l I):wherein R1, R2, R3and R4either are hydrogen, or form together with the N-containing ring a tetrahydroquinoline unit, a decahydroquinoline unit, a tetrahydroacridine unit, or a tetradecahydroacridine unit; and wherein L1and L2are, independently of each other, as defined above;wherein R1, R2, R3and R4are hydrogen; and wherein L1and L2are, independently of each other, as defined above.In another preferred embodiment, the reduced form of the precursor comprises a compound of formula (P-l):231021W001wherein R1, R2, R3and R4either are hydrogen, or form together with the N-containing ring a tetrahydroacridine unit, or a tetradecahydroacridine unit.It is also preferred that the reduced form of the precursor comprises a compound of formula (P-l I):wherein R1, R2, R3and R4are hydrogen; and wherein L1and L2are, independently of each other, as defined above.Integer x preferably is 1 or 2, more preferably wherein integer x is 1 .R is preferably H.The liquid mixture ME prepared according to (ii) preferably further comprises a compound of formula (H):wherein R1, R2, R3and R4’ L1, L2, and n are identical to R1, R2, R3and R4’ L1, L2, and n of the catalyst of formula (A).More preferably, in the liquid mixture ME prepared according to (II) and subjected to alcohol version conditions according to (ill), the molar ratio of the compound of formula (H) relative to the compound of formula (A) is in a range of from 0.01 : 1 to 10: 1 , more preferably in the range of from 0.05:1 to 10:1 , more preferably in the range of from 0.1 :1 to 10:1 , more preferably in the range of from 0.1 :1 to 10: 1 , more preferably in the range of from 0.3:1 to 10:1 , more preferably in the range of from 0.5:1 to 10:1 , more preferably in the range of from 0.7: 1 to 10:1 , more preferably in the range of from 0.8:1 to 10:1 , more preferably in the range of from 1 :1 to 10:1 more preferably in the range of from231021W001- 27 -1.01 :1 to 10:1, more preferably in the range of from 1.02:1 to 8:1, more preferably in the range from 1.03:1 to 7:1, more preferably in the range from 1.04:1 to 6:1, and more preferably in the range from 1.05:1 to 5:1.It is also more preferred that the compound of formula (H) is selected from the group consisting of di cyclohexyl- [[5- (dicyclohexylphosphanylmethyl)acridin-4-yl]methyl]phosphane, diisopropyl-[[5-(diisopropylphosphanylmethyl)acridin- 4-yl]methyl]phosphane, dicyclohexyl-[[5-(dicyclohexylphosphanylmethyl)pyridin-4-yl]methyl]phosphane and diisopropyl-[[5-(diisopropylphosphanylmethyl)pyridin-4-yl]methyl]phosphane, preferably wherein the compound of formula (H) is cyclohexyl-[[5-(dicyclohexylphosphanylmethyl)acridin-4-yl]methyl]phosphane or diisopropyl-[[5- (diisopropylphosphanylmethyl)acridin-4-yl]methyl]phosphane.The reaction space SR is preferably comprised in a reactor vessel, wherein the reactor vessel is preferably a complete-mixing reactor vessel.According to a further aspect, the present invention relates to a process, preferably to the process as described above, which comprises the step of converting a chemical material obtainable by or obtained by the process as described herein to obtain a product Q.Preferably, the product Q is selected from: building block or monomer; or polymer, preferably polymer A, polymer composition, preferably polymer composition A, or polymer product, preferably polymer product A; or industrial use polymer, industrial use surfactant, descaling compound, industrial use biocide, industrial use solvent, industrial use dispersant, composition thereof or formulation thereof; or agrochemical composition, agrochemical formulation auxiliary or agrochemically active ingredient; or active pharmaceutical ingredient or intermediate thereof, pharmaceutical excipient, animal feed additive, human food additive, dietary supplements, aroma chemical or aroma composition; or aqueous polymer dispersion, preferably polyurethane or polyurethane - poly(meth)acrylate hybrid polymer dispersion, emulsion, binder for paper and fiber coatings, UV-curable acrylic polymer for hot melts and coatings polyisocyanates, hyperbranched polyester polyol, polymeric dispersant for inorganic binder compositions, unsaturated polyester polyol or 100% curable composition; or cosmetic surfactant, emollient, wax, cosmetic polymer, UV filter, further cosmetic ingredient or composition or formulation thereof; or polymer B, polymer composition B, coating composition, other functional composition, foil, molded body, coating or coated substrate.Regarding this process from which the product Q, is obtained, it is preferred: that the content of the chemical material in the product Q is 1 weight-% or more, preferably 2 weight-% or more, more preferably 5 weight-% or more, more preferably 15 weight-% or more, more preferably 30 weight-% or more, more231021W001- 28 - preferably 40 weight-% or more, more preferably 60 weight-% or more, more preferably 80 weight-% or more, more preferably 90 weight-% or more, more preferably 95 weight-% or more; and / or that the content of the chemical material in the product Q is 100 weight-% or less, preferably 95 weight-% or less, more preferably 90 weight-% or less, more preferably 50 weight-% or less, more preferably 25 weight-% or less, more preferably 10 weight-% or less; and preferably wherein the content is determined based on identity preservation and / or segregation and / or mass balance and / or book and claim chain of custody models, preferably based on mass balance, preferably the International Sustainability and Carbon Certification (ISCC) standard.The publication Prior Art Disclosure; Issue 684; paragraphs

[1000] to

[8005] ; ISSN: 2198-4786; published: February 12, 2024 will be regarded as Reference RF1, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Preferably, the product Q is a product as described in Reference RF1; paragraphs

[1000] to

[8005] , Preferably, the process described herein is further a process for the production of a product, preferably product Q.The converting step to obtain the product Q preferably comprises one or more step(s) as described below and can be performed by conventional methods well known to a person skilled in the art. The converting step preferably comprises one or more step(s) selected from: recycling, preferably depolymerizing, gasifying, pyrolyzing, and / or steam cracking; and / or purifying, preferably crystallizing, (solvent) extracting, distilling, evaporating, hydrotreating, absorbing, adsorbing and / or subjecting to ion exchanger; and / or assembling, preferably foaming, synthesizing, chemical conversion, chemically transforming, polymerizing and / or compounding; and / or forming, preferably foaming, extruding and / or molding; and / or finishing, preferably coating and / or smoothing.In addition, the one or more step(s) are described in detail in Reference RF1; paragraphs

[1000] to

[8005] ,The term "building block”, as used in the context of the product Q herein, comprises compounds, which are in a gaseous or liquid state under standard conditions of 0 °C and 0.1 MPa. Building blocks are typically used in chemical industry to form secondary products, which provide a higher structural complexity and / or higher molecular weight than the building block on which the secondary product is based. The building block is preferably selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxid, ethylene oxide, ethylene glycols, syngas comprising a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide, alkanes, alkenes, alkynes and aromatic compounds. The alkanes, alkenes, alkynes and aromatic compounds comprise in particular 1 to 12 carbon atoms, respectively.The term "monomer”, as used in the context of the product Q herein, comprises molecules, which can react with each other to form polymer chains by polymerization. The monomer is preferably selected from the group consisting of (meth)acrylic acid, salts of (meth)acrylic acid; in particular sodium, potassium and zinc salts; (meth)acrolein and (meth)acrylates. (Meth)acrylates comprising 1 to 22 carbon atoms are preferred, in particular comprising 1 to 8 carbon atoms. The terms (meth)acrylic acid, (meth)acrolein or (meth)acrylate relate to acrylic acid, acrolein or231021W001- 29 - acry late and also to methacrylic acid, methacrolein or methacrylate, where applicable. Further, the monomer can be selected from hexamethylenediamine (HMD) and adipic acid.The building block can further be an intermediate compound. The term "intermediate compound”, as used in the context of the product Q herein, comprises organic reagents, which are applied for formation of compounds with higher molecular complexity. The intermediate compound can be selected for example from the group consisting of phosgene, polyisocyanates and propylene oxide. The polyisocyanates are in particular aromatic di- and polyisocyanates, preferably toluene diisocyanate (TDI) and / or diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI).The building block and the monomer and typical converting step(s) to obtain the building block or monomer are described in more detail in paragraphs

[1000] to

[1012] of Reference RF1.The term "polymer A”, as used in the context of the product Q herein, comprises thermoplastic, e.g., polyamide or thermoplastic polyurethane, thermoset, e.g., polyurethane, elastomer, e.g., polybutadiene, or a copolymer or a mixture thereof and is defined in more detail in paragraphs

[2001] to

[2007] of Reference RF1. The term "polymer composition A”, as used in the context of the product Q herein, comprises all compositions comprising a polymer as described above and one or more additive(s), e.g. reinforcement, colorant, modifier and / or flame retardant, and is defined in more detail in paragraph

[2008] of Reference RF1 . The term "polymer product A”, as used in the context of the product Q herein, comprises any product comprising the polymer A and / or polymer composition A as described above and is defined in more detail in paragraphs

[2009] and

[2010] of Reference RF1. The step(s) to obtain the polymer, preferably polymer A, polymer composition, preferably polymer composition A or polymer product, preferably polymer product A is / are described in more detail in paragraph

[2011] of Reference RF1 .The term "industrial use polymer”, as used in the context of the product Q herein, comprises rheology, polycarboxylate, alkoxylated polyalkylenamine, alkoxylated polyalkylenimine, polyether-based, dye inhibition and soil release cleaning polymers defined in more detail in paragraphs

[3035] to

[3044] of Reference RF1 . The term "industrial use surfactant”, as used in the context of the product Q herein, comprises non-ionic, anionic and amphoteric industrial use surfactants defined in more detail in paragraphs

[3008] to

[3034] of Reference RF1. The term "industrial use descaling compound”, as used in the context of the product Q herein, comprises non-phosphate based builders (NPB) and phosphonates (CoP) described in more detail in paragraphs

[3001] to

[3005] of Reference RF1 . The term "industrial use biocide”, as used in the context of the product Q herein, refers to a chemical compound that kills microorganisms or inhibits their growth or reproduction defined in more detail in paragraphs

[3006] to

[3007] of Reference RF1 . The term "industrial use solvent”, as used in the context of the product Q herein, comprises alkyl amides, alkyl lactamides, alkyl esters, lactate esters, alkyl diester, cyclic alkyl diester, cyclic carbonates, aromatic aldehydes and aromatic esters defined in more detail in paragraphs

[3045] to

[3055] of Reference RF1. The term "industrial use dispersant”, as used in the context of the product Q herein, comprises anionic and non-ionic industrial use dispersants defined in more detail in paragraphs

[3056] to

[3058] of Reference RF1. The term "composition and / or formulation thereof” with reference to the industrial use polymers, industrial use surfactants, descaling231021W001- 30 - compounds and / or industrial use biocides refers to industrial use compositions and / or institutional use products and / or fabric and home care products and / or personal care products defined in more detail in paragraph

[3059] of Reference RF1. The converting step(s) to obtain the industrial use polymer, industrial use surfactant, descaling compound and / or industrial use biocide are defined in more detail in paragraph

[3060] of Reference RF1. The converting steps to obtain the industrial use composition or formulation of the industrial use polymer, industrial use surfactant, descaling compound and / or industrial use biocide are defined in more detail in paragraph

[3061] of Reference RF1.The term "agrochemical composition”, as used in the context of the product Q herein, typically relates to a composition comprising an agrochemically active ingredient and at least one agrochemical formulation auxiliary. Examples of agrochemical compositions, active ingredients and auxiliaries are described in more detail in Reference RF1, paragraph

[4001] , The agrochemical composition may take the form of any customary formulation. The agrochemical compositions are prepared in a known manner, e.g. described by Mollet and Grubemann, Formulation technology, Wiley VCH, Weinheim, 2001; or Knowles, New developments in crop protection product formulation, Agrow Reports DS243, T&F Informa, London, 2005. The converting step(s) to obtain the agrochemically active ingredients and auxiliaries may be conducted in analogy to the production step(s) of their analogues that are based on petrochemicals or other precursors that are not gained by recycling processes. In addition, conversion to compounds mentioned in sections "Polymer” and "Cosmetic surfactant, emollient, wax, cosmetic polymer, UV filter, further cosmetic ingredient or compositions or formulations thereof' may be performed as described in these sections as well as the respective paragraphs in Reference RF1 .The term active pharmaceutical ingredients and / or intermediates thereof, as used in the context of the product Q herein, comprises substances that provide pharmacological activity or other direct effect in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease, or to affect the structure or any function of the body. Intermediates thereof are isolated products that are generated during a multi-step route of synthesis of an active pharmaceutical ingredient. The term pharmaceutical excipients, as used in the context of the product Q herein, comprises compounds or compound mixtures used in compositions for various pharmaceutical applications, which are not substantially pharmaceutically active on itself. Active pharmaceutical ingredients and / or intermediates thereof and pharmaceutical excipients are defined in more detail in paragraph

[5001] of Reference RF1. The converting step(s) to obtain the active pharmaceutical ingredients and / or intermediates thereof and pharmaceutical excipients may comprise one or more synthesis steps and can be performed by conventional synthesis and techniques well known to a person skilled in the art.The terms animal feed additives, human food additives, dietary supplements, as used in the context of the product Q herein, comprises Vitamins, Pro-Vitamins and active metabolites thereof including intermediates and precursors, especially Vitamin A, B, E, D, K and esters thereof, like acetate, propionate, palmitate esters or alcohols thereof like retinol or salts thereof and any combinations thereof; Tetraterpenes, especially isoprenoids like carotenoids and xanthophylls including their intermediates and precursors as well as mixtures and derivates thereof, especially beta231021W001- 31 - carotene, Canthaxanthin, Citranaxanthin, Astaxanthin, Zeaxanthin, Lutein, Lycopene, Apo-carotenoids, and any combinations thereof; organic acids, especially formic acid, propionic acid and salts thereof, such as sodium, calcium or ammonium salts, and any combinations thereof, such as but not limited to mixtures of formic acid and sodium formiate, propionic acid and ammonium propionate, formic acid and propionic acid, formic acid and sodium formiate and propionic acid, propionic acid and sodium propionate and formic acid and sodium formiate; glycerides of carboxylic acids and short and medium chain fatty acids, conjugated linoleic acids, such as omega-6 fatty acid (C18:2) methyl ester and 1 ,2-propandiol and beverage stabilizers, such as polyvinylpyrrolidone-polymer or polyvinylimidazole / polyvinylpyrrolidone-copolymer. Animal feed additives, human food additives and dietary supplements are defined in more detail in paragraph

[5002] of Reference RF1. The converting step(s) to obtain the animal feed additives, human food additives, dietary supplements may comprise one or more synthesis steps and can be performed by conventional synthesis and techniques well known to a person skilled in the art.The terms aroma chemical and aroma composition as used in the context of the product Q herein, comprise a volatile organic substance with a molecular weight between 70-250 g / mol comprising a functional group with a carbon skeleton of C5-C16 carbon atoms comprising linear, branched, cyclic, for example with a ring size of C5-C18, bicyclic or tricyclic aliphatic chains and but not necessarily one or more unsaturated structural elements like double bonds, triple bonds, aromatics or heteroaromatics and preferably the one or more additional functional groups are selected from alcohol, ether, ester, ketone, aldehyde, acetal, carboxylic acid, nitrile, thiol, amine. In one aspect, the aroma chemical is a terpene-based aroma chemical, for example selected from monoterpenes and monoterpenoids, sesquiterpenes and sesquiterpenoids, diterpenes, triterpenes or tetraterpenes. Aroma chemicals can be combined with further aroma chemicals to give an aroma composition. Aroma chemicals and aroma compositions are defined in more detail in paragraph

[5003] of Reference RF1 . The converting step(s) to obtain the aroma chemical and aroma composition may comprise one or more synthesis steps and can be performed by conventional synthesis and techniques well known to a person skilled in the art.The term "aqueous polymer dispersion”, as used in the context of the product Q herein, comprises aqueous composition(s) comprising dispersed polymer(s) and is defined in more detail in the section

[6001] entitled "aqueous polymer dispersion” of Reference RF1 . The dispersed polymer(s) may be selected from acrylic emulsion polymer(s), styrene acrylic emulsion polymer(s), styrene butadiene dispersion(s), aqueous dispersion(s) comprising composite particles, acrylate alkyd hybrid dispersion(s), polyurethane(s) (including UV-curable polyurethanes) and polyurethane - poly(meth)acrylate hybrid polymer(s). The term "emulsion polymer”, as used in the context of the product Q herein, comprises polymer(s) made by free-radical emulsion polymerization. Aqueous polyurethane dispersion(s) are defined in more detail in the section

[6002] entitled "Polyurethane dispersions” of Reference RF1. UV-curable polyurethane(s) is / are defined in more detail in the section

[6017] of Reference RF1. Polyurethane - poly(meth)acrylate hybrid polymer(s) is / are defined in more detail in the section

[6016] of Reference RF1.231021W001- 32 -The term "polymeric dispersant”, as used in the context of the product Q herein, comprises preferably polymer(s) comprising polyether side chain, in particular polycarboxylate ether polymer(s) and polycondensation product(s) defined in more detail in paragraph

[6020] entitled "Polymeric dispersant” of Reference RF1.The converting (polymerization) step(s) to obtain the aqueous polymer dispersion(s) comprising emulsion polymer(s) is / are defined in more detail in the section

[6003] entitled "Emulsion polymerization” of Reference RF1.The converting (polymerization) step(s) to obtain the aqueous polyurethane dispersion(s) is / are defined in more detail in the section

[6014] entitled "Process for the preparation of aqueous polyurethane dispersions” and section [6017)] entitled "Aqueous UV-curable polyurethane dispersions, their preparation and use and compositions containing them” of Reference RF1.Composition(s) and uses of aqueous polymer dispersion(s) and of polymeric dispersant(s) are defined in more detail in the following sections of Reference RF1 : section

[6004] entitled "Uses of aqueous polymer dispersions”, section

[6005] entitled "Binders for architectural and construction coatings” section

[6006] entitled "Binders for paper coating” section

[6007] entitled "Binders for fiber bonding” section

[6008] entitled "Adhesive polymers and adhesive compositions” section

[6015] entitled "Aqueous polyurethane dispersions suitable for use in coating compositions” section

[6016] entitled "Aqueous polyurethane - poly(meth)acrylate hybride polymer dispersions suitable for use in coating compositions” section

[6017] entitled "Aqueous UV-curable polyurethane dispersions, their preparation and use and compositions containing them” section

[6018] entitled "Inorganic binder compositions comprising polymeric dispersants and their use”

[6019] 100% curable coating compositionsUV-crosslinkable poly(meth)acrylate(s) and its / their uses are defined in more detail in section

[6009] entitled "UV-crosslinkable poly(meth)acrylates for use in UV-curable solvent-free hotmelt adhesives and their use for making pressure-sensitive self-adhesive articles” of Reference RF1.Polyisocyanate(s), composition(s) comprising them and their uses are defined in more detail in section

[6010] entitled "Polyisocyanates” of Reference RF1.Hyperbranched polyester polyol(s) and its / their uses are defined in more detail in section

[6011] entitled "Organic solvent based hyperbranched polyester polyols suitable for use in coating compositions” of Reference RF1 . The converting step(s) to obtain the hyperbranched polyester polyols is / are defined in more detail in the section

[6012] entitled "Preparation of organic solvent based hyperbranched polyester polyols” of Reference RF1 . Coating composition(s) comprising hyperbranched polyester polyol(s), polyisocyanate(s) and additive(s) and substrate(s)231021W001- 33 - coated therewith are defined in more detail in section

[6013] entitled "Organic solvent based two component coating compositions comprising hyperbranched polyester polyols and polyisocyanates” of Reference RF1.Unsaturated polyester polyol(s), solvent-based coating composition(s) comprising said unsaturated polyester polyol(s) and substrate(s) for coating with said coating composition(s) are defined in more detail in section

[6018] entitled "Organic solvent based coating composition comprising unsaturated polyester polyols” of Reference RF1. 100% curable coating composition(s) is / are defined in more detail in section

[6019] of Reference RF1.Polymeric dispersant(s) for inorganic binder compositions is / are defined in more detail in section

[6020] of Reference RF1. The inorganic binder composition(s) comprising the polymeric dispersants and their use are defined in more detail in section

[6021] of Reference RF1. The converting step(s) to obtain the polymeric dispersant(s) are defined in more detail in section

[6020] of Reference RF1 . The term "inorganic binder composition” comprising the polymeric dispersant(s), as used in the context of the product Q herein, comprises preferably in particular hydraulically setting compositions and compositions comprising calcium sulfate and is defined in more detail in section

[6021] of Reference RF1 entitled "Inorganic binder compositions comprising the polymeric dispersant and their use”. Specific building material formulation(s) comprising polymeric dispersant(s) or building product(s) produced by a building material formulation comprising a polymeric dispersant are disclosed in more detail in section

[6021] of Reference RF1.The term "cosmetic surfactant”, as used in the context of the product Q herein, comprises non-ionic, anionic, cationic and amphoteric surfactants and is defined in more detail in paragraph

[7002] of Reference RF1. The term "emollient”, as used in the context of the product Q herein, refers to a chemical compound used for protecting, moisturizing, and / or lubricating the skin and is defined in more detail in paragraph

[7003] of Reference RF1. The term "wax”, as used in the context of the product Q herein, comprises pearlizers and opacifiers and is defined in more detail in paragraph

[7004] of Reference RF1 . The term "cosmetic polymer”, as used in the context of the product Q herein, comprises any polymer that can be used as an ingredient in a cosmetic formulation and is defined in more detail in paragraph

[7005] of Reference RF1 . The term "UV filter”, as used in the context of the product Q herein, refers to a chemical compound that blocks or absorbs ultraviolet light and is defined in more detail in paragraph

[7006] of Reference RF1 . The term "further cosmetic ingredient”, as used in the context of the product Q herein, comprises any ingredient suitable for making a cosmetic formulation. Several sources disclose cosmetically acceptable ingredients. E. g. the database Cosing on the internet pages of the European Commission discloses cosmetic ingredients and the International Cosmetic Ingredient Dictionary and Handbook, edited by the Personal Care Products Council (PCPC), discloses cosmetic ingredients. The term "composition and / or formulation thereof' with reference to the cosmetic surfactant, emollient, wax, cosmetic polymer, UV filter and / or further cosmetic ingredient refers to personal care and / or cosmetic compositions or formulations defined in more detail in paragraph

[7007] of Reference RF1 . The converting step(s) to obtain the cosmetic surfactant, emollient, wax, cosmetic polymer, UV filter or further cosmetic ingredient is / are defined in more detail in paragraph

[7008] of Reference RF1.231021W001- 34 -The terms "polymer B”, "polymer composition B”, "coating composition”, "other functional composition”, "foil”, "molded body”, "coating” and "coated substrate” are well known to the person skilled in the art and are defined in more detail from paragraph

[8000] to

[8005] of Reference RF1.The present invention is further illustrated by the following set of embodiments and combinations of embodiments resulting from the dependencies and back-references as indicated. In particular, it is noted that in each instance where a range of embodiments is mentioned, for example in the context of a term such as "The process of any one of embodiments 1 to 4", every embodiment in this range is meant to be explicitly disclosed for the skilled person, i.e. the wording of this term is to be understood by the skilled person as being synonymous to "The process of any one of embodiments 1 , 2, 3 and 4". Further, it is explicitly noted that the following set of embodiments represents a suitably structured part of the general description directed to preferred aspects of the present invention, and, thus, suitably supports, but does not represent the claims of the present invention.1 . A process for preparing an R-CH2-CH2-(CHR-CH2)x-acrylate, comprising(i) providing a chemical component C comprising one or more of a catalyst, a precursor of the catalyst, a reduced form of the catalyst, and a reduced form of the precursor of the catalyst;(ii) preparing a liquid mixture ME comprising at least one alcohol R-CH2-CH2-OH, a base, and the chemical component C provided in (i) R being selected from the group consisting of H and Ci-C4-alkyl;(iii) subjecting the liquid mixture ME prepared in (ii) to alcohol conversion conditions in a reaction space SR, obtaining in said reaction space a reaction mixture MG comprising at least one alcohol R-CH2-CH2- (CHR-CH2)X-OH, x being an integer in the range of from 1 to 5;(iv) separating at least part of the at least one alcohol R-CH2-CH2-(CHR-CH2)x-OH from the reaction mixture MG obtained in (iii) obtaining a stream SBO comprising at least part of the at least one alcohol R-CH2-CH2-(CHR-CH2)X-OH and a mixture MGOB depleted in the at least one alcohol R-CH2-CH2-(CHR- CH2)X-OH;(v) obtaining a reaction mixture MP comprising at least propene by at least one of the following steps (v.a1), (v.a2), (v.b) and (v.c)(v.a1) dividing the at least one alcohol R-CH2-CH2-(CHR-CH2)x-OH obtained in (iv) into two separate streams SBI and SB2, and subjecting the at least one alcohol R-CH2-CH2-(CHR-CH2)x-OH of stream SB2 to retro hydroformylation conditions in a reaction space SH, wherein reaction space SH further comprises a heterogeneous catalyst comprising a platinum group metal supported on a carrier, obtaining in said reaction space SH a reaction mixture MP comprising at least propene;(v.a2) dividing the at least one alcohol R-CH2-CH2-(CHR-CH2)x-OH obtained in (iv) into two separate streams SBI and SB2, and subjecting the at least one alcohol R-CH2-CH2-(CHR-CH2)x-OH of stream SB2 to dehydration conditions obtaining a stream SBE comprising 1 -butene; subjecting at least part of 1 -butene in stream SBE to isomerization conditions obtaining a stream SBE2 comprising 2-butene;231021W001- 35 - subjecting at least part of 2-butene comprised in stream SBE2 to metathesis conditions obtaining a reaction mixture MP comprising at least propene;(v.b) providing ethanol; subjecting ethanol to dehydration conditions obtaining a stream SET comprising ethylene; subjecting pat least part of the ethylene comprised in stream SET to dimerization conditions obtaining a stream SBE comprising 2-butene; subjecting at least part of 2-butene comprised in stream SBE to metathesis conditions with ethylene, preferably bio-ethylene, obtaining a reaction mixture MP comprising at least propene;(v.c) providing a propylene source to prepare a reaction mixture MP comprising at least propene;(vi) optionally combining at least two reaction mixtures MP obtained in any one of (v.a) to (v.c);(vii) optionally separating at least part of propene from the reaction mixture MP obtained in (v) or (vi) obtaining a stream SPI comprising the separated propene and a stream SOP depleted in propene;(viii) optionally providing a steam SP2 comprising propene;(ix) subjecting at least one of the reaction mixture MP obtained in (v), the reaction mixture MP obtained in (vi), the streamspi obtained in (vii) and the stream SP2 provided in (viii) to oxidation conditions in a reaction space So, wherein reaction space So further comprises an oxidation catalyst, obtaining in said reaction space So a reaction mixture MAA comprising at least acrylic acid;(x) separating at least part of the acrylic acid from the reaction mixture MAA obtained in (viii) obtaining a stream SAA comprising acrylic acid and a mixture MOAA depleted in acrylic acid;(xi) preparing a liquid mixture Me comprising at least one of the at least one alcohol R-CH2-CH2-(CHR- CH2)X-0H obtained in step (iv), the stream SBO obtained in step (iv) and the stream SBI obtained in (v), with stream SAA obtained in (ix);(xii) subjecting the liquid mixture Me prepared in (xi) to esterification conditions in a reaction space SES, obtaining in said reaction space a reaction mixture MES comprising at least one R-CH2-CH2-(CHR- CH2)x-acrylate; wherein(a) the base is selected from the group consisting of ammonium hydroxide, alkali hydroxides, alkaline earth hydroxides, ammonium carbonate, ammonium hydrogen carbonate, alkali carbonates, alkali hydrogen carbonates, alkaline earth carbonates, alkaline hydrogen carbonates, alkali alkoxides, alkaline earth alkoxides, alkali amides, alkaline earth amides, alkali metal 2, 2,6,6- tetramethylpiperidines, alkaline earth metal 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidines, secondary amino acids, and a mixture of two or more thereof;(b) the catalyst comprises a compound of formula (A)231021W001- 36 -whereinM is selected from the group consisting of Ir, Mn, Os, Pd, Pt, Rh, and Ru;L1and L2are, independently of each other, PRdRe, NRdRe, SRd, SH, S(=O)Rg,C5-Cio-heteroaryl containing at least one heteroatom selected from nitrogen and sulfur, AsRdRe, SbRdRe, and a N-heterocyclic carbene represented by the structures:L3is selected from the group consisting of CO, PRdReRf, AsRdReRf, SbRdReRf, SRdRe, RgCN, RgNC, N2, PF3, pyridine, and thiophene;R1, R2, R3and R4either are hydrogen, or form together with the pyridyl unit of the catalyst of formula (A) an acridinyl unit, or R1and R2or R3and R4form together with the pyridyl unit of the compound of formula (A) a quinolinyl unit; n Is O or 1 ;Y is selected from the group consisting of H, F, Cl, Br, I, OC(=O)CF3, OSO2CF3, ON, CO, OH, OR, NRg2, NH3, NRg3, and Rg2NSO2Rg;Rd, Re, Rf, Rg, R5, R6and R7are, independently of each other, selected from the group consisting of H, unsubstituted or substituted Ci-Cio-alkyl, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, ON, NH2, and Ci-Cio-alkyl; unsubstituted or substituted Cs-C -cycloalkyl, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, ON, NH2, and C1-C10- alkyl; unsubstituted or substituted Cs-Cio-heterocyclyl comprising at least one heteroatom selected from the group consisting of N, 0, and S, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, ON, NH2, and Ci-Cio-alkyl; unsubstituted or substituted Cs-C -aryl, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, ON, NH2, and Ci-Cio-alkyl; and unsubstituted or substituted Cs-Cio-heteroary I comprising at least one heteroatom selected from the group consisting of N, 0, and S, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, ON, NH2 and Ci-Cio-alkyl; andX is optional and is selected from the group consisting of one, two, three, four, five, six, and seven substituents positioned at any carbon atom on the acridinyl unit, or one, two, three, four and five substituents positioned at any carbon atom on the quinolinyl unit, or one substituent positioned at the231021W001- 37 - carbon atom on the pyridyl unit, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, ON, NH2, C6-C12— aryl, and C1-C10— alkyl;(c) the precursor of the catalyst comprising a compound of formula (A) comprises a mixture comprising 1) a compound comprising a metal M; 2) at least one component selected from the group consisting of CO, PRdReRf, SRdRe, RdCN, RdNC, N2, PF3, organic carbonyl compounds, Ci-Cio-alkyl, C3-C12- cycloalkyl, C2-Ci2-alkenyl, Cs-Cis-cycloalkenyl, C5-C2o-aryl, ON, CO, OH, OC(=O)CF3, OSO2CF3, hydrides, pyridines, halogenides, hydroxides, and thiophenes; and 3) a compound of formula (H)M is selected from the group consisting of Ir, Mn, Os, Pd, Pt, Rh, and Ru;L1and L2, are, independently of each other, PRdRe, NRdRe, SRd, SH, S(=O)R9,C5-Cio-heteroaryl containing at least one heteroatom selected from nitrogen and sulfur, AsRdRe, SbRdRe, and a N-heterocyclic carbene represented by the structures:R1, R2, R3and R4either are hydrogen, or form together with the pyridyl unit of the catalyst of formula (A) an acridinyl unit, or R1and R2or R3and R4form together with the pyridyl unit of the catalyst of formula (A) a quinolinyl unit; n is O or 1 ;Rd, Re, Rf, Rs, R5, R6and R7are, independently of each other, selected from the group consisting of H, unsubstituted or substituted Ci-Cio-alkyl, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, ON, NH2, and Ci-Cio-alkyl; unsubstituted or substituted Cs-Cio-cycloalkyl, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, ON, NH2, and Ci-Cio-alkyl; unsubstituted or substituted Cs-Cio-heterocycly I comprising at least one heteroatom selected from the group consisting of N, 0, and S, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, ON, NH2, and Ci-Cio-alkyl; unsubstituted or substituted Cs-C -aryl, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, ON, NH2, and Ci-Cio-alkyl; and unsubstituted or substituted Cs-Cio-heteroaryl comprising at least one heteroatom selected from the group consisting of N, 0, and S, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, ON, NH2 and Ci-Cio-alkyl; and231021W001- 38 -X is optional and is selected from the group consisting of one, two, three, four, five, six, and seven substituents positioned at any carbon atom on the acridinyl unit, or one, two, three, four and five substituents positioned at any carbon atom on the quinolinyl unit, or one substituent positioned at the carbon atom on the pyridyl unit, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, ON, NH2, C6-C12- aryl, and Ci-Cio-alkyl.2. The process of embodiment 1, wherein more than one alcohol R-CH2-CH2-OH is employed, wherein each R in R-CH2-CH2-(CHR-CH2)X-OH and in R-CH2-CH2-(CHR-CH2)x-acrylate is independently selected from the group consisting of H and Ci-C4-alkyl.3. The process of embodiment 1 or 2, wherein in (iv), separating at least part of the at least one alcohol R-CH2- CH2-(CHR-CH2)X-OH from the reaction mixture MG obtained in (ill) obtaining a stream SBO comprising at least part of the at least one alcohol R-CH2-CH2-(CHR-CH2)X-OH and a mixture MGOB depleted in the at least one alcohol R-CH2-CH2-(CHR-CH2)X-OH includes separating more than one alcohol R-CH2-CH2-(CHR-CH2)X-OH.4. A process for preparing N-butyl acrylate, preferably the process of embodiment 1 , comprising(I) providing a chemical component C comprising one or more of a catalyst, a precursor of the catalyst, a reduced form of the catalyst, and a reduced form of the precursor of the catalyst;(II) preparing a liquid mixture ME comprising ethanol, a base, and the chemical component C provided in 0);(ill) subjecting the liquid mixture ME prepared in (ii) to alcohol conversion conditions in a reaction space SR, obtaining in said reaction space a reaction mixture MG comprising at least butanol;(iv) separating at least part of the butanol from the reaction mixture MG obtained in (ill) obtaining a mixture MGOB depleted in butanol;(v) obtaining a reaction mixture MP comprising at least propene by at least one of the following steps (v.a1), (v.a2), (v.b) and (v.c)(v.a1) dividing butanol obtained in (iv) into two separate butanol streams SBI and SB2; and subjecting butanol of stream SB2 to retro hydroformylation conditions in a reaction space SH, wherein reaction space SH further comprises a heterogeneous catalyst comprising a platinum group metal supported on a carrier, obtaining in said reaction space SH a reaction mixture MP comprising at least propene;(v.a2) dividing butanol obtained in (iv) into two separate butanol streams SBI and SB2; and subjecting butanol of stream SB2 to dehydration conditions obtaining a stream SBE comprising 1 -butene; subjecting at least part of 1 -butene in stream SBE to isomerization conditions obtaining a stream SBE2 comprising 2-butene; subjecting at least part of 2-butene comprised in stream SBE2 to metathesis conditions obtaining a reaction mixture MP comprising at least propene;(v.b) providing ethanol; subjecting ethanol to dehydration conditions obtaining a stream SET comprising ethylene;231021W001- 39 - subjecting pat least part of the ethylene comprised in stream SET to dimerization conditions obtaining a stream SBE comprising 2-butene; subjecting at least part of 2-butene comprised in stream SBE to metathesis conditions with ethylene, preferably bio-ethylene, obtaining a reaction mixture MP comprising at least propene;(v.c) providing a propylene source to prepare a reaction mixture MP comprising at least propene;(vi) optionally combining at least two reaction mixtures MP obtained in any one of (v.a) to (v.c);(vii) optionally separating at least part of propene from the reaction mixture MP obtained in (v) or (vi) obtaining a stream SPI comprising the separated propene and a stream SOP depleted in propene;(viii) optionally providing a steam SP2 comprising propene;(ix) subjecting at least one of the reaction mixture MP obtained in (v), the reaction mixture MP obtained in (vi), the streamspi obtained in (vii) and the stream SP2 provided in (viii) to oxidation conditions in a reaction space So, wherein reaction space So further comprises an oxidation catalyst, obtaining in said reaction space So a reaction mixture MAA comprising at least acrylic acid;(x) separating at least part of the acrylic acid from the reaction mixture MAA obtained in (ix) obtaining a stream SAA comprising acrylic acid and a mixture MOAA depleted in acrylic acid;(xi) preparing a liquid mixture Me comprising at least one of the butanol obtained in step (iv), the stream SBO obtained in step (iv) and the stream SBI obtained in (v) with stream SAA obtained in (x);(xii) subjecting the liquid mixture Me prepared in (xi) to esterification conditions in a reaction space SES, obtaining in said reaction space a reaction mixture MES comprising at least butyl acrylate; wherein(a) the base is selected from the group consisting of ammonium hydroxide, alkali hydroxides, alkaline earth hydroxides, ammonium carbonate, ammonium hydrogen carbonate, alkali carbonates, alkali hydrogen carbonates, alkaline earth carbonates, alkaline hydrogen carbonates, alkali alkoxides, alkaline earth alkoxides, alkali amides, alkaline earth amides, alkali metal 2, 2,6,6- tetramethylpiperidines, alkaline earth metal 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidines, secondary amino acids, and a mixture of two or more thereof;(b) the catalyst comprises a compound of formula (A)whereinM is selected from the group consisting of Ir, Mn, Os, Pd, Pt, Rh, and Ru;L1and L2are, independently of each other, PRdRe, NRdRe, SRd, SH, S(=O)R9,231021W001- 40 -Cs-Cio-heteroaryl containing at least one heteroatom selected from nitrogen and sulfur, AsRdRe, SbRdRe, and a N-heterocyclic carbene represented by the structures:L3is selected from the group consisting of CO, PRdReRf, AsRdReRf, SbRdReRf, SRdRe, RgCN, RgNC, N2, PF3, pyridine, and thiophene;R1, R2, R3and R4either are hydrogen, or form together with the pyridyl unit of the catalyst of formula (A) an acridinyl unit, or R1and R2or R3and R4form together with the pyridyl unit of the compound of formula (A) a quinolinyl unit; n Is O or 1 ;Y is selected from the group consisting of H, F, Cl, Br, I, OC(=O)CF3, OSO2CF3, ON, CO, OH, OR, NRg2, NH3, NRg3, and Rg2NSO2Rg;Rd, Re, Rf, Rg, R5, R6and R7are, independently of each other, selected from the group consisting of H, unsubstituted or substituted Ci-Cio-alkyl, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, ON, NH2, and Ci-Cio-alkyl; unsubstituted or substituted Cs-C -cycloalkyl, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, ON, NH2, and Ci-Cio-alkyl; unsubstituted or substituted Cs-Cio-heterocycly I comprising at least one heteroatom selected from the group consisting of N, 0, and S, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, ON, NH2, and Ci-Cio-alkyl; unsubstituted or substituted Cs-C -aryl, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, ON, NH2, and Ci-Cio-alkyl; and unsubstituted or substituted Cs-Cio-heteroaryl comprising at least one heteroatom selected from the group consisting of N, 0, and S, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, ON, NH2 and Ci-Cio-alkyl; andX is optional and is selected from the group consisting of one, two, three, four, five, six, and seven substituents positioned at any carbon atom on the acridinyl unit, or one, two, three, four and five substituents positioned at any carbon atom on the quinolinyl unit, or one substituent positioned at the carbon atom on the pyridyl unit, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, ON, NH2, C6-C12- aryl, and C1-C10— alkyl;(c) the precursor of the catalyst comprising a compound of formula (A) comprises a mixture comprising 1) a compound comprising a metal M; 2) at least one component selected from the group consisting of CO, PRdReRf, SRdRe, RdCN, RdNC, N2, PF3, organic carbonyl compounds, Ci-Cio-alkyl, C3-Ci2-cycloalkyl, C2-Ci2-alkenyl, Cs-Cis-cycloalkenyl, C5-C2o-aryl, ON, CO, OH, OC(=O)CF3, OSO2CF3, hydrides, pyridines, halogenides, hydroxides, and thiophenes; and 3) a compound of formula (H)231021W001- 41 -M is selected from the group consisting of Ir, Mn, Os, Pd, Pt, Rh, and Ru;L1and L2, are, independently of each other, PRdRe, NRdRe, SRd, SH, S(=0)R9,C5-Cio-heteroaryl containing at least one heteroatom selected from nitrogen and sulfur, AsRdRe, SbRdRe, and a N-heterocyclic carbene represented by the structures:R1, R2, R3and R4either are hydrogen, or form together with the pyridyl unit of the catalyst of formula (A) an acridinyl unit, or R1and R2or R3and R4form together with the pyridyl unit of the catalyst of formula (A) a quinolinyl unit; n Is O or 1 ;Rd, Re, Rf, Rs, R5, R6and R7are, independently of each other, selected from the group consisting of H, unsubstituted or substituted Ci-Cio-alkyl, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, ON, NH2, and Ci-Cio-alkyl; unsubstituted or substituted Cs-C -cycloalkyl, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, ON, NH2, and Ci-Cio-alkyl; unsubstituted or substituted Ca-Cio-heterocycly I comprising at least one heteroatom selected from the group consisting of N, 0, and S, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, ON, NH2, and Ci-Cio-alkyl; unsubstituted or substituted Cs-C -aryl, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, ON, NH2, and Ci-Cio-alkyl; and unsubstituted or substituted Cs-Cio-heteroaryl comprising at least one heteroatom selected from the group consisting of N, 0, and S, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, ON, NH2 and Ci-Cio-alkyl; andX is optional and is selected from the group consisting of one, two, three, four, five, six, and seven substituents positioned at any carbon atom on the acridinyl unit, or one, two, three, four and five substituents positioned at any carbon atom on the quinolinyl unit, or one substituent positioned at the carbon atom on the pyridyl unit, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, ON, NH2, C6-C12- aryl, and Ci-Cio-alkyl.5. A process for preparing N-butyl acrylate, comprising(I) providing a chemical component 0 comprising one or more of a catalyst, a precursor of the catalyst, a reduced form of the catalyst, and a reduced form of the precursor of the catalyst;231021W001- 42 -(ii) preparing a liquid mixture ME comprising ethanol, a base, and the chemical component C provided in 0);(ill) subjecting the liquid mixture ME prepared in (ii) to alcohol conversion conditions in a reaction space SR, obtaining in said reaction space a reaction mixture MG comprising at least butanol;(iv) separating at least part of the butanol from the reaction mixture MG obtained in (ill) obtaining a mixture MGOB depleted in butanol;(v) dividing butanol obtained in (iv) into two separate butanol streams SBI and SB?; and obtaining a reaction mixture MP comprising at least propene by at least one of the following(v.a1) subjecting butanol of stream SB2 to retro hydroformylation conditions in a reaction space SH, wherein reaction space SH further comprises a heterogeneous catalyst comprising a platinum group metal supported on a carrier, obtaining in said reaction space SH a reaction mixture MP comprising at least propene;(v.a2) subjecting butanol of stream SB2 to dehydration conditions obtaining a stream SBE comprising 1-butene; subjecting at least part of 1-butene in stream SBE to isomerization conditions obtaining a stream SBE2 comprising 2-butene; subjecting at least part of 2-butene comprised in stream SBE2 to metathesis conditions obtaining a reaction mixture MP comprising at least propene;(v.b) providing ethanol; subjecting ethanol to dehydration conditions obtaining a stream SET comprising ethylene; subjecting pat least part of the ethylene comprised in stream SET to dimerization conditions obtaining a stream SBE comprising 2-butene; subjecting at least part of 2-butene comprised in stream SBE to metathesis conditions with ethylene, preferably bio-ethylene, obtaining a reaction mixture MP comprising at least propene;(v.c) providing a propylene source to prepare a reaction mixture MP comprising at least propene;(vi) optionally combining at least two reaction mixtures MP obtained in any one of (v.a) to (v.c);(vii) optionally separating at least part of propene from the reaction mixture MP obtained in (v) or (vi) obtaining a stream SPI comprising the separated propene and a stream SOP depleted in propene;(viii) optionally providing a steam SP2 comprising propene;(ix) subjecting at least one of the reaction mixture MP obtained in (v), the reaction mixture MP obtained in (vi), the streamspi obtained in (vii) and the stream SP2 provided in (viii) to oxidation conditions in a reaction space So, wherein reaction space So further comprises an oxidation catalyst, obtaining in said reaction space So a reaction mixture MAA comprising at least acrylic acid;(x) separating at least part of the acrylic acid from the reaction mixture MAA obtained in (ix) obtaining a stream SAA comprising acrylic acid and a mixture MOAA depleted in acrylic acid;(xi) preparing a liquid mixture Me comprising stream SBI obtained in (v) and stream SAA obtained in (x);(xii) subjecting the liquid mixture Me prepared in (xi) to esterification conditions in a reaction space SES, obtaining in said reaction space a reaction mixture MES comprising at least butyl acrylate; wherein231021W001- 43 -(a) the base is selected from the group consisting of ammonium hydroxide, alkali hydroxides, alkaline earth hydroxides, ammonium carbonate, ammonium hydrogen carbonate, alkali carbonates, alkali hydrogen carbonates, alkaline earth carbonates, alkaline hydrogen carbonates, alkali alkoxides, alkaline earth alkoxides, alkali amides, alkaline earth amides, alkali metal 2, 2,6,6- tetramethylpiperidines, alkaline earth metal 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidines, secondary amino acids, and a mixture of two or more thereof;(b) the catalyst comprises a compound of formula (A)whereinM is selected from the group consisting of Ir, Mn, Os, Pd, Pt, Rh, and Ru;L1and L2are, independently of each other, PRdRe, NRdRe, SRd, SH, S(=O)Rg,C5-Cio-heteroaryl containing at least one heteroatom selected from nitrogen and sulfur, AsRdRe, SbRdRe, and a N-heterocyclic carbene represented by the structures:L3is selected from the group consisting of CO, PRdReRf, AsRdReRf, SbRdReRf, SRdRe, RgCN, RgNC,N2, PF3, pyridine, and thiophene;R1, R2, R3and R4either are hydrogen, or form together with the pyridyl unit of the catalyst of formula (A) an acridinyl unit, or R1and R2or R3and R4form together with the pyridyl unit of the compound of formula (A) a quinolinyl unit; n Is O or 1 ;Y is selected from the group consisting of H, F, Cl, Br, I, OC(=O)CF3, OSO2CF3, ON, CO, OH, OR, NRg2, NH3, NRg3, and Rg2NSO2Rg;Rd, Re, Rf, Rg, R5, R6and R7are, independently of each other, selected from the group consisting of H, unsubstituted or substituted Ci-Cio-alkyl, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, ON, NH2, and Ci-Cio-alkyl; unsubstituted or substituted Cs-C -cycloalkyl, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, ON, NH2, and C1-C10-231021W001- 44 - alkyl; unsubstituted or substituted Ca-Cio-heterocyclyl comprising at least one heteroatom selected from the group consisting of N, 0, and S, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, ON, NH2, and Ci-Cio-alkyl; unsubstituted or substituted Cs-C -aryl, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, ON, NH2, and Ci-Cio-alkyl; and unsubstituted or substituted Cs-Cio-heteroary I comprising at least one heteroatom selected from the group consisting of N, 0, and S, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, ON, NH2 and Ci-Cio-alkyl; andX is optional and is selected from the group consisting of one, two, three, four, five, six, and seven substituents positioned at any carbon atom on the acridinyl unit, or one, two, three, four and five substituents positioned at any carbon atom on the quinolinyl unit, or one substituent positioned at the carbon atom on the pyridyl unit, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, ON, NH2, C6-C12- aryl, and C1-C10— alkyl;(c) the precursor of the catalyst comprising a compound of formula (A) comprises a mixture comprising 1) a compound comprising a metal M; 2) at least one component selected from the group consisting of CO, PRdReRf, SRdRe, RdCN, RdNC, N2, PF3, organic carbonyl compounds, Ci-Cio-alkyl, C3-C12- cycloalkyl, C2-Ci2-alkenyl, Cs-Cis-cycloalkenyl, C5-C2o-aryl, ON, CO, OH, 0C(=0)CF3, OSO2CF3, hydrides, pyridines, halogenides, hydroxides, and thiophenes; and 3) a compound of formula (H)M is selected from the group consisting of Ir, Mn, Os, Pd, Pt, Rh, and Ru;L1and L2, are, independently of each other, PRdRe, NRdRe, SRd, SH, S(=0)R9,C5-Cio-heteroaryl containing at least one heteroatom selected from nitrogen and sulfur, AsRdRe, SbRdRe, and a N-heterocyclic carbene represented by the structures:R1, R2, R3and R4either are hydrogen, or form together with the pyridyl unit of the catalyst of formula (A) an acridinyl unit, or R1and R2or R3and R4form together with the pyridyl unit of the catalyst of formula (A) a quinolinyl unit; n Is O or 1 ;Rd, Re, Rf, Rs, R5, R6and R7are, independently of each other, selected from the group consisting of H, unsubstituted or substituted Ci-Cio-alkyl, wherein the substituents are selected from the group231021W001- 45 - consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, ON, NH2, and Ci-Cio-alkyl; unsubstituted or substituted Cs-Cio-cycloalkyl, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, ON, NH2, and C1-C10- alkyl; unsubstituted or substituted Ca-Cio-heterocycly I comprising at least one heteroatom selected from the group consisting of N, 0, and S, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, ON, NH2, and Ci-Cio-alkyl; unsubstituted or substituted Cs-C -aryl, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, ON, NH2, and Ci-Cio-alkyl; and unsubstituted or substituted Cs-Cio-heteroary I comprising at least one heteroatom selected from the group consisting of N, 0, and S, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, ON, NH2 and Ci-Cio-alkyl; andX is optional and is selected from the group consisting of one, two, three, four, five, six, and seven substituents positioned at any carbon atom on the acridinyl unit, or one, two, three, four and five substituents positioned at any carbon atom on the quinolinyl unit, or one substituent positioned at the carbon atom on the pyridyl unit, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, ON, NH2, C6-C12- aryl, and Ci-Cio-alkyl.6. The process of any one of embodiments 1 to 5, wherein the dehydration conditions of the at least one alcohol R-CH2-CH2-OH, preferably butanol, in (v.a2) comprise the presence of a catalyst, wherein the catalyst preferably is a zeolite, and / or wherein the dehydration conditions in (v.a2) comprise a temperature in the range of from 150 to 300 °C.7. The process of any one of embodiments 1 to 6, wherein the isomerization conditions in (v.a2) comprise the presence of a catalyst, wherein the catalyst preferably is selected from the group consisting of a zeolite, aluminum oxides, silicon oxides, magnesium oxides, and a mixture of two or more thereof; and / or wherein the isomerization conditions in (v.a2) comprise a temperature in the range of from 200 to 600 °C.8. The process of any one of embodiments 1 to 7, wherein the metathesis conditions in (v.a2) comprise the presence of a catalyst, wherein the catalyst preferably is selected from the group consisting of Pt, Pd, Rh, Ru, Co, Ni, silicon oxides, and a mixture of two or more thereof; and / or wherein the metathesis conditions in (v.a2) comprise a temperature in the range of from 200 to 600 °C; and / or wherein the metathesis conditions in (v.a2) comprise cross-metathesis with ethylene.9. The process of any one of embodiments 1 to 8, wherein the metathesis conditions in (v.b) comprise the presence of a carrier, wherein the carrier is selected from the group consisting of zeolites, silicon oxides, aluminum oxides, zirconium oxides, and a mixture of two or more thereof, preferably wherein the carrier is zirconium oxide carrier.10. The process of any one of embodiments 1 to 9, wherein (v) further comprises231021W001- 46 -(v.a3) separating propene from the reaction mixture MP by distillation, wherein distillation preferably comprises a first distillation to separate mixture MP into a mixture MP comprising propene and a mixture MHB; and a second distillation to separate mixture MP into a mixture MP- comprising propene and a mixture MHCO comprising at least hydrogen and carbon monoxide.11 . The process of any one of embodiments 1 to 10, wherein (ix) comprises the oxidation of propene in two stages.12. The process of any one of embodiments 1 to 11 , wherein (vii) comprises a distillation step, obtaining propene and a mixture MPD comprising at least one of N2, CO and CO2.13. The process of any one of embodiments 1 to 12, wherein (x) comprises separation employing an absorption and distillation column.14. The process any one of embodiments 1 to 13, wherein (xi) comprises continuously preparing R-CH2-CH2- (CHR-CH2)x-acrylate, preferably n-butyl acrylate, by reacting acrylic acid with R-CH2-CH2-(CHR-CH2)x-OH, preferably n-butanol, in a solvent-free phase at elevated temperature and with addition of acid as esterification catalyst, in which the acrylic acid, the R-CH2-CH2-(CHR-CH2)x-OH, preferably n-butanol, and the esterification catalyst are fed to a reaction zone, the water formed is separated from the reaction mixture during a dwell time in the reaction zone as a constituent of an R-CH2-CH2-(CHR-CH2)X-OH comprising mixture, preferably n- butanol-comprising mixture, in a first rectification unit I atop the reaction zone, the distillate obtained is separated into an R-CH2-CH2-(CHR-CH2)X-OH comprising organic phase, preferably n-butanol-comprising organic phase, and a water-comprising aqueous phase, the organic phase is recycled to the rectification unit I, the aqueous phase is optionally sent wholly or partly to a stripping unit IX, the R-CH2-CH2-(CHR- CH2)x-acrylate comprising reaction mixture, preferably n-butyl acrylate-comprising reaction mixture, which is drawn off from the reaction zone is sent to a prepurification.15. The process of embodiment 12, further comprising a) in a first prepurification stage (prepurification I), the predominant portion of the esterification catalyst is removed by extraction by water scrubbing and b) in a second prepurification stage (prepurification II), the acidic components are neutralized and extracted with an aqueous alkali solution by reactive extraction and c) optionally, in a third prepurification stage (prepurification III), residual salts and aqueous extraneous phase components are removed by extraction with water from the residual organic reaction mixture remaining after the second prepurification stage, the remaining residual organic reaction mixture I is directed into a further separation zone comprising rectification units and the R-CH2-CH2-(CHR-CH2)x-ester, preferably n-butyl ester, of acrylic acid formed is separated off therein by231021W001- 47 -- feeding the remaining residual reaction mixture I to a rectification unit II and rectificatively separating the remaining residual reaction mixture I therein into a low boiler product comprising R-CH2-CH2-(CHR- CH2)x-acrylate, preferably n-butyl acrylate, and lower-boiling constituents than R-CH2-CH2-(CHR- CH2)x-acrylate, preferably n-butyl acrylate, and a residual reaction mixture II comprising the R-CH2-CH2-(CHR- CH2)x-acrylate, preferably n-butyl acrylate, and higher-boiling constituents than R-CH2-CH2-(CHR- CH2)x-acrylate, preferably n-butyl acrylate,- feeding the residual reaction mixture II to a rectification unit III and separating the R-CH2-CH2-(CHR- CH2)x-acrylate, preferably n-butyl acrylate, therein from the higher-boiling constituents than R-CH2-CH2-(CHR- CH2)x-acrylate, preferably n-butyl acrylate.16. The process of embodiment 15, wherein- the amount of acid added as catalyst to the reaction zone is in the range from 51 to 163 mmol of acid per kg of the reaction mixture drawn off from the reaction zone,- R-CH2-CH2-(CHR-CH2)X-OH, preferably n-butanol, and acrylic acid are used in a mass ratio in the range of R-CH2-CH2-(CHR-CH2)X-OH, preferably n-butanol, to acrylic acid being 1.0 to 1.3,- at least the organic component of the low boiler product from the rectification unit II that has not been used as return stream to the rectification unit II is fed at least partly to a rectification unit IV (stream 1) in which water and R-CH2-CH2-(CHR-CH2)x-OH and R-CH2-CH2-(CHR-CH2)x-acetate and di-R-CH2-CH2-(CHR- CH2)x-ether, preferably n-butanol and n-butyl acetate and di-n-butyl ether, are distilled off, the distillate (stream 3) is fed at least partly to an R-CH2-CH2-(CHR-CH2)x-OH, preferably n-butanol, extraction unit VII, and the bottom product (stream 2) is recycled into the reaction zone either directly or via an acrylic acid extraction unit VIII.17. The process of embodiment 1 , 4 or 5, further comprising(xiii) subjecting the reaction mixture MES comprising at least R-CH2-CH2-(CHR-CH2)x-acrylate, preferably butyl acrylate, obtained in (xii) to distillation obtaining a mixture MESD comprising R-CH2-CH2-(CHR- CH2)x-acrylate, preferably butyl acrylate, and a mixture MESL.18. The process of embodiment 15, further comprising(xiv) subjecting the mixture MESD comprising R-CH2-CH2-(CHR-CH2)x-acrylate, preferably butyl acrylate, obtained in (xiii) to extraction obtaining a stream SBA comprising R-CH2-CH2-(CHR-CH2)x-acrylate, preferably butyl acrylate, and a stream SR.19. The process of any one of embodiments 1 to 18, wherein separation of the acrylic acid in (x) comprises azeotropic distillation to remove the water with an entrainer of a boiling point of no higher than 130 °C.20. The process of embodiment 19, comprising a two-column process for the purification of acrylic acid.231021W001- 48 -21. The process of embodiment 19, wherein the entrainer is azeotropically distilled with both water and acetic acid, and has a boiling point of 80 to 130°C, preferably wherein the entrainer is selected from the group consisting of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons and isobutylether and which azeotropically distills with both water and acetic acid, more preferably from the group consisting of alkyl esters of acetic acid and methylisobutylketone and which azeotropically boils with water.22. The process of any one of embodiments 1 to 22, wherein the alcohol conversion conditions in (ill) comprise a temperature of the reaction mixture MG in the range of from 100 to 250 °C and a pressure in the reaction space SG in the range of from 1 x 105to 4 x 106Pa.23. The process of any one of embodiments 1 to 22, wherein the alcohol conversion conditions according to (ill) comprise a temperature of the reaction mixture MG in the range of from 100 to 200 °C, preferably in the range of from 120 to 180 °C, more preferably in the range of from 120 to 170 °C, more preferably in the range of from 140 to 170 °C.24. The process of any one of embodiments 1 to 23, wherein the at least one alcohol R-CH2-CH2-OH, preferably ethanol, comprised in the liquid mixture ME, is a bio-based alcohol, preferably obtainable or obtained from sugar-containing crops, preferably from one or more of crops, hemp, sugar cane, potatoe, cassava and corn, more preferably one or more of sugar cane and corn.25. The process of any one of embodiments 1 to 24, wherein the at least one alcohol R-CH2-CH2-OH, preferably ethanol comprised in the mixture ME, is a bio-based alcohol obtained by alcoholic fermentation.26. The process of any one of embodiments 1 to 25, wherein in (iv), the separation of at least part of the at least one alcohol R-CH2-CH2-(CHR-CH2)x-OH, preferably of at least part of the butanol from the reaction mixture MG obtained in (ill) further comprises obtaining at least part of the at least one alcohol R-CH2-CH2-(CHR- CH2)X-OH, preferably at least part of the butanol, and a mixture MGOB comprising the chemical component C.27. The process of embodiment 26, further comprising(xv) recycling at least a part of the chemical component C comprised in the mixture MGOB obtained according to (iv) to (II) or (ill).28. The process of any one of embodiments 1 to 27, wherein the alcohol conversion conditions according to (ill) comprise an amount of the base in the reaction mixture MG in the range of from 0.1 to 10 weight-%, preferably in the range of from 0.5 to 8 weight-%, more preferably in the range of from 1 to 5 weight-%, based on the total weight of the reaction mixture MG.231021W001- 49 -29. The process of any one of embodiments 1 to 28, wherein the reaction mixture MG according to (iii) comprises an amount of the chemical component C in the range of from 0.002 to 2.0 weight-%, preferably in the range of from 0.002 to 1.5 weight-%, more preferably in the range of from 0.005 to 1 weight-%, more preferably in the range of from 0.007 to 0.8 weight-%, based on the total weight of the reaction mixture MG.30. The process of any one of embodiments 1 to 29, wherein the base is selected from the group consisting of alkali hydroxides, alkali alkoxides, and a mixture thereof.31 . The process of embodiment 30, wherein the alkali hydroxide is selected from the group consisting of NaOH, KOH, and a mixture thereof, preferably wherein the alkali hydroxide is KOH.32. The process of embodiment 30, wherein the alkali alkoxide is selected from the group consisting of sodium alkoxides, potassium alkoxides, and a mixture thereof, preferably from the group consisting of sodium ethoxide, potassium ethoxide, and a mixture thereof.33. The process of any one of embodiments 1 to 32, wherein the alcohol conversion conditions in (iii) comprise a temperature of the reaction mixture MG in the range of from 100 to 250 °C and a pressure in the reaction space SG in the range of from 1 x 105to 4 x 106Pa.34. The process of any one of embodiments 1 to 33, wherein the process is a continuous process.35. The process of any one of embodiments 1 to 33, wherein the process is a semi-batch process or a batch process.36. The process of any one of embodiments 1 to 34, wherein the alcohol conversion conditions according to (iii) comprise the presence of at least one inert gas in the reaction space SR, wherein the at least one inert gas is preferably selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, argon, and a mixture thereof.37. The process of any one of embodiments 1 to 36, wherein the alcohol conversion conditions according to (iii) comprise a pressure in the reaction space S in the range of from 1 x 105to 3.5 x 106Pa, preferably in the range of from 1 x 105to 3.1 x 106Pa, more preferably in the range in the range of from 1 x 105to 2 x 106Pa, more preferably in the range in the range from 1 x 105to 1.5 x 106Pa.38. The process of any one of embodiments 1 to 37, wherein in (iii), said gas phase comprises H2, preferably wherein the H2 partial pressure of the gas phase in the reaction space SG is maintained in the range of from 2 x 104to 3.1 x 106Pa, preferably in the range of from 2 x 104to 1.1 x 106Pa, more preferably in the range of from 2 x 104to 6 x 105Pa.231021W001- 50 -39. The process of embodiment 38, wherein the H2 partial pressure of the gas phase is maintained by relaxation of the gas phase or by introducing H2 into the gas phase.40. The process of any one of embodiments 1 to 39, wherein the liquid mixture ME prepared according to (ii) further comprises a solvent component S.41 . The process of embodiment 40, wherein the solvent component S comprises a solvent which has a boiling point of 110 °C or more, preferably a boiling point of 140 °C or more, more preferably a boiling point of 160 °C or more, more preferably a boiling point of 180 °C or more, more preferably a boiling point of 190 °C or more.42. The process of embodiment 40 or 41 , wherein the solvent in the solvent component S has a solubility in water at 25 °C of from 0 to 0.7 weight-%, preferably a solubility in water at 25 °C of from 0 to 0.5 weight-%, more preferably a solubility in water at 25 °C of from 0 to 0.1 weight-%, more preferably a solubility in water at 25 °C of from 0 to 0.05 weight-%.43. The process of any one of embodiments 40 to 42, wherein a distribution coefficient of the catalyst in a system of the solvent component S and water is from 0 to 0.01 , preferably from 0 to 0.005, more preferably from 0 to 0.005, based on 1 kg catalyst.44. The process of any one of embodiments 40 to 43, wherein the solvent component S comprises a mixture of at least two solvents with a boiling point of 140 °C or more, preferably with a boiling point of 160 °C or more, more preferably with a boiling point of 180 °C or more, more preferably with a boiling point of 190 °C or more.45. The process of embodiments 40 to 44, wherein the solvent component S comprises a solvent which is selected from the group consisting of biphenyl, diphenyl ether, 1 -tert-butyl-3,5-dimethyl-benzene, ethylbenzene, cyclododecane, cyclononane, cyclooctane, cycloheptane, decaline, n-butylbutyrate, n-hexylhexyrate, n-octyloctyrate, texanole, di-n-butylether, di-iso-butylether, di-sec-butylether, 1 -hexanol,1-octanol, 1-decanol, 1-dodedacanol, 2-ethylbutan-1-ol, 2-ethylhexan-1-ol, 2-ethyloctan-1-ol, 2-ethyldecan-1 - ol, 2-ethyldodecan-1-ol, 2-butylhexan-1-ol, 2-butyloctan-1-ol, 2-butyldecan-1-ol, 2-butyldodecan-1-ol,2-hexyldecanol, 2-octyldodecanol, 2-propylheptan-1-ol, and a mixture of two or more thereof; preferably wherein the solvent component S comprises at least one solvent selected from the group consisting of 2-ethylbutan-1-ol, 2-ethylhexan-1-ol, 2-ethyloctan-1-ol, 2-ethyldecan-1-ol, 2-ethyldodecan-1-ol, 2-butylhexan-1-ol, 2-butyloctan-1-ol, 2-butyldecan-1-ol, 2-butyldodecan-1-ol, 2-hexadecanol, 2-octyldodecanol,2-propylheptan-1 -ol, and a mixture of two or more thereof.46. The process of any one of embodiments 40 to 45, wherein the solvent component S does not include any one of benzene, toluene, xylene or mesitylene.231021W001- 51 -47. The process of any one of embodiments 40 to 46, wherein the alcohol conversion conditions according to (ill) comprise an amount of the solvent component S in the reaction mixture MG in the range of from 5 to 50 weight-%, preferably in the range of from 5 to 30 weight-%, more preferably in the range of from 5 to 10 weight-%, based on the total weight of the reaction mixture MG.48. The process of any one of embodiments 40 to 47, wherein from 90 to 100 weight-%, preferably from 95 to 100 weight-%, more preferably from 98 to 100 weight-%, more preferably from 99 to 100 weight-% of the liquid mixture ME prepared according to (ii) consist of the at least one alcohol R-CH2-CH2-OH, preferably ethanol, the base, the solvent component S and the chemical component C.49. The process of any one of embodiments 40 to 48, wherein the mixture MGOB obtained according to (iv) further comprises at least part of the chemical component C, and preferably further comprises at least part of the solvent component S.50. The process of embodiment 49, further comprising(xv) recycling at least a part of the solvent component S comprised in the mixture MGOB obtained according to (iv) to (II) or (ill).51 . The process of embodiment 49, further comprising(xv) recycling at least a part of the solvent component S and at least a part of the chemical component C comprised in the mixture MGOB obtained according to (iv) to (II) or (ill).52. The process of any one of embodiments 1 to 51 , wherein in formula (A) n is 0 if R1, R2, R3and R4are hydrogen.53. The process of any one of embodiments 1 to 52, wherein the reaction mixture MG in (ill) further comprises water; preferably wherein the amount of water in reaction mixture MG is 0.2 weight-% or less, more preferably in the range of from 0 to 0.2 weight-%, more preferably from 0.0001 to 0.2 weight-%, more preferably from 0.0001 to 0.15 weight-%, more preferably from 0.0005 to 0.1 weight-%, more preferably from 0.0005 to 0.08 weight-%, more preferably from 0.0005 to 0.05 weight-%, based on the total weight-% of the reaction mixture MG.54. The process of embodiment 53, wherein step (ill) further comprises at least partially removing of water from the reaction mixture reaction mixture MG, preferably the continuous removal of at least a part of water from the reaction mixture reaction mixture MG.231021W001- 52 -55. The process of any one of embodiments 1 to 54, wherein the chemical component C comprises a compound of formula (B)whereinM is selected from the group consisting of Ir, Mn, Os, Pd, Pt, Rh, and Ru;L1and L2are, independently of each other, PRaRb, NRaRb, SRa, SH, and S(=O)Ra;L3is selected from the group consisting of CO, PRaRbRc, SRaRb, RaCN, RaNC, N2, PF3, pyridine, and thiophene;R1, R2, R3and R4either are hydrogen, or form together with the pyridyl unit of the catalyst of formula (A) an acridinyl unit; n is 0 or 1 , and if R1, R2, R3and R4are hydrogen, n is 0;Ra, Rb, Rcand Rdare, independently of each other, selected from the group consisting of H, unsubstituted or substituted Ci-Cio-alkyl wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, ON, NH2, and Ci-Cio-alkyl; unsubstituted or substituted Ci-Cio-cycloalkyl wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, ON, NH2, and Ci-Cio-alkyl; Ca-Cio-heterocyclyl comprising at least one heteroatom selected from the group consisting of N, 0, and S; Cs-C -aryl; and Cs-Cio-heteroaryl comprising at least one heteroatom selected from the group consisting of N, 0, and S;Y is selected from the group consisting of H, F, Cl, Br, I, OC(=O)CF3, OSO2CF3, ON, CO, and OH; and wherein for the compound of formula (L), R1, R2, R3and R4’ L1, L2and n are preferably identical to R1, R2, R3and R4, L1, L2and n of the catalyst of formula (B).56. The process of any one of embodiments 1 to 54, wherein the chemical component 0 comprises a compound of formula (0)whereinM is selected from the group consisting of Ir, Ru, and Mn;231021W001- 53 -L1and L2are, independently of each other, PRaRb, NRaRb, SRa, SH, and S(=O)Ra;L3is selected from the group consisting of CO, PRaRbRc, SRaRb, RaCN, RaNC, N2, PF3, pyridine, and thiophene;Ra, Rb, Rcand Rdare, independently of each other, selected from the group consisting of H, unsubstituted or substituted C1-C10 alkyl wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, ON, NH2, and C1-C10 alkyl; unsubstituted or substituted Ci-Cio-cycloalkyl wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, ON, NH2, and C1-C10 alkyl; C3-C10 heterocyclyl comprising at least one heteroatom selected from the group consisting of N, 0, and S; C5-C10 aryl; and C5-C10 heteroaryl comprising at least one heteroatom selected from the group consisting of N, 0, and S;Y is selected from the group consisting of H, F, Cl, Br, I, 0C(=0)CF3, OSO2CF3, ON, CO, and OH; and wherein for the compound of formula (L), R1, R2, R3and R4, L1, L2, and n are preferably identical to R1, R2, R3and R4’ L1, L2, and n of the catalyst of formula (0).57. The process of any one of embodiments 1 to 54, wherein the chemical component 0 comprises a compound of formula (D)whereinM is selected from the group consisting of Ir, Ru, and Mn;L1and L2are, independently of each other, PRaRb, NRaRb, SRa, SH, and S(=0)Ra;L3is selected from the group consisting of CO, PRaRbRc, SRaRb, RaCN, RaNC, N2, PF3, pyridine, and thiophene;Ra, Rb, Rcand Rdare, independently of each other, selected from the group consisting of H, unsubstituted or substituted Ci-Cio-alkyl wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, ON, NH2, and Ci-Cio-alkyl; unsubstituted or substituted Ci-Cio-cycloalkyl wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, ON, NH2, and Ci-Cio-alkyl; Cs-Cio-heterocyclyl comprising at least one heteroatom selected from the group consisting of N, 0, and S; C5-C10 aryl; and Cs-Cio-heteroaryl comprising at least one heteroatom selected from the group consisting of N, 0, and S;Y is selected from the group consisting of H, F, Cl, Br, I, 0C(=0)CF3, OSO2CF3, ON, CO, and OH; and wherein for the compound of formula (L), R1, R2, R3and R4, L1, L2and n are preferably identical to R1, R2, R3and R4’ L1, L2and n of the catalyst of formula (D).231021W001- 54 -58. The process of any one of embodiments 1 to 57, wherein M is selected from the group consisting of Ir and Ru, preferably wherein M is Ru.59. The process of any one of embodiments 1 to 58, wherein L3is CO.60. The process of any one of embodiments 1 to 58, wherein L1and L2are each (PRaRb), and wherein Raand Rbare Ci-Cio-alkyl, preferably wherein Raand Rbare each isopropyl or tert-butyl.61 . The process of any one of embodiments 1 to 58, wherein L1and L2are each (PRaRb), and wherein Raand Rbare Ci-Cio-cycloalkyl, preferably wherein Raand Rbare each cyclohexyl.62. The process of any one of embodiments 1 to 58, wherein L1and L2are each (PRaRb), and wherein Raand Rbare Cs-C -aryl.63. The process of any one of embodiments 1 to 62, wherein Y is selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br and I, preferably wherein Y is selected from the group consisting of Cl or Br, more preferably wherein Y is Cl.64. The process of any one of embodiments 1 to 63, wherein Y is CO.65. The process of any one of embodiments 1 to 54, wherein the chemical component C comprises a compound of formula (E)wherein Cy is cyclohexyl.66. The process of any one of embodiments 1 to 54, wherein the reduced form of the catalyst comprises a compound of formula (E’)231021W001- 55 - wherein Cy is cyclohexyl.67. The process of any one of embodiments 1 to 54, wherein the chemical component C comprises a compound of formula (F)wherein iPr is isopropyl.68. The process of any one of embodiments 1 to 54, wherein the reduced form of the catalyst comprises a compound of formula (F’)wherein IPr is isopropyl.69. The process of any one of embodiments 1 to 54, wherein the chemical component C comprises a compound of formula (G)wherein tBu is tert-butyl.70. The process of any one of embodiments 1 to 69, wherein the reduced form of the catalyst comprises a compound of formula (G’)231021W001- 56 -wherein tBu is tert-butyl.71. The process of any one of embodiments 1 to 54, wherein the chemical component C comprises a compound comprising a metal M selected from the group consisting of IrCh x H2O, [lr(COD)CI]2, [lr(COE)2CI]2, [lr(C2H4)2CI]2, [lr(COD)OH]2, [lr(COD)MeO]2, [lrCp*CI2], [IrCp Cl2], lr4(CO)i2, [lr(PPh3)2(CO)CI], [lr(acetylacetonate)3], and [lr(acetylacetonate)(COD)], wherein Cp is cylclopentadienyl, Cp* is pentamethylcyclopentadienyl, COD is 1 ,5-cyclooctadienyl, COE is cyclooctenyl, and methylallyl is 2- methylallyl.72. The process of any one of embodiments 1 to 54, wherein the chemical component C comprises a compound comprising a metal M selected from the group consisting of [Ru(p-cymene)0l2]2, [Ru(benzene)0l2]y, [Ru(CO)2Cl2]y, where y is in each case in the range from 1 to 1000, [Ru(CO)3Cl2]2, [Ru(COD)(allyl)2], RuCI3x H2O, [Ru(acetylacetonate)3], [Ru(DMSO)4Cl2], [Ru(cyclopentadienyl)(CO)2CI], [Ru(cyclopentadienyl)(CO)2H], [Ru(cyclopentadienyl)(CO)2]2, [Ru(Cp)(CO)2CI], [Ru(Cp*)(CO)2H], [Ru(Cp*)(CO)2]2, [Ru(indenyl)(CO)2CI], [Ru(indenyl)(CO)2H], [Ru(indenyl)(CO)2]2, ruthenocene, [Ru(COD)CI2]2, [Ru(Cp*)(COD)CI], [RU3(CO)I2], [Ru(PPh3)4(H)2], [Ru(PPh3)3(CI)2], [Ru(PPh3)3(CO)(CI)2], [Ru(PPh3)3(CO)(CI)(H)], [Ru(PPh3)3(CO)(H)2], and [Ru(cyclooctadienyl)(methylallyl)2], wherein Cp is cylclopentadienyl, Cp* is pentamethylcyclopentadienyl, COD is 1 ,5-cyclooctadienyl, and methylallyl is 2-methylallyl.73. The process of any one of embodiments 1 to 72, wherein the reduced form of the precursor comprises a compound of formula (P-l) or (P-ll):wherein R1, R2, R3and R4either are hydrogen, or form together with the N-containing ring a tetrahydroquinoline unit, a decahydroquinoline unit, a tetrahydroacridine unit, or a tetradecahydroacridine unit; and wherein L1and L2are, independently of each other, as defined above;231021W001wherein R1, R2, R3and R4are hydrogen; and wherein L1and L2are, independently of each other, as defined above.74. The process of any one of embodiments 1 to 72, wherein the reduced form of the precursor comprises a compound of formula (P-l):wherein R1, R2, R3and R4either are hydrogen, or form together with the N-containing ring a tetrahydroacridine unit, or a tetradecahydroacridine unit.75. The process of any one of embodiments 1 to 72, wherein the reduced form of the precursor comprises a compound of formula (P-ll):wherein R1, R2, R3and R4are hydrogen; and wherein L1and L2are, independently of each other, as defined above.76. The process of any one of embodiments 1 to 75, wherein integer x is 1 or 2, preferably wherein integer x is 1 .77. The process of any one of embodiments 1 to 76, wherein R is H.78. The process of any one of embodiments 1 to 77, wherein the liquid mixture ME prepared according to (ii) further comprises a compound of formula (H):231021W001- 58 -wherein R1, R2, R3and R4’ L1, L2, and n are identical to R1, R2, R3and R4’ L1, L2, and n of the catalyst of formula (A).79. The process of embodiment 78, wherein in the liquid mixture ME prepared according to (ii) and subjected to alcohol version conditions according to (ill), the molar ratio of the compound of formula (H) relative to the compound of formula (A) is in a range of from 0.01 :1 to 10:1, preferably in the range of from 0.05:1 to 10:1, more preferably in the range of from 0.1 :1 to 10:1, more preferably in the range of from 0.1 :1 to 10:1, more preferably in the range of from 0.3:1 to 10:1, more preferably in the range of from 0.5:1 to 10:1, more preferably in the range of from 0.7:1 to 10:1, more preferably in the range of from 0.8:1 to 10:1, more preferably in the range of from 1 :1 to 10:1 more preferably in the range of from 1.01 :1 to 10:1, more preferably in the range of from 1.02:1 to 8:1, more preferably in the range from 1.03:1 to 7:1, more preferably in the range from 1.04:1 to 6:1, and more preferably in the range from 1.05:1 to 5:1.80. The process of embodiment 78 or 79, wherein the compound of formula (H) is selected from the group consisting of dicyclohexyl-[[5-(dicyclohexylphosphanylmethyl)acridin-4-yl]methyl]phosphane, diisopropyl-[[5- (diisopropylphosphanylmethyl)acridin-4-yl]methyl]phosphane, dicyclohexyl-[[5- (dicyclohexylphosphanylmethyl)pyridin-4-yl]methyl]phosphane and diisopropyl-[[5- (diisopropylphosphanylmethyl)pyridin-4-yl]methyl]phosphane, preferably wherein the compound of formula (H) is cyclohexyl-[[5-(dicyclohexylphosphanylmethyl)acridin-4-yl]methyl]phosphane or diisopropyl-[[5- (diisopropylphosphanylmethyl)acridin-4-yl]methyl]phosphane.81 . The process of any one of embodiments 1 to 80, wherein the reaction space SR is comprised in a reactor vessel, wherein the reactor vessel is preferably a complete-mixing reactor vessel.82. A process, preferably according to any one of embodiments 1 to 81 , comprising the step of converting a chemical material obtainable by or obtained by the process according to any one of embodiments 1 to 65 to obtain a product Q.83. The process of embodiment 82, wherein the product Q is selected from:- building block or monomer; or- polymer, preferably polymer A, polymer composition, preferably polymer composition A, or polymer product, preferably polymer product A; or231021W001- 59 -- industrial use polymer, industrial use surfactant, descaling compound, industrial use biocide, industrial use solvent, industrial use dispersant, composition thereof or formulation thereof; or- agrochemical composition, agrochemical formulation auxiliary or agrochemically active ingredient; or- active pharmaceutical ingredient or intermediate thereof, pharmaceutical excipient, animal feed additive, human food additive, dietary supplements, aroma chemical or aroma composition; or- aqueous polymer dispersion, preferably polyurethane or polyurethane - poly(meth)acrylate hybrid polymer dispersion, emulsion, binder for paper and fiber coatings, UV-curable acrylic polymer for hot melts and coatings polyisocyanates, hyperbranched polyester polyol, polymeric dispersant for inorganic binder compositions, unsaturated polyester polyol or 100% curable composition; or- cosmetic surfactant, emollient, wax, cosmetic polymer, UV filter, further cosmetic ingredient or composition or formulation thereof; or- polymer B, polymer composition B, coating composition, other functional composition, foil, molded body, coating or coated substrate.84. The process of embodiment 83, wherein the content of the chemical material in the product Q is 1 weight-% or more, preferably 2 weight-% or more, more preferably 5 weight-% or more, more preferably 15 weight-% or more, more preferably 30 weight-% or more, more preferably 40 weight-% or more, more preferably 60 weight-% or more, more preferably 80 weight-% or more, more preferably 90 weight-% or more, more preferably 95 weight-% or more; and / or wherein the content of the chemical material in the product Q is 100 weight-% or less, preferably 95 weight-% or less, more preferably 90 weight-% or less, more preferably 50 weight-% or less, more preferably 25 weight-% or less, more preferably 10 weight-% or less; and preferably wherein the content is determined based on identity preservation and / or segregation and / or mass balance and / or book and claim chain of custody models, preferably based on mass balance, preferably the International Sustainability and Carbon Certification (ISCC) standard.The determination of the distribution coefficient of the solvent in water comprises the following steps:1. combining the two components, e.g. feed and solvent, in a predefined solvent ratio;2. turbulent mixing of the combined components over a longer period of time (> 10 min) at a defined extraction temperature;3. allowing for phase separation;4. taking samples of each phase at the extraction temperature;5. centrifuging the samples and withdrawing clear samples at the extraction temperature;6. analyzing the samples; and7. comparing the results of extract- and raffinate - calculation of the partition equilibrium / partition coefficient at the selected temperature.231021W001- 60 -Cited literature:M. Guerbet, C. R. Hebd. Seances Acad. Sc / . 1899, 128, p. 511-513- EP 0795535 B1- EP 4015498 A1

Claims

231021W001- 61 -Claims1 . A process for preparing an R-CH2-CH2-(CHR-CH2)x-acrylate, comprising(i) providing a chemical component C comprising one or more of a catalyst, a precursor of the catalyst, a reduced form of the catalyst, and a reduced form of the precursor of the catalyst;(II) preparing a liquid mixture ME comprising at least one alcohol R-CH2-CH2-OH, a base, and the chemical component C provided in (I) R being selected from the group consisting of H and Ci-C4-alkyl;(ill) subjecting the liquid mixture ME prepared in (ii) to alcohol conversion conditions in a reaction space SR, obtaining in said reaction space a reaction mixture MG comprising at least one alcohol R-CH2-CH2- (CHR-CH2)X-OH, x being an integer in the range of from 1 to 5;(iv) separating at least part of the at least one alcohol R-CH2-CH2-(CHR-CH2)X-OH from the reaction mixture MG obtained in (ill) obtaining a stream SBO comprising at least part of the at least one alcohol R- CH2-CH2-(CHR-CH2)X-OH and a mixture MGOB depleted in the at least one alcohol R-CH2-CH2-(CHR- CH2)X-OH;(v) obtaining a reaction mixture MP comprising at least propene by at least one of the following steps (v.a1), (v.a2), (v.b) and (v.c)(v. a1 ) dividing the at least one alcohol R-CH2-CH2-(CHR-CH2)X-OH obtained in (iv) into two separate streams SBI and SB2; and subjecting the at least one alcohol R-CH2-CH2-(CHR-CH2)X-OH of stream SB2 to retro hydroformylation conditions in a reaction space SH, wherein reaction space SH further comprises a heterogeneous catalyst comprising a platinum group metal supported on a carrier, obtaining in said reaction space SH a reaction mixture MP comprising at least propene;(v.a2) dividing the at least one alcohol R-CH2-CH2-(CHR-CH2)X-OH obtained in (iv) into two separate streams SBI and SB2; and subjecting the at least one alcohol R-CH2-CH2-(CHR-CH2)X-OH of stream SB2 to dehydration conditions obtaining a stream SBE comprising 1 -butene; subjecting at least part of 1 -butene in stream SBE to isomerization conditions obtaining a stream SBE2 comprising 2-butene; subjecting at least part of 2-butene comprised in stream SBE2 to metathesis conditions obtaining a reaction mixture MP comprising at least propene;(v.b) providing ethanol; subjecting ethanol to dehydration conditions obtaining a stream SET comprising ethylene; subjecting pat least part of the ethylene comprised in stream SET to dimerization conditions obtaining a stream SBE comprising 2-butene; subjecting at least part of 2-butene comprised in stream SBE to metathesis conditions with ethylene, preferably bio-ethylene, obtaining a reaction mixture MP comprising at least propene;(v.c) providing a propylene source to prepare a reaction mixture MP comprising at least propene;(vi) optionally combining at least two reaction mixtures MP obtained in any one of (v.a) to (v.c);231021W001- 62 -(vii) optionally separating at least part of propene from the reaction mixture MP obtained in (v) or (vi) obtaining a stream SRI comprising the separated propene and a stream SOP depleted in propene;(viii) optionally providing a steam SP2 comprising propene;(ix) subjecting at least one of the reaction mixture MP obtained in (v), the reaction mixture MP obtained in (vi), the streamspi obtained in (vii) and the stream SP2 provided in (viii) to oxidation conditions in a reaction space So, wherein reaction space So further comprises an oxidation catalyst, obtaining in said reaction space So a reaction mixture MAA comprising at least acrylic acid;(x) separating at least part of the acrylic acid from the reaction mixture MAA obtained in (viii) obtaining a stream SAA comprising acrylic acid and a mixture MOAA depleted in acrylic acid;(xi) preparing a liquid mixture Me comprising at least one of the at least one alcohol R-CH2-CH2-(CHR- CH2)X-OH obtained in step (iv), stream SBO obtained in step (iv), and the stream SBI obtained in (v), with stream SAA obtained in (ix);(xii) subjecting the liquid mixture Me prepared in (xi) to esterification conditions in a reaction space SES, obtaining in said reaction space a reaction mixture MES comprising at least one R-CH2-CH2-(CHR- CH2)x-acrylate; wherein(a) the base is selected from the group consisting of ammonium hydroxide, alkali hydroxides, alkaline earth hydroxides, ammonium carbonate, ammonium hydrogen carbonate, alkali carbonates, alkali hydrogen carbonates, alkaline earth carbonates, alkaline hydrogen carbonates, alkali alkoxides, alkaline earth alkoxides, alkali amides, alkaline earth amides, alkali metal 2, 2,6,6- tetramethylpiperidines, alkaline earth metal 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidines, secondary amino acids, and a mixture of two or more thereof;(b) the catalyst comprises a compound of formula (A)whereinM is selected from the group consisting of Ir, Mn, Os, Pd, Pt, Rh, and Ru;L1and L2are, independently of each other, PRdRe, NRdRe, SRd, SH, S(=O)R9,C5-Cio-heteroaryl containing at least one heteroatom selected from nitrogen and sulfur, AsRdRe, SbRdRe, and a N-heterocyclic carbene represented by the structures:231021W001- 63 -L3is selected from the group consisting of CO, PRdReRf, AsRdReRf, SbRdReRf, SRdRe, RgCN, RgNC, N2, PF3, pyridine, and thiophene;R1, R2, R3and R4either are hydrogen, or form together with the pyridyl unit of the catalyst of formula (A) an acridinyl unit, or R1and R2or R3and R4form together with the pyridyl unit of the compound of formula (A) a quinolinyl unit; n Is O or 1 ;Y is selected from the group consisting of H, F, Cl, Br, I, OC(=O)CF3, OSO2CF3, ON, CO, OH, OR, NRg2, NH3, NRg3, and Rg2NSO2Rg;Rd, Re, Rf, Rg, R5, R6and R7are, independently of each other, selected from the group consisting of H, unsubstituted or substituted Ci-Cio-alkyl, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, ON, NH2, and Ci-Cio-alkyl; unsubstituted or substituted Cs-C -cycloalkyl, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, ON, NH2, and C1-C10- alkyl; unsubstituted or substituted Cs-Cio-heterocyclyl comprising at least one heteroatom selected from the group consisting of N, 0, and S, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, ON, NH2, and Ci-Cio-alkyl; unsubstituted or substituted Cs-C -aryl, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, ON, NH2, and Ci-Cio-alkyl; and unsubstituted or substituted Cs-Cw-heteroary I comprising at least one heteroatom selected from the group consisting of N, 0, and S, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, ON, NH2 and Ci-Cio-alkyl; andX is optional and is selected from the group consisting of one, two, three, four, five, six, and seven substituents positioned at any carbon atom on the acridinyl unit, or one, two, three, four and five substituents positioned at any carbon atom on the quinolinyl unit, or one substituent positioned at the carbon atom on the pyridyl unit, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, ON, NH2, C6-C12- aryl, and C1-C10— alkyl;(c) the precursor of the catalyst comprising a compound of formula (A) comprises a mixture comprising 1) a compound comprising a metal M; 2) at least one component selected from the group consisting of CO, PRdReRf, SRdRe, RdCN, RdNC, N2, PF3, organic carbonyl compounds, Ci-Cio-alkyl, C3-C12- cycloalkyl, C2-Ci2-alkenyl, Cs-Cis-cycloalkenyl, C5-C2o-aryl, ON, CO, OH, 0C(=0)CF3, OSO2CF3, hydrides, pyridines, halogenides, hydroxides, and thiophenes; and 3) a compound of formula (H)231021W001- 64 -M is selected from the group consisting of Ir, Mn, Os, Pd, Pt, Rh, and Ru;L1and L2, are, independently of each other, PRdRe, NRdRe, SRd, SH, S(=0)R9,C5-Cio-heteroaryl containing at least one heteroatom selected from nitrogen and sulfur, AsRdRe, SbRdRe, and a N-heterocyclic carbene represented by the structures:R1, R2, R3and R4either are hydrogen, or form together with the pyridyl unit of the catalyst of formula (A) an acridinyl unit, or R1and R2or R3and R4form together with the pyridyl unit of the catalyst of formula (A) a quinolinyl unit; n Is O or 1 ;Rd, Re, Rf, Rs, R5, R6and R7are, independently of each other, selected from the group consisting of H, unsubstituted or substituted Ci-Cio-alkyl, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, ON, NH2, and Ci-Cio-alkyl; unsubstituted or substituted Cs-C -cycloalkyl, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, ON, NH2, and C1-C10- alkyl; unsubstituted or substituted Ca-Cio-heterocyclyl comprising at least one heteroatom selected from the group consisting of N, 0, and S, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, ON, NH2, and Ci-Cio-alkyl; unsubstituted or substituted Cs-C -aryl, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, ON, NH2, and Ci-Cio-alkyl; and unsubstituted or substituted Cs-Cio-heteroary I comprising at least one heteroatom selected from the group consisting of N, 0, and S, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, ON, NH2 and Ci-Cio-alkyl; andX is optional and is selected from the group consisting of one, two, three, four, five, six, and seven substituents positioned at any carbon atom on the acridinyl unit, or one, two, three, four and five substituents positioned at any carbon atom on the quinolinyl unit, or one substituent positioned at the carbon atom on the pyridyl unit, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, ON, NH2, C6-C12- aryl, and Ci-Cio-alkyl.

2. A process for preparing N-butyl acrylate, preferably the process of claim 1 , comprising231021W001- 65 -(i) providing a chemical component C comprising one or more of a catalyst, a precursor of the catalyst, a reduced form of the catalyst, and a reduced form of the precursor of the catalyst;(II) preparing a liquid mixture ME comprising ethanol, a base, and the chemical component C provided in 0);(ill) subjecting the liquid mixture ME prepared in (ii) to alcohol conversion conditions in a reaction space SR, obtaining in said reaction space a reaction mixture MG comprising at least butanol;(iv) separating at least part of the butanol from the reaction mixture MG obtained in (ill) obtaining a stream SBO comprising at least part of the butanol and a mixture MGOB depleted in butanol;(v) obtaining a reaction mixture MP comprising at least propene by at least one of the following steps (v.a1), (v.a2), (v.b) and (v.c)(v.a1 ) dividing butanol obtained in (iv) into two separate butanol streams SBI and SB?; and subjecting butanol of stream SB2 to retro hydroformylation conditions in a reaction space SH, wherein reaction space SH further comprises a heterogeneous catalyst comprising a platinum group metal supported on a carrier, obtaining in said reaction space SH a reaction mixture MP comprising at least propene;(v.a2) dividing butanol obtained in (iv) into two separate butanol streams SBI and SB2; and subjecting butanol of stream SB2 to dehydration conditions obtaining a stream SBE comprising 1 -butene; subjecting at least part of 1 -butene in stream SBE to isomerization conditions obtaining a stream SBE2 comprising 2-butene; subjecting at least part of 2-butene comprised in stream SBE2 to metathesis conditions obtaining a reaction mixture MP comprising at least propene;(v.b) providing ethanol; subjecting ethanol to dehydration conditions obtaining a stream SET comprising ethylene; subjecting pat least part of the ethylene comprised in stream SET to dimerization conditions obtaining a stream SBE comprising 2-butene; subjecting at least part of 2-butene comprised in stream SBE to metathesis conditions with ethylene, preferably bio-ethylene, obtaining a reaction mixture MP comprising at least propene;(v.c) providing a propylene source to prepare a reaction mixture MP comprising at least propene;(vi) optionally combining at least two reaction mixtures MP obtained in any one of (v.a) to (v.c);(vii) optionally separating at least part of propene from the reaction mixture MP obtained in (v) or (vi) obtaining a stream SPI comprising the separated propene and a stream SOP depleted in propene;(viii) optionally providing a steam SP2 comprising propene;(ix) subjecting at least one of the reaction mixture MP obtained in (v), the reaction mixture MP obtained in (vi), the streamspi obtained in (vii) and the stream SP2 provided in (viii) to oxidation conditions in a reaction space So, wherein reaction space So further comprises an oxidation catalyst, obtaining in said reaction space So a reaction mixture MAA comprising at least acrylic acid;(x) separating at least part of the acrylic acid from the reaction mixture MAA obtained in (viii) obtaining a stream SAA comprising acrylic acid and a mixture MOAA depleted in acrylic acid;231021W001- 66 -(xi) preparing a liquid mixture Me comprising at least one of the butanol obtained in (iv), the stream SBO obtained in step (iv) and the stream SBI obtained in (v), with stream SAA obtained in (ix);(xii) subjecting the liquid mixture Me prepared in (xi) to esterification conditions in a reaction space SES, obtaining in said reaction space a reaction mixture MES comprising at least butyl acrylate; wherein(a) the base is selected from the group consisting of ammonium hydroxide, alkali hydroxides, alkaline earth hydroxides, ammonium carbonate, ammonium hydrogen carbonate, alkali carbonates, alkali hydrogen carbonates, alkaline earth carbonates, alkaline hydrogen carbonates, alkali alkoxides, alkaline earth alkoxides, alkali amides, alkaline earth amides, alkali metal 2, 2,6,6- tetramethylpiperidines, alkaline earth metal 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidines, secondary amino acids, and a mixture of two or more thereof;(b) the catalyst comprises a compound of formula (A)whereinM is selected from the group consisting of Ir, Mn, Os, Pd, Pt, Rh, and Ru;L1and L2are, independently of each other, PRdRe, NRdRe, SRd, SH, S(=O)Rg,C5-Cio-heteroaryl containing at least one heteroatom selected from nitrogen and sulfur, AsRdRe, SbRdRe, and a N-heterocyclic carbene represented by the structures:L3is selected from the group consisting of CO, PRdReRf, AsRdReRf, SbRdReRf, SRdRe, RgCN, RgNC, N2, PF3, pyridine, and thiophene;R1, R2, R3and R4either are hydrogen, or form together with the pyridyl unit of the catalyst of formula (A) an acridinyl unit, or R1and R2or R3and R4form together with the pyridyl unit of the compound of formula (A) a quinolinyl unit; n Is O or 1 ;Y is selected from the group consisting of H, F, Cl, Br, I, OC(=O)CF3, OSO2CF3, ON, CO, OH, OR, NRg2, NH3, NRg3, and Rg2NSO2Rg;231021W001- 67 -Rd, Re, Rf, Rs, R5, R6and R7are, independently of each other, selected from the group consisting of H, unsubstituted or substituted Ci-Cio-alkyl, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, ON, NH2, and Ci-Cio-alkyl; unsubstituted or substituted Cs-Cio-cycloalkyl, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, ON, NH2, and C1-C10- alkyl; unsubstituted or substituted Ca-Cio-heterocyclyl comprising at least one heteroatom selected from the group consisting of N, 0, and S, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, ON, NH2, and Ci-Cio-alkyl; unsubstituted or substituted Cs-C -aryl, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, ON, NH2, and Ci-Cio-alkyl; and unsubstituted or substituted Cs-Cio-heteroary I comprising at least one heteroatom selected from the group consisting of N, 0, and S, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, ON, NH2 and Ci-Cio-alkyl; andX is optional and is selected from the group consisting of one, two, three, four, five, six, and seven substituents positioned at any carbon atom on the acridinyl unit, or one, two, three, four and five substituents positioned at any carbon atom on the quinolinyl unit, or one substituent positioned at the carbon atom on the pyridyl unit, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, ON, NH2, C6-C12- aryl, and C1-C10— alkyl;(c) the precursor of the catalyst comprising a compound of formula (A) comprises a mixture comprising 1) a compound comprising a metal M; 2) at least one component selected from the group consisting of CO, PRdReRf, SRdRe, RdCN, RdNC, N2, PF3, organic carbonyl compounds, Ci-Cio-alkyl, C3-C12- cycloalkyl, C2-Ci2-alkenyl, Cs-Cis-cycloalkenyl, C5-C2o-aryl, ON, CO, OH, 0C(=0)CF3, OSO2CF3, hydrides, pyridines, halogenides, hydroxides, and thiophenes; and 3) a compound of formula (H)M is selected from the group consisting of Ir, Mn, Os, Pd, Pt, Rh, and Ru;L1and L2, are, independently of each other, PRdRe, NRdRe, SRd, SH, S(=0)R9,C5-Cio-heteroary I containing at least one heteroatom selected from nitrogen and sulfur, AsRdRe, SbRdRe, and a N-heterocyclic carbene represented by the structures:231021W001- 68 -R1, R2, R3and R4either are hydrogen, or form together with the pyridyl unit of the catalyst of formula (A) an acridinyl unit, or R1and R2or R3and R4form together with the pyridyl unit of the catalyst of formula (A) a quinolinyl unit; n Is O or 1 ;Rd, Re, Rf, Rs, R5, R6and R7are, independently of each other, selected from the group consisting of H, unsubstituted or substituted Ci-Cio-alkyl, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, ON, NH2, and Ci-Cio-alkyl; unsubstituted or substituted Cs-C -cycloalkyl, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, ON, NH2, and C1-C10- alkyl; unsubstituted or substituted Ca-Cio-heterocycly I comprising at least one heteroatom selected from the group consisting of N, 0, and S, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, ON, NH2, and Ci-Cio-alkyl; unsubstituted or substituted Cs-C -aryl, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, ON, NH2, and Ci-Cio-alkyl; and unsubstituted or substituted Cs-Cio-heteroary I comprising at least one heteroatom selected from the group consisting of N, 0, and S, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, ON, NH2 and Ci-Cio-alkyl; andX is optional and is selected from the group consisting of one, two, three, four, five, six, and seven substituents positioned at any carbon atom on the acridinyl unit, or one, two, three, four and five substituents positioned at any carbon atom on the quinolinyl unit, or one substituent positioned at the carbon atom on the pyridyl unit, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, ON, NH2, C6-C12- aryl, and Ci-Cio-alkyl.

3. The process of claim 1 or 2, wherein the dehydration conditions of the at least one alcohol R-CH2-CH2-(CHR- CH2)X-0H, preferably butanol, in (v.a2) comprise the presence of a catalyst, wherein the catalyst preferably is a zeolite, and / or wherein the dehydration conditions in (v.a2) comprise a temperature in the range of from 150 to 300 °C.

4. The process of any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the isomerization conditions in (v.a2) comprise the presence of a catalyst, wherein the catalyst preferably is selected from the group consisting of a zeolite, aluminum oxides, silicon oxides, magnesium oxides, and a mixture of two or more thereof; and / or wherein the isomerization conditions in (v.a2) comprise a temperature in the range of from 200 to 600 °C.

5. The process of any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the metathesis conditions in (v.a2) comprise the presence of a catalyst, wherein the catalyst preferably is selected from the group consisting of Pt, Pd, Rh, Ru, Co, Ni, silicon oxides, and a mixture of two or more thereof; and / or wherein the metathesis conditions in (v.a2) comprise a temperature in the range of from 200 to 600 °C; and / or wherein the metathesis conditions in (v.a2) comprise cross-metathesis with ethylene.231021W001- 69 -6. The process of any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the metathesis conditions in (v.b) comprise the presence of a carrier, wherein the carrier is selected from the group consisting of zeolites, silicon oxides, aluminum oxides, zirconium oxides, and a mixture of two or more thereof.

7. The process of any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein (v) further comprises(v.a3) separating propene from the reaction mixture MP by distillation, wherein distillation preferably comprises a first distillation to separate mixture MP into a mixture MP comprising propene and a mixture MHB; and a second distillation to separate mixture MP into a mixture MP- comprising propene and a mixture MHCO comprising at least hydrogen and carbon monoxide.

8. The process of any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein (ix) comprises the oxidation of propene in two stages.

9. The process of claim 1 , wherein (xi) comprises continuously preparing R-CH2-CH2-(CHR-CH2)x-acrylate, preferably n-butyl acrylate, by reacting acrylic acid with the at least one alcohol R-CH2-CH2-(CHR-CH2)x-OH, preferably n-butanol, in a solvent-free phase at elevated temperature and with addition of acid as esterification catalyst, in which the acrylic acid, the at least one alcohol R-CH2-CH2-(CHR-CH2)x-OH, preferably n-butanol, and the esterification catalyst are fed to a reaction zone, the water formed is separated from the reaction mixture during a dwell time in the reaction zone as a constituent of an at least one alcohol R-CH2-CH2-(CHR- CH2)x-OH-comprising mixture, preferably n-butanol-comprising mixture, in a first rectification unit I atop the reaction zone, the distillate obtained is separated into an at least one alcohol R-CH2-CH2-(CHR-CH2)X-OH comprising organic phase, preferably n-butanol-comprising organic phase, and a water-comprising aqueous phase, the organic phase is recycled to the rectification unit I, the aqueous phase is optionally sent wholly or partly to a stripping unit IX, the at least one R-CH2-CH2-(CHR-CH2)x-acrylate comprising reaction mixture, preferably n-butyl acrylate-comprising reaction mixture, which is drawn off from the reaction zone is sent to a prepurification.

10. The process of claim 9, further comprising a) in a first prepurification stage (prepurification I), the predominant portion of the esterification catalyst is removed by extraction by water scrubbing and b) in a second prepurification stage (prepurification II), the acidic components are neutralized and extracted with an aqueous alkali solution by reactive extraction and c) optionally, in a third prepurification stage (prepurification III), residual salts and aqueous extraneous phase components are removed by extraction with water from the residual organic reaction mixture remaining after the second prepurification stage, the remaining residual organic reaction mixture I is directed into a further separation zone comprising rectification units and the R-CH2-CH2-(CHR-CH2)x-ester, preferably n-butyl ester, of acrylic acid formed is separated off therein by231021W001- 70 -- feeding the remaining residual reaction mixture I to a rectification unit II and rectificatively separating the remaining residual reaction mixture I therein into a low boiler product comprising R-CH2-CH2-(CHR-CH2)X- acrylate, preferably n-butyl acrylate, and lower-boiling constituents than R-CH2-CH2-(CHR-CH2)x-acrylate, preferably n-butyl acrylate, and a residual reaction mixture II comprising the R-CH2-CH2-(CHR-CH2)x-acrylate, preferably n-butyl acrylate, and higher-boiling constituents than R-CH2-CH2-(CHR-CH2)x-acrylate, preferably n-butyl acrylate,- feeding the residual reaction mixture II to a rectification unit III and separating the R-CH2-CH2-(CHR-CH2)X- acrylate, preferably n-butyl acrylate, therein from the higher-boiling constituents than R-CH2-CH2-(CHR-CH2)X- acrylate, preferably n-butyl acrylate.11 . The process of claim 9, wherein- the amount of acid added as catalyst to the reaction zone is in the range from 51 to 163 mmol of acid per kg of the reaction mixture drawn off from the reaction zone,- the at least one alcohol R-CH2-CH2-(CHR-CH2)x-OH, preferably n-butanol, and acrylic acid are used in a mass ratio in the range of n-butanol to acrylic acid being 1 .0 to 1 .3,- at least the organic component of the low boiler product from the rectification unit II that has not been used as return stream to the rectification unit II is fed at least partly to a rectification unit IV (stream 1) in which water and R-CH2-CH2-(CHR-CH2)x-OH and R-CH2-CH2-(CHR-CH2)x-acetate and di- R-CH2-CH2-(CHR-CH2)x- ether, preferably n-butanol and n-butyl acetate and di-n-butyl ether, are distilled off, the distillate (stream 3) is fed at least partly to an R-CH2-CH2-(CHR-CH2)x-OH, preferably n-butanol, extraction unit VII, and the bottom product (stream 2) is recycled into the reaction zone either directly or via an acrylic acid extraction unit VIII.

12. The process of claim 1 , further comprising(xiii) subjecting the reaction mixture MES comprising at least R-CH2-CH2-(CHR-CH2)x-acrylate, preferably n- butyl acrylate obtained in (xii) to distillation obtaining a mixture MESD comprising R-CH2-CH2-(CHR- CH2)x-acrylate, preferably n-butyl acrylate, and a mixture MESL.

13. The process of any one of claims 1 to 12, wherein the at least one alcohol R-CH2-CH2-OH, preferably ethanol, comprised in the liquid mixture ME is a bio-based alcohol, preferably wherein the at least one alcohol R-CH2- CH2-OH, preferably ethanol, comprised in the liquid mixture ME is a bio-based alcohol obtained by alcoholic fermentation.

14. The process of any one of claims 1 to 13, wherein in (iv), the separation of at least part of the at least one alcohol R-CH2-CH2-(CHR-CH2)X-OH, preferably of at least part of the butanol, from the reaction mixture MG obtained in (ill) further comprises obtaining at least part of the at least one alcohol R-CH2-CH2-(CHR-CH2)X- OH, preferably at least part of the butanol, and a mixture MGOB comprising the chemical component C, preferably wherein the process further comprises231021W001- 71 -(xv) recycling at least a part of the chemical component C comprised in the mixture MGOB obtained according to (iv) to (ii) or (ill).

15. A process, preferably according to any one of claims 1 to 14, comprising the step of converting a chemical material obtainable by or obtained by the process according to any one of claims 1 to 14 to obtain a productQ.

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