Topography assisted direct air capture system and process

Abstract

A system for direct air capture is provided The system comprises an at least partially subterranean shaft (2) with an air inlet (3) and an air outlet (4). The air outlet (4) is arranged at a higher topographic elevation than the air inlet (3). The subterranean shaft (2) is configured to facilitate passive air flow from the air inlet (3) to the air outlet (4). At least one CO2 capture module (5) is located within the subterranean shaft (2). A process, utilizing the system (1), for topography assisted direct air capture is also provided. The process allows ambient air to flow through the shaft (2) from the air inlet (3) to the air outlet (4). The air inlet (3) and the air outlet (4) may be open to the atmosphere. The system may comprise an arrangement for storing and / or utilizing the captured CO2.

Description

[0001] TOPOGRAPHY ASSISTED DIRECT AIR CAPTURE SYSTEM AND PROCESS

[0002] TECHNICAL FIELD

[0003] The present disclosure relates to systems and processes for removing greenhouse gases from the atmosphere, and more particularly to topography assisted direct air capture systems and processes for capturing carbon dioxide from ambient air.

[0004] BACKGROUND

[0005] Direct air capture (DAC) is a technology aimed at removing carbon dioxide directly from the atmosphere. As global efforts to mitigate climate change intensify, DAC has emerged as a potential tool to help reduce atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Traditional DAC systems typically use fans or blowers to move large volumes of air through contact structures containing materials that selectively absorb or adsorb CO2. These systems then use heat, vacuum, or other methods to concentrate, purify, and release the captured CO2 for storage or utilization.

[0006] Current DAC technologies face several challenges that limit their widespread deployment and effectiveness. The low concentration of CO2 in ambient air (approximately 400 parts per million) necessitates processing enormous volumes of air to capture meaningful amounts of CO2. This results in high energy requirements and operational costs for conventional fan-driven systems. Additionally, the infrastructure and land use requirements for large-scale DAC facilities can be substantial, potentially limiting suitable locations for deployment.

[0007] Another challenge is the energy-intensive nature of the CO2 desorption process and sorbent regeneration in many DAC systems. Releasing captured CO2 from sorbent materials often requires significant heat or electrical input, which can offset the climate benefits if not sourced from low-carbon energy. Furthermore, integrating DAC systems with appropriate CO2 storage or utilization pathways presents logistical and economic hurdles in many locations.

[0008] US2022250002 discloses a carbon dioxide (CO2) capture system and method for removing CO2 from an inlet gas including a first fluid stream inlet providing for the flow of a first fluid stream, such as an inlet gas containing CO2, and a second fluid stream inlet providing for the flow of a second fluid stream, such as steam, an outlet providing for the flow of a CO2 depleted stream from the CO2 capture system, an outlet providing for the flow of a CO2 stream from the CO2 capture system and a concentrator in fluid communication with the first fluid stream. The system further including a first contactor and a second contactor. Each of the first contactor and the second contactor defining therein a first fluidically-isolated, sorbent-integrated, fluid domain for flow of the first fluid stream and CO2 adsorption and a second fluidically-isolated fluid domain for flow of the second fluid stream to assist in desorption. It has been appreciated that a topography assisted direct air capture system is needed that overcomes one or more of these problems.

[0009] SUMMARY

[0010] It is an object of the invention to provide an improved system and process for direct air capture.

[0011] In a first aspect, a system for topography assisted direct air capture is provided. The system comprises an at least partially subterranean shaft with an air inlet and an air outlet, wherein the air outlet is arranged at a higher topographic elevation than the air inlet, the subterranean shaft is configured to facilitate passive air flow from the air inlet to the air outlet, and at least one CO2 capture module is located, preferably fixedly anchored, within the subterranean shaft.

[0012] This configuration allows for efficient capture of CO2 from ambient air by utilizing natural topography and passive air flow due to natural convection and chimney effects, reducing energy requirements compared to traditional direct air capture systems.

[0013] In a possible implementation form of the first aspect, the system further comprises an air flow system for increasing a pressure differential and / or a temperature differential between the air inlet and the air outlet. Incorporating an air flow system can enhance the passive air flow, potentially increasing the CO2 capture rate of the system.

[0014] In a further possible implementation form of the first aspect, the air inlet and / or the air outlet is open to the atmosphere, facilitating passive air flow as there are no or few obstructions in the flow path.

[0015] In a further possible implementation form of the first aspect, the air flow system is configured to increase air flow at the air inlet and / or the air outlet. Increasing air flow at strategic points in the system can optimize the CO2 capture process and improve overall system efficiency.

[0016] In a further possible implementation form of the first aspect, the air flow system is arranged at the air inlet and is a fan or a blower configured to increase or maintain a predetermined air flow. Using a fan or blower at the air inlet allows for precise control of air flow into the system, ensuring consistent and optimal CO2 capture conditions.

[0017] In a further possible implementation form of the first aspect, the air flow system is arranged at the air outlet and is an eductor, a static bladed device, or a dynamic bladed device configured to generate or maximize a crosswind across the air outlet and / or to change velocity or pressure of crosswind across the air outlet. Generating a crosswind at the air outlet can create a low-pressure zone, further enhancing the passive air flow through the system and potentially increasing CO2 capture rates.

[0018] In a further possible implementation form of the first aspect, the air flow system comprises a heating device arranged adjacent the air inlet, such that air entering the shaft is heated. Heating the incoming air can increase the temperature differential between the air inlet and outlet, enhancing the natural convection effect and improving passive air flow through the system while removing humidity from the inlet air.

[0019] In a further possible implementation form of the first aspect, the system further comprises a CO2 segregation and concentration system for releasing captured CO2 from the CO2 capture module(s). Including a CO2 segregation and concentration system allows for efficient extraction of captured CO2, enabling continuous operation of the system and facilitating the collection or utilization of the captured CO2.

[0020] In a further possible implementation form of the first aspect, the CO2 segregation and concentration system comprises a heating arrangement for heating the CO2 capture module(s) such that captured CO2 is released from the CO2 capture module. Using heat to release captured CO2 provides a simple and effective method for regenerating the CO2 capture modules, potentially reducing operational complexity and energy requirements.

[0021] In a further possible implementation form of the first aspect, the system further comprises a detection arrangement for detecting CO2 saturation of the CO2 capture module. A CO2 saturation detection arrangement allows for optimal timing of the CO2 release process, maximizing the efficiency of the CO2 capture and segregation cycle.

[0022] In a further possible implementation form of the first aspect, the system further comprises an arrangement for storing and / or utilizing the released CO2. This facilitates a complete system wherein the segregated CO2 is managed correctly.

[0023] In a further possible implementation form of the first aspect, the system further comprises a power generator arranged adjacent the air outlet such that air exiting the shaft passes through the power generator. Incorporating a power generator at the air outlet allows for the generation of electricity from the exiting air flow, potentially offsetting some of the system's energy requirements and improving overall efficiency.

[0024] In a further possible implementation form of the first aspect, the system further comprises an inline power generator arranged within the shaft or in a side shaft, the side shaft being fluidly connected to the shaft by means of an inlet junction and an outlet junction, the outlet junction being arranged at a higher topographic elevation than the inlet junction. Incorporating a power generator in the shaft or a side shaft allows for the generation of electricity from the exiting air flow, potentially offsetting some of the air resistance created by components within the shaft, and improving overall efficiency.

[0025] In a further possible implementation form of the first aspect, the shaft has a vertical difference between the air inlet and the air outlet of at least 100 m, preferably at least 150 m and / or has a diameter of at least 1.5 m. A shaft of this size provides a large volume for CO2 capture, potentially increasing the overall capture capacity of the system. The large dimensions also allow for significant temperature and pressure differentials, enhancing passive air flow.

[0026] In a further possible implementation form of the first aspect, the capture module comprises a fluidized bed for enabling a reaction process with CO2 in the passive air flow.

[0027] In a further possible implementation form of the first aspect, the fluidized bed or gas-liquid contactor comprises a small diameter particles, solid or liquid, with CO2 absorbing or adsorbing properties suspended in the air and moving preferably through the shaft interacting with the upwards airflow, thereby reacting with air, the adsorption or absorption material preferably being collected, processed and regenerated to release the CO2, at or near an end of the shaft and preferably being regenerated and recirculated.

[0028] A further possible implementation form of the first aspect comprises heating air entering the shaft using waste heat from the process of releasing CO2 from the CO2 capture module.

[0029] In a second aspect, a process for topography assisted direct air capture is provided. The process comprises providing an at least partially subterranean shaft with an air inlet and an air outlet, wherein the air outlet is arranged at a higher topographic elevation than the air inlet, the subterranean shaft is configured to facilitate passive air flow from the air inlet to the air outlet, at least one CO2 capture module is located, preferably fixedly anchored within the subterranean shaft, and ambient air is allowed to flow through the shaft from the air inlet to the air outlet.

[0030] This process leverages natural topography and passive air flow to efficiently capture CO2 from ambient air, potentially reducing energy requirements and operational costs compared to traditional direct air capture methods.

[0031] In a possible implementation form of the second aspect, the process further comprises increasing a pressure differential and / or a temperature differential between the air inlet and the air outlet using an air flow system. Actively increasing pressure or temperature differentials can enhance the passive air flow, potentially improving the CO2 capture rate of the process. In a further possible implementation form of the second aspect, the air flow system increases air flow at the air inlet and / or the air outlet. Strategically increasing air flow at key points in the system can optimize the CO2 capture process and improve overall efficiency.

[0032] In a further possible implementation form of the second aspect, the air flow system comprises a fan or blower arranged at the air inlet and configured to increase or maintain a predetermined air flow. Using a fan or blower at the air inlet provides precise control over the air flow entering the system, ensuring consistent and optimal CO2 capture conditions.

[0033] In a further possible implementation form of the second aspect, the air flow system comprises an eductor, a static bladed device, or a dynamic bladed device arranged at the air outlet and configured to generate or maximize a crosswind across the air outlet and / or to change velocity or pressure of crosswind across the air outlet. Generating, or changing the characteristics of, a crosswind at the air outlet can create a low-pressure zone, further enhancing the passive air flow through the system and potentially increasing CO2 capture rates.

[0034] In a further possible implementation form of the second aspect, the process further comprises heating air entering the shaft using a heating device arranged adjacent the air inlet. Heating the incoming air can increase the temperature differential between the air inlet and outlet, enhancing the natural convection effect and improving passive air flow through the system.

[0035] In a further possible implementation form of the second aspect, the process further comprises releasing captured CO2 from the CO2 capture module(s) using a CO2 segregation and concentration system. Including a CO2 segregation and concentration step allows for efficient extraction of captured CO2, enabling continuous operation of the process and facilitating the collection or utilization of the captured CO2.

[0036] In a further possible implementation form of the second aspect, releasing captured CO2 comprises heating the CO2 capture module(s) using a heating arrangement such that captured CO2 is released from the CO2 capture module. Using heat to release captured CO2 provides a simple and effective method for regenerating the CO2 capture modules, potentially reducing operational complexity and energy requirements.

[0037] In a further possible implementation form of the second aspect, the process further comprises detecting CO2 saturation of the CO2 capture module using a detection arrangement. Detecting CO2 saturation allows for optimal timing of the CO2 release process, maximizing the efficiency of the CO2 capture and segregation cycle. In a further possible implementation form of the second aspect, the process further comprises generating power by means of at least one power generator arranged in the shaft or in a side shaft that is fluidly connected to the shaft.

[0038] According to a third aspect, there is provided a system for topography assisted direct air capture to capture CO2from ambient air, the system comprising:

[0039] - at least one CO2 capture module, characterized by comprising

[0040] -a shaft laid along a cliff face, the shaft comprising an air inlet and an air outlet, the air outlet being arranged at a higher topographic elevation than the air inlet, wherein the shaft is configured to facilitate passive air flow from the air inlet to the air outlet; and -at least one CO2 capture module is located, preferably fixedly anchored, within the shaft).

[0041] BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

[0042] Embodiments of the invention will be described, by way of example, with reference to the following drawings, in which:

[0043] FIG. 1 illustrates a system diagram of a direct air capture system for removing carbon dioxide from ambient air, in accordance with an example of the embodiments of the disclosure.

[0044] FIG. 2 illustrates a section view of the subterranean shaft showing multiple CO2 capture modules arranged vertically within the shaft, including a packed tray configuration.

[0045] FIG. 3 illustrates a section view of the subterranean shaft showing multiple packed trays or membranes positioned at vertical intervals along the shaft length.

[0046] FIG. 4 illustrates a section view of the subterranean shaft showing a helical CO2 absorption structure positioned within the shaft.

[0047] FIG. 5 illustrates a section view of the subterranean shaft showing multiple radially configured CO2 capture modules positioned at vertical intervals along the shaft length.

[0048] FIG. 6 illustrates a section view of the subterranean shaft showing an absorbent accumulator, liquid absorbent droplets chamber, full tray, and partial tray configurations.

[0049] FIG. 7 illustrates a section view of the subterranean shaft showing an absorbent accumulator with a liquid absorbent droplets chamber, and liquid absorbent injectors.

[0050] FIG. 8 illustrates a section view of the subterranean shaft showing multiple electrochemical separation trays embodied as electro chemical cells with anodes and cathodes.

[0051] FIG. 9 illustrates a section view of the subterranean shaft showing an electrochemical separation arrangement comprising an annulus with a cathode and an anode.

[0052] FIG. 10 illustrates a section view showing a fan or blower positioned adjacent the air inlet.

[0053] FIG. 11 illustrates a section view showing a cross wind driven whirly wind device positioned at the air outlet.

[0054] FIG. 12 illustrates a section view showing a fan or blower positioned adjacent the air outlet. FIG. 13 illustrates a section view showing an eductor / ejector positioned above the upper end of the shaft.

[0055] FIG. 14 illustrates a section view showing a blade profile positioned above the upper end of the shaft with cross air flow.

[0056] FIG. 15 illustrates a section view showing a height extender positioned on top of the shaft with cross air flow.

[0057] FIG. 16 illustrates a section view showing a pre heating stage with heating source positioned adjacent the air inlet.

[0058] Common reference numerals are used throughout the figures to indicate similar features.

[0059] DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0060] The present disclosure provides a system and process for the removal of greenhouse gases, specifically CO2 (carbon dioxide), from the atmosphere. This system leverages natural topography and passive air flow to facilitate the capture of CO2, potentially reducing the energy requirements and operational costs associated with traditional direct air capture methods. The system includes a subterranean shaft with an air inlet and an air outlet, wherein the air outlet is situated at a higher topographic elevation than the air inlet. This configuration allows for the facilitation of passive air flow from the air inlet to the air outlet. The system also includes at least one CO2 capture module that is located, preferably fixedly anchored, within the subterranean shaft. The CO2 capture module is designed to capture CO2 from the ambient air flowing through the shaft. The system may also include an air flow system to increase the pressure differential and / or temperature differential between the air inlet and the air outlet, thereby enhancing the passive air flow and potentially improving the CO2 capture rate. In some embodiments, the system may further include a CO2 segregation and concentration system for releasing the captured CO2 from the CO2 capture module, enabling continuous operation of the system and facilitating the collection or utilization of the captured CO2, optionally without having to remove the CO2 capture module(s) from the shaft.

[0061] Referring to FIG. 1 , the system 1 for direct air capture is depicted. The system 1 includes an at least partially subterranean shaft 2, which has an air inlet 3 and an air outlet 4. The air outlet 4 is arranged at a higher topographic elevation than the air inlet 3. The subterranean shaft 2 may be arranged fully or partially in soil or bedrock, and it may extend within a mountain with the air outlet 4 being arranged closer to the mountain peak than the air inlet 3. The height difference between the air inlet 3 and the air outlet 4. The height difference between the air inlet 3 and the air outlet 4 facilitates passive air flow from the air inlet 3 to the air outlet 4. The passive air flow is driven by the natural stack effect, which is a phenomenon where warmer air rises due to its lower density compared to cooler air. This effect is enhanced by the difference in topographic elevation between the air inlet 3 and the air outlet 4, which encourages the upward movement of air through the shaft 2.

[0062] This passive air flow allows the system 1 to capture CO2 from the ambient air without the need for active air movement mechanisms, such as fans or blowers, thereby reducing the energy requirements of the system 1.

[0063] The shaft may be lined with a material that improves sealing, surface friction characteristics, corrosion resistance, or thermal conductivity properties of the shaft, e.g. lined by cement, composites, sheet metal, insulation or any other suitable lining material, either applied on site or applied as a prefabricated liner.

[0064] In some cases, the air inlet 3 and / or the air outlet 4 of the shaft 2 is open to the atmosphere. This configuration allows ambient air to freely enter the shaft 2 at the air inlet 3 and exit at the air outlet

[0065] 4, facilitating the passive air flow through the shaft 2. The open design of the air inlet 3 and the air outlet 4 may also enhance the interaction between the ambient air and the CO2 capture module

[0066] 5, potentially improving the efficiency of CO2 capture.

[0067] Within the subterranean shaft 2, at least one CO2 capture module 5 is located, preferably fixedly anchored. The CO2 capture module 5 is designed to capture CO2 from the ambient air flowing through the shaft 2. The CO2 capture module 5 may include various types of CO2 capture technologies, such as membranes, metal-organic frameworks, solid sorbents, liquid sorbents, cryogenics, a fluidized bed, amines (covered under liquid sorbents), zeolites (covered under solid sorbents), electrochemical processes or other suitable technologies for enabling reaction process with CO2 in the passive or enhanced passive air flow. The CO2 capture module 5 is strategically positioned within the shaft 2 to maximize the exposure of the module to the air flow, thereby enhancing the efficiency of CO2 capture.

[0068] The modules may be made of metal, composite, or plastic material. The modules may be rigid, but may also be an inflatable and deflatable bladder made of elastic material. The modules may be packed trays anchored against the shaft wall. The modules may comprise a control system including valves and switches allowing manipulation of all operation parameters.

[0069] In some aspects, the system 1 may also include an air flow system 6. The air flow system 6 is designed to increase the pressure differential and / or temperature differential between the air inlet 3 and the air outlet 4. By doing so, the air flow system 6 enhances the passive air flow through the shaft 2, potentially improving the rate of CO2 capture. The air flow system 6 may include various components such as fans, blowers, heaters, or other suitable devices. In some aspects, the air flow system 6 is configured to increase air flow at the air inlet 3 and / or the air outlet 4. This can be achieved by using a fan or a blower arranged at the air inlet 3. The fan or blower is configured to increase or maintain a predetermined air flow, thereby enhancing the movement of air through the shaft 2 and over the CO2 capture module 5.

[0070] In some cases, the air flow system 6 is arranged at the air outlet 4 and is an eductor, a static bladed device, or a dynamic bladed device configured to generate or maximize a crosswind across the air outlet 4 and / or to change the velocity or the pressure of an existing crosswind across the air outlet 4. The crosswind can create a low-pressure area at the air outlet 4, thereby drawing more air through the shaft 2 and enhancing the passive air flow. The generation of low- pressure, also known as partial vacuum, in the shaft as well as the evacuation of the non-CC>2 part of the air from the shaft is preferably driven mainly by natural stack flow and passive air flow, however, pumps, compressors, or fans may be used to assist the natural flow, at all times or only when needed.

[0071] In some embodiments, the air flow system 6 comprises a heating device arranged adjacent to the air inlet 3. The heating device is configured to heat the air entering the shaft 2. The heated air, being less dense, rises through the shaft 2, thereby enhancing the passive air flow. The heating of the air can also increase the temperature differential between the air inlet 3 and the air outlet 4, further enhancing the passive air flow.

[0072] The heating device can be positioned adjacent to the air inlet 3 of the subterranean shaft 2. The heating device 66 is configured to heat the ambient air entering the shaft 2, thereby increasing the temperature of the incoming air. The heating may be accomplished through various means, such as electrical resistance heating, combustion of fuels, waste heat recovery, solar thermal energy, or geothermal energy. By heating the incoming air, the heating device increases the temperature differential between the air inlet 3 and the air outlet 4, which enhances the natural convection effect and strengthens the passive air flow through the shaft 2. The heated air, being less dense than the cooler air at higher elevations, experiences increased buoyancy and rises more readily through the shaft 2. The heating device may also serve to reduce the relative humidity of the incoming air, which may improve the performance of certain types of CO2 capture materials.

[0073] In some embodiments, the air flow system 6 comprises a heating device positioned adjacent to the air outlet 4 of the subterranean shaft 2. The heating device is configured to heat the air exiting the shaft 2, thereby increasing the temperature of the outgoing air. By heating the air at the air outlet 4, the heating device increases the temperature differential between the air inlet and the air outlet 4, which enhances the natural convection effect and strengthens the passive air flow through the shaft 2. The heated air at the outlet has reduced density and increased buoyancy, creating a stronger draft that draws air upward through the shaft 2. The heating device may utilize various heat sources, such as solar thermal collectors, waste heat from industrial processes, electrical heating elements, or combustion systems. The heating at the air outlet 4 may be particularly effective in cold climates or at high elevations where the ambient temperature is low.

[0074] In some cases, the system 1 may further include a CO2 segregation and concentration system 7. The CO2 segregation and concentration system 7 is designed to release the captured CO2 from the CO2 capture module 5. This feature enables continuous operation of the system 1 and facilitates the collection or utilization of the captured CO2. The CO2 segregation and concentration system 7 may include various components such as heaters, pumps, valves, or other suitable devices. The CO2 segregation and concentration system 7 may be connected to a collection system comprising, e.g. pipelines of pressure vessels for transporting the captured and segregated CO2 to its place of use or storage.

[0075] In some aspects, the CO2 segregation and concentration system 7 comprises a heating arrangement for heating the CO2 capture module(s) 5 such that captured CO2 is released from the CO2 capture module. The heating arrangement may include various types of heaters, such as electrical heaters, gas heaters, or other suitable types of heaters. The heating arrangement may be configured to heat the CO2 capture module(s) 5 to a temperature sufficient to release the captured CO2. The released CO2 may then be collected for further use or storage. The heating arrangement may comprise electrical heat sources such as resistors, or may comprise waste heat provided as radiant heat from process fluids such as hot water, steam or similar. The heating arrangement may also provide heat by means of hot gas flow or heat pumps, via microwaves, or via exothermic reactions.

[0076] In some cases, the system 1 may further comprise a detection arrangement 8. The detection arrangement 8 is designed to detect the saturation of CO2 in the CO2 capture module 5. This feature allows for timely replacement or regeneration of the CO2 capture module 5, thereby maintaining the efficiency of the system 1. The detection arrangement 8 may include various types of sensors or detectors, such as CO2 sensors, pressure sensors, temperature sensors, or other suitable types of sensors or detectors.

[0077] Referring to FIG. 1 , the system 1 may further comprise a power generator 10 arranged adjacent to the air outlet 4. In some aspects, the power generator 10 is configured such that air exiting the shaft 2 passes through the power generator 10. This configuration allows the system 1 to harness the energy from the air flow through the shaft 2, potentially providing a source of renewable energy for the operation of the system 1 or for other uses. The harnessed energy could be used for the operation of one or several components of the system. The system 1 may further comprise a power generator 1) arranged within the shaft 2 or in a side shaft 12, the side shaft 12 being fluidly connected to the shaft 2 by means of an inlet junction 13 and an outlet junction 14, the outlet junction 14 being arranged at a higher topographic elevation than the inlet junction 13.

[0078] In some embodiments, the shaft 2 of the system 1 is at least 10 m long and / or has a diameter of at least 1.5 m. The dimensions of the shaft 2 are nevertheless, selected based on various factors, such as the desired air flow rate, the topographic conditions of the installation site, and the capacity of the CO2 capture module 5. A longer and wider shaft 2 can facilitate a larger volume of air flow, potentially increasing the rate of CO2 capture.

[0079] In some aspects, the system 1 may further comprise an arrangement for storing and / or utilizing the released CO2. The arrangement for storing and / or utilizing the released CO2 may include various components or systems, such as storage tanks, pipelines, or other suitable storage or utilization devices. The captured CO2 can be stored for future use, such as CO2 sequestration, in industrial processes, or it can be utilized directly, such as in the production of synthetic fuels or other carbon-based products.

[0080] The present invention also relates to a process for topography assisted direct air capture. The process comprises the step of providing an at least partially subterranean shaft 2 with an air inlet 3 and an air outlet 4, the air outlet 4 being arranged at a higher topographic elevation than the air inlet 3, the subterranean shaft 2 being configured to facilitate passive air flow from the air inlet 3 to the air outlet 4, and at least one CO2 capture module 5 being located, preferably fixedly anchored within the subterranean shaft 2. The process furthermore allows ambient air to flow through the shaft 2 from the air inlet 3 to the air outlet 4.

[0081] The process may further comprise increasing a pressure differential and / or a temperature differential between the air inlet 3 and the air outlet 4 using an air flow system 6. The air flow system 6 may increase air flow at the air inlet 3 and / or the air outlet 4. The air flow system 6 may also comprise a fan or blower arranged at the air inlet 3 and configured to increase or maintain a predetermined air flow.

[0082] The air flow system 6 may comprise an eductor, a static bladed device, or a dynamic bladed device arranged at the air outlet 4 and configured to generate or maximize a crosswind across the air outlet 4 and / or to change velocity or pressure of crosswind across the air outlet 4.

[0083] The process may comprise heating air entering the shaft 2 using a heating device arranged adjacent the air inlet 3. The process may further comprise releasing captured CO2 from the CO2 capture modules 5 using a CO2 segregation and concentration system 7. Releasing captured CO2 may comprise heating the CO2 capture modules 5 using a heating arrangement such that captured CO2 is released from the CO2 capture module 5.

[0084] The process may further comprise detecting CO2 saturation of the CO2 capture module 5 using a detection arrangement 8.

[0085] The process may further comprise using at least one power generator 10, 11 configured such that air flow through the shaft 2, or adjacent the shaft 2, is used for generating power.

[0086] Referring to FIG. 2, a section view of the system 1 is illustrated showing the subterranean shaft 2 extending vertically through the ground. The shaft 2 includes the air inlet 3 at a lower topographic elevation and the air outlet 4 at a higher topographic elevation. Multiple CO2 capture modules 5 are positioned at various vertical intervals along the length of the shaft 2. The CO2 capture modules 5 are shown as horizontal structures that span the interior cross-section of the shaft 2, allowing passive air flow to pass through each module sequentially as it rises from the air inlet 3 to the air outlet 4. One of the CO2 capture modules 5 is configured as a packed tray 51 , which may comprise structured packing materials, random packing elements, or other suitable configurations for maximizing contact between the ambient air and the CO2 capture materials. The packed tray 51 may be anchored against the shaft wall to maintain its position during operation. An inlet junction 13 is positioned near the air inlet 3, providing a connection point where ambient air enters the shaft 2. The vertical arrangement of the multiple CO2 capture modules 5 allows for staged CO2 capture, potentially increasing the overall efficiency of the system 1.

[0087] Referring to FIG. 3, a section view of the system 1 is illustrated showing the subterranean shaft 2 with multiple packed trays or membranes 52 positioned at vertical intervals along the shaft length. The packed trays or membranes 52 are shown as horizontal structures that span the interior cross-section of the shaft 2. Each packed tray or membrane 52 may comprise permeable materials that allow air flow while providing surface area for CO2 capture. The packed trays or membranes 52 may include membrane materials with selective permeability to CO2, or may comprise packed bed configurations with solid or liquid sorbent materials. A bore hole 30 is depicted at the air outlet 4, and a geographical feature / mountain side 31 extends from the air inlet 3, illustrating the topographic context of the installation. The stacked configuration of the packed trays or membranes 52 allows the passive air flow to contact multiple capture surfaces sequentially, potentially enhancing the CO2 removal efficiency. The spacing between adjacent packed trays or membranes 52 may be selected to optimize air flow characteristics and minimize pressure drop through the shaft 2. Referring to FIG. 4, a section view of the system 1 is illustrated showing a helical CO2 absorption structure 55 positioned within the subterranean shaft 2. The helical CO2 absorption structure 55 is configured as a spiral arrangement that wraps around a central vertical axis within the shaft 2, providing an extended surface area for CO2 capture. The helical configuration may comprise a continuous spiral path or multiple helical elements arranged in parallel. The helical CO2 absorption structure 55 may be coated with or comprise sorbent materials that selectively capture CO2 from the ambient air flowing through the shaft 2. The spiral geometry allows for a longer contact path between the air flow and the capture materials while maintaining a relatively compact vertical footprint and lower pressure losses. A bore hole 30 is shown at the air outlet 4, and a geographical feature / mountain side 31 extends from the air inlet 3. The helical configuration may also induce rotational flow patterns in the air stream, potentially enhancing mixing and contact between the air and the capture surfaces.

[0088] Referring to FIG. 5, a section view of the system 1 is illustrated showing multiple radially configured CO2 capture modules 54 positioned at vertical intervals within the subterranean shaft 2. Each radially configured CO2 capture module 54 features a pattern of radial elements extending from a central region toward the outer perimeter of the shaft 2, creating a spoke-like configuration. The radial elements may comprise fins, vanes, or other structures that provide surface area for CO2 capture while allowing air flow to pass through the spaces between adjacent radial elements. The radial pattern may be configured to direct air flow in specific patterns, potentially enhancing contact between the air and the capture materials. The radially configured CO2 capture modules 54 may be constructed from metal, composite, or plastic materials, and may be coated with or incorporate sorbent materials. A bore hole 30 is depicted at the air outlet 4, and a geographical feature / mountain side 31 extends from the air inlet 3. The radial configuration may provide structural rigidity while minimizing obstruction to the passive air flow through the shaft 2.

[0089] Referring to FIG. 6, a section view of the system 1 is illustrated showing a top-down absorbentbased configuration within the subterranean shaft 2. In this configuration the capture module 5 comprizes a top to bottom flow of the selected CO2 capture medium interacting with the bottom to top air flow enabling a reaction process with CO2 in the passive or enhanced passive air flow.The proposed configuration comprises a small diameter particles, solid or liquid, with CO2 absorbing or adsorbing properties injected at the top of the suspended in the air and moving preferably through from the top of the shaft to the top of the shaft by airflow, thereby reacting with air. The adsorption or absorption material is being collected, processed and regenerated to release the CO2, at or near the lower end of the shaft and being recirculated. An absorbent accumulator 20 is positioned at the base of the shaft 2 adjacent to the air inlet 3, serving as a reservoir for liquid or solid absorbent material. The absorbent accumulator 20 may store liquid or solid sorbent solutions that chemically react with CO2 in the ambient air. An absorbent regenerator 22 is shown in dashed lines near the absorbent accumulator 20, indicating its location for regenerating the liquid absorbent by releasing captured CO2 and restoring the absorbent's capture capacity. A liquid absorbent droplets chamber 21 is positioned in the upper portion of the shaft 2, where liquid absorbent may be dispersed as droplets or spray to maximize contact with the air flow. A full tray 56 is shown as a horizontal structure with multiple perforations distributed across its surface, allowing air flow to pass through while providing support for liquid absorbent films or droplets. A partial tray 57 is positioned below the full tray 56, featuring multiple horizontal levels or stages with perforated plates. The partial tray 57 may provide additional contact area for liquid absorbent interaction with the air flow. A bore hole 30 is depicted at the air outlet 4, and a geographical feature / mountain side 31 extends from the air inlet 3. The liquid absorbent configuration allows for continuous or batch operation, where the absorbent can be circulated between the capture zone and the regeneration zone.

[0090] Referring to FIG. 7, a section view of the system 1 is illustrated showing an enhanced liquid absorbent configuration within the subterranean shaft 2. In this configuration the capture module 5 comprizes a top-down trayless configuration for enabling a reaction process with CO2 in the passive or enhanced passive air flow.The reaction process comprises of small diameter particles or mist, solid or liquid, with CO2 absorbing or adsorbing properties suspended in the air and moving preferably from top to bottom of the shaft interacting with upward airflow airflow, thereby reacting with air. The adsorption or absorption material is being collected, processed and regenerated to release the CO2, at or near the lower end of the shaft and being recirculated. An absorbent accumulator 20 is positioned at the base of the shaft 2. An integrated fan or blower component, providing active air flow enhancement in addition to the passive air flow, can be provided at the air inlet 3, see FIG. 10. The integrated fan or blower may be operated continuously or intermittently to maintain desired air flow rates through the shaft 2. An absorbent regenerator

[0091] 22 is shown in dashed lines near the absorbent accumulator 20. A liquid absorbent droplets chamber 21 is positioned in the upper portion of the shaft 2, featuring liquid absorbent injectors

[0092] 23 at the top of the chamber. The liquid absorbent injectors 23 are illustrated as vertical nozzlelike structures configured to inject liquid absorbent into the chamber 21 as droplets, spray, or mist. The liquid absorbent injectors 23 may be configured to control the droplet size, distribution pattern, and flow rate of the liquid absorbent. The injected liquid absorbent falls through the rising air flow in the chamber 21 , providing counter-current contact between the liquid phase and the gas phase. This configuration may enhance mass transfer and CO2 capture efficiency and minimize pressure losses. A bore hole 30 is depicted at the air outlet 4, and a geographical feature / mountain side 31 extends from the air inlet 3. The liquid absorbent may be collected at the bottom of the chamber 21 and recirculated to the absorbent accumulator 20 for regeneration.

[0093] Referring to both FIG. 6 and FIG. 7 the process can be set up in a bottom-top flow configuration where dynamic forces generated by the upward airflow and velocity provide sufficient upward force to fluidize small particle sized CO2 absorption medium. The absorption medium would be inserted into the bottom or intermediate points of the bore, travel upwards and be collected for regeneration near the top of the process chamber. In the case where solid small particles are used as the CO2 capture medium the process would behave as a fluidized bed reactor.

[0094] Referring to FIG. 8, a section view of the system 1 is illustrated showing an electrochemical separation configuration within the subterranean shaft 2. Multiple electrochemical separation cells 63 are positioned at various vertical intervals along the shaft 2. Each electrochemical separation cell 63 comprises an anode 62 and a cathode 64 arranged in alternating vertical positions. The electrochemical separation cells 63 may utilize electrochemical processes to capture and concentrate CO2 from the ambient air flow. In electrochemical CO2 capture, electrical potential applied between the anode 62 and cathode 64 may drive chemical reactions that selectively capture CO2 at one electrode and release it at another, or may facilitate the transport of carbonate or bicarbonate ions through an electrolyte medium. An electro chemical tray 58 is positioned in the middle section of the shaft 2, shown as a horizontal structure with multiple layers or components. The electro chemical tray 58 may comprise electrode materials, electrolyte chambers, and ion-exchange membranes arranged to facilitate electrochemical CO2 capture. A halve electro chemical tray 59 is positioned above the electro chemical tray 58, depicted as a partial or reduced-height structure. The halve electro chemical tray 59 may provide additional electrochemical capture capacity or may serve a different function in the electrochemical process. A bore hole 30 is depicted at the air outlet 4, and a geographical feature / mountain side 31 extends from the air inlet 3. The electrochemical configuration may allow for continuous CO2 capture and release by cycling the electrical potential or by using separate capture and release electrodes.

[0095] Referring to FIG. 9, a section view of the system 1 is illustrated showing an annular electrochemical separation arrangement within the subterranean shaft 2. An annulus 60 is positioned in the central portion of the shaft 2, shown as a cylindrical structure with vertical internal elements. The annulus 60 may comprise an electrolyte chamber or ion-exchange membrane assembly that facilitates electrochemical CO2 separation. A cathode 61 is positioned on one side of the shaft 2, depicted as a vertical structure with arrows indicating the direction of flow or movement of materials, such as carbonate ions, bicarbonate ions, or CO2-enriched fluids. An anode 62 is positioned on the opposite side of the shaft 2, also depicted as a vertical structure with arrows indicating flow direction. The cathode 61 and anode 62 may be configured to create an electrical field across the annulus 60, driving electrochemical reactions that capture CO2 from the air flow passing through the shaft 2. The electrochemical separation arrangement may utilize aqueous electrolytes, solid electrolytes, or molten carbonate systems to facilitate CO2 capture and transport. A bore hole 30 is depicted at the air outlet 4, and a geographical feature / mountain side 31 extends from the air inlet 3. The annular configuration may provide a large electrode surface area while maintaining a central passage for air flow through the shaft 2. Referring to FIG. 10, a section view is illustrated showing a fan or blower 66 positioned adjacent to the air inlet 3. Horizontal arrows at the air inlet 3 indicate the direction of ambient air flow entering the system.

[0096] Referring to FIG. 11 , a section view is illustrated showing a cross wind driven whirly wind device

[0097] 68 positioned at the air outlet 4 of the subterranean shaft 2. The cross wind driven whirly wind device 68 is shown as a turbine-like structure with multiple curved blades arranged in a radial pattern around a central axis. The device 68 is mounted at the top of the shaft 2, positioned to interact with air flow exiting through the bore hole 30. Cross air flow 80 is indicated by horizontal arrows approaching the cross wind driven whirly wind device 68, illustrating ambient wind or air currents at the higher elevation. The cross wind driven whirly wind device 68 is configured to harness the cross air flow 80 to create a low-pressure zone at the air outlet 4, thereby enhancing the passive air flow through the shaft 2. The rotating blades of the device 68 may act as an ejector or eductor, drawing air from the shaft 2 and expelling it into the surrounding atmosphere. The cross wind driven whirly wind device 68 may also function as a power generator, converting the kinetic energy of the cross air flow 80 into electrical energy. The device 68 may be configured with variable pitch blades or adjustable orientation to optimize performance under varying wind conditions. A geographical feature / mountain side 31 is illustrated, showing the topographic context. Upward-pointing arrows within the shaft 2 indicate the direction of passive air flow rising toward the air outlet 4.

[0098] Referring to FIG. 12, a section view is illustrated showing a fan or blower 66 positioned adjacent to the air outlet 4. Upward-pointing arrows within the shaft 2 indicate the direction of passive air flow rising toward the air outlet 4. A bore hole 30 is shown at the air outlet 4, and a geographical feature / mountain side 31 extends from the lower elevation.

[0099] Referring to FIG. 13, a section view is illustrated showing an eductor / ejector 69 positioned above the top of the subterranean shaft 2. The eductor / ejector 69 is depicted as a conical or funnel- shaped structure that tapers from a wider opening at the entrance to a narrower connection point where it joins the shaft 2. The eductor / ejector 69 is configured to facilitate smooth entry of ambient air into the shaft 2 while potentially reducing turbulence and pressure losses at the air inlet. The conical geometry of the eductor / ejector 69 may accelerate the incoming air flow, creating a venturi effect that enhances air flow into the shaft 2. The eductor / ejector 69 may also be configured to entrain additional air flow through secondary inlets or ports, further increasing the volume of air processed by the system. Horizontal arrows at the entrance of the eductor / ejector 69 indicate the direction of ambient air flow entering the system. A bore hole 30 is depicted at the air outlet 4, and a geographical feature / mountain side 31 extends from the lower elevation. Upward-pointing arrows within the shaft 2 indicate the direction of passive air flow rising from the eductor / ejector

[0100] 69 toward the air outlet 4. The eductor / ejector 69 may be constructed from metal, composite, or concrete materials and may be configured with adjustable geometry to optimize performance under varying conditions.

[0101] Referring to FIG. 14, a section view is illustrated showing a blade profile 67 positioned above the subterranean shaft 2. The blade profile 67 is shown as an elongated horizontal structure with a curved upper surface, resembling an airfoil or wing profile. The blade profile 67 spans the interior cross-section of the shaft 2 and is configured to interact with cross air flow 80 entering the shaft 2 from the side. Cross air flow 80 is indicated by horizontal arrows approaching the blade profile 67 from the left side. The blade profile 67 may be configured to generate lift or create pressure differentials when exposed to the cross air flow 80, potentially enhancing the overall air flow through the shaft 2. The blade profile 67 may also serve as a CO2 capture surface, with sorbent materials applied to its surfaces. Additional arrows within the shaft 2 indicate air flow patterns, including downward-pointing arrows above the blade profile 67, suggesting complex flow interactions. The blade profile 67 may be adjustable in orientation or pitch angle to optimize performance under varying cross wind conditions. A bore hole 30 is depicted at the air outlet 4, and a geographical feature / mountain side 31 extends from the lower elevation. The blade profile 67 may be one of multiple such structures positioned at different vertical locations within the shaft 2.

[0102] Referring to FIG. 15, a section view is illustrated showing a height extender 65 positioned on the subterranean shaft 2. The height extender 65 is shown as a cylindrical structure. The height extender 65 features multiple upward-pointing arrows, indicating air flow passing through. The height extender 65 may comprise CO2 capture modules with extended vertical dimensions, providing increased contact time between the air flow and the capture materials. Cross air flow 80 is indicated by horizontal arrows approaching the shaft 2 from the left side, illustrating ambient wind or air currents entering the system. The cross air flow 80 may enter the shaft 2 through openings or ports in the shaft wall, supplementing the passive air flow driven by the topographic elevation difference. The height extender 65 may be configured with internal structures, such as packed beds, structured packing, or membrane assemblies, that maximize CO2 capture efficiency. A bore hole 30 is depicted at the air outlet 4, and a geographical feature / mountain side 31 extends from the lower elevation. Upward-pointing arrows below the height extender 65 illustrate the continuous passive air flow rising through the shaft 2. The height extender 65 may be a modular unit that can be installed, removed, or replaced independently for maintenance or regeneration.

[0103] Referring to FIG. 16, a section view is illustrated showing a pre heating stage 71 positioned adjacent to the air inlet 3 of the subterranean shaft 2. The pre heating stage 71 is shown as a cylindrical or tubular structure extending horizontally from the lower portion of the shaft 2. A heating source 70 is positioned within or adjacent to the pre heating stage 71 , depicted with wavy lines representing thermal energy or heat generation. The heating source 70 is configured to provide thermal energy to the pre heating stage 71 , which in turn heats the ambient air before it enters the main portion of the shaft 2. The pre heating stage 71 may comprise heat exchange surfaces, such as fins, tubes, or plates, that transfer heat from the heating source 70 to the air stream. The heating source 70 may utilize various energy sources, such as waste heat from industrial processes, solar thermal energy, geothermal energy, electrical heating, or combustion of fuels. By pre-heating the incoming air, the pre heating stage 71 increases the temperature differential within the system, enhancing the natural convection effect and improving passive air flow through the shaft 2. The pre-heating may also reduce the relative humidity of the incoming air, which may improve the performance of certain CO2 capture materials by reducing water vapor competition for adsorption sites. Horizontal arrows at the air inlet 3 indicate the direction of ambient air flow entering the pre heating stage 71. Upward- pointing arrows within the shaft 2 indicate the direction of heated air rising through the shaft 2 after passing through the pre heating stage 71.

[0104] In the shown configurations and examples, the subterranean shaft 2 is shown oriented vertically, but it should be understood that the subterranean shaft 2 can be arranged in an inclined way with angles up to at least 45°.

[0105] The invention has been described in conjunction with various embodiments herein. However, other variations to the disclosed embodiments can be understood and effected by those skilled in the art in practicing the claimed invention, from a study of the drawings, the disclosure, and the appended claims. In the claims, the word "comprising" does not exclude other elements or steps, and the indefinite article "a" or "an" does not exclude a plurality. Aspects of any of the examples described above may be combined with aspects of any of the other examples described to form further examples without losing the effect sought.

Claims

CLAIMS1. A system (1) for topography assisted direct air capture to capture CO2 from ambient air, the system (1) comprising:- at least one CO2 capture module (5), characterized by comprising-an at least partially subterranean shaft (2) comprising an air inlet (3) and an air outlet (4), the air outlet (4) being arranged at a higher topographic elevation than the air inlet (3), wherein the subterranean shaft (2) is configured to facilitate passive air flow from the air inlet (3) to the air outlet (4); and-at least one CO2 capture module (5) is located, preferably fixedly anchored, within the subterranean shaft (2).

2. The system (1) according to claim 1 , further comprising an air flow system (6) for increasing a pressure differential and / or a temperature differential between the air inlet (3) and the air outlet (4).

3. The system (1) according to claim 2, wherein the air flow system (6) is configured to increase air flow at the air inlet (3) and / or the air outlet (4).

4. The system (1) according to claim 3, wherein the air flow system (6) is at least partially arranged at the air inlet (3) and comprises a fan or a blower (66) configured to increase or maintain a predetermined air flow.

5. The system (1) according to claim 3 or 4, wherein the air flow system (6) is at least partially arranged at the air outlet (4) and comprises an eductor (69), a static bladed device (67), or a dynamic bladed device (68) configured to generate or maximize a crosswind (80) across the air outlet (4) and / or to change velocity or pressure of crosswind across the air outlet (4).

6. The system (1) according to any one of claims 2 to 5, wherein the air flow system (6) comprises a heating device arranged adjacent the air inlet (3), such that air entering the shaft (2) is heated by the heating device.

7. The system (1) according to any one of the previous claims, further comprising a CO2 segregation and concentration system (7) for releasing captured CO2 from the CO2 capture module(s) (5).

8. The system (1) according to claim 7, wherein the CO2 segregation and concentration system (7) comprises a heating arrangement (70, 71) for heating the CO2 capture module(s) (5) such that captured CO2 is released from the CO2 capture module (5).

9. The system (1) according to claim 7 or 8, further comprising a detection arrangement (8) for detecting CO2 saturation of the CO2 capture module (5).

10. The system (1) according to any one of the previous claims, further comprising a power generator (10) arranged adjacent the air outlet (4) such that air exiting the shaft (2) passes through the power generator (10), or further comprising a power generator (11) arranged within the shaft (2) or in a side shaft (12), the side shaft (12) being fluidly connected to the shaft (2) by means of an inlet junction (13) and an outlet junction (14), the outlet junction (14) being arranged at a higher topographic elevation than the inlet junction (13).

11. The system (1) according to any one of the previous claims, wherein the capture module (5) comprizes a fluidized bed or gas-liquid contactor configuration for enabling a reaction process with CC>2in the passive or enhanced passive air flow.

12. The system according to claim 11 , wherein the fluidized bed or gas-liquid contactor comprises a small diameter particles, solid or liquid, with CO2 absorbing or adsorbing properties suspended in the air and moving preferably through the shaft interacting with the upwards airflow, thereby reacting with air, the adsorption or absorption material preferably being collected, processed and regenerated to release the CO2, at or near an end of the shaft and preferably being regenerated and recirculated.

13. The system according to any one of claims 12, wherein air entering the shaft (2) is heated using waste heat from the process of releasing CO2 from the CO2 capture module.

14. The system according to any of claims 1 to 11 , wherein the air inlet (3) is connected to a sideways extending air intake.

15. The system according to any of claims 1 to 11 wherein the air inlet (3) is connected to a vertical air intake shaft.

16. The system according to claim 15, wherein the downward airflow in the vertical air intake shaft is also used for CO2 capturing.

17. A process for topography assisted direct air capture to capture CO2 from ambient air, the process comprising the steps of:-using at least one CO2 capture module (5) to capture CO2, characterized by-providing an at least partially subterranean shaft (2) with an air inlet (3) and an air outlet (4), the air outlet (4) being arranged at a higher topographic elevation than the air inlet (3), the subterranean shaft (2) being configured to facilitate passive air flow from the air inlet (3) to the air outlet (4), at least one CO2 capture module (5) being located, preferably fixedly anchored, within the subterranean shaft (2);-allowing ambient air to flow through the shaft (2) from the air inlet (3) to the air outlet (4).

18. The process according to claim 17, further comprising increasing a pressure differential and / or a temperature differential between the air inlet (3) and the air outlet (4) using an air flow system (6).

19. The process according to claim 18, wherein the air flow system (6) increases air flow at the air inlet (3) and / or the air outlet (4).

20. The process according to claim 18 or 19, wherein the air flow system (6) comprises a fan or blower (66) arranged at the air inlet (3) and configured to increase or maintain a predetermined air flow.

21. The process according to any one of claims 18 to 20, wherein the air flow system (6) comprises an eductor (69), a static bladed device (67), or a dynamic bladed device (68)arranged at the air outlet (4) and configured to generate or maximize a crosswind (80) across the air outlet (4) and / or to change velocity or pressure of crosswind across the air outlet (4).

22. The process according to claim any one of claims 18 to 21 , further comprising heating air entering the shaft (2) using a heating device (70,71) arranged adjacent the air inlet (3).

23. The process according to any one of claims 17 to 22, further comprising releasing captured CO2 from the CO2 capture module(s) (5) using a CO2 segregation and concentration system (7).

24. The process according to claim 23, wherein releasing captured CO2 comprises heating the CO2 capture module(s) (5) using a heating arrangement such that captured CO2 is released from the CO2 capture module (5).

25. The process according to claim 23 or 24, further comprising detecting CO2 saturation of the CO2 capture module (5) using a detection arrangement (8).

26. The process according to any one of claims 23 to 25, further comprising at least one power generator (10, 11) configured such that air flow through the shaft (2), or adjacent the shaft (2), is used for generating power.

27. A system for topography assisted direct air capture to capture CO2 from ambient air, the system comprising:- at least one CO2 capture module (5), characterized by comprising-a shaft (2) laid along a cliff face, the shaft comprising an air inlet (3) and an air outlet (4), the air outlet (4) being arranged at a higher topographic elevation than the air inlet (3), wherein the shaft (2) is configured to facilitate passive air flow from the air inlet (3) to the air outlet (4); and -at least one CO2 capture module (5) is located, preferably fixedly anchored, within the shaft (2).

28. A system according to claim 27, further comprising the features of any one of claims 2 to 11 or 14 to 16.

29. A multi system comprising a plurality of systems according to claims 1 to 11 or 14 to 28.

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