Information processing system and information processing method

Abstract

An information processing system according to an embodiment comprises: a first generation means for generating a first identifier indicating attribute information, which is determined when an asset of interest including a physical product, a digital asset, or electronic data is established, and identification information of data representing the asset of interest; a second generation means for generating a second identifier indicating history information indicating a transaction, transfer, inspection, or rights transfer of the asset of interest; and a recording means for recording the first identifier and the second identifier in a distributed ledger network in a logically associated state in response to the transaction, transfer, inspection, or rights transfer of the asset of interest.

Description

Information Processing System and Information Processing Method

[0001] The present invention relates to a technique for managing the authenticity of target assets.

[0002] Regarding the authenticity of target assets, techniques for simplifying electronic commerce are known. For example, Patent Document 1 relates to so-called one-click patents. In recent years, a traceability system for tracking the distribution history of products using blockchain technology has been developed. In these systems, by recording the transfer of ownership of products as tokens (such as NFTs) in a distributed ledger, they attempt to ensure the transparency of transactions and prevent data tampering.

[0003] U.S. Patent No. 5,960,411

[0004] In recent years, transactions of various target information including physical products and digital data have been carried out on the network. However, in conventional information processing systems, it may be easy to copy or tamper with target information, and it has been difficult for a third party to objectively and surely verify whether the target information is genuine (identical to the original).

[0005] For example, even in a traceability system using blockchain technology, although the tamper resistance of the recorded data is ensured, if the information guaranteeing the characteristics and authenticity of the target information to be recorded is not properly linked in the first place, it is impossible to verify the authenticity of the target information itself.

[0006] The present disclosure provides an information processing system that can surely and efficiently manage the authenticity of target information.

[0007] One aspect of the present disclosure provides an information processing system having: first generation means for generating a first identifier indicating attribute information determined at the time of establishment of a target asset including a physical product, digital asset, or electronic data, and identification information of data representing the target asset; second generation means for generating a second identifier indicating history information indicating a transaction, movement, inspection, or transfer of rights of the target asset; and recording means for recording the first identifier and the second identifier in a distributed ledger network in a logically associated state in response to a transaction, movement, inspection, or transfer of rights of the target asset.

[0008] The association between the first identifier and the second identifier may be achieved by referencing a common identity anchor, cross-referencing hash values, or by at least one of internode links in a provenance graph.

[0009] The second identifier is configured as a non-transferable identifier that does not have a financial value transfer function independent of the first identifier, and may function as a logical anchor that guarantees the individual identity and provenance continuity of the subject asset.

[0010] The history information indicating the continuity of the history may be updated by appending to existing records without changing them, and may be maintained as an appendable history graph where each record references the identity anchor or the previous record.

[0011] This information processing system may include verification means for verifying an electronic signature attached to the identification information contained in the first identifier using the issuer's private key; analysis means for analyzing the logical consistency between the static attribute information contained in the first identifier and the logistics history, inspection data, or transaction history contained in the second identifier using an analysis module; and verification means for calculating a score indicating the authenticity or reliability of the target asset based on the verification results from the verification means and the analysis results from the analysis means.

[0012] The verification means may verify the electronic signature based on image features, component identifiers, sensor measurements, electronically signed certificate information, configuration relationship information, or a combination thereof.

[0013] The first identifier may include origin information and product attributes as attribute information, and the second identifier may include transportation route, processing history and certificate information of the subject asset. The system may have a customs processing means that determines applicable customs duty rates and the eligibility for preferential treatment by referring to multinational tax or regulatory requirements based on the origin information and product attributes of the subject asset, as well as the transportation route, processing history and certificate information.

[0014] This information processing system may include classification means for analyzing the variability of input data relating to the target assets and classifying constant data to the first identifier and variable data to the second identifier.

[0015] The first identifier or the second identifier may be generated, updated, and verified via a custody-type wallet.

[0016] The first and second identifiers described above are configured as non-transferable NFTs or digital proof objects not intended for value transfer and may function as a digital proof base for authenticity and provenance trails.

[0017] At least a portion of the aforementioned provenance management, verification, or tariff determination functions may be provided to an external system as an API.

[0018] Another aspect of the present disclosure provides a computer-implemented method comprising the steps of: generating a first identifier indicating attribute information determined at the time of establishment of a subject asset, including a physical product, a digital asset, or electronic data, and identifying information of data representing the subject asset; generating a second identifier indicating historical information indicating a transaction, movement, inspection, or transfer of rights of the subject asset; and recording the first identifier and the second identifier in a logically associated manner in accordance with a transaction, movement, inspection, or transfer of rights of the subject asset in a distributed ledger network.

[0019] Another aspect of this disclosure provides a program for causing a computer system to perform the above method.

[0020] According to this disclosure, the authenticity of the information in question can be managed reliably and efficiently.

[0021] A diagram showing an overview of the information processing system 1 according to one embodiment. A diagram illustrating the functional configuration of the information processing system 1. A diagram illustrating the hardware configuration of the server 10. A diagram showing an overview of the operation of the information processing system 1. A flowchart showing an overview of the processing in the information processing system 1. A sequence chart illustrating the process of registering physical products to the marketplace. A diagram illustrating product information. A sequence chart illustrating the process of registering physical products to the sales page. A diagram illustrating the page database. A sequence chart illustrating the process of purchasing physical products. A diagram illustrating the action database 911 that records the correspondence between product information and actions. A flowchart illustrating the process related to the extraction of customs information. A diagram illustrating the screen displayed on the buyer terminal 60. A sequence chart illustrating the process related to receiving orders. A block diagram showing the overall functional configuration of the advanced identification and customs processing system. A diagram illustrating the data structure of the NFT product identification code. A diagram showing the identity anchor and the provenance reference follow-up structure. A flowchart showing the provenance root identifier generation process. An append-type provenance graph update flow. A block diagram of authenticity verification using AI. A flowchart of smart customs processing. A diagram showing the API and external integration configuration.

[0022] 1. Diagram 1 shows an overview of an information processing system 1 according to one embodiment. The information processing system 1 provides a platform for selling physical goods and a service for buying and selling physical goods (hereinafter referred to as the "buying and selling service"). Physical goods refer to goods that have a physical form. Physical goods include, for example, food, furniture, electrical appliances, clothing, shoes, sporting goods, musical instruments, and books. Digital assets such as digital currency or digital art are not included in physical goods. A platform refers to a computer system. Here, we will first explain an example of implementation using Web 2.0 (application layer or web application). Note that the information processing system 1 may also treat digital assets such as digital currency, digital art, and program code (including smart contracts) as "target information" in the same way as physical goods. In this embodiment, we will mainly explain using physical goods as an example, but in the case of digital assets, "delivery" can be read as "transmission" or "granting of access rights".

[0023] The information processing system 1 comprises a blockchain network 20, a server 10, a relay server 30, a manufacturer terminal 40, a seller terminal 50, and a buyer terminal 60. The blockchain network 20 is a distributed ledger network that records information about physical goods. The blockchain network 20 is composed of multiple computer devices such as nodes (not shown in the diagram). The server 10 is a server in the buying and selling service and provides a marketplace for buying and selling physical goods. Here, a marketplace refers to a platform that provides an online space where various sellers can open their own stores, list their products, and sell them. "One's own store" refers to, for example, a page on an internet site. In one example, when a user registers as a member, the marketplace assigns that user a posting page. Users who become sellers (an example of a transaction entity) can sell products on this posting page.

[0024] The relay server 30 relays communication between the application (more specifically, a Web 2.0 application, such as a web browser or mobile app) and the blockchain network 20. Since requests from the application do not reach the blockchain network 20 directly, the relay server 30 mediates the communication to send transactions and execute smart contracts. The relay server 30 is used to support API gateway or blockchain request processing.

[0025] The manufacturer terminal 40 is one of the clients in the buying and selling service and is used by manufacturer Um (i.e., the manufacturer) who manufactures physical goods. Manufacturer Um is an example of a business operator related to the manufacture or transfer of physical goods. The transfer may include both paid and free transfers. Business operators include individuals who manufacture or transfer physical goods. Business operators may also include those who operate a platform for the transfer of physical goods between individuals. In other words, manufacturer terminal 40 is an example of a business operator terminal related to the manufacture or transfer of physical goods. The seller terminal 50 is one of the clients in the buying and selling service and is used by seller Us, who are users who sell physical goods on a webpage. The buyer terminal 60 is one of the clients in the buying and selling service and is used by buyer Ub (an example of an acquiring entity), who are users who purchase physical goods from a webpage. These devices communicate via network 9. Network 9 is a computer network such as the Internet.

[0026] This diagram shows two seller terminals 50 and two buyer terminals 60, and two sellers Us and two buyers Ub, but the number of terminals and users is not limited to this example. Manufacturer Um, seller Us, and buyer Ub are all users of the information processing system 1, and are therefore collectively referred to as users U. When distinguishing between multiple users U, the subscript user U[k] is used. For manufacturer Um, seller Us, and buyer Ub, when referring to individual users, they are written as seller Us[2], and so on. The same applies to users in other categories. For user terminals such as manufacturer terminal 40, seller terminal 50, and buyer terminal 60, when referring to individual terminals, the same subscript as the corresponding user is used.

[0027] Figure 2 illustrates the functional configuration of the information processing system 1. The information processing system 1 includes a storage means 11, a receiving means 12 (first receiving means), a writing means 13, a receiving means 14 (second receiving means), a starting means 15, and a control means 19. In this example, these functional elements are implemented in the server 10.

[0028] The storage means 11 stores various data and programs. As will be described in detail later, the storage means 11 stores various databases. The receiving means 12 receives instructions from the manufacturer terminal 40 to register product information indicating the attributes of a physical product and the physical product itself to the marketplace. The writing means 13 writes to the blockchain network 20 a) product identification information that individually identifies a physical product, b) storage location information (e.g., URL) indicating the storage location of the product information and the issuer's signature information, and c) storage location information for related information. Note that this information may be stored as static data in the first identification data structure (parent identifier). The blockchain network 20 is an example of a distributed ledger network having smart contracts related to the electronic commerce of physical products, as will be described later. The receiving means 14 receives instructions from the seller terminal 50 to list the physical product on a product sales page (hereinafter referred to as the "sales page"). Here, a sales page refers to a visual representation of a set of information related to the sale of a physical product, and is a concept that encompasses, for example, web pages and application program display screens.

[0029] The activation means 15 activates the smart contract when a predetermined operation is performed on the product identification information of a physical product at the buyer terminal 60. The output means 16 outputs data to display information related to the delivery of the physical product to the buyer at the buyer terminal 60, in accordance with the processing of the smart contract. In addition to the delivery information, the output means 16 may also output product information indicating the attributes of the physical product to the buyer terminal 60. The control means 19 performs various controls. The delivery information may include, for example, at least one of the following: delivery destination, delivery method, scheduled delivery date, and delivery fee.

[0030] Smart contracts are deployed on the blockchain network 20. Smart contracts are self-executing programs that run on the blockchain. Smart contracts are designed to automatically execute transactions or operations when specific conditions are met. In this example, the smart contract is triggered via the server 10 by an event indicating that a predetermined action has been performed on the buyer terminal 60. Multiple types of smart contracts are deployed on the blockchain network 20, and smart contracts corresponding to actions performed on the buyer terminal 60 are triggered via the server 10.

[0031] When a smart contract is executed, various transactions are carried out, and these transactions are recorded on the blockchain network 20.

[0032] Figure 3 illustrates the hardware configuration of server 10. Server 10 is a computer device having a processor 101, memory 102, storage 103, and communication IF 104. The processor 101 is a processing unit that performs various calculations according to a program, and includes, for example, a CPU. The memory 102 is a main memory that functions as a work area when the processor 101 executes a program, and includes, for example, RAM. The storage 103 is an auxiliary storage device that stores various data and programs, and includes, for example, an HDD or SSD. The communication IF 104 is a communication device that communicates with other devices according to a predetermined communication standard (e.g., Ethernet®), and includes, for example, a NIC.

[0033] In this example, the program stored in the storage 103 includes a program (hereinafter referred to as the "server program") that causes the computer to function as a server 10 in the information processing system 1. When the processor 101 is executing the server program, the storage 103 is an example of the storage means 11, the processor 101 is an example of the receiving means 12, writing means 13, starting means 15, and control means 19, and the communication IF 104 is an example of the output means 16.

[0034] 2. Operation 2-1. Operation Overview Figure 4 is a diagram illustrating the operation overview of the information processing system 1. The information processing system 1 has a marketplace 200 as a platform for conducting electronic commerce. The marketplace 200 is a virtual exchange on a computer system. The marketplace 200 has a showroom 210 and a shop 220. The showroom 210 is a virtual product shelf that displays physical goods traded on the marketplace 200. The shop 220 is a virtual store that sells physical goods on the marketplace 200. In one example, the shop 220 is provided in the form of a web page that displays user submissions and is an example of a sales page.

[0035] Manufacturer Um registers physical products in showroom 210 (systematically, product information is registered in product database 901). When seller Us[2] registers as a user (or member) in information processing system 1 (or sales service), seller Us[2] is automatically assigned a page for selling products (or store page or My Page). In Figure 4, Shop 220 refers to this page. When referring to the sales pages of multiple sellers Us collectively, it is called Shop 220, and when referring to the sales page of an individual seller U[k], it is written as Shop 220[k]. Seller Us[2] selects physical products to display in Shop 220[2] from showroom 210. The selected physical products are displayed in Shop 220[2]. Buyer Ub[4] browses Shop 220[2] and purchases the desired products from the displayed physical products.

[0036] Internet media 300 is provided on the internet. Internet media 300 is media on the internet, and includes, for example, social media 310 and homepage 320. Social media 310 refers to a platform on which users interact and exchange information via the internet. Social media 310 is sometimes called a social networking system (SNS). Homepage 320 broadly refers to a web page published on the internet. When referring collectively to the Internet media 300 of multiple users U, it is written as social media 310 and homepage 320, and when referring to an individual user U[k], it is written as Internet media 300[k], social media 310[k], or homepage 320[k]. Seller Us[3] can select their favorite physical products from the showroom 210 or shop 220 and post them to their own Internet media 300[3].

[0037] Buyer Ub[5] accesses Seller Us[3]'s social media 310[3] or homepage 320[3]. Buyer Ub[5] purchases the desired physical product from a page on these internet media 300[3] that showcases the physical product.

[0038] In Information Processing System 1, anyone who has been pre-approved by Information Processing System 1 can become a Manufacturer Um and register their own physical products in Showroom 210. Furthermore, anyone in the world can become a Seller Us and display any physical product from Showroom 210 in their own Shop 220.

[0039] When purchasing physical goods, the smart contract 25 processes the transaction and writes the information related to the smart contract to the blockchain network 20. The smart contract 25 can refer to various types of information, such as the customs database 921. The information related to the smart contract is, for example, the transaction details of the transaction. The necessary information is relayed via the server 10, and the settlement gateway 80 or EC engine 70 performs individual processing. The above is an overview of the operation of the information processing system 1.

[0040] In this embodiment, the responsibility for the sale of physical goods (the responsibility for ensuring the authenticity of the physical goods) is primarily borne by the product manufacturer and the platform provider. Here, transparency of product information and transactions is protected by smart contracts and blockchain technology. This allows sellers to sell products with minimal sales responsibility.

[0041] In this embodiment, product information and information used in transactions are prepared (i.e., registered in the system) by the product manufacturer and the platform provider. Both sellers and buyers only need to register minimal personal information when registering as members. This lowers the barrier to member registration and, as a result, promotes the democratization of e-commerce.

[0042] Figure 5 is a flowchart illustrating the overview of the processing in Information Processing System 1. The processing in Information Processing System 1 is broadly divided into the following steps: registration of physical products to the marketplace (Step S1), registration of physical products to the sales page (Step S2), purchase of physical products (Step S3), and shipment of physical products (Step S4). The details of each step are explained below.

[0043] 2-2. Registering Physical Products to the Marketplace Figure 6 is a sequence chart illustrating the process of registering physical products to the marketplace.

[0044] In step S101, the manufacturer terminal 40 receives input of information regarding physical products. This UI is provided, for example, by an application program dedicated to the information processing system 1 installed on the manufacturer terminal 40. In this example, in order to act as the manufacturer Um in the information processing system 1, it is necessary to pass the review by the operator of the information processing system 1. Only users pre-approved for registration by the information processing system 1 can access the information processing system 1 as the manufacturer Um. The information processing system 1 performs user authentication, for example, in an application program. This application program may include the function of a wallet in NFT (an example of a non-transferable identifier). Alternatively, this UI may be provided as a web page and provided by a general-purpose web browser installed on the manufacturer terminal 40. Note that the manufacturer terminal 40 is an example of a terminal of an operator related to the manufacture or sale of physical products.

[0045] In one example, this UI includes a UI object for receiving input of product information of physical products and a UI object for inputting transaction conditions. The product information is information indicating the attributes of the product, that is, so-called product information. The product information includes the content related to the product. The content includes at least one of a product image (or product photo), video, illustration, text, audio, and GTIN. Here, consider the product image as an example. This is the original image of the product. The transaction conditions are conditions related to the transaction of the physical product and include, for example, information indicating price, available shipping date, minimum purchase quantity, end of shipping date, and target sales country. This UI further includes a UI object for receiving a registration instruction for the physical product. The manufacturer inputs the product information via this UI. After the input is completed, the manufacturer instructs the registration of the physical product.

[0046] In step S102, the manufacturer terminal 40 requests the server 10 to register information about the physical product in response to instructions entered via the UI. The server 10 receives (i.e., accepts) this request, i.e., the product information of the physical product and the registration instruction. Upon receiving the registration request, the server 10 registers the product information in the product database 901 (step S103).

[0047] Figure 7 illustrates the contents of product information, i.e., the product database 901. In this example, product information includes multiple items of information, such as product name information, summary, weight, price, size, location, multilingual information, notes, date information, and image information. Product information is an example of metadata about a product. The information for each item is further subdivided. Product name information is information about the product name or designation, and includes, for example, the product name, item code, JICFS (JAN Item Code File Service) classification, GPC (Global Product Classification), and GTIN (Global Trade Item Number) (or JAN (Japanese Article Number) code). Summary is information that shows the summary of the product, and includes, for example, the product name, product information, URL, and product comments. Weight is information that shows the weight of the product, and includes, for example, the total weight. Price is information that shows the price of the product, and includes, for example, the suggested retail price, whether it is an open price, and the reduced standard determination category. Size is information that shows the size of the product, and includes, for example, the width, height, and depth. Location information indicates the country or region where the product is produced or sold, including, for example, the country of origin and the countries where it is sold. Multilingual information is product information in multiple languages, including, for example, the supported languages ​​and the product information URL. Notes are notes about the product, including, for example, notes for registered businesses. Date information is information about dates, including, for example, the information release date, the date the product can be shipped, the date the product will no longer be shipped, the GTIN expiration date, the manufacturing date, and the best-before date (for food products). Image information is an image of the product, including the front, back, and side views. Other product information may include information about safety standards set by each country (such as which safety standards the product meets).

[0048] In this example, the product information further includes information regarding the transaction conditions. The information regarding the transaction conditions includes, in one example, the following information (a) to (d). (a) A boolean value indicating whether payment is required in the transaction, (b) the required payment amount, (c) the currency used for payment, and (d) the expiration date of the transaction conditions. The payment amount includes, for example, the wholesale price and the retail price. The wholesale price is the amount that the seller Us pays to the manufacturer Um. The retail price is the amount that the buyer Ub pays to the seller Us. Since the transaction conditions are included as product information, the smart contract can read the transaction conditions of the NFT and automatically execute the transaction based on those transaction conditions. The trigger action is defined in the information processing system 1.

[0049] The product information may include information regarding the inventory of physical products. The information regarding the inventory includes, for example, the inventory quantity and the in / out date.

[0050] Note that at least a part of the product information may be input not by the manufacturer but by a person commissioned by the manufacturer, such as the manager of the server 10. For example, the manufacturer may upload only the GTIN and the product image, and the remaining information may be input by the manager of the server 10. Alternatively, from some of the input product information, the server 10 (server program) may automatically infer or supplement other parts of the product information and register it in the product database 901.

[0051] Refer to Figure 6 again. In step S104, the server 10 instructs IPFS (InterPlanetary File System) to register product information. IPFS is a distributed file system and a protocol for efficiently and securely sharing files over the internet. Specifically, the server 10 records the target data in IPFS. The target data is data containing product identification information for the target product, and in one example, includes product identification information, product name, and the URL where the product information is stored. Product identification information is information for identifying a product, and in one example, includes the hash value of the product image. The URL where the product information is stored indicates the location where the product information was recorded in step S103 (i.e., the location of the product database 901). This data is recorded in a predetermined format, for example, JSON format. In this example, the original product information data itself is stored on a separate server, not on the blockchain network 20. The product database 901 on the server 10 can be said to be a copy of the product information. This avoids the limitations on the amount of data that can be written to the blockchain network 20 in a single transaction, and the associated transaction fees (so-called gas fees). In step S105, IPFS stores product information.

[0052] In step S106, the server 10 generates (i.e., mints) an NFT. That is, the server 10 issues an NFT product identification code on the blockchain network 20. An NFT product identification code is a type of token. An NFT product identification code is generated according to the token ID, token URI, and manufacturer ID. That is, the NFT product identification code uniquely identifies the token ID, token URI, and manufacturer ID. The NFT product identification code also includes a hash value obtained by applying a predetermined hash function to the product image. The token ID is identification information that uniquely identifies the token. The token URI indicates the IPFS recording location. The manufacturer ID is identification information that uniquely identifies the manufacturer. The server 10 writes the manufacturer's identification information for this product to the blockchain as the manufacturer ID. Since the contents of an NFT are the NFT's own ID (i.e., NFT product identification code), a reference to product information (i.e., token URI), and the address of the original owner (i.e., manufacturer ID), the manufacturer of the physical product that can be referenced from the product information is defined as the user identified by the manufacturer ID.

[0053] In step S107, the server 10 publishes the product information in the showroom 210. The product information published in the showroom 210 includes a product photograph associated with the NFT product identification code. The product database 901 records a flag for each product indicating whether it is public or private in the showroom 210. The server 10 changes the flag for the target product to "public". At this time, the server 10 generates a data structure that combines the generated NFT (NFT product identification code) and the product identification information associated with the NFT (such as the hash value of the product image), and manages this as "legitimate product token data". This product identification information is generated and confirmed in conjunction with the event of NFT generation, and serves as a key to prove the authenticity of the product when it is posted on the sales page described later.

[0054] With the above steps completed, the registration of product information by manufacturer Um to marketplace 200 is finished. The product information registered on the marketplace can be freely accessed from seller terminal 50.

[0055] 2-3. Registering Physical Products on the Sales Page Figure 8 is a sequence chart illustrating the process of registering physical products on the sales page. In this example, the information processing system 1 requests user registration from seller Us and buyer Ub. Here, we will explain an example in which a user who has not yet registered registers with the information processing system 1 and registers physical products on the sales page as seller Us.

[0056] In step S201, the seller terminal 50 sends a user registration request to the server 10. The user registration request is sent in response to user operations. The user registration request includes user information. User information includes, for example, name, address (or shipping address), and payment information (e.g., credit card number). In this example, to allow anyone to participate in e-commerce, the information processing system 1 allows user registration by registering minimal information without restricting users with strict conditions or rules. In this example, the information processing system 1 does not distinguish between sellers Us and buyers Ub and accepts their registration as users in the same category. However, the information processing system 1 may distinguish between sellers Us and buyers Ub and accept their registration as users in different categories.

[0057] In step S202, the server 10 performs user registration. The server 10 has a user database (not shown), and the server 10 performs user registration by registering the requested user information in this user database. When registering a user, the server 10 also registers login information such as the user ID and password in the user database. This login information is entered by the user on the seller terminal 50 or is automatically provided by the server 10. User registration is now complete. For seller terminals 50 of users who have already completed user registration, steps S201 and S202 are omitted.

[0058] When a registered user accesses the server, the server 10 sends product information to the seller terminal 50 (step S203). The seller terminal 50 may also request the server 10 to narrow down the target physical products by inputting information to refine the product information, such as the product name or category. The seller terminal 50 specifies or selects the physical products to be listed in its shop 220 from the product information received from the server 10 (step S204). The specification of physical products is performed according to the seller user's operation.

[0059] When a physical product is specified, the server 10 prompts the seller terminal 50 to specify or select a sales method for that physical product. In this example, the options for sales methods are predetermined in the information processing system 1 and consist of four types: direct sales, wholesale sales, agency sales, and affiliate sales. Direct sales refer to the manufacturer Um registering as a user in the system (i.e., acting as seller Us) and conducting sales activities. The sales methods available in the system may be limited to some of these four types. The seller terminal 50 specifies the sales method (step S205). The specification of the sales method is performed in response to an operation by seller Us.

[0060] The purchase-and-sale method involves a seller Us purchasing physical goods from a manufacturer Um and then selling them. In the purchase-and-sale method in Information Processing System 1, there are two possible methods for storing the physical goods: one where the seller Us stores the goods, and another where the manufacturer or a third party stores the goods. In other words, in the purchase-and-sale method, ownership of the physical goods is transferred to the seller Us at the time of purchase, but the entity responsible for storing the physical goods can be set separately from ownership. The retail price of the physical goods can be determined by the seller Us. The manufacturer Um can provide a guideline for the retail price of the physical goods. When the purchase-and-sale method is selected as the sales method, the server 10 requests the seller terminal 50 to input the retail price and purchase quantity. The seller Us determines the retail price and purchase quantity and inputs them on the seller terminal 50. Once the retail price and purchase quantity are confirmed, the server 10 activates the smart contract 25 to record the purchase transaction and proceed with the delivery procedures. The processing of the smart contract 25 will be described later.

[0061] Agency sales are a method in which seller Us sells physical goods on behalf of manufacturer Um. In the case of agency sales, manufacturer Um retains ownership of the physical goods. The inventory of physical goods can be managed by either manufacturer Um or seller Us, but basically manufacturer Um stores the physical goods. Seller Us can determine the retail price of the physical goods. When agency sales are selected as the sales method, server 10 requests seller terminal 50 to input the retail price. Seller Us determines the retail price and inputs it on seller terminal 50. Note that manufacturer Um may also determine the retail price. Once the retail price is determined, server 10 activates smart contract 25 to proceed with recording the agency transaction (and delivery procedures if necessary). The processing of smart contract 25 will be described later. Even if seller Us manages the inventory, seller Us can return unsold physical goods to manufacturer Um at a later date. In other words, in this case, the inventory risk is borne by manufacturer Um, not seller Us.

[0062] Affiliate marketing is a method in which sellers (Us) introduce or promote physical products on behalf of manufacturers (UM) (resulting in sales of those products). Manufacturers (UM) manage the inventory of physical products. Manufacturers (UM) determine the retail price of physical products. Affiliate marketing is a type of internet advertising, specifically a performance-based advertising model. Affiliates can participate in affiliate programs offered by companies and earn commissions. While technically affiliates are not sellers, for convenience, they will be referred to as sellers (Us) here.

[0063] Once a sales method is specified, the server 10 prompts the seller terminal 50 to post a review or introduction of the physical product. The seller terminal 50 accepts the input of the review for the physical product (step S206). The review is entered by seller Us. The seller terminal 50 sends the entered review to the server 10 (step S207). The server 10 registers the review received from the seller terminal 50 in the page database (step S208).

[0064] When a seller Us selects a physical product and registers it in their shop 220, the server 10 instructs the blockchain to write the NFT product identification code of that physical product to the correspondence between that product and the seller Us (i.e., the relationship between the NFT product identification code and the user ID of the seller Us) (step S209). The blockchain network 20 stores the correspondence on the blockchain in response to this instruction (step S210). Since the correspondence between the NFT product identification code and the seller Us is written to the blockchain, it is possible to access the URL to transition to the seller Us's sales page (i.e., shop 220) from the blockchain even if the URL is not directly written on the internet media 300 of another user. In other words, it is possible to transition to the seller Us's sales page using the URL obtained from the information recorded on the blockchain. Here, we will describe in detail the information that is posted on shop 220 (sales page). Based on the posting instructions sent from the seller terminal 50, the server 10 generates a sales page, which contains not only visual images and text, but also "posting information" that is processed internally by the system. This "listing information" includes the product identification information generated in conjunction with the creation of the NFT related to the physical product (specifically, the same code as the hash value of the original image recorded on the blockchain at the time of NFT issuance, or the token ID of the NFT itself). In other words, legitimate identification information derived from the NFT generation process, rather than image data arbitrarily prepared by the seller, is inseparably incorporated into the sales page as listing information.

[0065] Figure 9 illustrates a page database. The page database contains multiple records. Each record corresponds to a single physical product. Each record includes product photo data, a hash value of the product photo, sales method identification information, and reviews. This data is associated with a user ID.

[0066] With the above process, the physical product is registered in Seller Us's shop 220. Furthermore, if Seller Us wishes to list the physical product on Seller Us's internet media 300, Seller Us may also post a link to the shop 220's sales page on their social media 310 or homepage 320. This will allow access to shop 220 from Seller Us's social media 310 or homepage 320.

[0067] 2-4. Physical Product Purchase Diagram 10 is a sequence chart illustrating the process of purchasing physical products. Here, it is assumed that buyer Ub has already registered as a user in the information processing system 1.

[0068] In step S301, the buyer terminal 60 accesses the server 10. This is access to a specific shop 220. The shop 220 to be accessed is specified by the buyer Ub. In response to the request from the buyer terminal 60, the server 10 sends data to the buyer terminal 60 that displays the sales page of the specified shop 220 (step S302). The buyer terminal 60 uses this data to display the sales page. This sales page has at least one UI object that accepts actions from the buyer Ub. This "action" is an example of a predetermined operation on product identification information, and specifically includes, for example, instructions to view product information and instructions to purchase physical products. That is, this at least one UI object includes, for example, a UI object that instructs viewing product information and a UI object that instructs purchasing physical products. In one example, the data on the sales page includes the hash value of the product photo as product identification information, and instructions to view product information or instructions to purchase physical products are specific examples of "predetermined operations on product identification information". Note that the hash value itself only needs to be included as data and does not need to be visually displayed on the sales page. When an action from buyer Ub is received via these UI objects, the buyer terminal 60 sends a processing request to the server 10 corresponding to the received action (step S303).

[0069] When the server 10 receives a processing request from the buyer terminal 60, it requests the blockchain network 20 to compare the hash value of the product photo included in the sales page with the hash value recorded in the blockchain network 20 (step S304). The server 10 receives the comparison result from the blockchain network 20. If the received result indicates that the two do not match, the server 10 sends an error message to the buyer terminal 60. A mismatch in the comparison result means that the product photo listed on the sales page is not authentic. In one example, the server 10 will notify the buyer that the product photo is not authentic in order to deal with the situation. In one example, the recipient of the notification is the management company of the sales page. Alternatively, if the server 10 has the authority, such as if the management company of the server 10 and the management company of the sales page are the same, the server 10 may take action to suspend or delete the sales page. If the received result indicates that the two match, the server 10 instructs or requests the blockchain network 20 to activate the smart contract corresponding to the processing request (step S305). In one example, this smart contract processes the output of product information and related information for the physical product. The related information is information related to the product and includes, for example, information regarding customs duties in the country where buyer Ub resides, shipping costs to buyer Ub's address, and the delivery schedule.

[0070] The matching process in step S304 will be explained in detail. When a "predetermined operation" (for example, clicking the image, hovering the mouse over it, or pressing the purchase button) is performed on a product image on the sales page in the buyer terminal 60, the buyer terminal 60 extracts the identification information (hereinafter referred to as "listed image identification information") contained in the "listing information" corresponding to the image and sends it to the server 10. The server 10 (or activation means 15) applies a predetermined key generation algorithm to the received "listed image identification information" (hash value of the listed image) using the hash value as a seed to derive a matching key, and compares it with the "original image's private key (or verification public key)" recorded in the identifier of the blockchain network 20. Furthermore, the server 10 may also match the encrypted watermark information embedded in the image data itself with the information in the identifier. Then, the derived key is compared and verified with the "original image's private key" recorded in an immutable state in the identifier of the blockchain network 20. In other words, it is not just a simple hash value matching check, but a multi-layered verification process that verifies whether the key dynamically generated from the image data matches the legitimate key. Here, the smart contract 25 is activated only if the matching result is a "match". In other words, the activation means 15 acts as a gatekeeper, determining whether or not to activate the smart contract according to the matching result. Here, we have explained an example of verifying the identity of the target asset using the hash value of an image, but the data used for identity verification is not limited to information obtained from an image; any data structure that indicates the identity of the target asset may be used.

[0071] On the other hand, if the matching result indicates a "mismatch" (i.e., if the image on the sales page differs from the original image used to generate the NFT), the system determines that the product is counterfeit or an unauthorized listing. In this case, the control means 19 automatically executes either a "deactivation process" to quickly make the sales page inaccessible on the network, or a "deletion process" to erase the data of the page itself from the server 10, for security purposes. This prevents the distribution of fraudulent physical goods.

[0072] Upon receiving notification from server 10, the blockchain network 20 invokes the corresponding smart contract (step S306). In the following description, smart contracts are sometimes referred to as the entities responsible for processing, meaning that one or more nodes among those constituting the blockchain network 20 execute the processing. The invoked smart contract retrieves the corresponding data from the product database 901.

[0073] Figure 11 illustrates an action database 911 that records the correspondence between product information and actions. The action database 911 contains multiple records. Each record contains identification information for the action and identification information for the product information items corresponding to that action. In the example in Figure 11, the top-row record defines "Summary," "Price," "Customs Information," and "Date Information" as product information items corresponding to the action "View." Any level of product information items corresponding to an action may be defined; for example, in this example, "Available for Shipment" may be specifically defined within "Date Information." In one example, if the action on the buyer terminal 60 is "View," in step S306, the smart contract 25 reads "Summary," "Price," "Customs Information," and "Date Information" from the product database 901.

[0074] Refer to Figure 10 again. In step S306, the smart contract 25 processes the retrieved product information. The smart contract 25 sends the result of the information processing to the server 10 (step S307). This result includes product information and related information. The server 10 sends the information received from the smart contract 25 to the buyer terminal 60 (step S308). The buyer terminal 60 processes this information (step S309). For example, the buyer terminal 60 displays the received product information.

[0075] In this state, buyer Ub can further input actions on the UI objects included in the sales page. When another action is input, the buyer terminal 60 sends a processing request to the server 10 (step S310). The server 10 performs product image matching as in step S304 (this process is not shown). If the images match (i.e., the hash values ​​of the images match), the server 10 instructs or requests the blockchain network 20 to activate the smart contract 25 corresponding to the processing request (step S311). The blockchain network 20 executes the instructed or requested smart contract 25 (step S312). Various settings are possible for the processing by the smart contract 25, and various processes are performed depending on the content of the program. Here, we will explain some specific examples of processing by the smart contract 25.

[0076] (1) Calculation of Customs Duties In global e-commerce, a clear understanding of various taxes is important for both sellers and buyers. In particular, the loss of tax revenue due to importers not accurately declaring various taxes when importing goods (including so-called fraudulent declarations) is a problem. Here, various taxes refer to indirect taxes such as customs duties, consumption tax, liquor tax, or tobacco tax. The specific names of taxes vary from country to country or region to region; for example, consumption tax is sometimes levied under the name VAT or sales tax. In addition to customs duties, various charges are often required for the import and export of goods. Various charges refer to costs related to import and export, such as freight forwarder fees, warehousing fees, transportation fees, and transportation insurance fees. Information Processing System 1 provides a mechanism to more accurately grasp various taxes and charges and to suppress fraudulent transactions that misrepresent product classification, unit price, quantity, or weight in import and export transactions. By utilizing smart contracts in Information Processing System 1, e-commerce will proceed with less human intervention, thus improving the transparency and compliance of transactions.

[0077] To accurately understand customs duties, the information processing system 1 has a customs database 921. The customs database 921 records information identifying customs duty rates, exemption / reduction conditions, consumption tax rates, prohibited import items, and items excluded from exemption / reduction, for each HS code and country. The HS code is a coding system aimed at standardizing the classification of goods in international trade. The HS code provides a detailed classification of goods and is used by customs authorities in each country to identify goods and apply customs duties. Exemption / reduction conditions indicate the conditions for exemption or reduction of duties. Items excluded from exemption / reduction indicate goods that are excluded from the application of exemption or reduction measures.

[0078] In this example, the customs database 921 is stored in off-chain storage, that is, the customs database 921 is stored in storage outside the blockchain network 20. Since the smart contract 25 cannot directly access the external database, one of the following methods is used, for example:

[0079] (a) Use of Oracles An oracle is a third-party system or service that provides external data or information to a smart contract. The process in this case is as follows: i) The smart contract issues a request to retrieve the necessary data from a database. ii) The oracle forwards the request to the external database. iii) The oracle returns the data retrieved from the database to the smart contract.

[0080] (b) Using blockchain events as triggers This method does not directly link the external database to the smart contract, but rather the external application performs database operations triggered by events in the smart contract. In this case, the process is as follows: i) The smart contract issues an event (e.g., when a specific function is called). ii) The external application listens for the event. iii) The external application performs database operations in response to the listened event. iv) If necessary, the external application feeds the results back to the smart contract.

[0081] (c) Use of external APIs This method does not directly access the database, but uses external APIs to manipulate the database. Since smart contracts cannot directly call APIs, they are routed through off-chain applications. The process in this case is as follows: i) Build an API that can access the database. ii) Generate a request from the smart contract to the API (usually by issuing an event). iii) The off-chain application receives the request from the smart contract and calls the API to retrieve the data. iv) If necessary, the off-chain application sends the retrieved data to the smart contract.

[0082] Alternatively, the customs database 921 may be stored in on-chain storage. However, the cost (so-called gas charges) must be carefully considered.

[0083] Figure 12 is a flowchart illustrating the process for extracting customs information. In step S401, the smart contract 25 extracts information regarding customs duties for the target goods. Customs information includes, for example, the country of origin (or exporting country), importing country, purpose of import, and HS code. The exporting country and HS code are extracted from the goods database 901. The importing country and purpose of import are obtained from the buyer terminal 60. The importing country is the country to which buyer Ub belongs, and in one example, it is the country in which buyer Ub resides. Alternatively, a buyer residing in country A may send goods originating from country C to a friend or parent residing in country B. In this example, country B is the country to which buyer Ub belongs.

[0084] In step S402, the smart contract 25 determines whether the goods in question are prohibited imports. Prohibited imports are recorded in the customs database 921. If it is determined that the goods in question are prohibited imports (S402: YES), the smart contract 25 notifies the buyer terminal 60 of this (step S403). The buyer terminal 60 displays that the goods in question are prohibited imports. If it is determined that the goods in question are not prohibited imports (S402: NO), the smart contract 25 proceeds to step S404.

[0085] In step S404, the smart contract 25 determines a tariff rate that matches the information extracted in step S401. The tariff rate is recorded in the tariff database 921.

[0086] In step S405, the smart contract 25 determines whether the target goods meet the tax reduction / exemption conditions. If it is determined that the target goods meet the tax reduction / exemption conditions (S405: YES), the smart contract 25 proceeds to step S406. If it is determined that the target goods do not meet the tax reduction / exemption conditions (S405: NO), the smart contract 25 proceeds to step S407.

[0087] Furthermore, if tax exemptions apply, the importer (even in the case of personal imports) must apply for the exemption with the necessary documents. In other words, the importer or system must determine in advance whether the import transaction is eligible for tax exemptions and apply for them. Based on this, Information Processing System 1 is required to generate the necessary documents using a smart contract when tax exemptions apply.

[0088] Regarding the application of tax exemptions for personal imports, the following information is available: (a) Necessity of applying for tax exemption and declaration of intent to customs: Customs will not automatically apply tax exemptions unless it is aware that the importer wishes to apply for them. - Subject to review: When an importer applies for tax exemption, customs can review the application to see if the requirements for tax exemption are met. - Submission of necessary documents: Applications for tax exemption usually require the submission of documents proving the details of the items, purchase price, and intended use. (b) Application method: The application method for tax exemption varies depending on the items and quantities imported and the customs office. Common methods include: - Submission of a declaration to customs: Fill out the import declaration form with the application details for tax exemption, attach the necessary documents, and submit it to customs. - Application using an online system: Some customs offices allow applications for tax exemption using an online system.

[0089] In step S406, the smart contract 25 determines the tax reduction / exemption rate for the goods in question. The tax reduction / exemption rate is recorded in the customs database 921. In step S407, the smart contract 25 calculates the tax amount for the goods in question using the determined tax rate. Finally, the smart contract 25 provides the information obtained in this flow to the server 10 (and the buyer terminal 60 or other device).

[0090] (2) Provision of Product Information Product information is basic information referenced in e-commerce. The smart contract 25 reads the product information corresponding to the action from the product database 901. The smart contract 25 uses the read information to generate data to be displayed on the buyer terminal 60. The correspondence between actions on the buyer terminal 60 and items of product information is defined in the action database 911. For example, the items of product information corresponding to the action "view" are defined as "overview," "price," "taxes," and "date information." The smart contract 25 sends the generated data to the buyer terminal 60. The buyer terminal 60 displays the product information of the physical product whose product photo was viewed, according to the data received from the smart contract 25.

[0091] Figure 13 illustrates a screen displayed on the buyer terminal 60. This screen shows the price of the product, the currency used, taxes, the expected shipping date, and the expected arrival date. The customs information displayed here is the customs information obtained by the method described in Figure 12, i.e., information showing the import duties in the country to which the buyer resides. These amounts may be displayed converted into the currency of the country where buyer Ub is located. In addition, the information displayed on this screen may include, for example, the foreign currency price, the yen price, import tax (in yen), miscellaneous charges, and the total amount (in yen) in the case of Japan. Furthermore, in addition to this information, information such as the quantity, consumption tax, and whether or not current tax exemption is applicable may also be included. Furthermore, in addition to this information, the results of tax reduction or exemption application may be displayed. In one example, all costs required for the transaction, such as miscellaneous charges and transportation costs, and the total amount are displayed. The smart contract 25 not only reads data, but also contains logic for "extracting" and "calculating" information. Specifically, the system identifies and extracts "tax-related information (HS code, etc.)" and "price-related information" from the diverse attribute data included in the product information, and dynamically calculates the amount of customs duty and the final profit distribution amount by combining this with the buyer's place of residence information, etc. The output means 16 outputs the results of this dynamic extraction and calculation by the smart contract as important information related to delivery to the buyer terminal 60 or seller terminal 50. Furthermore, the smart contract 25 verifies the consistency between the country of origin information in the first identification data structure and the logistics route information in the second identification data structure, and may output a warning if there is a discrepancy.

[0092] (3) Order Acceptance Figure 14 is a sequence chart illustrating the process related to order acceptance. Order acceptance is one of the functions used in electronic commerce. In the information processing system 1, order acceptance is also implemented using a smart contract 25. Here, the flow in Figure 14 starts from the state in the flow of Figure 10 where the buyer terminal 60 is displaying product information (step S309).

[0093] In this example, the product display screen includes a UI object for instructing the customer to order the product. The buyer terminal 60 receives an order from buyer Ub via this UI object (step S501). Upon receiving the order, the buyer terminal 60 sends the order request to the server 10 (step S502). Upon receiving the order request from the buyer terminal 60, the server 10 determines whether the order satisfies the transaction conditions (step S503). Since the transaction conditions are recorded on the blockchain, the server 10 retrieves the transaction conditions from the blockchain network 20 and determines whether the order request satisfies these transaction conditions. If it is determined that the transaction conditions are not met, the server 10 notifies the buyer terminal 60 of this. If it is determined that the transaction conditions are met, the server 10 proceeds to step S504.

[0094] In step S504, the server 10 activates the smart contract 25 related to the purchase process. The blockchain network 20 executes the instructed smart contract 25 (step S505). This smart contract 25 performs, for example, the following processes (a) to (e): (a) notification to the seller, (b) recording of the transaction related to the transfer of ownership, (c) recording of the transaction related to the settlement of the purchase price, (d) recording of the transaction related to the distribution of the payment to the parties involved, (e) creation of import / export document data, transmission of the created data to the parties involved, and (f) inventory management.

[0095] The notification to Seller Us informs Seller Terminal 50 that an order has been placed for a product. This notification includes the attributes of the purchased physical product. The attributes of the physical product include the product ID and the quantity purchased. This notification may also include the attributes of Buyer Ub. The attributes of Buyer Ub include information that does not identify an individual, such as country of residence, gender, and age group. In this way, Seller Us and Buyer Ub can complete an e-commerce transaction without knowing each other's personal information such as names and addresses.

[0096] The transaction record related to the transfer of ownership is a record on the blockchain network 20 that buyer Ub purchased the item from seller Us. The smart contract 25 records the transaction on the blockchain network 20 indicating that buyer Ub purchased the item from seller Us.

[0097] The transaction record related to the settlement of the purchase price is a record of the purchase price settlement on the blockchain network 20. The smart contract 25 records a transaction on the blockchain network 20 indicating the transfer of the product price from the buyer Ub's account to the seller Us's account. In one example, the payment is made using cryptocurrency.

[0098] The transaction record relating to the distribution of funds to the parties involved is a record of the distribution of funds between the parties in the blockchain network 20. The distribution of funds includes, for example, the payment of fees to the operator of server 10. The distribution rate or amount and recipients of the funds are defined, for example, in server 10. In addition, a so-called escrow service may be used for the distribution or delivery of funds. For example, a server administrator or a trusted third party holds the funds, confirms that the transaction conditions are met and the goods have been delivered to the buyer, and then distributes the funds.

[0099] Regarding the creation of export and import document data, many documents are required for export and import, but the required documents and their contents vary depending on the exporting or importing country. Generally, it is difficult for those who do not specialize in export and import business to create legally compliant documents. In Information Processing System 1, Smart Contract 25 automatically creates the documents. First, Smart Contract 25 acquires the information used to create export and import documents. Server 10 has a document database (not shown). The document database is a database that records the information used for export and import documents. In the document database, data on the format and contents of the required documents are recorded for each of the exporting and importing countries. Smart Contract 25 refers to the document database and identifies the documents and contents required for the export and import of the target goods. Documents required for export and import include, for example, invoices, packing lists, bills of lading, certificates of origin, export declarations (in the case of exports), and import declarations (in the case of imports). Depending on the importing country, freight details or insurance details may also be required. Furthermore, it is desirable to create a calculation sheet (i.e., a detailed statement) that shows the basis for calculating customs duties and tax exemptions. The calculation sheet includes the HS code, applicable tariff rate, product price, total import value, and the basis for any tax reductions or exemptions. Smart Contract 25 retrieves the information for these specified items from the product database 901, etc. In one example, the information used to create the import / export documents includes the transportation schedule, warehousing charges, transportation costs, import / export insurance premiums, and import / export fees. Smart Contract 25 generates the import / export document data using the retrieved information. Some import / export documents cannot be created using only the information in the database, so such documents are excluded from automatic generation.

[0100] Inventory management is based on the inventory quantity in the product database 901. The smart contract 25 requests the server 10 to subtract the ordered quantity of the target product from the inventory quantity. The server 10 adjusts the inventory quantity of the target product in the product database 901 in response to the request from the smart contract 25.

[0101] (4) Logistics Management In order to actually import and export goods, it is often necessary to arrange for freight forwarders, warehouses, carriers, or transportation insurance. It is also necessary to manage the progress of these arrangements. The information processing system 1 can also manage logistics using smart contracts 25. In this case, the freight forwarder, warehouse operator, carrier, or transportation insurance provider has installed computer software to access the information processing system 1. These computer systems are represented as the EC engine 70 in Figure 4. The smart contract 25 requests delivery-related procedures from the EC engine 70, specifying the place of origin, place of receipt, shipping date, and receipt date. The EC engine 70 obtains the necessary information from the smart contract 25 and provides the necessary information or submits the necessary documents to the freight forwarder, warehouse operator, carrier, or transportation insurance provider.

[0102] 3. Implementation in Web3.0: Information processing system 1 can also be implemented in Web3.0. In Web3.0, functions that were implemented on centralized servers up to Web2.0 can be implemented on a distributed network. In Web3.0, direct information sharing and settlement between users are possible through peer-to-peer transactions and smart contracts. Even with peer-to-peer transactions, just like in Web2.0, sellers (Us) and buyers (Ub) can complete electronic commerce transactions without disclosing personal information to each other.

[0103] Sellers (Us) can directly approach multiple target users (i.e., potential buyers (Ub)) without using social media. Furthermore, payments can be made directly between users without the need for a payment gateway. The proceeds from the sale are automatically distributed to all parties involved. However, buyers are limited to those existing on Web 3.0.

[0104] In a Web3.0 environment, just like in a Web2.0 environment, it is possible to generate NFTs from product photos and operate e-commerce using smart contracts. However, in Web3.0, when product photos are converted into NFTs, it is not possible to make multiple copies of NFTs with the same ID and use them for sales. Therefore, it is desirable to associate the hash values ​​of multiple product photos with the original NFT. For example, manufacturer Um can associate the hashes of multiple product photos with the original NFT and register it in showroom 210, and seller Us can copy one of these product photos to their own sales page and conduct sales activities. Alternatively, manufacturer Um can associate the hash of a single product photo with the original NFT and register it in showroom 210 without associating hash values ​​with multiple product photos, and the seller can copy the registered product photo to their own sales page (e.g., shop 220) and conduct sales activities.

[0105] Furthermore, generating NFTs and executing smart contracts requires a significant amount of so-called gas fees, which could become a cost bottleneck. This can be addressed by adopting a private blockchain, which allows for the elimination of gas fees for users. However, since managing and mining the blockchain physically incurs costs, solutions such as allocating these costs (gas fees) to the product price of the product manufacturer or generating them from the platform provider's profits are being considered.

[0106] Whether in a Web 2.0 or Web 3.0 environment, the use of smart contracts should be limited to areas where necessary to maintain the authenticity of goods, transaction transparency, and historical record keeping, thereby reducing costs (gas charges). For example, information on past transactions could be stored as a database on server 10, and information related to imports from countries of origin with a history of transactions could be obtained by referring to this database without using smart contracts.

[0107] When selling a product, SellerUs lists the product on their product page on the marketplace. When BuyerUb views the product, a smart contract is activated and the e-commerce transaction proceeds. SellerUs can directly share product information with their own community, and trigger smart contracts and execute e-commerce transactions when a product is viewed.

[0108] 4. Advanced Identification and Customs Processing System Figure 15 is a block diagram showing the overall functional configuration of the information processing system 1 according to this embodiment. This system has, broadly speaking, two sets of functions: a group of functions related to the generation and recording of identifiers, and a group of functions related to the verification and utilization of authenticity, in order to guarantee the authenticity of target assets and to ensure proper transactions and customs processing. This system performs an identifier generation process that cryptographically determines the origin of the target asset, a process that manages a chain of tamper-resistant provenance based on the identifier, and a verification and utilization process that integrates these to determine authenticity and compliance with regulations. Here, "target asset" is not limited to physical product information, but includes all information assets for which proof of authenticity is required, including electronic objects, digital data, program data (including smart contracts), or real-world data. Specifically, the system guarantees tamper resistance to the information at the time of the target asset's creation using the "provenance root identifier" described later, fixes the identity of individual assets using the "identity anchor," and ensures the irreversibility of the history using the "appendable provenance graph."

[0109] This section describes an advanced identification and customs processing system according to one embodiment. In the following description, the terms "goods" or "objects" are not limited to the physical goods with physical substance described above. In this section (advanced identification and customs processing system), the assets subject to the system (hereinafter referred to as "Target Assets") are not limited to physical goods, but include all assets whose authenticity needs to be determined, such as digital content, electronic data, programs (including smart contracts), certificates of rights, and real-world assets. This system functions as a foundation (identification layer or Pre-RWA layer) for cryptographically determining the history of existence, issuer, status, and ownership of these Target Assets at a stage prior to trading, valuation, tokenization, and financialization (Pre-RWA stage).

[0110] As functions related to generation and recording, the system includes an input means 1001, a classification means 1002, a generation means 1003, a recording means 1004, and a wallet management means 1005. The input means 1001 accepts data such as target information from an external source. The classification means 1002 analyzes the variability of the data related to the input target information and classifies immutable data into a first identifier (traditional root identifier) ​​and variable data into a second identifier (child identifier). The generation means 1003 includes a first generation means that generates a first identifier indicating attribute information etc. that is determined when the target asset is established, and a second generation means that generates a second identifier indicating historical information such as transactions of the target asset, based on the classification. The recording means 1004 associates the generated first identification data structure and the second identification data structure (for example, by creating a hierarchical structure) and records them on a recording medium including a distributed ledger or distributed storage. The wallet management means 1005 provides a custody-type wallet function or a private key abstraction layer (such as Account Abstraction), and manages the system so that users can issue identifiers and perform signing processes without directly managing private keys.

[0111] As a function related to authenticity verification and utilization, the system includes a posting means 1006, an activation means 1007, a verification means 1008, a customs processing means 1009, a control means 1010, and an output means 1011. The posting means 1006 posts the information for posting, including the generated identifier (or the authenticity verification information associated therewith), to the product sales page (Web 2.0-like e-commerce site, SNS, etc.) in response to instructions from the seller terminal. When the activation means 1007 detects that a predetermined operation (viewing, pressing the purchase button, etc.) has been performed on the identifier on the page from the buyer terminal, it automatically activates the verification process via a smart contract or server-side logic.

[0112] The verification means 1008 includes an AI module that includes a trained model or inference engine. The verification means 1008 performs the following multi-layered verification: First, it performs cryptographic matching using features generated from the target information (e.g., images on a page). Second, it performs logical matching using the AI ​​module to analyze the logical consistency between static data (country of origin, specifications, etc.) included in the first identification data structure and dynamic data (logistics route, history, etc.) included in the second identification data structure. Third, it performs scoring based on these results to output a score indicating the authenticity or reliability of the target information.

[0113] The customs processing means 1009 refers to the application requirements of customs rules, EPAs, FTAs, or GSPs between several countries based on information read from a first identifier (origin information and product attributes, etc.) and a second identifier (transportation route, processing history, and certificate information, etc.). It then automatically determines the applicable customs duty rates and whether preferential treatment is available, or whether double taxation avoidance is necessary. If the verification means 1008 detects a mismatch or fraud (for example, if the hash value of the posted image does not match the hash value of the original image), the control means 1010 takes security measures such as suspending or deleting the page. The output means 1011 outputs the verification results, reliability score, or delivery information including the determined customs duty information to an external device such as a buyer terminal.

[0114] Figure 16 is a data structure diagram showing the asymmetric hierarchical structure of target assets in the information processing system 1 according to this embodiment. The information processing system 1 highly guarantees the authenticity of target assets and related information, and automates customs processing in international transactions. To achieve this, it separates data according to its nature and manages it in an asymmetric hierarchical structure consisting of three elements: a "traditional root identifier," an "appendable historical graph," and an "individual identifier (identity anchor)." This structure consists of a first identifier (traditional root identifier, SeriesTokenID) that indicates attribute information determined at the time of the establishment of the target asset and identification information of the data representing the target asset, and a second identifier (child identifier, IndividualTokenID) that indicates historical information showing the transaction, movement, inspection, or transfer of rights of the target asset. In this two-tiered structure, the first identifier functions as a "traditional root identifier" to fix the unchanging starting point of existence (authority root, state determination event, or institutional context) of "by whose authority, in what context, and in what state the target asset was established." Rather than encompassing the entire history, it holds the smallest unit of information that uniquely verifies the legitimacy of the history, making it possible to cryptographically retrospectively verify the legitimacy of all subsequent added history. This structure achieves both the permanence of authenticity and traceability by separating and combining the immutable existence definition with the appendable state and history. The detailed structure and role of each identifier are described below.

[0115] The provenance root identifier (corresponding to SeriesTokenID, a concrete manifestation of the first identification data structure described above) functions as the "birth certificate (root)" of the asset in question. This identifier is generated when the asset in question is established under a specific authoritative entity and institutional context, and is a cryptographically combined identifier of authoritative entity information, state determination event information, and institutional or transactional context information. The provenance root identifier fixes immutable static attributes (specifications, origin, authenticity criteria, etc.) that are determined at the time of manufacture or issuance, and functions as an ontological reference point that constrains the entire subsequent provenance.

[0116] As shown in Figure 16, the provenance root identifier includes data that describes the characteristics of the asset (such as an image of its appearance for physical goods or a hash value for digital assets) and signature data using the issuer's (manufacturer's, etc.) private key. It also stores static data such as product attributes, specifications, country of origin information, and basic tariff data that form the basis of tariff classification.

[0117] Furthermore, the provenance route identifier includes product attributes and specifications. Product attributes and specifications are information that indicates static characteristics such as model number, specs, material, size, weight, data format, and version. This information serves as a product catalog. At the same time, this information forms the basis for tariff classification, which will be described later. In addition, the provenance route identifier includes country of origin information. Country of origin information indicates the country of manufacture or place of origin of the product. Country of origin information is an important factor in determining whether preferential treatment such as EPA (Economic Partnership Agreement) or FTA (Free Trade Agreement) is applicable. In addition, the provenance route identifier includes basic tariff data. Basic tariff data is classification information that forms the basis of the HS code. The AI ​​module of the information processing system 1 estimates the HS code from information such as feature quantities (e.g., product image, sensor values, component ID, or electronically signed document information) and specifications obtained from the target asset. The information processing system 1 may register the estimated HS code or its candidate as tariff basic data in the provenance route identifier. Furthermore, the provenance route identifier may also include configuration relationship information. Configuration relationship information is information that shows the hierarchical parent-child relationships (e.g., bill of materials (BOM) information or assembly structure) between the target asset (finished product) and the identifiers (component identifiers) of the parts, raw materials, or intermediate products that constitute it. This information makes it possible to verify the authenticity of the finished product as a set of authenticity of the individual components that constitute it.

[0118] On the other hand, an appendable history graph is logically associated with a history root identifier and records various events that occur over time with respect to the asset in question as an appendable structure. The appendable history graph consists of multiple history event nodes, each node sequentially recording event details such as storage / movement history, inspection / verification data, and customs information, as well as the time of occurrence information and the electronic signature of the authorized entity guaranteeing the legitimacy of the event. This graph is structured to add only new events without erasing or altering past records, thus guaranteeing the irreversibility and continuity of the history. Here, "logically associated" means, for example, using hash references, common anchor identifiers, history graph concatenation, or a combination thereof to establish the association.

[0119] The individual identifier (corresponding to IndividualTokenID, a concrete manifestation of the second identification data structure described above) functions as an "identity anchor" that uniquely indicates the physical or logical identity of the target asset. The individual identifier holds immutable identification information such as a serial number. Importantly, the individual identifier does not contain the history information itself, which increases over time, but has a structure (history reference pointer) that references an appendable history graph via a history root identifier. This hierarchically separates the fixing of identity from the growth of history, prevents data structure bloat due to the increase in history logs, and facilitates partial disclosure of specific history and audit compliance.

[0120] Furthermore, the child identifier includes logistics history. Logistics history includes multi-source location proof consisting of origin, transit points, transit times, arrival times, and location estimation logs (GPS, mobile base station history, ship AIS signals, aircraft ADS-B signals, port / airport scans, IoT sensors, customs scans, etc.). By using AI to determine the logical consistency between these multiple pieces of evidence of origin and the country of origin information within the origin route identifier, it is possible to detect mislabeling of origin, routes that violate agreements, or illegal circumvention of exports. Information processing system 1 analyzes this logistics history. Information processing system 1 determines the consistency between the logistics history and the country of origin information within the origin route identifier. For example, information processing system 1 monitors whether the goods are being shipped from a location different from the country of origin. This enables information processing system 1 to detect mislabeling of origin and illegal circumvention of exports. In addition, the child identifier includes inspection data. Inspection data is the result of dynamic quality checks. Inspection data shows the results of inspections conducted at each point in the distribution process. Inspection data may include, for example, images taken during inspection, weight measurements, or the inspector's signature.

[0121] In addition, the child identifier includes official certification data. This official certification data (such as certificates of origin, import / export licenses, and quarantine certificates) is not merely an attachment, but is added to the child identifier's time-series graph as a status confirmation event bearing the issuing authority's electronic signature. This allows for verification in a tamper-proof manner that the goods were cleared in accordance with the agreement conditions by comparing it with the country of origin and HS classification information of the provenance route identifier. Information processing system 1 links this official certification data to the child identifier. This enables information processing system 1 to retrospectively verify that the customs clearance procedures were carried out properly.

[0122] The information processing system 1 has a function (classification means) to automatically classify input product-related data using the server 10 or an AI module. The AI ​​module analyzes the variability of the input data concerning the target asset and determines whether the data is immutable or variable. If the data is immutable, the AI ​​module registers (classifies) the data to a first identifier (traditional root identifier). If the data is variable, the AI ​​module registers (classifies) the data to a second identifier (child identifier). Through this automatic classification, the information processing system 1 optimizes the structure of the NFT. As a result, the information processing system 1 can prevent data bloat. Furthermore, the information processing system 1 achieves efficient data management (an example of a management means that records the tradition root identifier and child identifier in a distributed ledger network or distributed storage). This classification is performed automatically, for example, by AI. The classification criteria of this classification function may be updated through learning.

[0123] The association between a provenance root identifier and a child identifier is achieved through a logical link. For example, a structure may be adopted in which the provenance root identifier acts as a parent and holds a list of multiple child identifiers. Alternatively, a structure may be adopted in which each child identifier holds the address of its parent provenance root identifier. This structure defines a product as a combination of "authentic specifications (parent)" and "individual history (child)". Information processing system 1 manages the reliability of the parent and the traceability of the child in an integrated manner. As a result, information processing system 1 builds a robust trust structure that conventional EC systems lack.

[0124] Figure 17 conceptually illustrates the asymmetric reference constraint structure, or "identity anchor structure," between the individual identifier (second identification data structure) and the provenance root identifier (first identification data structure) and the appendable provenance graph. As illustrated, the individual identifier holds only immutable "identity information" that uniquely indicates the physical or logical identity of the target asset in its own data area. It is noteworthy that the "essence of provenance," such as logistics history, ownership transfer, and inspection data, which continue to increase over time, is not directly written into this individual identifier.

[0125] Instead, the individual identifier has a "provenance reference pointer," which logically references (constrains) the "provenance root identifier," which is the origin of the asset in question, and the "appendable provenance graph" that grows associated with it. In this disclosure, the term "indicates" specific information by an identifier is a broad concept that includes not only cases where the identifier internally holds the information itself as data, but also cases where it indirectly identifies or makes the information accessible by holding a link to the storage location of the information, a reference pointer, an address, or a search key. This structure enables strict data governance that maintains the "immutability" of the original data while managing only subsequent events as "appendices." In other words, the individual identifier is always dedicated to its role as a lightweight "anchor of identity," without bearing the burden of heavy data entities such as provenance information.

[0126] By adopting such a data role separation structure, this information processing system 1 achieves the remarkable effect of infinitely expanding the "state (history)" of the target asset while maintaining the immutability of "what it is (identity)." Specifically, it prevents the bloating of transaction costs (gas fees) associated with the increase in history logs. Furthermore, it technically facilitates flexible audit responses and privacy protection by allowing the system to prove the authenticity of individual items to buyers downstream in the commercial flow and regulatory and tax authorities (customs, tax authorities, environmental regulatory authorities, etc.) without disclosing the entire transaction history (including confidential information), instead extracting and presenting only the parts necessary for verification (or applying zero-knowledge proofs).

[0127] In this way, the provenance root identifier functions as a higher-level constraint point indicating the legitimacy of the existence of the target asset, the appendable provenance graph is positioned below it as the body of the provenance that evolves over time, and the individual identifier is further positioned separately as an identity anchor that references the provenance structure, forming an asymmetric hierarchical structure. As a result, the information processing system 1 constructs a robust trust structure that conventional EC systems do not possess.

[0128] Furthermore, it is preferable that these identifiers (traditional root identifiers, individual identifiers, etc.) be implemented as non-transferable NFTs (SBT-like structures) whose primary purpose is not the transfer of value as financial assets. These identifiers function as a basic identification layer when the target assets are incorporated into financial, regulatory, or securities frameworks in the future (such as the tokenization of so-called RWAs: Real World Assets), and serve as the basis for subsequent assetization, tokenization, or rights creation processes.

[0129] Furthermore, the information processing system 1 according to this embodiment utilizes this two-tiered structure to provide smart tariff functionality. The information processing system 1 obtains country of origin information from the origin route identifier. The information processing system 1 obtains the actual logistics route from the child identifier. The information processing system 1 combines these. The information processing system 1 automatically determines whether preferential tariffs such as EPAs and FTAs ​​are applicable. For example, the information processing system 1 determines whether the logistics route meets the loading standards stipulated in the agreement. Thus, a structure that separates and integrates static and dynamic data for management is extremely effective in realizing advanced tariff processing.

[0130] Figure 18 is a flowchart illustrating the process (Root generation flow) for generating the "traditional root identifier," which serves as the starting point for the asymmetric hierarchical structure described above, and cryptographically confirming the existence of the target asset. This process is executed at the moment the target asset "establishes" under the legitimate authority and institutional context, such as the completion of manufacturing of a physical product, the issuance of a digital asset, or the tokenization of a real-world asset (RWA).

[0131] First, the system acquires a set of static information that supports the legitimacy of the establishment of the target asset. Specifically, it acquires "authority entity information" indicating the entity that issues, manufactures, or determines the status of the target asset (S1801). Next, it acquires "status determination event information" indicating what events led to the establishment of the target asset (e.g., final inspection approval, notarization of rights, data determination, etc.) (S1802). Furthermore, it acquires "institutional context information" indicating the legal, regulatory, or transactional framework that the asset must comply with (e.g., applicable laws and regulations, customs rules for a specific region, quality standards, etc.) (S1803).

[0132] Next, these three sets of information (authority, event, and context) are not simply juxtaposed as metadata, but are "cryptographically combined" using a hash function or digital signature scheme (S1804). That is, this information is hashed into a single, indivisible dataset and signed with the authorization holder's private key. This cryptographic combination makes it difficult to tamper with or deny the information after the fact.

[0133] Then, based on this cryptographic linking result, a "traditional root identifier (SeriesTokenID)" representing the starting point of the existence of the target asset is generated (S1805). Finally, the generated traditional root identifier is recorded on a distributed ledger or other tamper-proof recording medium (S1806).

[0134] This process "fixes" the provenance root identifier in a way that makes it extremely difficult for third parties to alter it. As a result, the provenance root identifier can function as a "trust anchor" for retrospectively verifying the legitimacy of all subsequent provenance events (appendable provenance graph). Even if the asset in question is traded across national borders and the managing entity changes, as long as this trust anchor exists, the original "authenticity at the time of creation" is permanently guaranteed.

[0135] Figure 19 is a flowchart illustrating the process (append-type history graph update flow) in which various facts (history events) that occur over time with respect to the target asset are sequentially recorded, starting from the previously generated history root identifier. One of the features of this process is that it does not allow the "overwrite" or "delete" operations common in database update processes, but instead employs an "append-only" structure that always adds new information to the end.

[0136] This flow is executed when a new fact occurs regarding the target asset. Specifically, first, the "occurrence of an event," such as a change in storage location, movement across national borders, inspection or audit by a third-party organization, maintenance or repair, valuation, or accident or damage, is detected by various sensors or system inputs (S1901). Next, information such as the type, content, time of occurrence, and involved parties of the event is acquired as "event details" (S1902).

[0137] The crucial steps here are "authority entity authentication (S1903)" and "signature assignment (S1904)" for the information inputter. The system authenticates whether the entity attempting to record an event (e.g., a logistics company, inspection agency, customs broker, etc.) has the legitimate authority to record that event. The authenticated entity then uses its private key to digitally signify the event content. This makes the information not merely a "string of characters" recorded on the blockchain, but cryptographically clarifies who is responsible for guaranteeing that fact.

[0138] Next, the system refers to the "traditional root identifier" of the target asset and identifies the "appendable history graph" associated with it (S1905). Then, it appends the signed event information to the graph as a new node (traditional event node) (S1906). This registration process is carried out using a chain structure (blockchain structure) that incorporates the hash value of the previous node into the new node, making it mathematically impossible to alter or delete past history events.

[0139] In this way, starting from an "immovable starting point" in the provenance route identifier, events throughout the entire lifecycle of the target asset are irreversibly accumulated in the appendable provenance graph, accompanied by the legitimacy of the authorized entity and chronological order. Even if fraud or deception occurs during the distribution process, a third party cannot retrospectively alter this continuous chain of events (graph structure) to make it consistent, thus achieving extremely robust traceability.

[0140] 4-2. Multilayer Data Verification by AI (Verifier Structure) Figure 20 is a block diagram of authenticity verification using AI. The information processing system 1 according to this embodiment has a function to verify the authenticity of the target asset. The information processing system 1 is equipped with verification means. The verification means is implemented by an AI module that works in conjunction with a server 10 or a smart contract 25. The verification means includes a verification means (cryptographic verification means) that verifies the electronic signature attached to the identification information contained in the first identifier by the issuer's secret key, and an analysis means (logical verification means) that analyzes the logical consistency between the static attribute information contained in the first identifier and the logistics history, inspection data, or transaction history contained in the second identifier using an artificial intelligence module. Based on these verification results and analysis results, the verification means calculates a score indicating the authenticity or reliability of the target asset.

[0141] First, let's explain the input to the verification means. The verification means accepts input data related to the physical product to be verified. The input data is transmitted from the buyer terminal 60, the seller terminal 50, or the logistics company's terminal. The input data includes image data showing the current state of the physical product. The input data also includes logistics data showing the distribution history of the physical product. Furthermore, the input data includes data read from the provenance route identifier and child identifier. The verification means acquires this data for analysis. The verification means distributes the acquired data to cryptographic matching processing and AI logical integrity checking processing.

[0142] Next, we will explain the cryptographic verification process. The cryptographic verification process is a process that mathematically verifies whether or not data has been tampered with. The verification means generates a hash value from the input image data. The verification means compares the generated hash value with the hash value of the original image stored in the provenance root identifier. The verification means determines whether or not the two match. If they match, the verification means determines that the image data has not been altered from the original.

[0143] Furthermore, the verification means verifies the digital signature. The provenance root identifier contains signature data generated by the private key of the issuer (manufacturer). The verification means obtains the issuer's public key from the provenance root identifier. The verification means verifies the signature data using the obtained public key. This allows the verification means to confirm that the data was created by an issuer with legitimate authority. The verification means determines that the cryptographic verification was successful if the hash value matches and the authenticity of the signature is confirmed. The cryptographic verification process provides robust verification that leverages the characteristics of blockchain technology.

[0144] Next, we will explain AI logical consistency checking. AI logical consistency checking is a process that detects logical inconsistencies between multiple heterogeneous data. The verification means performs this process using an AI module. The AI ​​module analyzes both the static data stored in the origin root identifier and the dynamic data stored in the child identifier. The AI ​​module includes a machine learning model or a rule-based inference engine. The AI ​​module detects anomalies in the data based on learned patterns.

[0145] The AI ​​module, for example, determines the consistency between country of origin information and logistics history. The origin route identifier includes the country of origin information of the product. The child identifier includes the logistics history of the product. The logistics history includes information on the place of origin and transit points. The AI ​​module compares the country of origin information with the place of origin information. For example, if the country of origin is Italy, but the initial shipment originates from a third country with no manufacturing history, the AI ​​module determines that there is a discrepancy. This allows the AI ​​module to detect the possibility of mislabeling of origin or illegal circumvention of exports.

[0146] Furthermore, the AI ​​module determines the consistency between product attributes and inspection data. The provenance route identifier includes attribute information such as the weight or material of the product. The child identifier includes inspection data recorded during the distribution process. The inspection data includes the measured weight or inspection image. The AI ​​module compares the specified values ​​of the attribute information with the measured values ​​of the inspection data. If the discrepancy between the two exceeds a predetermined threshold, the AI ​​module determines that there is an abnormality. This allows the AI ​​module to detect substitution of contents or the inclusion of counterfeit goods. In addition, the AI ​​module may determine the consistency between the target asset and its components based on configuration relationship information. Specifically, it refers to configuration relationship information (such as BOM) linked to the ID of the target asset and verifies whether the IDs and manufacturing lot numbers of the main components actually incorporated were procured through a legitimate supply chain. This makes it possible to detect modified products in which unauthorized parts are incorporated into a legitimate casing.

[0147] Furthermore, the AI ​​module determines the consistency between the HS code and the product image or specifications. The provenance route identifier includes the HS code or its underlying data for tariff classification. The AI ​​module analyzes the product image or specification description using image recognition or natural language processing. The AI ​​module determines whether the product category estimated from the analysis results matches the registered HS code. This allows the AI ​​module to detect false tariff declarations or incorrect classifications.

[0148] Next, the output will be described. The verification means integrates the results of cryptographic matching and the AI ​​logical integrity check. Based on the integrated results, the verification means generates a confidence score. The confidence score is a numerical indicator of the authenticity of the product, the accuracy of the logistics route, and the reliability of the seller. The verification means outputs the generated confidence score. The verification means transmits data to the buyer terminal 60 to display the confidence score. By referring to this confidence score, the buyer Ub can conduct the transaction with confidence. The verification means also issues a warning if the confidence score falls below a predetermined standard. The verification means may also take measures such as temporarily suspending the transaction.

[0149] Through the Verifier structure described above, the information processing system 1 integrates, in a multi-layered manner, cryptographic verification of authentic specifications and origin using provenance root identifiers and logical consistency verification of logistics and transaction history using child identifiers. This realizes an authenticity verification platform that detects and eliminates sophisticated counterfeiting, such as appearance falsification, history falsification, origin falsification, and tariff fraud, which involve discrepancies between the physical entity and the digital twin (digital record), before the transaction is completed (Pre-Trade stage).

[0150] Next, the operation of smart tariff processing will be explained. Information processing system 1 utilizes the two-tier token structure shown in Figure 16 to automate tariff processing and the determination of the applicability of preferential treatment. Information processing system 1 is equipped with a tariff processing means. The tariff processing means is implemented by a smart contract 25 or server 10. The tariff processing means integrates and analyzes the country of manufacture and origin information recorded in the provenance route identifier and the country of processing, logistics history, and transaction context recorded in the child identifier, and automatically derives the optimal tariff rate applicable even in complex trade flows such as triangular trade. For example, even if the country of manufacture of the parts, the country of processing of the product, and the final import country are all different, the system cross-references international agreements and automatically determines whether double taxation avoidance is necessary and which agreement tariff rates and preferential tariff rates are applicable.

[0151] The customs processing system retrieves country of origin information and product attributes from the origin route identifier. Product attributes include information such as material or component ratio. The customs processing system also retrieves the export / import country combination, logistics route, and transaction amount from the child identifier. The logistics route includes information on transit countries. The customs processing system uses this information as parameters for customs duty calculation.

[0152] The customs processing instrument refers to the customs database 921. The customs processing instrument retrieves the application requirements of multilateral customs rules and EPAs (Economic Partnership Agreements) or FTAs ​​(Free Trade Agreements). The customs processing instrument determines whether the retrieved parameters meet the application requirements. For example, the customs processing instrument makes a determination based on rules of origin. Rules of origin include tariff classification change criteria and value-added criteria. The customs processing instrument calculates whether these criteria are met based on the product attributes of the provenance route identifier and the processing history of the child identifiers.

[0153] Furthermore, the customs processing system makes determinations based on the consignment criteria. In principle, in order to be eligible for an EPA or FTA, goods must be shipped directly from the country of origin to the importing country. However, transit through a third country for transshipment or other purposes may be permitted. The customs processing system integrates and analyzes multiple logistics evidence data, such as logistics history, location information, customs clearance records, and shipping documents, recorded in the sub-identifier, and automatically determines whether the transport route is substantially a continuous, integrated transport from the country of origin to the importing country, or whether it involves transshipment and temporary storage within an permitted scope, thus meeting the consignment criteria (direct transport requirements and permitted transit conditions).

[0154] The customs processing system determines the optimal tariff rate based on the assessment result. The optimal tariff rate is the lowest rate among the basic tariff rate, the agreed tariff rate, or the preferential tariff rate. The customs processing system outputs the determined tariff rate and the information supporting it. The customs processing system automatically generates the data necessary for customs declaration. This data includes the results of the consistency verification of the certificate of origin. In this way, information processing system 1 supports proper tax payment even in complex supply chains. Information processing system 1 prevents undervaluation and false declarations.

[0155] Finally, the implementation operation using Web2.5 will be described. The information processing system 1 according to this embodiment balances user convenience and security. The information processing system 1 adopts a "Web2.5 architecture" that integrates the operability of Web2.0 with the cryptographic security of Web3. This system is equipped with a custody-type wallet or account abstraction layer (Account Abstraction), allowing users (sellers or buyers) to securely issue identifiers, sign, verify, and perform blockchain transactions without directly managing private keys or seed phrases. This provides users with a UX equivalent to Web2 while maintaining cryptographic authenticity guarantees for NFT product identification codes in the background.

[0156] User login authentication is performed using Web 2.0 authentication infrastructure such as ID and password, biometric authentication, or OAuth authentication using existing social accounts. These authentication processes are executed in an application layer independent of the blockchain's private key management, and starting from the user session established after authentication, requests for identifier issuance and verification are securely connected to the blockchain process via the key abstraction layer or custody layer.

[0157] Upon receiving an operation from a user, the information processing system 1 creates a transaction on the blockchain on behalf of the user. The information processing system 1 signs the transaction using the key it manages. The information processing system 1 sends the signed transaction to the blockchain network 20. The smart contract 25 updates, references, or verifies the originating root identifier or child identifier according to the transaction.

[0158] This mechanism allows users to utilize the system's functions without being aware of the complex workings of blockchain. At the same time, the authenticity and tamper resistance of the data are reliably guaranteed by blockchain technology. Information processing system 1 provides an environment that combines the ease of use of Web 2.0 with the reliability of Web 3.0.

[0159] 4-3. Smart Tariff System In this embodiment, the above-described two-tier token structure is utilized to automate tariff processing and the determination of the applicability of preferential treatment. Here, preferential treatment includes EPAs (Economic Partnership Agreements), FTAs ​​(Free Trade Agreements), or GSPs (Generalized System of Preferences). Figure 21 is a flowchart of smart tariff processing. The tariff processing means (smart contract 25 or server 10) executes smart tariff processing according to the procedure shown in Figure 21. Each step in Figure 21 will be described in detail below.

[0160] In step S601, the customs processing means retrieves data from the origin route identifier. Specifically, the customs processing means reads out the country of origin information and product attributes from the information stored in the origin route identifier. Here, product attributes include information about the material, component ratio, or manufacturing process of the physical product. This information is static data that forms the basis for customs classification and determination of origin.

[0161] In step S602, the customs processing means retrieves data from the child identifier. Specifically, the customs processing means reads out the actual combination of exporting and importing countries, the logistics route, and the transaction amount from the information stored in the child identifier. Here, the logistics route includes information on transit countries. The combination of exporting and importing countries and the logistics route are dynamic data that changes with each transaction.

[0162] In step S603, the customs processing instrument refers to the customs database 921 or an external customs platform. The customs processing instrument retrieves multilateral customs rules from the reference. The customs processing instrument also retrieves the applicable requirements of the EPA or FTA from the reference. The applicable requirements include rules of origin or consignment criteria which differ for each agreement. The customs processing instrument identifies the rules and requirements related to the data obtained from the origin route identifier and child identifier.

[0163] In step S604, the customs processing device automatically determines whether the acquired data meets the applicable requirements. First, the customs processing device determines whether the rules of origin are met. Rules of origin include tariff classification change criteria and value-added criteria. The customs processing device calculates compliance with these criteria based on the product attributes of the provenance route identifier and the processing history of the child identifier. Next, the customs processing device determines whether the consignment criteria are met. Consignment criteria include, for example, direct shipping requirements. The customs processing device analyzes the logistics history and GPS logs of the child identifier. The customs processing device determines whether the transport route conforms to the consignment criteria.

[0164] The information processing system 1 according to this embodiment can handle complex trade flows such as triangular trade. For example, if the country of manufacture of a component (information in the first identification data structure), the country of processing of a product (history in the second identification data structure), and the final importing country are different, the customs processing means will refer to the agreements and tax rules between each country / region (e.g., the application requirements of customs regulations, EPAs, FTAs, or GSPs) in a multi-layered manner. As a result, the customs processing means can not only perform simple bilateral tariff calculations, but can also automatically determine whether the optimal preferential tariff rate is applicable and generate declaration data to avoid double taxation.

[0165] If the data is determined to meet the application requirements and the "confidence score" obtained by the verification means described above meets the predetermined criteria (step S604: YES), the customs processing means proceeds to step S605. On the other hand, if the data is determined not to meet the application requirements (step S604: NO), the customs processing means decides to exclude the application of preferential tariffs, etc., and apply the basic tariffs, etc. (not shown in the diagram). After that, the customs processing means proceeds to step S605.

[0166] In step S605, the customs processing system determines the optimal tariff rate. The optimal tariff rate is the lowest of the basic tariff rate, the agreed tariff rate, or the preferential tariff rate. Based on the determination result, the customs processing system identifies the applicable tariff rates. The customs processing system selects the optimal tariff rate from the identified rates. Furthermore, the customs processing system automatically generates the data necessary for customs declaration. This data includes the results of the consistency verification of the certificate of origin. The customs processing system outputs the generated data.

[0167] Through the above processing, Information Processing System 1 derives appropriate tariff rates even in complex supply chains. For example, consider a case where parts are manufactured in China (Series information), processed in Japan (Individual processing history), and exported to the United States (Individual logistics history). Even in such triangular trade, the tariff processing system automatically determines whether measures to avoid double taxation are necessary and the applicable tariff rate. Information Processing System 1 achieves the proper and efficient processing of tariffs.

[0168] 4-4. Implementation using Web 2.5 (Custody-type operation) The information processing system 1 according to this embodiment employs a hybrid architecture to accelerate the social implementation of blockchain technology. This is called Web 2.5 implementation. In conventional Web 3.0 applications, so-called DApps (Decentralized Applications), it was common for users to manage their own private keys. However, managing private keys is cumbersome. Furthermore, the loss of a private key means the permanent loss of assets. Such risks have been a high barrier to entry for the average consumer. Therefore, the information processing system 1 provides a mechanism that does not require users (sellers Us and buyers Ub) to directly manage the private keys of the blockchain. Specifically, the information processing system 1 includes a custody-type wallet or a private key abstraction layer. The information processing system 1 generates, updates, and verifies a first identifier or a second identifier via this custody-type wallet, etc.

[0169] This section describes a custodial wallet. A custodial wallet is a system in which a server 10 or a trusted third-party management server holds and manages the user's private key. Server 10 has storage with advanced security measures. This storage is built using, for example, HSM (Hardware Security Module) or MPC (Multi-Party Computation) technology. Server 10 securely stores the blockchain address assigned to each user and its corresponding private key, linked to the user ID. The user themselves will never see their own private key. Furthermore, the user does not need to prepare a physical device or software wallet to store their private key.

[0170] This section describes the private key abstraction layer. This is achieved, for example, by a technique called Account Abstraction. In Account Abstraction, a user's account is implemented as a smart contract rather than an Externally Owned Account (EOA). This makes the transaction approval logic programmable. For example, it becomes possible to implement multi-signature approval, setting a daily transfer limit, or implementing social recovery functionality. By using this technology, Information Processing System 1 separates the responsibility for managing private keys from the user. At the same time, Information Processing System 1 achieves flexible and secure account management.

[0171] Next, the user authentication process will be described. Users log in to the system using the seller terminal 50 or the buyer terminal 60. At this time, users use authentication methods similar to those used on typical e-commerce sites and social networking services (such as Instagram). The authentication method may be, for example, authentication using an ID and password. Alternatively, the authentication method may be biometric authentication such as fingerprint authentication or facial recognition. Or, OAuth authentication using an existing social account may be used. These authentications are performed in the conventional Web 2.0 layer, independent of the blockchain. Once the server 10 confirms that this authentication was successful, it establishes a session with the user.

[0172] Next, we will explain the transaction execution process. We will consider a scenario where actions are performed on the system, such as registering, purchasing, and verifying products. The user operates the GUI on the terminal to instruct the action. The terminal sends this instruction to server 10 or relay server 30 in the form of an HTTP request or similar. At this point, the transaction has not yet been signed onto the blockchain.

[0173] The server 10 or relay server 30 that receives the instruction verifies the user's legitimacy. If verification is successful, the server generates a transaction on behalf of the user. The server 10 then signs the transaction using the user's private key or the system-wide management private key that it has stored. The signed transaction is broadcast to the blockchain network 20 via the relay server 30. The smart contract 25 is executed according to this transaction.

[0174] In this case, the payment of gas fees (transaction fees) can also be concealed from the user. By using the Paymaster function of account abstraction, the operator of Information Processing System 1 can pay the gas fees on behalf of the user. This eliminates the need for users to purchase crypto assets (such as Ethereum or Polygon) in advance and prepare them in their wallets. Users can use blockchain services using only fiat currency payments.

[0175] In this way, information processing system 1 can reduce the complexity inherent in blockchain. Users do not need specialized knowledge for managing private keys, storing seed phrases, signing transactions, or calculating gas fees. The user experience (UX) is the same as that of existing, user-friendly Web 2.0 services.

[0176] On the other hand, data verification is carried out using Web 3.0 technology. Product registration information, transaction history, and proof of authenticity are all recorded on an immutable blockchain. Even if a failure occurs in the database of Information Processing System 1, the validity of the data can be proven by referring to the records on the blockchain. In addition, since the product identification code issued as an NFT is verifiable on the public chain, it has objective proof-of-fact value that does not depend on the system operator.

[0177] As described above, this embodiment achieves both the excellent usability of Web 2.0 and the authenticity and tamper resistance of Web 3.0. This is a practical and powerful solution for popularizing blockchain technology not only among a select group of enthusiasts but also among the general public. With this Web 2.5 environment, the information processing system 1 provides a new, highly reliable e-commerce infrastructure without significantly altering existing business practices.

[0178] Figure 22 is a block diagram showing a collaborative configuration (API provision unit 70) that provides various functions based on the history route identifier, appendable history graph, and verification unit (Verifier) ​​of the information processing system 1 according to this embodiment to external third parties as an "Application Programming Interface (API)". This configuration is intended to extend the present invention beyond a closed system of a single business operator to a trust infrastructure for society as a whole.

[0179] The API provider unit 70 securely allows the information processing system 1 to use its internal data and verification logic in response to requests from the external linkage system 80. Specifically, it provides the "Provenance Reference API 71" to external logistics management systems 81 and audit / verification systems 82, which allow them to access the provenance information of target assets in a way that guarantees authenticity. This enables logistics operators to verify and add the legitimate provenance of packages without having to operate their own blockchain nodes.

[0180] Furthermore, the "Authenticity Verification API 72" performs cryptographic and logical integrity verification of System 1 based on the identification information of the target asset transmitted from an external source, and returns its "Authenticity Score (Confidence Level)". This enables, for example, the insurance system 83 to automate risk assessment, such as underwriting property insurance only for genuine items with a low risk of counterfeiting. In addition, the financial and settlement system 84 can refer to this authenticity evaluation result to execute asset-based lending (ABL), securitization, or tokenization transactions using the target asset (RWA: Real World Assets) as collateral under high legal stability. Although an example of verifying the identity of the target asset using the hash value of an image has been described here, the data used for identity verification is not limited to information obtained from an image; any data structure that indicates the identity of the target asset may be used.

[0181] Furthermore, the "Tariff and Regulation Determination API 73" works in conjunction with regulatory authorities or the customs clearance system 85 to automatically provide the applicable tariff rate for the target asset, eligibility for preferential treatment, or compliance determination results with specific regulations (e.g., restrictions on mineral imports from specific regions or environmental impact standards). This enables paperless customs procedures and significantly improves the efficiency of compliance audits by regulatory authorities.

[0182] Thus, this information processing system 1 establishes a robust internal foundation through the separation of data roles using an asymmetric hierarchical structure and two-layer verification using cryptography and logic, and then distributes the fruits of that trust to the external ecosystem via APIs. This enables diverse stakeholders such as distribution, auditing, insurance, finance, and regulatory compliance to handle target assets while maintaining their own independent systems, by sharing the "same authenticity foundation" and ensuring interoperability.

[0183] The manner in which these API provision units 70 provide functionality is not limited to these. For example, it may be provided through a pay-as-you-go system (SaaS model) based on the number of API uses or the amount of data referenced, or through a token gating system that grants access rights only to businesses that hold specific tokens. As a result, the information processing system 1 can create an economic sphere (API Economy) that not only functions as a data management system but also monetizes the authenticity verification capability itself as a service.

[0184] 5. Other product manufacturers can store even a single item of their goods in bonded warehouses around the world. One of the advantages of storing goods in bonded warehouses is the reduction of effective international shipping costs. Product manufacturers can store even a single item of their goods in bonded warehouses in the countries where they intend to sell their products. This system optimizes international logistics and customs processing by combining a distributed inventory model that stores individual items in bonded warehouses around the world with authenticity and logistics history management using parent and child identifiers. When an individual buyer directly imports goods from a bonded warehouse abroad, the system uses the country of origin information registered in the parent identifier and the actual country of shipment, logistics route, and customs clearance information recorded in the child identifier to automatically determine the applicability of preferential treatment for customs duties and consumption taxes (de minimis rule, etc.) for personal imports in each country using smart customs logic, and presents the appropriate tax rate and declaration basis. In addition, when an individual buyer imports goods, since the importer of the goods in the bonded warehouse (overseas) is an individual, there is the advantage that they may be able to receive preferential treatment for customs duties, etc. for personal imports as stipulated in each country. Furthermore, the benefits of preferential tariff treatment for personal imports are not limited to goods stored in bonded warehouses. This is based solely on the causal relationship between the country of origin and the importing country.

[0185] 6. Modifications The present invention is not limited to the embodiments described above, and various modifications are possible. Several modifications are described below. Two or more of the modifications described below may be used in combination.

[0186] Information processing system 1 may create an API (Application Programming Interface) for at least a portion of the functions of the marketplace 200, provenance management, verification, or tariff determination function and grant usage rights to others. That is, information processing system 1 provides at least a portion of the provenance management API, verification API, and tariff determination API. The operator of information processing system 1 can obtain fees from others for the usage rights of the API.

[0187] The blockchain network 20 is not limited to a private blockchain. A public blockchain may be used as the blockchain network 20. Furthermore, the method for registering or storing NFT metadata is not limited to IPFS. The metadata may be stored in any kind of decentralized storage platform based on blockchain technology, on-chain storage, or conventional servers.

[0188] In the embodiments described above, an example was explained in which the hash value of the product image is used as the identification information for the product image. However, the identification information for the product image is not limited to the hash value, and other uniquely assigned identification information may be used. In both cases, whether or not a hash value is used, the identification information for the product image may be written to the image data as metadata for the image data.

[0189] In the above embodiment, the manufacturer Um or a party commissioned by the manufacturer registered the product information, but the registration of product information may also be performed by other users such as seller Us. However, in a system where anyone can register product information, it may be difficult to guarantee the authenticity of the product or product information. Therefore, from the standpoint of conducting e-commerce safely, it is preferable to restrict to some extent the users who can register product information.

[0190] In Information Processing System 1, the methods by which Seller Us sells physical goods are not limited to purchasing and selling, agency sales, and affiliate marketing. Information Processing System 1 may also adopt other sales methods if they are available.

[0191] The specific data, database, UI, smart contract, and processing flow described in the embodiments above are merely examples. At least some of this data may be modified. For example, the processing described in the embodiments may be performed by a program or batch processing executed on a centralized server, rather than by blockchain and smart contracts.

[0192] Furthermore, matters described as "physical goods" in this specification may be applied by substituting them with "digital assets" or "electronic data," provided that this does not contradict their nature. For example, "delivery" of physical goods can be interpreted as "transmission" or "granting of access rights" of digital assets, "inventory" as "number of licenses" or "maximum number of issues," and "inspection" as "data integrity check" or "virus scan."

[0193] The analysis processing described in the embodiment as being performed using an artificial intelligence module may be performed by an analysis module that performs statistical analysis or rule-based processing instead of or in addition to artificial intelligence (e.g., a machine learning model).

[0194] In the embodiments described, the NFT may be replaced with any digital data structure whose authenticity can be proven using any cryptographic technique, such as an SBT (Soulbound Token) or Verifiable Credentials (hereinafter referred to as a "digital proof object").

[0195] The hardware configuration of the information processing system 1 is not limited to those illustrated in the embodiment. The information processing system 1 may have any hardware configuration as long as it can realize the required functions.

[0196] The functional configuration of the information processing system 1 is not limited to those exemplified in the embodiments. Some of the functions described in the embodiments may be omitted. Alternatively, functions other than those described in the embodiments may be added.

[0197] Furthermore, the correspondence between functional elements and hardware elements is not limited to those exemplified in the embodiments. The required functions may be implemented on any hardware.

[0198] The various programs executed by the processor 101, etc., may be provided by downloading them via a network such as the Internet, or they may be provided recorded on a computer-readable non-temporary recording medium such as a DVD-ROM.

[0199] 7. Note: This disclosure includes the following forms: (Note 1) An information processing system comprising: a first receiving means that receives product information indicating the attributes of a physical product and instructions to register the physical product to a marketplace from a business terminal which is the terminal of a business operator that manufactures or transfers a physical product; a writing means that, in response to the registration instructions, writes a) product identification information that individually identifies the physical product, and b) storage location information indicating the storage location of the product information or the storage location of the product information to a distributed ledger network having a smart contract related to the electronic commerce of the physical product; a second receiving means that receives instructions to post information for posting on a product sales page which concerns the physical product and includes the product identification information generated in connection with the generation of an NFT (Non-Fungible Token) related to the physical product from a seller terminal which is the terminal of a seller that sells the physical product; an activation means that activates the smart contract when a predetermined operation is performed on the product identification information of the physical product on the page from a buyer terminal which is the terminal of a buyer that intends to purchase the physical product; and an output means that outputs data to display information related to the delivery of the physical product to the buyer on the buyer terminal in response to the processing of the smart contract. (Note 2) The information processing system according to Note 1, wherein the product information includes an original image of the physical product, and the writing means writes the identification information of the original image to the distributed ledger network. (Note 3) The information processing system according to Note 2, wherein the product identification information includes an image of the physical product, and when the predetermined operation is performed on the image posted as information for publication on the page, the activation means activates the smart contract according to the result of matching the identification information of the image posted as information for publication with the identification information of the original image. (Note 4) The information processing system according to Note 3, which performs processing to stop publication or delete the page if the matching result indicates that the identification information of the image posted as information for publication on the page does not match the identification information of the original image. (Note 5) The information processing system according to Note 2, wherein the identification information is a hash.(Note 6) The information processing system according to Note 1, wherein the product identification information includes an image of the physical product, and the predetermined operation is an operation to display a page containing the image on the buyer terminal. (Note 7) The information processing system according to Note 1, wherein the product information includes information regarding the tax on the physical product, and the smart contract includes a process for extracting the information regarding the tax on the physical product from the product information, and the output means outputs data that displays the information regarding the tax as information relating to delivery. (Note 8) The information processing system according to Note 7, wherein the information regarding the tax includes information regarding customs duties, and the smart contract includes a process for extracting information regarding customs duties relating to the export and import of the physical product between the country to which the country of origin or export country belongs and the import country of the physical product, and the output means outputs data that displays the information regarding customs duties as information relating to delivery. (Note 9) The information processing system according to Note 1, wherein the product information includes information relating to the price of the physical product, the smart contract includes a process for extracting information relating to the price of the physical product from the product information, and the output means outputs to the seller information relating to the profit obtained from the sale of the physical product. (Note 10) The information processing system according to Note 1, wherein the output means outputs data for displaying the product information of the physical product on the buyer terminal.(Note 11) Steps of the information processing system receiving product information indicating the attributes of a physical product and an instruction to register the physical product to a marketplace from a business terminal which is the terminal of a business operator involved in the manufacture or transfer of a physical product; Steps of the information processing system writing a) product identification information that individually identifies the physical product, and b) storage location information indicating the storage location of the product information or the product information, to a distributed ledger network having a smart contract relating to the electronic commerce of the physical product in response to the registration instruction; Steps of the information processing system receiving a listing instruction from a seller terminal which is the terminal of a seller who sells the physical product, to post listing information on a product sales page which includes information about the physical product and the product identification information generated in connection with the generation of an NFT (Non-Fungible Token) relating to the physical product; Steps of the information processing system activating the smart contract when a predetermined operation is performed on the product identification information of the physical product on the page from a buyer terminal which is the terminal of a buyer who intends to purchase the physical product. An information processing method comprising the step of outputting data to display information relating to the delivery of the physical goods to the buyer on the buyer's terminal in response to the processing of the smart contract. (Note 12) An information processing system for managing the authenticity of target information including physical goods, digital assets, or electronic data, comprising: a management means for recording in a distributed ledger network or distributed storage a parent identifier (SeriesTokenID) that stores static data including the attributes, country of origin, and hash value of the target information, and a child identifier (IndividualTokenID) that stores variable dynamic data including logistics history, inspection data, or transaction history that occurs for each transaction of the target information, in association with each other; and a verification means for reading the static data stored in the parent identifier and the dynamic data stored in the child identifier, analyzing the consistency between these multiple heterogeneous data using an analysis module, and calculating a score indicating the authenticity or reliability of the target information.(Note 13) The information processing system according to Note 12, characterized in that the verification means executes a combination of a cryptographic matching process that verifies an electronic signature signed with the issuer's private key against a hash value generated from the target information, and a logical matching process that detects logical inconsistencies between the product attributes and country of origin information of the parent identifier and the logistics history and inspection data of the child identifier using the AI ​​module. (Note 14) The information processing system according to Note 12, further comprising a customs processing means that automatically determines the appropriateness of applicable customs duties or preferential treatment by referring to multilateral customs rules and preferential treatment conditions (EPA / FTA / GSP) based on the country of origin information and product attributes held in the parent identifier and the export / import combination, logistics route, and preferential treatment certification data held in the child identifier. (Note 15) The information processing system according to Note 12, further comprising a classification means that analyzes the variability of data related to the input target information and automatically classifies and registers immutable data to the parent identifier and variable data to the child identifier. (Note 16) The information processing system according to Note 12, characterized in that the parent identifier and the child identifier are managed by a custody-type wallet or private key abstraction layer that does not require the user to directly manage the private key, and the verification process by the verification means is automatically executed by a smart contract or server-side logic in response to user operations.

[0200] 1... Information processing system, 10... Server, 11... Storage means, 12... Reception means, 13... Writing means, 14... Reception means, 15... Activation means, 16... Output means, 19... Control means, 20... Blockchain network, 25... Smart contract, 30... Relay server, 40... Manufacturer terminal, 50... Seller terminal, 60... Buyer terminal, 70... EC engine, 80... Payment gateway, 101... Processor, 102... Memory, 103... Storage, 104... Communication device, 200... Marketplace, 210... Showroom, 220... Shop, 300... Internet media, 310... Social media, 320... Homepage, 901... Product database, 911... Action database, 921... Customs database

Claims

1. An information processing system comprising: a first generation means for generating a first identifier indicating attribute information determined at the time of establishment of a target asset including physical goods, digital assets, or electronic data, and identification information of data representing said target asset; a second generation means for generating a second identifier indicating historical information indicating a transaction, movement, inspection, or transfer of rights of said target asset; and a recording means for recording the first identifier and the second identifier in a logically associated state in a distributed ledger network in accordance with a transaction, movement, inspection, or transfer of rights of said target asset.

2. The information processing system according to claim 1, wherein the association between the first identifier and the second identifier is achieved by at least one of a reference to a common identity anchor, a cross-reference of hash values, or an inter-node link in a history graph.

3. The information processing system according to claim 1, wherein the second identifier is configured as a non-transferable identifier that does not have a financial value transfer function independent of the first identifier, and functions as a logical anchor that guarantees the individual identity and provenance continuity of the target asset.

4. The information processing system according to claim 3, wherein the history information indicating the history continuity is updated by appending without changing existing records, and each record is maintained as an appendable history graph that references the identity anchor or the previous record.

5. The information processing system according to claim 1, comprising: verification means for verifying an electronic signature attached to the identification information contained in the first identifier using the issuer's private key; analysis means for analyzing the logical consistency between static attribute information contained in the first identifier and the logistics history, inspection data, or transaction history contained in the second identifier using an analysis module; and verification means for calculating a score indicating the authenticity or reliability of the target asset based on the verification results by the verification means and the analysis results by the analysis means.

6. The information processing system according to claim 5, wherein the verification means verifies the electronic signature based on image features, component identifiers, sensor measurements, electronically signed document information, configuration relationship information, or a combination thereof.

7. The information processing system according to claim 1, wherein the first identifier includes origin information and product attributes as attribute information, the second identifier includes transportation route, processing history and certificate information of the subject asset, and the system has a customs processing means for determining applicable customs rates and the eligibility of preferential treatment by referring to tax or regulatory requirements between multiple countries based on the origin information and product attributes of the subject asset, as well as the transportation route, processing history and certificate information.

8. The information processing system according to claim 1, further comprising a classification means for analyzing the variability of input data relating to the target assets and classifying constant data to the first identifier and variable data to the second identifier.

9. The information processing system according to claim 1, which generates, updates, and verifies the first identifier or the second identifier via a custody-type wallet.

10. The information processing system according to claim 1, wherein the first identifier and the second identifier are configured as non-transferable NFTs or digital certificate objects not intended for value transfer, and function as a digital certificate infrastructure for authenticity verification and provenance tracking.

11. The information processing system according to claim 1, which provides at least a part of the provenance management, verification, or tariff determination function to an external system as an API.

12. A computer-implemented method comprising: generating a first identifier indicating attribute information determined at the time of establishment of a subject asset, including physical goods, digital assets, or electronic data, and identifying information of data representing said subject asset; generating a second identifier indicating historical information indicating a transaction, movement, inspection, or transfer of rights of said subject asset; and recording the first identifier and the second identifier in a logically associated manner in a distributed ledger network in accordance with a transaction, movement, inspection, or transfer of rights of said subject asset.

13. A program for causing a computer system to perform the method described in claim 9.

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