A shared key establishment method in a quantum computing environment

Abstract

This invention discloses a shared key establishment method in a quantum computing environment, relating to the field of shared key establishment technology. The method includes obtaining the cost of each quantum state, generating random numbers using a quantum random number generator, statistically analyzing the average length and number of random numbers generated per unit time for different quantum states, preparing corresponding quantum state keys based on the encoded random numbers, and recording the average preparation time for different quantum state keys; calculating the error rate of different quantum states; calculating a first key establishment evaluation coefficient based on the average length and number of random numbers generated per unit time; calculating a second key establishment evaluation coefficient based on the average preparation time and error rate; and calculating a comprehensive evaluation index for each quantum state based on the first key establishment evaluation coefficient, the second key establishment evaluation coefficient, and the cost of each quantum state to determine the key establishment quantum state. This method can adapt to different application scenarios and needs.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of shared key establishment technology, specifically a shared key establishment method in a quantum computing environment. Background Technology

[0002] With the rapid development of information technology, traditional encryption algorithms face increasingly severe challenges in ensuring information security. Quantum computing, with its computing power surpassing that of classical computers, poses a potential threat to traditional encryption algorithms based on mathematical problems such as large number factorization and discrete logarithms. Therefore, exploring key establishment methods that can maintain security in a quantum computing environment has become a research hotspot in the field of information security. Traditional key establishment methods, such as the Diffie-Hellman key exchange protocol, rely on the intractability of mathematical problems such as large number factorization and discrete logarithms. However, Shor's algorithm in quantum computing can efficiently factor large prime numbers in polynomial time, thereby breaking encryption algorithms based on large number factorization. Similarly, quantum algorithms can also accelerate the solution of the discrete logarithm problem, making traditional key exchange protocols insecure in a quantum computing environment. To address the challenges of quantum computing, quantum cryptography has emerged. Quantum cryptography utilizes the fundamental principles of quantum mechanics, such as the no-cloning property of quantum states and the uncertainty principle, to design a series of novel key establishment methods. Among them, quantum key distribution (QKD) is an important means to achieve unconditionally secure key establishment. Quantum key distribution transmits quantum states through quantum channels, using the principles of quantum mechanics to ensure that eavesdropping will inevitably be detected, thus guaranteeing the security of the keys.

[0003] Chinese invention application CN115134163A discloses a cross-domain key management system, a cross-domain key establishment method, device, and storage medium, including a blockchain network subsystem and at least two target domain subsystems. A cloud server is used to initialize its public key, private key, and system parameters, and to generate the private key and public key information of at least one node in the target domain subsystem. The cloud server and at least one node's registration transaction data are then sent to the blockchain network subsystem. The blockchain network subsystem verifies the registration transaction data upon receipt and saves the data if verification is successful. This solution addresses the slow authentication and key establishment speed between two devices from different domains and improves the speed of cross-domain key establishment.

[0004] The inventions mentioned above address the problem of slow authentication and key establishment between two devices from different fields. However, if security measures are inadequate, the risk of key leakage may increase, making the device more susceptible to man-in-the-middle attacks. Attackers may intercept or tamper with information during communication between devices.

[0005] Therefore, the present invention provides a method for establishing a shared key in a quantum computing environment. Summary of the Invention

[0006] (a) Technical problems to be solved

[0007] To address the shortcomings of existing technologies, this invention provides a shared key establishment method in a quantum computing environment. This invention obtains the cost Cb for each quantum state. i Random numbers are generated using a quantum random number generator, and the average length Cd of random numbers from different quantum states is calculated. i and the number generated per unit time Sl i The corresponding quantum state key is prepared based on the encoded random number, and the average preparation time Zs for different quantum state keys is recorded. i ; Calculate the error rate Cw for different quantum states i Based on the average length Cd of the random numbers i and the number generated per unit time Sl i Calculate the first key to establish the evaluation coefficient Dp i Based on the average preparation time Zs i and error rate Cw i Calculate the second key to establish the evaluation coefficient Ep i And establish the evaluation coefficient Dp based on the first key. i The second key establishes the evaluation coefficient Ep i and the cost Cb for each quantum state i Calculate the comprehensive evaluation index zp for each quantum state i Determining the key to establish the quantum state can provide strong support for the optimization of the QKD system. Based on the evaluation results, the system administrator can flexibly adjust the random number generation strategy, quantum state preparation scheme and key distribution strategy to adapt to different application scenarios and needs, thereby solving the technical problems described in the background art.

[0008] (II) Technical Solution

[0009] To achieve the above objectives, the present invention provides a shared key establishment method in a quantum computing environment, comprising the following steps:

[0010] The cost Cb to acquire each quantum state i Random numbers are generated using a quantum random number generator, and the average length Cd of random numbers from different quantum states is calculated. i and the number generated per unit time Sl i The corresponding quantum state key is prepared based on the encoded random number, and the average preparation time Zs for different quantum state keys is recorded. i ;

[0011] A sends a quantum state key to B via a quantum channel. A and B each randomly select a measurement basis to measure a portion of the quantum state key, compare the publicly available measurement results, and calculate the error rate Cw for different quantum states. i ;

[0012] Based on the average length of the random number Cd i and the number generated per unit time Sl i Calculate the first key to establish the evaluation coefficient Dp i Based on the average preparation time Zs i and error rate Cw i Calculate the second key to establish the evaluation coefficient Ep i And establish evaluation coefficients Dp based on the first key. i The second key establishes the evaluation coefficient Ep i and the cost Cb for each quantum state i Calculate the comprehensive evaluation index zp for each quantum state i The key is determined to establish the quantum state.

[0013] Furthermore, identify the communicating parties A and B, as well as the quantum communication and classical communication devices they use. Prepare multiple compliant quantum states according to the adopted protocol. Inquire about the equipment and conditions required for different quantum state preparation techniques, obtain the costs of different quantum state devices and the costs of system integration and maintenance, and record these costs as Cb for each quantum state. i .

[0014] A quantum state is a mathematical representation of a quantum system in different states. It can be the state of a particle, a group of particles, or even the entire universe. A quantum state contains all the information about the system; knowing the quantum state allows us to determine the results of any measurements taken of the system.

[0015] Furthermore, a quantum random number generator is used to generate random numbers, and the generated random numbers are encoded into quantum states. The average length Cd of the random numbers from different quantum states is then calculated. i and the number generated per unit time Sl i .

[0016] A quantum random number generator (QRNG) is a random number generation device based on the principles of quantum mechanics. Unlike traditional pseudo-random number generators (PRNGs), QRNGs utilize the randomness of quantum mechanics to generate truly random numbers. These random numbers are unpredictable, unreproducible, and highly secure, making them significant in applications requiring highly secure random numbers.

[0017] Polarization encoding: In quantum key distribution protocols such as BB84, random numbers are used to select the polarization direction of a quantum state. For example, horizontal and vertical polarization can represent bits 0 and 1, while 45° and -45° polarization can also serve as another set of basis vectors. Alice selects the polarization direction based on the random numbers and prepares the corresponding quantum state.

[0018] Phase encoding: In the phase-encoded QKD protocol, random numbers are used to modulate the phase of photons. By changing the phase of photons, different quantum states can be prepared.

[0019] Amplitude coding: Amplitude modulation is also a possible coding method, which represents different information by changing the amplitude of photons.

[0020] Furthermore, based on the encoded random numbers, corresponding quantum state keys are prepared using a quantum light source and modulation device, and the average preparation time Zs for different quantum state keys is recorded. i .

[0021] Furthermore, A sends the quantum state key to B through a quantum channel. After receiving the quantum state, B uses the agreed measurement basis to measure the quantum state key and records the measurement result.

[0022] Furthermore, A and B each randomly select a measurement basis to measure a portion of the quantum state key, and publicly disclose their selection of measurement basis and the corresponding measurement results through a classical channel. By comparing the publicly disclosed measurement results, the error rate Cw for different quantum states is calculated. i .

[0023] Error rate refers to the proportion of inconsistent measurements out of all compared results. For example, if Alice and Bob compared 100 measurements under the same baseline, and 5 of them were inconsistent, then the error rate is 5%.

[0024] Furthermore, obtain the average length Cd of the random numbers. i and the number generated per unit time Sl i Calculate the first key to establish the evaluation coefficient Dp i :

[0025]

[0026] in, The average length of all random numbers is Cd. i The mean, Generate a quantity Sl for all units of time i The mean.

[0027] Furthermore, the average preparation time Zs was obtained. i and error rate Cw iCalculate the second key to establish the evaluation coefficient Ep i :

[0028]

[0029] in, For all average preparation times Zs i The mean, For all error rates Cw i The mean.

[0030] Furthermore, the first key is obtained to establish the evaluation coefficients Dp. i The second key establishes the evaluation coefficient Ep i Combining the cost Cb of each quantum state i Calculate the comprehensive evaluation index zp for each quantum state. i :

[0031]

[0032] Where i represents the sequential number of each quantum state that meets the requirements, i = 1, 2, ..., y.

[0033] Furthermore, the comprehensive evaluation index zp for each quantum state is... i After sorting from largest to smallest, select the quantum state comprehensive evaluation index zp with the largest ranking. i The corresponding quantum state is the quantum state established by the key.

[0034] (III) Beneficial Effects

[0035] This invention provides a shared key establishment method in a quantum computing environment, which has the following beneficial effects:

[0036] 1. The cost Cb to acquire each quantum state i Random numbers were generated using a quantum random number generator (QRNG), and the average length Cd of random numbers from different quantum states was statistically analyzed. i and the number generated per unit time Sl i The corresponding quantum state key is prepared based on the encoded random number, and the average preparation time Zs for different quantum state keys is recorded. i This can help make more economical and reasonable decisions when selecting quantum states, thereby avoiding resource waste and maximizing cost-effectiveness. Recording the average preparation time of different quantum states helps to analyze the bottlenecks and optimization points in the preparation process of different quantum states, thereby improving the overall efficiency of quantum state preparation.

[0037] 2. A sends a quantum state key to B via a quantum channel. A and B each randomly select a measurement basis to measure a portion of the quantum state key. They then compare the measured results with publicly available data and calculate the error rate Cw for different quantum states.i It has significant benefits in the quantum key distribution process, including security detection, key screening and purification, performance evaluation and optimization, and enhanced trust and interoperability.

[0038] 3. Based on the average length Cd of the random numbers i and the number generated per unit time Sl i Calculate the first key to establish the evaluation coefficient Dp i Based on the average preparation time Zs i and error rate Cw i Calculate the second key to establish the evaluation coefficient Ep i And establish the evaluation coefficient Dp based on the first key. i The second key establishes the evaluation coefficient Ep i and the cost Cb for each quantum state i Calculate the comprehensive evaluation index zp for each quantum state i Determining the key to establish the quantum state can provide strong support for the optimization of the QKD system. Based on the evaluation results, the system administrator can flexibly adjust the random number generation strategy, quantum state preparation scheme and key distribution strategy to adapt to different application scenarios and needs. Attached Figure Description

[0039] Figure 1 This is a flowchart illustrating a shared key establishment method in a quantum computing environment according to the present invention. Detailed Implementation

[0040] The technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without creative effort are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0041] Please see Figure 1 This invention provides a method for establishing a shared key in a quantum computing environment, comprising the following steps:

[0042] Step 1: Obtain the cost Cb for each quantum state i Random numbers were generated using a quantum random number generator (QRNG), and the average length Cd of random numbers from different quantum states was statistically analyzed. i and the number generated per unit time Sl i The corresponding quantum state key is prepared based on the encoded random number, and the average preparation time Zs for different quantum state keys is recorded. i .

[0043] Step one includes the following:

[0044] Step 101: Determine the communicating parties A and B, and the quantum communication equipment and classical communication equipment they use. Prepare multiple compliant quantum states according to the adopted protocol. These quantum states can be entangled (e.g., Bell states) or non-entangled states. Research the equipment and conditions required for different quantum state preparation techniques, obtain the costs of different quantum state equipment and the costs of system integration and maintenance, and record this information as the cost Cb for each quantum state. i .

[0045] A quantum state is a mathematical representation of a quantum system in different states. It can be the state of a particle, a group of particles, or even the entire universe. A quantum state contains all the information about the system; knowing the quantum state allows us to determine the results of any measurements taken of the system.

[0046] Step 102: Generate random numbers using a quantum random number generator (QRNG) and encode the generated random numbers into quantum states. Calculate the average length Cd of the random numbers from different quantum states. i and the number generated per unit time Sl i .

[0047] A quantum random number generator (QRNG) is a random number generation device based on the principles of quantum mechanics. Unlike traditional pseudo-random number generators (PRNGs), QRNGs utilize the randomness of quantum mechanics to generate truly random numbers. These random numbers are unpredictable, unreproducible, and highly secure, making them significant in applications requiring highly secure random numbers.

[0048] Polarization encoding: In quantum key distribution protocols such as BB84, random numbers are used to select the polarization direction of a quantum state. For example, horizontal and vertical polarization can represent bits 0 and 1, while 45° and -45° polarization can also serve as another set of basis vectors. Alice selects the polarization direction based on the random numbers and prepares the corresponding quantum state.

[0049] Phase encoding: In the phase-encoded QKD protocol, random numbers are used to modulate the phase of photons. By changing the phase of photons, different quantum states can be prepared.

[0050] Amplitude coding: Amplitude modulation is also a possible coding method, which represents different information by changing the amplitude of photons.

[0051] Step 103: Based on the encoded random number, prepare the corresponding quantum state key using a quantum light source and modulation device, such as a phase modulator or amplitude modulator, and record the average preparation time Zs for different quantum state keys. i .

[0052] When using it, refer to steps 101 to 103:

[0053] The cost Cd to acquire each quantum state i Random numbers were generated using a quantum random number generator (QRNG), and the average length Cd of random numbers from different quantum states was statistically analyzed. i and the number generated per unit time Sl i The corresponding quantum state key is prepared based on the encoded random number, and the average preparation time Zs for different quantum state keys is recorded. i This can help make more economical and reasonable decisions when selecting quantum states, thereby avoiding resource waste and maximizing cost-effectiveness. Recording the average preparation time of different quantum states helps to analyze the bottlenecks and optimization points in the preparation process of different quantum states, thereby improving the overall efficiency of quantum state preparation.

[0054] Step 2: A sends the quantum state key to B via a quantum channel. A and B each randomly select a measurement basis to measure a portion of the quantum state key, compare the results with publicly available measurements, and calculate the error rate Cw for different quantum states. i .

[0055] Step two includes the following:

[0056] Step 201: A sends the quantum state key to B through the quantum channel. After receiving the quantum state, B uses the agreed measurement basis to measure the quantum state key and records the measurement result.

[0057] Step 202: A and B each randomly select a measurement basis to measure a portion of the quantum state keys, and publish their measurement basis selections and corresponding measurement results through a classical channel. Compare the published measurement results and calculate the error rate Cw for different quantum states. i .

[0058] Error rate refers to the proportion of inconsistent measurements out of all compared results. For example, if Alice and Bob compared 100 measurements under the same baseline, and 5 of them were inconsistent, then the error rate is 5%.

[0059] When using it, refer to steps 201 and 202:

[0060] A sends a quantum state key to B via a quantum channel. A and B each randomly select a measurement basis to measure a portion of the quantum state key, compare the publicly available measurement results, and calculate the error rate Cw for different quantum states. i It has significant benefits in the quantum key distribution process, including security detection, key screening and purification, performance evaluation and optimization, and enhanced trust and interoperability.

[0061] Step 3: Based on the average length Cd of the random numbers i and the number generated per unit time Sl i Calculate the first key to establish the evaluation coefficient Dp i Based on the average preparation time Zs i and error rate Cw i Calculate the second key to establish the evaluation coefficient Ep i And establish evaluation coefficients Dp based on the first key. i The second key establishes the evaluation coefficient Ep i and the cost Cb for each quantum state i Calculate the comprehensive evaluation index zp for each quantum state i The key is determined to establish the quantum state.

[0062] Step three includes the following:

[0063] Step 301: Obtain the average length Cd of the random numbers. i and the number generated per unit time Sl i Calculate the first key to establish the evaluation coefficient Dp i :

[0064]

[0065] in, The average length of all random numbers is Cd. i The mean, Generate a quantity Sl for all units of time i The mean.

[0066] Step 302: Obtain the average preparation time Zs i and error rate Cw i Calculate the second key to establish the evaluation coefficient Ep i :

[0067]

[0068] in, For all average preparation times Zs i The mean, For all error rates Cw i The mean.

[0069] Step 303: Obtain the first key and establish the evaluation coefficients Dp i The second key establishes the evaluation coefficient Ep i Combining the cost Cb of each quantum state i Calculate the comprehensive evaluation index zp for each quantum state. i :

[0070]

[0071] Where i represents the sequential number of each quantum state that meets the requirements, i = 1, 2, ..., y.

[0072] Step 304: Evaluate the comprehensive index zp for each quantum state. i After sorting from largest to smallest, select the quantum state comprehensive evaluation index zp with the largest ranking. i The corresponding quantum state is the quantum state established by the key.

[0073] When using this method, refer to steps 301 to 304:

[0074] Based on the average length of the random number Cd i and the number generated per unit time Sl i Calculate the first key to establish the evaluation coefficient Dp i Based on the average preparation time Zs i and error rate Cw i Calculate the second key to establish the evaluation coefficient Ep i And establish the evaluation coefficient Dp based on the first key. i The second key establishes the evaluation coefficient Ep i and the cost Cb for each quantum state i Calculate the comprehensive evaluation index zp for each quantum state i Determining the key to establish the quantum state can provide strong support for the optimization of the QKD system. Based on the evaluation results, the system administrator can flexibly adjust the random number generation strategy, quantum state preparation scheme and key distribution strategy to adapt to different application scenarios and needs.

[0075] The above embodiments can be implemented, in whole or in part, by software, hardware, firmware, or any other combination thereof. When implemented in software, the above embodiments can be implemented, in whole or in part, as a computer program product. Those skilled in the art will recognize that the units and algorithm steps of the various examples described in conjunction with the embodiments disclosed herein can be implemented in electronic hardware, or a combination of computer software and electronic hardware. Whether these functions are implemented in hardware or software depends on the specific application and design constraints of the technical solution.

[0076] The units described as separate components may or may not be physically separate. The components shown as units may or may not be physical units; that is, they may be located in one place or distributed across multiple network units. Some or all of the units can be selected to achieve the purpose of this embodiment according to actual needs.

[0077] The above description is merely a specific embodiment of this application, but the scope of protection of this application is not limited thereto. Any changes or substitutions that can be easily conceived by those skilled in the art within the scope of the technology disclosed in this application should be included within the scope of protection of this application.

Claims

1. A method for establishing a shared key in a quantum computing environment, characterized in that: Includes the following steps: The cost of acquiring each quantum state Random numbers are generated using a quantum random number generator, and the average length of random numbers from different quantum states is statistically analyzed. and the number generated per unit time The corresponding quantum state key is prepared based on the encoded random number, and the average preparation time of different quantum state keys is recorded. ; A sends a quantum state key to B via a quantum channel. A and B each randomly select a measurement basis to measure a portion of the quantum state key, compare the publicly available measurement results, and calculate the error rate for different quantum states. ; Get the average length of random numbers and the number generated per unit time Calculate the first key to establish the evaluation coefficients. : in, Average length of all random numbers The mean, Generate quantity for all units of time The mean; Obtain the average preparation time and error rate Calculate the second key to establish the evaluation coefficients. : in, For all average preparation times The mean, For all error rates The mean; Establish evaluation coefficients based on the first key Second key establishes evaluation coefficients and the cost of each quantum state Calculate the comprehensive evaluation index for each quantum state Determine the key to establish the quantum state: ； in, i The sequential numbering of each valid quantum state is represented by i = 1, 2, ..., y.

2. The method for establishing a shared key in a quantum computing environment according to claim 1, characterized in that: Identify the communicating parties A and B, and the quantum and classical communication devices they use. Prepare multiple compliant quantum states according to the adopted protocol. Research the equipment and conditions required for different quantum state preparation techniques. Obtain the costs of different quantum state devices and the costs of system integration and maintenance. Record these costs as the cost of each quantum state. .

3. The method for establishing a shared key in a quantum computing environment according to claim 1, characterized in that: Random numbers are generated using a quantum random number generator, and these random numbers are encoded into quantum states. The average length of the random numbers from different quantum states is then calculated. and the number generated per unit time .

4. The method for establishing a shared key in a quantum computing environment according to claim 1, characterized in that: Based on the encoded random numbers, corresponding quantum state keys are prepared using a quantum light source and modulation device, and the average preparation time for different quantum state keys is recorded. .

5. The method for establishing a shared key in a quantum computing environment according to claim 1, characterized in that: A sends a quantum state key to B via a quantum channel. After receiving the quantum state, B measures the quantum state key using an agreed-upon measurement basis and records the measurement result.

6. The method for establishing a shared key in a quantum computing environment according to claim 1, characterized in that: A and B each randomly select a measurement basis to measure a subset of the quantum state keys, and publish their measurement basis selections and corresponding measurement results through a classical channel. By comparing the published measurement results, they calculate the error rate for different quantum states. .

7. The method for establishing a shared key in a quantum computing environment according to claim 1, characterized in that: Comprehensive evaluation index for each quantum state After sorting from largest to smallest, select the quantum state comprehensive evaluation index with the largest ranking. The corresponding quantum state is the quantum state established by the key.

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