Saw chain for electric saw

Abstract

The invention discloses a saw chain for an electric saw, which comprises a first blade, a second blade and a driving blade, the first blade is arranged on a first connecting piece, the second blade is arranged on a second connecting piece, the first blade and the second blade are arranged on different connecting piece groups, the driving blade is arranged on a transmission piece, and the driving blade is arranged on the transmission piece. The first blade, the driving blade and the second blade are sequentially distributed on the chain saw; a tool bit of the first blade gradually inclines towards the direction close to the transmission sheet from one side far away from the rotating axis of the first connecting sheet relative to the transmission sheet to one side close to the rotating axis of the first connecting sheet relative to the transmission sheet; the tool bit of the second blade gradually inclines towards the direction close to the transmission piece from the side away from the axis, rotating relative to the transmission piece, of the second connecting piece to the side close to the axis, rotating relative to the transmission piece, of the second connecting piece. The cutting efficiency is high, cuttings are not prone to accumulation, and cutting of soft metal can be achieved.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to the technical field of chain saws, and in particular to a saw chain for an electric saw. Background Art

[0002] Chain saws are portable saws powered by lithium batteries or gasoline engines, primarily used for logging and timber processing. They operate by shearing with the transverse movement of staggered L-shaped blades on a saw chain. The blades are staggered left and right on the chain, with the distance between the outer cut surfaces defining the maximum cut gap. Existing saw chains suffer from low processing efficiency, particularly when cutting soft metals such as aluminum alloys and copper, which can easily cause the saw chain to overheat and create an uneven cut gap. Furthermore, to minimize heat, the distance between the blades is often relatively large, which compromises processing efficiency. Summary of the Invention

[0003] In order to solve the technical problems existing in the background technology, the present invention provides a saw chain for an electric saw.

[0004] The present invention provides a saw chain for an electric saw. Similar to the prior art, the saw chain is mounted on a guide plate and used for cutting. The saw chain rotates around the periphery of the guide plate. The saw chain includes multiple connecting plate groups and multiple transmission plate groups. The multiple connecting plate groups and the multiple transmission plate groups are connected end to end in the order of the connecting plate groups and the transmission plates. The connecting plate groups include first and second connecting plates that are arranged opposite to each other. The transmission plate is arranged between the first and second connecting plates. Any two adjacent transmission plate groups are connected by one connecting plate group. The saw chain is provided with a cutting blade.

[0005] Different from the prior art, the cutting blade includes a first blade, a second blade and a driving blade, the first blade is arranged on a first connecting piece, the second blade is arranged on a second connecting piece, the first blade and the second blade are arranged on different connecting piece groups, the driving blade is arranged on a transmission piece, and the cutting blades are distributed on the chain saw in the order of the first blade, the driving blade and the second blade;

[0006] The cutting head of the first blade is gradually inclined toward the transmission plate from a side away from the rotation axis of the first connecting piece relative to the transmission plate to a side close to the rotation axis of the first connecting piece relative to the transmission plate, and the cutting head of the second blade is gradually inclined toward the transmission plate from a side away from the rotation axis of the second connecting piece relative to the transmission plate to a side close to the rotation axis of the second connecting piece relative to the transmission plate;

[0007] The inclination direction of the blade head of the driving blade is the same as the inclination direction of the blade head of the first blade or the inclination direction of the blade head of the second blade.

[0008] The inclination direction of the cutting head of the first blade is defined as the first inclination direction, and the inclination direction of the cutting head of the second blade is defined as the second inclination direction. In order to achieve a better cutting effect and realize the cutting of your soft metal material, preferably, the inclination direction of the cutting head of one group of the driving blades in any two adjacent groups of the driving blades is the first inclination direction, and the inclination direction of the cutting head of the other group of the driving blades is the second inclination direction.

[0009] In order to achieve cutting of soft metal, preferably, the drive blade includes a first drive blade and a second drive blade, the inclination direction of the cutter head of the first drive blade is the same as the inclination direction of the cutter head of the first blade, the inclination direction of the cutter head of the second drive blade is the same as the inclination direction of the cutter head of the second blade, and the cutting blades are distributed on the chain saw in the order of the first blade, the first drive blade, the second blade and the second drive blade.

[0010] In order to achieve better cutting efficiency, any two adjacent groups of connecting plate groups are provided with cutting blades. The two adjacent groups of connecting plate groups are defined as a first connecting plate group and a second connecting plate group. The first connecting plate of the first connecting plate group is provided with a first blade, and the second connecting plate of the second connecting plate group is provided with a second blade.

[0011] In order to achieve better cutting efficiency, preferably, the distance between adjacent first blades and first driving blades is greater than the distance between adjacent first driving blades and second blades.

[0012] In order to achieve better cutting efficiency, preferably, the distance between adjacent second blades and second drive blades is greater than the distance between adjacent second drive blades and first blades.

[0013] In order to achieve a better chip cutting effect, preferably, when the saw chain is in a straightened state, the distances from the tip of the first blade, the tip of the second blade and the tip of the driving blade to the plane formed by the axis of rotation of the transmission plate relative to the two adjacent groups of connecting plates are equal.

[0014] Preferably, when the saw chain is in a straightened state, the main cutting edge of the first blade and the main cutting edge of the first drive blade are gradually inclined from the side close to the second connecting plate to the side away from the second connecting plate, away from the plane formed by the axis of rotation of the transmission plate relative to the two adjacent groups of connecting plates.

[0015] Preferably, when the saw chain is in a straightened state:

[0016] The acute angle between the main cutting edge of the first blade and the plane formed by the axis of rotation of the transmission plate relative to the two adjacent groups of connecting plates is 5°-20°;

[0017] The acute angle between the main cutting edge of the first driving blade and the plane formed by the axis of rotation of the transmission plate relative to the two adjacent groups of connecting plates is 5°-20°.

[0018] Preferably, the angle between the main cutting edge of the first blade and the plane formed by the axis of rotation of the two adjacent groups of connecting plates of the transmission plate is equal to the angle between the main cutting edge of the first drive blade and the plane formed by the axis of rotation of the two adjacent groups of connecting plates of the transmission plate.

[0019] Preferably, when the saw chain is in a straightened state, the main cutting edge of the second blade and the main cutting edge of the second drive blade are gradually inclined from the side close to the first connecting plate to the side away from the first connecting plate, away from the plane formed by the axis of rotation of the transmission plate relative to the two adjacent groups of connecting plates.

[0020] Preferably, when the saw chain is in a straightened state:

[0021] The acute angle between the main cutting edge of the second blade and the plane formed by the axis of rotation of the transmission plate relative to the two adjacent groups of connecting plates is 5°-20°;

[0022] The acute angle between the main cutting edge of the second driving blade and the plane formed by the axis of rotation of the transmission plate relative to the two adjacent groups of connecting plates is 5°-20°.

[0023] Preferably, the angle between the main cutting edge of the second blade and the plane formed by the axis of rotation of the transmission plate relative to the two adjacent groups of connecting plates is equal to the angle between the main cutting edge of the second drive blade and the plane formed by the axis of rotation of the transmission plate relative to the two adjacent groups of connecting plates.

[0024] In some embodiments, the acute angle between the main cutting edge of the first blade and the plane formed by the axis of rotation of the two adjacent groups of connecting plates of the transmission plate is equal to the acute angle between the main cutting edge of the second blade and the plane formed by the axis of rotation of the two adjacent groups of connecting plates of the transmission plate.

[0025] As a further optimized solution of the present invention, the saw chain is used for cutting soft metals such as aluminum alloy or copper.

[0026] In the present invention, the proposed saw chain for electric saws breaks the structure of the original saw chain, achieves high cutting efficiency, is not prone to chip accumulation, and can achieve cutting of soft metals. In addition, the saw chain can be used on electric saws driven by lithium batteries and can be used at home.

[0027] Additional aspects and advantages of the present invention will be set forth in part in the description which follows and, in part, will be obvious from the description which follows, or may be learned by practice of the present invention. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0028] Figure 1 It is a schematic diagram of the structure of the present invention;

[0029] Figure 2 It is a left side view of the present invention;

[0030] Figure 3 A top view of the present invention;

[0031] Figure 4 This is a schematic structural diagram of the first connecting piece of the present invention;

[0032] Figure 5 This is a side view of the first connecting piece of the present invention;

[0033] Figure 6 This is a schematic structural diagram of the second connecting piece of the present invention;

[0034] Figure 7 This is a side view of the second connecting piece of the present invention;

[0035] Figure 8 Schematic diagram of the transmission plate structure with the first drive blade installed;

[0036] Figure 9 A side view of a transmission plate with a first drive blade installed;

[0037] Figure 10 Schematic diagram of the transmission plate structure with the second drive blade installed;

[0038] Figure 11 This is a side view of the transmission plate with the second driving blade installed according to the present invention.

[0039] In the figure: 1. first connecting piece; 2. second connecting piece; 3. transmission piece; 4. first blade; 5. second blade; 6. first drive blade; 7. second drive blade; a1: acute angle between the main cutting edge of the first blade and the plane formed by the axis of rotation of two adjacent groups of connecting pieces of the transmission piece; a2: acute angle between the main cutting edge of the first drive blade and the plane formed by the axis of rotation of two adjacent groups of connecting pieces of the transmission piece; a3: acute angle between the main cutting edge of the second blade and the plane formed by the axis of rotation of two adjacent groups of connecting pieces of the transmission piece; a4: acute angle between the main cutting edge of the second drive blade and the plane formed by the axis of rotation of two adjacent groups of connecting pieces of the transmission piece. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0040] The following describes embodiments of the present invention in detail. Examples of the embodiments are shown in the accompanying drawings, wherein the same or similar symbols throughout represent the same or similar elements or elements having the same or similar functions. The embodiments described below with reference to the accompanying drawings are exemplary and are intended only to explain the present invention, and are not to be construed as limiting the present invention.

[0041] like Figures 1-11 The saw chain shown is for an electric saw. As in the prior art, the saw chain is mounted on a guide bar and used for cutting. The saw chain rotates around the circumference of the guide bar. The saw chain includes multiple connecting plate groups and multiple transmission plate groups 3. The multiple connecting plate groups and the multiple transmission plate groups 3 are connected end to end in the order of connecting plate groups and transmission plate 3. That is, a connecting plate group is provided between any two adjacent transmission plate groups, and a transmission plate 3 is provided between any two adjacent transmission plate groups. The connecting plate group includes a first connecting plate 1 and a second connecting plate 2 that are arranged opposite to each other. The transmission plate 3 is provided between the first connecting plate 1 and the second connecting plate 2. Any two adjacent transmission plate groups 3 are connected by a connecting plate group. The saw chain has a cutting blade.

[0042] Unlike the prior art, the cutting blade includes a first blade 4, a second blade 5 and a driving blade. The first blade 4 is arranged on the first connecting piece 1, and the second blade 5 is arranged on the second connecting piece 2. The first blade 4 and the second blade 5 are arranged on different connecting piece groups, and the driving blade is arranged on the transmission piece 3. The cutting blades are distributed on the chain saw in the order of the first blade 4, the driving blade, and the second blade 5. That is, the cutting blades on the saw chain are distributed along the length direction of the saw chain as follows: the first blade 4, the driving blade, the second blade 5, the first blade 4... the second blade 5. Since the first blade 4, the second blade 5 and the driving blade are arranged on different components, a staggered chip groove is formed between any two adjacent cutting blades, which facilitates cutting of objects on the one hand and avoids chip blockage on the other hand.

[0043] The cutting head of the first blade 4 is gradually inclined from the side away from the rotation axis of the first connecting piece 1 relative to the transmission piece 3 to the side close to the rotation axis of the first connecting piece 1 relative to the transmission piece 3, and the cutting head of the second blade 5 is gradually inclined from the side away from the rotation axis of the second connecting piece 2 relative to the transmission piece 3 to the side close to the rotation axis of the second connecting piece 2 relative to the transmission piece 3. Figure 2 As shown, the cutting head of the first blade 4 gradually tilts from top to bottom toward the second connecting piece 2, and the cutting head of the second blade 5 gradually tilts from top to bottom toward the first connecting piece 1;

[0044] The inclination direction of the cutter head of the driving blade is the same as the inclination direction of the cutter head of the first blade 4 or the inclination direction of the cutter head of the second blade 5 .

[0045] The inclination direction of the cutting head of the first blade 4 is defined as the first inclination direction, and the inclination direction of the cutting head of the second blade 5 is defined as the second inclination direction. To achieve a better cutting effect and to achieve the cutting of soft metal materials, in some embodiments, preferably, the inclination direction of the cutting head of one set of driving blades in any two adjacent sets of driving blades is the first inclination direction, and the inclination direction of the cutting head of the other set of driving blades is the second inclination direction. This further facilitates the cutting of materials without scratching, and can achieve the cutting of soft metals, and the cut surface of soft metals is smooth.

[0046] like Figure 1-2 As shown in order to achieve cutting of soft metal, in some embodiments, preferably, the drive blade includes a first drive blade 6 and a second drive blade 7, the inclination direction of the cutter head of the first drive blade 6 is the same as the inclination direction of the cutter head of the first blade 4, the inclination direction of the cutter head of the second drive blade 7 is the same as the inclination direction of the cutter head of the second blade 5, and the cutting blades are distributed on the chain saw in the order of the first blade 4, the first drive blade 6, the second blade 5 and the second drive blade 7.

[0047] In order to achieve better cutting efficiency, any two adjacent groups of connecting plates are provided with cutting blades. The two adjacent groups of connecting plates are defined as the first connecting plate 1 group and the second connecting plate 2 group. The first connecting plate 1 of the first connecting plate 1 group is provided with a first blade 4, and the second connecting plate 2 of the second connecting plate 2 group is provided with a second blade 5.

[0048] In order to achieve better cutting efficiency, in some embodiments, preferably, the distance between adjacent first blades 4 and first driving blades 6 is greater than the distance between adjacent first driving blades 6 and second blades 5 .

[0049] In order to achieve better cutting efficiency, in some embodiments, preferably, the distance between adjacent second blades 5 and second drive blades 7 is greater than the distance between adjacent second drive blades 7 and first blades 4 .

[0050] like Figure 3 As shown, in order to achieve a better chip cutting effect, in some embodiments, preferably, when the saw chain is in a straightened state, the distances from the tip of the first blade 4, the tip of the second blade 5, and the tip of the driving blade to the plane formed by the axis of rotation of the transmission plate 3 relative to the two adjacent groups of connecting plates are equal.

[0051] In some embodiments, preferably, when the saw chain is in a straightened state, the main cutting edge of the first blade 4 and the main cutting edge of the first drive blade 6 are both inclined from the side close to the second connecting plate 2 to the side away from the second connecting plate 2 and gradually toward the plane formed by the axis of rotation of the transmission plate 3 relative to the two adjacent groups of connecting plates.

[0052] like Figure 4 、 Figure 5 As shown, in some embodiments, preferably, when the saw chain is in a straightened state:

[0053] The acute angle a1 between the main cutting edge of the first blade 4 and the plane formed by the axes of rotation of the two adjacent connecting plate groups relative to the transmission plate 3 is 5°-20°;

[0054] like Figure 8 、 Figure 9 As shown, the acute angle a2 formed by the main cutting edge of the first driving blade 6 and the plane formed by the axes of rotation of the two adjacent connecting plate groups of the transmission plate 3 is 5°-20°.

[0055] In some embodiments, preferably, the angle between the main cutting edge of the first blade 4 and the plane formed by the axis of rotation of the transmission plate 3 relative to the two adjacent connecting plate groups is equal to the angle between the main cutting edge of the first drive blade 6 and the plane formed by the axis of rotation of the transmission plate 3 relative to the two adjacent connecting plate groups, and in this embodiment, the acute angle a1 between the main cutting edge of the first blade 4 and the plane formed by the axis of rotation of the transmission plate 3 relative to the two adjacent connecting plate groups is 10°;

[0056] The acute angle a2 between the main cutting edge of the first driving blade 6 and the plane formed by the axes of rotation of the two adjacent connecting plate groups of the transmission plate 3 is 10°.

[0057] In some embodiments, preferably, when the saw chain is in a straightened state, the main cutting edge of the second blade 5 and the main cutting edge of the second drive blade 7 are both inclined from the side close to the first connecting plate 1 to the side away from the first connecting plate 1 and gradually toward the plane formed by the axis of rotation of the transmission plate 3 relative to the two adjacent groups of connecting plates.

[0058] In some embodiments, preferably, when the saw chain is in a straightened state:

[0059] like Figure 6 、 Figure 7 As shown, the acute angle a3 formed by the main cutting edge of the second blade 5 and the plane formed by the axes of rotation of the two adjacent connecting plate groups relative to the transmission plate 3 is 5°-20°;

[0060] like Figure 10 、 Figure 11 As shown, the acute angle a4 formed by the main cutting edge of the second driving blade 7 and the plane formed by the axes of rotation of the two adjacent connecting plate groups of the transmission plate 3 is 5°-20°.

[0061] In some embodiments, preferably, the angle between the main cutting edge of the second blade 5 and the plane formed by the axis of rotation of the transmission plate 3 relative to the two adjacent connecting plate groups is equal to the angle between the main cutting edge of the second drive blade 7 and the plane formed by the axis of rotation of the transmission plate 3 relative to the two adjacent connecting plate groups, and in some embodiments, the acute angle a3 between the main cutting edge of the second blade 5 and the plane formed by the axis of rotation of the transmission plate 3 relative to the two adjacent connecting plate groups is 10°;

[0062] The acute angle a4 between the main cutting edge of the second driving blade 7 and the plane formed by the axes of rotation of the two adjacent connecting plate groups of the transmission plate 3 is 10°.

[0063] In some embodiments, the acute angle a1 of the plane formed by the main cutting edge of the first blade 4 and the axis of rotation of the two adjacent connecting plate groups of the transmission plate 3 is equal to the acute angle a3 of the plane formed by the main cutting edge of the second blade 5 and the axis of rotation of the two adjacent connecting plate groups of the transmission plate 3.

[0064] Specifically, the saw chain is used for cutting soft metals such as aluminum alloys or copper, and can achieve the cutting of soft metals such as aluminum alloys and copper, with a smooth cutting surface.

[0065] It should be understood that the terms "center", "longitudinal", "lateral", "length", "width", "thickness", "up", "down", "front", "back", "left", "right", "vertical", "horizontal", "top", "bottom", "inside", "outside", "clockwise", "counterclockwise", "axial", "radial", "circumferential" and the like, indicating orientations or positional relationships, are based on the orientations or positional relationships shown in the accompanying drawings, and are only for the convenience of describing the present invention and simplifying the description, and do not indicate or imply that the device or element referred to must have a specific orientation, be constructed and operate in a specific orientation, and therefore should not be understood as limiting the present invention.

[0066] Furthermore, the terms "first" and "second" are used for descriptive purposes only and should not be construed as indicating or implying relative importance or implicitly specifying the number of the technical features being referred to. Thus, a feature defined as "first" or "second" may explicitly or implicitly include at least one such feature. In the description of the present invention, "plurality" means at least two, such as two, three, etc., unless otherwise specifically defined.

[0067] In the present invention, unless otherwise specified or limited, the terms "installed," "connected," "connect," "fixed," etc. should be understood in a broad sense. For example, they can refer to fixed connection, detachable connection, or integration; mechanical connection, electrical connection, or communication; direct connection or indirect connection through an intermediate medium; internal communication between two elements or interaction between two elements, unless otherwise specified. Those skilled in the art will understand the specific meanings of the above terms in the present invention based on specific circumstances.

[0068] In the present invention, unless otherwise expressly specified or limited, when a first feature is "above" or "below" a second feature, it may mean that the first and second features are in direct contact, or that the first and second features are in indirect contact through an intermediary. Furthermore, when a first feature is "above," "above," or "above" a second feature, it may mean that the first feature is directly above or diagonally above the second feature, or simply means that the first feature is at a higher level than the second feature. When a first feature is "below," "below," or "below" a second feature, it may mean that the first feature is directly below or diagonally below the second feature, or simply means that the first feature is at a lower level than the second feature.

[0069] The above description is only a preferred specific embodiment of the present invention, but the scope of protection of the present invention is not limited thereto. Any technician familiar with the technical field, within the technical scope disclosed by the present invention, who makes equivalent replacements or changes based on the technical solution and inventive concept of the present invention, should be covered by the scope of protection of the present invention.

Claims

1. A saw chain for an electric saw, the saw chain being mounted on a guide bar and used for cutting, the saw chain rotating around the periphery of the guide bar, the saw chain comprising a plurality of connecting plate groups and a plurality of transmission plates (3), the plurality of connecting plate groups and the plurality of transmission plates (3) being connected in rotational connection in the order of the connecting plate groups and the transmission plates (3), the connecting plate groups comprising a first connecting plate (1) and a second connecting plate (2) being arranged opposite to each other, the transmission plates (3) being rotationally arranged between the first connecting plate (1) and the second connecting plate (2), any two adjacent groups of the transmission plates (3) being connected via a group of the connecting plate groups, and a cutting blade being provided on the saw chain; It is characterized in that The cutting blade comprises a first blade (4), a second blade (5) and a driving blade, wherein the first blade (4) is arranged on a first connecting piece (1), the second blade (5) is arranged on the second connecting piece (2), the first blade (4) and the second blade (5) are arranged on different connecting piece groups, the driving blade is arranged on a transmission piece (3), and the cutting blades are distributed on the chain saw in the order of the first blade (4), the driving blade and the second blade (5); The cutting head of the first blade (4) is gradually inclined in a direction closer to the transmission plate (3) from a side away from the rotation axis of the first connecting piece (1) relative to the transmission plate (3) to a side close to the rotation axis of the first connecting piece (1) relative to the transmission plate (3); and the cutting head of the second blade (5) is gradually inclined in a direction closer to the transmission plate (3) from a side away from the rotation axis of the second connecting piece (2) relative to the transmission plate (3) to a side close to the rotation axis of the second connecting piece (2) relative to the transmission plate (3); The inclination direction of the blade head of the driving blade is the same as the inclination direction of the blade head of the first blade (4) or the inclination direction of the blade head of the second blade (5).

2. The saw chain for an electric saw according to claim 1, wherein In any two adjacent groups of the drive blades: The inclination direction of the blade head of one group of the driving blades is the same as the inclination direction of the blade head of the first blade (4), and the inclination direction of the blade head of another group of the driving blades is the same as the inclination direction of the blade head of the second blade (5).

3. The saw chain for an electric saw according to claim 1, wherein The drive blade comprises a first drive blade (6) and a second drive blade (7), the inclination direction of the cutter head of the first drive blade (6) is the same as the inclination direction of the cutter head of the first blade (4), the inclination direction of the cutter head of the second drive blade (7) is the same as the inclination direction of the cutter head of the second blade (5), and the cutting blades are distributed on the chain saw in the order of the first blade (4), the first drive blade (6), the second blade (5) and the second drive blade (7).

4. The saw chain for an electric saw according to claim 3, wherein: Any two adjacent groups of connecting pieces are provided with cutting blades. The two adjacent groups of connecting pieces are defined as a first connecting piece (1) group and a second connecting piece (2) group. The first connecting piece (1) of the first connecting piece (1) group is provided with a first blade (4), and the second connecting piece (2) of the second connecting piece (2) group is provided with a second blade (5).

5. The saw chain for an electric saw according to claim 3, wherein: The distance between adjacent first blades (4) and first drive blades (6) is greater than the distance between adjacent first drive blades (6) and second blades (5).

6. The saw chain for an electric saw according to claim 3, wherein: The distance between the adjacent second blades (5) and the second drive blades (7) is greater than the distance between the adjacent second drive blades (7) and the first blade (4).

7. The saw chain for an electric saw according to claim 3, wherein: When the saw chain is in a straightened state, the tip of the first blade (4), the tip of the second blade (5), and the tip of the driving blade are equidistant from a plane formed by the axes of rotation of the transmission plate (3) relative to two adjacent groups of connecting plates.

8. The saw chain for an electric saw according to claim 7, wherein: When the saw chain is in a straightened state, the main cutting edge of the first blade (4) and the main cutting edge of the first drive blade (6) are both inclined from a side close to the second connecting piece (2) to a side away from the second connecting piece (2) and gradually away from the plane formed by the axis of rotation of the transmission piece (3) relative to the two adjacent groups of connecting pieces.

9. The saw chain for an electric saw according to claim 7, wherein: When the saw chain is in a straightened state, the main cutting edge of the second blade (5) and the main cutting edge of the second drive blade (7) are both inclined from a side close to the first connecting piece (1) to a side away from the first connecting piece (1) and gradually away from the plane formed by the axis of rotation of the transmission piece (3) relative to the two adjacent groups of connecting pieces.

10. The saw chain for an electric saw according to any one of claims 1 to 9, characterized in that: Chainsaw chains are used for cutting soft metals such as aluminum alloys and copper.

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