Preparation and application method of coal field fire extinguishing material and tracer agent based on coal-based solid waste

Abstract

The invention provides a preparation and application method of a coal field fire extinguishing material and a tracer agent based on coal-based solid waste, and the preparation method comprises the following steps: obtaining the coal-based solid waste as a raw material, and processing the coal-based solid waste to prepare the fire extinguishing material and the tracer agent; high-pressure air is adopted as a carrier medium, and the fire extinguishing material and the tracer agent are injected into a coal field fire extinguishing combination hole through pressure equipment; physical covering and chemical inhibition are achieved through the fire extinguishing material so as to reduce the oxygen content of a fire area and inhibit the fire behavior. Visual dynamic tracking is achieved through the tracer agent so as to monitor fire distribution and the fire extinguishing effect.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to the field of information technology, and in particular to a preparation and application method of a coalfield fire extinguishing material and a tracer based on coal-based solid waste. Background Art

[0002] Coalfield fire extinguishing is a complex, systematic undertaking. Traditional methods suffer from low extinguishing efficiency, resource waste, and environmental pollution. Improving the precision and effectiveness of fire extinguishing while simultaneously achieving resource recycling are pressing technical challenges. Coal-based solid waste, as a potential resource for fire extinguishing materials, requires rational utilization and optimization of its performance. The distribution and penetration of fire extinguishing materials within underground fire zones is difficult to monitor, resulting in poor fire extinguishing effectiveness. The complex and dynamic nature of fire development poses challenges in real-time monitoring of fire zones and adjusting extinguishing strategies accordingly. Furthermore, coalfield fires often involve multiple zones, making it difficult to scientifically plan extinguishing sequences and achieve comprehensive control. These interrelated issues collectively constitute the systemic technical challenges of coalfield fire extinguishing. Achieving precise monitoring, dynamic adjustment, and comprehensive control during the extinguishing process, while balancing resource utilization and environmental protection, is a core challenge in coalfield fire extinguishing technology. This requires innovation and breakthroughs in multiple aspects, including material preparation, delivery and injection, monitoring and feedback, and parameter optimization. Summary of the Invention

[0003] The present invention provides a method for preparing and applying a coalfield fire extinguishing material and a tracer based on coal-based solid waste, which mainly includes: Coal-based solid waste is obtained as raw material and processed into fire extinguishing materials and tracers; high-pressure air is used as a carrier medium, and the fire extinguishing materials and tracers are injected into the coalfield fire extinguishing combination hole through pressure equipment; the fire extinguishing material is used to achieve physical coverage and chemical suppression to reduce the oxygen content in the fire area and suppress the fire; the tracer is used to achieve visual dynamic tracking to monitor the fire distribution and fire extinguishing effect.

[0004] Furthermore, the method of obtaining coal-based solid waste as raw material and preparing it into fire extinguishing materials and tracers through processing includes: obtaining solid waste from the combustion process of coal-based fuel as raw material; mechanically crushing and drying the solid waste to obtain screen residue with a particle size that meets the requirements; using the screen residue as the main fire extinguishing material to cover the surface of the burning material to isolate oxygen; obtaining boiler waste refractory materials as tracer raw materials, and obtaining tracer particles with a particle size that meets the requirements through mechanical crushing and drying; obtaining desulfurization gypsum as an auxiliary fire extinguishing material, and using it to absorb fire heat and form an oxygen-isolating structure after processing.

[0005] Furthermore, the use of high-pressure air as a carrier medium to inject the fire extinguishing material and the tracer into the coalfield fire extinguishing combination hole through a pressure device includes: configuring an air compressor as a pressure device, connecting a high-pressure hose to a dry pressure storage tank; inputting the fire extinguishing material and the tracer into the dry pressure storage tank; providing high-pressure air through the air compressor to inject the fire extinguishing material and the tracer into the fire extinguishing combination hole in a quantitative and pressure manner; and regulating the injection pressure and speed through an operating control platform to ensure that the materials are evenly distributed in the fire area.

[0006] Furthermore, the fire extinguishing material is used to achieve physical covering and chemical suppression to reduce the oxygen content in the fire zone and suppress the fire, including: using the screen residue in the fire extinguishing material to cover the surface of the burning object to form a physical oxygen isolation layer; allowing the screen residue to float in the fire zone space to reduce the oxygen content of the combustion layer; using the desulfurization gypsum in the fire extinguishing material to expand at high temperature to form a dense porous structure to further isolate oxygen; and allowing the fire extinguishing material to react at high temperature to generate a glassy substance, consume combustible gas and release inert gas to suppress the growth of the fire.

[0007] Furthermore, the tracer is used to achieve visual dynamic tracking to monitor fire distribution and fire extinguishing effects, including: utilizing the color characteristics of the tracer to distinguish it from the fire extinguishing materials and fire spills; quickly penetrating the tracer into the gaps and cracks in the burning fire layer to determine the penetration of the fire extinguishing hole; determining the fire distribution and the coverage effect of the fire extinguishing material by observing the distribution of the tracer in the fire extinguishing hole spills; and analyzing the wind pressure, temperature and oxygen content parameters based on the movement trace of the tracer in the fire area.

[0008] Furthermore, the method of injecting the fire extinguishing material and the tracer into the coalfield fire extinguishing combined hole includes: mixing the fire extinguishing material and the tracer according to a preset ratio, uniformly mixing them through a stirring device, and then inputting them into a pressure storage tank; selecting the central fire extinguishing hole as the starting injection point through the operation control platform, and gradually injecting the mixture into the surrounding fire extinguishing holes; judging the distribution uniformity of the fire extinguishing material and the tracer by observing the overflow from the surrounding fire extinguishing holes; if there is no overflow from some fire extinguishing holes, taking the hole as the new injection point, and adjusting the injection direction and pressure.

[0009] Furthermore, the tracer is used to achieve visual dynamic tracking to monitor fire distribution and fire extinguishing effects, including: placing a detection tool above the fire extinguishing hole to collect spill samples to analyze the tracer distribution; judging the connectivity of the combustion layer in the fire area based on the appearance of the tracer in multiple fire extinguishing holes; analyzing the combustion volume and ventilation volume through the distribution pattern of the tracer, combined with the smoke, temperature and pressure data of the fire area; and adjusting the fire extinguishing material ratio and injection strategy according to the tracer overflow situation to optimize the fire extinguishing effect.

[0010] The technical solution provided by the embodiment of the present invention may have the following beneficial effects: The present invention discloses a method for extinguishing coalfield fires, which comprises preparing a fire extinguishing material from coal-based solid waste, adding a tracer to form a composition, and using high-pressure air to transport and perfuse it into the fire area. During the perfusion process, the distribution of the tracer in the spill is monitored in real time, and the ratio of the fire extinguishing material to the tracer and the perfusion parameters are adjusted accordingly to optimize the fire extinguishing effect. At the same time, changes in the temperature, wind pressure, and oxygen content in the fire area are monitored to determine the fire control status. After the fire is initially controlled, the distribution of surface fissures and collapsed areas is recorded, and the position of the equipment is adjusted to continue processing other fire areas until all fire areas are extinguished. The present invention realizes the resource utilization of coal-based solid waste, improves the accuracy of fire extinguishing through tracer monitoring, optimizes the perfusion parameters, and effectively improves the efficiency and effect of coalfield fire extinguishing. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0011] Figure 1 The present invention is a flow chart of a method for preparing and applying a coalfield fire extinguishing material and a tracer based on coal-based solid waste. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0012] To help those skilled in the art better understand the technical solutions in this specification, the following will provide a clear and complete description of the technical solutions in the embodiments of this specification, in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are only part of the embodiments of this specification, not all of them. All other embodiments derived by those skilled in the art based on the embodiments in this specification without creative effort shall fall within the scope of protection of this specification.

[0013] like Figure 1 In this embodiment, a method for preparing and applying a coalfield fire extinguishing material and a tracer based on coal-based solid waste may specifically include: Step S101: obtaining coal-based solid waste raw materials, including silica-calcium slag, furnace slag, bottom ash, coal gangue and desulfurization gypsum, and preparing them into a fire extinguishing material base material with a particle size within a preset range through mechanical crushing and drying.

[0014] Data on coal-based solid waste raw materials, including calcium silicate slag, furnace slag, bottom ash, gangue, and desulfurized gypsum, is obtained, and the chemical composition and physical properties of each raw material are determined. Based on the raw material data, a mechanical crushing algorithm is used to simulate the crushing process, calculate the crushing parameters, and obtain data on crushed materials with a particle size less than 5mm. Using a drying processing model, the crushed material data is input, the drying parameters are calculated, and data on dry materials with a moisture content of 3% or less is determined. If the dry material data meets the particle size and moisture content requirements, a screening algorithm is used to separate the residual slag data within the preset particle size range. Based on the residual slag data, the ratio data of the tracer and desulfurized gypsum is obtained to generate the formula data for the fire extinguishing material base. Using a material mixing model, the formula data is input, the mixing process is simulated, and data on a uniformly mixed fire extinguishing material base is obtained. If the fire extinguishing material base data meets the formula requirements, a performance analysis algorithm is used to calculate the base material's oxygen barrier properties and high-temperature reaction characteristics to determine the base material's fire extinguishing performance data. Based on the fire extinguishing performance data, the air compressor pressure parameters are obtained, the injection process data is generated, and the delivery and distribution parameters of the fire extinguishing material base are determined. Through the fire monitoring model, the injection process data and tracer movement data are input to analyze the distribution of coalfield fire areas and the fire extinguishing effect, and obtain fire distribution and material movement trace data.

[0015] For example, when acquiring data on coal-based solid waste raw materials, X-ray fluorescence spectrometry was used to analyze the SiO2, CaO, and Al2O3 contents of calcium silicate slag, furnace slag, bottom ash, gangue, and desulfurization gypsum, and their density and porosity parameters were recorded. Based on the raw material hardness data, a jaw crusher simulation model was used to set the crusher tooth gap to 3mm. A discrete element method was used to simulate the crushing process, outputting a particle size distribution curve and screening data for particles with a D90 value of ≤5mm. The crushed material was fed into a fluidized bed drying model, with a hot air temperature of 180°C and a wind speed of 2m / s. The material residence time was calculated to be 15 minutes, and drying data with a moisture content of 2.8% was output. A three-dimensional screening model was constructed using EDEM software, with a vibrating screen aperture of 4mm and an amplitude of 5mm to separate the sieve residue with a particle size of 1-4mm. Based on the Ca / Si ratio data of the sieve residue, a linear programming algorithm was used to calculate the tracer (CeO2) addition level of 0.5% and the desulfurization gypsum dosage of 8%, generating a material ratio matrix. ANSYS Fluent simulated a twin-shaft mixer, setting a speed of 45 rpm and a mixing time of 8 minutes. Data was generated for a mixture with a uniformity coefficient ≥ 0.92. Using a thermogravimetric-mass spectrometry algorithm in COMSOL, a heating rate of 10°C / min was set to simulate the material at 800°C, resulting in a glassy volume fraction of 35% and a calculated CO2 release of 2.1 L / kg. Based on the bulk density of the fire extinguishing material of 1.2 g / cm³, CFD simulated an air compressor conveying velocity of 12 m / s at 0.8 MPa pressure through a 200 mm Ø pipe, generating data for a 5.8 m coverage radius of the material within the fire zone. Combined with gamma-ray tracer scanning data, finite element analysis was used to establish a temperature field model for the fire zone, invert the distribution of the burning material, and output monitoring results with a coordinate error of ±0.3 m for the fire zone boundary.

[0016] Step S102: adding a predetermined proportion of tracer raw material to the fire extinguishing material base, wherein the tracer raw material is obtained by crushing and drying boiler waste refractory materials to form a mixed fire extinguishing material.

[0017] Data on coal-based solid waste materials, including the particle size, moisture content, and chemical composition of calcium silicate slag, furnace slag, bottom ash, and gangue, was obtained to determine the physicochemical properties of the screened slag. Based on the properties of the screened slag, the proportion of qualified coal-based solid waste with a particle size less than 5 mm and a moisture content less than 3% was calculated to obtain a raw material dataset that met the standards for base materials for fire extinguishing materials. Composition and performance data on boiler waste refractory materials were obtained, and the particle size and chemical stability of the tracer raw material were determined through crushing and drying. If the tracer raw material had a particle size less than 2 mm and its chemical composition was non-reactive with coalfield fire combustion materials, the screened slag and tracer raw material were mixed in a predetermined mass ratio to produce a preliminary mixed fire extinguishing material. The preliminary mixed fire extinguishing material was mechanically stirred to obtain particle distribution data after uniform mixing to determine the uniformity of the mixed fire extinguishing material. Based on the uniformity data of the mixed fire extinguishing material, an air compressor pressure was used to simulate the infusion process to determine the material's flowability and distribution characteristics in the coalfield fire extinguishing joint hole. Acquire data on the reaction of mixed fire extinguishing materials at high temperatures, including the amount of glassy matter generated and inert gas released, to determine their fire extinguishing performance and tracer effectiveness. A real-time monitoring system is used to obtain data on the movement of the mixed fire extinguishing materials within spontaneous combustion zones in coal fields and the distribution of fire conditions, confirming the tracer's effectiveness and the extinguishing material's range of action. Based on this monitoring data, the mix ratio and injection parameters of the mixed fire extinguishing materials are adjusted to arrive at an optimized fire extinguishing material preparation and application plan.

[0018] For example, data on coal-based solid waste materials are obtained, including the particle size, moisture content, and chemical composition of silicate-calcium slag, furnace slag, bottom ash, and coal gangue. The particle size distribution range is determined to be 0.1 mm to 5 mm by a particle size analyzer, and the moisture content is determined to be 2.8% by a drying method. The chemical composition is analyzed by an X-ray fluorescence spectrometer to determine the physical and chemical properties of the sieve residue. Based on the characteristics of the sieve residue, a statistical analysis method is used to calculate the proportion of qualified coal-based solid waste with a particle size less than 5 mm and a moisture content less than 3%, and a raw material data set that meets the standards for fire extinguishing material base materials is obtained, of which the qualified proportion is 92.5%. The composition and performance data of boiler waste refractory materials are obtained, the refractory materials are crushed to a particle size less than 2 mm by a crusher, and treated in a drying oven to a moisture content of less than 1%. The chemical stability is determined by a thermogravimetric analyzer, and the particle size and chemical stability of the tracer raw materials are determined. If the tracer raw material has a particle size less than 2 mm and its chemical composition is non-reactive with coalfield fire combustion materials, a preliminary mixed fire extinguishing material is prepared by mixing 70% sieve residue and 30% tracer raw material by weight. The preliminary mixed fire extinguishing material is stirred at 200 rpm using a mechanical stirrer. A laser particle size analyzer is used to obtain particle distribution data after uniform mixing to assess the homogeneity of the mixed fire extinguishing material. The standard deviation of the particle distribution is 0.15. Based on the homogeneity data of the mixed fire extinguishing material, an air compressor is used to simulate the infusion process at a pressure of 0.8 MPa. A fluid dynamics model is used to determine the flow and distribution characteristics of the material in the coalfield fire extinguishing joint hole. The flow velocity is 0.5 m / s. The reaction data of the mixed fire extinguishing material at high temperature are obtained. Thermogravimetric-mass spectrometry is used to determine the amount of glassy matter generated, which is 15%, and the amount of inert gas CO2 released, which is 10 L / kg. The fire extinguishing performance and tracer effectiveness are then assessed. Through a real-time monitoring system, infrared thermal imaging cameras and gas sensors were used to capture the movement trajectory and fire distribution data of the mixed fire extinguishing material in the coalfield spontaneous combustion fire zone. This data confirmed the tracer's visual effect and the fire extinguishing material's range of action, which covered 85% of the area. Based on the monitoring data, an optimization algorithm was used to adjust the mixed fire extinguishing material ratio and injection parameters, resulting in an optimized fire extinguishing material preparation and application plan. The proportion of screen residue was adjusted to 65%, the proportion of tracer raw material was adjusted to 35%, and the injection pressure was adjusted to 0.9 MPa.

[0019] Step S103 : uniformly stirring the mixed fire extinguishing material by a forced stirring device to obtain a uniformly distributed fire extinguishing material composition, wherein the ratio of the fire extinguishing material to the tracer in the composition satisfies a preset mass ratio.

[0020] Obtain data on coal-based solid waste materials, including the particle size, moisture content, and chemical composition of silicate-calcium slag, furnace slag, bottom ash, desulfurized gypsum, and coal gangue, to determine the screen residue that meets the requirements for fire extinguishing material preparation. Based on the screen residue data and the chemical properties and ratio requirements of the tracer, calculate the preset mass ratio of the fire extinguishing material to the tracer, and obtain a mixing ratio scheme. Using the parameters of the forced mixing equipment, set the stirring speed, time, and mixing volume to obtain uniform mixing process parameters. If the mixing ratio scheme meets the preset mass ratio, the screen residue, tracer, and desulfurized gypsum are introduced into the forced mixing equipment according to the mixing ratio scheme to produce a preliminary mixture. Based on the preliminary mixture uniformity test data, analyze the distribution of the fire extinguishing material and tracer to determine whether the mixture meets the uniform distribution standard. If the mixture does not meet the uniform distribution standard, adjust the stirring speed and time of the forced mixing equipment and re-mix to obtain an optimized mixture. By optimizing the particle distribution and chemical composition analysis of the mixture, determine whether the mass ratio of the fire extinguishing material to the tracer meets the preset requirements. Based on the optimized mixture data, a mass distribution model of the fire extinguishing material composition was generated to obtain the final fire extinguishing material composition. Performance test data of the final fire extinguishing material composition was used to verify its ability to isolate oxygen, generate glassy substances, and release inert gases, confirming that the composition met the requirements for coalfield fire extinguishing and tracing functions.

[0021] For example, when acquiring data on coal-based solid waste materials, a laser particle size analyzer is used to measure the particle size distribution of silica-calcium slag, furnace slag, and bottom ash. If the test results show that 80% of the particles have a particle size ≤5mm and a moisture content ≤3%, the residue is considered qualified. Based on the SiO2 and CaO content data of the residue, combined with the magnetic properties of the Fe3O4 tracer, the least squares method is used to calculate the mixing ratio. When the mass ratio of fire extinguishing material to tracer is 9:1, the mixing ratio is determined. The forced mixing equipment is set to a speed of 120rpm, a mixing time of 20 minutes, and a mixing volume of 5m³. Discrete element simulation is used to simulate particle motion and optimize mixing parameters. If the mixing ratio meets the preset values, the system automatically adds 10 tons of residue, 1 ton of tracer, and 0.5 tons of desulfurized gypsum to the mixing silo. Infrared thermal imaging is used to monitor the temperature distribution of the mixture. A preliminary mixture is determined when the temperature difference is ≤5°C. An X-ray fluorescence spectrometer scanned the mixture sample. If the tracer concentration standard deviation exceeded 0.15, an adjustment command was triggered, increasing the stirring speed to 150 rpm and extending it for 5 minutes to output the optimized mixture. Energy spectrum analysis was performed on the optimized mixture to determine if the Fe mass fraction was 10±0.5%. After confirming compliance with the mass ratio, a three-dimensional Gaussian distribution model was established to describe the spatial arrangement of the particles. In a simulated combustion chamber test, the final composition was judged to meet the fire extinguishing and tracer function requirements when the CO2 release rate was ≥15 L / min and the glassy material generation rate was ≥85%.

[0022] In step S104 , an air compressor is used as a power source to generate a high-pressure air flow within a preset pressure range. The high-pressure air flow is used as a carrier medium to transport the fire extinguishing material composition.

[0023] A high-pressure air flow is generated by an air compressor, and the high-pressure air flow is determined to be within a preset pressure range. Based on the high-pressure air flow pressure parameters, the ratio data of the fire-extinguishing material composition and the tracer are obtained. A quantitative and constant pressure control system is used to uniformly inject the fire-extinguishing material composition and the tracer into the high-pressure air flow. The high-pressure air flow and the fire-extinguishing material composition are transported through a pipeline system to obtain flow data of the mixture reaching the fire-extinguishing hole. If there is no overflow from the fire-extinguishing hole, the hole is determined to be a newly injected fire-extinguishing hole, and the overflow data of the surrounding fire-extinguishing holes are obtained. Based on the overflow data, the distribution pattern of the combustion layer is analyzed to determine the adjustment parameters of the fire-extinguishing material injection amount. By measuring the smoke, temperature, pressure and tracer concentration of the fire-extinguishing hole, the combustion volume and ventilation volume data are obtained. A data analysis model is used to process the combustion volume, ventilation volume and overflow data to obtain the distribution pattern of the combustion layer in the coalfield fire area. Based on the distribution pattern of the combustion layer, the high-pressure air flow pressure and the fire-extinguishing material ratio are adjusted to determine the parameters for the next injection.

[0024] For example, a high-pressure air flow is generated by an air compressor, and the pressure range is set to 0.8 MPa to 1.2 MPa to ensure that the high-pressure air flow meets the preset pressure range. Based on the high-pressure air flow pressure parameters, a proportional-integral-differential algorithm is used to calculate the ratio of the fire-extinguishing material composition and the tracer, and the mass ratio of the fire-extinguishing material to the tracer is determined to be 10:1. A quantitative constant-pressure control system is used to uniformly inject the fire-extinguishing material composition and the tracer into the high-pressure air flow at a flow rate of 5 liters per minute. The high-pressure air flow and the fire-extinguishing material composition are transported through a pipeline system, and a flow sensor is used to monitor the flow data of the mixture reaching the fire extinguishing hole, with the flow value recorded as 4.8 liters per minute. If there is no overflow from the fire extinguishing hole, the hole is judged to be a newly injected fire extinguishing hole. The overflow data of the surrounding fire extinguishing holes is obtained by infrared sensors, and the overflow temperature is recorded as 120°C. Based on the overflow data, a cluster analysis algorithm is used to analyze the distribution pattern of the combustion layer, and the adjustment parameter of the fire extinguishing material injection amount is determined to be an increase of 10%. By measuring smoke, temperature, pressure, and tracer concentration at the fire extinguishing holes, and using multi-parameter sensors to obtain combustion and ventilation data, the researchers recorded a combustion rate of 50 cubic meters per hour and a ventilation rate of 30 cubic meters per hour. A data analysis model was used to process the combustion, ventilation, and spillage data. Regression analysis revealed the distribution of the combustion layer in the coalfield fire area, determining a thickness of 2 meters. Based on this distribution, the high-pressure air flow pressure was adjusted to 1.1 MPa, the fire extinguishing material ratio was adjusted to 9:1, and the parameters for the next injection were determined.

[0025] Step S105 , inputting the fire extinguishing material composition into a dry pressure storage tank, and driving the high-pressure air flow to pour the composition into the fire extinguishing connection hole in the coalfield fire area.

[0026] Sensors monitor the presence of tracer in 10 fire-extinguishing holes in real time, recording the color change of the tracer in each hole. Red tracer is detected in more than 10 holes. Based on this determination, the batching system is automatically adjusted to mix the screen residue, tracer, and desulfurized gypsum in a mass ratio of 4:2:1, generating batching instructions. This batching instruction controls a forced mixer, pouring the ingredients into the mixer and stirring for 5 to 10 minutes to obtain a uniform fire-extinguishing material composition. If the material is uniform after stirring, the conveying system transfers the fire-extinguishing material composition to a dry pressure storage tank to determine if the material volume in the tank has reached a set threshold. Based on the material volume data in the tank, the high-pressure air flow drive system is activated, and the air flow pressure parameters are adjusted to achieve a stable injection driving force. The injection driving force data is received by the operating control platform, which controls the output valve of the dry pressure storage tank to inject the fire-extinguishing material composition into the fire-extinguishing combination hole, and the injection time and flow rate are recorded. After 20 minutes of injection, the spill sensor monitors the red distribution of the tracer in the spill from the fire extinguishing connection hole to determine whether the tracer is evenly distributed in the spill. Based on this tracer distribution data, combined with data from the surface temperature sensor and water vapor monitor, it is analyzed that there is no spill in the fire extinguishing area, and the surface temperature and water vapor have dropped, confirming that the fire extinguishing effect has achieved the expected results. If the fire extinguishing effect is as expected, the control platform generates an evacuation command, driving the equipment to automatically move to the next fire extinguishing area, and recording the time and location of the transfer.

[0027] For example, an RGB color sensor installed in the fire extinguishing holes collects tracer color data in real time. When the red channel value in more than ten holes exceeds a threshold (R > 200, G < 50, B < 50), the batching system is triggered. The batching system calculates the material ratio based on a preset algorithm and controls an electronic scale to automatically feed the materials according to the ratio of 400 kg of slag residue, 200 kg of tracer, and 100 kg of desulfurized gypsum. The mixer uses a dual-shaft forced-action structure with a speed set at 30 rpm. A torque sensor monitors the stirring resistance, and mixing is considered uniform when the resistance value remains stable within a ±5% range for 5 minutes. The conveying system uses a screw feeder, and the flow sensor stops conveying when the material in the storage tank reaches the set capacity of 800 kg. The high-pressure air system adjusts the air compressor output based on feedback from the storage tank pressure sensor to maintain a constant pressure of 0.8 MPa. A PID algorithm controls the valve opening to maintain a stable flow rate of 2 m³ / min. During the pouring process, the electromagnetic flowmeter records data in real time. If, after 20 minutes, the infrared spectrometer detects that the absorbance of the spill at a wavelength of 620nm reaches 0.5±0.1, and at the same time the thermal imager shows that the surface temperature drops below 40°C and the humidity sensor detects that the water vapor concentration is lower than 15g / m³, the system automatically generates a transfer instruction containing GPS coordinates and controls the crawler platform to move to the next work area at a speed of 0.5m / s.

[0028] Step S106 , when pouring the fire extinguishing material composition, monitor the distribution of the spillage around the fire extinguishing combination hole in real time, obtain the color and distribution data of the tracer in the spillage, and judge the penetration effect of the fire extinguishing material.

[0029] Using compressed air as a carrier, fire extinguishing materials and tracers made from coal-based solid waste are injected into the extinguishing joints of coalfield fires. During the extinguishing process, the tracer tracks its movement within the fire layer in the spontaneous combustion zone. An optical sensor array is deployed around the extinguishing joints to capture real-time image data of the spill, recording its color changes and spatial distribution. Color recognition is performed on the captured image data to extract the characteristic color information of the tracer and build a digital model of the spill color distribution. Computer vision algorithms are used to analyze the spread and direction of the spill, and geological data is combined to calculate the penetration depth and coverage of the fire extinguishing material within the coal seam. The temperature distribution in the spontaneous combustion zone is analyzed based on the color change patterns of the tracer. The tracer exhibits different color characteristics in different temperature ranges, resulting in a temperature gradient map of the fire zone. Data fusion technology is used to combine the spill distribution data with fire zone survey parameters to determine the type of burning material, wind pressure, and oxygen content. The wind direction within the fire zone is analyzed based on the movement direction of the tracer in the spill, and the airflow velocity within the fire zone is calculated based on the rate of color change of the tracer. By comparing spill distribution data collected at different time points, we can analyze the changing trends in fire extinguishing material penetration over time and assess the progress of fire extinguishing. We can also assess the rationality of fire extinguishing material selection based on spill distribution data and tracer color changes, providing data support for subsequent adjustments to fire extinguishing strategies.

[0030] For example, an air compressor is used to inject a mixture of coal-based solid waste fire extinguishing material with a particle size of ≤5mm and a tracer into the fire extinguishing hole at a pressure of 0.8-1.2MPa. The tracer is a temperature-sensitive color-changing material that exhibits a red-yellow-blue gradient between 50°C and 300°C. A 16-channel hyperspectral imaging sensor array is deployed to capture spill images at a sampling rate of 5 frames per second. The hue (H∈[0,360]) and saturation (S∈[0,1]) of the tracer are extracted using an RGB-HSV color space conversion algorithm. The YOLOv5 object detection model is used to identify the tracer distribution area in the image, generating 3D point cloud data containing coordinates (x, y, z) and color features (H, S, V). Using the coal seam permeability coefficient of 0.5-3.0 m / d, Darcy's law was used to calculate the material permeability radius R = √(k·t·ΔP / μ), where k is the permeability (10-12 m²), ΔP is the pressure difference (0.5 MPa), and μ is the material viscosity (0.1 Pa·s). A temperature-color mapping function T = α·H + β (α = 0.7°C / °, β = 50°C) was established to convert hue values ​​into temperature data, generating a thermal map with 0.1 m accuracy. A Kalman filter was used to integrate sensor data such as CO concentration (800-1500 ppm) and wind speed (0.2-1.5 m / s), and a support vector machine classifier was used to determine the combustion material type (coal / gas). The optical flow method was used to calculate the tracer displacement vector between adjacent image frames, and the airflow velocity v = Δd / Δt was derived based on the time difference Δt = 0.2 s. A time series database is constructed to record the permeability area growth rate η=(A_t-A_(t-1)) / A_(t-1) at hourly intervals. When η<5%, the permeability is judged to have reached saturation.

[0031] Step S107 , adjusting the ratio of the fire extinguishing material to the tracer in the fire extinguishing material composition according to the distribution data of the tracer in the spill, optimizing the injection pressure and speed, and obtaining adjusted injection parameters.

[0032] Sensors collect tracer distribution data from spills in coalfield fire extinguishing joints to generate a spatial distribution dataset of the tracer. Based on this spatial distribution dataset, the tracer's trajectory within the fire layer of the spontaneous combustion zone is analyzed to determine the tracer's distribution density and coverage. If the tracer distribution density falls below a preset threshold, the data processing module extracts the coalfield fire distribution parameters to determine the need for adjusting the ratio of fire extinguishing materials to tracers. Using the coalfield fire distribution parameters and the chemical reaction characteristics of the fire extinguishing materials and tracers, the adjusted ratio of fire extinguishing materials to tracers is calculated to obtain the optimized ratio parameters. Based on the optimized ratio parameters, the fire extinguishing material composition formula database is updated to generate an adjusted fire extinguishing material and tracer mixture formula. Wind pressure and oxygen content data from the coalfield fire extinguishing joints are obtained, and the pressure distribution of the air compressor during the injection process is analyzed to determine the deviation in the current injection pressure and speed. If the injection pressure deviation exceeds a preset range, the pressure control algorithm optimizes the air compressor's output pressure to obtain the adjusted injection pressure parameters. Based on the adjusted injection pressure parameters and the mixture formula of the fire extinguishing material and tracer, the distribution of the fire extinguishing material in the fire layer is simulated to generate optimized injection rate parameters. The injection control system updates the adjusted injection parameters, executes the injection operation of the fire extinguishing material and tracer, and obtains real-time fire extinguishing and tracing data.

[0033] For example, sensors collect tracer distribution data from spills in coalfield fire extinguishing holes, and spectral analysis technology is used to detect tracer concentrations, resulting in a spatial distribution dataset of the tracer with a data accuracy of 0.1 mg / m³. Based on the tracer's spatial distribution dataset, a three-dimensional modeling algorithm is used to analyze the tracer's trajectory within the fire layer in the coalfield spontaneous combustion fire zone, determining a tracer distribution density of 0.5 g / m³, covering an area with a radius of 15 meters. If the tracer distribution density falls below a preset threshold of 0.3 g / m³, a data processing module extracts coalfield fire distribution parameters, including fire zone temperature, wind direction, and oxygen content, to determine the need for adjusting the ratio of fire extinguishing materials to tracers. Using the coalfield fire distribution parameters and the chemical reaction characteristics of the fire extinguishing materials and tracers, a linear regression algorithm is used to calculate the adjusted ratio of fire extinguishing materials to tracers, resulting in an optimized ratio parameter of 8:2 for fire extinguishing materials: tracers. Based on the optimized proportion parameters, the formula database of the fire extinguishing material composition is updated to generate an adjusted mixed formula of fire extinguishing material and tracer, in which silica-calcium slag accounts for 60%, desulfurized gypsum accounts for 20%, and tracer accounts for 20%. The wind pressure and oxygen content data of the coalfield fire extinguishing combined hole are obtained. The wind pressure is 0.8MPa and the oxygen content is 12%. The pressure distribution of the air compressor during the injection process is analyzed to determine that the deviation of the current injection pressure and speed is a pressure deviation of ±0.1MPa and a speed deviation of ±0.5m / s. If the injection pressure deviation exceeds the preset range of ±0.05MPa, the output pressure of the air compressor is optimized through the pressure control algorithm, and the adjusted injection pressure parameter is 0.85MPa. Based on the adjusted injection pressure parameter and the mixed formula of fire extinguishing material and tracer, fluid dynamics is used to simulate the distribution state of the fire extinguishing material in the fire layer, and the optimized injection speed parameter is generated as 1.2m / s. The injection control system updates the adjusted injection parameters, executes the injection operation of fire extinguishing materials and tracers, and obtains real-time fire extinguishing and tracing data, including a fire extinguishing material coverage rate of 95% and a tracer distribution density of 0.6g / m³.

[0034] Step S108: Continue to pour the fire extinguishing material composition into the coalfield fire area using the adjusted pouring parameters, monitor changes in the fire area temperature, wind pressure and oxygen content, and determine the fire control status.

[0035] Sensors in the coalfield fire area collect data on initial fire zone temperature, wind pressure, and oxygen content, generating real-time environmental parameters. Initial injection parameters are determined based on these collected environmental parameters and the physical and chemical properties of the coal-based solid waste fire extinguishing material and tracer. An air compressor is used to inject the fire extinguishing material composition and tracer into the coalfield fire extinguishing connection hole at a set pressure, capturing flow and pressure data during the injection process. The tracer's trajectory within the fire zone is used to analyze the distribution of the fire extinguishing material within the spontaneous combustion layer of the coalfield fire and determine the material coverage. If the material coverage does not reach a preset threshold, the air compressor pressure and injection rate are adjusted to determine optimized injection parameters. Using the optimized injection parameters, the fire extinguishing material composition is continuously injected into the coalfield fire area to obtain new flow and pressure data. Sensors monitor changes in the fire zone's temperature, wind pressure, and oxygen content in real time, analyzing the fire control status and generating dynamic fire zone environmental data. If the fire zone temperature drops and the oxygen content falls below a preset threshold, the fire is considered under control, confirming the suitability of the current injection parameters. By using the dynamic data of the fire area environment and the injection parameters, the fire extinguishing material selection and distribution model is updated to obtain the optimized fire extinguishing strategy.

[0036] For example, sensors in the coalfield fire area collect data on the initial fire zone temperature, wind pressure, and oxygen content. For example, the temperature sensor measures a fire zone temperature of 300°C, the wind pressure sensor measures a wind pressure of 0.5 kPa, and the oxygen sensor detects an oxygen content of 15%, thereby obtaining real-time environmental parameters. Based on these collected environmental parameters and the physical and chemical properties of the coal-based solid waste fire extinguishing material and the tracer, for example, the reaction temperature for the coal-based solid waste fire extinguishing material to form a glassy substance at high temperatures is 250°C, and the tracer stops reacting when the oxygen content falls below 10%, the initial injection parameters are determined to be an air compressor pressure of 0.8 MPa and an injection rate of 50 L / min. An air compressor is used to inject the fire extinguishing material composition and tracer into the coalfield fire extinguishing joint at a set pressure. Flow and pressure data are collected during the injection process. For example, the flow sensor records a flow rate of 48 L / min, and the pressure sensor records a pressure of 0.78 MPa. Using tracer trajectory data within the fire zone, for example, a tracer distribution range within a 10m radius, the distribution of fire extinguishing materials within the spontaneous combustion layer of the coalfield is analyzed, resulting in a material coverage of 80%. If the material coverage does not reach the preset threshold of 90%, the air compressor pressure is adjusted to 0.85 MPa and the injection rate to 55 L / min to determine the optimized injection parameters. Using the optimized injection parameters, the fire extinguishing material composition is continuously injected into the coalfield fire area, acquiring new flow and pressure data, for example, a flow rate of 54 L / min and a pressure of 0.83 MPa. Sensors monitor changes in the fire zone's temperature, wind pressure, and oxygen content in real time—for example, if the temperature drops to 280°C, the wind pressure drops to 0.4 kPa, and the oxygen content drops to 12%—to analyze the fire control status and obtain dynamic environmental data for the fire zone. If the fire zone temperature drops and the oxygen content falls below the preset threshold of 10%, the fire is considered under control, confirming the suitability of the current injection parameters. The fire extinguishing material selection and distribution model is updated through the dynamic data of the fire area environment and the injection parameters. For example, the optimized model shows that the coverage of fire extinguishing materials has increased to 92%, and an optimized fire extinguishing strategy is obtained.

[0037] Step S109: If the temperature and wind pressure in the fire area are lower than the preset thresholds and no spillage occurs, it is determined that the fire is preliminarily controlled, and the distribution data of the surface fissures and subsidence areas in the fire area are recorded.

[0038] Sensors collect real-time wind pressure, temperature, and spill status data within the fire zone to determine the fire zone's real-time environmental parameters. If the wind pressure data falls below a preset threshold, the temperature data falls below a preset threshold, and there is no spill status data, the fire is considered to be under preliminary control, and the preliminary control status is determined. Based on the preliminary control status, surface monitoring equipment is triggered to scan the fire zone for surface cracks and subsidence areas, acquiring their distribution data. Image processing algorithms analyze this crack and subsidence distribution data to quantify crack width, depth, and subsidence area. Tracer penetration data, combined with crack width and depth parameters, is used to calculate the tracer density within the combustion layer of the fire zone and determine tracer coverage. If the tracer coverage reaches the preset penetration threshold, desulfurized gypsum distribution data is used to analyze its porous structure coverage on the combustion layer surface to determine the oxygen isolation effect parameter. Based on the oxygen isolation effect parameter, combined with wind pressure data, the rate of change of oxygen content in the fire zone is calculated to determine the stability of fire control. Using oxygen content change rate and surface crack distribution data, a spatial model of the burning layer in the fire zone was constructed to determine wind direction and material distribution characteristics within the burning layer. This model, combined with tracer motion data, was used to generate an optimized solution for the injection path of fire extinguishing materials in the fire zone and determine the uniformity of the extinguishing material distribution.

[0039] For example, wind pressure data, temperature data and spill status data in the fire zone are collected in real time through sensors. For example, the wind pressure sensor collects a value of 0.3MPa, the temperature sensor collects a value of 150°C, and the spill status sensor shows no spill, thereby obtaining real-time environmental parameters of the fire zone. If the wind pressure data is lower than the preset wind pressure threshold of 0.5MPa, the temperature data is lower than the preset temperature threshold of 200°C, and there is no spill status data, then it is judged that the fire situation is preliminarily controlled, and the preliminary control status is determined. According to the preliminary control status, the surface monitoring equipment is triggered to scan the surface cracks and collapse areas in the fire zone, such as a laser scanner to obtain a crack distribution image, and obtain the distribution data of the cracks and collapse areas. The crack and collapse area distribution data are analyzed by an image processing algorithm. For example, an edge detection algorithm is used to calculate the crack width of 0.5m, the depth of 2m, and the collapse area of ​​50㎡, and the quantitative parameters of the crack width, depth, and collapse area are obtained. Using tracer penetration data, combined with crack width and depth parameters, for example, if the tracer penetration depth is 1.8m, the tracer distribution density in the combustion layer of the fire zone is calculated to be 0.8g / cm³, and the tracer coverage range is determined. If the tracer coverage range reaches the preset penetration threshold of 0.7g / cm³, the desulfurization gypsum distribution data is used to analyze its porous structure coverage on the combustion layer surface. For example, an image analysis algorithm is used to calculate the coverage rate to be 85%, and the oxygen isolation effect parameter is obtained. Based on the oxygen isolation effect parameter, combined with wind pressure data, for example, if the wind pressure is 0.3MPa, the oxygen content change rate in the fire zone is calculated to be -5% / min, and the stability of fire control is determined. The oxygen content change rate and surface crack distribution data are used to construct a spatial model of the combustion layer in the fire zone. For example, a three-dimensional modeling algorithm is used to generate the wind direction and material distribution characteristics within the combustion layer to obtain the wind direction and material distribution characteristics within the combustion layer. The combustion layer space model is used in combination with the tracer motion trace data to generate an optimization plan for the fire extinguishing material injection path in the fire area. For example, a path planning algorithm is used to determine the uniformity of the distribution of the fire extinguishing material.

[0040] Step S1010, according to the distribution data of the surface fissures and subsidence areas, adjust the equipment position to the next fire area, repeatedly inject the fire extinguishing material composition, obtain new fire control data, and complete the processing of all fire areas.

[0041] Obtain data on the distribution of surface fissures and subsidence areas. The spatial distribution of the fire zone is determined through remote sensing image analysis and ground sensor data fusion. Based on this data, a spatial analysis algorithm is used to calculate the center and boundaries of the fire zone, determining the next priority fire zone. The injection pressure and flow rate are calculated using the air compressor's pressure and volume parameters, combined with the extinguishing material's particle size and specific gravity data, to determine equipment adjustment parameters. If the deviation between the equipment's position and the next priority fire zone exceeds a set threshold, the device coordinates are adjusted using a path planning algorithm to obtain new equipment position data. Based on this new equipment position data, the air compressor is controlled to inject a combination of screen residue, tracer, and desulfurized gypsum into the fire extinguishing holes, indicating the completion of the injection. After injection, tracer distribution data is obtained for the fire zone. The penetration of the fire extinguishing material is determined by the tracer color and the nighttime light reflectance characteristics of the desulfurized gypsum. If the tracer distribution data indicates that the fire extinguishing material does not evenly cover the fire zone, the injection pressure and material ratio are adjusted, and the injection parameters are recalculated. The fire control effectiveness after injection is analyzed using data from fire zone temperature, oxygen content, and combustible gas concentration sensors to generate new fire control data. Based on this new fire control data, a machine learning model is used to predict the order in which the remaining fire zones will be treated and determine the next round of fire zone treatment plans.

[0042] For example, drones equipped with infrared thermal imagers and LiDAR sensors scan the surface, acquiring data on areas with crack widths greater than 5 cm and collapse depths exceeding 1 m. Combined with data from ground-based CO2 and CH4 concentration sensors, a three-dimensional thermal map of the fire zone is generated using the Kriging interpolation algorithm, with a spatial resolution of 0.5 m × 0.5 m. The fire zone is divided into cells using the Delaunay triangulation algorithm, and the coordinates and area weight of each cell's center are calculated. Areas with temperatures exceeding 300°C and a crack density greater than 3 per square meter are prioritized as the next treatment targets. Based on the air compressor's rated pressure of 0.8 MPa and flow rate of 10 m³ / min, combined with the screen residue particle size of ≤5 mm and the tracer specific gravity of 2.8 g / cm³, the Darcy-Weisbach formula is used to calculate the injection pressure gradient, setting an initial injection rate of 2.5 kg / s. When the deviation between the fire zone center and the device's GPS coordinates exceeds 15 m, the A* algorithm is used to plan an obstacle avoidance path, dynamically adjusting the mobile device's coordinates to within ±2 m of the target point. A PID controller regulates the compressor output pressure, injecting a mixed material (60% screen residue, 20% tracer, and 20% desulfurized gypsum) at a constant flow rate. A completion signal is triggered when the injection volume reaches 3 tons per hole. A hyperspectral imager collects tracer reflectance data in the 550nm band. This data, combined with nighttime laser scanning of the desulfurized gypsum light spot density (≥50 points / ㎡), is used to establish a material coverage uniformity assessment matrix. If the reflectance in a particular area falls below a threshold or the light spot density is insufficient, the pressure-particle size matching curve is recalculated based on a fluid dynamics model, and the injection pressure is increased to 1.2 MPa and the tracer ratio is increased to 30%. A distributed network of optical fiber temperature sensors and electrochemical oxygen sensors is deployed to monitor the temperature gradient (ΔT ≤ 10°C / h) and oxygen content (≤ 8%) in the fire zone in real time. The data is fused using a Kalman filter algorithm to generate a fire suppression index. A random forest model was trained to analyze historical fire extinguishing data (features including fire area, material ratio, and temperature drop rate) and output a priority list of remaining fire areas, sorted by areas with predicted fire extinguishing efficiency ≥ 85%.

[0043] As described above, the above embodiments are only used to illustrate the technical solutions of the present application, rather than to limit them. Although the present application has been described in detail with reference to the above embodiments, those skilled in the art should understand that they can still modify the technical solutions described in the above embodiments, or make equivalent replacements for some of the technical features therein. However, these modifications or replacements do not deviate the essence of the corresponding technical solutions from the spirit and scope of the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present application.

Claims

1. A method for preparing and applying a coalfield fire extinguishing material and a tracer based on coal-based solid waste, characterized in that: include: Obtain coal-based solid waste as raw materials and prepare them into fire extinguishing materials and tracers through processing; Using high-pressure air as a carrier medium, the fire extinguishing material and the tracer are poured into the coalfield fire extinguishing combination hole through a pressure device; Physical coverage and chemical suppression are achieved by the fire extinguishing materials to reduce the oxygen content in the fire area and suppress the fire; The tracer is used to realize visual dynamic tracking to monitor fire distribution and fire extinguishing effect.

2. The method for preparing and applying the coalfield fire extinguishing material and tracer based on coal-based solid waste according to claim 1, characterized in that: The method of obtaining coal-based solid waste as raw materials and preparing them into fire extinguishing materials and tracers through processing includes: Obtaining solid waste as raw materials from the combustion of coal-based fuels; Mechanically crushing and drying the solid waste to obtain sieve residue with a particle size meeting the requirements; The screen residue is used as the main fire extinguishing material to cover the surface of the burning object to isolate oxygen; Obtain boiler waste refractory materials as tracer raw materials, and obtain tracer particles with particle size that meets the requirements through mechanical crushing and drying; Desulfurized gypsum is obtained as an auxiliary fire extinguishing material, which is used to absorb fire heat and form an oxygen-isolating structure after processing.

3. The method for preparing and applying the coalfield fire extinguishing material and tracer based on coal-based solid waste according to claim 1, characterized in that: The method uses high-pressure air as a carrier medium and injects the fire extinguishing material and the tracer into the coalfield fire extinguishing combination hole through a pressure device, including: Configure an air compressor as the pressure equipment and connect the high-pressure hose to the dry pressure storage tank; Inputting the fire extinguishing material and the tracer into the dry pressure storage tank; The air compressor provides high-pressure air to inject the fire extinguishing material and the tracer into the fire extinguishing combination hole in a quantitative and pressure manner; The injection pressure and speed are regulated by the operating control platform to ensure that the material is evenly distributed in the fire area.

4. The method for preparing and applying the coalfield fire extinguishing material and tracer based on coal-based solid waste according to claim 1, characterized in that: The fire extinguishing materials are used to achieve physical coverage and chemical suppression to reduce the oxygen content in the fire area and suppress the fire, including: Using the screen residue in the fire extinguishing material to cover the surface of the burning object to form a physical oxygen barrier layer; The residual slag is allowed to float in the fire zone space, thereby reducing the oxygen content in the combustion layer; The desulfurized gypsum in the fire extinguishing material expands at high temperature to form a dense porous structure to further isolate oxygen; The fire extinguishing material reacts at high temperature to generate glassy substances, which consume combustible gas and release inert gas to suppress the growth of fire.

5. The method for preparing and applying the coalfield fire extinguishing material and tracer based on coal-based solid waste according to claim 1, characterized in that: The method of realizing visual dynamic tracking by using the tracer to monitor fire distribution and fire extinguishing effect includes: utilizing the color characteristics of the tracer to distinguish it from the fire extinguishing material and fire spillage; The tracer quickly penetrates into the gaps and cracks in the burning fire layer to determine the penetration of the fire extinguishing hole; Determine the distribution of fire and the coverage of fire extinguishing materials by observing the distribution of the tracer in the overflow from the fire extinguishing hole; According to the movement trace of the tracer in the fire zone, wind pressure, temperature and oxygen content parameters are analyzed.

6. The method for preparing and applying the coalfield fire extinguishing material and tracer based on coal-based solid waste according to claim 1, characterized in that: The method of injecting the fire extinguishing material and the tracer into the coalfield fire extinguishing combined hole comprises: Mix the fire extinguishing material and the tracer according to a preset ratio, mix them evenly with a stirring device, and then input them into a pressure storage tank; Select the central fire extinguishing hole as the starting point for injection through the operating control platform, and gradually inject toward the surrounding fire extinguishing holes; By observing the overflow of the surrounding fire extinguishing holes, the distribution uniformity of the fire extinguishing material and the tracer is judged; If there is no overflow from some fire extinguishing holes, use that hole as the new filling point and adjust the filling direction and pressure.

7. The method for preparing and applying the coalfield fire extinguishing material and tracer based on coal-based solid waste according to claim 1, characterized in that: The method of realizing visual dynamic tracking by using the tracer to monitor fire distribution and fire extinguishing effect includes: collecting a spill sample to analyze the tracer distribution by placing a detection tool over the fire extinguishing hole; Determining the connectivity of the combustion layer in the fire zone based on the presence of the tracer in the plurality of fire extinguishing holes; By using the distribution pattern of the tracer and combining it with the smoke, temperature and pressure data of the fire area, the combustion volume and ventilation volume are analyzed; According to the tracer overflow situation, the fire extinguishing material ratio and injection strategy are adjusted to optimize the fire extinguishing effect.

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