Cultivation method for fruiting stropharia rugoso-annulata sporocarp without covering soil

Abstract

The invention discloses a cultivation method for fruiting stropharia rugoso-annulata fruiting bodies without covering soil. The cultivation method comprises the following steps: 1) preparing a fruiting culture material; 2) primary composting fermentation; 3) secondary turning fermentation; 4) performing secondary fermentation in a greenhouse; (5) spreading materials; (6) sowing; 7) spawn running; 8) bud pressing; 9) cultivating mushrooms; and 10) harvesting. And 11) tide turning management. According to the method, the cotton residues, the sawdust, the rice chaff, the corncob, the rice straw, the wheat bran and the lime are adopted to form the fruiting culture material, and a cultivation method of fruiting without earthing is combined, so that the working procedures of excavating, disinfecting, covering and the like of an earthing material are reduced, meanwhile, the quality of sporocarp is improved, the high-quality mushroom rate is improved to 72.2% from 35.3% of field cultivation, the cleanliness of the sporocarp is improved to 92.5% from 20.3%, and the yield of the sporocarp is improved. Meanwhile, cotton residues and rice straw are effectively utilized, economic and ecological benefits are remarkable, after the first flush of mushrooms is harvested, holes are punched in the bed surface, water is sprayed on the bed surface, the humidity of compost is effectively supplemented, and high-quality sporocarps can be produced all the year round.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The invention relates to a Stropharia capillaris cultivation technology, in particular to a Stropharia capillaris fruiting method for producing mushrooms without covering fruiting bodies with soil. Background Art

[0002] Stropharia (Stropharia capillaris) belongs to the phylum Basidiomycota, class Hymenomycetes, order Agaricales, family Strophariaceae, and genus Stropharia. Its fruiting bodies are vibrantly colored, delicious, crispy, and nutritious. They contain over 17 essential and other amino acids, and are rich in bioactive substances such as polysaccharides, sterols, and lectins, exhibiting antioxidant, antibacterial, tumor-inhibiting, and hypoglycemic properties. They also contain a variety of minerals, such as calcium, iron, and phosphorus. Stropharia capillaris is a mesophilic edible fungus with abundant cultivation materials. It can fully utilize agricultural and forestry waste such as rice husks, sawdust, straw, rice stalks, and corn cobs, as well as waste from cultivation of Pleurotus geesteranus, Pleurotus ostreatus, Flammulina velutipes, and black fungus. High-temperature sterilization is not required, and raw material cultivation of this edible fungus results in low cultivation costs, making it a model for the recycling of agricultural and forestry waste. Cultivation waste can be directly returned to the field, improving soil fertility and increasing soil fertility. Field cultivation of Stropharia can be used in rotation with crops such as rice and corn to increase yield per unit land. However, field production of Stropharia is significantly limited by inconsistent yield and quality. Therefore, research into protected cultivation techniques is crucial to increase production, adapt to greenhouse cultivation, and enhance biological efficiency.

[0003] Research on protected cultivation techniques for Stropharia rugosa has yielded a variety of culture medium formulations and cultivation methods, including wheat straw, rice straw, and corn straw culture medium formulations, as well as combinations thereof. The specific production process follows: feed preparation → culture medium preparation → fermentation → inoculation → cultivation → soil covering → fruiting. Numerous patents exist for these culture medium formulations and specific production processes. For example, the patent application with publication number CN108990703A discloses a facility-based cultivation technology for Pleurotus ostreatus, and discloses a method for preparing a cultivation material by culturing raw materials composed of straw, corn cobs and rice husks, covering the soil after sowing and culturing, and harvesting the mushrooms. However, in this cultivation method, the germination rate of the fungus is low, pests are very likely to occur after sowing, the rate of high-quality mushrooms is not high, and the Pleurotus ostreatus needs to be covered with soil after sowing before the mushrooms can be produced, which has low cleanliness and is not conducive to market sales; the patent application with publication number CN110235701A discloses a planting and cultivation method for Pleurotus ostreatus, and discloses a cultivation method using corn cobs and corn stalks as a cultivation base, sowing and covering the soil before the mushrooms can be produced. Although it effectively improves the rate of high-quality mushrooms, in this cultivation method, the Pleurotus ostreatus still needs to be covered with soil after sowing and fertilizing before the mushrooms can be produced, which has low cleanliness and is not conducive to market sales. Patent application publication number CN115868493A discloses an inducer for producing Stropharia capillaris without soil covering and its preparation method. By spraying the inducer after sowing and spawning, Stropharia capillaris are cultivated. While the absence of soil covering improves the cleanliness of the Stropharia capillaris, the fruiting weight is lower than that of soil-covered mushrooms. Therefore, a new Stropharia capillaris cultivation method that can achieve high yields and a high rate of high-quality mushrooms without soil covering is needed. Summary of the Invention

[0004] The present invention aims to overcome the above-mentioned shortcomings. Based on the authorized invention patent publication number CN115918440B, entitled "A cultivation method for improving the quality of Stropharia capillaris fruiting bodies", a new cultivation method is proposed that can produce mushrooms without covering with soil. Although no covering layer is required, the Stropharia capillaris fruiting bodies obtained by this method are less susceptible to insect pests, have thick and large caps, thick stipes, heavy single mushrooms, and a high rate of high-quality mushrooms.

[0005] The object of the present invention is achieved through the following technical solutions:

[0006] A method for growing Stropharia officinalis fruiting bodies without covering them with soil comprises the following steps:

[0007] 1) Preparation of mushroom culture medium: Mix 20%-30% cotton residue, 20%-30% sawdust, 15%-25% rice husk, 15%-25% corn cob, 5%-15% rice straw, 5%-10% wheat bran and 1% lime and set aside.

[0008] 2) Primary composting: The fruiting culture medium prepared in step 1) is fermented in a composting tunnel 3 m wide, 1.5 m high, and 20 m long. Maintain the internal temperature of the compost pile at 60°C or above for 1-2 days.

[0009] 3) Secondary turning and fermentation: Turn the fermented material from step 2), turning the inner and outer layers of the material against each other; when the material temperature rises to above 55°C again, maintain it for 1-2 days;

[0010] 4) Secondary fermentation in the greenhouse: The culture medium in step 3) is moved into the greenhouse for secondary fermentation. The secondary fermentation takes 5 to 6 days in total. After the secondary fermentation is completed, the culture medium for Stropharia rugosa fermentation is obtained.

[0011] 5) Spreading: Spread the fermentation culture medium from step 4) on the bed frame to a thickness of 20 to 25 cm;

[0012] 6) Sowing: Inoculate the Stropharia officinalis cultivar into the culture medium prepared in step 5) using the hole sowing method, with a seeding rate of 0.5-0.7 kg / m 2 ;

[0013] 7) Incubation: Cover the Stropharia officinalis fermentation medium from step 5) with a film. Maintain the temperature in the mushroom house at 20-25°C, the medium temperature at 24-26°C, the relative humidity at 78-82%, and the CO2 concentration at 2500-3500 mg / kg. Incubate for 40-45 days.

[0014] 8) Inducing bud formation: Control the material temperature to drop to an average of 1°C per day to 19°C, and the temperature in the mushroom house to around 16-18°C. Increase fresh air and reduce the CO2 concentration in the mushroom house evenly every day until it reaches 1000-1500 mg / kg. Spray mushroom water and maintain this level for 4-5 days.

[0015] 9) Mushroom cultivation: After the mushroom buds are formed, the temperature in the mushroom house is controlled to drop to 14-16°C, and the material temperature is maintained at 16-17°C to cultivate the fruiting body growth;

[0016] 10) Harvesting: When the fruiting bodies are 7-8 months old and 4.5-5.5 cm tall, harvest them in time to obtain Stropharia rugosa.

[0017] 11) Management of changing tides: After the first wave of mushrooms are harvested, the old mushroom roots should be removed in time to make the bed surface smooth and maintain a clean environment. The temperature should rise to 20-22℃ and maintain for 7-10 days. Holes with a diameter of 4-7cm and a depth of 8-12cm should be made every 40-60cm on the bed surface and watered at 3-4L / m 2 The management of bud induction and mushroom cultivation is the same as the first wave until the end of one crop of mushrooms.

[0018] Preferably, in step 1), the weight ratio of cotton residue is 20% to 22%, and the weight ratio of rice straw is 8% to 12%.

[0019] Preferably, in step 1), the weight ratios of the components in the mushroom culture medium are: cotton residues 22% by weight, sawdust 22% by weight, rice husks 20% by weight, corn cobs 20% by weight, rice straw 10% by weight, wheat bran 5% by weight, and lime 1% by weight.

[0020] Preferably, in the mushroom culture medium, the diameter of the sawdust is 1 cm to 1.5 cm, the diameter of the corn cob is 1 cm to 1.5 cm, and the cut length of the rice straw is 10 cm to 15 cm.

[0021] Preferably, in step 2), water is added to the prepared fruiting culture medium to a moisture content of 70% to 72%, and the culture medium is piled for fermentation in a fermentation tunnel 3 m wide, 1.5 m high, and 20 m long; when the temperature inside the pile reaches above 60° C., the temperature is maintained for 2 days.

[0022] Preferably, in step 3), the inner and outer layers of the culture medium are turned over, and water is added to a moisture content of 68% to 70%, and the culture medium is piled and fermented again; when the temperature of the culture medium rises to above 55°C again, it is maintained for 2 days, and water is added to a moisture content of 68% to 70% and set aside.

[0023] Preferably, in step 4), after the culture medium in step 3) is moved into the greenhouse, it is distributed to the bed frame and heated. After the material temperature reaches 45-48°C, it is maintained for 6 hours; the temperature is raised to 58-60°C and maintained for 8 hours; after pasteurization, the material temperature is lowered to 48-50°C within 10-12 hours, and internal circulation is performed to maintain the culture medium temperature at 48-52°C for 2-3 days.

[0024] Preferably, in step 6), a yellow board is hung in the mushroom house, an insect-proof net is pulled down, and an insect-killing lamp is turned on.

[0025] Preferably, in step 9), after the mushroom buds are formed, the air temperature is controlled to drop to 14°C and the material temperature is maintained at 16°C to cultivate the growth of the fruiting bodies.

[0026] As a preferred method, in step 11) tide-changing management, after the first tide of mushrooms is harvested, the old mushroom roots are promptly removed to level the bed surface and maintain environmental hygiene. The temperature is raised to 21°C and maintained for 10 days. Holes with a diameter of 5 cm and a depth of 10 cm are drilled every 50 cm on the bed surface, and water is applied at 3 L / m 2 , add water according to the humidity of the culture medium until the moisture content of the culture medium reaches 63%. The management of the second and third waves of mushrooms is the same as the management of the first wave of mushroom production until the end of one crop of mushrooms.

[0027] The beneficial effects of the present invention are:

[0028] 1. The present invention adopts a greenhouse layer-type facility to control the temperature for cultivating giant puffball mushrooms, and is equipped with yellow boards, insect-killing lamps, insect-proof nets and other facilities and equipment, which can effectively prevent pests such as mosquitoes and mushroom flies from flying into the mushroom house and prevent the fruiting bodies from being infested by insects; at the same time, after the mushroom culture medium is put on the shelves for sowing, the number of people entering and leaving is reduced, and the proportion of fruiting bodies infested by insects is reduced from 9.7% in field cultivation to 2.2%. The insect-proof operation is simple and quick, effectively reducing the problem of insect pests. The insect-proof operation is practical and easy to promote.

[0029] 2. The present invention adopts cotton residue, wood chips, rice husks, corn cobs, rice straw, wheat bran and lime to form a mushroom culture medium. After the mushroom buds are formed, the temperature in the mushroom house is controlled at about 14°C and the material temperature is controlled at about 16°C. Combined with the cultivation method of fruiting mushrooms without covering the soil, the processes of digging, disinfecting and covering the covering materials are reduced, which significantly reduces the labor time and labor intensity while improving the quality of the fruiting bodies. The high-quality mushroom rate is increased from 35.3% in field cultivation to 72.2%. After picking, there is no soil on the roots, which is cleaner when sold, and the cleanliness of the fruiting bodies is increased from 20.3% to 92.5%. At the same time, cotton residue and rice straw are effectively utilized, with significant economic and ecological benefits.

[0030] 3. Make full use of temperature control facilities, and after the first wave of mushrooms are harvested, drill holes and add water on the bed to effectively replenish the humidity of the culture medium. This can produce high-quality fruiting bodies all year round, and 4 to 5 crops of Stropharia can be produced each year. At the same time, this method is also suitable for the shelf cultivation of Stropharia under natural conditions. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0031] Figure 1 This is a mushroom fruiting scene using the cultivation method in Example 1;

[0032] Figure 2 This is a mushroom fruiting scene using the cultivation method in Comparative Example 2. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0033] The present invention is further described in detail by the following examples, but the present invention is not limited thereto.

[0034] Example 1:

[0035] This embodiment discloses a method for growing Stropharia officinalis fruiting bodies without covering them with soil, comprising the following steps:

[0036] 1) Preparation of fruiting culture medium: For factory-based production, fruiting culture medium can be prepared according to year-round needs. Mix 22% cotton scraps, 22% sawdust, 20% rice husks, 20% corn cobs, 10% rice straw, 5% wheat bran, and 1% lime. The diameter of the sawdust should be 1-1.5 cm, the diameter of the corn cobs should be 1-1.5 cm, and the rice straw should be cut into 10-15 cm lengths.

[0037] 2) Primary compost fermentation: Add water to the fruiting culture medium from step 1) until the moisture content reaches 72%, and compost the culture medium in a fermentation tunnel 3m wide, 1.5m high, and 20m long. Maintain the compost temperature at 60°C or above for 2 days.

[0038] 3) Secondary turning and fermentation: Rake and fluff the middle pile in step 2), turning the inner and outer layers of the material over each other; add water to 70% moisture content and start fermentation again; when the material temperature rises to above 55°C again, maintain it for 2 days, and add water to 68%-70% moisture content and set aside;

[0039] 4) Secondary fermentation in the greenhouse: After the compost from step 3) is moved into the greenhouse, it is distributed onto the bed frame and heated. Once the compost reaches 45-48°C, maintain the temperature for 6 hours. Then, gradually increase the temperature to 58-60°C at a rate of 1°C per hour and maintain it for 8 hours. After pasteurization, reduce the compost temperature to 48-50°C within 10-12 hours. Adjust the air volume via a frequency converter for internal circulation and adjust the ventilation valve to maintain the compost temperature at 48-52°C for 2-3 days. The secondary fermentation takes 6 days, and after it is completed, it becomes the secondary fermentation material of Stropharia rugosa.

[0040] 5) Spreading: Spread the fermentation culture medium from step 4) on the bed frame, with an average thickness of 25 cm;

[0041] 6) Sowing: Inoculate the Stropharia officinalis cultivar into the culture medium prepared in step 5) using the hole sowing method, with a seeding rate of 0.7 kg / m 2 ;

[0042] 7) Incubation: Cover the Stropharia officinalis fermentation medium from step 5) with a film. Maintain the temperature in the mushroom house at 23°C, the medium temperature at 25°C, the relative humidity at 78%, and the CO2 concentration at 3000 mg / kg. Incubate for 40 days.

[0043] 8) Inducing bud formation: Control the material temperature to drop to an average of 1°C per day to 19°C, and the temperature in the mushroom house to around 18°C. Increase fresh air to evenly reduce the CO2 concentration in the mushroom house every day until it drops below 1200mg / kg. Spray mushroom water and maintain this for 4-5 days.

[0044] 9) Mushroom cultivation: After the mushroom buds are formed, the temperature in the mushroom house is controlled to drop to 14°C and the material temperature is maintained at 16°C to cultivate the fruiting bodies;

[0045] 10) Harvesting: Harvest fruiting bodies when they are 7-8 months mature and 4.5-5.5 cm tall. Wear clean gloves when picking and gently rotate the mushrooms to avoid moving surrounding small mushrooms. Place the harvested fruiting bodies in plastic turnover boxes with air holes.

[0046] 11) Management of changing tides: After the first wave of mushrooms are harvested, remove the old mushroom roots in time, make the bed surface flat, and maintain a clean environment. When the temperature rises to 21°C, maintain it for 7 days; make holes with a diameter of 5 cm and a depth of 10 cm every 50 cm on the bed surface, and apply water at 3L / m 2 The management of mushroom bud induction and cultivation is the same as that of the first wave until the end of one crop of mushrooms.

[0047] Example 2:

[0048] 1) Preparation of mushroom culture medium: Mix 24% cotton residue, 20% sawdust, 20% rice husk, 15% corn cob, 15% rice straw, 5% wheat bran, and 1% lime, and set aside.

[0049] 2) Primary compost fermentation: Add water to the fruiting culture medium from step 1) until the moisture content reaches 72%, and compost the culture medium in a fermentation tunnel 3m wide, 1.5m high, and 20m long. Maintain the compost temperature at 60°C or above for 2 days.

[0050] 3) Secondary turning and fermentation: Rake and fluff the middle pile in step 2), turning the inner and outer layers of the material over each other; add water to 70% moisture content and start fermentation again; when the material temperature rises to above 55°C again, maintain it for 2 days, and add water to 68%-70% moisture content and set aside;

[0051] 4) Secondary fermentation in the greenhouse: After the compost from step 3) is moved into the greenhouse, it is distributed onto the bed frame and heated. Once the compost reaches 45-48°C, maintain the temperature for 6 hours. Then, gradually increase the temperature to 58-60°C at a rate of 1°C per hour and maintain it for 8 hours. After pasteurization, reduce the compost temperature to 48-50°C within 10-12 hours. Adjust the air volume via a frequency converter for internal circulation and adjust the ventilation valve to maintain the compost temperature at 48-52°C for 2-3 days. The secondary fermentation takes 6 days, and after it is completed, it becomes the secondary fermentation material of Stropharia rugosa.

[0052] 5) Spreading: Spread the fermentation culture medium from step 4) on the bed frame, with an average thickness of 25 cm;

[0053] 6) Sowing: Inoculate the Stropharia officinalis cultivar into the culture medium prepared in step 5) using the hole sowing method, with a seeding rate of 0.7 kg / m 2 ;

[0054] 7) Incubation: Cover the Stropharia officinalis fermentation medium from step 5) with a film. Maintain the temperature in the mushroom house at 23°C, the medium temperature at 25°C, the relative humidity at 78%, and the CO2 concentration at 3000 mg / kg. Incubate for 40 days.

[0055] 8) Inducing bud formation: Control the material temperature to drop to an average of 1°C per day to 19°C, and the temperature in the mushroom house to around 18°C. Increase fresh air to evenly reduce the CO2 concentration in the mushroom house every day until it drops below 1200mg / kg. Spray mushroom water and maintain this for 4-5 days.

[0056] 9) Mushroom cultivation: After the mushroom buds are formed, the temperature in the mushroom house is controlled to drop to 14°C and the material temperature is maintained at 16°C to cultivate the fruiting bodies;

[0057] 10) Harvesting: Harvest fruiting bodies when they are 7-8 months mature and 4.5-5.5 cm tall. Wear clean gloves when picking and gently rotate the mushrooms to avoid moving surrounding small mushrooms. Place the harvested fruiting bodies in plastic turnover boxes with air holes.

[0058] 11) Management of changing tides: After the first wave of mushrooms are harvested, remove the old mushroom roots in time, make the bed surface flat, and maintain a clean environment. When the temperature rises to 21°C, maintain it for 7 days; make holes with a diameter of 5 cm and a depth of 10 cm every 50 cm on the bed surface, and apply water at 3L / m 2 The management of mushroom bud induction and cultivation is the same as that of the first wave until the end of one crop of mushrooms.

[0059] Comparative Example 1:

[0060] This comparative example discloses a method for growing Stropharia officinalis fruiting bodies without covering them with soil, comprising the following steps:

[0061] 1) Preparation of mushroom culture medium: Mix 79% mulberry branch chips, 20% wheat bran, and 1% lime and set aside;

[0062] 2) Primary compost fermentation: Add water to the fruiting culture medium from step 1) until the moisture content reaches 72%, and compost the culture medium in a fermentation tunnel 3m wide, 1.5m high, and 20m long. Maintain the compost temperature at 60°C or above for 2 days.

[0063] 3) Secondary turning and fermentation: Rake and fluff the middle pile in step 2), turning the inner and outer layers of the material over each other; add water to 70% moisture content and start fermentation again; when the material temperature rises to above 55°C again, maintain it for 2 days, and add water to 68%-70% moisture content and set aside;

[0064] 4) Secondary fermentation in the greenhouse: After the compost from step 3) is moved into the greenhouse, it is distributed onto the bed frame and heated. Once the compost reaches 45-48°C, maintain the temperature for 6 hours. Then, gradually increase the temperature to 58-60°C at a rate of 1°C per hour and maintain it for 8 hours. After pasteurization, reduce the compost temperature to 48-50°C within 10-12 hours. Adjust the air volume via a frequency converter for internal circulation and adjust the ventilation valve to maintain the compost temperature at 48-52°C for 2-3 days. The secondary fermentation takes 6 days, and after it is completed, it becomes the secondary fermentation material of Stropharia rugosa.

[0065] 5) Spreading: Spread the fermentation culture medium from step 4) on the bed frame, with an average thickness of 25 cm;

[0066] 6) Sowing: Inoculate the Stropharia officinalis cultivar into the culture medium prepared in step 5) using the hole sowing method, with a seeding rate of 0.7 kg / m 2 ;

[0067] 7) Incubation: Cover the Stropharia officinalis fermentation medium from step 5) with a film. Maintain the temperature in the mushroom house at 23°C, the medium temperature at 25°C, the relative humidity at 78%, and the CO2 concentration at 3000 mg / kg. Incubate for 40 days.

[0068] 8) Inducing bud formation: Control the material temperature to drop to an average of 1°C per day to 19°C, and the temperature in the mushroom house to around 18°C. Increase fresh air to evenly reduce the CO2 concentration in the mushroom house every day until it drops below 1200mg / kg. Spray mushroom water and maintain this for 4-5 days.

[0069] 9) Mushroom cultivation: After the mushroom buds are formed, the temperature in the mushroom house is controlled to drop to 14°C and the material temperature is maintained at 16°C to cultivate the fruiting bodies;

[0070] 10) Harvesting: Harvest fruiting bodies when they are 7-8 months mature and 4.5-5.5 cm tall. Wear clean gloves when picking and gently rotate the mushrooms to avoid moving surrounding small mushrooms. Place the harvested fruiting bodies in plastic turnover boxes with air holes.

[0071] 11) Management of changing tides: After the first wave of mushrooms are harvested, remove the old mushroom roots in time, make the bed surface flat, and maintain a clean environment. When the temperature rises to 21°C, maintain it for 7 days; make holes with a diameter of 5 cm and a depth of 10 cm every 50 cm on the bed surface, and apply water at 3L / m 2 The management of mushroom bud induction and cultivation is the same as that of the first wave until the end of one crop of mushrooms.

[0072] Comparative Example 2:

[0073] In Comparative Example 2, field cultivation was used. After the rice was harvested in November, the straw was sun-dried and set aside. The fruiting medium used was formulated as follows: 79% rice straw + 20% rice husk + 1% lime. Before building the pile, the straw was thoroughly soaked with water and stepped on while soaking for two days to ensure it was completely saturated. The soaked straw was then naturally drained to a moisture content of 70% to 75%. The pile was approximately 30 cm high and trapezoidal in shape. The bed width was 80 cm, with 50 cm between beds. After the bed was established, 0.75 to 1 kg of seed was used per square meter. The Stropharia ocellaris spawn was sown in a plum blossom pattern, breaking into 2-3 cm pieces and inserting them into the center of the straw pile, with a sowing width of 10-12 cm. After inoculation, the pile was directly covered with paddy field soil to a thickness of 3-4 cm. After covering, a 4 cm layer of rice straw was spread over the bed to protect it from direct sunlight. During the spawning period, maintain a temperature of 23-28°C. After 40-50 days, the mycelium will have grown all over the compost. When the mycelium climbs up the soil layer and begins to tangle, increase the humidity to 90-95%. The temperature from small buds to mature mushrooms is 5-10°C. Harvest when the mycelium film is not broken. After the first flush of mushrooming, add water promptly. The management of subsequent flushes is the same as the first flush until the fruiting is complete.

[0074] Comparative Example 3:

[0075] This comparative example differs from Example 1 in step 11) tide-changing management. In this comparative example, after the first wave of mushrooms were harvested, old mushroom roots were promptly removed to level the bed and maintain a sanitary environment. The temperature was then raised to 21°C and maintained for 7 days. Water was applied directly to the surface of the material without drilling. Management for bud induction and mushroom cultivation was the same as for the first wave until the end of the crop.

[0076] Test location: The test was conducted in the edible fungus test room of Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences;

[0077] Trial period: 2023-2024;

[0078] Experimental design: 50 ml of each of the mushroom culture medium of Examples 1-2 and Comparative Examples 1-3 were used. 2 , respectively, and the Stropharia capitis cultivation was carried out. During the harvest period, the number of clean fruiting bodies, the number of pests, and the number of high-quality mushrooms of the Stropharia capitis obtained with different fruiting culture medium formulas and cultivation methods were counted. The fruiting body cleanliness, pest rate and high-quality mushroom rate were calculated. The cap diameter, cap thickness, stipe diameter, stipe length and single mushroom weight of the Stropharia capitis were measured and the average value was calculated. The yield of Stropharia capitis weight per mu was calculated. A total of 3 batches of mushrooms were counted and the average value was calculated. The results are shown in Tables 1 and 2 below.

[0079] Among them, the pest rate = the number of pest-infested Stropharia mushrooms / the total number of harvested Stropharia mushrooms * 100%, the high-quality mushroom rate = the number of high-quality Stropharia mushrooms / the total number of harvested Stropharia mushrooms * 100%; according to the market statistics of the requirements of the first-class mushrooms, the standards for high-quality Stropharia mushrooms are: the cap is light red to globular red, the fruiting body has not opened, the inner veil is not broken, the stipe is straight, not hollow, and white, the cap thickness ≥ 20mm, the cap diameter ≥ 35mm, the stipe length ≤ 60mm, the stipe diameter ≥ 35mm, and the weight of a single mushroom ≥ 30g.

[0080] Table 1: Comparison of the pest rate, high-quality mushroom rate and cleanliness of Stropharia officinalis fruiting bodies under different fruiting medium formulas and cultivation methods

[0081] Group Fruiting body cleanliness (%) Pest rate (%) High-quality mushroom rate (%) Example 1 92.5% 2.2% 72.2% Example 2 90.2% 2.2% 67.3% Comparative Example 1 89.5% 2.3% 52.8% Comparative Example 2 20.3% 9.7% 35.3% Comparative Example 3 92.4% 2.2% 65.5%

[0082] Table 2: Comparison of the characteristics of Stropharia officinalis fruiting bodies under different fruiting medium formulas and cultivation methods

[0083] Group Average cap thickness (mm) Average cap diameter (mm) Average stipe length (mm) Average stem diameter (mm) Average single mushroom weight (g) Converted average yield per mu (kg) Example 1 21.63 42.25 53.64 41.46 45.46 2932.4 Example 2 21.57 41.65 53.45 41.37 45.23 2919.3 Comparative Example 1 21.43 38.42 60.32 34.24 39.21 1821.6 Comparative Example 2 20.78 31.16 68.12 26.79 34.13 2723.5 Comparative Example 3 21.32 41.35 54.67 39.45 42.46 2539.5

[0084] Result analysis: The mushroom fruiting scene using the cultivation method in Example 1 is as follows: Figure 1 As shown, the mushroom fruiting scene using the cultivation method in Comparative Example 2 is as follows Figure 2 As shown in Tables 1 and 2, statistical measurements and a comparison of Example 1 and Comparative Example 2 show that the cleanliness of the Stropharia capillaris fruiting bodies obtained using the cultivation method of Example 1 increased from 20.3% in field cultivation using conventional compost to 92.5%. The high-quality mushroom rate was 72.2%, more than double that of field cultivation using conventional compost. The insect pest rate was 2.2%, a 77% reduction compared to field cultivation using conventional compost. A comparison of Example 1 and Comparative Example 3 shows that the omission of drilling and watering during tide-changing management reduces the high-quality mushroom rate and significantly reduces the yield of Stropharia capillaris.

[0085] In the market, the purchase price of high-quality mushrooms is 2-3 times that of inferior mushrooms. After adopting the Stropharia cap mushroom cultivation method of Example 1, the average cap thickness, average cap diameter, average stipe length, average stipe diameter and average single mushroom weight of the Stropharia cap mushroom fruiting body meet the requirements of the market first-class mushrooms, and the cleanliness is high, which greatly improves the quality of the Stropharia cap mushroom fruiting body and has a high yield. The economic benefit of adopting this Stropharia cap mushroom cultivation method is good.

[0086] Throughout this specification, reference to terms such as "one embodiment," "some embodiments," "examples," "specific examples," or "some examples" means that a specific feature, structure, material, or characteristic described in conjunction with that embodiment or example is included in at least one embodiment or example of the present invention. In this specification, schematic representations of the above terms do not necessarily refer to the same embodiment or example. Furthermore, the specific features, structures, materials, or characteristics described may be combined in any suitable manner in any one or more embodiments or examples.

[0087] Although the embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described above, it will be understood that the above embodiments are illustrative and are not to be construed as limitations on the present invention. A person skilled in the art may change, modify, replace and modify the above embodiments within the scope of the present invention without departing from the principles and purpose of the present invention.

Claims

1. A method for growing Stropharia rugosa fruiting bodies without covering them with soil, characterized in that: The following steps are involved: 1) Preparation of mushroom culture medium: Mix 20%-30% cotton residue, 20%-30% sawdust, 15%-25% rice husk, 15%-25% corn cob, 5%-15% rice straw, 5%-10% wheat bran and 1% lime and set aside. 2) Primary composting: The fruiting culture medium prepared in step 1) is fermented in a composting tunnel 3 m wide, 1.5 m high, and 20 m long. Maintain the internal temperature of the compost pile at 60°C or above for 1-2 days. 3) Secondary turning and fermentation: Turn the fermented material from step 2), turning the inner and outer layers of the material against each other; when the material temperature rises to above 55°C again, maintain it for 1-2 days; 4) Secondary fermentation in the greenhouse: The culture medium in step 3) is moved into the greenhouse for secondary fermentation. The secondary fermentation takes 5 to 6 days in total. After the secondary fermentation is completed, the culture medium for Stropharia rugosa fermentation is obtained. 5) Spreading: Spread the fermentation culture medium from step 4) on the bed frame to a thickness of 20 to 25 cm; 6) Sowing: Inoculate the Stropharia occidentalis cultivar into the culture medium prepared in step 5) using the hole sowing method, with a seeding rate of 0.5-0.7 kg / m2; 7) Incubation: Cover the Stropharia officinalis fermentation medium from step 5) with a film. Maintain the temperature in the mushroom house at 20-25°C, the medium temperature at 24-26°C, the relative humidity at 78-82%, and the CO2 concentration at 2500-3500 mg / kg. Incubate for 40-45 days. 8) Inducing bud formation: Control the material temperature to drop to an average of 1°C per day to 19°C, and the temperature in the mushroom house to around 16-18°C. Increase fresh air and reduce the CO2 concentration in the mushroom house evenly every day until it reaches 1000-1500 mg / kg. Spray mushroom water and maintain this level for 4-5 days. 9) Mushroom cultivation: After the mushroom buds are formed, the temperature in the mushroom house is controlled to drop to 14-16°C, and the material temperature is maintained at 16-17°C to cultivate the fruiting body growth; 10) Harvesting: When the fruiting bodies are 7-8 months old and 4.5-5.5 cm tall, harvest them in time to obtain Stropharia rugosa. 11) Management during the transition period: After the first wave of mushrooms are harvested, old mushroom roots should be removed promptly to level the bed surface and maintain a clean environment. The temperature should rise to 20-22°C and maintained for 7-10 days. Holes with a diameter of 4-7 cm and a depth of 8-12 cm should be made every 40-60 cm on the bed surface and watered at 3-4 L / m2. Management for budding and mushroom cultivation should be the same as for the first wave until the end of the mushroom crop.

2. The method for growing Stropharia rugosa fruiting bodies without covering them with soil according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step 1), the weight ratio of cotton residue is 20% to 22%, and the weight ratio of rice straw is 8% to 12%.

3. The method for growing Stropharia officinalis fruiting bodies without covering with soil according to claim 2, characterized in that: In step 1), the weight ratios of the components in the fruiting culture medium are as follows: cotton residues are 22% by weight, sawdust is 22% by weight, rice husks are 20% by weight, corn cobs are 20% by weight, rice straw is 10% by weight, wheat bran is 5% by weight, and lime is 1% by weight.

4. The method for growing Stropharia rugosa fruiting bodies without covering with soil according to claim 1, characterized in that: In the mushroom culture medium, the diameter of the sawdust is 1 cm to 1.5 cm, the diameter of the corn cob is 1 cm to 1.5 cm, and the cut length of the rice straw is 10 cm to 15 cm.

5. The method for growing Stropharia rugosa fruiting bodies without covering with soil according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step 2), water is first added to the prepared fruiting culture medium to a moisture content of 70% to 72%, and then the culture medium is piled for fermentation in a fermentation tunnel with a width of 3 m, a height of 1.5 m, and a length of 20 m. When the temperature inside the pile reaches above 60°C, it is maintained for 2 days.

6. The method for growing Stropharia rugosa fruiting bodies without covering with soil according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step 3), the inner and outer layers of the culture medium are turned over, and water is added to a moisture content of 68% to 70%, and the culture medium is piled up for fermentation again; when the temperature of the culture medium rises to above 55°C again, it is maintained for 2 days, and water is added to a moisture content of 68% to 70% and set aside.

7. The method for growing Stropharia rugosa fruiting bodies without covering with soil according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step 4), after the culture medium in step 3) is moved into the greenhouse, it is distributed to the bed frame and heated. After the material temperature reaches 45-48°C, it is maintained for 6 hours; the temperature is raised to 58-60°C and maintained for 8 hours; after the pasteurization is completed, the material temperature is lowered to 48-50°C within 10-12 hours, and internal circulation is performed to maintain the culture medium temperature at 48-52°C for 2-3 days.

8. The method for growing Stropharia rugosa fruiting bodies without covering with soil according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step 6), hang yellow boards in the mushroom house, pull down the insect-proof net, and turn on the insect-killing light.

9. The method for growing Stropharia rugosa fruiting bodies without covering with soil according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step 9), after the mushroom buds are formed, the air temperature is controlled to drop to 14°C and the material temperature is maintained at 16°C to cultivate the growth of the fruiting body.

10. The method for growing Stropharia rugosa fruiting bodies without covering with soil according to claim 1, characterized in that: Step 11) During the crop rotation management, after the first crop of mushrooms is harvested, old mushroom roots are promptly removed, the bed surface is leveled, and the environment is maintained sanitary. The temperature is raised to 21°C and maintained for 10 days. Holes with a diameter of 5 cm and a depth of 10 cm are drilled every 50 cm on the bed surface, and water is added at 3 L / m2. Water is added to the compost to a moisture content of 63% based on the humidity of the compost. The management of the second and third crop of mushrooms is the same as that of the first crop, until the crop is completed.

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