Low-cost long-life basic refractory for non-ferrous smelting and method for producing the same
By optimizing the raw material composition and preparation process of refractory materials for non-ferrous smelting, and using inexpensive industrial-grade alkaline minerals and functional additives, the problems of high cost, short life and poor environmental performance of existing refractory materials have been solved, enabling low-cost, long-life and environmentally friendly refractory materials to be used in high-temperature corrosive environments.
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- CN · China
- Patent Type
- Applications(China)
- Current Assignee / Owner
- ZHENGZHOU RUITAI REFRACTORY MATERIALS TECH CO LTD
- Filing Date
- 2026-04-08
- Publication Date
- 2026-06-26
AI Technical Summary
Existing alkaline refractory materials are costly, have short lifespans, and poor environmental performance in non-ferrous smelting processes. They are particularly susceptible to damage in high-temperature, high-sulfur, and high-alkali metal environments, and pose a risk of hexavalent chromium pollution.
Based on inexpensive industrial-grade alkaline minerals such as calcined dolomite and sintered magnesia, and combined with functional additives such as silica powder, bauxite clinker, silicon carbide and calcium fluoride, refractory materials are formed through optimized proportions and preparation processes. These materials enhance high-temperature stability and corrosion resistance, and avoid heavy metal pollution.
It has achieved a low-cost, long-life refractory material with strong adaptability, significantly reduced raw material costs, extended service life, and avoided hexavalent chromium pollution, making it suitable for high-temperature corrosive environments.
Abstract
Description
Technical Field
[0001] This invention relates to the technical field of non-ferrous metal smelting, specifically to a long-life alkaline refractory material for high-temperature parts such as furnace linings, chutes, and flues in non-ferrous smelting processes (such as the smelting of sulfide ores like copper, lead, and zinc). It is particularly suitable as a low-cost protective material for high-sulfur, high-alkali metal (such as Na and K) and highly corrosive molten environments. Background Technology
[0002] In non-ferrous smelting (especially pyrometallurgical smelting of sulfide ores), the melt in the furnace typically has high temperature (1100~1400℃), strong alkalinity (containing CaO, MgO, etc.), and high sulfur content (SO2 / S). 2- It is characterized by its high alkali resistance and high corrosivity (containing FeO, SiO2, etc.). While existing alkaline refractory materials (such as magnesia-chrome bricks and magnesia-dolomite bricks) possess certain alkali resistance and high-temperature stability, they suffer from the following problems:
[0003] High cost: Magnesium chrome bricks rely on high-priced chromite (Cr2O3), and hexavalent chromium pollutes the environment; Magnesium dolomite bricks require high-purity dolomite raw materials, and the production process is energy-intensive.
[0004] Short lifespan: It is prone to "alkali erosion-structural spalling" cycle damage in sulfur-containing melts (alkali metals react with SiO2 to form low-melting-point silicates that penetrate the brick body, leading to thermal shock spalling).
[0005] Poor environmental performance: Hexavalent chromium (Cr) remains after the use of magnesia-chrome bricks. 6+ It is a highly toxic substance and requires special handling.
[0006] Therefore, developing a low-cost, long-life, and environmentally friendly alkaline material is of great significance for improving the efficiency of non-ferrous smelting, reducing maintenance costs, and reducing environmental pollution. Summary of the Invention
[0007] In order to overcome the above-mentioned problems and shortcomings of existing alkaline refractory materials, the present invention aims to provide a low-cost, long-life alkaline refractory material for non-ferrous smelting. By optimizing the raw material composition (mainly industrial-grade inexpensive alkaline minerals and compounded with functional additives) and the preparation process, the high-temperature stability, erosion resistance and thermal shock resistance are synergistically improved, while significantly reducing raw material costs and avoiding heavy metal pollution.
[0008] The first aspect of this invention relates to a low-cost, long-life alkaline refractory material for non-ferrous smelting, wherein its raw material composition, by mass percentage, consists of a basic alkaline component, functional additives, and a binder; wherein:
[0009] The basic alkaline component comprises 40% to 60% calcined dolomite and 20% to 40% sintered magnesia.
[0010] The functional additive contains 3% to 8% silicon micro powder, 5% to 15% bauxite clinker, 2% to 6% silicon carbide, and 1% to 5% calcium fluoride.
[0011] The calcined dolomite is a decomposition product of CaMg(CO3)2 calcined at 1000℃~1200℃, the sintered magnesia has an MgO content ≥90%, the silica powder has an SiO2 content ≥95%, the bauxite clinker has an Al2O3 content ≥70%, the silicon carbide has a purity ≥90%, and the calcium fluoride has a purity ≥97%.
[0012] The alkaline refractory material is fired at a temperature of 1400℃ to 1600℃ and held for 2 to 4 hours.
[0013] The binder is an inorganic phosphate or an organic resin.
[0014] The basic alkaline component comprises 45% to 55% calcined dolomite and 25% to 35% sintered magnesia; the functional additives comprise 4% to 6% silica fume, 8% to 12% bauxite clinker, 3% to 5% silicon carbide, and 2% to 4% calcium fluoride; and the binder comprises 4% to 6% by mass.
[0015] When used in a high-sulfur environment, the functional additive contains 4% to 6% silicon carbide and also includes 0.5% to 2% metallic silicon powder.
[0016] When used in a high-alkali metal environment, the content of bauxite clinker in the functional additive is 10% to 15%.
[0017] A second aspect of the present invention also relates to a method for preparing a low-cost, long-life alkaline refractory material for non-ferrous smelting, comprising the following steps:
[0018] Raw material pretreatment: Calcined dolomite, sintered magnesia, bauxite clinker and silicon carbide are crushed to a particle size of 0.1~5mm respectively, and silica powder and calcium fluoride are sieved to a particle size of ≤5μm;
[0019] Mixing: Dry mix the basic alkaline components and functional additives according to the formula for 5-10 minutes, then add the binder and wet mix for 15-25 minutes until uniform;
[0020] Molding: The mixture is pressed or vibrated under a pressure of 10~20MPa to obtain a green body;
[0021] Drying and firing: The green body is dried at 80℃~120℃ for 12~24 hours, and then fired at 1400~1600℃ for 2~4 hours or a non-firing process is adopted;
[0022] Post-processing: After firing, the material is cooled to room temperature, inspected, and then packaged.
[0023] The calcined dolomite is a product of CaMg(CO3)2 being calcined and decomposed into CaO·MgO at 1000℃~1200℃.
[0024] The firing temperature is 1500~1550℃, and the holding time is 3 hours.
[0025] The present invention also relates to the use of the above-mentioned low-cost, long-life alkaline materials for non-ferrous smelting in copper, lead, and zinc non-ferrous smelting, for use in furnace linings, chutes, or flue sections of smelting furnaces.
[0026] The copper smelting is carried out in a flash furnace, and the lead-zinc smelting is carried out in a blast furnace.
[0027] Beneficial effects
[0028] Compared with the prior art, the low-cost, long-life alkaline refractory material for non-ferrous smelting of the present invention has the following beneficial effects:
[0029] 1) Environmentally friendly and low-cost: Contains no chromium, avoiding the risk of hexavalent chromium pollution; raw materials are all industrial solid waste or common minerals, meeting the requirements of green metallurgy; mainly uses industrial-grade calcined dolomite (priced at only 1 / 3 to 1 / 2 of magnesia-chromium ore), sintered magnesia (70% of ordinary fused magnesia), and bauxite clinker (common raw materials), replacing expensive chromite and pure magnesia-dolomite, reducing raw material costs by 30% to 50%;
[0030] 2) Long lifespan: The MgO-CaO system provides high alkalinity and resistance to melt erosion (MgO reacts with slag to form a high-melting-point magnesium olivine / spinel phase); silicon carbide (SiC) and bauxite clinker (Al2O3) form a dense protective layer to resist the penetration of sulfur and alkali metals (SiC is antioxidant and reacts with sulfur to form a SiO2 protective film, while Al2O3 reacts with alkali metals to form high-melting-point compounds); calcium fluoride (CaF2) reduces melt viscosity, promotes slag flowability, and reduces mechanical erosion of the material; silica powder fills the pores and improves the material density (apparent porosity ≤15%, bulk density ≥2.8g / cm³).
[0031] 3) High adaptability: By adjusting the proportion of additives (such as silicon carbide and bauxite), it can be specifically adapted to the high-temperature corrosion environment of different non-ferrous metal smelting scenarios such as copper, lead, and zinc. Detailed Implementation
[0032] The technical solution of the present invention will be further explained clearly and completely below with reference to specific embodiments.
[0033] To address the complex operating conditions (high temperature, strong corrosion, high dust) of high-temperature flue gas / slag in non-ferrous smelting (pyrometallurgical smelting of sulfide ores such as copper, lead, and zinc), traditional alkaline refractory materials cannot meet the requirements due to low activity, poor high-temperature stability, weak erosion resistance, or excessive cost. This invention proposes a design concept of "multi-component synergistic optimization + integrated structure-performance control." The core objective is to prepare alkaline materials with low cost, long lifespan, and environmental friendliness through the rational formulation of inexpensive industrial raw materials and process control. Specifically, the low-cost, long-life alkaline material for non-ferrous smelting of this invention consists of basic alkaline components, functional additives, and binders.
[0034] The content of the basic alkaline components accounts for 70% to 90% (preferably 80% to 85%) of the total raw material mass, including calcined dolomite (CaMg(CO3)2 is calcined at 1000 to 1200℃ to decompose into CaO·MgO): 40% to 60% (preferably 45% to 55%); sintered magnesia (MgO content ≥90%, particle size 0.1 to 5 mm): 20% to 40% (preferably 25% to 35%). The functional additives comprise 10% to 30% (preferably 15% to 25%) of the total raw material mass, including: silicon micropowder (SiO2 content ≥95%, particle size ≤5μm): 3% to 8% (preferably 4% to 6%); bauxite clinker (Al2O3 content ≥70%, particle size 0.1 to 3mm): 5% to 15% (preferably 8% to 12%); silicon carbide (SiC, purity ≥90%, particle size 0.05 to 1mm): 2% to 6% (preferably 3% to 5%); and calcium fluoride (CaF2, purity ≥97%): 1% to 5% (preferably 2% to 4%). The binder comprises 3% to 8% (preferably 4% to 6%) of the total raw material mass, and is an inorganic phosphate (such as aluminum dihydrogen phosphate) or an organic resin (such as phenolic resin, comprising 3% to 8% of the total solid mass).
[0035] Preferably, when used in high-sulfur environments (such as copper smelting flash furnaces), the proportion of silicon carbide is increased to 4%~6%, and 0.5%~2% of metallic silicon powder (Si content ≥98%, particle size ≤1mm) is added to improve sulfur corrosion resistance; when used in high-alkali metal environments (such as lead-zinc smelting blast furnaces), the proportion of bauxite clinker is increased to 10%~15%, and high-melting-point compounds (such as NaAlSiO4) are generated by Al2O3 and alkali metals to inhibit penetration.
[0036] 1) Raw material pretreatment: Calcined dolomite, sintered magnesia, bauxite clinker, and silicon carbide are crushed to the target particle size (mainly 0.1~5mm), and silica powder and calcium fluoride are sieved to ≤5μm;
[0037] 2) Mixing: Add the basic alkaline components (calcined dolomite + sintered magnesia) and functional additives (silicon micro powder, bauxite clinker, silicon carbide, calcium fluoride) to the mixer according to the formula, and dry mix for 5-10 minutes; then add the binder (aluminum dihydrogen phosphate solution or phenolic resin liquid), and wet mix for 15-25 minutes until uniform.
[0038] 3) Molding: The mixture is injected into the mold and pressed into shape (or vibrated to form) under a pressure of 10MPa~20MPa to obtain a green body;
[0039] 4) Drying and firing: Dry the green body at 80~120℃ for 12~24 hours to remove free moisture; then fire it at 1400~1600℃ for 2~4 hours (if a non-firing process is used, the firing step can be omitted and it can be used directly after drying).
[0040] 5) Post-processing: After firing, the material is naturally cooled to room temperature, and its size and density are inspected before packaging.
[0041] Key process parameters description
[0042] 1) Raw material selection: Calcined dolomite: The calcination temperature needs to be controlled (1000~1200℃) to ensure complete decomposition into the CaO·MgO active phase, and to avoid residual undecomposed CaMg(CO3)2 which reduces high-temperature performance; Sintered magnesia: MgO content ≥90% (preferably ≥92%) to ensure high alkalinity and resistance to melt erosion; Functional additives: Silicon carbide (SiC): Improves resistance to sulfur erosion and wear resistance; Bauxite clinker (Al2O3): Reacts with alkali metals (Na, K) to form high-melting-point compounds (such as NaAlSiO4), inhibiting penetration; Calcium fluoride (CaF2): Reduces slag viscosity, promotes slag flow, and reduces mechanical erosion of materials; Metallic silicon powder (high sulfur environment): Reacts with oxygen at high temperature to generate SiO2, enhancing the surface's resistance to oxidation / sulfur.
[0043] 2) The role of binders: Inorganic phosphates (aluminum dihydrogen phosphate): At high temperatures, they form phosphate-bound phases (such as MgO·Al2O3·P2O5), which improve the medium-temperature strength and thermal shock resistance of the material. Organic resins should be avoided in the sintering process. Organic resins (phenolic resins): They provide rapid bonding at room temperature (suitable for vibration molding), and carbonize at high temperatures to form a carbon layer that blocks melt penetration (but the amount of residual carbon needs to be controlled to avoid oxidation problems).
[0044] 3) Firing regime: Firing temperature 1400~1600℃ (preferably 1500~1550℃): promotes the formation of continuous solid solution (such as magnesium calcium olivine) between MgO and CaO, and allows additives (such as Al2O3, SiC) to react with the matrix to generate high melting point phases; holding time 2~4 hours (preferably 3 hours): ensures uniform and dense internal structure of the material.
[0045] Example 1 (Materials for a flash furnace in copper smelting)
[0046] The alkaline refractory material for the copper smelting flash furnace in this embodiment consists of 75% basic alkaline components, 20% functional additives, and 5% binder. The basic alkaline components consist of 45% calcined dolomite and 30% sintered magnesia. The functional additives consist of 3% silica fume, 8% bauxite clinker, 5% silicon carbide, 2% metallic silicon powder, and 2% calcium fluoride. The binder is aluminum dihydrogen phosphate solution. The calcined dolomite is a product of the decomposition of CaMg(CO3)2 by calcination at 1200℃.
[0047] The preparation process is as follows:
[0048] 1) Raw material pretreatment: The calcined dolomite, sintered magnesia, bauxite clinker and silicon carbide are crushed to the target particle size of 0.1~5mm respectively, and the silicon micro powder, metallic silicon powder and calcium fluoride are sieved to ≤5μm;
[0049] 2) Mixing: Add the basic alkaline components (calcined dolomite + sintered magnesia) and functional additives (silicon micro powder, metallic silicon powder, bauxite clinker, silicon carbide, calcium fluoride) to the mixer according to the formula and dry mix for 5-10 minutes; then add aluminum dihydrogen phosphate solution and wet mix for 15-25 minutes until uniform.
[0050] 3) Molding: The mixture is injected into a mold and pressed under a pressure of 15MPa to obtain a green body;
[0051] 4) Drying and firing: The green body is dried at 100℃ for 24 hours to remove free moisture; then it is fired at 1550℃ for 3 hours.
[0052] 5) Post-treatment: After firing, the material is naturally cooled to room temperature, resulting in an alkaline refractory material with an apparent porosity of 12% and a bulk density of 2.9 g / cm³. 3 Compressive strength (1400℃) ≥80MPa, thermal shock resistance (1100℃ water cooling) ≥15 cycles.
[0053] Application results: When used in the flash slag line of a copper smelter, the service life reached 12 months.
[0054] Comparative Example 1
[0055] The basic refractory material of this comparative example consists of 75% basic basic components, 20% functional additives, and 5% binder. The basic basic components consist of 45% calcined dolomite and 30% sintered magnesia. The functional additives consist of 3% silica fume, 8% bauxite clinker, 5% silicon carbide, and 4% graphite. The binder is aluminum dihydrogen phosphate solution. The calcined dolomite is a product of the decomposition of CaMg(CO3)2 by calcination at 1200℃.
[0056] The preparation process is as follows:
[0057] 1) Raw material pretreatment: The calcined dolomite, sintered magnesia, bauxite clinker and silicon carbide are crushed to the target particle size of 0.1~5mm respectively, and the silicon micro powder and graphite powder are sieved to ≤5μm;
[0058] 2) Mixing: Add the basic alkaline components (calcined dolomite + sintered magnesia) and functional additives (silicon micro powder, bauxite clinker, silicon carbide, graphite powder) to the mixer according to the formula, and dry mix for 5-10 minutes; then add aluminum dihydrogen phosphate solution and wet mix for 15-25 minutes until uniform.
[0059] 3) Molding: The mixture is injected into a mold and pressed under a pressure of 15MPa to obtain a green body;
[0060] 4) Drying and firing: The green body is dried at 100℃ for 24 hours to remove free moisture; then it is fired at 1550℃ for 3 hours.
[0061] 5) Post-treatment: After firing, the material is naturally cooled to room temperature, resulting in an alkaline refractory material with an apparent porosity of 15% and a bulk density of 2.82 g / cm³. 3 Compressive strength (1400℃) ≥60MPa, thermal shock resistance (1100℃ water cooling) ≥12 cycles.
[0062] It was used in the flash slag line of a copper smelter, and its lifespan was only 7 months.
[0063] Comparative Example 2
[0064] The alkaline refractory material of this comparative example consists of 75% basic alkaline components, 20% functional additives, and 5% binder. The basic alkaline components consist of 45% calcined dolomite and 30% sintered magnesia. The functional additives consist of 3% silica fume, 8% bauxite clinker, 5% silicon carbide, 2% metallic silicon powder, and 2% calcium fluoride. The binder is a phenolic resin binder. The calcined dolomite is a product of the decomposition of CaMg(CO3)2 by calcination at 1200℃.
[0065] The preparation process is as follows:
[0066] 1) Raw material pretreatment: The calcined dolomite, sintered magnesia, bauxite clinker and silicon carbide are crushed to the target particle size of 0.1~5mm respectively, and the silicon micro powder, metallic silicon powder and calcium fluoride are sieved to ≤5μm;
[0067] 2) Mixing: Add the basic alkaline components (calcined dolomite + sintered magnesia) and functional additives (silicon micro powder, metallic silicon powder, bauxite clinker, silicon carbide, calcium fluoride) to the mixer according to the formula, and dry mix for 5-10 minutes; then add the phenolic resin binder and continue mixing for 15-25 minutes until uniform.
[0068] 3) Molding: The mixture is injected into a mold and pressed under a pressure of 15MPa to obtain a green body;
[0069] 4) Drying and firing: The green body is dried at 100℃ for 24 hours to remove free moisture; then it is fired at 1550℃ for 3 hours.
[0070] 5) Post-treatment: After firing, the material is naturally cooled to room temperature, resulting in an alkaline refractory material with an apparent porosity of 14% and a bulk density of 2.9 g / cm³. 3 Compressive strength (1400℃) ≥65MPa, thermal shock resistance (1100℃ water cooling) ≥10 cycles.
[0071] Application results: When used in the flash slag line of a copper smelter, the service life was 9 months.
[0072] Example 2 (Materials for a Blast Furnace in Lead-Zinc Smelting)
[0073] The material used in the lead-zinc smelting blast furnace of this embodiment consists of 75% basic alkaline components, 21% functional additives, and 4% binder. The basic alkaline components consist of 50% calcined dolomite and 25% sintered magnesia. The functional additives consist of 4% silica fume, 12% bauxite clinker, 3% silicon carbide, and 2% calcium fluoride. The binder is a phenolic resin binder. The calcined dolomite is a product of the decomposition of CaMg(CO3)2 by calcination at 1200℃. The preparation process is as follows:
[0074] 1) Raw material pretreatment: The calcined dolomite, sintered magnesia, bauxite clinker and silicon carbide are crushed to the target particle size of 0.1~5mm respectively, and the silicon micro powder and calcium fluoride are sieved to ≤5μm;
[0075] 2) Mixing: Add the basic alkaline components (calcined dolomite + sintered magnesia) and functional additives (silicon micro powder, bauxite clinker, silicon carbide, calcium fluoride) to the mixer according to the formula, and dry mix for 5-10 minutes; then add the phenolic resin binder and continue mixing for 15-25 minutes until uniform.
[0076] 3) Molding: The mixture is injected into the mold and shaped by vibration at 10,000 times / min to obtain a green body;
[0077] 4) Drying: The green body is dried at 120℃ for 18 hours and used directly without firing; the resulting alkaline refractory material has an apparent porosity of 14% and a bulk density of 2.8 g / cm³. 3 Its resistance to alkali metal corrosion (5% Na2O content melt) is 40% higher than that of traditional magnesia bricks.
[0078] Industrial applicability
[0079] This invention utilizes inexpensive alkaline minerals and functional additives to prepare an alkaline material for non-ferrous smelting that combines low cost, long lifespan, and environmental friendliness. It effectively solves the problems of high cost, heavy pollution, and short lifespan of traditional magnesia-chrome bricks. It is suitable for the high-temperature corrosive environment of smelting sulfide ores such as copper, lead, and zinc, and has significant industrial application value.
[0080] The above description is merely a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and the present invention highlights its essential features through the above embodiments. Those skilled in the art should understand that any equivalent substitution of the raw materials used or substitution of known means, made without departing from the concept and essence of the present invention, falls within the protection scope of the present invention and is not limited to the specific embodiments described above.
Claims
1. A low-cost, long-life alkaline refractory material for non-ferrous smelting, characterized in that: Its raw material composition, by mass percentage, consists of basic alkaline components, functional additives, and binders; wherein: The basic alkaline component comprises 40% to 60% calcined dolomite and 20% to 40% sintered magnesia. The functional additive contains 3% to 8% silicon micro powder, 5% to 15% bauxite clinker, 2% to 6% silicon carbide, and 1% to 5% calcium fluoride. The calcined dolomite is a decomposition product of CaMg(CO3)2 calcined at 1000℃~1200℃, the sintered magnesia has an MgO content ≥90%, the silica powder has an SiO2 content ≥95%, the bauxite clinker has an Al2O3 content ≥70%, the silicon carbide has a purity ≥90%, and the calcium fluoride has a purity ≥97%.
2. The low-cost, long-life alkaline refractory material for non-ferrous smelting according to claim 1, characterized in that: The alkaline refractory material is produced by a firing process, with a firing temperature of 1400℃~1600℃ and a holding time of 2~4 hours.
3. The low-cost, long-life alkaline refractory material for non-ferrous smelting according to claim 1, characterized in that: The binder is an inorganic phosphate or an organic resin.
4. The low-cost, long-life alkaline refractory material for non-ferrous smelting according to any one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that: The basic alkaline component comprises 45% to 55% calcined dolomite and 25% to 35% sintered magnesia; the functional additives comprise 4% to 6% silica fume, 8% to 12% bauxite clinker, 3% to 5% silicon carbide, and 2% to 4% calcium fluoride; the binder comprises 4% to 6% by mass.
5. The low-cost, long-life alkaline refractory material for non-ferrous smelting according to any one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that: When used in a high-sulfur environment, the functional additive contains 4% to 6% silicon carbide and also includes 0.5% to 2% metallic silicon powder.
6. The low-cost, long-life alkaline refractory material for non-ferrous smelting according to any one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that: When used in high-alkali metal environments, the content of bauxite clinker in the functional additive is 10%~15%.
7. The method for preparing low-cost, long-life alkaline refractory material for non-ferrous smelting according to claim 1, characterized in that... Includes the following steps: Raw material pretreatment: Calcined dolomite, sintered magnesia, bauxite clinker, and silicon carbide are crushed to a particle size of 0.1 mm to 5 mm, and silica powder and calcium fluoride are sieved to a particle size of ≤ 5 μm. Mixing: Dry mix the basic alkaline components and functional additives according to the formula for 5-10 minutes, then add the binder and wet mix for 15-25 minutes until uniform; Molding: The mixture is pressed or vibrated under a pressure of 10~20MPa to obtain a green body; Drying and firing: The green body is dried at 80℃~120℃ for 12~24 hours, and then fired at 1400~1600℃ for 2~4 hours or a non-firing process is adopted; Post-processing: After firing, the material is cooled to room temperature, inspected, and then packaged.
8. The method for preparing low-cost, long-life alkaline refractory material for non-ferrous smelting according to claim 7, characterized in that... The firing temperature is 1500~1550℃, and the holding time is 3 hours.
9. The use of the low-cost, long-life alkaline material for non-ferrous smelting according to any one of claims 1 to 6 in the non-ferrous smelting of copper, lead, and zinc, characterized in that: Used for furnace linings, chutes, or flue sections of smelting furnaces.
10. The use of the low-cost, long-life alkaline material for non-ferrous smelting according to claim 9 in the non-ferrous smelting of copper, lead, and zinc, characterized in that: The copper smelting is carried out in a flash furnace, and the lead-zinc smelting is carried out in a blast furnace.