A gyrotron commissioning system and method

Abstract

The application discloses a gyrotron maturation debugging system and method, belongs to the technical field of microwave vacuum electron device testing and maturation, integrates the gas removal maturation, power measurement and protection of the gyrotron, and operates the cathode power supply and the anode power supply in a modulation mode with a settable total pulse width, modulation period and duty cycle, takes the titanium pump current as a vacuum feedback quantity and sets multiple threshold values, automatically reduces the duty cycle, shortens the wave emission time and increases the exhaust time when the titanium pump current exceeds the first threshold value, and automatically stops when the titanium pump current exceeds the second threshold value, so that the closed-loop control of the self-adaptive slowing down first and the protection shutdown later is formed; the water load calorimetry method is used in combination with the integral method to solve the thermal equilibrium problem under the short pulse, and the power calibration is completed in the same process; the wave-free protection is automatically switched according to the output power level, the threshold value is self-calibrated by the actually measured detection voltage in the high-power stage, and the protection is enabled; and the application can improve the flexibility, consistency and reliability of the gyrotron maturation, and significantly improve the maturation efficiency.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention belongs to the field of microwave vacuum electronic device testing and aging technology, and relates to a gyrotube aging and debugging system and method. Background Technology

[0002] A gyrotron is a vacuum electronic device used to generate high-power millimeter / submillimeter waves, widely used in controlled nuclear fusion electron gyrothering, high-power radar, and materials processing. After manufacturing or long-term storage, gases may adsorb onto the electrodes and cavity surfaces of the gyrotron. It must undergo an "aging / conditioning" process (also known as degassing or venting) by gradually applying and increasing the operating voltage and power, causing the adsorbed gases to be released and removed by an ion pump. This improves the vacuum level and pressure resistance of the gyrotron, preventing arcing, breakdown, or even tube damage due to gas release during normal operation.

[0003] The power calibration of a gyrotube (the calculation of peak power and average power) is usually performed using the water load calorimetry method: the millimeter-wave power is absorbed by the flowing water load, the average power absorbed is calculated by the water flow rate and the temperature difference between the inlet and outlet, and then the peak power is calculated by combining the working duty cycle.

[0004] However, the existing methods of practice and debugging have the following shortcomings: First, the aging process relies heavily on manual observation of the titanium pump current and manual adjustment of voltage, power, and running time, resulting in low efficiency, poor consistency, and a strong dependence on operator experience. Second, current aging and commissioning of rotary tubes uses a single short-pulse method, which makes it difficult to balance "rapid degassing" and "avoiding excessive venting that could cause sparking." An excessively high duty cycle easily leads to venting and sparking, while an excessively low duty cycle results in a lengthy aging cycle. Third, when the vacuum inside the tube deteriorates due to instantaneous venting, there is a lack of automatic, graded response mechanisms, often resulting in a complete shutdown. This lack of a gradient between "slowing down the pace" and "emergency protection" leads to poor aging continuity. Fourth, with the single short-pulse aging and commissioning method, power measurement and the aging process are disconnected. It is difficult to complete both degassing and obtain a stable and reliable water load temperature rise for calibrating peak / average power within the same operating flow. Furthermore, under a single short pulse, the water load cooling water is unlikely to reach thermal equilibrium, making it difficult to calculate the rotary tube's output power. Fifth, microwave protection (such as reflection / no-wave protection) is usually always on, which can easily trigger falsely during the low-power aging stage, interrupting the aging process; while the protection of the gyrotron is only truly needed during the high-power stage.

[0005] Therefore, there is a need for an automated, adaptive gyrotron aging and commissioning system and method that integrates aging and power measurement. Summary of the Invention

[0006] The technical solution of this invention addresses the problems of existing aging and commissioning methods for rotary tubes, which rely on manual labor, are inefficient, and have poor consistency; the single short pulse method cannot simultaneously ensure degassing efficiency and ignition safety; lack a graded response mechanism for vacuum deterioration; aging and power measurement are disconnected, and it is difficult for water loads to achieve thermal balance under short pulses, leading to difficulties in power calibration; and microwave protection is prone to accidental triggering and interrupting the aging process at low power levels.

[0007] The present invention solves the above-mentioned technical problems through the following technical solutions: This invention provides a aging and commissioning system for a gyrotube, comprising: The cathode power supply and the anode power supply are used to apply power to the cathode and anode of the gyrotube, respectively. The timing control unit is used to generate control optical signals for the cathode and anode, and to control the loading and unloading timing of the cathode and anode power supplies; The vacuum monitoring unit is used to collect the titanium pump current and convert it into a voltage signal for output to the main control unit; The water-loaded calorimeter unit is used to absorb the millimeter-wave power output from the gyrotube; The microwave protection unit includes: a microwave protection module, used to acquire detector voltage signals characterizing incident power and reflected power; The main control unit is configured to execute the following control logic: Set the total pulse width, modulation period, and duty cycle of the modulation pulse, and write the parameters into the timing control unit to control the cathode and anode power supplies to apply power to the gyrotron in a modulation manner; The system receives the titanium pump current signal output by the vacuum monitoring unit and compares it with the preset two-stage current threshold. When the titanium pump current is between the first and second stage thresholds, the current duty cycle is reduced to shorten the wave emission time and extend the exhaust time. When the titanium pump current exceeds the second stage threshold, the anode and cathode power supplies are directly cut off by the timing control unit to achieve emergency shutdown. The system receives the inlet and outlet water temperature signals from the water load calorimeter unit, calculates the power absorbed by the water load based on the preset water flow rate data, and converts the average and peak output power of the rotary tube based on the current duty cycle.

[0008] Furthermore, the main control unit is also used to: control the activation and deactivation of the waveless protection function of the power monitoring module based on the comparison result of the calculated average output power and the preset power threshold; when the average output power reaches the preset power threshold, self-calibrate the waveless protection threshold with the currently acquired detector voltage and activate the waveless protection; when the average output power does not reach the preset power threshold, disable the waveless protection.

[0009] Furthermore, the microwave protection unit also includes an overcurrent protection module, which monitors the rate of change of cathode and anode currents and converts the rate of change into a voltage signal for comparison with an overcurrent threshold.

[0010] Furthermore, the overcurrent protection module includes a first current transformer sleeved on the cathode power output cable and a second current transformer sleeved on the anode power output cable.

[0011] Furthermore, the timing control unit is implemented using an FPGA.

[0012] The present invention also provides a method for applying the above-mentioned aging and commissioning system for gyrotubes, comprising the following steps: The main control unit sets the total pulse width, modulation period and duty cycle of the modulation pulse, and controls the cathode power supply and anode power supply to apply power to the gyrotube in a modulation manner, so as to achieve degassing aging and power calibration in the same operation process. Using the titanium pump current as a feedback quantity to reflect the vacuum state inside the tube, two levels of current thresholds are set. The main control unit performs adaptive closed-loop control based on the comparison results between the titanium pump current and the two levels of thresholds, including automatic adjustment of duty cycle or emergency shutdown. Meanwhile, the main control unit calculates the power absorbed by the water load based on the water flow rate and real-time temperature difference, and then measures the average power and peak power of the rotary tube. Furthermore, the microwave protection system switches between different stages based on the output power level of the gyrotron. During the low-power stage, the microwave protection is disabled or turned off, while during the high-power stage, the protection threshold is self-calibrated using the measured detector voltage and the microwave protection is enabled.

[0013] Furthermore, the two-stage current threshold includes: a first-stage threshold I. th1 Second-level threshold I th2 , and I th1 <I th2 ; When the titanium pump current I ti <I th1 When the vacuum is deemed good, the system operates normally according to the set parameters. When I th1 ≤I ti <I th2 If a slight deterioration in vacuum is detected, the main control unit automatically reduces the duty cycle to half of its current value, shortens the wave emission time, and increases the exhaust time. If the vacuum level remains higher than I after a preset detection period, the system will take further action. th1 Then continue to halve until the effective emission time is reduced to a minimum; When I ti ≥I th2 If the vacuum is found to be severely deteriorated, the main control unit will directly shut down the anode and cathode power supplies, and initiate an emergency shutdown.

[0014] Furthermore, the calculation method for the power absorbed by the water load is as follows: using the water load calorimetry method combined with the integral method, the water flow rate and the real-time inlet and outlet temperature difference are integrated, and then divided by the cumulative output pulse width of multiple cycles to obtain the real-time average output power.

[0015] Furthermore, the specific method for segmented switching of the waveless protection based on the output power level of the gyrotron is as follows: When the average power P of the gyrotube avg The preset power threshold P was not reached. th When this occurs, disable waveless protection; When P avg ≥P th At that time, the waveless protection threshold voltage V will be... th Set to the currently acquired detector voltage and enable no-wave protection; After enabling the no-wave protection, if the detector voltage is lower than V th After waiting time T wait Then, make another judgment; if it is still lower than V... th Then the power supply to the anode and cathode will be turned off.

[0016] Furthermore, the method also includes overcurrent protection, which monitors the rate of change of cathode current and anode current through a current transformer, and simultaneously cuts off the cathode power supply and anode power supply when the rate of change exceeds a threshold.

[0017] The beneficial effects of this invention are as follows: This invention unifies aging degassing and power calibration into a single modulation operation process, achieving stable temperature rise and power calibration in a single run. It employs an integral method to solve the power calculation problem of thermal balance under short-pulse water loads. A multi-level threshold for the titanium pump current enables adaptive closed-loop operation, gradually slowing down when the vacuum deteriorates slightly and stopping urgently when it deteriorates severely, balancing degassing efficiency and ignition safety, significantly reducing manual intervention and improving consistency and efficiency. The total pulse width, modulation period, and duty cycle are settable and automatically adjusted according to the vacuum state, overcoming the contradiction between degassing speed and safety under a single pulse. The automatic doubling of the duty cycle without further upward adjustment avoids limiting loop oscillations near the threshold. Precise timing control using FPGA ensures that the cathode and anode power supplies are loaded and unloaded according to the correct timing sequence of "cathode first, anode second; anode first, cathode second," effectively protecting the gyrotube electrodes. Waveless protection dynamically switches with power and self-calibrates the threshold based on measured values, eliminating false triggering problems in the low-power stage while ensuring safety in the high-power stage, improving aging continuity while protecting the gyrotube. Attached Figure Description

[0018] Figure 1 This is a structural diagram of the gyrotube aging and debugging system of the present invention; Figure 2This is a timing diagram of the automatic aging and debugging of the gyrotube according to the present invention. Detailed Implementation

[0019] To make the objectives, technical solutions, and advantages of the embodiments of the present invention clearer, the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below in conjunction with the embodiments of the present invention. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present invention, not all embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without creative effort are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0020] The technical solution of the present invention will be further described below with reference to the accompanying drawings and specific embodiments: Example 1 like Figure 1 As shown, this embodiment provides a aging and debugging system for a gyrotube, including: a cathode power supply, an anode power supply, a timing control unit, a vacuum monitoring unit, a water load calorimetry unit, a microwave protection unit, and a main control unit.

[0021] 1. Cathode power supply and anode power supply The cathode power supply is connected to the cathode of the gyrotron via a cable and is used to provide adjustable power to the cathode of the gyrotron. The control terminal of the cathode power supply is configured to receive the cathode control optical signal NegHV_Onoff. When the NegHV_Onoff optical signal is in a light-on state, the cathode power supply is switched on; when the NegHV_Onoff optical signal is in a light-off state, the cathode power supply is switched off.

[0022] The anode power supply is connected to the anode of the gyrotube via a cable and is used to provide adjustable power to the anode of the gyrotube. The control terminal of the anode power supply is configured to receive the anode control optical signal PosHV_Onoff. When the PosHV_Onoff optical signal is in a light-emitting state, the anode power supply is switched on; when the PosHV_Onoff optical signal is in a light-free state, the anode power supply is switched off.

[0023] The cathode cable of the cathode power supply passes through a Pearson 110 current transformer, and the anode cable of the anode power supply, which connects to the anode of the gyrotube, passes through a Pearson 2100 current transformer. These are used to monitor the rate of change of the beam current and the anode current, respectively.

[0024] 2. Timing control unit The timing control unit is implemented using an FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array). The FPGA is connected to the control terminals of the cathode power supply and the anode power supply via optical fibers to generate two optical signals, NegHV_Onoff and PosHV_Onoff, to precisely control the turn-on and turn-off timing of the cathode power supply and the anode power supply.

[0025] like Figure 2 As shown, the FPGA is configured to strictly follow the timing rule of "loading the cathode before loading the anode, and removing the anode before removing the cathode": Upon power-up, the FPGA first outputs the NegHV_Onoff signal to indicate a lit state, enabling the cathode power supply; after a delay of approximately 1ms, it then outputs the PosHV_Onoff signal to indicate a lit state, enabling the anode power supply. Upon power-down, the FPGA first outputs the PosHV_Onoff signal to indicate a dark state, cutting off the anode power supply; after a delay of approximately 1ms, it then outputs the NegHV_Onoff signal to indicate a dark state, cutting off the cathode power supply. In addition, the FPGA is also used to generate the total pulse width T. total The modulation pulse, with a settable modulation period T and duty cycle, controls the cathode and anode power supplies to apply power to the gyrotube in a modulated manner.

[0026] 3. Vacuum monitoring unit The vacuum monitoring unit is connected to the titanium pump of the gyrotrobe, used to collect the titanium pump current and convert it into a voltage signal before outputting it to the main control unit. The magnitude of the titanium pump current is directly related to the vacuum state inside the gyrotrobe; when the amount of gas released inside the tube increases, the titanium pump current increases accordingly; conversely, when the vacuum level is good, the titanium pump current remains at a low level. Therefore, the titanium pump current can serve as a feedback quantity characterizing the real-time vacuum state inside the gyrotrobe.

[0027] 4. Water-loaded calorimeter unit The water load calorimeter is located at the millimeter-wave output end of the rotary tube and is used to absorb the millimeter-wave power output by the rotary tube. The unit includes a water load body, an inlet pipe, a return pipe, a flow meter, and a water temperature instrument.

[0028] Water temperature gauges are installed at the inlet and outlet of the water load to measure the inlet and outlet water temperatures. The water temperature gauges convert the temperature signals into 0-10V voltage signals (corresponding to temperatures of 0-100℃) and then output them to the main control unit.

[0029] The flow meter is installed in the water-cooled branch to measure the flow rate of cooling water flowing through the water load and output the flow signal to the main control unit.

[0030] 5. Microwave protection unit The microwave protection unit includes a microwave protection module (power monitoring) and an overcurrent protection module.

[0031] The waveless protection module is connected to the power monitoring elbow at the output end of the gyrotube. The power monitoring elbow outputs two detector voltage signals, representing the incident power and reflected power, respectively. After amplification, the two detector voltage signals enter the main control unit, where they are acquired and stored in real time.

[0032] The overcurrent protection module includes a first current transformer (Pearson 110) mounted on the cathode power output cable and a second current transformer (Pearson 2100) mounted on the anode power output cable, which are used to monitor the cathode current change rate (dI) respectively. b / dt) and the rate of change of anode current (dI) a / dt). The output voltage signals of the two current transformers are connected to the input of the overcurrent protection module after high-speed isolation and compared with the preset overcurrent threshold. The protection signal output by the overcurrent protection module is output to the control systems of the cathode power supply and the anode power supply respectively via optical signals.

[0033] VI. Main Control Unit The main control unit includes a computer and a main control program, which are connected to the timing control unit (FPGA), vacuum monitoring unit, water load calorimetry unit and microwave protection unit respectively.

[0034] The main control unit is configured to execute the following control logic: (1) The main control unit is equipped with input interfaces for the total duration of each gyrotron aging, modulation period and modulation duty cycle. Users can set the above parameters through the main control unit; the main control unit writes the parameters into the FPGA, and the FPGA outputs the modulation waveform according to the set parameters.

[0035] (2) Referring to Table 1, the main control unit collects the titanium pump current signal (I) output by the vacuum monitoring unit in real time. ti This is compared with a preset multi-level current threshold. The main control unit is equipped with a first-level titanium pump current threshold I. th1 Second-stage titanium pump current threshold I th2 (I) th1 <I th2 Input interface: When the titanium pump current is lower than I th1 When the vacuum is deemed good, the FPGA outputs a waveform according to the set parameters. If the waveform is lower than I for a consecutive preset number of cycles... th1 It can automatically double the duty cycle (it will not automatically increase it again after it is doubled).

[0036] When the titanium pump current is higher than I th1 And below I th2 If a slight vacuum deterioration is detected, the main control unit automatically reduces the duty cycle to half of its current value and writes this information to the FPGA, shortening the wave output time and increasing the exhaust time. If the titanium pump current remains higher than I after a preset judgment period (e.g., 10 modulation cycles), th1 Then continue to halve the duty cycle until the effective output time is reduced to the minimum value of 1ms.

[0037] When the titanium pump current is higher than I th2If the vacuum is severely deteriorated, the main control unit directly shuts down the anode and cathode power supplies via the FPGA to achieve an emergency shutdown, allowing the titanium pump to pump air for an extended period; once the titanium pump current recovers to I... th1 Please restart manually after the following steps.

[0038] Table 1. Two-stage current threshold comparison control logic based on titanium pump current.

[0039] Furthermore, if the titanium pump current is lower than I for a consecutive preset number of cycles (e.g., 10 modulation cycles), th1 The main control unit automatically doubles the duty cycle; after the duty cycle is doubled, it will not be automatically increased by default to avoid extreme cycle oscillations near the threshold.

[0040] (3) The main control unit receives the inlet and outlet water temperature signals from the water load calorimeter unit, combines them with the preset water flow data, calculates the power absorbed by the water load based on the real-time temperature difference using the integration method, and then calculates the average power P output by the rotary tube based on the working cycle and duty cycle. avg and peak power.

[0041] (4) The main control unit is equipped with a power threshold P. th The input interface. Upon initial setup, the main control unit first disables the no-wave protection. When the calculated average power P... avg Greater than P th At that time, the main control unit will set the threshold voltage V for waveless protection. th Set the current detected voltage to the current voltage level, and then enable the no-voltage protection. After enabling no-voltage protection, when the power monitoring module detects that the current incident detected voltage is less than V... th At that time, a no-wave protection signal is sent to the FPGA. Upon receiving the no-wave protection signal, the FPGA, to avoid malfunctions caused by single fluctuations in the detector voltage, waits for a period of time T. wait Then, check the detector voltage again: if the current detector voltage is greater than V th If the voltage is below V, then ignore the current waveless protection and continue operating; if the detector voltage is still below V... th The FPGA first outputs PosHV_Onoff as no light, and then outputs NegHV_Onoff as no light 1ms later, thereby turning off the anode and cathode power supplies.

[0042] (5) Overcurrent protection is always enabled. When the voltage signal output by the first current transformer or the second current transformer exceeds the preset overcurrent threshold voltage, the overcurrent protection unit outputs a protection signal within 10μs, and simultaneously cuts off the cathode power supply and anode power supply to protect the rotary tube, and trips the power switch cabinet, and the main control unit stops working.

[0043] VII. Overview of the device's working process With the gyrotron and transmission system (including the optical matching unit MOU, long straight waveguide, power monitoring elbow, commutation elbow, and water load, where the optical matching unit MOU is used to improve the purity of the gyrotron output mode) all installed and aligned, and the flow rate and pressure of each water-cooled branch of the gyrotron and water load adjusted accordingly, the user sets the total aging time, modulation period, modulation duty cycle, and first-stage titanium pump current threshold I on the main control unit. th1 Second-stage titanium pump current threshold I th2 and power threshold P th Then click the start button.

[0044] The main control unit writes the parameters into the FPGA. The FPGA sends NegHV_Onoff and PosHV_Onoff optical signals to the cathode power supply and anode power supply respectively through optical fiber according to the set modulation period and duty cycle. This controls the cathode power supply and anode power supply to be loaded onto the gyrotron in a modulation manner according to the "cathode first, anode later" timing sequence.

[0045] Throughout the aging process, the main control unit continuously collects signals such as titanium pump current, water load inlet and outlet temperatures, and detector voltage, and executes logic such as multi-level threshold adaptive closed-loop control of titanium pump current, power integral method calculation, and power segment switching of waveless protection in real time, until the total aging time ends or an emergency protection event occurs and the unit automatically shuts down.

[0046] Example 2 This embodiment provides a method for aging and debugging a gyrotube based on Embodiment 1, specifically including the following steps: (1) The FPGA module sends the NegHV_Onoff and PosHV_Onoff signals to the control system of the cathode power supply and the anode power supply through optical fiber, as start and stop signals of the two power supplies.

[0047] (2) The cathode cable of the cathode power supply passes through the Pearson 110 current transformer, and the anode cable of the anode power supply and the gyrotube anode passes through the Pearson 2100 current transformer to monitor the rate of change of the bundle current and the anode current respectively; the output voltage signals of the two transformers are connected to the input of the overcurrent protection after high-speed isolation.

[0048] (3) The overcurrent protection output signal is output to the control system of the cathode power supply and the anode power supply respectively through optical signal. When the cathode or anode overcurrent occurs, the overcurrent protection can cut off the cathode power supply and the anode power supply within 10μs.

[0049] (4) The power monitoring elbow outputs two detector voltage signals, which respectively represent the incident power and the reflected power. The two detector voltage signals are amplified and then enter the main control unit, which collects and stores them in real time.

[0050] (5) After the titanium pump current is converted into a voltage signal, it is acquired by the main control unit. Two levels of titanium pump current thresholds are set on the main control unit, namely the first level titanium pump current threshold I. th1 Second-stage titanium pump current threshold I th2 The first-stage titanium pump current threshold I th1 Less than the second-stage titanium pump current threshold I th2 .

[0051] (6) The water temperature instrument measures the inlet and outlet water temperatures of the water load, and the transmitter converts them into 0-10V voltage signals (corresponding to temperatures of 0-100℃). The main control unit then collects the signals and calculates the power absorbed by the water load in real time based on the temperature difference and integration method.

[0052] (7) Set the total duration, modulation period, and modulation duty cycle of each gyrotron training cycle on the main control unit, and write the parameters into the FPGA; set the waveless power threshold P on the main control unit. th First, disable the waveless protection; set the first-stage titanium pump current threshold I on the main control unit. th1 Second-stage titanium pump current threshold I th2 .

[0053] (8) After the main control unit clicks the start button to begin operation, the FPGA sends out the following output: Figure 2 The waveform shown controls the cathode power supply and anode power supply according to... Figure 2 The waveform shown indicates that the cathode and anode power supplies are modulated and applied to the gyrotron. (Refer to...) Figure 2 t1 is the time interval between NegHV_Onoff and PosHV_Onoff (i.e., the time interval between the cathode power supply and the anode power supply, typically 1ms, controlled by the FPGA), and T is the modulation period of the gyrotron aging process. total For the total pulse width of the gyrotube, T and T total Both the duty cycle and the main control unit are set by the user.

[0054] (9) After the main control unit starts running, it compares the real-time collected titanium pump current with the set two-stage titanium pump current thresholds: if the current titanium pump current is lower than the first-stage titanium pump current threshold I th1 The FPGA outputs a waveform according to the initially set parameters; if the current titanium pump current is higher than the first-stage titanium pump current threshold I... th1 If the duty cycle is halved, the data will be written to the FPGA. If, after reducing the duty cycle, the titanium pump current remains above the first-stage titanium pump current threshold I after 10 modulation cycles... th1 And less than the second-stage titanium pump current threshold I th2Then, the duty cycle is reduced by half, and the above process is repeated until the effective output time is as low as 1ms. Generally, the shortest modulation period is 100ms. Therefore, after the duty cycle is reduced to 1ms, the gyrotube is theoretically in a pumping state for more than 90ms, and the titanium pump current quickly drops to the first-stage titanium pump current threshold I. th1 The following applies: If the titanium pump current is lower than the first-stage titanium pump current threshold I for 10 consecutive modulation cycles. th1 If the duty cycle is doubled, the main control unit will automatically increase it by one time. Once the duty cycle is doubled, it will not be increased further by default. If you need to increase the duty cycle further, you need to set it manually to avoid oscillation.

[0055] (10) After the main control unit starts running, if the current titanium pump current is higher than the second-stage titanium pump current threshold I th2 If the FPGA directly shuts off the anode and cathode power supplies, the gyrotube will pump air for a long time. After the titanium pump current returns to normal, the gyrotube wave output time is manually set to 1ms, and then the main control unit is manually started.

[0056] (11) After the main control unit starts running, it calculates the power absorbed by the water load in real time using the integral method, and then calculates the average power P output by the rotary tube according to the working cycle and duty cycle. avg When P avg Greater than P th At that time, the threshold voltage V of the waveless protection will be... th Set it to the currently acquired detector voltage, and then enable no-wave protection.

[0057] (12) After the main control unit starts running, when the waveless protection detects that the current incident detector voltage is less than V th At that time, a no-wave protection signal is sent to the FPGA module. Upon receiving the no-wave protection signal, the FPGA module, to avoid malfunctions caused by a single fluctuation in the detector voltage, waits for a period of time T. wait Then, check the detector voltage again: if the current detector voltage is greater than V th If the current waveless protection fails, it will continue to operate; if the detector voltage remains below V... th The FPGA module first outputs PosHV_Onoff as no light, and then outputs NegHV_Onoff as no light 1ms later, thereby turning off the anode and cathode power supplies.

[0058] (13) After the main control unit starts running, if the voltage signal output by the current transformer or the anode current transformer exceeds the threshold voltage, the overcurrent protection unit will output a protection signal, and within 10μs, the cathode power supply and the anode power supply will be shut off simultaneously to protect the rotary tube, and the switch cabinet will be tripped, and the main control unit will stop working.

[0059] The core of the method of this invention lies in the following aspects: (a) Integrated degassing and power calibration. The cathode and anode power supplies operate in a modulation mode, and the modulation period, duty cycle, and total pulse width of the modulation pulse can all be set by the main control unit. Through long-term stable operation, the water load achieves a relatively stable temperature rise, which promotes the continuous release of adsorbed gas in the tube (degassing). The average power of the rotary tube can be calculated by water load calorimetry, and the peak power can be obtained by combining the duty cycle, thus achieving the unification of degassing and power calibration in the same operation process. To address the problem that the water load is difficult to achieve thermal equilibrium under short pulses, the integral method is used to calculate the power absorbed by the water load based on the water flow rate and real-time temperature difference, and then divided by the accumulated output pulse width of multiple cycles to obtain the real-time average output power.

[0060] (b) Precise Timing Control. The loading and unloading timing of the cathode and anode power supplies on the gyrotron is controlled by the timing control unit (FPGA), following the principle of "loading the cathode power supply first, then the anode power supply, and removing the anode power supply first, then the cathode power supply." A typical timing sequence is as follows: upon power-up, the cathode power supply is loaded first, followed by the anode power supply after a delay of approximately 1 ms; upon power-down, the anode power supply is turned off first, followed by the cathode power supply after a delay of approximately 1 ms. This timing effectively protects the gyrotron electrodes.

[0061] (c) Titanium pump current multi-level threshold adaptive closed loop. Using the titanium pump current as a feedback quantity reflecting the vacuum state inside the tube, multiple current thresholds are set. Different levels trigger different automatic response actions, forming a gradient response of "first adaptive slowdown, then protective shutdown." The multi-level thresholds and graded responses constitute a closed loop: the main control unit continuously collects the titanium pump current and compares it with each level of threshold. When the vacuum deteriorates, the operating intensity is automatically reduced and the venting time is increased; when the vacuum recovers to below the threshold, aging and power enhancement are continued. This achieves "aging while adaptively adjusting the process," balancing degassing efficiency and ignition safety without manual intervention.

[0062] (d) Microwave protection is switched on and off in stages according to power. The activation and deactivation of microwave protection are dynamically switched according to the output power status of the gyrotron: when the output power of the gyrotron is low (such as in the early stage of aging), the microwave protection threshold V is set. th Set to a detector voltage noise V less than when the gyrotube is not producing a wave. init This disables the waveless protection, preventing frequent false triggering of the protection during low-power periods and interrupting the aging process; when the gyrotube output power is high (average power P... avg Reaching the power threshold P thWhen the current measured detector voltage is reached, the non-wave protection threshold is automatically calibrated and activated to protect the gyrotron from damage caused by reflections or abnormalities when truly needed. Overcurrent protection remains constantly enabled, converting the rate of change of current dI / dt between the cathode and anode into a voltage signal via a current transformer and comparing it with the threshold. This power-segmented switching protection strategy solves the problem of malfunction during low-power phases caused by normally open protection, while ensuring safety during high-power phases.

[0063] This invention integrates the degassing aging, power measurement, and protection of a gyrotron into a single process. The method operates the cathode and anode power supplies in a modulation mode with adjustable total pulse width, modulation period, and duty cycle. The titanium pump current serves as the vacuum feedback quantity, and multiple threshold levels are set. When the first threshold is exceeded, the duty cycle is automatically reduced, the wave output time is shortened, and the exhaust time is increased. When the second threshold is exceeded, an emergency shutdown is initiated, forming an adaptive closed loop of first adaptive slowing down and then protective shutdown. Simultaneously, water-load calorimetry and an integral method are used to address the difficulty of achieving thermal balance under short pulses, completing power calibration within the same process. Furthermore, automatic switching of waveless protection based on power is achieved by setting power thresholds and self-calibrating thresholds using measured detector voltage. This method improves the flexibility, consistency, and reliability of gyrotron aging, thereby increasing the efficiency of gyrotron aging.

[0064] The above embodiments are only used to illustrate the technical solutions of the present invention, and are not intended to limit it. Although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the foregoing embodiments, those skilled in the art should understand that modifications can still be made to the technical solutions described in the foregoing embodiments, or equivalent substitutions can be made to some of the technical features. Such modifications or substitutions do not cause the essence of the corresponding technical solutions to deviate from the spirit and scope of the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention.

Claims

1. A aging and debugging system for a gyrotube, characterized in that, include: The cathode power supply and the anode power supply are used to apply power to the cathode and anode of the gyrotube, respectively. The timing control unit is used to generate control optical signals for the cathode and anode, and to control the loading and unloading timing of the cathode and anode power supplies; The vacuum monitoring unit is used to collect the titanium pump current and convert it into a voltage signal for output to the main control unit; The water-loaded calorimeter unit is used to absorb the millimeter-wave power output from the gyrotube; The microwave protection unit includes: a microwave protection module, used to acquire detector voltage signals characterizing incident power and reflected power; The main control unit is configured to execute the following control logic: Set the total pulse width, modulation period, and duty cycle of the modulation pulse, and write the parameters into the timing control unit to control the cathode and anode power supplies to apply power to the gyrotron in a modulation manner; The system receives the titanium pump current signal output by the vacuum monitoring unit and compares it with the preset two-stage current threshold. When the titanium pump current is between the first and second stage thresholds, the current duty cycle is reduced to shorten the wave emission time and extend the exhaust time. When the titanium pump current exceeds the second stage threshold, the anode and cathode power supplies are directly cut off by the timing control unit to achieve emergency shutdown. The system receives the inlet and outlet water temperature signals from the water load calorimeter unit, calculates the power absorbed by the water load based on the preset water flow rate data, and converts the average and peak output power of the rotary tube based on the current duty cycle.

2. The aging and debugging system for a gyrotube according to claim 1, characterized in that, The main control unit is also used to: control the activation and deactivation of the waveless protection function of the power monitoring module based on the comparison result of the calculated average output power and the preset power threshold; when the average output power reaches the preset power threshold, self-calibrate the waveless protection threshold with the currently acquired detector voltage and activate the waveless protection; when the average output power does not reach the preset power threshold, disable the waveless protection.

3. The aging and debugging system for a gyrotube according to claim 1, characterized in that, The microwave protection unit further includes an overcurrent protection module, which monitors the rate of change of cathode and anode currents and converts the rate of change into a voltage signal for comparison with an overcurrent threshold.

4. The aging and debugging system for a gyrotube according to claim 3, characterized in that, The overcurrent protection module includes a first current transformer mounted on the cathode power output cable and a second current transformer mounted on the anode power output cable.

5. The aging and debugging system for a gyrotube according to claim 1, characterized in that, The timing control unit is implemented using an FPGA.

6. A method for applying to the aging and commissioning system of a gyrotube as described in any one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that, Includes the following steps: The main control unit sets the total pulse width, modulation period and duty cycle of the modulation pulse, and controls the cathode power supply and anode power supply to apply power to the gyrotube in a modulation manner, so as to achieve degassing aging and power calibration in the same operation process. Using the titanium pump current as a feedback quantity to reflect the vacuum state inside the tube, two levels of current thresholds are set. The main control unit performs adaptive closed-loop control based on the comparison results between the titanium pump current and the two levels of thresholds, including automatic adjustment of duty cycle or emergency shutdown. Meanwhile, the main control unit calculates the power absorbed by the water load based on the water flow rate and real-time temperature difference, and then measures the average power and peak power of the rotary tube. Furthermore, the microwave protection system switches between different stages based on the output power level of the gyrotron. During the low-power stage, the microwave protection is disabled or turned off, while during the high-power stage, the protection threshold is self-calibrated using the measured detector voltage and the microwave protection is enabled.

7. The method according to claim 6, characterized in that, The two-level current threshold includes: a first-level threshold I th1 Second-level threshold I th2 , and I th1 <I th2 ; When the titanium pump current I ti <I th1 When the vacuum is deemed good, the system operates normally according to the set parameters. When I th1 ≤I ti <I th2 If a slight deterioration in vacuum is detected, the main control unit automatically reduces the duty cycle to half of its current value, shortens the wave emission time, and increases the exhaust time. If the vacuum level remains higher than I after a preset detection period, the system will take further action. th1 Then continue to halve until the effective emission time is reduced to a minimum; When I ti ≥I th2 If the vacuum is found to be severely deteriorated, the main control unit will directly shut down the anode and cathode power supplies, and initiate an emergency shutdown.

8. The method according to claim 6, characterized in that, The calculation method for the power absorbed by the water load is as follows: using the water load calorimetry method combined with the integral method, the water flow rate and the real-time inlet and outlet temperature difference are integrated, and then divided by the cumulative output pulse width of multiple cycles to obtain the real-time average output power.

9. The method according to claim 6, characterized in that, The specific method for segmented switching of the waveless protection based on the output power level of the gyrotron is as follows: When the average power P of the gyrotube avg The preset power threshold P was not reached. th When this occurs, disable waveless protection; When P avg ≥P th At that time, the waveless protection threshold voltage V will be... th Set to the currently acquired detector voltage and enable no-wave protection; After enabling the no-wave protection, if the detector voltage is lower than V th After waiting time T wait Then, make another judgment; if it is still lower than V... th Then the power supply to the anode and cathode will be turned off.

10. The method according to claim 6, characterized in that, It also includes overcurrent protection, which monitors the rate of change of cathode current and anode current through a current transformer, and simultaneously cuts off the cathode power supply and anode power supply when the rate of change exceeds a threshold.

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