Displacement-Dependent Damper

Abstract

To provide a displacement-dependent damper which can be installed on a seismic isolation layer irrespective of the form of a seismic isolation bearing.SOLUTION: A displacement dependent damper includes: a lower shoe 2 which has a V-shaped recessed lower slide-contact face 23 on an upper face in an X-direction (a first direction), and which is fixed to an upper part of a lower structure 14 of a construction; an upper shoe 3 which has a V-shaped recessed upper slide-contact face 33 on a lower face in a Y-direction (a second direction) being orthogonal to the X-direction on a horizontal face, and which is fixed to a lower part of an upper structure 15 of the construction; a slider 4 having a lower slide-contact face which can slide with respect to the lower slide-contact face 23 in the X-direction and an upper slide-contact face 46 which can slide with respect to the upper slide-contact face in the second direction; and a compression spring 51 (an elastic member) which is disposed between the upper shoe 3 and the upper structure 15, and is elastically deformable in a vertical direction.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 3

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] The present invention relates to a displacement dependent damper. [Background technology]

[0002] A typical friction damper applies a clamping force from the outer cylinder to the inner cylinder, and absorbs seismic energy through hysteretic absorption energy due to the relative displacement between the outer and inner cylinders and the frictional force at the contact surface.The restoring force characteristics of such a friction damper are such that, if the clamping force is constant and the coefficient of friction between the inner and outer cylinders is also constant, the frictional force remains constant regardless of whether the displacement increases or decreases.

[0003] On the other hand, displacement-dependent friction dampers, whose friction force depends on the increase or decrease in displacement, are also known (see, for example, Patent Document 1). The restoring force characteristics of displacement-dependent friction dampers are characterized by an increase in friction force as the displacement increases. For this reason, displacement-dependent friction dampers generate small friction forces during small to medium earthquakes when the displacement is small, and large friction forces during large earthquakes when the displacement becomes large. In other words, compared to a case where a conventional displacement-independent friction damper, which has the same friction force as the maximum friction force during a large earthquake, is installed in the seismic isolation layer, when a displacement-dependent friction damper is installed in the seismic isolation layer, the friction force during small to medium earthquakes is smaller, and the response acceleration of the structure is reduced.

[0004] The displacement-dependent friction damper disclosed in Patent Document 1 achieves the restoring force characteristics of the displacement-dependent friction damper described above by combining a diagonal sliding bearing, which is a seismic isolation bearing, with a vertical displacement-dependent friction damper that has a vertical spring and friction damper connected in series. The principle is based on the fact that the vertical displacement of the seismic isolation superstructure increases as the horizontal displacement of the diagonal sliding bearing increases. [Prior art documents] [Patent documents]

[0005] [Patent Document 1] Patent Publication No. 2021-025300 Summary of the Invention [Problem to be solved by the invention]

[0006] However, the displacement-dependent friction damper disclosed in Patent Document 1 is configured to use a vertical displacement-dependent friction damper in conjunction with a seismic isolation structure that has inclined sliding bearings as seismic isolation bearings, and therefore cannot be used in seismic isolation structures that have general rubber bearings other than inclined sliding bearings as seismic isolation bearings. Furthermore, the displacement-dependent friction damper disclosed in Patent Document 1 utilizes the property that the vertical displacement of the seismic isolation superstructure increases as the horizontal displacement of the inclined sliding bearing increases, so it is installed in a position where it can transmit the vertical displacement of the superstructure, and is installed in a location separate from the seismic isolation layer where the inclined sliding bearing is installed. In such cases, there is a problem that space for installing the displacement-dependent friction damper must be secured in a location other than the seismic isolation layer, and that during installation and maintenance, it is labor-intensive to adjust the vertical displacement of the inclined sliding bearing installed in the seismic isolation layer and the horizontal displacement of the displacement-dependent friction damper.

[0007] Therefore, an object of the present invention is to provide a displacement-dependent damper that can be installed in a seismic isolation layer regardless of the type of seismic isolation bearing. [Means for solving the problem]

[0008] In order to achieve the above object, the displacement-dependent damper of the present invention comprises a lower shoe having a V-shaped concave lower sliding surface on its upper surface in a first direction and fixed above the lower structure of a structure; an upper shoe having an inverted V-shaped concave upper sliding surface on its lower surface in a second direction perpendicular to the first direction on the horizontal plane and fixed below the upper structure of the structure; a slider having a lower sliding surface that can slide in the first direction relative to the lower sliding surface and an upper sliding surface that can slide in the second direction relative to the upper sliding surface; and an elastic member that is provided between the upper shoe and the upper structure and can elastically deform in the vertical direction.

[0009] In order to achieve the above object, the displacement-dependent damper of the present invention comprises a lower shoe having a V-shaped concave lower sliding contact surface on its upper surface in a first direction and fixed to above the lower structure of a structure; an upper shoe having an inverted V-shaped concave upper sliding contact surface on its lower surface in a second direction perpendicular to the first direction on the horizontal plane and fixed to below the upper structure of the structure; and a slider having a lower sliding surface that can slide in the first direction relative to the lower sliding contact surface and an upper sliding surface that can slide in the second direction relative to the upper sliding contact surface, and the slider has a lower member that has the lower sliding surface, an upper member that has the upper sliding surface, and an elastic member that is provided between the lower member and the upper member and can elastically deform in the vertical direction.

[0010] In order to achieve the above object, the displacement-dependent damper of the present invention comprises a lower shoe having a spherical lower sliding contact surface concave downwards on its upper surface and fixed above the lower structure of a structure, an upper shoe having a spherical upper sliding contact surface concave upwards on its lower surface and fixed below the upper structure of the structure, and a slider having a lower sliding surface that can slide against the lower sliding contact surface and an upper sliding surface that can slide against the upper sliding contact surface, and the slider has a lower member having the lower sliding surface, an upper member having the upper sliding surface, and an elastic member that is provided between the lower member and the upper member and can elastically deform in the vertical direction.

[0011] In the present invention, as the horizontal displacement increases, the slider of the displacement-dependent damper moves upward relative to the lower shoe, and the upper shoe moves upward relative to the slider, causing the vertical dimension to increase. Because the displacement-dependent damper is installed between the lower structure and the upper structure, the elastic member contracts, allowing the vertical dimension to remain constant. The restoring force of the contracted elastic member presses the lower sliding surface of the slider against the lower sliding contact surface of the lower shoe, and the upper sliding surface of the slider against the upper sliding contact surface of the upper shoe, thereby increasing the frictional resistance between the slider and the lower shoe and the frictional resistance between the slider and the upper shoe. In a displacement-dependent damper, the frictional force increases depending on the increase in horizontal displacement. The displacement-dependent damper of the present invention can increase frictional force depending on an increase in horizontal displacement while maintaining a constant vertical dimension through the elastic deformation of the elastic member, and therefore can also be used in seismic isolation structures that use general rubber bearings or elastic sliding bearings other than inclined sliding bearings as seismic isolation bearings. Furthermore, since the displacement-dependent damper is not configured to utilize the vertical displacement of the layer on which it is installed, it can be installed in the seismic isolation layer where the seismic isolation bearings are provided.

[0012] The displacement-dependent damper according to the present invention may further include a horizontal displacement restricting member that restricts horizontal deformation of the elastic member.

[0013] With this configuration, it is possible to prevent the elastic member from being displaced in the horizontal direction. [Effects of the Invention]

[0014] According to the present invention, seismic isolation bearings can be installed in the seismic isolation layer regardless of their form. [Brief explanation of the drawings]

[0015] [Figure 1] 1 is a diagram showing a structure provided with a displacement-dependent damper according to a first embodiment of the present invention. [Figure 2] FIG. 1 is a plan view of a displacement-dependent damper according to a first embodiment. [Figure 3] FIG. 10 is a view of the displacement-dependent damper in the initial state as viewed from the Y direction. [Figure 4] FIG. 10 is a view of the displacement-dependent damper in the initial state as viewed from the X direction. [Figure 5] 10A and 10B are diagrams showing other forms of guide plates. [Figure 6] FIG. [Figure 7] FIG. [Figure 8] This is a view of a displacement-dependent damper displaced in the X direction as viewed from the Y direction. [Figure 9]This is a view of a displacement-dependent damper displaced in the Y direction as viewed from the X direction. [Figure 10] 10A and 10B are diagrams illustrating deformation of a compression spring. [Figure 11] 1 is a graph showing the relationship between axial deformation and compressive force of a compression spring. [Figure 12] FIG. 10 is a diagram illustrating a composite restoring force. [Figure 13] FIG. 10 is a plan view of a displacement-dependent damper according to a second embodiment. [Figure 14] This is a view of the displacement-dependent damper from the Y direction. [Figure 15] FIG. 14 is a cross-sectional view taken along line AA in FIG. 13. [Figure 16] This is a view of the displacement-dependent damper as seen from the X direction. [Figure 17] FIG. 14 is a cross-sectional view taken along line BB in FIG. [Figure 18] 15 is a cross-sectional view taken along line CC in FIG. 14. [Figure 19] FIG. 10 is a plan view of a displacement-dependent damper according to a third embodiment. [Figure 20] FIG. 2 is a front view of a displacement-dependent damper. [Figure 21] 1 is a table showing seismic waves for calculation. [Figure 22] 1 is a graph showing an earthquake waveform. [Figure 23] 10A and 10B are diagrams illustrating the restoring force of a displacement-dependent damper. [Figure 24] 1 is a graph showing the maximum response acceleration during a level 2 earthquake. [Figure 25] 1 is a graph showing the maximum response acceleration during a level 1 earthquake. [Figure 26] 10 is a graph showing the results of seismic isolation displacement during a level 2 earthquake. [Figure 27] 10 is a graph showing the results of seismic isolation displacement during a level 1 earthquake. [Figure 28] 10 is a graph showing the results of residual displacement during a level 2 earthquake. [Figure 29] This is a graph showing the results of residual displacement during a level 1 earthquake. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0016] (First embodiment) A displacement-dependent damper according to a first embodiment of the present invention will now be described with reference to FIGS. 1 to 12. FIG. As shown in Fig. 1, the displacement-dependent damper 1 according to the first embodiment is installed in a seismic isolation layer 12 of a structure 11 such as a high-rise building, together with a laminated rubber bearing 13 of a seismic isolation bearing and a damper. The seismic isolation layer 12 is provided between a lower structure 14 such as a foundation and an upper structure 15 above it. The lower structure 14 and the upper structure 15 are capable of relative displacement in the horizontal direction.

[0017] The displacement-dependent damper 1 has a lower shoe 2 fixed above the lower structure 14, an upper shoe 3 fixed below the upper structure 15, a slider 4 provided between the lower shoe 2 and the upper shoe 3, and a spring portion 5 provided between the upper shoe 3 and the upper structure 15. The lower shoe 2 is disposed below the upper shoe 3 with a gap therebetween.

[0018] As shown in Figures 2 to 4, the lower shoe 2 and the upper shoe 3 are each long members and are arranged to extend horizontally. The extension direction of the lower shoe 2 and the extension direction of the upper shoe 3 are perpendicular to each other. The horizontal direction in which the lower shoe 2 extends is referred to as the X direction (first direction), and the horizontal direction in which the upper shoe 3 extends is referred to as the Y direction (second direction). In the drawings, the up-down direction is indicated by the direction of the arrow Z (Z direction). The shape of a member, etc., when viewed from the up-down direction is referred to as the planar view shape.

[0019] The lower shoe 2 has a lower plate 21 fixed to the lower structure 14 and a lower shoe body 22 fixed onto the lower plate 21. The lower plate 21 is flat and is fixed to the upward-facing surface of the lower structure 14 with the plate surface oriented horizontally. 3, a V-shaped concave lower sliding surface 23 is formed on the entire upper surface of the lower shoe body 22. The lower sliding surface 23 is a surface that gradually slopes downward from both ends in the X direction toward the center in the X direction. The inclination angle of one side and the inclination angle of the other side of the lower sliding surface 23 in the X direction are set to the same value. The shape of the lower plate 21 in a plan view is larger than the shape of the lower shoe body 22 in a plan view.

[0020] As shown in FIGS. 2 to 4, the upper shoe 3 has an upper plate 31 supported by the spring portion 5 and an upper shoe body 32 fixed below the upper plate 31. The upper plate 31 is flat and is supported by the spring portion 5 with the plate surface oriented horizontally. As shown in Figure 3, the upper shoe body 32 has an inverted V-shaped concave upper sliding contact surface 33 formed on the entire lower surface. The upper sliding contact surface 33 is a surface that gradually slopes upward from both ends in the Y direction toward the center in the Y direction. The inclination angle of one side and the inclination angle of the other side in the Y direction of the upper sliding contact surface 33 are set to the same value. The inclination angle of the upper sliding contact surface 33 is the same value as the inclination angle of the lower sliding contact surface 23. The shape of the upper plate 31 in a plan view is larger than the shape of the upper shoe body 32 in a plan view.

[0021] As shown in Figures 2 to 4, the spring section 5 has a plurality of compression springs 51 (elastic members), a spring fixing plate 52 to which the plurality of compression springs 51 are fixed and which is fixed to the upper structure 15, and a guide plate 53 (horizontal displacement regulating member) provided around the plurality of compression springs 51. The fixed plate 52 is flat and faces downward of the upper structure 15 with its plate surface oriented horizontally, and is fixed to a surface that faces vertically opposite the displacement-dependent damper 1. The shape of the fixed plate 52 in a plan view is set to be larger than the shape of the upper plate 31 in a plan view.

[0022] The guide plate 53 is plate-shaped and protrudes downward from the entire outer periphery of the fixed plate 52. The guide plate 53 is fixed to the upper structure 15 via the fixed plate 52. The shape of the inner periphery of the guide plate 53 in a plan view is substantially the same as the shape of the upper plate 31 in a plan view. The upper plate 31 is inserted into the inside of the guide plate 53 from below. The fixed plate 52, guide plate 53, and upper plate 31 are capable of relative displacement in the vertical direction within the height range of the guide plate 53.

[0023] 5, a lateral displacement prevention plate 311 may be provided on the outer edge of the upper plate 31 to prevent lateral displacement between the upper shoe 3 and the guide plate 53. The lateral displacement prevention plate 311 is in surface contact with the inner surface of the guide plate 53, which is the vertical surface.

[0024] The multiple compression springs 51 are arranged between the fixed plate 52 and the upper plate 31. Each of the multiple compression springs 51 is the same spring, and is arranged in the X and Y directions so as to expand and contract in the vertical direction. The compression springs 51 are elastic members that are elastically deformable in the vertical direction. The multiple compression springs 51 expand and contract when the fixed plate 52 fixed to the upper structure 15 and the upper plate 31 of the upper shoe 3 are displaced relative to each other in the vertical direction. As described above, the multiple compression springs 51 and the upper plate 31 are disposed inside the guide plate 53. Therefore, even if the fixed plate 52 and the upper plate 31 are displaced relative to each other in the vertical direction and the compression springs 51 expand or contract, the fixed plate 52 and the upper plate 31 do not displace relative to each other in the horizontal direction, and the compression springs 51 do not expand or contract in a direction oblique to the vertical direction. In other words, the upper structure 15 and the upper shoe 3 do not displace relative to each other in the horizontal direction.

[0025] The slider 4 is disposed between the lower shoe 2 and the upper shoe 3 in the vertical direction. That is, the slider 4 is disposed above the lower shoe 2 and below the upper shoe 3. As shown in FIGS. 3, 4, 6, and 7, the slider 4 has a slider body 41, a lower guide portion 42, an upper guide portion 43, and friction materials 441-444. The slider body 41 is a block body having a substantially square shape in plan view.

[0026] The lower surface 411 of the slider body 41 is formed into a gently V-shaped convex shape that protrudes from both ends in the X direction toward the center. The upper surface 412 of the slider body 41 is formed into a gently inverted V-shaped convex shape that protrudes from both ends in the Y direction toward the center. A lower surface 411 of the slider body 41 faces the lower sliding contact surface 23 of the lower shoe 2 in the vertical direction. An upper surface 412 of the slider body 41 faces the upper sliding contact surface 33 of the upper shoe 3 in the vertical direction.

[0027] The lower guide portions 42 protrude downward from both edges in the Y direction of the lower surface 411 of the slider main body 41. The lower guide portions 42 are wall-shaped. The lower guide portions 42 extend in the X direction and are provided over the entire edges in the Y direction of the lower surface 411 of the slider main body 41. The lower guide portion 42 provided on one side of the lower surface 411 of the slider main body 41 in the Y direction and the lower guide portion 42 provided on the other side face each other in the Y direction. The lower shoe 2 is disposed between the pair of lower guide portions 42. The side surfaces of the pair of lower guide portions 42 facing each other face the side surfaces of the lower shoe 2. The upper guide portions 43 protrude upward from both X-direction edge portions of the upper surface 412 of the slider main body 41. The upper guide portions 43 are wall-shaped. The upper guide portions 43 extend in the Y direction and are provided over the entire X-direction edge portions of the upper surface 412 of the slider main body 41. The upper guide portion 43 provided on one side of the upper surface 412 of the slider main body 41 in the X direction and the upper guide portion 43 provided on the other side face each other in the X direction. The upper shoe 3 is disposed between the pair of upper guide portions 43. The opposing side surfaces of the pair of upper guide portions 43 face the side surfaces of the upper shoe 3.

[0028] The friction materials 441-444 are plate-shaped members having a friction damping effect. The friction material 44 is formed, for example, from a PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene)-based or PA (polyamide)-based resin having good sliding properties. The material of the friction materials 441-444 is not limited to a resin material, and may be, for example, a sintered metal. Furthermore, the material of the friction materials 441-444 may be a friction material made of a composite material containing a fiber material, a friction modifier, a filler, etc., with a thermosetting resin as a binder, or a friction material with a laminated structure. In this case, examples of the material include aramid fiber, glass fiber, vinylon fiber, and carbon fiber.

[0029] The friction materials 441-444 are attached to the lower surface 411 and upper surface 412 of the slider body 41, the opposing side surfaces of the pair of lower guide portions 42, and the opposing side surfaces of the pair of upper guide portions 43. The friction material attached to the lower surface 411 of the slider body 41 is referred to as lower surface friction material 441, the friction material attached to the upper surface 412 of the slider body 41 is referred to as upper surface friction material 442, the friction material attached to the side surface of the lower guide portion 42 is referred to as lower guide friction material 443, and the friction material attached to the side surface of the upper guide portion 43 is referred to as upper guide friction material 444.

[0030] The lower friction material 441 is attached along the lower surface 411 of the slider main body 41. In this embodiment, the lower friction material 441 is attached to both sides in the X direction of the tip (lower end) of the V-shape on the lower surface 411 of the slider main body 41. The lower surface of the lower friction material 441 comes into contact with the lower sliding contact surface 23 of the lower shoe 2 and slides along the lower sliding contact surface 23. The lower surface of the lower friction material 441 of the slider 4 is referred to as a lower sliding surface 45. The upper surface friction material 442 is attached along the upper surface 412 of the slider body 41. In this embodiment, the upper surface friction material 442 is attached to both sides in the Y direction of the tip (upper end) of the inverted V-shape on the upper surface 412 of the slider body 41. The upper surface of the upper surface friction material 442 comes into contact with the upper sliding contact surface 33 of the upper shoe 3 and slides along the upper sliding contact surface 33. The upper surface of the upper surface friction material 442 is referred to as the upper sliding surface 46 of the slider 4.

[0031] The lower guide friction materials 443 are attached along the side surfaces of the pair of lower guide parts 42 that face each other in the Y direction. The lower guide friction materials 443 come into contact with the side surfaces of the lower shoe 2 and slide along the side surfaces of the lower shoe 2. The upper guide friction materials 444 are attached along the side surfaces of the pair of upper guide parts 43 that face each other in the X direction. The upper guide friction materials 444 come into contact with the side surfaces of the lower shoe 2 and slide along the side surfaces of the upper shoe 3. In this embodiment, the lower guide friction materials 443 are attached continuously to the lower surfaces of the pair of lower guide parts 42. The upper guide friction materials 444 are attached continuously to the upper surfaces of the pair of upper guide parts 43. The numbers of lower surface friction materials 441, upper surface friction materials 442, lower guide friction materials 443 and upper guide friction materials 444 to be attached may be set appropriately.

[0032] In the initial state of the displacement-dependent damper 1, the center in the X direction of the lower shoe 2 and the center in the Y direction of the upper shoe 3 face each other in the vertical direction, and the slider 4 is disposed between the center of the lower shoe 2 and the center of the upper shoe 3. The lower sliding surface 45 of the slider 4 and the lower sliding contact surface 23 of the lower shoe 2 overlap in the vertical direction, and the upper sliding surface 46 of the slider 4 and the upper sliding contact surface 33 of the upper shoe 3 overlap in the vertical direction.

[0033] As shown in Figures 8 and 9, in the displacement-dependent damper 1, when a relative displacement occurs in any horizontal direction (X direction or Y direction) between the lower structure 14 and the upper structure 15, the slider 4 undergoes a relative displacement in the X direction along the lower sliding contact surface 23 of the lower shoe 2, and also undergoes a relative displacement in the Y direction along the upper sliding contact surface 33 of the upper shoe 3.

[0034] 8, when the amount of relative displacement in the X direction between the lower structure 14 and the upper structure 15 increases, the slider 4 moves from the center 23a in the X direction to the end 23b of the lower sliding contact surface 23 of the lower shoe 2. At this time, since the slider 4 is located on the upper side of the lower sliding contact surface 23 of the lower shoe 2, which is an inclined surface, a restoring force (inclination restoring force) that tries to return the slider 4 to the lower side (initial state position) is generated by gravity.

[0035] Furthermore, when the slider 4 moves from the center toward the end in the X direction of the lower sliding contact surface 23 of the lower shoe 2, the upper shoe 3 and slider 4 tend to move closer to the upper structure 15 than in their initial state. At this time, the compression spring 51 between the upper shoe 3 and the upper structure 15 is compressed, so that even if the upper shoe 3 and slider 4 move closer to the upper structure 15, the upper structure 15 is not pushed upward, and the height of the upper structure 15 relative to the lower structure 14 does not change. The slider 4 is pressed against the lower sliding contact surface 23 of the lower shoe 2 by the reaction force of the compression spring 51 caused by the compression. As a result, the frictional force between the lower sliding surface 45 of the slider 4 and the lower sliding contact surface 23 increases, generating a damping force (frictional restoring force) that attenuates the response acceleration of the structure 11.

[0036] 9, when the amount of relative displacement in the Y direction between the lower structure 14 and the upper structure 15 increases, the slider 4 moves from the center in the Y direction to the end side of the upper sliding contact surface 33 of the upper shoe 3. At this time, since the lower side (end side in the Y direction) of the upper sliding contact surface 33 of the upper shoe 3 is positioned above the upper sliding surface 46 of the slider 4, a restoring force (inclination restoring force) is generated due to gravity that tries to return the upper side (center in the Y direction) to the initial state where it is positioned above the upper sliding surface 46 of the slider 4.

[0037] Furthermore, when the lower side (the end side in the Y direction) of the upper sliding contact surface 33 of the upper shoe 3 is positioned above the upper sliding surface 46 of the slider 4, the upper shoe 3 tries to move closer to the upper structure 15 than in the initial state. At this time, the compression spring 51 between the upper shoe 3 and the upper structure 15 is compressed, so that even if the upper shoe 3 approaches the upper structure 15, the upper structure 15 is not pushed upward, and the height of the upper structure 15 relative to the lower structure 14 does not change. The slider 4 is compressed, and the lower sliding contact surface 23 of the upper shoe 3 is pressed against it by the reaction force of the compression spring 51. As a result, the frictional force between the upper sliding surface 46 and the upper sliding contact surface 33 of the slider 4 increases, generating a damping force (frictional restoring force) that attenuates the response acceleration of the structure 11.

[0038] In the displacement-dependent damper 1, the greater the amount of relative displacement in the X direction between the lower structure 14 and the upper structure 15, the closer the upper shoe 3 and the slider 4 come to the upper structure 15. The closer the upper shoe 3 and the slider 4 come to the upper structure 15, the greater the frictional restoring force. In other words, the frictional restoring force in the X direction depends on the amount of relative displacement in the X direction between the lower structure 14 and the upper structure 15. In the displacement-dependent damper 1, the frictional restoring force increases as the amount of relative displacement in the Y direction between the lower structure 14 and the upper structure 15 increases and as the upper shoe 3 approaches the upper structure 15. In other words, the frictional restoring force in the Y direction depends on the amount of relative displacement in the Y direction between the lower structure 14 and the upper structure 15.

[0039] The axial deformation (increment) ν of the compression coil spring (compression spring 51) due to the horizontal displacement of the seismic isolation layer 12 is the horizontal displacement X × tanθ (see Figures 10 and 11). If the axial force acting on the displacement-dependent damper 1 when the displacement is 0 is W (preload), the friction restoring force Fu (damping force) of the displacement-dependent damper 1, the tilt restoring force Fθ, and the combined restoring force F of these are expressed by the following equations. Note that W is set within a range in which the displacement-dependent damper 1 does not cause the upper structure 15 to lift up.

[0040]

number

[0041] μ is the coefficient of friction of the inclined sliding surface (the coefficient of friction between the lower sliding contact surface 23 and the lower sliding surface 45, and the coefficient of friction between the upper sliding contact surface 33 and the upper sliding surface 46). k is the spring constant of the compression coil spring. W is the preload of the compression coil spring. If the pre-compression amount of the compression coil spring is v0, then W = kv0. X is the horizontal displacement. θ is the inclination angle of the inclined sliding surface (the inclination angle of the lower sliding contact surface 23 and the upper sliding contact surface 33).

[0042] In other words, the displacement-dependent damper 1 is a displacement-dependent friction damper in which the frictional force increases as the displacement increases. Figure 12 shows the relationship between the frictional restoring force Fu, the tilt restoring force Fθ, and the composite restoring force F of the displacement-dependent damper 1. Here, the friction coefficient μ is set to be 10 times or more the tan θ. Furthermore, the design preload of the displacement-dependent damper 1 of this embodiment is 0.1 times the bearing live load. The increase in preload due to an increase in seismic isolation displacement is limited to 5 times or less. The friction coefficient μ between the frictional restoring force, tilt restoring force, and composite restoring force is limited to 10 times or less tan θ. If the initial composite restoring force (zero displacement point) is 0.6 times or less the maximum composite restoring force at the design seismic isolation displacement (e.g., 30 cm), and W / Wt > 0.1, the residual displacement will be extremely small (approximately 5 mm or less). Wt is the total weight of the structure.

[0043] In addition, since the displacement-dependent damper 1 has inclination in two directions, X and Y, the friction restoring force Fu, the inclination restoring force Fθ, and the composite restoring force F when displaced in both directions are expressed by the following equations.

[0044]

number

[0045] Next, the operation and effect of the displacement-dependent damper 1 according to the present embodiment will be described. In the displacement-dependent damper 1 according to the present embodiment described above, as the horizontal displacement increases, the slider 4 moves upward relative to the lower shoe 2, and the upper shoe 3 moves upward relative to the slider 4, causing the vertical dimension to increase. Because the displacement-dependent damper 1 is installed between the lower structure 14 and the upper structure 15, the compression spring 51 contracts, thereby maintaining a constant vertical dimension. The restoring force of the contracted compression spring 51 presses the lower sliding surface 45 of the slider 4 against the lower sliding contact surface 23 of the lower shoe 2, and the upper sliding surface 46 of the slider 4 against the upper sliding contact surface 33 of the upper shoe 3, thereby increasing the frictional resistance force between the slider 4 and the lower shoe 2 and the frictional resistance force between the slider 4 and the upper shoe 3. In the displacement-dependent damper 1, the frictional force increases depending on the increase in horizontal displacement. The displacement-dependent damper 1 can increase frictional force depending on an increase in horizontal displacement while maintaining a constant vertical dimension through the elastic deformation of the compression spring 51, and therefore can also be used in seismic isolation structures that use general rubber bearings or elastic sliding bearings other than inclined sliding bearings as seismic isolation bearings. Furthermore, because the displacement-dependent damper 1 is not configured to utilize the vertical displacement of the layer on which it is installed, it can be installed in the seismic isolation layer 12 where the seismic isolation bearings are provided. There is no need to install the displacement-dependent damper 1 or a structure that transmits the displacement of the upper structure 15 to the displacement-dependent damper 1 outside the structure 11, so the site area can be used effectively.

[0046] Since the displacement-dependent damper 1 is configured using inclined surfaces in the X and Y directions, it is possible to set the friction coefficient and inclination angle separately in the X and Y directions as necessary to meet the design target performance. The displacement-dependent damper 1 can set the friction coefficient and inclination angle in two directions, the X and Y directions, with just one unit. The displacement-dependent damper 1 has not only a damping function but also a restoring function, similar to the characteristics of an inclined sliding bearing. The vertical load of the compression spring 51 increases as the seismic isolation displacement increases, so the restoring force increases along with the friction force, and the residual displacement of the seismic isolation layer 12 can be reduced. Even if the displacement of the seismic isolation exceeds the compatible size of commercially available oil dampers (for example, 0.6 m), by extending the length of the lower shoe 2 and the upper shoe 3, it can also accommodate a huge earthquake with a displacement of, for example, 1 m or more.

[0047] In the displacement-dependent damper according to this embodiment, a guide plate 53 is provided to restrict the deformation of the compression spring 51 in the horizontal direction. With this configuration, the compression spring 51 can be prevented from being displaced in the horizontal direction.

[0048] (Other embodiments) Next, other embodiments will be described based on the accompanying drawings. Components and parts that are the same as or similar to those in the first embodiment described above will be designated by the same reference numerals, and their description will be omitted. Configurations that differ from the first embodiment will be described.

[0049] (Second embodiment) As shown in FIG. 13, the displacement-dependent damper 1B according to the second embodiment differs from the displacement-dependent damper 1 according to the first embodiment in the position where the spring portion 5 is provided. The spring portion provided in the displacement-dependent damper 1B according to the second embodiment is referred to as the spring portion 5B. The spring portion 5B is provided on the slider 4B. As shown in FIGS. 14 to 17, the upper plate 31 of the upper shoe 3 is fixed to the upper structure 15.

[0050] The slider body 41B of the slider 4B is divided into two parts, upper and lower, approximately at the center in the vertical direction, with a spring portion 5B provided between them. The lower divided part of the slider body 41B is referred to as the lower body 47, and the upper divided part is referred to as the upper body 48. A lower sliding surface 45 similar to that of the slider body 41 of the first embodiment is formed on the lower surface of the lower body 47, and a lower guide portion 42 is provided. An upper sliding surface 46 similar to that of the slider body 41 of the first embodiment is formed on the upper surface of the upper body 48, and an upper guide portion 43 is provided. An upper surface 471 of the lower body 47 is a horizontal surface facing upward. A lower surface 481 of the upper body 48 is a horizontal surface facing downward. The lower body 47 and the upper body 48 are arranged to overlap in the vertical direction.

[0051] The spring portion 5B has a plurality of compression springs 51 (elastic members) and a guide plate 53B (horizontal displacement restricting member). The guide plate 53B is attached to the outer peripheral surface of the lower body side 47. The lower side of the guide plate 53 is fixed to the lower body side 47, and the upper side protrudes upward above the upper surface 471 of the lower body side 47. As shown in FIG. 18 , the guide plate 53B in this embodiment has a C-shape in a plan view, and two guide plates 53B are fixed to the lower body side 47. The two guide plates 53B are fixed to the lower body side 47 so that their openings face each other and sandwich the lower body side 47 from both sides in the X direction. The lower side of the upper body side 48 is located above the lower body side 47 in the space between the two guide plates 53B. The upper body side 48 is not fixed to the guide plate 53B and can move relative to it in the vertical direction. The relative horizontal movement between the lower body side 47 and the upper body side 48 is restricted by the guide plate 53.

[0052] Guide plate 53B and main body lower side 47 may be fixed to each other so as to allow a slight relative displacement in the vertical direction. For example, guide plate 53B and main body lower side 47 may be fixed to each other with a pin inserted into a hole formed in each of them, and the hole in either guide plate 53B or main body lower side 47 may be formed as an elongated hole extending in the vertical direction.

[0053] A plurality of compression springs 51 are arranged between the upper surface 471 of the lower main body side 47 and the lower surface 481 of the upper main body side 48. The plurality of compression springs 51 are the same springs and are arranged in the X and Y directions so that they expand and contract in the vertical direction. The plurality of compression springs 51 are arranged inside the guide plate 53. The guide plate 53 is provided on the outer periphery of the plurality of compression springs 51, so that deformation in the horizontal direction is restricted. The plurality of compression springs 51 expand and contract in response to the relative displacement between the lower body side 47 and the upper body side 48 in the vertical direction.

[0054] In the displacement-dependent damper 1B, when a relative displacement occurs in any horizontal direction (X direction and Y direction) between the lower structure 14 and the upper structure 15, the slider 4 undergoes a relative displacement in the X direction along the lower sliding contact surface 23 of the lower shoe 2, and also undergoes a relative displacement in the Y direction along the upper sliding contact surface 33 of the upper shoe 3.

[0055] When the amount of relative displacement in the X direction between the lower structure 14 and the upper structure 15 increases, the slider 4 moves from the center to the end in the X direction of the lower sliding contact surface 23 of the lower shoe 2. At this time, since the slider 4 is located on the upper side of the lower sliding contact surface 23 of the lower shoe 2, which is an inclined surface, a restoring force (inclination restoring force) that tries to return the slider 4 to the lower side (initial state position) is generated by gravity.

[0056] Furthermore, when the slider 4B moves from the center toward the end in the X direction of the lower sliding contact surface 23 of the lower shoe 2, the upper shoe 3 and slider 4B tend to move closer to the upper structure 15 than they were in their initial state. At this time, the compression spring 51 between the lower body side 47 and the upper body side 48 is compressed, so that even if the upper shoe 3 and slider 4B approach the upper structure 15, the upper structure 15 is not pushed upward, and the height of the upper structure 15 relative to the lower structure 14 does not change. The slider 4B is pressed against the lower sliding contact surface 23 of the lower shoe 2 by the reaction force of the compression spring 51 caused by its compression. As a result, the frictional force between the lower sliding surface 45 of the slider 4B and the lower sliding contact surface 23 increases, generating a damping force (frictional restoring force) that attenuates the response acceleration of the structure 11.

[0057] When the amount of relative displacement in the Y direction between the lower structure 14 and the upper structure 15 increases, the slider 4 moves from the center to the end side in the Y direction of the upper sliding contact surface 33 of the upper shoe 3. At this time, since the lower side (end side in the Y direction) of the upper sliding contact surface 33 of the upper shoe 3 is positioned above the upper sliding surface 46 of the slider 4, a restoring force (inclination restoring force) is generated due to gravity, which tries to return the upper side (center in the Y direction) to the initial state where it is positioned above the upper sliding surface 46 of the slider 4.

[0058] Furthermore, when the lower side (the end side in the Y direction) of the upper sliding contact surface 33 of the upper shoe 3 is positioned above the upper sliding surface 46 of the slider 4B, the upper shoe 3 tries to move closer to the upper structure 15 than in the initial state. At this time, the compression spring 51 between the lower side 47 and the upper side 48 of the main body is compressed, so that even if the upper shoe 3 approaches the upper structure 15, the upper structure 15 is not pushed upward, and the height of the upper structure 15 relative to the lower structure 14 does not change. The slider 4B is pressed against the lower sliding contact surface 23 of the upper shoe 3 by the reaction force of the compression spring 51 caused by the compression. As a result, the frictional force between the upper sliding surface 46 and the upper sliding contact surface 33 of the slider 4B increases, generating a damping force (frictional restoring force) that attenuates the response acceleration of the structure 11.

[0059] In the displacement-dependent damper 1B, the greater the amount of relative displacement in the X direction between the lower structure 14 and the upper structure 15, the closer the upper shoe 3 and the slider 4B come to the upper structure 15. The closer the upper shoe 3 and the slider 4 come to the upper structure 15, the greater the frictional restoring force. In other words, the frictional restoring force in the X direction depends on the amount of relative displacement in the X direction between the lower structure 14 and the upper structure 15. In the displacement-dependent damper 1B, the frictional restoring force increases as the amount of relative displacement in the Y direction between the lower structure 14 and the upper structure 15 increases and the upper shoe 3 approaches the upper structure 15, and the upper shoe 3 approaches the upper structure 15. In other words, the frictional restoring force in the Y direction depends on the amount of relative displacement in the Y direction between the lower structure 14 and the upper structure 15.

[0060] The displacement-dependent damper 1B according to the second embodiment provides the same effects as the displacement-dependent damper 1 according to the first embodiment. Since multiple compression springs 51 are provided between the lower body side 47 and the upper body side 48 of the slider 4, the number of compression springs (elastic members) 51 can be reduced compared to the first embodiment in which multiple compression springs 51 are provided between the upper shoe 3 and the upper structure 15.

[0061] (Third embodiment) As shown in FIGS. 19 and 20, a displacement-dependent damper 1C according to the third embodiment differs from the displacement-dependent dampers 1 and 1B according to the above embodiments in the configurations of the lower shoe, upper shoe, slider, and spring portion. The lower shoe, upper shoe, slider and spring part of the displacement-dependent damper 1C are represented as lower shoe 2C, upper shoe 3C, slider 4C and spring part 5C.

[0062] In this embodiment, the lower sliding contact surface 23 of the lower shoe 2C is a downwardly concave spherical surface, and the upper sliding contact surface 33 of the upper shoe 3C is an upwardly concave spherical surface. Similar to 4B in the second embodiment, the slider 4C is divided into a lower body side 47 and an upper body side 48. A spring portion 5C is provided between the lower body side 47 and the upper body side 48. The slider 4C has a circular shape in a plan view. A lower sliding surface 45C on the lower surface of the lower body side 47 is a downwardly protruding spherical surface. An upper sliding surface 46C on the upper surface of the upper body side 48 is an upwardly protruding spherical surface. In the third embodiment, the lower sliding surface 45C of the slider 4C slides in all horizontal directions along the lower sliding contact surface 23 of the lower shoe 2C, and the upper sliding surface 46C slides in all horizontal directions along the upper sliding surface 46C of the upper shoe 3C.

[0063] The spring portion 5C has a plurality of compression springs 51 (elastic members) arranged between the main body lower side 47 and the main body upper side 48, and a guide plate 53C (horizontal displacement restricting member) provided around the plurality of compression springs (elastic members) 51. The shape of the guide plate 53C in a plan view is a C-shape that follows the outer shapes of the main body lower side 47 and the main body upper side 48 in a plan view.

[0064] In the initial state of the displacement-dependent damper 1C, the center of the lower shoe 2C and the center of the upper shoe 3C face each other in the vertical direction, and the slider 4C is disposed between the centers of the lower shoe 2C and the upper shoe 3C. A lower sliding surface 45C of the slider 4C and the lower sliding contact surface 23C of the lower shoe 2C overlap in the vertical direction, and an upper sliding surface 46C of the slider 4C and the upper sliding contact surface 33C of the upper shoe 3C overlap in the vertical direction.

[0065] In the displacement-dependent damper 1C, when a relative displacement occurs in any horizontal direction (X direction and Y direction) between the lower structure 14 and the upper structure 15, the slider 4 undergoes a relative displacement in the horizontal direction along the lower sliding contact surface 23C of the lower shoe 2, while also undergoing a relative displacement in the horizontal direction along the upper sliding contact surface 33 of the upper shoe 3.

[0066] When the amount of relative displacement in the horizontal direction between the lower structure 14 and the upper structure 15 (amount of relative displacement from the initial state) increases, the slider 4C moves from the center to the end side of the lower sliding contact surface 23 of the lower shoe 2. At this time, since the slider 4C is located on the upper side of the lower sliding contact surface 23 of the lower shoe 2C, which is a spherical surface, a restoring force (inclination restoring force) that tries to return the slider 4C to the lower side (initial state position) is generated by gravity.

[0067] Furthermore, when the slider 4C moves from the center to the end of the lower sliding contact surface 23 of the lower shoe 2C, the upper shoe 3C and slider 4C tend to move closer to the upper structure 15 than in their initial state. At this time, the compression spring 51 between the lower body side 47 and the upper body side 48 is compressed, so that even if the upper shoe 3C and slider 4B approach the upper structure 15, the upper structure 15 is not pushed upward, and the height of the upper structure 15 relative to the lower structure 14 does not change. The slider 4C is pressed against the lower sliding contact surface 23 of the lower shoe 2 by the reaction force of the compression spring 51 caused by its compression. As a result, the frictional force between the lower sliding surface 45 of the slider 4B and the lower sliding contact surface 23 increases, generating a damping force (frictional restoring force) that attenuates the response acceleration of the structure 11.

[0068] When the amount of relative displacement between the lower structure 14 and the upper structure 15 in the horizontal direction increases, the slider 4 moves from the center to the end side of the upper sliding contact surface 33 of the upper shoe 3. At this time, since the lower side (end side) of the upper sliding contact surface 33 of the upper shoe 3 is positioned above the upper sliding surface 46 of the slider 4, a restoring force (inclination restoring force) is generated due to gravity, which tries to return the upper side (center part) to the initial state where it is positioned above the upper sliding surface 46 of the slider 4.

[0069] Furthermore, when the lower side (end side) of the upper sliding contact surface 33 of the upper shoe 3C is positioned on the upper sliding surface 46 of the slider 4C, the upper shoe 3C will tend to move closer to the upper structure 15 than in the initial state. At this time, the compression spring 51 between the lower side 47 and upper side 48 of the main body is compressed, so that even if the upper shoe 3C approaches the upper structure 15, the upper structure 15 will not be pushed upward, and the height of the upper structure 15 relative to the lower structure 14 will not change. The slider 4C is compressed, and the reaction force of the compression spring 51 presses the lower sliding contact surface 23 of the upper shoe 3C against it. This increases the frictional force between the upper sliding surface 46 and the upper sliding contact surface 33 of the slider 4C, generating a damping force (frictional restoring force) that attenuates the response acceleration of the structure 11.

[0070] In the displacement-dependent damper 1C, the larger the amount of relative displacement in the horizontal direction between the lower structure 14 and the upper structure 15, the closer the upper shoe 3 and the slider 4B come to the upper structure 15. The closer the upper shoe 3 and the slider 4 come to the upper structure 15, the larger the frictional restoring force becomes. In other words, the frictional restoring force in the X direction depends on the amount of relative displacement in the horizontal direction between the lower structure 14 and the upper structure 15.

[0071] The displacement-dependent damper 1B according to the second embodiment described above has the same effects as the displacement-dependent damper 1B according to the second embodiment, even though it is a damper that utilizes a spherical surface.

[0072] An analysis comparing the displacement-dependent damper 1 according to this embodiment with a conventional damper will be described. The analysis is performed using a single mass system model of a structure similar to that shown in Figure 1. The total weight Wt of the seismic isolation structure was set at 47,100 kN. The long-term load of the natural rubber bearing, Wb, is set as 90% of the total weight, Wt, and the horizontal stiffness is k = 6.52 × 10 3 kN / m and damping constant h=2%. The vertical load W acting on the displacement-dependent friction damper is set as W / Wt = 0.05 to 0.2 in (2).

[0073] (parameter) As shown in Figure 21, the seismic waves are El Centro waves, Taft waves, and Hachinohe waves. L2 (Level 2 earthquake) refers to seismic motion that occurs extremely rarely, while L1 (Level 1 earthquake) refers to a medium-sized earthquake that a structure is likely to experience at least once during its service life. Figure 22 shows the waveforms of each earthquake.

[0074] The characteristics of the displacement dependent damper are similar to those of the displacement dependent damper shown in FIG. If the inclination angle θ is 1.5°, the friction coefficient μ of the inclined sliding surface is μ = 0.26, which is 10 times tan 1.5 degrees (= 0.026), and the seismic isolation design displacement is 30 cm, and the preload W is set as follows: F at zero displacement point θ =Wtanθ=Wtan1.5=0.026W Fu = μW = 10 (times) × Wtan1.5 = 0.26W The resultant restoring force F = 0.026W + 0.26W = 0.286W. Here, if we define the resultant restoring force at the zero displacement point as F0, then F0=0.026W+0.26W=0.286W. In addition, the composite restoring force at the seismic isolation design displacement (30 cm in this document) is F 30 It is defined as:

[0075] The two parameters of this analysis are: A: The preload W of the damper of the present invention is multiplied by the load factor α of the weight Wt of the seismic isolation structure, W=αWt α = 0.050, 0.075, 0.10, 0.125, 0.15, 0.175, 0.2. B: The initial composite restoring force F0 is set to the restoring force factor β times the maximum value F30, F0=βF 30 Let β=0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8. F 30 = 5, 2.5, 1.7, and 1.25 times F0. In addition, as shown in Figure 23, in the case of a conventional friction damper, all F 30 becomes. (Analysis results) The relationship between the maximum response acceleration, maximum response displacement and the load factor α (= W / Wt) for each seismic wave is shown in Figures 24 to 29. In the legends of Figures 24 to 29, the restoring power factor β (=F0 / F 30 ) 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8: Position dependent friction damper, F0 = F 30 20%, 40%, 60%, and 80% of the above. Conventional: Conventional friction damper (β=F0 / F 30 =1.0, F 30 The results are shown as 100% of the original.

[0076] The following can be seen from Figures 24 to 29. The maximum response acceleration of the conventional friction damper and the displacement-dependent friction damper increases as the load factor α increases, but the displacement-dependent friction damper tends to have smaller fluctuations. Also, the reduction rate increases as the restoring force factor β decreases, but the difference is not significant. These results confirmed that the acceleration of the conventional friction damper was greater than that of the displacement-dependent friction damper, and that applying the displacement-dependent damper was effective.

[0077] The maximum response displacement for conventional friction dampers and displacement-dependent friction dampers becomes smaller as the load factor α and restoring force factor β increase. The response displacement for conventional friction dampers is smaller than that for displacement-dependent friction dampers, but both are within the deformation range that can be handled by general seismic isolation bearings, so there is no problem. The difference in maximum response acceleration between the conventional friction damper and the displacement-dependent friction damper is larger for L1 than for L2, and the latter, which has a smaller friction force when the displacement is small, is reduced. For these reasons, in small to medium earthquakes of L1 level, the displacement-dependent friction damper is significantly smaller than the conventional friction damper, and the smaller the initial friction force, the greater the reduction effect.

[0078] The difference in maximum response displacement between the conventional friction damper and the displacement-dependent friction damper is slightly smaller for L1 than for L2.

[0079] Regarding residual displacement, although there is some variation depending on the earthquake motion, the conventional friction damper is generally larger than the displacement-dependent friction damper. The difference due to differences in the restoring force factor β is small. It is preferable that the load factor α is about 0.1 to 0.2, and the restoring force factor β is about 0.4 to 0.6. By doing this, the residual displacement can be reduced sufficiently to 20 mm or less in an L2 earthquake and 10 mm or less in an L1 earthquake.

[0080] From the above, it was found that displacement-dependent friction dampers can reduce maximum response acceleration more than conventional friction dampers, and that the reduction rate is greater the smaller the initial composite restoring force, that the seismic isolation effect is greater for L1 earthquakes with small input seismic motion than for L2 earthquakes, and that they can keep acceleration significantly smaller than conventional friction dampers. It is preferable that the load factor α is about 0.1 to 0.2, and the restoring force factor β is about 0.4 to 0.6.

[0081] Although the embodiments of the displacement-dependent damper according to the present invention have been described above, the present invention is not limited to the above-described embodiments and can be modified as appropriate within the scope of the invention. In the above embodiment, the guide plates 53 are provided around the plurality of compression springs 51 to restrict horizontal displacement of the compression springs 51, but such guide plates 53 do not necessarily have to be provided.

[0082] In the above embodiment, the compression spring 51 is used as the elastic member, but rubber or a disc spring that is elastically deformable in the vertical direction may also be used.

[0083] In the above embodiment, the laminated rubber bearings 13 are provided as seismic isolation bearings in the seismic isolation layer 12, but elastic sliding bearings other than the laminated rubber bearings 13 may also be provided as seismic isolation bearings. [Explanation of symbols]

[0084] 1, 1B, 1C Displacement-dependent damper 2,2C Lower shoe 3,3C Kamikutsu 4,4B,4C Slider 5, 5B, 5C Spring part 11 Structures 14 Undercarriage 15 Superstructure 23,23C Lower sliding surface 33,33C Top sliding contact surface 45,45C Lower sliding surface 46,46C Upper sliding surface 51 Compression spring (elastic member) 53, 53B, 53C Guide plate (horizontal displacement control member)

Claims

1. a lower shoe having a V-shaped concave lower sliding surface on an upper surface thereof in a first direction and fixed to an upper portion of a lower structure of a structure; an upper shoe having an inverted V-shaped concave upper sliding contact surface on its lower surface in a second direction perpendicular to the first direction on a horizontal plane, and fixed to a lower part of an upper structure of a structure; a slider including a lower sliding surface slidable in the first direction relative to the lower sliding contact surface and an upper sliding surface slidable in the second direction relative to the upper sliding contact surface; A displacement-dependent damper having an elastic member that is arranged between the upper shoe and the upper structure and is elastically deformable in the vertical direction.

2. a lower shoe having a spherical lower sliding surface concave downward on its upper surface and fixed to an upper part of a lower structure of a structure; an upper shoe having an upper sliding contact surface that is concave upward and has a spherical shape on its lower surface, and being fixed to a lower part of an upper structure of a structure; a slider having a lower sliding surface that is slidable against the lower sliding contact surface and an upper sliding surface that is slidable against the upper sliding contact surface, The slider is a lower member having the lower sliding surface; an upper member having the upper sliding surface; A displacement-dependent damper having an elastic member that is provided between the lower member and the upper member and is elastically deformable in the vertical direction.

3. 3. The displacement-dependent damper according to claim 1, further comprising a horizontal displacement restricting member for restricting horizontal deformation of the elastic member.

4. a lower shoe having a V-shaped concave lower sliding surface on an upper surface thereof in a first direction and fixed to an upper portion of a lower structure of a structure; an upper shoe having an inverted V-shaped concave upper sliding contact surface on its lower surface in a second direction perpendicular to the first direction on a horizontal plane, and fixed to a lower part of an upper structure of a structure; a slider including a lower sliding surface that is slidable in the first direction relative to the lower sliding contact surface and an upper sliding surface that is slidable in the second direction relative to the upper sliding contact surface, The slider is a lower member having the lower sliding surface; an upper member having the upper sliding surface; an elastic member that is provided between the lower member and the upper member and is elastically deformable in the vertical direction, A displacement-dependent damper having a horizontal displacement restriction member that restricts horizontal deformation of the elastic member.

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