Intermediate node determination
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2024/075035
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2024-01-31
- Publication Date
- 2024-12-12
Smart Images

Figure CN2024075035_12122024_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
INTERMEDIATE NODE DETERMINATIONTECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] The present disclosure relates to wireless communications, and more specifically to intermediate node determination.BACKGROUND
[0002] A wireless communications system may include one or multiple network communication devices, such as base stations (BSs) , which may be otherwise known as an eNodeB (eNB) , a next-generation NodeB (gNB) , or other suitable terminology. Each network communication devices, such as a base station may support wireless communications for one or multiple user communication devices, which may be otherwise known as user equipment (UE) , or other suitable terminology. The wireless communications system may support wireless communications with one or multiple user communication devices by utilizing resources of the wireless communication system (e.g., time resources (e.g., symbols, slots, subframes, frames, or the like) or frequency resources (e.g., subcarriers, carriers) . Additionally, the wireless communications system may support wireless communications across various radio access technologies including third generation (3G) radio access technology, fourth generation (4G) radio access technology, fifth generation (5G) radio access technology, among other suitable radio access technologies beyond 5G (e.g., sixth generation (6G) ) .
[0003] A wireless communication system (for example, a backscatter communication system) may include an ambient internet of things (A-IoT) device. The A-IoT device may receive a carrier wave from a carrier wave node or emitter. Communication between an A-IoT receiver and the A-IoT device may be based on backscatter communication, which means that a backscattered signal associated with the carrier wave received at the A-IoT device may be transmitted by the A-IoT device and received at the A-IoT receiver. Multiple topologies are supported for the A-IoT device. In topology 1, the A-IoT device directly and bidirectionally communicates with a BS, and in this case, the A-IoT receiver is the BS. In topology 2, the A-IoT device communicates bidirectionally with an intermediate node between the A-IoT device and a BS, and in this case, the A-IoT receiver is the intermediate node. However, transmission enhancements in the backscatter communication system, especially, enhancements on intermediate node determination for topology 2 are still needed.SUMMARY
[0004] The present disclosure relates to methods, apparatuses, and systems that support intermediate node determination. With the apparatuses and methods, it is possible to improve communication performance in the backscatter communication system efficiently, especially in terms of overhead saving.
[0005] In some implementations, there is provided a first device. The first device comprises at least one memory; and at least one processor coupled with the at least one memory and configured to cause the first device to: receive, from a set of one or more second devices, proximity information associated with one or more third devices, wherein the proximity information is indicative of whether the one or more third devices are proximate to the set of one or more second devices; determine, based at least in part on the proximity information, a subset of one or more second devices as one or more intermediate nodes between the first device and the one or more third devices; and communicate with the one or more third devices via at least one second device of the subset of one or more second devices.
[0006] In some implementations, there is provided a method performed by the first device. The method comprises: receiving, from a set of one or more second devices, proximity information associated with one or more third devices, wherein the proximity information is indicative of whether the one or more third devices are proximate to the set of one or more second devices; determining, based at least in part on the proximity information, a subset of one or more second devices as one or more intermediate nodes between the first device and the one or more third devices; and communicating with the one or more third devices via at least one second device of the subset of one or more second devices.
[0007] In some implementations, there is provided a processor for wireless communication. The processor comprises at least one controller coupled with at least one memory and configured to cause the processor to: receive, from a set of one or more second devices, proximity information associated with one or more third devices, wherein the proximity information is indicative of whether the one or more third devices are proximate to the set of one or more second devices; determine, based at least in part on the proximity information, a subset of one or more second devices as one or more intermediate nodes between the first device and the one or more third devices; and communicate with the one or more third devices via at least one second device of the subset of one or more second devices.
[0008] In some implementations of the method and the first device described herein, the proximity information may be indicative of whether the one or more third devices are within a threshold distance to the set of one or more second devices.
[0009] In some implementations of the method and the first device described herein, the proximity information may indicate a presence or an absence of the one or more third devices proximate to the set of one or more second devices. In some implementations of the method and the first device described herein, to determine the subset of one or more second devices, the first device may be caused to, based on determining that the proximity information from a candidate second device of the set of one or more second devices comprises a presence of one or more third devices proximate to the candidate second device, assign the candidate second device to the subset of one or more second devices.
[0010] In some implementations of the method and the first device described herein, the proximity information indicative of whether the one or more third devices are proximate to the set of one or more second devices may be based at least in part on a received signal strength indicator (RSSI) of one or more backscattered signals associated with the one or more third devices. In some implementations of the method and the first device described herein, to determine the subset of one or more second devices, the first device may be caused to compare an RSSI of a candidate second device of the set of one or more second devices to a threshold RSSI value; and assign the candidate second device to the subset of one or more second devices based at least in prat on the RSSI satisfying the threshold RSSI value.
[0011] Some implementations of the method and the first device described herein may further include receiving, from one or more second devices, capability information for supporting intermediate node functionality, and the set of one or more second devices may be based at least in part on the capability information.
[0012] Some implementations of the method and the first device described herein may further include allocating, for the set of one or more second devices, a set of orthogonal resources for receiving a plurality of backscattered signals from the one or more third devices, the plurality of backscattered signals being associated with a plurality of carrier waves; and transmitting, to the set of one or more second devices, an indication of the allocated set of orthogonal resources. In some implementations of the method and the first device described herein, the set of orthogonal resources may be one or more of time division multiplexed (TDMed) or frequency division multiplexed (FDMed) .
[0013] Some implementations of the method and the first device described herein may further include allocating, for the set of one or more second devices, a set of orthogonal resources for transmitting the plurality of carrier waves to the one or more third devices, the set of orthogonal resources for transmitting the plurality of carrier waves being associated with the set of orthogonal resources for receiving the plurality of backscattered signals; and transmitting, to the set of one or more second devices, an indication of the allocated set of orthogonal resources for transmitting the plurality of carrier waves. Some implementations of the method and the first device described herein may further include transmitting, to the set of one or more second devices, an indication of a transmit power associated with the plurality of carrier waves. In some implementations of the method and the first device described herein, the plurality of orthogonal resources for transmitting the plurality of carrier waves may be one or more of TDMed or FDMed.
[0014] Some implementations of the method and the first device described herein may further include allocating, for one or more fourth devices, a set of orthogonal resources for transmitting the plurality of carrier waves to the one or more third devices, the set of orthogonal resources for transmitting the plurality of carrier waves being associated with the set of orthogonal resources for receiving the plurality of backscattered signals; and transmitting, to the one or more fourth devices, an indication of the set of orthogonal resources for transmitting the plurality of carrier waves. Some implementations of the method and the first device described herein may further include transmitting, to the one or more fourth devices, an indication of a transmit power associated with the plurality of carrier waves. In some implementations of the method and the first device described herein, the set of orthogonal resources for receiving the plurality of backscattered signals and the set of orthogonal resources for transmitting the plurality of carrier waves may be allocated based on a plurality of locations of the set of one or more second devices and one or more locations of the one or more fourth devices. In some implementations of the method and the first device described herein, the plurality of orthogonal resources for transmitting the plurality of carrier waves may be one or more of TDMed or FDMed.
[0015] In some implementations of the method and the first device described herein, the first device comprises a base station; each of the set of one or more second devices comprises one or more of a relay, an integrated access backhaul (IAB) node, a user equipment (UE) , or a repeater; and each of the one or more third devices comprises an internet of things (IoT) device.
[0016] In some implementations, there is provided a second device. The second device comprises at least one memory; and at least one processor coupled with the at least one memory and configured to cause the second device to: determine whether one or more third devices are proximate to the second device; and transmit, to a first device, proximity information indicative of whether the one or more third devices are proximate to the second device.
[0017] In some implementations, there is provided a method performed by the second device. The method comprises: determining whether one or more third devices are proximate to the second device; and transmitting, to a first device, proximity information indicative of whether the one or more third devices are proximate to the second device.
[0018] In some implementations, there is provided a processor for wireless communication. The processor comprises at least one controller coupled with at least one memory and configured to cause the processor to: determine whether one or more third devices are proximate to the second device; and transmit, to a first device, proximity information indicative of whether the one or more third devices are proximate to the second device.
[0019] In some implementations of the method and the second device described herein, to determine whether the one or more third devices are proximate to the second device, the second device may be caused to: determine whether the one or more third devices are within a threshold distance to the second device, and the proximity information may be indicative of whether the one or more third devices are within the threshold distance to the second device.
[0020] In some implementations of the method and the second device described herein, the proximity information may indicate a presence or an absence of the one or more third devices proximate to the second device. Some implementations of the method and the second device described herein may further include comparing a received signal strength indicator (RSSI) of one or more backscattered signals associated with the one or more third devices to a threshold RSSI value; and one of the following: based on determining that the RSSI satisfies the threshold RSSI value, determining the proximity information as the presence of the one or more third devices proximate to the second device; or based on determining that the RSSI fails to satisfy the threshold RSSI value, determining the proximity information as the absence of the one or more third devices proximate to the second device.
[0021] In some implementations of the method and the second device described herein, the proximity information may indicate an RSSI of one or more backscattered signals associated with the one or more third devices.
[0022] Some implementations of the method and the second device described herein may further include receiving, from the first device, an indication of a resource for receiving one or more backscattered signals from the one or more third devices, the one or more backscattered signals being associated with one or more carrier waves. Some implementations of the method and the second device described herein may further include transmitting, to the one or more third devices, an indication of the resource associated with the one or more backscattered signals. Some implementations of the method and the second device described herein may further include receiving, from the first device, an indication of a resource for transmitting the one or more carrier waves to the one or more third devices. Some implementations of the method and the second device described herein may further include transmitting, to the one or more third devices, an indication of the resource associated with the one or more carrier waves. Some implementations of the method and the second device described herein may further include receiving, from the first device, an indication of a transmit power for transmitting the one or more carrier waves.
[0023] Some implementations of the method and the second device described herein may further include transmitting, to the first device, a location of the second device. In some implementations of the method and the second device described herein, the first device comprises a base station; the second device comprises one or more of: a relay, an integrated access backhaul (IAB) node, a user equipment (UE) , or a repeater; and each of the one or more third devices comprises an internet of things (IoT) device.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0024] FIG. 1A illustrates an example of a wireless communications system that supports carrier wave node determination in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure;
[0025] FIG. 1B illustrates an example of topology 2 associated with aspects of the present disclosure;
[0026] FIGS. 1C and 1D illustrate examples of service flows associated with aspects of the present disclosure;
[0027] FIG. 1E illustrates an example communication environment of topology 2 associated with aspects of the present disclosure;
[0028] FIGS. 2A and 2B illustrate example process flows in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0029] FIG. 3 illustrates an example of a device that supports intermediate node determination in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure;
[0030] FIG. 4 illustrates an example of a processor that supports intermediate node determination in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure; and
[0031] FIGS. 5 through 6 illustrate flowcharts of methods that support intermediate node determination in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.
[0032] Throughout the drawings, the same or similar reference numerals represent the same or similar elements.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0033] Principles of the present disclosure will now be described with reference to some embodiments. It is to be understood that these embodiments are described only for the purpose of illustration and help those skilled in the art to understand and implement the present disclosure, without suggesting any limitation as to the scope of the disclosure. The disclosure described herein may be implemented in various manners other than the ones described below.
[0034] In the following description and claims, unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skills in the art to which this disclosure belongs.
[0035] References in the present disclosure to “one embodiment, ” “an example embodiment, ” “an embodiment, ” “some embodiments, ” and the like indicate that the embodiment (s) described may include a particular feature, structure, or characteristic, but it is not necessary that every embodiment includes the particular feature, structure, or characteristic. Moreover, such phrases do not necessarily refer to the same embodiment (s) . Further, when a particular feature, structure, or characteristic is described in connection with an embodiment, it is submitted that it is within the knowledge of one skilled in the art to affect such feature, structure, or characteristic in connection with other embodiments whether or not explicitly described.
[0036] It shall be understood that although the terms “first” and “second” or the like may be used herein to describe various elements, these elements should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element from another element. For example, a first element could also be termed as a second element, and similarly, a second element could also be termed as a first element, without departing from the scope of embodiments. As used herein, the term “and / or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the listed terms.
[0037] The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of example embodiments. As used herein, the singular forms “a” , “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises” , “comprising” , “has” , “having” , “includes” and / or “including” , when used herein, specify the presence of stated features, elements, and / or components etc., but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, elements, components and / or combinations thereof.
[0038] As used herein, the term “communication network” refers to a network following any suitable communication standards, such as, 5G new radio (NR) , LTE, LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) , Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) , High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA) , Narrow Band Internet of Things (NB-IoT) , and so on. Further, the communications between a UE and a network device in the communication network may be performed according to any suitable generation communication protocols, including but not limited to, the first generation (1G) , the second generation (2G) , 2.5G, 2.75G, the third generation (3G) , the 4G, 4.5G, the 5G communication protocols, and / or any other protocols either currently known or to be developed in the future. Embodiments of the present disclosure may be applied in various communication systems. Given the rapid development in communications, there will also be future type communication technologies and systems in which the present disclosure may be embodied. It should not be seen as limiting the scope of the present disclosure to only the aforementioned systems.
[0039] As used herein, the term “network device” generally refers to a node in a communication network via which a UE can access the communication network and receive services therefrom. The network device may refer to a base station (BS) or an access point (AP) , for example, a node B (NodeB or NB) , a radio access network (RAN) node, an evolved NodeB (eNodeB or eNB) , a NR NB (also referred to as a gNB) , a Remote Radio Unit (RRU) , a radio header (RH) , an infrastructure device for a vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication, a transmission and reception point (TRP) , a reception point (RP) , a remote radio head (RRH) , a relay, an integrated access and backhaul (IAB) node, a low power node such as a femto a base station (BS) , a pico BS, and so forth, depending on the applied terminology and technology. The network device may further refer to a network function (NF) in the core network, for example, a service management function (SMF) , an access and mobility management function (AMF) , a policy control function (PCF) , a user plane function (UPF) or devices with same function in future network architectures, and so forth.
[0040] As used herein, the term “UE” generally refers to any end device that may be capable of wireless communications. By way of example rather than a limitation, a UE may also be referred to as a communication device, a terminal device, an end user device, a subscriber station (SS) , an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) , a portable subscriber station, a mobile station (MS) , or an access terminal (AT) . The UE may include, but is not limited to, a mobile phone, a cellular phone, a smart phone, a voice over IP (VoIP) phone, a wireless local loop phone, a tablet, a wearable UE, a personal digital assistant (PDA) , a portable computer, a desktop computer, an image capture UE such as a digital camera, a gaming UE, a music storage and playback appliance, a vehicle-mounted wireless UE, a wireless endpoint, a mobile station, laptop-embedded equipment (LEE) , laptop-mounted equipment (LME) , a USB dongle, a smart device, wireless customer-premises equipment (CPE) , an Internet of Things (loT) device, a watch or other wearable, a head-mounted display (HMD) , a vehicle, a drone, a medical device (for example, a remote surgery device) , an industrial device (for example, a robot and / or other wireless devices operating in an industrial and / or an automated processing chain contexts) , a consumer electronics device, a device operating on commercial and / or industrial wireless networks, and the like. In the following description, the terms: “UE, ” “communication device, ” “terminal, ” and “UE, ” may be used interchangeably.
[0041] As used herein, the term “A-IoT device” refers to a device without batteries or with limited energy storage capabilities. For the A-IoT device, energy is provided by harvesting radio waves, light, motion, heat, or any other suitable source. A-IoT device can also be called zero-power terminals, near-zero power terminals, passive IoT device, ambient backscatter communication (AmBC) device, tag, etc. Compared with low-power and wide-coverage services, such as narrow band (NB) IoT, enhance machine type communication (eMTC) , A-IoT has lower complexity and lower power consumption, and is suitable for more application scenarios.
[0042] Principles and implementations of embodiments of the present disclosure will be described in detail below with reference to the figures.
[0043] FIG. 1A illustrates an example of a wireless communications system (or referred to as communication network) 100 that supports carrier wave node determination in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The wireless communications system 100 may include one or more network entities 102 (also referred to as network equipment) , one or more UEs 104, a core network 106, and a packet data network 108. The wireless communications system 100 may support various radio access technologies. In some implementations, the wireless communications system 100 may be a 4G network, such as an LTE network or an LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) network. In some other implementations, the wireless communications system 100 may be a 5G network, such as an NR network. In other implementations, the wireless communications system 100 may be a combination of a 4G network and a 5G network, or other suitable radio access technology including Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 (Wi-Fi) , IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX) , IEEE 802.20. The wireless communications system 100 may support radio access technologies beyond 5G. Additionally, the wireless communications system 100 may support technologies, such as time division multiple access (TDMA) , frequency division multiple access (FDMA) , or code division multiple access (CDMA) , etc.
[0044] The one or more network entities 102 may be dispersed throughout a geographic region to form the wireless communications system 100. One or more of the network entities 102 described herein may be or include or may be referred to as a network node, a base station, a network element, a radio access network (RAN) , a base transceiver station, an access point, a NodeB, an eNodeB (eNB) , a next-generation NodeB (gNB) , or other suitable terminology. A network entity 102 and a UE 104 may communicate via a communication link 110, which may be a wireless or wired connection. For example, a network entity 102 and a UE 104 may perform wireless communication (e.g., receive signaling, transmit signaling) over a Uu interface.
[0045] A network entity 102 may provide a geographic coverage area 112 for which the network entity 102 may support services (e.g., voice, video, packet data, messaging, broadcast, etc. ) for one or more UEs 104 within the geographic coverage area 112. For example, a network entity 102 and a UE 104 may support wireless communication of signals related to services (e.g., voice, video, packet data, messaging, broadcast, etc. ) according to one or multiple radio access technologies. In some implementations, a network entity 102 may be moveable, for example, a satellite associated with a non-terrestrial network. In some implementations, different geographic coverage areas 112 associated with the same or different radio access technologies may overlap, but the different geographic coverage areas 112 may be associated with different network entities 102. Information and signals described herein may be represented using any of a variety of different technologies and techniques. For example, data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, and chips that may be referenced throughout the description may be represented by voltages, currents, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or particles, optical fields or particles, or any combination thereof.
[0046] The one or more UEs 104 may be dispersed throughout a geographic region of the wireless communications system 100. A UE 104 may include or may be referred to as a mobile device, a wireless device, a remote device, a remote unit, a handheld device, or a subscriber device, or some other suitable terminology. In some implementations, the UE 104 may be referred to as a unit, a station, a terminal, or a client, among other examples. Additionally, or alternatively, the UE 104 may be referred to as an Internet- of-Things (IoT) device, an Internet-of-Everything (IoE) device, or machine-type communication (MTC) device, among other examples. In some implementations, a UE 104 may be stationary in the wireless communications system 100. In some other implementations, a UE 104 may be mobile in the wireless communications system 100.
[0047] The one or more UEs 104 may be devices in different forms or having different capabilities. Some examples of UEs 104 are illustrated in FIG. 1A. A UE 104 may be capable of communicating with various types of devices, such as the network entities 102, other UEs 104, or network equipment (e.g., the core network 106, the packet data network 108, a relay device, an integrated access and backhaul (IAB) node, or another network equipment) , as shown in FIG. 1A. Additionally, or alternatively, a UE 104 may support communication with other network entities 102 or UEs 104, which may act as relays in the wireless communications system 100.
[0048] A UE 104 may also be able to support wireless communication directly with other UEs 104 over a communication link 114. For example, a UE 104 may support wireless communication directly with another UE 104 over a device-to-device (D2D) communication link. In some implementations, such as vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) deployments, vehicle-to-everything (V2X) deployments, or cellular-V2X deployments, the communication link 114 may be referred to as a sidelink. For example, a UE 104 may support wireless communication directly with another UE 104 over a PC5 interface.
[0049] A network entity 102 may support communications with the core network 106, or with another network entity 102, or both. For example, a network entity 102 may interface with the core network 106 through one or more backhaul links 116 (e.g., via an S1, N2, N2, or another network interface) . The network entities 102 may communicate with each other over the backhaul links 116 (e.g., via an X2, Xn, or another network interface) . In some implementations, the network entities 102 may communicate with each other directly (e.g., between the network entities 102) . In some other implementations, the network entities 102 may communicate with each other or indirectly (e.g., via the core network 106) . In some implementations, one or more network entities 102 may include subcomponents, such as an access network entity, which may be an example of an access node controller (ANC) . An ANC may communicate with the one or more UEs 104 through one or more other access network transmission entities, which may be referred to as a radio heads, smart radio heads, or transmission-reception points (TRPs) .
[0050] In some implementations, a network entity 102 may be configured in a disaggregated architecture, which may be configured to utilize a protocol stack physically or logically distributed among two or more network entities 102, such as an integrated access backhaul (IAB) network, an open RAN (O-RAN) (e.g., a network configuration sponsored by the O-RAN Alliance) , or a virtualized RAN (vRAN) (e.g., a cloud RAN (C-RAN) ) . For example, a network entity 102 may include one or more of a central unit (CU) , a distributed unit (DU) , a radio unit (RU) , a RAN Intelligent Controller (RIC) (e.g., a Near-Real Time RIC (Near-RT RIC) , a Non-Real Time RIC (Non-RT RIC) ) , a Service Management and Orchestration (SMO) system, or any combination thereof.
[0051] An RU may also be referred to as a radio head, a smart radio head, a remote radio head (RRH) , a remote radio unit (RRU) , or a transmission reception point (TRP) . One or more components of the network entities 102 in a disaggregated RAN architecture may be co-located, or one or more components of the network entities 102 may be located in distributed locations (e.g., separate physical locations) . In some implementations, one or more network entities 102 of a disaggregated RAN architecture may be implemented as virtual units (e.g., a virtual CU (VCU) , a virtual DU (VDU) , a virtual RU (VRU) ) .
[0052] Split of functionality between a CU, a DU, and an RU may be flexible and may support different functionalities depending upon which functions (e.g., network layer functions, protocol layer functions, baseband functions, radio frequency functions, and any combinations thereof) are performed at a CU, a DU, or an RU. For example, a functional split of a protocol stack may be employed between a CU and a DU such that the CU may support one or more layers of the protocol stack and the DU may support one or more different layers of the protocol stack. In some implementations, the CU may host upper protocol layer (e.g., a layer 3 (L3) , a layer 2 (L2) ) functionality and signaling (e.g., radio resource control (RRC) , service data adaption protocol (SDAP) , Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) ) . The CU may be connected to one or more DUs or RUs, and the one or more DUs or RUs may host lower protocol layers, such as a layer 1 (L1) (e.g., physical (PHY) layer) or an L2 (e.g., radio link control (RLC) layer, media access control (MAC) layer) functionality and signaling, and may each be at least partially controlled by the CU.
[0053] Additionally, or alternatively, a functional split of the protocol stack may be employed between a DU and an RU such that the DU may support one or more layers of the protocol stack and the RU may support one or more different layers of the protocol stack. The DU may support one or multiple different cells (e.g., via one or more RUs) . In some implementations, a functional split between a CU and a DU, or between a DU and an RU may be within a protocol layer (e.g., some functions for a protocol layer may be performed by one of a CU, a DU, or an RU, while other functions of the protocol layer are performed by a different one of the CU, the DU, or the RU) .
[0054] A CU may be functionally split further into CU control plane (CU-CP) and CU user plane (CU-UP) functions. A CU may be connected to one or more DUs via a midhaul communication link (e.g., F1, F1-c, F1-u) , and a DU may be connected to one or more RUs via a fronthaul communication link (e.g., open fronthaul (FH) interface) . In some implementations, a midhaul communication link or a fronthaul communication link may be implemented in accordance with an interface (e.g., a channel) between layers of a protocol stack supported by respective network entities 102 that are in communication via such communication links.
[0055] The core network 106 may support user authentication, access authorization, tracking, connectivity, and other access, routing, or mobility functions. The core network 106 may be an evolved packet core (EPC) , or a 5G core (5GC) , which may include a control plane entity that manages access and mobility (e.g., a mobility management entity (MME) , an access and mobility management functions (AMF) ) and a user plane entity that routes packets or interconnects to external networks (e.g., a serving gateway (S-GW) , a Packet Data Network (PDN) gateway (P-GW) , or a user plane function (UPF) ) . In some implementations, the control plane entity may manage non-access stratum (NAS) functions, such as mobility, authentication, and bearer management (e.g., data bearers, signal bearers, etc. ) for the one or more UEs 104 served by the one or more network entities 102 associated with the core network 106.
[0056] The core network 106 may communicate with the packet data network 108 over one or more backhaul links 116 (e.g., via an S1, N2, N2, or another network interface) . The packet data network 108 may include an application server 118. In some implementations, one or more UEs 104 may communicate with the application server 118. A UE 104 may establish a session (e.g., a protocol data unit (PDU) session, or the like) with the core network 106 via a network entity 102. The core network 106 may route traffic (e.g., control information, data, and the like) between the UE 104 and the application server 118 using the established session (e.g., the established PDU session) . The PDU session may be an example of a logical connection between the UE 104 and the core network 106 (e.g., one or more network functions of the core network 106) .
[0057] In the wireless communications system 100, the network entities 102 and the UEs 104 may use resources of the wireless communications system 100 (e.g., time resources (e.g., symbols, slots, subframes, frames, or the like) or frequency resources (e.g., subcarriers, carriers) ) to perform various operations (e.g., wireless communications) . In some implementations, the network entities 102 and the UEs 104 may support different resource structures. For example, the network entities 102 and the UEs 104 may support different frame structures. In some implementations, such as in 4G, the network entities 102 and the UEs 104 may support a single frame structure. In some other implementations, such as in 5G and among other suitable radio access technologies, the network entities 102 and the UEs 104 may support various frame structures (i.e., multiple frame structures) . The network entities 102 and the UEs 104 may support various frame structures based on one or more numerologies.
[0058] One or more numerologies may be supported in the wireless communications system 100, and a numerology may include a subcarrier spacing and a cyclic prefix. A first numerology (e.g., μ=0) may be associated with a first subcarrier spacing (e.g., 15 kHz) and a normal cyclic prefix. In some implementations, the first numerology (e.g., μ=0) associated with the first subcarrier spacing (e.g., 15 kHz) may utilize one slot per subframe. A second numerology (e.g., μ=1) may be associated with a second subcarrier spacing (e.g., 30 kHz) and a normal cyclic prefix. A third numerology (e.g., μ=2) may be associated with a third subcarrier spacing (e.g., 60 kHz) and a normal cyclic prefix or an extended cyclic prefix. A fourth numerology (e.g., μ=3) may be associated with a fourth subcarrier spacing (e.g., 120 kHz) and a normal cyclic prefix. A fifth numerology (e.g., μ=4) may be associated with a fifth subcarrier spacing (e.g., 240 kHz) and a normal cyclic prefix.
[0059] A time interval of a resource (e.g., a communication resource) may be organized according to frames (also referred to as radio frames) . Each frame may have a duration, for example, a 10 millisecond (ms) duration. In some implementations, each frame may include multiple subframes. For example, each frame may include 10 subframes, and each subframe may have a duration, for example, a 1 ms duration. In some implementations, each frame may have the same duration. In some implementations, each subframe of a frame may have the same duration.
[0060] Additionally or alternatively, a time interval of a resource (e.g., a communication resource) may be organized according to slots. For example, a subframe may include a number (e.g., quantity) of slots. The number of slots in each subframe may also depend on the one or more numerologies supported in the wireless communications system 100. For instance, the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth numerologies (i.e., μ=0, μ=1, μ=2, μ=3, μ=4) associated with respective subcarrier spacings of 15 kHz, 30 kHz, 60 kHz, 120 kHz, and 240 kHz may utilize a single slot per subframe, two slots per subframe, four slots per subframe, eight slots per subframe, and 16 slots per subframe, respectively. Each slot may include a number (e.g., quantity) of symbols (e.g., OFDM symbols) . In some implementations, the number (e.g., quantity) of slots for a subframe may depend on a numerology. For a normal cyclic prefix, a slot may include 14 symbols. For an extended cyclic prefix (e.g., applicable for 60 kHz subcarrier spacing) , a slot may include 12 symbols. The relationship between the number of symbols per slot, the number of slots per subframe, and the number of slots per frame for a normal cyclic prefix and an extended cyclic prefix may depend on a numerology. It should be understood that reference to a first numerology (e.g., μ=0) associated with a first subcarrier spacing (e.g., 15 kHz) may be used interchangeably between subframes and slots.
[0061] In the wireless communications system 100, an electromagnetic (EM) spectrum may be split, based on frequency or wavelength, into various classes, frequency bands, frequency channels, etc. By way of example, the wireless communications system 100 may support one or multiple operating frequency bands, such as frequency range designations FR1 (410 MHz –7.125 GHz) , FR2 (24.25 GHz –52.6 GHz) , FR3 (7.125 GHz –24.25 GHz) , FR4 (52.6 GHz –114.25 GHz) , FR4a or FR4-1 (52.6 GHz –71 GHz) , and FR5 (114.25 GHz –300 GHz) . In some implementations, the network entities 102 and the UEs 104 may perform wireless communications over one or more of the operating frequency bands. In some implementations, FR1 may be used by the network entities 102 and the UEs 104, among other equipment or devices for cellular communications traffic (e.g., control information, data) . In some implementations, FR2 may be used by the network entities 102 and the UEs 104, among other equipment or devices for short-range, high data rate capabilities.
[0062] FR1 may be associated with one or multiple numerologies (e.g., at least three numerologies) . For example, FR1 may be associated with a first numerology (e.g., μ=0) , which includes 15 kHz subcarrier spacing; a second numerology (e.g., μ=1) , which includes 30 kHz subcarrier spacing; and a third numerology (e.g., μ=2) , which includes 60 kHz subcarrier spacing. FR2 may be associated with one or multiple numerologies (e.g., at least 2 numerologies) . For example, FR2 may be associated with a third numerology (e.g., μ=2) , which includes 60 kHz subcarrier spacing; and a fourth numerology (e.g., μ=3) , which includes 120 kHz subcarrier spacing.
[0063] The study on solutions for A-IoT in NR has been approved in RP-234058. The general scope, including aspects A to E, is shown as follows.
[0064] Aspect A: The overall objective shall be to study a harmonized air interface design with minimized differences (where necessary) for A-IoT to enable the following types of A-IoT devices. Type I: which has a peak power consumption of approximately 1 μW, energy storage, initial sampling frequency offset (SFO) up to 10X ppm, neither downlink (DL) nor uplink (UL) amplification in the device. The UL transmission of the device i is backscattered on a carrier wave provided externally. Type II: which has a peak power consumption of no more than a few hundred μW, energy storage, initial SFO up to 10X ppm, both DL and / or UL amplification in the device. The UL transmission of the type II of an A-IoT device may be generated internally by the type II of an A-IoT device itself, or be backscattered on a carrier wave provided externally.
[0065] X is to be decided in WGs. It is to be understood that “no more than a few hundred μW” means WGs are not tasked with setting a particular value, and that it will be for WG discussions to determine if a presented design with corresponding power consumption satisfies the “no more than a few hundred μW” requirement. Coverage design target: maximum distance of 10-50m with device indoors as per TR 38.848: “…arange that WGs can sub-select within” . For topologies 1 &2 (UE as intermediate node under NW control) per TR 38.848, with no RRC states, no mobility (i.e. at least no cell selection / re-selection -like function) , no HARQ, no ARQ.
[0066] Aspect B: Deployment scenarios with the following characteristics, referenced to the tables in Clause 4.2.2 of TR 38.848. Deployment scenario 1 with topology 1: base station and coexistence characteristics: micro-cell, co-site. deployment scenario 2 with topology 2 and UE as intermediate node, under network control: base station and coexistence characteristics: Macro-cell, co-site; and the location of intermediate node is indoor.
[0067] Aspect C: FR1 licensed spectrum in FDD. Aspect D: Spectrum deployment in-band to NR, in guard-band to LTE / NR, in standalone band (s) . Aspect E: Traffic types DO-DTT, DT, with focus on rUC1 (indoor inventory) and rUC4 (indoor command) . From RAN#104, the study will assess whether the harmonized air interface design (per bullet ‘A’ above) can address the DO-A (Device-originated autonomous) use case, only to identify which part (s) of the harmonized air interface design (per bullet ‘A’ above) is / are not sufficient for the DO-A use case.
[0068] For topology 2, the intermediate node is used to extend the coverage between the NR BS and the A-IoT device. Reference is made to FIG. 1B, which illustrates an example of topology 2 associated with aspects of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 1B, in topology 2, an A-IoT device 121 communicates bidirectionally with an intermediate node 122 between the A-IoT device 121 and a BS 123. In this topology, the intermediate node 122 may be a relay node, an IAB node, a UE, a repeater, etc., which is capable of A-IoT. The intermediate node 122 transfers A-IoT data and / or signaling between the BS 123 and the A-IoT device 121.
[0069] The deployment scenario 2 is assumed to be studied together with topology 2, where the NR BS is outdoor and the intermediate node is indoor. The coverage of the outdoor NR BS is much wider, and there may be multiple UEs that are capable of being as intermediate nodes for the communication of A-IoT devices. The determination of intermediate node (s) is important for topology 2 to save the signaling between the NR BS and the intermediate node (s) , and important for the communication between A-IoT devices and the intermediate node (s) .
[0070] Moreover, inventors notice that two different types of service flows may be considered for intermediate node determination. Reference is made to FIGS. 1C and 1D to discuss these two examples of service flows associated with aspects of the present disclosure.
[0071] As shown in FIG. 1C, the A-IoT service may be initiated by an intermediate node 131, for example, an owner of a UE triggers the A-IoT service. In this case, the intermediate node 131 may transmit a request to an NR BS 132 at 134 and then receive information / scheduling / resource allocation from the NR BS 132 at 135. At 136 and 137, the intermediate node 131 may perform communication with the A-IoT device 138.
[0072] As shown in FIG. 1D, the A-IoT service may be initiated by an NR BS 141, or a core network (CN) or behind the CN. In this case, the A-IoT service may be indicated by the NR BS 141 or CN or behind the CN to an intermediate node 142. At 144, the NR BS 141 may transmit information / scheduling / resource allocation to the intermediate node 142. At 145 and 146, the intermediate node 142 may perform communication with an A-IoT device 147. After the communication with the A-IoT device 147, at 148, the intermediate node 142 may further perform transmission to the NR BS 141, for example, to report information / results to the NR BS 141.
[0073] However, currently, there is no effective way to determine one or more intermediate nodes for the communication between the BS and the A-IoT device (s) , especially, with a consideration of the service flows as shown in FIGS. 1C and 1D. Especially for the intermediate node determination procedure for the service flow as shown in FIG. 1D, the BS may need to select one or more intermediate nodes from multiple intermediate nodes. In this case, the BS shall select an intermediate node with the adjacent A-IoT device (s) . Otherwise, if the BS selects a candidate intermediate node with no A-IoT device proximity to it, this candidate intermediate node cannot perform communication with A-IoT device (s) , which leads to a waste of resources of the Uu interface to exchange information between the BS and the candidate intermediate node.
[0074] Therefore, there is a need for an improved solution to support the intermediate node selection, especially for A-IoT communication in the backscatter communication system.
[0075] Embodiments of the present disclosure provide a solution for intermediate node determination. In one aspect of the solution of the present disclosure, a first device (for example, a BS) receives, from a set of one or more second devices (for example, one or more of a relay, an IAB node, a UE, or a repeater) , proximity information associated with one or more third devices (for example, an A-IoT device) . The proximity information is indicative of whether the one or more third devices are proximate to the set of one or more second devices. The first device, determines, based at least in part on the proximity information, a subset of one or more second devices as one or more intermediate nodes between the first device and the one or more third devices. Moreover, the first device communicates with the one or more third devices via at least one second device of the subset of one or more second devices.
[0076] By reporting proximity information indicating whether there are one or more third devices proximate to the set of one or more second devices, this solution facilitates intermediate node selection at the first device. In this way, it is possible to save unnecessary signaling overhead for communication between the first device and a candidate second device without an adjacent third device and thus improve communication performance in the backscatter communication system efficiently.
[0077] FIG. 1E illustrates an example communication environment 150 of topology 2 associated with aspects of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 1C, a BS 151 communicates via one or more of multiple intermediate nodes 152-1, 152-2, …152-N (collectively or individually referred to as an intermediate node (s) 152, where N represents any suitable positive integer) with one or more of A-IoT devices 153-1, 153-2,…153-N (collectively or individually referred to as an A-IoT device (s) 153, where N represents any suitable positive integer) .
[0078] Although the BS 151, the intermediate nodes 152, and the A-IoT devices 153 are described in the communication environment 150 of FIG. 1E, embodiments of the present disclosure may equally apply to any other suitable communication devices in communication with one another. That is, embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited to the exemplary scenarios of FIG. 1E. In this regard, it is noted that although the intermediate nodes 152 are schematically depicted as mobile phones in FIG. 1E, it is understood that these depictions are exemplary in nature without suggesting any limitation. For example, the intermediate node 152 may comprise a relay, an IAB node, a UE, a repeater, etc.
[0079] It is to be understood that the particular number of various communication devices and the particular number of various communication links as shown in FIG. 1E is for illustration purpose only without suggesting any limitations. The communication environment 150 may include any suitable number of communication devices and any suitable number of communication links for implementing embodiments of the present disclosure. In addition, it should be appreciated that there may be various wireless as well as wireline communications (if needed) among all of the communication devices.
[0080] FIGS. 2A and 2B illustrate example process flows 200A and 200B in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure. For the purpose of discussion, the processes 200A and 200B will be described with reference to FIG. 1E.
[0081] Reference is first made to FIG. 2A, the process 200A may involve a first device 201, and a set of one or more second devices 202-1, 202-2, …202-N. In some cases, the set of second devices may comprise one second device, for example, the second device 202-1. In some other cases, the set of second devices may comprise multiple second devices, for example, the second device 202-1, 202-2, …202-N. For example, the first device 201 may comprise the BS 151 as shown in FIG. 1E. For example, a second device of the set of one or more second devices 202-1, 202-2, …202-N may comprise the intermediate node 152 as shown in FIG. 1E. For example, the process 200A may further involve one or more third devices (not shown) , and a third device of the one or more third devices may comprise the A-IoT device 153 as shown in FIG. 1E. It is to be understood that the steps and the order of the steps in FIG. 2A are merely for illustration, and not for limitation. It is to be understood that the process 200A may further include additional blocks not shown and / or omit some shown blocks, and the scope of the present disclosure is not limited in this regard.
[0082] The process 200A may apply to the service flow as shown in FIG. 1D. In this case, the first device 201 may not know which one or more second devices may be served as one or more intermediate nodes since the A-IoT service is initiated by the first device 201, a CN, or behind the CN. Thus, there is a need for the set of one or more second devices 202-1, 202-2, …202-N to determine whether there are one or more third devices proximate to them. The procedure to determine whether there are one or more third devices proximate to a second device may be referred to as a proximity detection procedure (or proximity determination procedure) . Thus, proximity detection procedures may be applied to assist the first device 201 to determine the intermediate node (s) for the communication between the first device 201 and the one or more third devices.
[0083] As shown in FIG. 2A, the second device 202-1 determines (205) whether one or more third devices are proximate to the second device 202-1. For example, the second device 202-1 may determine whether one or more third devices are within a threshold distance to the second device. The threshold distance may be indicated or (pre) -configured by the first device 201 or pre-defined. Alternatively or additionally, one or more other second devices 202-2, …, 202-N (for example, only the second device 202-N is shown for brevity) determine (210) whether one or more third devices are proximate to them, where N represents any suitable positive integer larger than one. Likewise, the one or more other second devices 202-2, …, 202-N may determine whether one or more third devices are within a threshold distance to them. Hereafter, taking the second device 202-1 as an example to discuss some embodiments, for example, associated with the above proximity determination procedure, it should be appreciated that similar steps or features can be equally or similarly applicable to the one or more other second devices 202-2, …, 202-N if any.
[0084] In some embodiments, the one or more third devices may receive one or more carrier waves and transmit one or more backscattered signals associated with the one or more carrier waves to the set of one or more second devices 202-1, 202-2, …202-N. Then, the set of one or more second devices 202-1, 202-2, …202-N may determine whether there are one or more third devices proximate to them based on the detection of whether there are one or more backscattered signals from the one or more third devices.
[0085] In some examples, one or more carrier waves may be transmitted by the set of one or more second devices 202-1, 202-2, …202-N to the one or more third devices, and then one or more related signals may be backscattered by the one or more third devices to the set of one or more second devices 202-1, 202-2, …202-N. In this case, the first device 201 may need to allocate resources (for example, resources for carrier wave transmission and backscattered signal reception) for each of the set of one or more second devices 202-1, 202-2, …202-N to perform the proximity detection procedure.
[0086] In the cases where there are multiple second devices 202-1, 202-2, …202-N, to guarantee the proximity detection for each second device is reliable, the resources for carrier wave transmissions and the backscattered signal receptions among the set of second devices 202-1, 202-2, …202-N may need to be orthogonal, which will be discussed respectively in the following.
[0087] In some implementations, the first device 201 may allocate, for the set of second devices 202-1, 202-2, …202-N, a set of orthogonal resources for receiving a plurality of backscattered signals from the one or more third devices, and then transmit, to the set of second devices 202-1, 202-2, …202-N, an indication / information of the set of orthogonal resources for receiving the plurality of backscattered signals.
[0088] As an example, the first device 201 may allocate the resources for receiving the plurality of backscattered signals for the set of second devices 202-1, 202-2, …202-N in different time units. That is, the set of orthogonal resources for receiving the plurality of backscattered signals may be TDMed. In this case, the set of second devices 202-1, 202-2, …202-N may receive the backscattered signals in a TDMed manner.
[0089] As another example, the first device 201 may allocate the resources for receiving the plurality of backscattered signals for the set of second devices 202-1, 202-2, …202-N in different frequencies. That is, the set of orthogonal resources for receiving the plurality of backscattered signals may be FDMed. In this case, the set of second devices 202-1, 202-2, …202-N may receive the backscattered signals in an FDMed manner.
[0090] As a further example, the first device 201 may allocate the resources for receiving the plurality of backscattered signals for the set of second devices 202-1, 202-2, …202-N in different time units and / or different frequencies. For example, if the number of the set of second devices 202-1, 202-2, …202-N which are capable to be served as intermediate nodes is large, the combination of the TDMed and FDMed resources may be also applied. That is, the set of orthogonal resources for receiving the plurality of backscattered signals may be TDMed and FDMed. In other words, the set of second devices 202-1, 202-2, …202-N may receive the backscattered signals in a TDMed and FDMed manner.
[0091] In some examples, the set of one or more second devices 202-1, 202-2, …202-N may transmit, to the one or more third devices, an indication (s) of a resource (s) associated with the backscattered signal (s) , i.e., the resource for transmitting the backscattered signal (s) . Then, the one or more third devices may perform a backscattered transmission (s) on the indicated resource accordingly.
[0092] In some implementations, the resource (s) for the backscattered signal transmission (s) may be transmitted by the set of one or more second devices 202-1, 202-2, …202-N, for example, via a command / DCI to the one or more third devices proximity to them. For example, the set of one or more second devices 202-1, 202-2, …202-N may broadcast the resource (s) for the backscattered signal transmission (s) . The one or more third devices proximate to the set of one or more second devices 202-1, 202-2, …202-N may then determine on which resource (s) they may perform backscatter. As an example, if a third device receives more than one DCI / command from different second devices for proximity detection procedures before the transmission of a backscattered signal, the third device may only select one resource associated with multiple DCIs / commands from the different second device for the backscattered signal transmission. The selection may be based on the measurements of the multiple DCIs / commands, for example, the signal strength of the multiple DCIs / commands.
[0093] Moreover, in the cases where there are multiple second devices 202-1, 202-2, …202-N, regarding the resources for carrier wave transmissions, in some implementations, the first device 201 may allocate, for the set of second devices 202-1, 202-2, …202-N, a set of orthogonal resources for transmitting the plurality of carrier waves to the one or more third devices, and then transmit, to the set of second devices 202-1, 202-2, …202-N, an indication / information of the set of orthogonal resources for transmitting the plurality of carrier waves.
[0094] As an example, the first device 201 may allocate the resources for transmitting the plurality of carrier waves for the set of second devices 202-1, 202-2, …202-N in different time units. That is, the set of orthogonal resources for transmitting the plurality of carrier waves may be TDMed. In this case, the set of second devices 202-1, 202-2, …202-N may transmit the carrier waves in a TDMed manner.
[0095] As another example, the first device 201 may allocate the resources for transmitting the plurality of carrier waves for the set of second devices 202-1, 202-2, …202-N in different frequencies. That is, the set of orthogonal resources for transmitting the plurality of carrier waves may be FDMed. In this case, the set of second devices 202-1, 202-2, …202-N may transmit the carrier waves in an FDMed manner.
[0096] As a further example, the first device 201 may allocate the resources for transmitting the plurality of carrier waves for the set of second devices 202-1, 202-2, …202-N in time units and / or different frequencies. For example, if the number of the set of second devices 202-1, 202-2, …202-N which are capable to be served as intermediate nodes is large, the combination of the TDMed and FDMed resources may be also applied. That is, the set of orthogonal resources for transmitting the plurality of carrier waves may be TDMed and FDMed. In this case, the set of second devices 202-1, 202-2, …202-N may transmit the carrier waves in a TDMed and FDMed manner.
[0097] As an implementation, the transmit power of carrier wave (s) for the set of one or more second devices 202-1, 202-2, …202-N may be the same. The transmit power for transmitting the carrier wave (s) may be fixed, for example, to the maximum transmit power supported for the set of one or more second devices 202-1, 202-2, …202-N. Alternatively or additionally, the transmit power for transmitting the carrier wave (s) may be configured by the first device 201 or indicated by the first device 201.
[0098] In some implementations, the resource (s) for carrier wave transmission (s) may be transmitted by the set of one or more second devices 202-1, 202-2, …202-N, for example, via a command / DCI to the one or more third devices proximity to them. For example, the set of one or more second devices 202-1, 202-2, …202-N may broadcast the resource (s) for carrier wave transmission (s) . The one or more third devices proximate to the set of one or more second devices 202-1, 202-2, …202-N may then determine on which resource (s) they may receive the carrier wave (s) .
[0099] In some other examples, one or more carrier waves may be transmitted by one or more fourth devices to the one or more third devices and then one or more related signals may be backscattered by the one or more third devices to the set of one or more second devices 202-1, 202-2, …202-N. The one or more fourth devices may comprise one or more dedicated carrier wave nodes different from the set of one or more second devices 202-1, 202-2, …202-N.
[0100] In some embodiments, the one or more fourth devices may not be under the control of the first device 201. For example, the one or more fourth devices may always transmit the one or more carrier waves in the time domain, and the frequencies of the one or more transmitted carrier waves may be the same.
[0101] In this case, the first device 201 may allocate resource (s) , to the set of one or more second devices 202-1, 202-2, …202-N, for receiving one or more backscattered signals from the one or more third devices. If there are multiple second devices 202-1, 202-2, …202-N, the first device 201 may allocate, for the set of second devices 202-1, 202-2, …202-N, a set of orthogonal resources for receiving a plurality of backscattered signals from the one or more third devices, and then transmit, to the set of second devices 202-1, 202-2, …202-N, an indication / information of the set of orthogonal resources for receiving the plurality of backscattered signals. Similarly as described above, the set of orthogonal resources for receiving the plurality of backscattered signals may be TDMed, FDMed, or in a combination of the TDMed and TDMed manner. Related details are omitted for brevity.
[0102] Moreover, similarly as described above, the set of one or more second devices 202-1, 202-2, …202-N may transmit, to the one or more third devices, an indication of the resource (s) for transmitting the backscattered signal (s) . Related details are omitted for brevity.
[0103] In some other embodiments, the one or more fourth devices may be under the control of the first device 201. In this case, the one or more carrier wave transmissions from the one or more fourth devices may be controlled by the first device 201. For example, the time instances and / or the frequencies of the one or more carrier wave transmissions may be controlled by the first device 201.
[0104] In this case, the first device 201 may allocate resource (s) , to the set of one or more second devices 202-1, 202-2, …202-N, for receiving one or more backscattered signals from the one or more third devices. If there are multiple second devices 202-1, 202-2, …202-N, to guarantee good communication between the set of second devices 202-1, 202-2, …202-N and the one or more third devices, the first device 201 may allocate, for the set of second devices 202-1, 202-2, …202-N, a set of orthogonal resources for receiving a plurality of backscattered signals from the one or more third devices, and then transmit related indication / information to the set of second devices 202-1, 202-2, …202-N. Similarly as described above, the set of orthogonal resources for receiving the plurality of backscattered signals may be TDMed, FDMed, or in a combination of the TDMed and TDMed manner. Related details are omitted for brevity.
[0105] Moreover, similarly as described above, the set of one or more second devices 202-1, 202-2, …202-N may transmit, to the one or more third devices, an indication of the resource (s) for transmitting the backscattered signal (s) . Related details are omitted for brevity.
[0106] Moreover, if there are multiple second devices 202-1, 202-2, …202-N, the first device 201 may allocate, for the one or more fourth devices, a set of orthogonal resources for transmitting the plurality of carrier waves to the one or more third devices, and then transmit related indication / information to the one or more fourth devices. The set of orthogonal resources for transmitting the plurality of carrier waves may be associated with the set of orthogonal resources for receiving the plurality of backscattered signals. The set of orthogonal resources for transmitting the plurality of carrier waves may be TDMed, FDMed, or in a combination of the TDMed and TDMed manner.
[0107] As an example, if there are a plurality of second devices 202-1, 202-2, …202-N, and a plurality of fourth devices, the first device 201 may perform pairing between the set of 202-1, 202-2, …202-N and the plurality of fourth devices, and determine multiples pairs of {asecond device of the set of second devices 202-1, 202-2, …202-N, a fourth device of the plurality of fourth devices} . For example, for a pair of {athird device, a fourth device} , the first device 201 may allocate a resource orthogonal to another resource allocated to another pair of {athird device, a fourth device} . The resources for carrier wave transmissions and backscattered signal receptions among different pairs may be TDMed, FDMed, or in a combination of the TDMed and TDMed manner.
[0108] Moreover, considering the fairness, the transmit power of carrier wave (s) for the one or more fourth devices may be the same. The transmit power for transmitting the carrier wave (s) may be fixed, for example, to the maximum transmit power supported for the one or more fourth devices. Alternatively or additionally, the transmit power for transmitting the carrier wave (s) may be configured by the first device 201 or indicated by the first device 201.
[0109] In some embodiments, since the number of pairs may be very large, the first device 201 may select a subset of pairs from the full set of pairs. For example, the resources for carrier wave transmissions and backscattered signal receptions may be allocated based on the locations (or positions) of the set of second devices 202-1, 202-2, …202-N, and the locations (or positions) of the plurality of fourth devices. In this case, the first device 201 may obtain some assistance information related to the locations / positions reported by the set of second devices 202-1, 202-2, …, 202-N, and the plurality of fourth devices. For example, the set of second devices 202-1, 202-2, …202-N may report their locations / positions to the first device 201, and the location / positions of the plurality of fourth devices may be reported by the plurality of fourth devices to the first device 201 or known to the 201 during the deployment of the plurality of fourth devices. With this assistance location information, the first device 201 may not instruct a second device to perform a proximity detection procedure with a fourth device if the distance between them is much larger.
[0110] In some embodiments, to allow the first device 201 to determine which one or more second devices to which one or more resources are needed to be allocated, a second device (for example, the second device 202-1) may report capability information for supporting intermediate node functionality, for example, capability information on a capability to be served as an intermediate node to the first device 201. The capability reporting may depend on some facts. For example, if the carrier wave is transmitted by the the second device 202-1 and the second device 202-1 also receives the backscattered signal (s) from the one or more third devices with an assumption that the carrier wave is transmitted on the uplink band, the second device 202-1 may report that it has the capability to be served as an intermediate node if it has the capability of full duplex. Alternatively or additionally, other second devices served by the first device 201 may report their capability information to the first device 201. Then, based on the capability information from the plurality of second devices, the first device 201 may determine, from the plurality of second devices, the second devices for which proximity detection procedures are needed, i.e., the set of one or more second devices 202-1, 202-2, …202-N, and then allocate resources for the proximity detection procedures to them.
[0111] During the proximity detection procedure, the second device 202-1 may measure the backscattered signal (s) on the resource (s) from the one or more third devices. The measured metric to determine a presence or an absence of the one or more third devices proximate to the second device 202-1 may comprise an RSSI of the backscattered signal (s) associated with the one or more third devices. Based on a result of the detection, the second device 202-1 may determine whether there are one or more third devices proximate to the second device. Likewise, other one or more second devices 202-2, …202-N may determine whether there are one or more third devices proximate to them.
[0112] Then, as shown in FIG. 2, the second device 202-1 transmits (215) , to the first device 201, proximity information associated with the one or more third devices. The proximity information may indicate whether the one or more third devices are proximate to the second device 202-1. The proximity information may indicate whether the one or more third devices are within the threshold distance to the second device 202-1. Alternatively or additionally, the second device 202-N transmits (220) , to the first device 201, proximity information indicative of whether one or more third devices are proximate to the second device 202-N (for example, whether the one or more third devices are within the threshold distance to the second device 202-N) . Then, the first device 201 determines (225) , from the set of one or more second devices 202-1, 202-2, …202-N, based on the proximity information, a subset of one or more second devices as one or more intermediate nodes between the first device 201 and the one or more third devices. Then, the first device 201 communicates (230) with the one or more third devices via at least one second device of the subset of one or more second devices.
[0113] As an example, the reported proximity information may indicate the presence or the absence of the one or more third devices proximate to the second device. In this case, the second device 202-1 may compare the RSSI with a threshold RSSI value. If the RSSI satisfies the threshold RSSI value (for example, if the RSSI is above the threshold RSSI value) , the second device 202-1 may determine that there are one or more third devices proximate to the second device 202-1 (for example, the second device 202-1 may determine that the one or more third devices are within the threshold distance to the second device 202-1) , and the reported proximity information may indicate the presence of the one or more third devices proximate to the second device 202-1 (for example, in this case, the reported proximity information may indicate “presence” ) . If the RSSI fails to satisfy the threshold RSSI value (for example, if the RSSI is below the threshold RSSI value) , the second device 202-1 may determine that there is no third device proximate to the second device 202-1, and the reported proximity information may indicate the absence of the one or more third devices proximate to the second device 202-1 (for example, in this case, the reported proximity information may indicate “absence” ) . At the side of the first device 201, if the proximity information received from the second device 202-1 indicates presence the one or more third devices proximate to the second device 202-1, the first device 201 may determine the second device 202-1 as an intermediate node and assign the second device 202-1 to the subset of one or more second devices. Otherwise, if the proximity information received from the second device 202-1 indicates absence of the one or more third devices proximate to the second device 202-1, the first device 201 may determine the second device 202-1 has no adjacent third device, and may not determine the second device 202-1 as an intermediate node. Similar determination approach for the subsest of one or more second devices may be applied to other one or more second devices 202-2, …202-N. The above threshold RSSI value may be indicated or configured by the first device 201 or pre-defined.
[0114] As another example, the second device 202-1 may report the measured RSSI to the first device 201, and in other words, the reported proximity information may indicate the RSSI received at the second device 202-1. In this case, the first device 201 may compare an RSSI with a threshold RSSI value. If the RSSI satisfies the threshold RSSI value, the first device 201 may determine the second device 202-1 as an intermediate node, and assign the the second device 202-1 to the subset of one or more second devices. Otherwise, if the RSSI fails to satisfy the threshold RSSI value, the first device 201 may not determine the second device 202-1 as an intermediate node since there is no third device proximate to the second device 202-1. Similar determination approach for determining the subset of one or more second devices may be applied to other one or more second devices 202-2, …202-N. The reporting of measured RSSI may have some additional advantages. For example, the first device 201 may estimate the number of third device (s) proximate to the second device (s) according to the reported RSSI (s) , and it is important to assist the subsequent resource allocation for the communication between the second device (s) and third device (s) .
[0115] According to some embodiments with reference to FIG. 2, by reporting proximity information on the determination of whether there are one or more third devices proximate to the set of one or more second devices, it is possible to save unnecessary signaling overhead for communication between the first device and a candidate second device without an adjacent third device and thus improve communication performance in the backscatter communication system efficiently.
[0116] Reference is now made to FIG. 2B. The process 200B may involve a first device 231, and a second device 232. For example, the first device 231 may comprise the BS 151 as shown in FIG. 1E. For example, the second device 232 may comprise the intermediate node 152 as shown in FIG. 1E. For example, the process 200B may further involve one or more third devices (not shown) , and a third device of the one or more third devices may comprise the A-IoT device 153 as shown in FIG. 1E. It is to be understood that the steps and the order of the steps in FIG. 2B are merely for illustration, and not for limitation. It is to be understood that the process 200B may further include additional blocks not shown and / or omit some shown blocks, and the scope of the present disclosure is not limited in this regard.
[0117] The process 200B may apply to the service flow as shown in FIG. 1C. In this case, the A-IoT service may be initiated by an owner of the second device 232. As shown in FIG. 1B, the second device 232 may transmit (235) , to the first device 231, a request to be served as an intermediate node. The request may be transmitted via one of a scheduling request (SR) , a buffer state report (BSR) , an RRC signaling, or a media access control control element (MAC-CE) . Then, the first device 231 determines (240) the second device 232 as the intermediate node for the communication between the first device 201 and one or more third devices.
[0118] FIG. 3 illustrates an example of a device 300 that supports intermediate node determination in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The device 300 may be an example of a first device 201 or 231, or a second device 202 or 232 as described herein. The device 300 may support wireless communication with one or more network entities 102, UEs 104, or any combination thereof. The device 300 may include components for bi-directional communications including components for transmitting and receiving communications, such as a processor 302, a memory 304, a transceiver 306, and, optionally, an I / O controller 308. These components may be in electronic communication or otherwise coupled (e.g., operatively, communicatively, functionally, electronically, electrically) via one or more interfaces (e.g., buses) .
[0119] The processor 302, the memory 304, the transceiver 306, or various combinations thereof or various components thereof may be examples of means for performing various aspects of the present disclosure as described herein. For example, the processor 302, the memory 304, the transceiver 306, or various combinations or components thereof may support a method for performing one or more of the operations described herein.
[0120] In some implementations, the processor 302, the memory 304, the transceiver 306, or various combinations or components thereof may be implemented in hardware (e.g., in communications management circuitry) . The hardware may include a processor, a digital signal processor (DSP) , an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) , a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) or other programmable logic device, a discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof configured as or otherwise supporting a means for performing the functions described in the present disclosure. In some implementations, the processor 302 and the memory 304 coupled with the processor 302 may be configured to perform one or more of the functions described herein (e.g., executing, by the processor 302, instructions stored in the memory 304) .
[0121] For example, the processor 302 may support wireless communication at the device 300 in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. The processor 302 may be configured to be operable to support a means for receiving, from a set of one or more second devices, proximity information asosciated with one or more third devices, wherein the proximity information is indicative of whether the one or more third devices are proximate to the set of one or more second devices; a means for determining, based at least in part on the proximity information, a subset of one or more second devices as one or more intermediate nodes between the first device and the one or more third devices; and a means for communicating with the one or more third devices via at least one second device of the subset of one or more second devices. The processor 302 may be configured to be operable to support a means for determining whether one or more third devices are proximate to the second device; and a means for transmitting, to a first device, proximity information indicative of whether the one or more third devices are proximate to the second device..
[0122] The processor 302 may include an intelligent hardware device (e.g., a general-purpose processor, a DSP, a CPU, a microcontroller, an ASIC, an FPGA, a programmable logic device, a discrete gate or transistor logic component, a discrete hardware component, or any combination thereof) . In some implementations, the processor 302 may be configured to operate a memory array using a memory controller. In some other implementations, a memory controller may be integrated into the processor 302. The processor 302 may be configured to execute computer-readable instructions stored in a memory (e.g., the memory 304) to cause the device 300 to perform various functions of the present disclosure.
[0123] The memory 304 may include random access memory (RAM) and read-only memory (ROM) . The memory 304 may store computer-readable, computer-executable code including instructions that, when executed by the processor 302 cause the device 300 to perform various functions described herein. The code may be stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium such as system memory or another type of memory. In some implementations, the code may not be directly executable by the processor 302 but may cause a computer (e.g., when compiled and executed) to perform functions described herein. In some implementations, the memory 304 may include, among other things, a basic I / O system (BIOS) which may control basic hardware or software operation such as the interaction with peripheral components or devices.
[0124] The I / O controller 308 may manage input and output signals for the device 300. The I / O controller 308 may also manage peripherals not integrated into the device M02. In some implementations, the I / O controller 308 may represent a physical connection or port to an external peripheral. In some implementations, the I / O controller 308 may utilize an operating system such as or another known operating system. In some implementations, the I / O controller 308 may be implemented as part of a processor, such as the processor 306. In some implementations, a user may interact with the device 300 via the I / O controller 308 or via hardware components controlled by the I / O controller 308.
[0125] In some implementations, the device 300 may include a single antenna 310. However, in some other implementations, the device 300 may have more than one antenna 310 (i.e., multiple antennas) , including multiple antenna panels or antenna arrays, which may be capable of concurrently transmitting or receiving multiple wireless transmissions. The transceiver 306 may communicate bi-directionally, via the one or more antennas 310, wired, or wireless links as described herein. For example, the transceiver 306 may represent a wireless transceiver and may communicate bi-directionally with another wireless transceiver. The transceiver 306 may also include a modem to modulate the packets, to provide the modulated packets to one or more antennas 310 for transmission, and to demodulate packets received from the one or more antennas 310. The transceiver 306 may include one or more transmit chains, one or more receive chains, or a combination thereof.
[0126] A transmit chain may be configured to generate and transmit signals (e.g., control information, data, packets) . The transmit chain may include at least one modulator for modulating data onto a carrier signal, preparing the signal for transmission over a wireless medium. The at least one modulator may be configured to support one or more techniques such as amplitude modulation (AM) , frequency modulation (FM) , or digital modulation schemes like phase-shift keying (PSK) or quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) . The transmit chain may also include at least one power amplifier configured to amplify the modulated signal to an appropriate power level suitable for transmission over the wireless medium. The transmit chain may also include one or more antennas 310 for transmitting the amplified signal into the air or wireless medium.
[0127] A receive chain may be configured to receive signals (e.g., control information, data, packets) over a wireless medium. For example, the receive chain may include one or more antennas 310 for receive the signal over the air or wireless medium. The receive chain may include at least one amplifier (e.g., a low-noise amplifier (LNA) ) configured to amplify the received signal. The receive chain may include at least one demodulator configured to demodulate the receive signal and obtain the transmitted data by reversing the modulation technique applied during transmission of the signal. The receive chain may include at least one decoder for decoding the processing the demodulated signal to receive the transmitted data.
[0128] FIG. 4 illustrates an example of a processor 400 that supports intermediate node determination in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The processor 400 may be an example of a processor configured to perform various operations in accordance with examples as described herein. The processor 400 may include a controller 402 configured to perform various operations in accordance with examples as described herein. The processor 400 may optionally include at least one memory 404, such as L1 / L2 / L3 cache. Additionally, or alternatively, the processor 400 may optionally include one or more arithmetic-logic units (ALUs) 400. One or more of these components may be in electronic communication or otherwise coupled (e.g., operatively, communicatively, functionally, electronically, electrically) via one or more interfaces (e.g., buses) .
[0129] The processor 400 may be a processor chipset and include a protocol stack (e.g., a software stack) executed by the processor chipset to perform various operations (e.g., receiving, obtaining, retrieving, transmitting, outputting, forwarding, storing, determining, identifying, accessing, writing, reading) in accordance with examples as described herein. The processor chipset may include one or more cores, one or more caches (e.g., memory local to or included in the processor chipset (e.g., the processor 400) or other memory (e.g., random access memory (RAM) , read-only memory (ROM) , dynamic RAM (DRAM) , synchronous dynamic RAM (SDRAM) , static RAM (SRAM) , ferroelectric RAM (FeRAM) , magnetic RAM (MRAM) , resistive RAM (RRAM) , flash memory, phase change memory (PCM) , and others) .
[0130] The controller 402 may be configured to manage and coordinate various operations (e.g., signaling, receiving, obtaining, retrieving, transmitting, outputting, forwarding, storing, determining, identifying, accessing, writing, reading) of the processor 400 to cause the processor 400 to support various operations in accordance with examples as described herein. For example, the controller 402 may operate as a control unit of the processor 400, generating control signals that manage the operation of various components of the processor 400. These control signals include enabling or disabling functional units, selecting data paths, initiating memory access, and coordinating timing of operations.
[0131] The controller 402 may be configured to fetch (e.g., obtain, retrieve, receive) instructions from the memory 404 and determine subsequent instruction (s) to be executed to cause the processor 400 to support various operations in accordance with examples as described herein. The controller 402 may be configured to track memory address of instructions associated with the memory 404. The controller 402 may be configured to decode instructions to determine the operation to be performed and the operands involved. For example, the controller 402 may be configured to interpret the instruction and determine control signals to be output to other components of the processor 400 to cause the processor 400 to support various operations in accordance with examples as described herein. Additionally, or alternatively, the controller 402 may be configured to manage flow of data within the processor 400. The controller 402 may be configured to control transfer of data between registers, arithmetic logic units (ALUs) , and other functional units of the processor 400.
[0132] The memory 404 may include one or more caches (e.g., memory local to or included in the processor 400 or other memory, such RAM, ROM, DRAM, SDRAM, SRAM, MRAM, flash memory, etc. In some implementations, the memory 404 may reside within or on a processor chipset (e.g., local to the processor 400) . In some other implementations, the memory 404 may reside external to the processor chipset (e.g., remote to the processor 400) .
[0133] The memory 404 may store computer-readable, computer-executable code including instructions that, when executed by the processor 400, cause the processor 400 to perform various functions described herein. The code may be stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium such as system memory or another type of memory. The controller 402 and / or the processor 400 may be configured to execute computer-readable instructions stored in the memory 404 to cause the processor 400 to perform various functions. For example, the processor 400 and / or the controller 402 may be coupled with or to the memory 404, and the processor 400, the controller 402, and the memory 404 may be configured to perform various functions described herein. In some examples, the processor 400 may include multiple processors and the memory 404 may include multiple memories. One or more of the multiple processors may be coupled with one or more of the multiple memories, which may, individually or collectively, be configured to perform various functions herein.
[0134] The one or more ALUs 400 may be configured to support various operations in accordance with examples as described herein. In some implementations, the one or more ALUs 400 may reside within or on a processor chipset (e.g., the processor 400) . In some other implementations, the one or more ALUs 400 may reside external to the processor chipset (e.g., the processor 400) . One or more ALUs 400 may perform one or more computations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division on data. For example, one or more ALUs 400 may receive input operands and an operation code, which determines an operation to be executed. One or more ALUs 400 be configured with a variety of logical and arithmetic circuits, including adders, subtractors, shifters, and logic gates, to process and manipulate the data according to the operation. Additionally, or alternatively, the one or more ALUs 400 may support logical operations such as AND, OR, exclusive-OR (XOR) , not-OR (NOR) , and not-AND (NAND) , enabling the one or more ALUs 400 to handle conditional operations, comparisons, and bitwise operations.
[0135] The processor 400 may support wireless communication in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. The processor 400 may be configured to or operable to support a means for receiving, from a set of one or more second devices, proximity information asosciated with one or more third devices, wherein the proximity information is indicative of whether the one or more third devices are proximate to the set of one or more second devices; a means for determining, based at least in part on the proximity information, a subset of one or more second devices as one or more intermediate nodes between the first device and the one or more third devices; and a means for communicating with the one or more third devices via at least one second device of the subset of one or more second devices. The processor 400 may be configured to or operable to support a means for determining whether one or more third devices are proximate to the second device; and a means for transmitting, to a first device, proximity information indicative of whether the one or more third devices are proximate to the second device.
[0136] FIG. 5 illustrates a flowchart of a method 500 that supports intermediate node determination in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The operations of the method 500 may be implemented by a device or its components as described herein. For example, the operations of the method 500 may be performed by a first device 201 as described herein. In some implementations, the device may execute a set of instructions to control the function elements of the device to perform the described functions. Additionally, or alternatively, the device may perform aspects of the described functions using special-purpose hardware.
[0137] At 510, the method may include receiving, from a set of one or more second devices, proximity information asosciated with one or more third devices, wherein the proximity information is indicative of whether the one or more third devices are proximate to the set of one or more second devices. The operations of 510 may be performed in accordance with examples as described herein. In some implementations, aspects of the operations of 510 may be performed by a first device 201 as described with reference to FIG. 2A.
[0138] At 520, the method may include determining, based at least in part on the proximity information, a subset of one or more second devices as one or more intermediate nodes between the first device and the one or more third devices. The operations of 520 may be performed in accordance with examples as described herein. In some implementations, aspects of the operations of 520 may be performed by a first device 201 as described with reference to FIG. 2A.
[0139] At 530, the method may include communicating with the one or more third devices via at least one second device of the subset of one or more second devices. The operations of 530 may be performed in accordance with examples as described herein. In some implementations, aspects of the operations of 530 may be performed by a first device 201 as described with reference to FIG. 2A.
[0140] FIG. 6 illustrates a flowchart of a method 600 that supports intermediate node determination in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The operations of the method 600 may be implemented by a device or its components as described herein. For example, the operations of the method 600 may be performed by a second device 202 as described herein. In some implementations, the device may execute a set of instructions to control the function elements of the device to perform the described functions. Additionally, or alternatively, the device may perform aspects of the described functions using special-purpose hardware.
[0141] At 610, the method may include determining whether one or more third devices are proximate to the second device. The operations of 610 may be performed in accordance with examples as described herein. In some implementations, aspects of the operations of 610 may be performed by a second device 202 as described with reference to FIG. 2A.
[0142] At 620, the method may include transmitting, to a first device, proximity information indicative of whether the one or more third devices are proximate to the second device. The operations of 620 may be performed in accordance with examples as described herein. In some implementations, aspects of the operations of 620 may be performed by a second device 202 as described with reference to FIG. 2A.
[0143] It should be noted that the methods described herein describe possible implementations, and that the operations and the steps may be rearranged or otherwise modified and that other implementations are possible. Further, aspects from two or more of the methods may be combined.
[0144] The various illustrative blocks and components described in connection with the disclosure herein may be implemented or performed with a general-purpose processor, a DSP, an ASIC, a CPU, an FPGA or other programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described herein. A general-purpose processor may be a microprocessor, but in the alternative, the processor may be any processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. A processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices (e.g., a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, multiple microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, or any other such configuration.
[0145] The functions described herein may be implemented in hardware, software executed by a processor, firmware, or any combination thereof. If implemented in software executed by a processor, the functions may be stored on or transmitted over as one or more instructions or code on a computer-readable medium. Other examples and implementations are within the scope of the disclosure and appended claims. For example, due to the nature of software, functions described herein may be implemented using software executed by a processor, hardware, firmware, hardwiring, or combinations of any of these. Features implementing functions may also be physically located at various positions, including being distributed such that portions of functions are implemented at different physical locations.
[0146] Computer-readable media includes both non-transitory computer storage media and communication media including any medium that facilitates transfer of a computer program from one place to another. A non-transitory storage medium may be any available medium that may be accessed by a general-purpose or special-purpose computer. By way of example, non-transitory computer-readable media may include RAM, ROM, electrically erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM) , flash memory, compact disk (CD) ROM or other optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other non-transitory medium that may be used to carry or store desired program code means in the form of instructions or data structures and that may be accessed by a general-purpose or special-purpose computer, or a general-purpose or special-purpose processor.
[0147] As used herein, including in the claims, an article “a” before an element is unrestricted and understood to refer to “at least one” of those elements or “one or more” of those elements. The terms “a, ” “at least one, ” “one or more, ” and “at least one of one or more” may be interchangeable. As used herein, including in the claims, “or” as used in a list of items (e.g., a list of items prefaced by a phrase such as “at least one of” or “one or more of” or “one or both of” ) indicates an inclusive list such that, for example, a list of at least one of A, B, or C means A or B or C or AB or AC or BC or ABC (i.e., A and B and C) . Also, as used herein, the phrase “based on” shall not be construed as a reference to a closed set of conditions. For example, an example step that is described as “based on condition A” may be based on both a condition A and a condition B without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. In other words, as used herein, the phrase “based on” shall be construed in the same manner as the phrase “based at least in part on. Further, as used herein, including in the claims, a “set” may include one or more elements.
[0148] The description herein is provided to enable a person having ordinary skill in the art to make or use the disclosure. Various modifications to the disclosure will be apparent to a person having ordinary skill in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other variations without departing from the scope of the disclosure. Thus, the disclosure is not limited to the examples and designs described herein but is to be accorded the broadest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.
Claims
1.A first device for wirelss communication, comprising:at least one memory; andat least one processor coupled with the at least one memory and configured to cause the first device to:receive, from a set of one or more second devices, proximity information associated with one or more third devices, wherein the proximity information is indicative of whether the one or more third devices are proximate to the set of one or more second devices;determine, based at least in part on the proximity information, a subset of one or more second devices as one or more intermediate nodes between the first device and the one or more third devices; andcommunicate with the one or more third devices via at least one second device of the subset of one or more second devices.2.The first device of claim 1, wherein the proximity information is indicative of whether the one or more third devices are within a threshold distance to the set of one or more second devices.3.The first device of claim 1, wherein the proximity information indicates a presence or an absence of the one or more third devices proximate to the set of one or more second devices.4.The first device of claim 3, wherein to determine the subset of one or more second devices, the at least one processor is configured to cause the first device to:based on determining that the proximity information from a candidate second device of the set of one or more second devices comprises a presence of one or more third devices proximate to the candidate second device, assign the candidate second device to the subset of one or more second devices.5.The first device of claim 1, wherein the proximity information indicative of whether the one or more third devices are proximate to the set of one or more second devices is based at least in part on a received signal strength indicator (RSSI) of one or more backscattered signals associated with the one or more third devices.6.The first device of claim 5, wherein to determine the subset of one or more second devices, the at least one processor is configured to cause the first device to:compare an RSSI of a candidate second device of the set of one or more second devices to a threshold RSSI value; andassign the candidate second device to the subset of one or more second devices based at least in prat on the RSSI satisfying the threshold RSSI value.7.The first device of claim 1, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to cause the first device to:receive, from one or more second devices, capability information for supporting intermediate node functionality,wherein the set of one or more second devices is based at least in part on the capability information.8.The first device of claim 1, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to cause the first device to:allocate, for the set of one or more second devices, a set of orthogonal resources for receiving a plurality of backscattered signals from the one or more third devices, the plurality of backscattered signals being associated with a plurality of carrier waves; andtransmit, to the set of one or more second devices, an indication of the allocated set of orthogonal resources.9.The first device of claim 8, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to cause the first device to:allocate, for the set of one or more second devices, a set of orthogonal resources for transmitting the plurality of carrier waves to the one or more third devices, the set of orthogonal resources for transmitting the plurality of carrier waves being associated with the set of orthogonal resources for receiving the plurality of backscattered signals; andtransmit, to the set of one or more second devices, an indication of the allocated set of orthogonal resources for transmitting the plurality of carrier waves.10.The first device of claim 8, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to cause the first device to:allocate, for one or more fourth devices, a set of orthogonal resources for transmitting the plurality of carrier waves to the one or more third devices, the set of orthogonal resources for transmitting the plurality of carrier waves being associated with the set of orthogonal resources for receiving the plurality of backscattered signals; andtransmit, to the one or more fourth devices, an indication of the set of orthogonal resources for transmitting the plurality of carrier waves.11.The first device of claim 10, wherein the set of orthogonal resources for receiving the plurality of backscattered signals and the set of orthogonal resources for transmitting the plurality of carrier waves are allocated based on a plurality of locations of the set of one or more second devices and one or more locations of the one or more fourth devices.12.A second device for wirelss communication, comprising:at least one memory; andat least one processor coupled with the at least one memory and configured to cause the second device to:determine whether one or more third devices are proximate to the second device; andtransmit, to a first device, proximity information indicative of whether the one or more third devices are proximate to the second device.13.The second device of claim 12, wherein to determine whether the one or more third devices are proximate to the second device, the at least one processor is configured to cause the second device to:determine whether the one or more third devices are within a threshold distance to the second device, andwherein the proximity information is indicative of whether the one or more third devices are within the threshold distance to the second device.14.The second device of claim 12, wherein the proximity information indicates a presence or an absence of the one or more third devices proximate to the second device.15.The second device of claim 14, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to cause the second device to:compare a received signal strength indicator (RSSI) of one or more backscattered signals associated with the one or more third devices to a threshold RSSI value; andone of the following:based on determining that the RSSI satisfies the threshold RSSI value, determine the proximity information as the presence of the one or more third devices proximate to the second device; orbased on determining that the RSSI fails to satisfy the threshold RSSI value, determine the proximity information as the absence of the one or more third devices proximate to the second device.16.The second device of claim 12, wherein the proximity information indicates an RSSI of one or more backscattered signals associated with the one or more third devices.17.The second device of claim 12, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to cause the second device to:receive, from the first device, an indication of a resource for receiving one or more backscattered signals from the one or more third devices, the one or more backscattered signals being associated with one or more carrier waves.18.The second device of claim 17, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to cause the second device to:transmit, to the one or more third devices, an indication of the resource associated with the one or more backscattered signals.19.The second device of claim 17, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to cause the second device to:receive, from the first device, an indication of a resource for transmitting the one or more carrier waves to the one or more third devices.20.The second device of claim 19, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to cause the second device to:transmit, to the one or more third devices, an indication of the resource associated with the one or more carrier waves.
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