Eye illuminator attachment and methods of use thereof

Abstract

Described herein are devices, systems, and methods for monitoring intraocular pressure (IOP). A user can wear a microfluidic sensor contact lens. An imaging system can include a smartphone camera attachment designed for capturing images of the contact lens. An analysis software can convert the sensor readings from the captured images to a pattern display for users and medical practitioners to view.

Description

EYE ILLUMINATOR ATTACHMENT AND METHODS OF USE THEREOFCROSS-REFERENCE

[0001] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No.63 / 685,210, filed August 20, 2024, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 566,819, filed March 18, 2024, the full content of which is incorporated herein by reference.BACKGROUND

[0002] Glaucoma is the leading cause of irreversible blindness globally and is a chronic, progressive, and insidious optic nerve disease with characteristic visual field loss that causes a significant burden to the health care system. Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is a risk factors for glaucoma progression.SUMMARY

[0003] Described herein are systems and methods for imaging an eye with a smartphone attachment.

[0004] Provided herein are systems to illuminate an eye of a subject. The systems can comprise an attachable accessory configured to couple to a first computing device. The systems can comprise a light shield coupled to the attachable accessory and configured to surround the eye of the subject. In some cases, a portion of the light shield contacts a surface of the subject. In some cases, the light shield comprises an aperture optically coupled to a sensor of the first computing device.

[0005] Disclosed herein are methods of measuring or testing a physiological parameter of an eye of a subject. The methods can comprise illuminating, via a light source, the eye of the subject. The methods can comprise forming, via a light shield, a light seal between the light shield and a surface of the subject. The methods can comprise detecting data of the illuminated eye with a sensor. The methods can comprise determining the physiological parameter of the eye of the subject from the data.

[0006] Provided herein are systems configured to measure or test a physiological parameter of an eye of a subject. The systems can comprise one or more processors and a memory of a computing device storing one or more programs for execution by the one or more processors. The one or more programs can comprise instructions to illuminate, via a light source disposed in a light shield coupled to the computing device via an attachment accessory, the eye of the subject. The one or more programs can comprise instructions to detect data of the illuminated eye via a sensor. The one or more programs can comprise instructions to determine a physiological parameter of the eye of the subj ect from the data.

[0007] Disclosed herein are methods of treating an eye condition of a subject. The method can comprise illuminating an eye of the subject via a light source disposed in an attachable accessory configured to couple to a first computing device. The method can comprise detecting a data from the illuminated eye. In some cases, a physiological parameter of the eye is determined based on the detected data. The method can comprise treating the eye based on the physiological parameter.

[0008] Additional aspects and advantages of the present disclosure will become readily apparent to those skilled in this art from the following detailed description, wherein only illustrative embodiments of the present disclosure are shown and described. As will be realized, the present disclosure is capable of other and different embodiments, and its several details are capable of modifications in various obvious respects, all without departing from the disclosure.Accordingly, the drawings and description are to be regarded as illustrative in nature, and not as restrictive.INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE

[0009] All publications, patents, and patent applications mentioned in this specification are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication, patent, or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0010] The novel features of the present disclosure are set forth with particularity in the appended claims. A better understanding of the features and advantages of the present disclosure will be obtained by reference to the following detailed description that sets forth illustrative embodiments, in which the principles of the present disclosure are utilized, and the accompanying drawings (also “Figure” and “FIG.” herein), of which:

[0011] FIG. 1 depicts a deconstructed view of a smartphone attachment device in accordance with an example embodiment as described herein.

[0012] FIGS. 2-5 depict various views (perspective top, perspective bottom, front / top, and back / bottom, respectively) of a smartphone attachment device in accordance with an example embodiment as described herein.

[0013] FIGS. 6-7 depict perspective top views of a smartphone attachment device with a battery in accordance with an example embodiment as described herein.

[0014] FIG. 8 depicts a perspective top view of a smartphone attachment device in accordance with an example embodiment as described herein attached to a smartphone.

[0015] FIG. 9 depicts a perspective top view of a smartphone attachment device with a battery in accordance with an example embodiment as described herein.

[0016] FIG. 10 depicts a method of using an example device as described herein with a smartphone in accordance with example embodiments described herein.

[0017] FIGS. 11A-11F depict perspective views (FIGS. 11A-11D, 11F) and a front view (FIG. HE) of variations of example eye piece designs in accordance with example embodiments described herein.

[0018] FIGS. 12A-12D depict front views and side views of variations of example eye piece designs in accordance with example embodiments described herein.

[0019] FIGS. 13A-13B depict perspective views of an example eye piece in accordance with example embodiments described herein.

[0020] FIGS. 13C-13D depict side views of an example eye piece in accordance with example embodiments described herein.

[0021] FIGS. 13E-13F depict back and front views, respectively, of an example eye piece in accordance with example embodiments described herein.

[0022] FIGS. 13G-13H depict top and bottom views, respectively, of an example eye piece in accordance with example embodiments described herein.

[0023] FIGS. 14A-14D depict front views of example smartphone attachments in accordance with example embodiments described herein.

[0024] FIGS. 15A-15D depict perspective views of example smartphone attachments in accordance with example embodiments described herein.

[0025] FIGS. 16A-16N depict perspective views (FIGS. 16A, 16C-16G, 16I-16L, 16N) and front views (FIGS. 16B, 16H, 16M) of example combinations of example eye piece designs and example smartphone attachments in accordance with example embodiments described herein.

[0026] FIG. 17 depicts interaction zones with a user using or attaching an example device in accordance with example embodiments described herein.

[0027] FIG. 18 depicts an exploded perspective view of an example device in accordance with example embodiments described herein.

[0028] FIGS. 19A-19D depict front (FIGS. 19A-19B), short side (FIG. 19C), and long side (FIG. 19D) views of an example device in accordance with example embodiments described herein.

[0029] FIGS. 20A-20B depict back and front views, respectively, of an example device in accordance with example embodiments described herein.

[0030] FIGS. 20C-20G depict perspective views, of an example device in accordance with example embodiments described herein

[0031] FIGS. 20H-20J depict side views of an example device in accordance with example embodiments described herein.

[0032] FIGS. 21A-21C show perspective (FIGS. 21A-21B) and a side (FIG. 21C) view of an example device in accordance with example embodiments described herein.

[0033] FIGS. 22A-22B show perspective views of an example device with drug delivery capabilities in accordance with example embodiments described herein.

[0034] FIG. 23 depicts an example flow chart of using a processor in accordance with an example embodiment described herein.

[0035] FIG. 24 depicts an example flow chart of training an Al model in accordance with an example embodiment described herein.

[0036] FIG. 25 depicts an example flow chart of training a convolutional network in accordance with an example embodiment described herein.

[0037] FIG. 26 depicts an example flow chart of using a trained Al model in accordance with an example embodiment described herein.DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0038] Glaucoma is a chronic optic nerve disease with characteristic visual field loss. Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) and its diurnal variation can be risk factors for glaucoma progression. In some cases, patients have pressure spikes outside office hours.

[0039] Reduction of IOP using pharmaceuticals and / or surgical intervention can be used to delay and / or prevent the progression of glaucoma. Despite improvements in technology and treatment options in lowering IOP, blindness due to glaucoma is a clear and present danger, with 42.2% and 16.4% of individuals having unilateral or bilateral blindness, respectively at their final visit. With currently available methods (e.g., tonometry), IOP is measured at a single time point at doctor’s office. The gold standard for measuring IOP in the clinic (e.g., not monitoring diurnal patterns) remains the Goldmann applanation tonometer (GAT), with the number of IOP measurements being directly related to the number of office visits within a 12-month period.

[0040] There is a need for better means to monitor diurnal patterns of IOP fluctuations as a supplement to in-clinic GAT measurements. The embodiments described herein were developed in response to this need.

[0041] The intraocular pressure sensing contact lens devices that may be used herein are described further in U.S. Patent Nos. 10,898,074 and 11,759,107; U.S. Patent Application No. 18 / 477,033; and PCT application No. PCT / US2018 / 052062, which are incorporated herein by reference.

[0042] Described herein is a microfluidic sensor contact lens system comprising a microfluidic sensor contact lens, a microfluidic sensor lens imaging system, and a microfluidic sensor lens analysis software. The contact lens can be made of soft polymeric materials without embedded electronics. The imaging system can comprise a microfluidic sensor lens smartphone camerawith the microfluidic sensor lens smartphone camera attachment, microfluidic sensor lens smartphone app for capturing the images of microfluidic sensor lens sensor, and / or microfluidic sensor lens image processing software for detection of the liquid level inside the microfluidic channels.

[0043] Provided herein is the microfluidic sensor lens imaging system and microfluidic sensor lens analysis software of the microfluidic sensor lens system. The microfluidic sensor lens imaging system can comprise a microfluidic sensor lens smartphone camera attachment, a microfluidic sensor lens smartphone app and a microfluidic sensor lens image processing software. The microfluidic sensor lens imaging system can record the microfluidic sensor lens’s sensor. The microfluidic sensor lens’s sensor can comprise microfluidic channels. The microfluidic channels may hold a first fluid and a second fluid which form an interface between the first fluid and the second fluid. The first fluid and the second fluid may be a gas or a liquid, and the first fluid and the second fluid will typically be different from one another, such as being immiscible with one another. In many embodiments, the first fluid is a liquid, the second fluid is a gas, and the liquid level may show the position of the interface between the first fluid and the second fluid, or the liquid-gas interface. The position of the interface and / or changes in the interface may be indicative of intraocular pressure and / or changes thereto. The liquid level in the sensor can be detected by the microfluidic sensor lens image processing software. The liquid levels detected in sensor images can be translated into microfluidic sensor lens readings by the microfluidic sensor lens analysis software. The microfluidic sensor lens image processing software and microfluidic sensor lens analysis software can be operated both in a smartphone app and a microfluidic sensor lens cloud software.

[0044] The microfluidic sensor lens sensor readout can be recorded by a smartphone camera with the microfluidic sensor lens smartphone camera attachment. The images can be captured and recorded by the smartphone camera using the microfluidic sensor lens smartphone app. The microfluidic sensor lens smartphone app can send a reminder notification to the user at each measurement time throughout the day (e.g., as prescribed by their doctor). The user can launch the app and place the microfluidic sensor lens smartphone camera attachment on their eye. The app can auto detect microfluidic sensor lens on the eye and adjust the camera zoom itself to detect the position of the air-liquid interface on microfluidic sensor lens. At the end of each measurement session, it can capture a photo of microfluidic sensor lens with the smartphone camera. The captured image can be either processed by the microfluidic sensor lens smartphone app or sent to the cloud-based microfluidic sensor lens image processing software. Then, the app notifies the user that the measurement can be completed.

[0045] The microfluidic sensor lens image processing software can read the image to detect the air liquid interface value on microfluidic sensor lens. Those values obtained by the image processing software on a certain day can be reported in microfluidic sensor lens units in a tabular form and with a diurnal graph by the microfluidic sensor lens analysis software.

[0046] Disclosed herein are systems and methods for conducting eye testing using a smartphone attachment with an eye piece and a light, taking images with a smartphone camera, and processing the images with a smartphone application. In some cases, this eye testing can be done with or without a microfluidic sensor lens.

[0047] Tests can include tests for comeal diseases, conjunctivitis, cataracts, uveitis, eye trauma, and / or dry eye. Comeal diseases can include, but are not limited to, comeal ulcers, corneal inflammation or infection, corneal dystrophies, pseudophakic and aphakic bullous keratopathy. Conjuctivitis can include, but are not limited to, allergic, bacterial, viral and other types of conjuctivitis, blepharitis, and pterygium. Cataract testing can include cataract exams and diagnosis, including pre and post operative monitoring. Uveitis can comprise inflammation of the middle layer of the eye, such as the uvea. Eye trauma can include, but is not limited to, trauma of the cornea, conjunctiva, and anterior segments such as the iris.

[0048] Provided herein are devices and methods for dispensing medications or drugs to the eye before, during, or after conducting eye testing using a smartphone attachment with an eye piece.

[0049] In addition, or alternatively, to standard photographic images, the devices described herein can be used with a smartphone to capture slit-lamp and biomicroscopic images. The parts of the eye that can be imaged can be one or more of the cornea, iris, lens, conjunctiva, or sclera. In some cases, the eye can be stained prior to or during image or video capture (e.g., to show a different in images before and after certain image frames). In some cases, the eye may not be stained. The lights of the smartphone attachment can assist in capturing images with lights of different colors, intensities, and / or angles.

[0050] While embodiments of the present disclosure are described herein with reference to smartphones, such embodiments may be used and applicable for computing devices with similar form factors such as tablet computers.Operating the Smartphone Camera

[0051] A user can be trained on how to operate a smartphone camera using a smartphone application (app) for this device / attachment. The training can be done by a human individual or by instructions on the screen of the smartphone app. The user can launch the microfluidic sensor lens smartphone app and place the microfluidic sensor lens smartphone camera attachment with an eye piece around the eye. The microfluidic sensor lens can be auto-detected and the camerazoom can be auto-adjusted by the smartphone app to capture the microfluidic sensor lens image with the smartphone camera. The image can be either processed in the microfluidic sensor lens smartphone app or sent to the cloud-based microfluidic sensor lens image processing software. The user can receive a notification of completed measurement in the smartphone. The user can take short recordings at the times according to their prescription. The individual short recordings can be compiled, either manually by a viewer (e.g., a medical professional or intermediary) or automatically by the app to present the series of recordings as a single recording spanning a length of time.

[0052] Short recordings may last from about 0. 1 seconds to about 180 seconds. Short recordings may last from about 0.1 seconds to about 1 seconds, about 0.1 seconds to about 5 seconds, about 0.1 seconds to about 10 seconds, about 0.1 seconds to about 30 seconds, about 0.1 seconds to about 60 seconds, about 0. 1 seconds to about 120 seconds, about 0. 1 seconds to about 180 seconds, about 1 seconds to about 5 seconds, about 1 seconds to about 10 seconds, about 1 seconds to about 30 seconds, about 1 seconds to about 60 seconds, about 1 seconds to about 120 seconds, about 1 seconds to about 180 seconds, about 5 seconds to about 10 seconds, about 5 seconds to about 30 seconds, about 5 seconds to about 60 seconds, about 5 seconds to about 120 seconds, about 5 seconds to about 180 seconds, about 10 seconds to about 30 seconds, about 10 seconds to about 60 seconds, about 10 seconds to about 120 seconds, about 10 seconds to about 180 seconds, about 30 seconds to about 60 seconds, about 30 seconds to about 120 seconds, about 30 seconds to about 180 seconds, about 60 seconds to about 120 seconds, about 60 seconds to about 180 seconds, or about 120 seconds to about 180 seconds. Short recordings may last about 0.1 seconds, about 1 seconds, about 5 seconds, about 10 seconds, about 30 seconds, about 60 seconds, about 120 seconds, or about 180 seconds. Short recordings may last at least about 0.1 seconds, about 1 seconds, about 5 seconds, about 10 seconds, about 30 seconds, about 60 seconds, or about 120 seconds. Short recordings may last at most about 1 seconds, about 5 seconds, about 10 seconds, about 30 seconds, about 60 seconds, about 120 seconds, or about 180 seconds.

[0053] A compiled recording session can continue up to 24 hours. A compiled recording session can continue from about 0.5 hours to about 72 hours. A compiled recording session can continue from about 0.5 hours to about 1 hour, about 0.5 hours to about 2 hours, about 0.5 hours to about 4 hours, about 0.5 hours to about 8 hours, about 0.5 hours to about 12 hours, about 0.5 hours to about 16 hours, about 0.5 hours to about 20 hours, about 0.5 hours to about 24 hours, about 0.5 hours to about 48 hours, about 0.5 hours to about 72 hours, about 1 hour to about 2 hours, about 1 hour to about 4 hours, about 1 hour to about 8 hours, about 1 hour to about 12 hours, about 1 hour to about 16 hours, about 1 hour to about 20 hours, about 1 hour to about 24 hours, about 1hour to about 48 hours, about 1 hour to about 72 hours, about 2 hours to about 4 hours, about 2 hours to about 8 hours, about 2 hours to about 12 hours, about 2 hours to about 16 hours, about 2 hours to about 20 hours, about 2 hours to about 24 hours, about 2 hours to about 48 hours, about 2 hours to about 72 hours, about 4 hours to about 8 hours, about 4 hours to about 12 hours, about 4 hours to about 16 hours, about 4 hours to about 20 hours, about 4 hours to about 24 hours, about 4 hours to about 48 hours, about 4 hours to about 72 hours, about 8 hours to about 12 hours, about 8 hours to about 16 hours, about 8 hours to about 20 hours, about 8 hours to about 24 hours, about 8 hours to about 48 hours, about 8 hours to about 72 hours, about 12 hours to about 16 hours, about 12 hours to about 20 hours, about 12 hours to about 24 hours, about 12 hours to about 48 hours, about 12 hours to about 72 hours, about 16 hours to about 20 hours, about 16 hours to about 24 hours, about 16 hours to about 48 hours, about 16 hours to about 72 hours, about 20 hours to about 24 hours, about 20 hours to about 48 hours, about 20 hours to about 72 hours, about 24 hours to about 48 hours, about 24 hours to about 72 hours, or about 48 hours to about 72 hours. A compiled recording session can continue about 0.5 hours, about 1 hour, about 2 hours, about 4 hours, about 8 hours, about 12 hours, about 16 hours, about 20 hours, about 24 hours, about 48 hours, or about 72 hours. A compiled recording session can continue at least about 0.5 hours, about 1 hour, about 2 hours, about 4 hours, about 8 hours, about 12 hours, about 16 hours, about 20 hours, about 24 hours, or about 48 hours. A compiled recording session can continue at most about 1 hour, about 2 hours, about 4 hours, about 8 hours, about 12 hours, about 16 hours, about 20 hours, about 24 hours, about 48 hours, or about 72 hours.

[0054] By the end of the recording time, the camera app can notify the user. The app can close the application. The recorded images can be stored for further analysis by microfluidic sensor lens analysis software or sent to a medical practitioner.Microfluidic Sensor Lens Smartphone Camera Attachment

[0055] The smartphone camera attachment can have multiple purposes. The smartphone camera attachment can provide illumination for making the sensor components clearly visible in the camera image. The smartphone camera attachment can block the ambient light for controlling the illumination. The smartphone camera attachment can stabilize the smartphone camera at a fixed distance to the eye.

[0056] The smartphone camera attachment can comprise hardware 100. The hardware 100 can include, with reference to FIGS. 1-9, an eye piece 102, a light source 104, an aperture 106, a base 108, a smartphone attachment 110, and one or more batteries 112. The hardware 100 can be attached to a smartphone 114. The hardware 100 that attaches to a smartphone can provide aring-based illumination and blocks out ambient / surrounding light around the eye. The hardware can have a clear aperture that can provide access from the smartphone camera to take pictures of the wearable contact lens on a subject’s eye. The hardware can snap onto a phone mechanically, similarly to a phone case or portion of a phone case or can attach via a magnet on the back of the smartphone. The hardware can align itself to the smartphone with the help of the magnets on it.

[0057] The hardware illumination can be powered by battery or can be powered directly from the smartphone (FIGS. 6-7, 9). The battery can be rechargeable. The hardware can be modular and shifted between different camera types of the smartphone such as wide angle and normal camera. The hardware can have one or more illumination rings. In some cases, the hardware has two or more illumination rings. The first ring can have a smaller diameter and can be closer to the camera. The second illumination ring can have a larger diameter and can be closer to the eye. The second ring can aim to prevent shadows caused by the eyelashes and other parts of the eye. The illumination rings can follow the shape of the eye piece or can be different from the eye piece (e.g., a circular ring set of lights in an elliptical or discorectangular eye piece). The hardware can provide external illumination to control the intensity of the illumination and to keep it at a safer level for the eye. The hardware can have an external circuitry to control the illumination level. The circuit can control the amount of current or applies pulse width modulation or a similar technique to modulate the illumination level. The hardware can provide an illumination which has the wavelength of the light emitted can be ranging from about 400 nm to about 700 nm. The hardware can have an eyepiece made of materials biocompatible and can be skin-friendly.

[0058] FIG. 10 shows the process 1000 of operating the smartphone attachment hardware. In some cases, a user may first acquire a smartphone 1002. The user may unbox the smartphone attachment and eyepiece hardware from the box it arrives in, or from a storage box 1004. The box may originally be sterile. The box may not be sterile. The hardware can be attached to the aforementioned smartphone 1006. In some cases, holding the hardware near the smartphone may be sufficient for the magnets to engage and for the hardware to “click onto” the smartphone using magnets in the hardware. In some cases, the hardware may be manually installed, pushed on, or applied onto the smartphone by a user. The user can then capture images of first one eye 1008 and then the other 1010 using the hardware. Once the user has captured satisfactory images, the hardware can be removed from the smartphone in a similar or opposite fashion to how it was put onto the smartphone, and the hardware can be stored in the original, storage, or new box for future use 1012. The hardware may be multi-use or single use. For example, a user may be instructed, such as with a product label, to clean or even sterilize the hardware after a single usefor subsequent re-use, or may be instructed, such as with a product label, to dispose of the hardware after a single use.

[0059] The determination of satisfactory images may be made by one or more of a doctor, the user, or the application. In some cases, the application may send the images to a doctor for analysis, and the doctor can give real-time feedback to the user, for example during a video appointment. In some cases, the application may send the images to a doctor for analysis, and the doctor can give asynchronous feedback to the user. In some cases, the application may give feedback, such as instructing a user to blink or not blink, to move the smartphone up, down, left, or right, to press the hardware into the tissue around the eye or to lighten how much it is pressed against the tissue, etc. The app may know to do this based on the doctor’s prescription. This instruction can be done verbally (e.g., a voice software that tells the user how to move) or as written feedback on the screen. This instruction can also be done with auditory feedback, for example with dings and chimes to indicate successful, clear images. Satisfactory images can be based on clarity, focus on desired areas of the eye, or other factors.

[0060] FIGS. 11A-11F depict perspective views (FIGS. 11A-11D, 11F) and a front view (FIG. HE) of variations of example eye piece designs. FIG. HA shows a narrow Reuleaux triangle eye piece 1102. The top, or protruding part of the eye piece may resemble a Reuleaux rounded triangle, whereas the base may be approximately conical. FIG. 11B shows a wide Reuleaux triangle eye piece 1104. The top, or protruding part of the eye piece may resemble a Reuleaux rounded triangle, whereas the base may be approximately conical with a flared, or wider, upper half. FIG. 11C shows a round thick eye piece 1106 where the height of the eyepiece may be relatively large compared to some of the other eyepiece variations. The eye-contacting portion may be substantially round. There may be a flared top. FIG. HD shows a discorectangular eye piece 1108. This can also be referred to as a stadium eye piece, pill shape eye piece, obround eye piece, or sausage body eye piece. In some cases, this design may resemble an elliptical eye piece. In some cases, this design may differ from an elliptical eye piece. Whereas an elliptical eye piece may retain rounding throughout the shape when looking from the front, a discorectangular eye piece may have two semi-circles or semi-ellipses connected by approximately parallel lines when viewed from the front. FIG. 11E shows an irregular hexagonal eye piece 1110. In some cases, the corners may be rounded. In some cases, there may be a longer top and bottom side, mediumlength left and right sides, and small connecting sides between the left and right sides and the top. In some cases, the design approximates a regular hexagon with all sides of approximately equal angle and length. In some cases, both the angles and the lengths vary. In some cases, the irregular hexagon may or may not be symmetrical along any diagonal. FIG. HF shows a round thin eye piece 1112 where the height of the eyepiece may be relatively small or short compared to someof the other eyepiece variations. The eye-contacting portion may be substantially round. These may be the parts of the device that go around the eye to block out ambient light. There may be a flared top.

[0061] These eye pieces may block from about 10% to about 100% of the ambient light. These eye pieces may block from about 10% to about 20%, about 10% to about 30%, about 10% to about 40%, about 10% to about 50%, about 10% to about 60%, about 10% to about 70%, about 10% to about 80%, about 10% to about 90%, about 10% to about 100%, about 20% to about 30%, about 20% to about 40%, about 20% to about 50%, about 20% to about 60%, about 20% to about 70%, about 20% to about 80%, about 20% to about 90%, about 20% to about 100%, about 30% to about 40%, about 30% to about 50%, about 30% to about 60%, about 30% to about 70%, about 30% to about 80%, about 30% to about 90%, about 30% to about 100%, about 40% to about 50%, about 40% to about 60%, about 40% to about 70%, about 40% to about 80%, about 40% to about 90%, about 40% to about 100%, about 50% to about 60%, about 50% to about 70%, about 50% to about 80%, about 50% to about 90%, about 50% to about 100%, about 60% to about 70%, about 60% to about 80%, about 60% to about 90%, about 60% to about 100%, about 70% to about 80%, about 70% to about 90%, about 70% to about 100%, about 80% to about 90%, about 80% to about 100%, or about 90% to about 100% of the ambient light. These eye pieces may block about 10%, about 20%, about 30%, about 40%, about 50%, about 60%, about 70%, about 80%, about 90%, or about 100%. These eye pieces may block at least about 10%, about 20%, about 30%, about 40%, about 50%, about 60%, about 70%, about 80%, or about 90% of the ambient light. These eye pieces may block at most about 20%, about 30%, about 40%, about 50%, about 60%, about 70%, about 80%, about 90%, or about 100% of the ambient light. This light blocking can allow the light entering into the eye to be controlled by the device.

[0062] In some cases, the eye pieces, or eye cups, may be soft for the comfort of the user. The eye pieces may be pliable. The eye pieces may be non-pliable to minimize motion of the device when held against the face. The eye pieces can be wipe-able. The eye-piece can be opaque to block out light. In some cases, when using natural light, the eye piece can be transparent or semitransparent. The eye piece may be removable, for example for washing. The eye piece may be non-removable. The eye piece may have varying thickness or durometers throughout the eye piece or between eye piece designs. Eye pieces can be symmetrical. Eye pieces can have a left or right designation based on the side opposite the aperture.

[0063] FIGS. 12A-12D depict front views and side views of variations of example eye piece designs. FIG. 12A shows an egg-shaped single-rise eye piece 1202. In some cases, this design may resemble a Reuleaux rounded triangle. The front view of this design can be egg-shaped,such that it can comprise a larger circular region on one end and a smaller circular region on the other end, wherein the two circular regions are connected. In some cases, the egg-shape may be more or less elliptical or oval than shown. The side view of this design shows that it is a singlerise design, such that only one side of the design has a lip 1203 that rises away from the otherwise circular or elliptical base. In some cases, the side with the rise may be the side with the Reuleaux rounded triangle. In some cases, it may be the any other side. There can be more material one on side of the device than one or more of the other sides. The side with the additional material may be the side with the Reuleaux rounded triangle. As such, the aperture may not be centered. FIG. 12B shows an oval or elliptical single-rise eye piece 1204. The front view of this design can be oval or elliptical. In some cases, the ellipse may be more or less circular than shown. In some cases, for example when the eye piece is more elongated and comprises sections without curvature, this design may comprise a discorectangular eye piece. The side view of this design shows that it is a single-rise design, such that only one side of the design has a lip 1205 that rises away from the otherwise circular or elliptical base. There can be more material one on side of the device than one or more of the other sides from a front view. The side with additional material may correspond to the side with the rise. As such, the aperture may not be centered. FIG. 12C shows an oval or elliptical unequal double-rise eye piece 1206. The front view of this design can be oval or elliptical. In some cases, the ellipse may be more or less circular than shown. In some cases, for example when the eye piece is more elongated and comprises sections without curvature, this design may comprise a discorectangular eye piece. The side view of this design shows that it is a double-rise design, such that two sides of the design have a lip 1207 and 1209 that rises away from the otherwise circular or elliptical base. However, in some cases, one side rises 1207 more than the other 1209. There can be more material one on side of the device than one or more of the other sides. The additional material may be disposed, from a front view, on the side that rises more than the other. As such, the aperture may not be centered. FIG. 12D shows an oval or elliptical equal double-rise eye piece 1208. The front view of this design can be oval or elliptical. In some cases, the ellipse may be more or less circular than shown. In some cases, for example when the eye piece is more elongated and comprises sections without curvature, this design may comprise a discorectangular eye piece. The side view of this design shows that it is a double-rise design, such that two sides of the design have a lip 1210 that rises away from the otherwise circular or elliptical base. In some cases, both rise the same amount, making it an equal rise eye piece. There may be equal material disposed on each side of the elongation. As such, the aperture may be centered.

[0064] These eye pieces may block from about 10% to about 100% of the ambient light. These eye pieces may block from about 10% to about 20%, about 10% to about 30%, about 10% toabout 40%, about 10% to about 50%, about 10% to about 60%, about 10% to about 70%, about 10% to about 80%, about 10% to about 90%, about 10% to about 100%, about 20% to about 30%, about 20% to about 40%, about 20% to about 50%, about 20% to about 60%, about 20% to about 70%, about 20% to about 80%, about 20% to about 90%, about 20% to about 100%, about 30% to about 40%, about 30% to about 50%, about 30% to about 60%, about 30% to about 70%, about 30% to about 80%, about 30% to about 90%, about 30% to about 100%, about 40% to about 50%, about 40% to about 60%, about 40% to about 70%, about 40% to about 80%, about 40% to about 90%, about 40% to about 100%, about 50% to about 60%, about 50% to about 70%, about 50% to about 80%, about 50% to about 90%, about 50% to about 100%, about 60% to about 70%, about 60% to about 80%, about 60% to about 90%, about 60% to about 100%, about 70% to about 80%, about 70% to about 90%, about 70% to about 100%, about 80% to about 90%, about 80% to about 100%, or about 90% to about 100% of the ambient light. These eye pieces may block about 10%, about 20%, about 30%, about 40%, about 50%, about 60%, about 70%, about 80%, about 90%, or about 100%. These eye pieces may block at least about 10%, about 20%, about 30%, about 40%, about 50%, about 60%, about 70%, about 80%, or about 90% of the ambient light. These eye pieces may block at most about 20%, about 30%, about 40%, about 50%, about 60%, about 70%, about 80%, about 90%, or about 100% of the ambient light. This light blocking can allow the light entering into the eye to be controlled by the device.

[0065] In some cases, the eye pieces, or eye cups, may be soft for the comfort of the user. The eye pieces may be pliable. The eye pieces may be non-pliable to minimize motion of the device when held against the face. The eye pieces can be wipe-able. The eye-piece can be opaque to block out light. In some cases, when using natural light, the eye piece can be transparent or semitransparent. The eye piece may be removable, for example for washing. The eye piece may be non-removable. The eye piece may have varying thickness or durometers throughout the eye piece or between eye piece designs. Eye pieces can be symmetrical. Eye pieces can have a left or right designation based on the side opposite the aperture.

[0066] FIGS. 13A-13H show perspective views (FIGS. 13A-13B), side views (FIGS. 13C- 13D), bottom and top views (FIGS. 13E-13F), and top and bottom views (FIGS. 13G-13H) of an eye piece attachment 1300. This eye piece can be discorectangular. This eye piece can be oval or elliptical. In some cases, there may be at least one rise or lip 1302. In some cases, there may be two or more rises or lips. In some cases, the rises may be of different heights. For example, the rises may be of different heights to form around and cushion the area around the eye where the device is applied. The front view of this design can be oval or elliptical. In some cases, the ellipse may be more or less circular than shown. In some cases, for example when the eye piece is moreelongated and comprises sections without curvature, this design may comprise a discorectangular eye piece. The side view of this design shows that it is a single-rise design, such that only one side of the design has a lip 1302 that rises away from the otherwise circular or elliptical base. There can be more material one on side of the device than one or more of the other sides from a front view. The side with additional material may correspond to the side with the rise. As such, the aperture may not be centered in the eye piece. In some cases, the side with the larger lip may face down along the side of a smartphone or to the right, depending on if the phone is held up or sideways, respectively.

[0067] These eye pieces may block from about 10% to about 100% of the ambient light. These eye pieces may block from about 10% to about 20%, about 10% to about 30%, about 10% to about 40%, about 10% to about 50%, about 10% to about 60%, about 10% to about 70%, about 10% to about 80%, about 10% to about 90%, about 10% to about 100%, about 20% to about 30%, about 20% to about 40%, about 20% to about 50%, about 20% to about 60%, about 20% to about 70%, about 20% to about 80%, about 20% to about 90%, about 20% to about 100%, about 30% to about 40%, about 30% to about 50%, about 30% to about 60%, about 30% to about 70%, about 30% to about 80%, about 30% to about 90%, about 30% to about 100%, about 40% to about 50%, about 40% to about 60%, about 40% to about 70%, about 40% to about 80%, about 40% to about 90%, about 40% to about 100%, about 50% to about 60%, about 50% to about 70%, about 50% to about 80%, about 50% to about 90%, about 50% to about 100%, about 60% to about 70%, about 60% to about 80%, about 60% to about 90%, about 60% to about 100%, about 70% to about 80%, about 70% to about 90%, about 70% to about 100%, about 80% to about 90%, about 80% to about 100%, or about 90% to about 100% of the ambient light. These eye pieces may block about 10%, about 20%, about 30%, about 40%, about 50%, about 60%, about 70%, about 80%, about 90%, or about 100%. These eye pieces may block at least about 10%, about 20%, about 30%, about 40%, about 50%, about 60%, about 70%, about 80%, or about 90% of the ambient light. These eye pieces may block at most about 20%, about 30%, about 40%, about 50%, about 60%, about 70%, about 80%, about 90%, or about 100% of the ambient light. This light blocking can allow the light entering into the eye to be controlled by the device.

[0068] FIGS. 14A-14D depict front views of example smartphone attachments. FIG. 14A shows a dedicated case enclosure smartphone attachment 1402. This case may cover the entirety of the smartphone. This attachment may have a built-in or attached eye piece 1404. FIG. 14B shows a modular smartphone attachment 1406. This smartphone attachment may cover all or part of the smartphone. This attachment may have a detachable eye piece 1408. FIG. 14C shows an attached peripheral smartphone attachment 1410. This smartphone attachment may cover part ofthe smartphone. This attachment may have a built-in or attached eye piece 1404. FIG. 14D shows a cradle or conversion smartphone attachment 1412. This smartphone attachment may cover part of the smartphone. The cradle attachment 1412 may have a hind portion (as shown in FIG. 15D via 1506) that allows it to hold or cradle the smartphone, thereby potentially increasing the stability of the attachment on the smartphone. In some cases, the covered part of the smartphone may comprise the entirety of the length of the smartphone and part of the width of the smartphone. This attachment may have a built-in or attached eye piece 1404.

[0069] FIGS. 15A-15D depict perspective views of the smartphone attachments of FIGS. 14A- 14D. In some cases, these figures may include any eye piece disclosed herein 1502. In some cases, these figures may include the discorectangular eye piece of FIGS. 13A-13H. FIGS. 15A- 15D can show the location of light rings 1504 in the discorectangular eye piece. FIG. 15A shows a dedicated case enclosure smartphone attachment 1402. This case may cover the entirety of the smartphone. This attachment may have a built-in or attached eye piece. FIG. 15B shows a modular smartphone attachment 1406. This smartphone attachment may cover all or part of the smartphone. This attachment may have a detachable eye piece. FIG. 15C shows an attached peripheral smartphone attachment 1410. This smartphone attachment may cover part of the smartphone. This attachment may have a built-in or attached eye piece. FIG. 15D shows a cradle or conversion smartphone attachment 1412. The cradle may have a part reaching behind 1506 the smartphone. This smartphone attachment may cover part of the smartphone. In some cases, the covered part of the smartphone may comprise the entirety of the length of the smartphone and part of the width of the smartphone. This attachment may have a built-in or attached eye piece.

[0070] FIGS. 16A-16N depict perspective views (FIGS. 16A, 16C-16G, 16I-16L, 16N) and front views (FIGS. 16B, 16H, 16M) of example combinations of eye piece designs and smartphone attachments. These 16 designs are not intended to be separate inventions. Instead, they are intended to show various combinations of eye pieces and attachments, orientations, designs, and materials of the eye pieces and attachments described herein. As such, any of the orientations, designs, and materials disclosed may be used with any of the combinations of eye pieces and attachments. Any of FIGS. 16A-16N may use any of the smartphone attachments of FIGS. 13A-13D

[0071] FIG. 16A shows an example eye piece, with an aperture 1624, and smartphone attachment combination comprising a square eye piece 1602 and a smartphone attachment. In some cases, the square eye piece can comprise a square shape with rounded edges. In some cases, the rounding of the edges can be sufficient that the shape of the eye piece become conical. In some cases, the eye piece is embedded as part of the smartphone attachment. In some cases, it rises out of the smartphone attachment. In some cases, the smartphone attachment may comprisea variation of a cropped or modular smartphone attachment 1620. The smartphone attachment may comprise a battery indicator 1626, a USB-C port, or both.

[0072] FIG. 16B shows an example eye piece, with an aperture 1624, and smartphone attachment combination comprising a round, circular, or elliptical eye piece 1604 with a smartphone attachment. The smartphone attachment may be asymmetrical, such that a comer of the underlying smartphone is not covered. In some cases, the farthest up a smartphone that the attachment proceeds is to the smartphone camera. In some cases, the smartphone attachment may comprise a variation of a cropped or modular smartphone attachment 1620.

[0073] FIG. 16C shows an example eye piece, with an aperture 1624, and smartphone attachment combination comprising a round, circular, or elliptical eye piece 1604 with a smartphone attachment. In some cases, the smartphone attachment may comprise a variation of a cropped or modular smartphone attachment 1620.

[0074] FIG. 16D shows an example eye piece, with an aperture 1624, and smartphone attachment combination comprising a discorectangular eye piece 1606 and a smartphone attachment. In some cases, for example when there is a curvature throughout the eye piece when viewed from a front view, the eye piece may comprise an oval or elliptical eye piece. In some cases, combining the elliptical front view of the eye piece with the protrusion of the eye piece may result in an overall scalloped design. In some cases, one or more sides of the smartphone attachment may comprise chamfered detailing along the edges. The smartphone attachment may be a peripheral smartphone attachment 1622.

[0075] FIG. 16E shows an example eye piece, with an aperture 1624, and smartphone attachment combination comprising a thin round, circular, or elliptical eye piece with a smartphone attachment. In some cases, this design is thin relative to other designs, because the circular eye piece does not substantially rise up from the smartphone (e.g., the height of the trunk of the eyepiece is small). As such, this may be a round thin eye piece 1608. The smartphone attachment may be a peripheral smartphone attachment. The smartphone attachment may comprise a battery indicator 1626, a USB-C port, or both.

[0076] FIG. 16F shows an example eye piece, with an aperture 1624, and smartphone attachment combination comprising a thick round, circular, or elliptical eye piece with a smartphone attachment. In some cases, this design is thick relative to other designs, because the circular eye piece rises up from the smartphone more than some other designs (e.g., the height of the trunk of the eyepiece is large). As such, this may be a round thick eye piece 1610. The thickened section and / or the entirety of the eye piece may comprise a soft elastomer. In some cases, the smartphone attachment may comprise a variation of a cropped or modular smartphoneattachment 1620. The smartphone attachment may comprise a battery indicator 1626, a USB-C port, or both.

[0077] FIG. 16G shows an example eye piece, with an aperture 1624, and smartphone attachment combination comprising a discorectangular eye piece 1606 and a smartphone attachment. In some cases, for example when there is a curvature throughout the eye piece when viewed from a front view, the eye piece may comprise an oval or elliptical eye piece. The eye piece can be integrated. The smartphone attachment can be asymmetrical. In some cases, the smartphone attachment may comprise a variation of a cropped or modular smartphone attachment 1620.

[0078] FIG. 16H shows an example eye piece, with an aperture 1624, and smartphone attachment combination comprising an oval or elliptical eye piece 1612 with a smartphone attachment. The eye piece can comprise a rubber insert. The smartphone attachment can be asymmetrical. In some cases, the smartphone attachment may comprise a variation of a cropped or modular smartphone attachment 1620. The edges of the smartphone attachment may comprise glossy detailing.

[0079] FIG. 161 shows an example eye piece, with an aperture 1624, and smartphone attachment combination comprising a round, circular, or elliptical eye piece with a smartphone attachment. In some cases, the eye piece is embedded as part of the smartphone attachment, such that it is inverted relative to an eye piece where a lip rises out of the smartphone attachment. As such, this eye piece can comprise a round inverted eye piece 1614. In other words, the eye piece can comprise a dome. The dome can comprise an elastomer. The smartphone attachment can be a peripheral smartphone attachment 1622.

[0080] FIG. 16 J shows an example eye piece, with an aperture 1624, and smartphone attachment combination comprising a discorectangular eye piece and a smartphone attachment. In some cases, for example when there is a curvature throughout the eye piece when viewed from a front view, the eye piece may comprise an oval or elliptical eye piece. In some cases, the eye piece is embedded as part of the smartphone attachment, such that it is inverted relative to an eye piece where a lip rises out of the smartphone attachment. As such, this eye piece can comprise a discorectangular inverted eye piece 1616. The eye piece can comprise soft rubber. The smartphone attachment may be a dedicated smartphone attachment 1628.

[0081] FIG. 16K shows an example eye piece, with an aperture 1624, and smartphone attachment combination comprising a discorectangular eye piece 1616 and a smartphone attachment. In some cases, for example when there is a curvature throughout the eye piece when viewed from a front view, the eye piece may comprise an oval or elliptical eye piece. In some cases, this eye piece may be longer than some of the other elliptical eye pieces, forming a longeye cup or piece. In some cases, the eye piece is embedded as part of the smartphone attachment, such that it is inverted relative to an eye piece where a lip rises out of the smartphone attachment. In some cases, the smartphone attachment may comprise a variation of a cropped or modular smartphone attachment 1620.

[0082] FIG. 16L shows an example eye piece, with an aperture 1624, and smartphone attachment combination comprising a discorectangular eye piece 1616 and a smartphone attachment. In some cases, for example when there is a curvature throughout the eye piece when viewed from a front view, the eye piece may comprise an oval or elliptical eye piece. The eye piece can comprise rubber. The smartphone attachment can comprise a dedicated smartphone attachment 1628.

[0083] FIG. 16M shows an example eye piece, with an aperture 1624, and smartphone attachment combination comprising a round, circular, or elliptical eye piece 1618 with a smartphone attachment. In some cases, this design may resemble a camera. The smartphone attachment can comprise a peripheral smartphone attachment 1622.

[0084] FIG. 16N shows an example eye piece, with an aperture 1624, and smartphone attachment combination comprising a discorectangular eye piece and a smartphone attachment. In some cases, for example when there is a curvature throughout the eye piece when viewed from a front view, the eye piece may comprise an oval or elliptical eye piece. In some cases, the eye piece is embedded as part of the smartphone attachment, such that it is inverted relative to an eye piece where a lip rises out of the smartphone attachment. As such, this may be a discorectangular inverted eye piece 1616. The eye piece can be integrated into the smartphone attachment. The smartphone attachment can comprise a dedicated smartphone attachment 1628.

[0085] The smartphone attachment, eye piece, or both may comprise a number of features. The smartphone attachment may comprise a battery indicator, a USB-C port, or both. The eye piece and / or the smartphone attachment may comprise a soft elastomer. The eye piece and / or the smartphone attachment may comprise glossy detailing. The eye piece may be a rubber insert into the smartphone attachment. The eye piece may comprise an alternate polymer. The eye piece may be integrated with the smartphone attachment, for example in non-modular variations. The eye piece can comprise a soft rubber protrusion, or comprise an alternate soft polymer. In some cases, the sides of the smartphone attachments may have chamfered details. The smartphone attachment may have a logo drawn on the external -facing side. In some cases, the smartphone attachment may be designed to be used when the smartphone is in a vertical orientation. In some cases, the smartphone attachment may be designed to be used when the smartphone is in a horizontal orientation. In some cases, the orientation may determine where a logo, battery indicator, and / or USB-C port is located.

[0086] FIG. 17 depicts interaction zones with a user using or attaching an example device. In some cases, the circles at one or more comers of the attachment and the eye piece may indicate high interaction or high touch zones 1702 by a user. In some cases, the rounded squares may indicate areas where the amount of interaction or touch may be high. In some cases, the rounded squares 1704 may indicate areas where the amount of interaction or touch may be varied. The variation may arise from use versus installation of the smartphone attachment. In some cases, the rounded long rectangles 1706 may indicate areas where a user may hold the smartphone attachment during installation. In some cases, the squares 1708 along the smartphone attachment and / or the base smartphone may indicate areas that do not have high interaction or touch by the user and as such do not tend to be obstructed. The interaction information can provide insight on areas to include UI and / or UX controls, indicators and instructions, and branding. For example, branding may be more appropriate in low interactions areas.

[0087] FIG. 18 depicts an exploded perspective view of an example device. The device may comprise one or more lights 1802, an eye piece 1804, a top cover of the smartphone attachment 1806, a battery 1808, a USB-C port with a battery indicator 1810, a reed switch 1812, a printed circuit board (PCB) 1814, an interface ring 1816, and a bottom cover of the smartphone attachment 1818, any or all of which may be disposed on a smartphone 1820. The eye piece 1804 can be any of the eye piece variations discussed above, for example square, discorectangular, oval, elliptical, round, comprising a Reuleaux rounded triangle, or any other eye piece. In some cases, the eye piece 1804 is discorectangular. The battery indicator 1810 may be a light or another type of indicator to indicate to a user any or all of the following statuses: contains battery life, low battery, charging, no battery, or other battery status. The reed switch 1812 may assist in directing electrical signals between the PCB, the smartphone and / or the lights 1802. In some cases, instead of or in addition to the PCB, there may be an onboard processor or computing system in the smartphone attachment. The lights 1802 may be disposed in the eye piece. As shown in FIGS. 2, 7, 15A, 15C, and other figures, there may be rings (or other shapes) of lights in the eye piece. The lights 1802 can follow the shape of the eye piece (e.g., square, discorectangular, oval, elliptical, round, comprising a Reuleaux rounded triangle, or any other eye piece) or can be different from the eye piece (e.g., a ring set of lights in an elliptical or discorectangular eye piece). The lights can comprise LED lights. The interface ring 1816 may comprise an interface between the electrical components and the bottom cover of the smartphone attachment. In some cases, the smartphone attachment may comprise magnets. The interface ring 1816 can comprise a ring interface between the bottom cover 1818 of the smartphone attachment and the electronics, includes the reed switch, battery indicator, battery, or any combination thereof.

[0088] FIGS. 19A-19D depict front (FIGS. 19A-19B), short side (FIG. 19C), and long side (FIG. 19D) views of an example device. FIG. 19A and FIG. 19B show a device comprising a smartphone attachment 1900 comprising branding 1902, a status light 1904, a USB-C port 1906, and a charging indicator 1908. FIG. 19A and FIG. 19B show a device comprising an eye piece 1910 comprising light rings 1912 and an aperture 1914 for the smartphone camera 1916. The eye piece can be any of the eye piece variations discussed above, for example square, discorectangular, oval, elliptical, round, comprising a Reuleaux rounded triangle, or any other eye piece. In some cases, the eye piece is discorectangular or elliptical. The indicator or battery indicator may be a light or another type of indicator to indicate to a user any or all of the following statuses: contains battery life, low battery, charging, no battery, or are other battery status. The status light may indicate whether the device is active or not. The status light may indicate whether the device is ready to capture images. The light rings can comprise LED lights. The ring lights can use other types of lights. In some cases, each light ring can light up. In some cases, the light rings are interspersed with rings made of material that cannot light up. In some cases, each ring can illuminate but a processor may determine which light rings, or combination of light rings, illuminate at any given time. In some cases, there may be more material on one side of the eye piece than the other such that the light rings and aperture are not centered in the eye piece. In some cases, the light rings and aperture are centered in the eye piece. In some cases, the aperture is centered in the light rings. In some cases, the aperture is not centered in the light rings. In some case, the eye piece is horizontally oriented, such that it is intended to go over the eye with the long axis horizontal while the underlying smartphone is horizontal. In some case, the eye piece is vertically oriented, such that it is intended to go over the eye with the long axis horizontal while the underlying smartphone is vertical. The lights can follow the shape of the eye piece (e.g., square, discorectangular, oval, elliptical, round, comprising a Reuleaux rounded triangle, or any other eye piece) or can be different from the eye piece (e.g., a ring set of lights in an elliptical or discorectangular eye piece). With reference to FIG. 19B, the location of the above-mentioned parts are shown over a smartphone.

[0089] FIG. 19C shows a short edge of the devices of FIGS. 19A-19B shown from the top of the smartphone. The eye piece 1910 and smartphone attachment 1900 can be shown. The eye piece can be any of the eye piece variations discussed above, for example square, discorectangular, oval, elliptical, round, comprising a Reuleaux rounded triangle, or any other eye piece. In some cases, the eye piece is discorectangular or elliptical.

[0090] FIG. 19D shows a long edge of the devices of FIGS. 19A-19B shown from the side closest to the eye piece. The eye piece 1910 and smartphone attachment 1900 can be shown. The eye piece can be any of the eye piece variations discussed above, for example square,discorectangular, oval, elliptical, round, comprising a Reuleaux rounded triangle, or any other eye piece. In some cases, the eye piece is discorectangular or elliptical. As shown in FIG. 19D, the area with added material in FIGS. 19A-19B may also comprise a raised lip similar to the eye piece of FIG. 12B. In some cases, the area with added material in FIGS. 19A-19B may not comprise a raised lip. In some case, the side with the raised lip may face away from the top of the smartphone. In some case, the side with the raised lip may face in the same direction as the top of the smartphone. In some cases, an aperture may be off-center in the opposite direction as the lip of the eye piece. In some cases, an aperture may be off-center in the same direction as the lip of the eye piece.

[0091] FIGS. 20A-20D depict back and front (FIGS. 20A-20B), perspective (FIGS. 20C-20G), and side (FIGS. 20H-20J) views of an example device. FIG. 20A-20J show a device 2000 comprising a smartphone attachment 2002 and an eye piece 2004 comprising light rings 2006 and an aperture for the smartphone camera. FIG. 20C-20E and 20H show a device comprising a smartphone attachment comprising a USB-C port 2008 and a charging indicator 2010. The eye piece can be any of the eye piece variations discussed above, for example square, discorectangular, oval, elliptical, round, comprising a Reuleaux rounded triangle, or any other eye piece. In some cases, the eye piece is discorectangular or elliptical. The indicator or battery indicator may be a light or another type of indicator to indicate to a user any or all of the following statuses: contains battery life, low battery, charging, no battery, or are other battery status. The light rings can comprise LED lights. In some cases, each light ring can light up. In some cases, the light rings are interspersed with rings made of material that cannot light up. In some cases, each ring can illuminate but a processor may determine which light rings, or combination of light rings, illuminate at any given time. In some cases, there may be more material on one side of the eye piece than the other such that the light rings and aperture are not centered in the eye piece. In some cases, the light rings and aperture are centered in the eye piece. In some cases, the aperture is centered in the light rings. In some cases, the aperture is not centered in the light rings. In some case, the eye piece is horizontally oriented, such that it is intended to go over the eye with the long axis horizontal while the underlying smartphone is horizontal. In some case, the eye piece is vertically oriented, such that it is intended to go over the eye with the long axis horizontal while the underlying smartphone is vertical.

[0092] The smartphone attachment can turn itself on automatically. The attachment can turn itself on when it is placed on the smartphone. The power switch can be activated by the magnets on the smartphone itself and / or the magnets in the smartphone attachment.

[0093] The smartphone attachment can communicate with and / or be controlled by the smartphone app. This can be done via the flash light of the smartphone. The smartphone flashlight can be activated to communicate various messages to the smartphone attachment. The smartphone attachment may comprise a sensor to read these messages and translate them into commands. The sensor may be in the inner electronics.

[0094] FIGS. 21A-21C show a smartphone attachment device 2100 with an eyepiece 2102 and a number of internal components. As shown in FIG. 21A-21C, smartphone attachment device 2100 can comprise eyepiece 2102, smartphone attachment base 2104, sweep actuator 2106, mirror 2108, alignment and rail 2110, slit optics 2112, light source 2114, and focusing actuator 2116. In some cases, eyepiece 2102 can comprise light rings as described above. In some cases, eyepiece 2102 may not comprise light rings. In some cases, rather than ring lights, this device 2100 may be used to emit a beam (e.g., pinpoint on the lens, horizontal on the lens, or vertical on the lens of the eye) onto the eye. The beam may then be used to scan the eye at various speeds, wavelengths, and brightness to assess the health of one or more structures in the eye, such as the lens, cornea, iris, retina, conjunctiva, sclera, etc.

[0095] In addition, or alternatively, to standard photographic images, the devices described herein can be used with a smartphone to capture slit-lamp and biomicroscopic images. In some cases, the eye can be stained prior to or during image or video capture (e.g., to show a different in images before and after certain image frames). In some cases, the eye may not be stained. The lights of the smartphone attachment can assist in capturing images with lights of different colors, intensities, and / or angles.

[0096] Eyepiece 2102 can be used to shield the eye from ambient light so that the light entering the eye is dictated by the smartphone attachment device 2100 and the smartphone app. These eye pieces may block from about 10% to about 100% of the ambient light. These eye pieces may block from about 10% to about 20%, about 10% to about 30%, about 10% to about 40%, about 10% to about 50%, about 10% to about 60%, about 10% to about 70%, about 10% to about 80%, about 10% to about 90%, about 10% to about 100%, about 20% to about 30%, about 20% to about 40%, about 20% to about 50%, about 20% to about 60%, about 20% to about 70%, about 20% to about 80%, about 20% to about 90%, about 20% to about 100%, about 30% to about 40%, about 30% to about 50%, about 30% to about 60%, about 30% to about 70%, about 30% to about 80%, about 30% to about 90%, about 30% to about 100%, about 40% to about 50%, about 40% to about 60%, about 40% to about 70%, about 40% to about 80%, about 40% to about 90%, about 40% to about 100%, about 50% to about 60%, about 50% to about 70%, about 50% to about 80%, about 50% to about 90%, about 50% to about 100%, about 60% to about 70%, about 60% to about 80%, about 60% to about 90%, about 60% to about 100%, about 70% to about 80%, about 70% to about 90%, about 70% to about 100%, about 80% to about 90%, about 80% to about 100%, or about 90% to about 100% of the ambient light. These eye pieces may blockabout 10%, about 20%, about 30%, about 40%, about 50%, about 60%, about 70%, about 80%, about 90%, or about 100%. These eye pieces may block at least about 10%, about 20%, about 30%, about 40%, about 50%, about 60%, about 70%, about 80%, or about 90% of the ambient light. These eye pieces may block at most about 20%, about 30%, about 40%, about 50%, about 60%, about 70%, about 80%, about 90%, or about 100% of the ambient light.

[0097] Eyepiece 2102 may have any of the shapes disclosed herein, including but not limited to square, circular, triangular, elliptical, discorectangular, or other shapes. The aperture in the eyepiece 2102 may likewise be square, circular, triangular, elliptical, discorectangular, or other shapes. The shape of the aperture may be the same, similar, or different from the shape of the eyepiece 2102. In some cases, the eyepiece may be rounded, such that it is not flat like a circular but curves upwards like a half-sphere. In some cases, there may be a lip on the top edge of the eyepiece 2102 for interaction with the skin around the eye on the face of the user. The lip may comprise a soft material, such as silicon or other medical grade materials, to rest comfortably around the orbital of the eye.

[0098] The smartphone attachment base 2104 can comprise any of the smartphone attachment bases described herein, including but not limited to a dedicated, modular, peripheral, or cradle design.

[0099] Sweep actuator 2106 can be used to move, or sweep, the beam of light emitting onto the eye by the device 2100. More specifically the sweep actuator can provide instructions to the alignment and rail 2110 to move, or sweep, the beam of light at a determined speed. Likewise, the focusing actuator 2116 can provide instructions to the alignment and rail 2110 on how to adjust the light and distance to focus the light on the eye throughout the scan. Both the sweep actuator 2106 and the focusing actuator 2116 may move horizontally length-wise (as shown in FIG. 21 A) or horizontally width-wise to instruct the alignment and rail 2110. The alignment and rail 2110 can be used to physically move the light source based on the desired sweep path and focus. For example, the rail can structure the movement direction of the light source 2114, and the alignment can remove jittering or other instabilities in movement and align the light with the mirror and the eye during the sweep. In some cases, there may be a motor in one or more of sweep actuator 2106, alignment and rail 2110, or focusing actuator 2116 to allow for their motion.

[0100] The mirror 2108 can be used to reflect the light that comes from the light source 2114, goes through slit optics 2112, and proceeds through alignment and rail 2110. The mirror 2108 can be an angled mirror The angle of the mirror can be changed, as shown in FIG. 21C. In some cases, the angle of the mirror can be changed while capturing images. In some cases, the angle of the mirror can be changed between imaging session. In some cases, the mirror may be manuallyor automatically moved. In some cases, the smartphone app may communicate with the attachment PCB circuit or processor or another PCB circuit or processor to angle the mirror. The mirror 2108 can reflectively angle light from the light source 2114 and out the eyepiece 2102 to the eye. The mirror 2108 can be angled from about 10 degrees to about 80 degrees. The mirror 2108 can be angled from about 10 degrees to about 20 degrees, about 10 degrees to about 30 degrees, about 10 degrees to about 40 degrees, about 10 degrees to about 50 degrees, about 10 degrees to about 60 degrees, about 10 degrees to about 70 degrees, about 10 degrees to about 80 degrees, about 20 degrees to about 30 degrees, about 20 degrees to about 40 degrees, about 20 degrees to about 50 degrees, about 20 degrees to about 60 degrees, about 20 degrees to about 70 degrees, about 20 degrees to about 80 degrees, about 30 degrees to about 40 degrees, about 30 degrees to about 50 degrees, about 30 degrees to about 60 degrees, about 30 degrees to about 70 degrees, about 30 degrees to about 80 degrees, about 40 degrees to about 50 degrees, about 40 degrees to about 60 degrees, about 40 degrees to about 70 degrees, about 40 degrees to about 80 degrees, about 50 degrees to about 60 degrees, about 50 degrees to about 70 degrees, about 50 degrees to about 80 degrees, about 60 degrees to about 70 degrees, about 60 degrees to about 80 degrees, or about 70 degrees to about 80 degrees. The mirror 2108 can be angled about 10 degrees, about 20 degrees, about 30 degrees, about 40 degrees, about 50 degrees, about 60 degrees, about 70 degrees, or about 80 degrees. The mirror 2108 can be angled at least about 10 degrees, about 20 degrees, about 30 degrees, about 40 degrees, about 50 degrees, about 60 degrees, or about 70 degrees. The mirror 2108 can be angled at most about 20 degrees, about 30 degrees, about 40 degrees, about 50 degrees, about 60 degrees, about 70 degrees, or about 80 degrees.

[0101] The slit optics 2112 can turn the light emitted from the light source 2114 into a slit. The slit can be horizontal or vertical. The slitted light can be the light reflected by the mirror 2108 onto the eye. The slitted light may be moved in the direction perpendicular to the axis of the slit to scan the eye. For example, a horizontal slit can be moved vertically, and a vertical slit may be moved horizontally. In some cases, an eye exam may use a diagonal slit, in which case the movement would be along the opposite diagonal to maintain the perpendicular motion. In some cases, the motion and slit dimensions may have a non-perpendicular relationship, such as a vertical motion for a diagonal slit.

[0102] The light source 2114, as with any or all of the light sources described herein, can comprise one or more types or wavelengths of light. For example, the light source can comprise LED, CFL, incandescent, fluorescent, halogen, or any combination thereof. The wavelength of light can be on the visible spectrum to substantially avoid damage to the eyes.

[0103] FIGS. 22A-22B show a smartphone attachment device 2200 with an eyepiece 2202 and a number of internal components. As shown in FIG. 22A-22C, smartphone attachment device 2200 can comprise eyepiece 2202, smartphone attachment base 2204, sweep actuator 2206, mirror 2208, alignment and rail 2210, slit optics 2212, light source 2214, focusing actuator 2216, drug delivery ports 2218, and drug delivery system 2220. In some cases, smartphone attachment base 2204, sweep actuator 2206, mirror 2208, alignment and rail 2210, slit optics 2212, light source 2214, and focusing actuator 2216 can be similar to smartphone attachment base 2104, sweep actuator 2106, mirror 2108, alignment and rail 2110, slit optics 2112, light source 2114, and focusing actuator 2116.

[0104] In some cases, smartphone attachment device 2200 can differ from device 2100 via the drug delivery system and ports. In some cases, eyepiece 2202 can comprise drug delivery ports 2218. These ports 2218 can comprise holes or pores, such that and medications exiting the ports can be delivered in droplet form or spray / mist form. In some cases, for example more viscous drugs, ports 2218 comprising holes may be preferable to decrease the amount of drug trapped by pores.

[0105] In some cases, there may be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more drug delivery ports 2218. In some cases, the drug delivery ports may be evenly spaced across the circumference of the eyepiece. In some cases, the drug delivery ports may be spaced across the circumference of the eyepiece with the exception of the area of the mirror to minimize obstruction of the light. In some cases, the drug delivery system may be instructed to only use some of the drug delivery ports 2218. For example, for drugs that are intended to contact a certain portion of the eye rather than being evenly distributed. In some cases, the drug delivery system may be instructed to use all of the drug delivery ports 2218.

[0106] There may be tubing fluidically connecting drug delivery ports 2218 and drug delivery system 2220. In some cases, drug delivery system 2220 may comprise storage for one or more drugs. In some cases, the drugs may be compartmentalized in the drug delivery system 2220, such that a single device 2200 may be used for administration of multiple drugs. In some cases, drug delivery system 2220 may comprise a measurement system by mass or volume. This way, the drug delivery system 2220 can measure an amount of a drug for dispensing through the tubing to the ports 2218. In some cases, the drug delivery system 2220 may comprise an electrical computing component for communication with the smartphone application. The smartphone application may instruct the dispensing of a certain amount of a certain medication from the drug delivery system 2220, which can select and measure the drug and send it to the drug delivery ports.

[0107] In some cases, drug delivery system 2220 may move drugs from the drug delivery system 2220 through the tubing to the ports 2218 via negative or positive pressure systems. These systems can include a low intensity vacuum, small pumps or pistons, air pressure, or other methods.Lights

[0108] The hardware (e.g., smartphone attachment) can comprise lights or lighting. The hardware can comprise LED lights. In some cases, the hardware can comprise alternative lights, such as fluorescent lights. The light source can comprise LED, CFL, incandescent, fluorescent, halogen, or any combination thereof. The lights of the attachment can be different colors, intensities, and / or angles (e.g., the angle formed by the light after it has been processed through the optical slit). The wavelength of light can be on the visible spectrum to substantially avoid damage to the eyes. The lights can be arranged in a ring or annular formation around an aperture in the hardware. The lights can be concentric. In some cases, depending on the type of smartphone and / or the shape of the eye piece, the lights can be arranged in a square, elliptical, oval, or other shape formation. The light formation can comprise layers of lights such that each layer approaches the eye more than the adjacent inner layer, as shown in FIG. 7. The aperture may correspond to the location of the camera of the smartphone so that smartphone camera visibility is not substantially limited.

[0109] In some cases, rather than ring lights, the smartphone attachment device may be used to emit a beam (e.g., pinpoint on the lens, horizontal on the lens, or vertical on the lens of the eye) onto the eye. The beam may then be used to scan the eye at various speeds, wavelengths, angles, and brightness to assess the health of one or more structures in the eye, such as the lens, cornea, iris, retina, conjunctiva, sclera, etc. The lights can be vertical or horizontal lights (e.g., lines or slits) rather than rings. There can be a combination of ring, vertical, and / or horizontal lights. The lights can have different angles and positions. This can help illuminate different parts of the eye from the sides, top or bottom based on a prescription. In some cases, a slitted light (e.g., from a slit lamp) may be moved in the direction perpendicular to the axis of the slit to scan the eye. For example, a horizontal slit can be moved vertically, and a vertical slit may be moved horizontally. In some cases, an eye exam may use a diagonal slit, in which case the movement would be along the opposite diagonal to maintain the perpendicular motion. In some cases, the motion and slit dimensions may have a non-perpendicular relationship, such as a vertical motion for a diagonal slit. In some cases, the slit lights can also comprise one or more layers of lights, such that multiple slits lights may be used simultaneously. Each slit light may follow the same sweeping pattern and focus, or may have different sweeping patterns and / or focuses.

[0110] There can be 1 light. There can be more than 1 light. There can be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, or more lights. The lights can be the same or different sizes.[OHl] The lights can be divided into sections or individual lights. These sections can be activated in various combinations and sequences. For example, the combinations and sequences of the lights may depend on one or more of the ambient light that was not fully blocked out, the type of image that a prescriber prescribes, the number of images and views that a prescriber prescribes, the changing focus of the lens to capture images of different sections of the eye, and other factors.

[0112] Likewise, the illumination levels and colors can be adjusted. The levels and colors can be adjusted for different light segments separately. In some cases, for any shape of eye piece, the shape can be divided into segments. The segments can be controlled separately to provide illumination for the eye. For example, depending on the physical characteristics of eyelids or eyelashes, side segments can provide better illumination whereas top and bottom segments can cause shadows of eyelashes. In some cases, some lights will have similar illumination levels and / or colors while other lights have different ones. In some cases, all lights will have similar illumination levels and / or colors. In some cases, all lights will have different illumination levels and / or colors. The color of the lights may be in the visual spectrum (e g., from approximately 380 nm to 700 nm). The lighting may be outside the visual spectrum, such that a user cannot see it but the smartphone app can register it.

[0113] The light intensity exhibited by the light source can be determined for each patient and each test within a range sufficient for the test. In some cases, the allowable range may include sufficient intensity to illuminate the anterior segment of the eye.

[0114] The hardware comprising a smartphone attachment and eye piece may comprise magnets. The magnets can be used to turn on and / or regulate the lights. In some cases, there may be a switch that turns on the lights when the magnets attach the hardware to a smartphone. This may be an on-off switch. This switch may automatically start “on” once the hardware is attached to the smartphone. However, there may be a timer such that the lights are automatically turned off once the timer finishes. This can be done to save battery. Alternatively, the timer can notify a user to manually turn off the app, lights, or both. The levels of the lights can be regulated. The levels of the light can be regulated by the magnets, the switch, or the flashlight strength of the camera itself. In some cases, the flashlight of the smartphone can be used to communicate with the hardware. This can be done via a binary code sent by the app via the flashlight to a sensor on the smartphone attachment. The sensor may get the signal from the smartphone app and regulate the light color and illumination. After the app receives an image, it can analyze the image. Based on the results of the analysis, the app can send “comments” to the smartphone attachment sensorvia the binary code to update the illumination level, color, sequence, and / or selection based on the intended image.Smartphone Application

[0115] The application (app) can take images when the smartphone camera attachment hardware is placed on the eye of the subject. The app can change camera parameters (e.g., zoom, brightness, and / or contrast) automatically when taking images. Images can be stored locally on the device offline. The images can be sent to the cloud once the device is online.

[0116] The smartphone app can communicate with multiple elements of the smartphone attachment. The app can provide instructions to the smartphone attachment regarding the focusing, sweeping, and / or light intensity. These can be determined by the focus actuator (e.g., focus actuator 2216 or 2116), the sweep actuator (e.g., sweep actuator 2206 and 2106), and the light source (e.g., light source 2214 and 2114).

[0117] The smartphone app can communicate to the focus actuator. The focus actuator can communicate to the light source to adjust an intensity, wavelength, brightness, color, or any other light aspect. The smartphone app can communicate directly to the light source to adjust an intensity, wavelength, brightness, color, or any other light aspect. The smartphone app can communicate with the sweep actuator. This communication can be done once a light intensity has been selected and the light has been focused. Once the sweep is provided instructions and activated, the smartphone app can capture the image. The communication between the smartphone app, the focus actuator, the light source, and the sweep actuator can be done via a separate circuit which provides light intensity adjustment as well as actuator controlling. This separate circuit can comprise a PCB circuit. The PCB circuit can comprise a general PCB circuit in the smartphone attachment, such as PCB circuit 1814, or can comprise one or more additional PCB circuits for these communications with the smartphone app. In some cases, instead of or in addition to the PCB, there may be a separate onboard processor or computing system in the smartphone attachment that can control one or more of the focus actuator, the light source, and the sweep actuator.

[0118] The phone camera, either as instructed by the app or within the app, can continuously take image for focusing and light intensity adjustment. If focusing is off, the phone can send commands to the focus actuator to adjust the focus until a desired focus range is achieved. The phone can then send commands to the sweep actuator to scan the eye and begin saving pictures or videos during the scan. In the meantime, the rail (e.g., 2210 and 2110) can mechanically allow the motion of the optics within a desired range.

[0119] The app can acquire from about 1 images / second to about 200 images / second. The app can acquire from about 1 images / second to about 5 images / second, about 1 images / second to about 10 images / second, about 1 images / second to about 25 images / second, about 1 images / second to about 50 images / second, about 1 images / second to about 75 images / second, about 1 images / second to about 100 images / second, about 1 images / second to about 150 images / second, about 1 images / second to about 200 images / second, about 5 images / second to about 10 images / second, about 5 images / second to about 25 images / second, about 5 images / second to about 50 images / second, about 5 images / second to about 75 images / second, about 5 images / second to about 100 images / second, about 5 images / second to about 150 images / second, about 5 images / second to about 200 images / second, about 10 images / second to about 25 images / second, about 10 images / second to about 50 images / second, about 10 images / second to about 75 images / second, about 10 images / second to about 100 images / second, about 10 images / second to about 150 images / second, about 10 images / second to about 200 images / second, about 25 images / second to about 50 images / second, about 25 images / second to about 75 images / second, about 25 images / second to about 100 images / second, about 25 images / second to about 150 images / second, about 25 images / second to about 200 images / second, about 50 images / second to about 75 images / second, about 50 images / second to about 100 images / second, about 50 images / second to about 150 images / second, about 50 images / second to about 200 images / second, about 75 images / second to about 100 images / second, about 75 images / second to about 150 images / second, about 75 images / second to about 200 images / second, about 100 images / second to about 150 images / second, about 100 images / second to about 200 images / second, or about 150 images / second to about 200 images / second. The app can acquire about 1 images / second, about 5 images / second, about 10 images / second, about 25 images / second, about 50 images / second, about 75 images / second, about 100 images / second, about 150 images / second, or about 200 images / second. The app can acquire at least about 1 images / second, about 5 images / second, about 10 images / second, about 25 images / second, about 50 images / second, about 75 images / second, about 100 images / second, or about 150 images / second. The app can acquire at most about 5 images / second, about 10 images / second, about 25 images / second, about 50 images / second, about 75 images / second, about 100 images / second, about 150 images / second, or about 200 images / second. The app can acquire up to about 100 images / second.

[0120] In some cases, once the app has finished acquiring the images, it may notify the user. The notification may comprise a tactile notification, such as a vibration. The notification may comprise a visual notification, such as a dimming or turning off of the light (e.g., the app sends instructions to the light source in the attachment to turn off the light). The notification maycomprise an auditory notification, such as a ding or other noise sounding from the smartphone. In some cases, such as when the system is configured to automatically or manually deliver a drug to the imaged eye, the app may notify the user when the images are acquired. In some cases, the app may wait to notify the user until after the drug has been delivered. In some cases, there may be a second type of notification (tactile, visual, or auditory, or any combination thereof) to notify the user of an impending drug delivery to minimize user surprise. In some cases, after drug delivery, the app may take additional images and wait to notify the user until the secondary images are captured. In some cases, such as when the medication takes more than a few minutes to take effect, the app can communicate with the smartphone’s calendar app or notifications app to set a reminder to take another set of images in a certain time frame depending on the particular medication’s expected onset of action, peak effect, or both. The app may have a medication catalogue that lists these durations, or the duration to retake images after dispensing of the drug may be part of the prescription from the medical practitioner.

[0121] In some cases, such as when the smartphone attachment devices are used in combination with specialized microfluidic contact lenses, the app can process the images and detect the airliquid interface within the contact lens. The app can perform further analysis on the images to calculate IOP related by subtracting other effects such as contact lens fitting and temperature. Information on calculating IOP with a microfluidic contact lens is further discussed in International application no. PCT / US2018 / 052062, the contents of which are incorporated by reference in their entirety. The app can send the results to the medical practitioner’s (e.g., to the practitioner’s email, medical dashboard, or via other messaging means).

[0122] In some cases, measuring or testing a physiological parameter of an eye can comprise focusing on a first part of the eye, determining the physiological parameter for that first part, focusing on another part of the eye, determining the physiological parameter for that second part of the eye, and repeating as many times as beneficial to determine physiological parameters from all relevant parts of the eye. The individual parameters can be integrated to determine a physiological parameter in an entirety of the eye.

[0123] In some cases, the smartphone app described herein may automatically measure, image, or test multiple parts of the eye. The smartphone app may capture images of multiple parts of the eye during a single testing by refocusing or changing the alignment or mirror angle of the light to a different part of the eye. In some cases, the user may manually select a different part of the eye to be imaged from the app.

[0124] The app can acquire from about 1 images / second to about 200 images / second of different parts of the eye. The app can acquire from about 1 images / second to about 5 images / second, about 1 images / second to about 10 images / second, about 1 images / second to about 25images / second, about 1 images / second to about 50 images / second, about 1 images / second to about 75 images / second, about 1 images / second to about 100 images / second, about 1 images / second to about 150 images / second, about 1 images / second to about 200 images / second, about 5 images / second to about 10 images / second, about 5 images / second to about 25 images / second, about 5 images / second to about 50 images / second, about 5 images / second to about 75 images / second, about 5 images / second to about 100 images / second, about 5 images / second to about 150 images / second, about 5 images / second to about 200 images / second, about 10 images / second to about 25 images / second, about 10 images / second to about 50 images / second, about 10 images / second to about 75 images / second, about 10 images / second to about 100 images / second, about 10 images / second to about 150 images / second, about 10 images / second to about 200 images / second, about 25 images / second to about 50 images / second, about 25 images / second to about 75 images / second, about 25 images / second to about 100 images / second, about 25 images / second to about 150 images / second, about 25 images / second to about 200 images / second, about 50 images / second to about 75 images / second, about 50 images / second to about 100 images / second, about 50 images / second to about 150 images / second, about 50 images / second to about 200 images / second, about 75 images / second to about 100 images / second, about 75 images / second to about 150 images / second, about 75 images / second to about 200 images / second, about 100 images / second to about 150 images / second, about 100 images / second to about 200 images / second, or about 150 images / second to about 200 images / second of different parts of the eye. The app can acquire about 1 images / second, about 5 images / second, about 10 images / second, about 25 images / second, about 50 images / second, about 75 images / second, about 100 images / second, about 150 images / second, or about 200 images / second of different parts of the eye. The app can acquire at least about 1 images / second, about 5 images / second, about 10 images / second, about 25 images / second, about 50 images / second, about 75 images / second, about 100 images / second, or about 150 images / second of different parts of the eye. The app can acquire at most about 5 images / second, about 10 images / second, about 25 images / second, about 50 images / second, about 75 images / second, about 100 images / second, about 150 images / second, or about 200 images / second of different parts of the eye. The app can acquire up to about 100 images / second of different parts of the eye.

[0125] In some cases, a processor can be used in the app (FIG. 23). As shown in FIG. 23, image data can be collected by the processor, which can then instruct subsequent image acquisition, select images, and adjust camera parameters. The processor can auto-adjust the zoom to take clear images of the microfluidic sensor lens. The processor can process the images and detect the air-liquid interface. The processor can grade the images for clarity and accuracy and select the best images to upload the cloud. The processor can provide guidance to the user to acquireimproved images. Based on the images, the processor can give feedback to the user for shifting the camera around the eye and finding the best position for image acquisition.

[0126] Artificial intelligence and machine learning can be used in the app. The app can autodetect the microfluidic sensor lens in the eye using an Al algorithm. The app can auto-adjust the zoom to take clear images of the microfluidic sensor lens. The app can let the user know when to take images based on the user’s prescription. The app can process the images and detect the airliquid interface. The app can grade the images for clarity and accuracy and select the best images to upload the cloud. The app can provide guidance to the user to acquire improved images. Based on the images, the app can give feedback to the user for shifting the camera around the eye and finding the best position for image acquisition.

[0127] The application can use one or more Al models during the image acquisition phase (FIG. 24). As shown in process 2300 of FIG. 23, image data 2302 can be collected by the trained Al model, which can then instruct subsequent image acquisition 2310, select images 2308, and adjust camera parameters 2306. In some cases, the application can separately use one or more Al models. The application can simultaneously use one or more Al models. As shown in process 2400 of FIG. 24, image data 2402 can be fed into trained Ai model 2404 to adjust camera parameters 2406, select images 2408, and instruct for optimal image acquisition 2410. The AI models can be trained on acquired images 2502, as shown in process 2500 FIG. 25, such that image data is fed into the AI to train the AI model 2504 and create a trained AI model 2506.

[0128] In some cases, the application can use an object detection AI model. In some cases, the application can use an object detection AI model during the image acquisition phase. The application can use a computer vision model (e.g. YOLOv8). The application can use a finetuned computer vision convolutional neural network (CNN) model (FIG. 26). As shown in process 2600 of FIG. 26, image data 2602 can be fed into the AI to train a convolutional network 2604 and establish a trained convolutional neural network 2606. The AI model can identify the positions of specific elements such as eyelids, iris, light reflections, and microfluidic lens sensor data. Utilizing the detected positions of these elements, the algorithm can guide the user in correctly positioning the eyepiece, thereby improving camera alignment.

[0129] In some cases, the app can use a focus adjustment model. In some cases, the application can use a focus adjustment model during the image acquisition phase. This AI model can be tailored to adjust the camera's focus specifically on the indicator, rather than the iris or other parts of the eye. It can be used to correctly set the focus to achieve clear images of the sought indicators.

[0130] In some cases, the app can use an image regression model. In some cases, the application can use an image regression model during the image acquisition phase. Based on the indicator'sposition, this model can return reading values. It can leverage feature extraction methods from an object detector (e.g. Y0L0v2) image classification model and can be fine-tuned with a large dataset of microfluidic lens indicator images.Focus Feature

[0131] The smartphone app may comprise a focus feature. The focus feature of the smartphone app can be used to focus on different parts of the eye such as cornea, iris, lens, sclera, retina, conjunctiva, etc. This may allow use of the same smartphone attachment to illuminate different parts of the eye and capture photos depending on a doctor's prescription. Different parts of the eye can be photographed and sent to the doctor's office as part of testing of various parts of the eye. Tests can include tests for corneal diseases, conjunctivitis, cataracts, uveitis, eye trauma, and / or dry eye. Corneal diseases can include, but are not limited to, corneal ulcers, corneal inflammation or infection, corneal dystrophies, pseudophakic and aphakic bullous keratopathy. Conjuctivitis can include, but are not limited to, allergic, bacterial, viral and other types of conjuctivitis, blepharitis, and pterygium. Cataract testing can include cataract exams and diagnosis, including pre and post operative monitoring. Uveitis can comprise inflammation of the middle layer of the eye, such as the uvea. Eye trauma can include, but is not limited to, trauma of the cornea, conjunctiva, and anterior segments such as the iris. In some cases, rather than focusing on the eye itself, the device can focus on a specialty contact lens (e.g., a contact lens for measuring IOP).

[0132] The app can use the camera of the smartphone. In this way, the smartphone app itself can adjust the smartphone’s camera focus. This can allow for focus adjustment without user involvement, or with minimal user involvement. Similar or different focusing procedures and protocols can be used as with large stationary devices such as slit lamps for corneal imaging. The app can also adjust focus depending on the condition of the eye (e.g., adjust the focus based on eye dilation after dilating drops).

[0133] The focus feature can be run by a processor. The focus feature can be run by an Al algorithm. The Al algorithm can be one as described herein.

[0134] This Al model can actively change the camera's focus about 20 times per second to identify the most sharply focused image. In some cases, this Al model can actively change the camera's focus from about 1 time per second to about 30 times per second. In some cases, this Al model can actively change the camera's focus from about 1 time per second to about 2 times per second, about 1 time per second to about 5 times per second, about 1 time per second to about 10 times per second, about 1 time per second to about 15 times per second, about 1 time per second to about 20 times per second, about 1 time per second to about 25 times per second, about 1 timeper second to about 30 times per second, about 2 times per second to about 5 times per second, about 2 times per second to about 10 times per second, about 2 times per second to about 15 times per second, about 2 times per second to about 20 times per second, about 2 times per second to about 25 times per second, about 2 times per second to about 30 times per second, about 5 times per second to about 10 times per second, about 5 times per second to about 15 times per second, about 5 times per second to about 20 times per second, about 5 times per second to about 25 times per second, about 5 times per second to about 30 times per second, about 10 times per second to about 15 times per second, about 10 times per second to about 20 times per second, about 10 times per second to about 25 times per second, about 10 times per second to about 30 times per second, about 15 times per second to about 20 times per second, about 15 times per second to about 25 times per second, about 15 times per second to about 30 times per second, about 20 times per second to about 25 times per second, about 20 times per second to about 30 times per second, or about 25 times per second to about 30 times per second. In some cases, this Al model can actively change the camera's focus about 1 time per second, about 2 times per second, about 5 times per second, about 10 times per second, about 15 times per second, about 20 times per second, about 25 times per second, or about 30 times per second. In some cases, this Al model can actively change the camera's focus at least about 1 time per second, about 2 times per second, about 5 times per second, about 10 times per second, about 15 times per second, about 20 times per second, or about 25 times per second. In some cases, this Al model can actively change the camera's focus at most about 2 times per second, about 5 times per second, about 10 times per second, about 15 times per second, about 20 times per second, about 25 times per second, or about 30 times per second. Once the desired focus is achieved, the application can activate the image regression model to process the final image. The app can adjust the focus parameter based on the output from the focus adjustment model.Image Selection for Upload

[0135] In some cases, images that meet an exceptionally high confidence threshold of about 99.99% from the model are selected for upload, along with their corresponding reading values. In some cases, images that meet an exceptionally high confidence threshold of at least above 70%, at least above 80%, at least above 90%, or at least above 99.99% from the model are selected for upload, along with their corresponding reading values.In some cases, images that meet a high confidence threshold of from about 50% to about 99.99% from the model are selected for upload, along with their corresponding reading values. In some cases, images that meet a high confidence threshold of from about 50% to about 60%, about 50% to about 70%, about 50% to about 80%, about 50% to about 90%, about 50% to about 95%,about 50% to about 98%, about 50% to about 99%, about 50% to about 99.9%, about 50% to about 99.99%, about 60% to about 70%, about 60% to about 80%, about 60% to about 90%, about 60% to about 95%, about 60% to about 98%, about 60% to about 99%, about 60% to about 99.9%, about 60% to about 99.99%, about 70% to about 80%, about 70% to about 90%, about 70% to about 95%, about 70% to about 98%, about 70% to about 99%, about 70% to about 99.9%, about 70% to about 99.99%, about 80% to about 90%, about 80% to about 95%, about 80% to about 98%, about 80% to about 99%, about 80% to about 99.9%, about 80% to about 99.99%, about 90% to about 95%, about 90% to about 98%, about 90% to about 99%, about 90% to about 99.9%, about 90% to about 99.99%, about 95% to about 98%, about 95% to about 99%, about 95% to about 99.9%, about 95% to about 99.99%, about 98% to about 99%, about 98% to about 99.9%, about 98% to about 99.99%, about 99% to about 99.9%, about 99% to about 99.99%, or about 99.9% to about 99.99% from the model are selected for upload, along with their corresponding reading values. In some cases, images that meet a high confidence threshold of about 50%, about 60%, about 70%, about 80%, about 90%, about 95%, about 98%, about 99%, about 99.9%, or about 99.99% from the model are selected for upload, along with their corresponding reading values. In some cases, images that meet a high confidence threshold of at least about 50%, about 60%, about 70%, about 80%, about 90%, about 95%, about 98%, about 99%, about 99.9%, or about 99.99% from the model are selected for upload, along with their corresponding reading values.Medical Practitioner’s Dashboard Software

[0136] A medical practitioner’s dashboard and / or doctor’s dashboard can be provided. The dashboard can be viewed using a web browser or through a smartphone app. The dashboard can be used to order tests to be conducted through the smartphone app of the smartphone with the attachment device. The dashboard software can provide summaries and / or figures for each user’s data. The dashboard software can do diurnal IOP analysis and can provide statistics about IOP fluctuations such as mean, standard deviation, peak patterns, etc., or any combination thereof. In some cases, programs or Al can be used to conduct these analyses. The dashboard may provide images and results from images taken both during use of the microfluidic sensor contact lens and without use of the microfluidic sensor contact lens described herein. The dashboard can provide images captured of the eye during any of the tests described herein, including but not limited to tests for corneal diseases, conjunctivitis, cataracts, uveitis, eye trauma, and / or dry eye. Corneal diseases can include, but are not limited to, corneal ulcers, corneal inflammation or infection, comeal dystrophies, pseudophakic and aphakic bullous keratopathy. Conjuctivitis can include, but are not limited to, allergic, bacterial, viral and other types of conjuctivitis, biepharitis, andpterygium. Cataract testing can include cataract exams and diagnosis, including pre and post operative monitoring. Uveitis can comprise inflammation of the middle layer of the eye, such as the uvea. Eye trauma can include, but is not limited to, trauma of the cornea, conjunctiva, and anterior segments such as the iris.

[0137] The dashboard can provide an efficient way for the medical practitioner to order and receive the results of medical eye tests. In some cases, in addition to easy ordering and receipt of results, the dashboard can provide elementary or suggestive analyses of the results for the medical practitioner to review and confirm.Drug Delivery

[0138] In some cases, the devices disclosed herein may be beneficial in determining a physiological parameter of an eye. The physiological parameter can be an intraocular pressure (IOP) of an eye. In some cases, the IOP can be determined by capturing an image of an eye wearing a microfluidic contact lens, wherein the IOP may be determined by a relationship in the curvature of the contact lens or meeting point between a gas and fluid layer in the lens. In some cases, the IOP can be determined, or testing for eye conditions described herein, can be accomplished by capturing an image of an eye without a microfluidic contact lens. The physical parameters can be determined via scans using light at different intensities, focusing, and movements across the eye.

[0139] In some cases, the physical parameter reading may then be used to determine a drug dose to administer to the eye being monitored. The drug dose information may be relayed back through the smartphone to the eyepiece and the drug dispensing system (e.g., drug dispensing system 2220 of FIG. 22A). The drug dispensing device may then administer the proper dose to the eye. In some embodiments, the drug delivery device may use an atomizer or other aerosol device, a dropper, or any other device for delivering medication to the eye. In some embodiments, the drug delivery device may be a mist applicator. In some embodiments, the mist applicator may be a MEMS (micro-electro-mechanical systems) atomizer with a cartridge for the dispensed drug, that may be replaced when empty. In some embodiments, there may be a drug reservoir associated with the drug delivery device, and the drug reservoir may be replaceable, or refillable. In some embodiments, the drug delivery device may use eye drops. In some embodiments, the computational device (e.g., the application on the smartphone) may provide an alert to the user to self-administer a drug of a certain dose at a certain time.

[0140] In some cases, the drug delivery device may comprise storage for one or more drugs. In some cases, the drugs may be compartmentalized in the drug delivery device, such that a single drug delivery device may be used for administration of multiple drugs. In some cases, the drugdelivery device may comprise a measurement system by mass or volume. This way, the drug delivery device can measure an amount of a drug for dispensing. In some cases, the drug delivery device may comprise an electrical computing component for communication with the smartphone application. The smartphone application may instruct the dispensing of a certain amount of a certain medication to the drug delivery device, which can select and measure the drug and send it to the drug delivery ports.

[0141] The drug delivery apparatus may comprise a first body with a mist generator, a supply tube (e.g., tubing from 2220 to 2218) and a fluid sensor, and a second body with a releasable fastener, one or more needles, a pump, a controller, and a power source.

[0142] The drug delivery system may have a storage component for storing a medication or drug for the treatment of a person's eye. In an embodiment, there may be a body having a fastener or aperture for receiving or holding a drug reservoir. In some embodiments, a control circuit may be attached or incorporated into the body of the drug delivery system or the smartphone attachment (e.g., the PCB circuit). In an embodiment, a pressure generating pump may be attached to the body. A first needle may be integrated into the body so that when a drug reservoir is attached to the body, the first needle may puncture the drug reservoir. The first needle may be connected to the pressure generating pump such that if the pump is activated, air or other material may be pumped into the drug reservoir and generate a positive pressure environment inside the drug reservoir. A second needle may be used to penetrate into the drug reservoir, and allow the drug to flow into a second fluid conduit that channels the drug solution to a mist generator. In an embodiment, air may be used to pressurize the reservoir. Air may be pumped in using the pressure generating pump and enter the reservoir through a first needle, then the drug or medication may be forced out through the second needle. The pump may be connected to the first needle with a hose or other tubing, allowing positive pressure to be created in the reservoir. A septum or other device may be used to prevent the loss of pressure in the reservoir. The first and second needles may also have flow control elements to prevent the loss of reservoir pressure. In some embodiments, there may be electrical wiring, electrical circuitry, or other conductive elements to permit the flow of electrical signals and electrical power to and from the various electrical components and a power source. In some embodiments, a power source may be connected to the pump and the control circuit. In some embodiments, there may also be a tube or hose to convey the medication from the second needle, through a second hose, to a nebulizer device. In some embodiments, there may be an electrical connection between the control circuit and the nebulizer device. In some embodiments, there may be electrical communication between both a control circuit, a main controller, and the nebulizer device.

[0143] In an embodiment, the control circuit may monitor the level of a drug present in the reservoir of the drug delivery system through the needles inserted into the reservoir. In some embodiments, the needle(s) may act as sensors, using a capacitive and / or electrochemical signal to provide data to the control circuit, or main controller, so either control device may determine the level of the drug in the reservoir.

[0144] A nebulizer device may be in fluid and / or electrical connection with a medication storage component. In some embodiments, the nebulizer device may have a body. The body may have a fluid cavity which may hold a drug or medication delivered to the fluid cavity through a drug delivery tube. In some embodiments, the drug delivery tube may be connected to a drug reservoir. In some embodiments, the fluid cavity may have an opening, or a port. The port may be partially covered by a mist generator. The mist generator may have a perforated section where the perforation holes or apertures may be sufficiently small to prevent fluid from moving through the holes without assistance. In some embodiments, the mist generator may vibrate, causing the perforated section to vibrate, and produce a mist of the fluid in the fluid cavity. In some embodiments, a sensor may measure the volume of the fluid in the fluid cavity. There may be a single sensor, or any number of additional sensors.

[0145] In some embodiments, the mist generator may be a piezoelectric element, like a transducer, that may vibrate at a particular frequency and intensity. The vibration of the mist generator may cause the perforated section to vibrate as well. The amplitude and frequency of the vibration may produce an interaction with the medication or drug in the fluid cavity. The interaction may cause the fluid to eject through the perforation in the perforated section and produce droplets. The size and frequency of droplet production may be varied by the size of the apertures in the perforated section, along with the amplitude and frequency of the vibration used in the mist generator. In some embodiments, the amplitude and frequency may be programmed into any one or more controllers that may control the mist generator. In some embodiments, a preamplifier may be used to drive the mist generator. The mist generator may be electronically connected to a main controller or a secondary controller or connect to both. The various components using electrical energy, receiving or sending electronic signals may be connected electronically.

[0146] The drug delivery system may be controlled by an onboard processor in the drug delivery system, in the smartphone attachment, and / or in the smartphone. In some embodiments, the drug delivery system may be controlled by a remote processor. In the various embodiments, the controller may be programmed to automatically dispense a drug when a certain threshold (e g., IOP threshold) may be detected, or dispense a drug on demand. The timing and dose value of the drug may be determined using an algorithm, a schedule or a combination of an algorithm and aschedule. The testing or readings may be reported to the cloud, which may be accessed by a medical practitioner. The medical practitioner may set a threshold value for delivering a dose, or a schedule for the delivery of a dose of the drug. The medical practitioner may make a decision based on the history of the testing to determine the threshold value above which a certain dose of drug might be applied. The drug application dose history may also play a role in the medical practitioner's decision. When the parameter (e.g., IOP) meets a certain threshold value, a dose may be applied automatically, by the patient, or by the medical practitioner. This process may form the basis of an algorithm that allows full-automatic decision making for the threshold value and dose value.

[0147] The drug may be dispensed automatically upon measurement of a parameter (e.g., IOP) greater than a predetermined value set by a medical practitioner. The drug may be dispensed automatically upon measurement of a parameter (e.g., IOP) outside of a range set by a medical practitioner. For example, in the case of IOP, the drug may be dispensed automatically upon measurement of an IOP greater than 20 mmHg, 22 mmHg, 24 mmHg, 26 mmHg, 28 mmHg, 30 mmHg, 35 mmHg, 40 mmHg, or more. The drug may be dispensed upon measurement of an IOP less than 10 mmHg, 8 mmHg, 6 mmHg, 4 mmHg, or 2 mmHg. The drug may be dispensed upon measurement of an IOP outside the range of 10 mmHg to 22 mmHg. The drug may be automatically dispensed by the smartphone application measuring the IOP and then sending instructions to the drug delivery systems to dispense the drug.

[0148] As another example, in the case of cataracts, the drug may be dispensed manually or automatically upon a medical practitioner’s evaluation of the image sent to the medical practitioner and receipt of the medical practitioner’s diagnosis and treatment instructions or prescription. The medical practitioner may evaluate lens opacity and assign a grade to the overall area of the opaque regions. The drug may be dispensed when the grade is 1, 2, 3, or 4.

[0149] As another example, in the case of dry eye, the drug may be dispensed based on the severity of superficial punctate keratitis (SPK) levels. Images may be taken while the eye is stained, such as by fluorescein staining, and sent to the medical practitioner for evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment instructions or prescription. The medical practitioner may grade the severity of the SPK levels. This grade can comprise an area grade (e.g., amount of area covered with staining) and a density grade. The area grading scale can be from A0 to A3. The density grading scale can be from DO to D3. The medical practitioner may diagnose dry eye and prescribe a drug when the overall grade is A1D1, A1D2, A1D3, A2D1, A2D2, A2D3, A3D1, A3D2, or A3D3

[0150] As another example, the health of the anterior segment can be determined by quantifying the number of cells in the aqueous humor. A drug may be dispensed manually or automaticallyupon a medical practitioner’s evaluation of the image sent to the medical practitioner and receipt of the medical practitioner’s diagnosis and treatment instructions or prescription.

[0151] As another example, the health of the limbus region can be evaluated based on the blood vessels from the conjunctiva. A medical practitioner may monitor how far these blood vessels extend past the limbus is important, especially for corneal diseases, infections, chemical damage, or chronic contact lens use, or any combination thereof, any or all of which may impact corneal oxygenation. A drug may be dispensed manually or automatically upon a medical practitioner’s evaluation of the image, or series of images over a progression of time, sent to the medical practitioner and receipt of the medical practitioner’s diagnosis and treatment instructions or prescription.

[0152] The drug may be manually dispensed. Manually dispensing can comprise alerting the medical provider of a parameter outside of a range set by a medical practitioner so that the medical practitioner can prescribe a medication. Manually dispensing can comprise a pressing a button on the smartphone or smartphone attachment or user interface (e.g., GUI) button in the app, which can instruct the drug delivery systems to dispense the drug.

[0153] The drug may be dispensed manually or automatically based on one or more a drug prescription, a treatment regimen, a drug dosage, a drug dispensing frequency, or any combination thereof from the medical practitioner based on a diagnosis.

[0154] Application of the drug may return the parameter to within the predetermined range. Application of the drug may decrease a parameter greater than the predetermined range. Application of the drug may increase a parameter less than the predetermined range.

[0155] Many various eye drops and medications may be used to treat the eye. These can include, but are not limited to, prostaglandin analogues such as Latanoprost (Xalatan), Bimatoprost (Lumigan), and Travoprost (Travatan); beta blockers like Timolol (Timoptic), Betaxolol (Betoptic), and Carteolol (Ocupress); alpha agonists including Brimonidine (Alphagan) and Apraclonidine (lopidine); carbonic anhydrase inhibitors such as Dorzolamide (Trusopt) and Brinzolamide (Azopt); Rho kinase inhibitors like Netarsudil (Rhopressa); and combination medications including Brimonidine / timolol (Combigan), Dorzolamide / timolol (Cosopt), and Latanoprost / timolol (Xalacom).Methods

[0156] Described herein are methods of measuring or testing a physiological parameter of the eye. The physiological parameter may be a numerically calculated parameter, such as intraocular pressure. The physiological parameter may be a structural parameter, such as the structure of oneor more of the cornea, iris, lens, conjunctiva, or sclera. The testing can include imaging a structure of the eye. The images can comprise photographic images, slit-lamp images, biomicroscopic images, or any combination thereof.

[0157] The physiological parameters tested for may be normal or abnormal. In some cases, they may be abnormal in association with a disease state. The disease state tested for can comprise corneal diseases, conjunctivitis, cataracts, uveitis, eye trauma, and / or dry eye. Corneal diseases can include, but are not limited to, corneal ulcers, corneal inflammation or infection, corneal dystrophies, pseudophakic and aphakic bullous keratopathy. Conjuctivitis can include, but are not limited to, allergic, bacterial, viral and other types of conjuctivitis, blepharitis, and pterygium. Cataract testing can include cataract exams and diagnosis, including pre and post operative monitoring. Uveitis can comprise inflammation of the middle layer of the eye, such as the uvea. Eye trauma can include, but is not limited to, trauma of the cornea, conjunctiva, and anterior segments such as the iris.

[0158] In some cases, testing for some of these anterior eye conditions may comprise staining the eye prior to imaging or illuminating the eye. In some cases, testing can be done without staining the eye.

[0159] The methods can comprise attaching a smartphone attachment to a smartphone. The smartphone attachment can be coupled to an eyepiece. The smartphone attachment can be detachably coupled to the eyepiece. The smartphone attachment can comprise electronics such as a PCB circuit. In some cases, the smartphone attachment can comprise a processor or computing system. The smartphone attachment can comprise one or more of a light source, a focus actuator, a light sweep actuator, a drug dispensing system, a rail for moving the light source, a mirror, or any combination thereof (as shown in FIGS. 22A-22B). In some cases, the smartphone attachment can be coupled to a smartphone via magnets or snap-fitting.

[0160] The eyepiece can function as a light shield and a stabilizer. For example, the eyepiece can be lightly pressed against the skin the user surrounding the eye (e.g., surrounding the orbital of the eye). By lightly pressing it, the motion of the smartphone and attachment during image capture can be decreased. Additionally, by covering the area surrounding the eye, the eye piece can function as a light shield to keep out ambient light.

[0161] The eyepiece may have any of the shapes disclosed herein, including but not limited to square, circular, triangular, elliptical, discorectangular, or other shapes. The aperture in the eyepiece may likewise be square, circular, triangular, elliptical, discorectangular, or other shapes The shape of the aperture may be the same, similar, or different from the shape of the eyepiece. In some cases, the eyepiece may be rounded, such that it is not flat like a circular but curves upwards like a half-sphere. In some cases, there may be a lip on the top edge of theey epiece for interaction with the skin around the eye on the face of the user. The lip may comprise a soft material, such as silicon or other medical grade materials, to rest comfortably around the orbital of the eye.

[0162] The smartphone attachment base can comprise any of the smartphone attachment bases described herein, including but not limited to a dedicated, modular, peripheral, or cradle design.

[0163] Sweep actuator can be used to move, or sweep, the beam of light emitting onto the eye by the device. More specifically the sweep actuator can provide instructions to the alignment and rail to move, or sweep, the beam of light at a determined speed. Likewise, the focusing actuator can provide instructions to the alignment and rail on how to adjust the light and distance to focus the light on the eye throughout the scan. Both the sweep actuator and the focusing actuator may move horizontally length-wise (as shown in FIG. 21A) or horizontally width-wise to instruct the alignment and rail. The alignment and rail can be used to physically move the light source based on the desired sweep path and focus. For example, the rail can structure the movement direction of the light source, and the alignment can remove j ittering or other instabilities in movement and align the light with the mirror and the eye during the sweep. In some cases, there may be a motor in one or more of sweep actuator, alignment and rail, or focusing actuator to allow for their motion.

[0164] The mirror can be used to reflect the light that comes from the light source, goes through slit optics, and proceeds through alignment and rail. The mirror can be disposed entirely within the smartphone attachment, entirely within the eye piece, or partially within the attachment and partially within the eye piece. The mirror can be an angled mirror. The mirror can reflectively angle light from the light source and out the eyepiece to the eye. The mirror can be angled from about 10 degrees to about 80 degrees.

[0165] In some cases, rather than a light source in the smartphone attachment, the light source may be disposed in the eye piece (as shown in FIGS. 1-9 and 14A-20J). For example, the light source may comprise one or more ring lights. The ring lights may be concentric. In some embodiments, two or more of the at least two ring light sources are configured to be independently controlled. In some embodiments, the at least two ring light sources have one or more shapes. In some embodiments, the one or more shapes comprises square shapes, rectangular shapes, discorectangular shapes, quadrilateral shapes, elliptical shapes, oval shapes, circular shapes, triangular shapes, or other shapes. In some embodiments, each of the one or more shapes comprises two or more segments. In some embodiments, illumination of the two or more segments is independently controlled.

[0166] In some cases, the light source may be disposed inside the smartphone, such as a smartphone flashlight.

[0167] The methods can comprise illuminating the eye via a light source. The light source can comprise LED, CFL, incandescent, fluorescent, halogen, or any combination thereof. The lights of the attachment can be different colors, intensities, and / or angles (e.g., the angle formed by the light after it has been processed through the optical slit). The wavelength of light can be on the visible spectrum to substantially avoid damage to the eyes. The lights can be arranged in a ring or annular formation around an aperture in the hardware. The lights can be concentric. In some cases, depending on the type of smartphone and / or the shape of the eye piece, the lights can be arranged in a square, elliptical, oval, or other shape formation. The light formation can comprise layers of lights such that each layer approaches the eye more than the adjacent inner layer, as shown in FIG. 7. The aperture may correspond to the location of the camera of the smartphone so that smartphone camera visibility is not substantially limited. In some cases, the smartphone app can automatically activate the light source when the attachment is coupled to the smartphone.

[0168] In some cases, rather than ring lights, the smartphone attachment device may be used to emit a beam (e.g., pinpoint on the lens, horizontal on the lens, or vertical on the lens of the eye) onto the eye. The beam may then be used to scan the eye at various speeds, wavelengths, angles, and brightness to assess the health of one or more structures in the eye, such as the lens, cornea, iris, retina, conjunctiva, sclera, etc. The lights can be vertical or horizontal lights (e.g., lines or slits) rather than rings. There can be a combination of ring, vertical, and / or horizontal lights. The lights can have different angles and positions. This can help illuminate different parts of the eye from the sides, top or bottom based on a prescription. In some cases, a slitted light (e.g., from a slit lamp) may be moved in the direction perpendicular to the axis of the slit to scan the eye. For example, a horizontal slit can be moved vertically, and a vertical slit may be moved horizontally. In some cases, an eye exam may use a diagonal slit, in which case the movement would be along the opposite diagonal to maintain the perpendicular motion. In some cases, the motion and slit dimensions may have a non-perpendicular relationship, such as a vertical motion for a diagonal slit. In some cases, the slit lights can also comprise one or more layers of lights, such that multiple slits lights may be used simultaneously. Each slit light may follow the same sweeping pattern and focus, or may have different sweeping patterns and / or focuses.

[0169] There can be 1 light. There can be more than 1 light. There can be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, or more lights. The lights can be the same or different sizes.

[0170] The lights can be divided into sections or individual lights. These sections can be activated in various combinations and sequences. For example, the combinations and sequences of the lights may depend on one or more of the ambient light that was not fully blocked out, the type of image that a prescriber prescribes, the number of images and views that a prescriberprescribes, the changing focus of the lens to capture images of different sections of the eye, and other factors.

[0171] Likewise, the illumination levels and colors can be adjusted. The levels and colors can be adjusted for different light segments separately. In some cases, for any shape of eye piece, the shape can be divided into segments. The segments can be controlled separately to provide illumination for the eye. For example, depending on the physical characteristics of eyelids or eyelashes, side segments can provide better illumination whereas top and bottom segments can cause shadows of eyelashes. In some cases, some lights will have similar illumination levels and / or colors while other lights have different ones. In some cases, all lights will have similar illumination levels and / or colors. In some cases, all lights will have different illumination levels and / or colors. The color of the lights may be in the visual spectrum (e.g., from approximately 380 nm to 700 nm). The lighting may be outside the visual spectrum, such that a user cannot see it, but the smartphone app can register it.

[0172] The light intensity exhibited by the light source can be determined for each patient and each test within a range sufficient for the test. In some cases, the allowable range may include sufficient intensity to illuminate the anterior segment of the eye.

[0173] The methods provided herein can use a smartphone application software with the smartphone to which the smartphone attachment is attached. The application can comprise a sensor, such as a camera, or can use the smartphone camera application’s camera. The application can detect a data of the illuminated eye by taking images of the eye with the sensor. The app can determine the physiological parameter of the eye based on that data.

[0174] The smartphone app can communicate with multiple elements of the smartphone attachment. The app can provide instructions to the smartphone attachment regarding the focusing, sweeping, and / or light intensity. These can be determined by the focus actuator (e.g., focus actuator 2216 or 2116), the sweep actuator (e.g., sweep actuator 2206 and 2106), and the light source (e.g., light source 2214 and 2114).

[0175] The smartphone app can communicate to the focus actuator. The focus actuator can communicate to the light source to adjust an intensity, wavelength, brightness, color, or any other light aspect. The smartphone app can communicate directly to the light source to adjust an intensity, wavelength, brightness, color, angle, or any other light aspect. The smartphone app can communicate with the sweep actuator to change or control sweep rate or a sweep pattern. This communication can be done once a light intensity has been selected and the light has been focused. Once the sweep is provided instructions and activated, the smartphone app can capture the image. The communication between the smartphone app, the focus actuator, the light source, and the sweep actuator can be done via a separate circuit which provides light intensityadjustment as well as actuator controlling. This separate circuit can comprise a PCB circuit. The PCB circuit can comprise a general PCB circuit in the smartphone attachment, such as PCB circuit 1814, or can comprise one or more additional PCB circuits for these communications with the smartphone app. In some cases, instead of or in addition to the PCB, there may be a separate onboard processor or computing system in the smartphone attachment that can control one or more of the focus actuator, the light source, and the sweep actuator.

[0176] The sensor (e.g., the camera) can be disposed in the phone. The phone camera, either as instructed by the app or within the app, can continuously take image for focusing and light intensity adjustment. If focusing is off, the phone can send commands to the focus actuator to adjust the focus until a desired focus range is achieved. The phone can then send commands to the sweep actuator to scan the eye and begin saving pictures or videos during the scan. In the meantime, the rail (e g., 2210 and 2110) can mechanically allow the motion of the optics within a desired range.

[0177] The app can acquire from about 1 images / second to about 200 images / second. The app can acquire from about 1 images / second to about 5 images / second, about 1 images / second to about 10 images / second, about 1 images / second to about 25 images / second, about 1 images / second to about 50 images / second, about 1 images / second to about 75 images / second, about 1 images / second to about 100 images / second, about 1 images / second to about 150 images / second, about 1 images / second to about 200 images / second, about 5 images / second to about 10 images / second, about 5 images / second to about 25 images / second, about 5 images / second to about 50 images / second, about 5 images / second to about 75 images / second, about 5 images / second to about 100 images / second, about 5 images / second to about 150 images / second, about 5 images / second to about 200 images / second, about 10 images / second to about 25 images / second, about 10 images / second to about 50 images / second, about 10 images / second to about 75 images / second, about 10 images / second to about 100 images / second, about 10 images / second to about 150 images / second, about 10 images / second to about 200 images / second, about 25 images / second to about 50 images / second, about 25 images / second to about 75 images / second, about 25 images / second to about 100 images / second, about 25 images / second to about 150 images / second, about 25 images / second to about 200 images / second, about 50 images / second to about 75 images / second, about 50 images / second to about 100 images / second, about 50 images / second to about 150 images / second, about 50 images / second to about 200 images / second, about 75 images / second to about 100 images / second, about 75 images / second to about 150 images / second, about 75 images / second to about 200 images / second, about 100 images / second to about 150 images / second, about 100 images / second to about 200 images / second, or about 150 images / second to about 200 images / second. The app can acquireabout 1 images / second, about 5 images / second, about 10 images / second, about 25 images / second, about 50 images / second, about 75 images / second, about 100 images / second, about 150 images / second, or about 200 images / second. The app can acquire at least about 1 images / second, about 5 images / second, about 10 images / second, about 25 images / second, about 50 images / second, about 75 images / second, about 100 images / second, or about 150 images / second. The app can acquire at most about 5 images / second, about 10 images / second, about 25 images / second, about 50 images / second, about 75 images / second, about 100 images / second, about 150 images / second, or about 200 images / second. The app can acquire up to about 100 images / second.

[0178] In some cases, once the app has finished acquiring the images, it may notify the user. The notification may comprise a tactile notification, such as a vibration. The notification may comprise a visual notification, such as a dimming or turning off of the light (e.g., the app sends instructions to the light source in the attachment to turn off the light). The notification may comprise an auditory notification, such as a ding or other noise sounding from the smartphone. In some cases, such as when the system is configured to automatically or manually deliver a drug to the imaged eye, the app may notify the user when the images are acquired. In some cases, the app may wait to notify the user until after the drug has been delivered. In some cases, there may be a second type of notification (tactile, visual, or auditory, or any combination thereof) to notify the user of an impending drug delivery to minimize user surprise. In some cases, after drug delivery, the app may take additional images and wait to notify the user until the secondary images are captured. In some cases, such as when the medication takes more than a few minutes to take effect, the app can communicate with the smartphone’s calendar app or notifications app to set a reminder to take another set of images in a certain time frame depending on the particular medication’s expected onset of action, peak effect, or both. The app may have a medication catalogue that lists these durations, or the duration to retake images after dispensing of the drug may be part of the prescription from the medical practitioner.

[0179] In some cases, such as when the smartphone attachment devices are used in combination with specialized microfluidic contact lenses, the app can process the images and detect the airliquid interface within the contact lens. The app can do further analysis on the images to calculate IOP related by subtracting other effects such as contact lens fitting and temperature. Information on calculating IOP with a microfluidic contact lens is further discussed in International application no. PCT / US2018 / 052062, the contents of which are incorporated by reference in their entirety. The app can send the results to the medical practitioner’s (e.g., to the practitioner’s email, medical dashboard, or via other messaging means).

[0180] In some cases, measuring or testing a physiological parameter of an eye can comprise focusing on a first part of the eye, determining the physiological parameter for that first part, focusing on another part of the eye, determining the physiological parameter for that second part of the eye, and repeating as many times as beneficial to determine physiological parameters from all relevant parts of the eye. The individual parameters can be integrated to determine a physiological parameter in an entirety of the eye.

[0181] In some cases, the smartphone app described herein may automatically measure, image, or test multiple parts of the eye. The smartphone app may capture images of multiple parts of the eye during a single testing by refocusing or changing the alignment or mirror angle of the light to a different part of the eye. In some cases, the user may manually select a different part of the eye to be imaged from the app.

[0182] The app can acquire from about 1 images / second to about 200 images / second of different parts of the eye. The app can acquire from about 1 images / second to about 5 images / second, about 1 images / second to about 10 images / second, about 1 images / second to about 25 images / second, about 1 images / second to about 50 images / second, about 1 images / second to about 75 images / second, about 1 images / second to about 100 images / second, about 1 images / second to about 150 images / second, about 1 images / second to about 200 images / second, about 5 images / second to about 10 images / second, about 5 images / second to about 25 images / second, about 5 images / second to about 50 images / second, about 5 images / second to about 75 images / second, about 5 images / second to about 100 images / second, about 5 images / second to about 150 images / second, about 5 images / second to about 200 images / second, about 10 images / second to about 25 images / second, about 10 images / second to about 50 images / second, about 10 images / second to about 75 images / second, about 10 images / second to about 100 images / second, about 10 images / second to about 150 images / second, about 10 images / second to about 200 images / second, about 25 images / second to about 50 images / second, about 25 images / second to about 75 images / second, about 25 images / second to about 100 images / second, about 25 images / second to about 150 images / second, about 25 images / second to about 200 images / second, about 50 images / second to about 75 images / second, about 50 images / second to about 100 images / second, about 50 images / second to about 150 images / second, about 50 images / second to about 200 images / second, about 75 images / second to about 100 images / second, about 75 images / second to about 150 images / second, about 75 images / second to about 200 images / second, about 100 images / second to about 150 images / second, about 100 images / second to about 200 images / second, or about 150 images / second to about 200 images / second of different parts of the eye. The app can acquire about 1 images / second, about 5 images / second, about 10 images / second, about 25 images / second, about 50 images / second, about75 images / second, about 100 images / second, about 150 images / second, or about 200 images / second of different parts of the eye. The app can acquire at least about 1 images / second, about 5 images / second, about 10 images / second, about 25 images / second, about 50 images / second, about 75 images / second, about 100 images / second, or about 150 images / second of different parts of the eye. The app can acquire at most about 5 images / second, about 10 images / second, about 25 images / second, about 50 images / second, about 75 images / second, about 100 images / second, about 150 images / second, or about 200 images / second of different parts of the eye. The app can acquire up to about 100 images / second of different parts of the eye.

[0183] In some cases, a processor can be used in the app (FIG. 23). As shown in FIG. 23, image data can be collected by the processor, which can then instruct subsequent image acquisition, select images, and adjust camera parameters. The processor can auto-adjust the zoom to take clear images of the microfluidic sensor lens. The processor can process the images and detect the air-liquid interface. The processor can grade the images for clarity and accuracy and select the best images to upload the cloud. The processor can provide guidance to the user to acquire improved images. Based on the images, the processor can give feedback to the user for shifting the camera around the eye and finding the best position for image acquisition.

[0184] Artificial intelligence and machine learning can be used in the app. The app can autodetect the microfluidic sensor lens in the eye using an Al algorithm. The app can auto-adjust the zoom to take clear images of the microfluidic sensor lens. The app can let the user know when to take images based on the user’s prescription. The app can process the images and detect the airliquid interface. The app can grade the images for clarity and accuracy and select the best images to upload the cloud. The app can provide guidance to the user to acquire improved images. Based on the images, the app can give feedback to the user for shifting the camera around the eye and finding the best position for image acquisition.

[0185] The application can use one or more Al models during the image acquisition phase (FIG. 24). As shown in FIG. 23, image data can be collected by the trained Al model, which can then instruct subsequent image acquisition, select images, and adjust camera parameters. In some cases, the application can separately use one or more Al models. The application can simultaneously use one or more Al models. The Al models can be trained on acquired images, as shown in FIG. 25, such that image data is fed into the Al to train the Al model and create a trained Al model.

[0186] In some cases, the application can use an object detection Al model. In some cases, the application can use an object detection Al model during the image acquisition phase. The application can use a computer vision model (e.g. YOLOv8). The application can use a finetuned computer vision convolutional neural network (CNN) model (FIG. 26). As shown in FIG.26, image data can be fed into the Al to train a convolutional network and establish a trained convolutional neural network. The Al model can identify the positions of specific elements such as eyelids, iris, light reflections, and microfluidic lens sensor data. Utilizing the detected positions of these elements, the algorithm can guide the user in correctly positioning the eyepiece, thereby improving camera alignment.

[0187] In some cases, the app can use a focus adjustment model. In some cases, the application can use a focus adjustment model during the image acquisition phase. This Al model can be tailored to adjust the camera's focus specifically on the indicator, rather than the iris or other parts of the eye. It can be used to correctly set the focus to achieve clear images of the sought indicators.

[0188] In some cases, the app can use an image regression model. In some cases, the application can use an image regression model during the image acquisition phase. Based on the indicator's position, this model can return reading values. It can leverage feature extraction methods from an object detector (e.g. YOLOv2) image classification model and can be fine-tuned with a large dataset of microfluidic lens indicator images.Methods of Treatment

[0189] Provided herein are steps to be taken after a physiological parameter has been measured or tested for with imaging. Disclosed herein is a method for treating the eye if the physiological parameter is outside of a predetermined range for the physiological parameter. The range can be a numerical range (e.g., a mmHg range for intraocular pressure). The range can be an acceptable photographic range of how individual structures in the eye look.

[0190] The method of treating the eye can comprise determining, via the methods described above, whether the physiological parameter is within the predetermined range. The method can comprise delivering a drug to the illuminated eye to when the physiological parameter is outside of the predetermined range.

[0191] In some cases, the physical parameter reading may be used to determine a drug dose to administer to the eye being monitored. The drug dose information may be relayed back through the smartphone to the eyepiece and the drug dispensing system (e.g., drug dispensing system 2220 of FIG. 22A). The drug dispensing device may then administer the proper dose to the eye. In some embodiments, the drug delivery device may use an atomizer or other aerosol device, a dropper, or any other device for delivering medication to the eye. In some embodiments, the drug delivery device may be a mist applicator. In some embodiments, the mist applicator may be a MEMS (micro-electro-mechanical systems) atomizer with a cartridge for the dispensed drug, that may be replaced when empty. In some embodiments, there may be a drug reservoir associatedwith the drug delivery device, and the drug reservoir may be replaceable, or refillable. In some embodiments, the drug delivery device may use eye drops. In some embodiments, the computational device (e.g., the application on the smartphone) may provide an alert to the user to self-administer a drug of a certain dose at a certain time.

[0192] In some cases, the drug delivery device may comprise a measurement system by mass or volume. This way, the drug delivery device can measure an amount of a drug for dispensing. In some cases, the drug delivery device may comprise an electrical computing component for communication with the smartphone application. The smartphone application may instruct the dispensing of a certain amount of a certain medication to the drug delivery device, which can select and measure the drug and send it to the drug delivery ports.

[0193] The drug delivery system may be controlled by an onboard processor in the drug delivery system, in the smartphone attachment, and / or in the smartphone. In some embodiments, the drug delivery system may be controlled by a remote processor. In the various embodiments, the controller may be programmed to automatically dispense a drug when a certain threshold (e g., IOP threshold) may be detected, or dispense a drug on demand. The timing and dose value of the drug may be determined using an algorithm, a schedule or a combination of an algorithm and a schedule. The testing or readings may be reported to the cloud, which may be accessed by a medical practitioner. The medical practitioner may set a threshold value for delivering a dose, or a schedule for the delivery of a dose of the drug. The medical practitioner may make a decision based on the history of the testing to determine the threshold value above which a certain dose of drug might be applied. The drug application dose history may also play a role in the medical practitioner's decision. When the parameter (e.g., IOP) meets a certain threshold value, a dose may be applied automatically, by the patient, or by the medical practitioner. This process may form the basis of an algorithm that allows full-automatic decision making for the threshold value and dose value.

[0194] The drug may be dispensed automatically upon measurement of a parameter (e.g., IOP) greater than a predetermined value set by a medical practitioner. The drug may be dispensed automatically upon measurement of a parameter (e.g., IOP) outside of a range set by a medical practitioner. For example, in the case of IOP, the drug may be dispensed automatically upon measurement of an IOP greater than 20 mmHg, 22 mmHg, 24 mmHg, 26 mmHg, 28 mmHg, 30 mmHg, 35 mmHg, 40 mmHg, or more. The drug may be dispensed upon measurement of an IOP less than 10 mmHg, 8 mmHg, 6 mmHg, 4 mmHg, or 2 mmHg. The drug may be dispensed upon measurement of an IOP outside the range of 10 mmHg to 22 mmHg. The drug may be automatically dispensed by the smartphone application measuring the IOP and then sending instructions to the drug delivery systems to dispense the drug.

[0195] As another example, in the case of cataracts, the drug may be dispensed manually or automatically upon a medical practitioner’s evaluation of the image sent to the medical practitioner and receipt of the medical practitioner’s diagnosis and treatment instructions or prescription. The medical practitioner may evaluate lens opacity and assign a grade to the overall area of the opaque regions. The drug may be dispensed when the grade is 1, 2, 3, or 4.

[0196] As another example, in the case of dry eye, the drug may be dispensed based on the severity of superficial punctate keratitis (SPK) levels. Images may be taken while the eye is stained, such as by fluorescein staining, and sent to the medical practitioner for evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment instructions or prescription. The medical practitioner may grade the severity of the SPK levels. This grade can comprise an area grade (e.g., amount of area covered with staining) and a density grade. The area grading scale can be from AO to A3. The density grading scale can be from DO to D3. The medical practitioner may diagnose dry eye and prescribe a drug when the overall grade is A1D1, A1D2, A1D3, A2D1, A2D2, A2D3, A3D1, A3D2, or A3D3.

[0197] As another example, the health of the anterior segment can be determined by quantifying the number of cells in the aqueous humor. A drug may be dispensed manually or automatically upon a medical practitioner’s evaluation of the image sent to the medical practitioner and receipt of the medical practitioner’s diagnosis and treatment instructions or prescription.

[0198] As another example, the health of the limbus region can be evaluated based on the blood vessels from the conjunctiva. A medical practitioner may monitor how far these blood vessels extend past the limbus is important, especially for corneal diseases, infections, chemical damage, or chronic contact lens use, or any combination thereof, any or all of which may impact corneal oxygenation. A drug may be dispensed manually or automatically upon a medical practitioner’s evaluation of the image, or series of images over a progression of time, sent to the medical practitioner and receipt of the medical practitioner’s diagnosis and treatment instructions or prescription.

[0199] The drug may be manually dispensed. Manually dispensing can comprise alerting the medical provider of a parameter outside of a range set by a medical practitioner so that the medical practitioner can prescribe a medication. Manually dispensing can comprise a pressing a button on the smartphone or smartphone attachment or user interface (e g., GUI) button in the app, which can instruct the drug delivery systems to dispense the drug.

[0200] The drug may be dispensed manually or automatically based on one or more a drug prescription, a treatment regimen, a drug dosage, a drug dispensing frequency, or any combination thereof from the medical practitioner based on a diagnosis.

[0201] Application of the drug may return the parameter to within the predetermined range. Application of the drug may decrease a parameter greater than the predetermined range. Application of the drug may increase a parameter less than the predetermined range.

[0202] Many various eye drops and medications may be used to treat the eye. These can include, but are not limited to, prostaglandin analogues such as Latanoprost (Xalatan), Bimatoprost (Lumigan), and Travoprost (Travatan); beta blockers like Timolol (Timoptic), Betaxolol (Betoptic), and Carteolol (Ocupress); alpha agonists including Brimonidine (Alphagan) and Apraclonidine (lopidine); carbonic anhydrase inhibitors such as Dorzolamide (Trusopt) and Brinzolamide (Azopt); Rho kinase inhibitors like Netarsudil (Rhopressa); and combination medications including Brimonidine / timolol (Combigan), Dorzolamide / timolol (Cosopt), and Latanoprost / timolol (Xalacom).Examples of Machine Learning Methodologies

[0203] As used in this specification and the appended claims, the terms “artificial intelligence (Al),” “artificial intelligence techniques,” “artificial intelligence operation,” and “artificial intelligence algorithm” generally refer to any system or computational procedure that may take one or more actions that simulate human intelligence processes for enhancing or maximizing a chance of achieving a goal. The term “artificial intelligence” may include “generative modeling,” “machine learning” (ML), or “reinforcement learning” (RL).

[0204] As used in this specification and the appended claims, the terms “machine learning,” “machine learning techniques,” “machine learning operation,” and “machine learning model” generally refer to any system or analytical or statistical procedure that may progressively improve computer performance of a task. In some cases, ML may generally involve identifying and recognizing patterns in existing data in order to facilitate making predictions for subsequent data. ML may include a ML model (which may include, for example, a ML algorithm).Machine learning, whether analytical or statistical in nature, may provide deductive or abductive inference based on real or simulated data. The ML model may be a trained model. ML techniques may comprise one or more supervised, semi-supervised, self-supervised, or unsupervised ML techniques. For example, an ML model may be a trained model that is trained through supervised learning (e g., various parameters are determined as weights or scaling factors). ML may comprise one or more of regression analysis, regularization, classification, dimensionality reduction, ensemble learning, meta learning, association rule learning, cluster analysis, anomaly detection, deep learning, or ultra-deep learning. ML may comprise, but is not limited to: k-means, k-means clustering, k-nearest neighbors, learning vector quantization, linear regression, non-linear regression, least squares regression, partial least squares regression,logistic regression, stepwise regression, multivariate adaptive regression splines, ridge regression, principal component regression, least absolute shrinkage and selection operation (LASSO), least angle regression, canonical correlation analysis, factor analysis, independent component analysis, linear discriminant analysis, multidimensional scaling, non-negative matrix factorization, principal components analysis, principal coordinates analysis, projection pursuit, Sammon mapping, t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding, AdaBoosting, boosting, gradient boosting, bootstrap aggregation, ensemble averaging, decision trees, conditional decision trees, boosted decision trees, gradient boosted decision trees, random forests, stacked generalization, Bayesian networks, Bayesian belief networks, naive Bayes, Gaussian naive Bayes, multinomial naive Bayes, hidden Markov models, hierarchical hidden Markov models, support vector machines, encoders, decoders, auto-encoders, stacked auto-encoders, perceptrons, multi-layer perceptrons, artificial neural networks, feedforward neural networks, convolutional neural networks, recurrent neural networks, long short-term memory, deep belief networks, deep Boltzmann machines, deep convolutional neural networks, deep recurrent neural networks, or generative adversarial networks.

[0205] Methods and / or systems of the disclosure can analyze or process the microfluidic sensor lens in the eye to determine image timing, acquisition, and / or selection, as described elsewhere herein. In some cases, the processing and / or analyzing of the microfluidic sensor lens may be conducted by way of one or more machine learning algorithms and / or one or more predictive models with instructions provided with one or more processors as disclosed herein. For example, one or more machine learning algorithms and / or predictive models may process one or more, or two or more features of the microfluidic sensor lens, described elsewhere herein.

[0206] In some cases, the subject's and / or plurality of subjects’ phenotypes may be determined and / or predicted with one or more machine learning algorithms and / or one or more predictive models with a sensitivity of at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 85% or at least about 90%.

[0207] In some cases, the image capture timing, acquisition, and / or selection may be determined and / or predicted with one or more machine learning algorithms and / or one or more predictive models with a sensitivity of up to about 70%, up to about 75%, up to about 80%, up to about 85% or up to about 90%.

[0208] In some cases, the image capture timing, acquisition, and / or selection may be determined and / or predicted with one or more machine learning algorithms and / or one or more predictive models with a specificity of at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 85% or at least about 90%.

[0209] In some cases, the image capture timing, acquisition, and / or selection may be determined and / or predicted with one or more machine learning algorithms and / or one or more predictive models with a specificity of up to about 70%, up to about 75%, up to about 80%, up to about 85% or up to about 90%.

[0210] In some cases, the image capture timing, acquisition, and / or selection may be determined and / or predicted with one or more machine learning algorithms and / or one or more predictive models with a positive predictive value of at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 85% or at least about 90%.

[0211] In some cases, the image capture timing, acquisition, and / or selection may be determined and / or predicted with one or more machine learning algorithms and / or one or more predictive models with a positive predictive value of up to about 70%, up to about 75%, up to about 80%, up to about 85% or up to about 90%.

[0212] In some cases, the image capture timing, acquisition, and / or selection may be determined and / or predicted with one or more machine learning algorithms and / or one or more predictive models with a negative predictive value of at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 85% or at least about 90%.

[0213] In some cases, the image capture timing, acquisition, and / or selection may be determined and / or predicted with one or more machine learning algorithms and / or one or more predictive models with a negative predictive value of up to about 70%, up to about 75%, up to about 80%, up to about 85% or up to about 90%.

[0214] In some cases, the image capture timing, acquisition, and / or selection may be determined and / or predicted with one or more machine learning algorithms and / or one or more predictive models with an Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve(AUROC) of at least about 0.65, at least about 0.70, at least about 0.75, at least about 0.80, at least about 0.82, at least about 0.84, at least about 0.86, at least about 0.88, or at least about 0.90.

[0215] In some cases, the image capture timing, acquisition, and / or selection may be determined and / or predicted with one or more machine learning algorithms and / or one or more predictive models with an Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristic (AUROC) of up to about 0.65, up to about 0.70, up to about 0.75 up to about 0.80, up to about 0.82, up to about 0.84, up to about 0.86 up to about 0.88, or up to about 0.90.

[0216] An algorithm and / or predictive model can be implemented by way of software upon execution by the central processing unit. In some cases, the predictive model may comprise a machine learning predictive model. In some cases, the machine learning predictive model may comprise one or more statistical, machine learning, or artificial intelligence algorithms. Examples of utilized algorithms, machine learning algorithms, and / or predictive models may include asupport vector machine (SVM), a naive Bayes classification, a random forest, a neural network (such as a deep neural network (DNN)), a recurrent neural network (RNN), a deep RNN, a long short-term memory (LSTM) recurrent neural network (RNN), decision tree algorithm, unsupervised clustering algorithm, a supervised clustering algorithm, unsupervised clustering algorithm, a regression algorithm, a gradient-boosting algorithm (e.g., a gradient-boosting implementation of a machine learning algorithm and / or predictive model such as a gradient- boosted decision trees), a gated recurrent unit (GRU), supervised learning algorithm, unsupervised learning algorithm, statistical, deep-learning algorithm for classification and regression, or any combination thereof. In some cases, the recurrent neural network may comprise units which can be LSTM units or GRU. In some cases, the predictive model and / or the machine learning algorithm may comprise an ensemble of one or more predictive models and / or machine learning algorithms.

[0217] The machine learning predictive model may likewise involve the estimation of ensemble models, comprised of multiple predictive models, and utilize techniques such as gradient boosting, for example in the construction of gradient-boosting decision trees. The machine learning predictive model may be trained using one or more training datasets corresponding to a microfluidic sensor lens. In some embodiments, the one or more training datasets may comprise image captures of the microfluidic sensor lens.

[0218] Training records may be constructed from sequences of observations. Such sequences may comprise a fixed length for ease of data processing. For example, sequences may be zero- padded or selected as independent subsets of a single subject’s records.

[0219] The one or more predictive models and / or one or more machine learning algorithms may process one or more input features to generate one or more output values comprising image capture timing, acquisition, and / or selection. Various predictive model and / or machine learning algorithms may be cascaded such that the output of one or more predictive models and / or one or more machine learning algorithms may be used as one or more input features to subsequent layers or subsections of the one or more predictive model and / or one or more machine learning algorithms.

[0220] In order to train the one or more predictive models and / or the one or more machine learning algorithms (e.g., by determining weights and correlations of the predictive model and / or the machine learning algorithm) to generate real-time classifications or predictions, the model can be trained using datasets (e.g., training datasets), described elsewhere herein. Such datasets may be sufficiently large to generate statistically significant classifications or predictions. For example, datasets may comprise databases of de-identified data including one or more molecularsignatures, other measurements from a hospital or other clinical setting, or any combination thereof.

[0221] Datasets, as described elsewhere herein, may be split into subsets (e.g., discrete or overlapping), such as a training dataset, a development dataset, and a test dataset. For example, a dataset may be split into a training dataset comprising 80% of the dataset, a development dataset comprising 10% of the dataset, and a test dataset comprising 10% of the dataset. The training dataset may comprise about 10%, about 20%, about 30%, about 40%, about 50%, about 60%, about 70%, about 80%, or about 90% of the dataset. The development dataset may comprise about 10%, about 20%, about 30%, about 40%, about 50%, about 60%, about 70%, about 80%, or about 90% of the dataset. The test dataset may comprise about 10%, about 20%, about 30%, about 40%, about 50%, about 60%, about 70%, about 80%, or about 90% of the dataset. Training sets (e.g., training datasets) may be selected by random sampling of a set of data corresponding to one or more subj ect cohorts to ensure independence of sampling. In some cases, training sets (e.g., training datasets) may be selected by proportionate sampling of a set of data corresponding to one or more subj ect cohorts to ensure independence of sampling.

[0222] To improve the accuracy of predictive model and / or machine learning algorithm predictions and reduce overfitting of the predictive model and / or machine learning algorithm, the datasets may be augmented to increase the number of samples within the training set. For example, data augmentation may comprise rearranging the order of observations in a training record. To accommodate datasets having missing observations, methods to impute missing data may be used, such as forward-filling, back-filling, linear interpolation, and multi-task Gaussian processes. Datasets may be filtered to remove confounding factors. For example, within a database, a subset of subjects may be excluded.

[0223] Neural network techniques, such as dropout or regularization, may be used during training the one or more predictive models and / or one or more machine learning algorithms to prevent overfitting. The neural network may comprise a plurality of sub-networks, each of which is configured to generate a classification or prediction of a different type of output information (e.g., which may be combined to form an overall output of the neural network). The one or more predictive models and / or the one or more machine learning algorithms may alternatively utilize statistical or related algorithms including random forest, classification and regression trees, support vector machines, discriminant analyses, regression techniques, ensemble and gradient- boosted variations thereof, or any combination thereof.

[0224] When the one or more predictive models and / or the one or more machine learning algorithms generate a classification of image capture timing, acquisition, and / or selection, a notification (e.g., alert or alarm) may be generated and transmitted to a health care provider, suchas a physician, nurse, health care personnel managing, or any combination thereof, treating a subject e.g., a subject within a hospital. Notifications may be transmitted via an automated phone call, a short message service (SMS), multimedia message service (MMS) message, an e-mail, an alert within a dashboard, or any combination thereof. The notification may comprise output information such as a prediction of IOP based on image capture timing, acquisition, and / or selection.

[0225] To validate the performance of the one or more predictive models and / or one more machine learning algorithms, different performance metrics may be generated. For example, an area under the receiver-operating curve (AUROC) may be used to determine the diagnostic and / or classification capability of the one or more predictive models and / or one or more machine learning algorithms. For example, the one or more predictive models and / or one or more machine learning algorithms may use classification thresholds which are adjustable, such that specificity and sensitivity are tunable, and the receiver-operating characteristic curve (ROC) can be used to identify the different operating points corresponding to different values of specificity and sensitivity of the one or more predictive models and / or one or more machine learning algorithms.

[0226] In some cases, such as when datasets are not sufficiently large, cross-validation may be performed to assess the robustness of one or more predictive models and / or one or more machine learning algorithms across different training and testing datasets.

[0227] To calculate performance metrics such as sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), AUPRC, AUROC, any combination thereof, or similar, the following definitions may be used. A “false positive” may refer to an outcome in which a positive outcome or result has been incorrectly or prematurely generated. A “true positive” may refer to an outcome in which positive outcome or result has been correctly generated. A “false negative” may refer to an outcome in which a negative outcome or result has been generated. A “true negative” may refer to an outcome in which a negative outcome or result has been generated.

[0228] The one or more predictive models and / or one or more machine learning algorithms may be trained until certain pre-determined conditions for accuracy or performance are satisfied, such as having minimum desired values corresponding to classification accuracy measures. For example, the accuracy measure may correspond to image accuracy in capturing liquid levels. Examples of diagnostic accuracy measures may include sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), accuracy, area under the precisionrecall curve (AUPRC), and area under the curve (AUC) of a Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve (AUROC) corresponding to the diagnostic accuracy of detecting or predicting a phenotype.

[0229] As another example, such a pre-determined condition may be that the positive predictive value (PPV) of predicting the image accuracy in capturing liquid levels comprises a value of, for example, at least about 50%, at least about 55%, at least about 60%, at least about 65%, at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99%.

[0230] As another example, such a pre-determined condition may be that the negative predictive value (NPV) of predicting the image accuracy in capturing liquid levels comprises a value of, for example, at least about 50%, at least about 55%, at least about 60%, at least about 65%, at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99%.

[0231] As another example, such a pre-determined condition may be that the area under the curve (AUC) of a Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve (AUROC) of predicting the image accuracy in capturing liquid levels comprises a value of at least about 0.50, at least about 0.55, at least about 0.60, at least about 0.65, at least about 0.70, at least about 0.75, at least about 0.80, at least about 0.85, at least about 0.90, at least about 0.95, at least about 0.96, at least about 0.97, at least about 0.98, or at least about 0.99.

[0232] As another example, such a pre-determined condition may be that the area under the precision-recall curve (AUPRC) of predicting the image accuracy in capturing liquid levels comprises a value of at least about 0.10, at least about 0. 15, at least about 0.20, at least about 0.25, at least about 0.30, at least about 0.35, at least about 0.40, at least about 0.45, at least about0.50, at least about 0.55, at least about 0.60, at least about 0.65, at least about 0.70, at least about0.75, at least about 0.80, at least about 0.85, at least about 0.90, at least about 0.95, at least about0.96, at least about 0.97, at least about 0.98, or at least about 0.99.

[0233] In some embodiments, the trained model may be trained or configured to predict the image timing, acquisition, and / or selection with a sensitivity of at least about 50%, at least about 55%, at least about 60%, at least about 65%, at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99%.

[0234] In some embodiments, the trained model may be trained or configured to predict the image timing, acquisition, and / or selection with a specificity of at least about 50%, at least about 55%, at least about 60%, at least about 65%, at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99%.

[0235] In some embodiments, the trained model may be trained or configured to predict the image timing, acquisition, and / or selection with a positive predictive value (PPV) of at least about 50%, at least about 55%, at least about 60%, at least about 65%, at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99%.

[0236] In some embodiments, the trained model may be trained or configured to predict the image timing, acquisition, and / or selection with a negative predictive value (NPV) of at least about 50%, at least about 55%, at least about 60%, at least about 65%, at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99%.

[0237] In some embodiments, the trained model may be trained or configured to predict the image timing, acquisition, and / or selection with an area under the curve (AUC) of a Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve (AUROC) of at least about 0.50, at least about 0.55, at least about 0.60, at least about 0.65, at least about 0.70, at least about 0.75, at least about 0.80, at least about 0.85, at least about 0.90, at least about 0.95, at least about 0.96, at least about 0.97, at least about 0.98, or at least about 0.99.

[0238] In some embodiments, the trained model may be trained or configured to predict the image timing, acquisition, and / or selection with an area under the precision-recall curve (AUPRC) of at least about 0.10, at least about 0.15, at least about 0.20, at least about 0.25, at least about 0.30, at least about 0.35, at least about 0.40, at least about 0.45, at least about 0.50, at least about 0.55, at least about 0.60, at least about 0.65, at least about 0.70, at least about 0.75, at least about 0.80, at least about 0.85, at least about 0.90, at least about 0.95, at least about 0.96, at least about 0.97, at least about 0.98, or at least about 0.99.

[0239] The training data sets may be collected from training subjects (e.g., humans). Each training subject has a diagnostic status indicating that they have either been diagnosed with glaucoma or have not been diagnosed with glaucoma. The training procedure, as described elsewhere herein may be performed for each training subject in a plurality of training subjects.

[0240] In some embodiments, the machine learning analysis is performed by a device executing one or more programs (e.g., one or more programs stored in the Non-Persistent Memory or in the Persistent Memory) including instructions to perform the data analysis. In some embodiments, the data analysis is performed by a system comprising at least one processor (e.g., the processing core) and memory (e.g., one or more programs stored in the Non-Persistent Memory or in the Persistent Memory) comprising instructions to perform the data analysis.

[0241] Training the ML model may include, in some cases, selecting one or more untrained data models to train using a training data set. The selected untrained data models may includeany type of untrained ML models for supervised, semi-supervised, self-supervised, or unsupervised machine learning. The selected untrained data models may be specified based upon input (e.g., user input) specifying relevant parameters to use as predicted variables or other variables to use as potential explanatory variables. For example, the selected untrained data models may be specified to generate an output (e.g., a prediction) based upon the input. Conditions for training the ML model from the selected untrained data models may likewise be selected, such as limits on the ML model complexity or limits on the ML model refinement past a certain point. The ML model may be trained (e.g., via a computer system such as a server) using the training data set. In some cases, a first subset of the training data set may be selected to train the ML model. The selected untrained data models may then be trained on the first subset of training data set using appropriate ML techniques, based upon the type of ML model selected and any conditions specified for training the ML model. In some cases, due to the processing power requirements of training the ML model, the selected untrained data models may be trained using additional computing resources (e.g., cloud computing resources). Such training may continue, in some cases, until at least one aspect of the ML model is validated and meets selection criteria to be used as a predictive model.

[0242] In some cases, one or more aspects of the ML model may be validated using a second subset of the training data set (e.g., distinct from the first subset of the training data set) to determine accuracy and robustness of the ML model. Such validation may include applying the ML model to the second subset of the training data set to make predictions derived from the second subset of the training data. The ML model may then be evaluated to determine whether performance is sufficient based upon the derived predictions. The sufficiency criteria applied to the ML model may vary depending upon the size of the training data set available for training, the performance of previous iterations of trained models, or user-specified performance requirements. If the ML model does not achieve sufficient performance, additional training may be performed. Additional training may include refinement of the ML model or retraining on a different first subset of the training dataset, after which the new ML model may again be validated and assessed. When the ML model has achieved sufficient performance, in some cases, the ML may be stored for present or future use. The ML model may be stored as sets of parameter values or weights for analysis of further input (e g , further relevant parameters to use as further predicted variables, further explanatory variables, further user interaction data, etc.), which may also include analysis logic or indications of model validity in some instances. In some cases, a plurality of ML models may be stored for generating predictions under different sets of input data conditions. In some embodiments, the ML model may be stored in a database (e.g., associated with a server).Computer Vision

[0243] The systems, the methods, the computer-readable media, and the techniques disclosed herein may implement one or more computer vision techniques. Computer vision is a field of artificial intelligence that uses computers to interpret and understand the visual world at least in part by processing one or more digital images from cameras and videos. In some instances, computer vision may use deep learning models (e g., convolutional neural networks). Bounding boxes may be used in object detection techniques within computer vision. Bounding boxes may be annotation markers drawn around objects in an image. Bounding boxes, are often, although not always, may be rectangularly shaped. Bounding boxes may be applied by humans to training data sets. However, bounding boxes may also be applied to images by a trained machine learning that is trained to detect one or more different objects (e.g., humans, hands, faces, cars, etc.). In addition to or in alternative to bounding boxes detection and tracking techniques may use any object detection annotation techniques, such as semantic segmentation, instance segmentation, polygon annotation, non-polygon annotation, landmarking, 3D cuboids, etc.Examples

[0244] Example 1; Testing an Intraocular Pressure of the Eye Using the Smartphone Attachment Described Herein

[0245] A subject has glaucoma. The subject’s doctor recommends frequent eye pressure testing at home. The doctor prescribes use of the smartphone attachment with eye piece described herein for the testing. The subject receives the attachment and attaches it to their smartphone. The subject downloads the app associated with the attachment. The subject selects that the desired test is an intraocular pressure test. Following the instructions on the screen, the subject puts the eye piece of the attachment near their eye, such that the external-most portion is gently touching around the orbital of the eye. The app instructs the attachment’s focusing, light intensity, and light motion / sweeping while it takes continuous images over a 20-second period of time. The app then causes the phone to vibrate to notify the subject that the imaging is done. The app, using the images, calculates and intraocular pressure of the eye. That information is stored in the app and sent to the prescribing doctor.

[0246] Example 2: Delivering Medication to an Eye with an Intraocular Pressure Outside of a Normal Range

[0247] A subject has glaucoma. The subject’s doctor recommends frequent eye pressure testing at home. The doctor prescribes use of the smartphone attachment with eye piece described herein for the testing. When prescribing the attachment, the doctor prescribes a dosage of prostaglandin analogs to be dispensed when the intraocular pressure is greater than 21 mmHg. The subject receives the attachment and attaches it to their smartphone. The subject downloads the app associated with the attachment. The subject selects that the desired test is an intraocular pressure test. Following the instructions on the screen, the subject puts the eye piece of the attachment near their eye, such that the external-most portion is gently touching around the orbital of the eye. The app instructs the attachment’s focusing, light intensity, and light motion / sweeping while it takes continuous images over a 20-second period of time. The app, using the images, calculates and intraocular pressure of the eye. The intraocular pressure is 25 mmHg. The app instructs the drug delivery system in the smartphone attachment to deliver the prescribed dose of prostaglandin analog. As this medication takes a few hours to take effect, the app communicates with the subject’s calendar app to add a reminder to take another set of images in 4 hours. The app then causes the phone to vibrate to notify the subject that the imaging and drug delivery are done. That information is stored in the app and sent to the prescribing doctor.Clauses

[0248] 1. A system to illuminate an eye of a subject, comprising: (a) an attachable accessory configured to couple to a first computing device; and (b) a light shield coupled to the attachable accessory and configured to surround the eye of the subject, wherein a portion of the light shield contacts a surface of the subject, and wherein the light shield comprises an aperture optically coupled to a sensor of the first computing device.

[0249] 2. The system of clause 1, further comprising a light source configured to illuminate the eye of the subject.

[0250] 3 The system of clause 2, wherein the light source is at least partially surrounded by the light shield.

[0251] 4. The system of clause 3, wherein the light source at least partially surrounded by the light shield comprises a mirror, wherein the light source comprises reflected light, wherein the mirror is configured to reflect light from a second light source disposed inside the attachable accessory.

[0252] 5. The system of clause 2, wherein the light shield comprises the light source.

[0253] 6 The system of clause 2 or 3, wherein the first computing device comprises the light source.

[0254] 7 The system of clause 2 or 3, wherein the light source comprises a ring light source.

[0255] 8. The system of clause 7, wherein the ring light source comprises at least two ring light sources.

[0256] 9. The system of clause 8, wherein the at least two ring light sources comprise a first ring light source concentric with a second ring light source.

[0257] 10. The system of clause 8 or 9, wherein two or more of the at least two ring light sources are configured to be independently controlled.

[0258] 11. The system of any one of clauses 8 to 10, wherein the at least two ring light sources have one or more shapes, wherein the one or more shapes comprises square shapes, rectangular shapes, discorectangular shapes, quadrilateral shapes, elliptical shapes, oval shapes, circular shapes, triangular shapes, or other shapes.

[0259] 12. The system of clause 11, wherein each of the one or more shapes comprises two or more segments, wherein illumination of the two or more segments is independently controlled.

[0260] 13. The system of any one of clauses 1 to 12, wherein the sensor of the first computing device is configured to capture data of the illuminated eye.

[0261] 14. The system of any one of clauses 1 to 13, wherein the attachment accessory is configured to snap-fit to the first computing device or couple to a magnet of the first computing device.

[0262] 15. The system of any one of clauses 1 to 14, wherein the light shield is configured to form a light seal between the light shield and the surface of the subject.

[0263] 16. The system of any one of clauses 1 to 15, wherein the first computing device comprises a flashlight configured to one or more of control or change at least one setting of the attachable accessory.

[0264] 17. The system of any one of clauses 1 to 16, further comprising a second computing device disposed in the attachment accessory, wherein the first computing device is configured to electronically send instructions to the second computing device.

[0265] 18. The system of clause 17, wherein the instructions comprise instructions to one or more of control or change at least one setting of the attachable accessory.

[0266] 19. The system of clause 18, wherein the at least one setting comprises a focus, a sweep rate, a sweep pattern, or any combination thereof.

[0267] 20. The system of clause 18 or 19, wherein the at least one setting comprises one or more of light intensity, color, wavelength, angle, or other light setting.

[0268] 21. The system of clause 20, wherein the light intensity from the light source is sufficient to illuminate an anterior segment of the eye of the subject

[0269] 22. The system of any one of clauses 17 to 21, wherein the second computing device is configured to use the instructions received from the first computing device to adjust at least one setting of a focus actuator, a sweep actuator, a light source, or any combination thereof.

[0270] 23. The system of any one of clauses 2-22, wherein the light source is configured to activate automatically when coupled to the first computing device.

[0271] 24. A method of measuring or testing a physiological parameter of an eye of a subject, comprising: (a) illuminating, via a light source, the eye of the subject; (b) forming, via a light shield, a light seal between the light shield and a surface of the subject; and (c) detecting data of the illuminated eye with a sensor; (d) determining the physiological parameter of the eye of the subject from the data.

[0272] 25. The method of clause 24, wherein a portion of the light shield contacts the surface of the subject.

[0273] 26. The method of clause 24 or 25, wherein the light source is at least partially surrounded by the light shield.

[0274] 27. The method of any one of clauses 24 to 26, further comprising reflecting, via a mirror, light from the light source, wherein the light source is disposed inside an attachable accessory.

[0275] 28. The method of any one of clauses 24 to 26, wherein the light source comprises a ring light source.

[0276] 29. The method of clause 28, wherein the ring light source comprises at least two ring light sources.

[0277] 30. The method of clause 29, further comprising independently controlling the at least two ring light sources.

[0278] 31. The method of clause 29 or 30, wherein the at least two ring light sources comprise a first ring light source concentric with a second ring light source.

[0279] 32. The method of any one of clauses 24 to 31, further comprising automatically activating the light source to illuminate the eye when coupled to a first computing device.

[0280] 33. The method of any one of clauses 24 to 32, wherein the light source comprises a first computing device.

[0281] 34. The method of any one of clauses 24 to 33, wherein the data of the illuminated eye comprises an image of a microfluidic contact lens placed on the eye.

[0282] 35. The method of any one of clauses 24 to 33, wherein detecting data comprises capturing an image of the eye of the subject.

[0283] 36. The method of clause 35, wherein capturing an image of the eye comprises capturing a slit-lamp image, a biomicroscopic image, or both.

[0284] 37. The method of any one of clauses 24-36, further comprising snap-fitting the light shield to a computing device or coupling the light shield to a magnet of the computing device.

[0285] 38. The method of any one of clauses 24 to 37, further comprising staining the eye prior to illuminating the eye.

[0286] 39. The method of any one of clauses 24 to 38, wherein detecting data comprises: (a) focusing on a first part of the eye; (b) determining a physiological parameter of the first part of the eye; (c) focusing on a second part of the eye; (d) determining a physiological parameter of the second part of the eye; (e) repeating (a) through (d) to determine physiological parameters from all relevant parts of the eye; and (f) integrating the physiological parameters of the first and second parts of the eye to determine a physiological parameter in an entirety of the eye.

[0287] 40. The method of any one of clauses 24 to 39, wherein detecting data comprises detecting an intraocular pressure of the eye.

[0288] 41. The method of any one of clauses 24 to 40, wherein detecting data comprises detecting one or more of corneal diseases, conjunctivitis, cataracts, uveitis, eye trauma, dry eye, or any combination thereof.

[0289] 42. The method of clause 41, wherein corneal diseases comprise corneal ulcers, corneal inflammation or infection, corneal dystrophies, pseudophakic and aphakic bullous keratopathy, or any combination thereof.

[0290] 43. The method of clause 41, wherein conjuctivitis comprises allergic, bacterial, viral and other types of conjuctivitis, blepharitis, pterygium, or any combination thereof.

[0291] 44. The method of clause 41, wherein eye trauma comprises trauma of the cornea, conjunctiva, anterior segments, or any combination thereof.

[0292] 45. The method of any one of clauses 24 to 44, wherein the sensor is disposed in a first computing device.

[0293] 46. The method of clause 45, further comprising electronically sending instructions from the first computing device to a second computing device disposed in an attachable accessory.

[0294] 47. The method of clause 46, wherein sending instructions comprises sending instructions to one or more of control or change at least one setting of the attachable accessory.

[0295] 48. The method of clause 47, wherein sending instructions comprises sending instructions to one or more of control or change one or more of a focus, a sweep rate, a sweep pattern, or any combination thereof.

[0296] 49. The method of clause 47 or 48, wherein sending instructions comprises sending instructions to one or more of control or change one or more of light intensity, color, wavelength, angle, or other light setting.

[0297] 50. The method of any one of clauses 46 to 49, further comprising adjusting, via the second computing device, at least one setting of a focus actuator, a sweep actuator, a light source, or any combination thereof according to the instructions received from the first computing device.

[0298] 51. The method of any one of clauses 24 to 50, further comprising determining the physiological parameter of the eye of the subject from the data.

[0299] 52. The method of any one of clauses 24 to 51, further comprising sending the data to a medical practitioner and receiving an assessment from the medical practitioner to determine the physiological parameter of the eye.

[0300] 53. A system configured to measure or test a physiological parameter of an eye of a subject, comprising: one or more processors and a memory of a computing device storing one or more programs for execution by the one or more processors, the one or more programs comprising instructions to: (i) illuminate, via a light source disposed in a light shield coupled to the computing device via an attachment accessory, the eye of the subject; (ii) detect data of the illuminated eye via a sensor; and (iii) determine a physiological parameter of the eye of the subject from the data.

[0301] 54. The system of clause 53, wherein a portion of the light shield contacts the surface of the subject.

[0302] 55. The system of clause 53 or 54, wherein the light source is at least partially surrounded by the light shield.

[0303] 56. The system of any one of clauses 53 to 55, further comprising reflecting, via a mirror, light from the light source, wherein the light source is disposed inside the attachable accessory.

[0304] 57. The system of any one of clauses 53 to 55, wherein the light source comprises a ring light source.

[0305] 58. The system of clause 57, wherein the ring light source comprises at least two ring light sources.

[0306] 59. The system of clause 58, wherein the at least two ring light sources comprise a first ring light source concentric with a second ring light source.

[0307] 60. The system of clause 58 or 59, further comprising independently controlling the at least two ring light sources.

[0308] 61. The system of any one of clauses 58 to 60, wherein the at least two ring light sources have one or more shapes, wherein the one or more shapes comprises square shapes, rectangular shapes, discorectangular shapes, quadrilateral shapes, elliptical shapes, oval shapes, circular shapes, triangular shapes, or other shapes.

[0309] 62. The system of clause 61, wherein each of the one or more shapes comprises two or more segments, wherein illumination of the two or more segments is independently controlled.

[0310] 63. The system of clause 53, wherein the light source comprises a first computing device.

[0311] 64. The system of any one of clauses 53 to 63, wherein the data of the illuminated eye comprises an image of a microfluidic contact lens.

[0312] 65. The system of any one of clauses 53 to 63, wherein detecting data comprises capturing an image of the eye of the subject.

[0313] 66. The system of clause 65, wherein the image comprises a slit-lamp image, a biomicroscopic image, or both.

[0314] 67. The system of any one of clauses 53 to 66, wherein the light shield is configured to snap-fit to a computing device or couple to the computing device via one or more magnets.

[0315] 68. The system of any one of clauses 53 to 67, further comprising staining the eye prior to illuminating the eye.

[0316] 69. The system of any one of clauses 53 to 68, wherein the computing device is configured to one or more of control or change one or more of an illumination level or color of lights in the light source.

[0317] 70. The system of any one of clauses 53 to 69, wherein the instructions further comprise: (a) activating a flash light function of the computing device; and (b) one or more of controlling or changing at least one setting of the attachable accessory.

[0318] 71. The system of any one of clauses 53 to 70, wherein detecting data comprises: (a) focusing on a first part of the eye; (b) determining a physiological parameter of the first part of the eye; (c) focusing on a second part of the eye; (d) determining a physiological parameter of the second part of the eye; (e) repeating (a) through (d) to determine physiological parameters from all relevant parts of the eye; and (f) integrating the physiological parameters of the first and second parts of the eye to determine a physiological parameter in an entirety of the eye.

[0319] 72. The system of any one of clauses 53 to 71, wherein determining the physiological parameter comprises detecting one or more of corneal diseases, conjunctivitis, cataracts, uveitis, eye trauma, dry eye, or any combination thereof.

[0320] 73. The system of clause 72, wherein corneal diseases comprise corneal ulcers, corneal inflammation or infection, corneal dystrophies, pseudophakic and aphakic bullous keratopathy, or any combination thereof.

[0321] 74. The system of clause 72, wherein conjuctivitis comprises allergic, bacterial, viral and other types of conjuctivitis, blepharitis, pterygium, or any combination thereof.

[0322] 75. The system of clause 72, wherein eye trauma comprises trauma of the cornea, conjunctiva, anterior segments, or any combination thereof.

[0323] 76. The system of any one of clauses 53 to 75, wherein determining the physiological parameter comprises determining an intraocular pressure of the eye.

[0324] 77. The system of any one of clauses 53 to 76, wherein the sensor is disposed in the computing device.

[0325] 78. The system of any one of clauses 53 to 77, further comprising electronically sending instructions from the first computing device to a second computing device disposed in the attachment accessory.

[0326] 79. The system of clause 78, wherein sending instructions comprises sending instructions to one or more of control or change at least one setting of the attachable accessory.

[0327] 80. The system of clause 79, wherein sending instructions comprises sending instructions to one or more of control or change one or more of a focus, a sweep rate, a sweep pattern, or any combination thereof.

[0328] 81. The system of clause 79 or 80, wherein sending instructions comprises sending instructions to one or more of control or change one or more of light intensity, color, wavelength, angle, or other light setting.

[0329] 82. The system of any one of clauses 79 to 81, further comprising adjusting, via the second computing device, at least one setting of a focus actuator, a sweep actuator, a light source, or any combination thereof according to the instructions received from the first computing device.

[0330] 83. A method of treating an eye condition of a subject, the method comprising: illuminating an eye of the subject via a light source disposed in an attachable accessory configured to couple to a first computing device; detecting a data from the illuminated eye; wherein a physiological parameter of the eye is determined based on the detected data; and treating the eye based on the physiological parameter.

[0331] 84. The method of clause 83, wherein illuminating the eye comprises forming, via a light shield, a light seal between the light shield and a surface of the subject.

[0332] 85. The method of clause 83 or 84, wherein detecting data of the illuminated eye comprises detecting data with a sensor.

[0333] 86. The method of clause 85, wherein detecting data with a sensor comprises detecting data via a sensor disposed in the first computing device.

[0334] 87. The method of clause 86, wherein the first computing device comprises a smartphone.

[0335] 88. The method of any one of clauses 85 to 87, wherein detecting data comprises capturing an image of the eye.

[0336] 89. The method of clause 88, wherein capturing an image of the eye comprises capturing a slit-lamp image, a biomicroscopic image, or both.

[0337] 90. The method of any one of clauses 83 to 89, further comprising reflecting light from the light source disposed in the attachment accessory to the eye via a mirror.

[0338] 91. The method of any one of clauses 83 to 90, wherein the eye is stained prior to illuminating the eye.

[0339] 92. The method of any one of clauses 83 to 91, wherein detecting data comprises: (a) focusing on a first part of the eye; (b) determining a physiological parameter of the first part of the eye; (c) focusing on a second part of the eye; (d) determining a physiological parameter of the second part of the eye; (e) repeating (a) through (d) to determine physiological parameters from all relevant parts of the eye; and (f) integrating the physiological parameters of the first and second parts of the eye to determine a physiological parameter in an entirety of the eye.

[0340] 93. The method of any one of clauses 83 to 92, wherein detecting data comprises detecting an intraocular pressure of the eye.

[0341] 94. The method of any one of clauses 83 to 93, wherein detecting data comprises detecting one or more of corneal diseases, conjunctivitis, cataracts, uveitis, eye trauma, dry eye, or any combination thereof.

[0342] 95. The method of clause 94, wherein corneal diseases comprise corneal ulcers, corneal inflammation or infection, corneal dystrophies, pseudophakic and aphakic bullous keratopathy, or any combination thereof.

[0343] 96. The method of clause 94, wherein conjuctivitis comprises allergic, bacterial, viral and other types of conjuctivitis, blepharitis, pterygium, or any combination thereof.

[0344] 97. The method of clause 94, wherein eye trauma comprises trauma of the cornea, conjunctiva, anterior segments, or any combination thereof.

[0345] 98. The method of any one of clauses 83 to 97, further comprising electronically sending instructions from the first computing device to a second computing device disposed in the attachment accessory.

[0346] 99. The method of clause 98, wherein sending instructions comprises sending instructions to one or more of control or change at least one setting of the attachable accessory.

[0347] 100. The method of clause 99, wherein sending instructions comprises sending instructions to one or more of control or change one or more of a focus, a sweep rate, a sweep pattern, or any combination thereof.

[0348] 101. The method of clause 99 or 100, wherein sending instructions comprises sending instructions to one or more of control or change one or more of light intensity, color, wavelength, angle, or other light setting.

[0349] 102. The method of any one of clauses 98 to 101, further comprising adjusting, via the second computing device, at least one setting of a focus actuator, a sweep actuator, a light source,or any combination thereof according to the instructions received from the first computing device.

[0350] 103. The method of any one of clauses 83 to 102, further comprising determining the physiological parameter of the eye of the subject from the data.

[0351] 104. The method of any one of clauses 83 to 103, further comprising sending the data to a medical practitioner and receiving an assessment from the medical practitioner to determine the physiological parameter of the eye.

[0352] 105. The method of clause 104, further comprising receiving one or more of a drug prescription, a treatment regimen, a drug dosage, a drug dispensing frequency, or any combination thereof from the medical practitioner based on the assessment.

[0353] 106. The method of clause 105, wherein treating the eye comprises treating the eye according to the one or more of the drug prescription, the treatment regimen, the drug dosage, the drug dispensing frequency, or any combination thereof from the medical practitioner based on the assessment.

[0354] 107. The method of any one of clauses 83 to 106, wherein treating the eye comprises delivering a drug to the illuminated eye when the physiological parameter is outside of a predetermined range.

[0355] 108. The method of clause 107, wherein delivering the drug comprises delivering the drug as mist or droplets.

[0356] 109. The method of any one of clauses 107 or 108, further comprising determining whether the physiological parameter is within the predetermined range.Definitions

[0357] Unless defined otherwise, all terms of art, notations and other technical and scientific terms or terminology used herein are intended to have the same meaning as is commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which the claimed subject matter pertains. In some cases, terms with commonly understood meanings are defined herein for clarity and / or for ready reference, and the inclusion of such definitions herein should not necessarily be construed to represent a substantial difference over what is generally understood in the art.

[0358] “Doctor” and “medical practitioner” may be used synonymously throughout.

[0359] Throughout this application, various embodiments may be presented in a range format. It should be understood that the description in range format is merely for convenience and brevity and should not be construed as an inflexible limitation on the scope of the disclosure.Accordingly, the description of a range should be considered to have specifically disclosed all the possible subranges as well as individual numerical values within that range. For example,description of a range such as from 1 to 6 should be considered to have specifically disclosed subranges such as from 1 to 3, from 1 to 4, from 1 to 5, from 2 to 4, from 2 to 6, from 3 to 6 etc., as well as individual numbers within that range, for example, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6. This applies regardless of the breadth of the range.

[0360] The ranges disclosed herein also encompass any and all overlap, sub-ranges, and combinations thereof. Language such as “up to,” “at least,” “greater than,” “less than,” “between,” and the like includes the number recited. Numbers preceded by a term such as “approximately”, “about”, and “substantially” as used herein include the recited numbers, and also represent an amount close to the stated amount that still performs a desired function or achieves a desired result. The term “about” or “approximately” may mean within an acceptable error range for the particular value, which will depend in part on how the value is measured or determined, e.g., the limitations of the measurement system. For example, the terms “approximately”, “about”, and “substantially” may refer to an amount that is within less than 10% of, within less than 5% of, within less than 1% of, within less than 0.1% of, and within less than 0.01% of the stated amount. For example, “about” may mean within 1 or more than 1 standard deviation, per the practice in the art. Alternatively, “about” may mean a range of up to 20%, up to 10%, up to 5%, or up to 1% of a given value. As used herein, the term “about” a number refers to that number plus or minus 10% of that number. The term “about” a range refers to that range minus 10% of its lowest value and plus 10% of its greatest value. Where particular values are described in the application and claims, unless otherwise stated the term “about” meaning within an acceptable error range for the particular value may be assumed.

[0361] As used in the specification and claims, the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” include plural references unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. For example, the term “a sample” includes a plurality of samples, including mixtures thereof.

[0362] The terms “determining,” “measuring,” “evaluating,” “assessing,” “assaying,” and “analyzing” are often used interchangeably herein to refer to forms of measurement. The terms include determining if an element is present or not (for example, detection). These terms can include quantitative, qualitative or quantitative and qualitative determinations. Assessing can be relative or absolute. “Detecting the presence of’ can include determining the amount of something present in addition to determining whether it is present or absent depending on the context.

[0363] The terms “subject,” “individual,” or “patient” are often used interchangeably herein. A “subject” can be a biological entity containing expressed genetic materials. The biological entity can be a plant, animal, or microorganism, including, for example, bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa. The subject can be tissues, cells and their progeny of a biological entity obtained invivo or cultured in vitro. The subject can be a mammal. The mammal can be a human. The subject may be diagnosed or suspected of being at high risk for a disease. In some cases, the subject is not necessarily diagnosed or suspected of being at high risk for the disease.

[0364] As used herein, the terms “treatment” or “treating” are used in reference to a pharmaceutical or other intervention regimen for obtaining beneficial or desired results in the recipient. Beneficial or desired results include but are not limited to a therapeutic benefit and / or a prophylactic benefit. A therapeutic benefit may refer to eradication or amelioration of symptoms or of an underlying disorder being treated. Also, a therapeutic benefit can be achieved with the eradication or amelioration of one or more of the physiological symptoms associated with the underlying disorder such that an improvement is observed in the subject, notwithstanding that the subject may still be afflicted with the underlying disorder. A prophylactic effect includes delaying, preventing, or eliminating the appearance of a disease or condition, delaying or eliminating the onset of symptoms of a disease or condition, slowing, halting, or reversing the progression of a disease or condition, or any combination thereof. For prophylactic benefit, a subject at risk of developing a particular disease, or to a subject reporting one or more of the physiological symptoms of a disease may undergo treatment, even though a diagnosis of this disease may not have been made.

[0365] The section headings used herein are for organizational purposes only and are not to be construed as limiting the subject matter described.

[0366] While preferred embodiments of the present disclosure have been shown and described herein, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that such embodiments are provided by way of example only. Numerous variations, changes, and substitutions will now occur to those skilled in the art without departing from the present disclosure. It should be understood that various alternatives to the embodiments of the present disclosure described herein may be employed in practicing the present disclosure. It is intended that the following claims define the scope of the invention and that methods and structures within the scope of these claims and their equivalents be covered thereby.

Claims

CLAIMSWHAT IS CLAIMED IS:

1. A system to illuminate an eye of a subject, comprising:(a) an attachable accessory configured to couple to a first computing device; and(b) a light shield coupled to the attachable accessory and configured to surround the eye of the subject, wherein a portion of the light shield contacts a surface of the subject, and wherein the light shield comprises an aperture optically coupled to a sensor of the first computing device.

2. The system of claim 1, further comprising a light source configured to illuminate the eye of the subject.

3. The system of claim 2, wherein the light source is at least partially surrounded by the light shield.

4. The system of claim 3, wherein the light source at least partially surrounded by the light shield comprises a mirror, wherein the light source comprises reflected light, wherein the mirror is configured to reflect light from a second light source disposed inside the attachable accessory.

5. The system of claim 2, wherein the light shield comprises the light source.

6. The system of claim 2 or 3, wherein the first computing device comprises the light source.

7. The system of claim 2 or 3, wherein the light source comprises a ring light source.

8. The system of claim 7, wherein the ring light source comprises at least two ring light sources.

9. The system of claim 8, wherein the at least two ring light sources comprise a first ring light source concentric with a second ring light source.

10. The system of claim 8 or 9, wherein two or more of the at least two ring light sources are configured to be independently controlled.

11. The system of any one of claims 8 to 10, wherein the at least two ring light sources have one or more shapes, wherein the one or more shapes comprises square shapes, rectangular shapes, discorectangular shapes, quadrilateral shapes, elliptical shapes, oval shapes, circular shapes, triangular shapes, or other shapes.

12. The system of claim 11, wherein each of the one or more shapes comprises two or more segments, wherein illumination of the two or more segments is independently controlled.

13. The system of any one of claims 1 to 12, wherein the sensor of the first computing device is configured to capture data of the illuminated eye.

14. The system of any one of claims 1 to 13, wherein the attachment accessory is configured to snap-fit to the first computing device or couple to a magnet of the first computing device.

15. The system of any one of claims 1 to 14, wherein the light shield is configured to form a light seal between the light shield and the surface of the subject.

16. The system of any one of claims 1 to 15, wherein the first computing device comprises a flashlight configured to one or more of control or change at least one setting of the attachable accessory.

17. The system of any one of claims 1 to 16, further comprising a second computing device disposed in the attachment accessory, wherein the first computing device is configured to electronically send instructions to the second computing device.

18. The system of claim 17, wherein the instructions comprise instructions to one or more of control or change at least one setting of the attachable accessory.

19. The system of claim 18, wherein the at least one setting comprises a focus, a sweep rate, a sweep pattern, or any combination thereof20. The system of claim 18 or 19, wherein the at least one setting comprises one or more of light intensity, color, wavelength, angle, or other light setting.

21. The system of claim 20, wherein the light intensity from the light source is sufficient to illuminate an anterior segment of the eye of the subject.

22. The system of any one of claims 17 to 21, wherein the second computing device is configured to use the instructions received from the first computing device to adjust at least one setting of a focus actuator, a sweep actuator, a light source, or any combination thereof.

23. The system of any one of claims 2-22, wherein the light source is configured to activate automatically when coupled to the first computing device.

24. A method of measuring or testing a physiological parameter of an eye of a subject, comprising:(a) illuminating, via a light source, the eye of the subject;(b) forming, via a light shield, a light seal between the light shield and a surface of the subject; and(c) detecting data of the illuminated eye with a sensor;(d) determining the physiological parameter of the eye of the subject from the data.

25. The method of claim 24, wherein a portion of the light shield contacts the surface of the subject.

26. The method of claim 24 or 25, wherein the light source is at least partially surrounded by the light shield.

27. The method of any one of claims 24 to 26, further comprising reflecting, via a mirror, light from the light source, wherein the light source is disposed inside an attachable accessory.

28. The method of any one of claims 24 to 26, wherein the light source comprises a ring light source.

29. The method of claim 28, wherein the ring light source comprises at least two ring light sources.

30. The method of claim 29, further comprising independently controlling the at least two ring light sources.

31. The method of claim 29 or 30, wherein the at least two ring light sources comprise a first ring light source concentric with a second ring light source.

32. The method of any one of claims 24 to 31, further comprising automatically activating the light source to illuminate the eye when coupled to a first computing device.

33. The method of any one of claims 24 to 32, wherein the light source comprises a first computing device.

34. The method of any one of claims 24 to 33, wherein the data of the illuminated eye comprises an image of a microfluidic contact lens placed on the eye.

35. The method of any one of claims 24 to 33, wherein detecting data comprises capturing an image of the eye of the subject.

36. The method of claim 35, wherein capturing an image of the eye comprises capturing a slit-lamp image, a biomicroscopic image, or both.

37. The method of any one of claims 24-36, further comprising snap-fitting the light shield to a computing device or coupling the light shield to a magnet of the computing device.

38. The method of any one of claims 24 to 37, further comprising staining the eye prior to illuminating the eye.

39. The method of any one of claims 24 to 38, wherein detecting data comprises:(a) focusing on a first part of the eye;(b) determining a physiological parameter of the first part of the eye;(c) focusing on a second part of the eye;(d) determining a physiological parameter of the second part of the eye;(e) repeating (a) through (d) to determine physiological parameters from all relevant parts of the eye; and(f) integrating the physiological parameters of the first and second parts of the eye to determine a physiological parameter in an entirety of the eye.

40. The method of any one of claims 24 to 39, wherein detecting data comprises detecting an intraocular pressure of the eye.

41. The method of any one of claims 24 to 40, wherein detecting data comprises detecting one or more of corneal diseases, conjunctivitis, cataracts, uveitis, eye trauma, dry eye, or any combination thereof.

42. The method of claim 41, wherein corneal diseases comprise corneal ulcers, corneal inflammation or infection, corneal dystrophies, pseudophakic and aphakic bullous keratopathy, or any combination thereof.

43. The method of claim 41, wherein conjuctivitis comprises allergic, bacterial, viral and other types of conjuctivitis, blepharitis, pterygium, or any combination thereof.

44. The method of claim 41, wherein eye trauma comprises trauma of the cornea, conjunctiva, anterior segments, or any combination thereof.

45. The method of any one of claims 24 to 44, wherein the sensor is disposed in a first computing device.

46. The method of claim 45, further comprising electronically sending instructions from the first computing device to a second computing device disposed in an attachable accessory.

47. The method of claim 46, wherein sending instructions comprises sending instructions to one or more of control or change at least one setting of the attachable accessory.

48. The method of claim 47, wherein sending instructions comprises sending instructions to one or more of control or change one or more of a focus, a sweep rate, a sweep pattern, or any combination thereof.

49. The method of claim 47 or 48, wherein sending instructions comprises sending instructions to one or more of control or change one or more of light intensity, color, wavelength, angle, or other light setting.

50. The method of any one of claims 46 to 49, further comprising adjusting, via the second computing device, at least one setting of a focus actuator, a sweep actuator, a light source, or any combination thereof according to the instructions received from the first computing device.

51. The method of any one of claims 24 to 50, further comprising determining the physiological parameter of the eye of the subject from the data.

52. The method of any one of claims 24 to 51, further comprising sending the data to a medical practitioner and receiving an assessment from the medical practitioner to determine the physiological parameter of the eye.

53. A system configured to measure or test a physiological parameter of an eye of a subject, comprising: one or more processors and a memory of a computing device storing one or more programs for execution by the one or more processors, the one or more programs comprising instructions to:(i) illuminate, via a light source disposed in a light shield coupled to the computing device via an attachment accessory, the eye of the subject;(ii) detect data of the illuminated eye via a sensor; and(iii) determine a physiological parameter of the eye of the subject from the data.

54. The system of claim 53, wherein a portion of the light shield contacts the surface of the subject.

55. The system of claim 53 or 54, wherein the light source is at least partially surrounded by the light shield.

56. The system of any one of claims 53 to 55, further comprising reflecting, via a mirror, light from the light source, wherein the light source is disposed inside the attachable accessory.

57. The system of any one of claims 53 to 55, wherein the light source comprises a ring light source.

58. The system of claim 57, wherein the ring light source comprises at least two ring light sources.

59. The system of claim 58, wherein the at least two ring light sources comprise a first ring light source concentric with a second ring light source.

60. The system of claim 58 or 59, further comprising independently controlling the at least two ring light sources.

61. The system of any one of claims 58 to 60, wherein the at least two ring light sources have one or more shapes, wherein the one or more shapes comprises square shapes, rectangular shapes, discorectangular shapes, quadrilateral shapes, elliptical shapes, oval shapes, circular shapes, triangular shapes, or other shapes.

62. The system of claim 61, wherein each of the one or more shapes comprises two or more segments, wherein illumination of the two or more segments is independently controlled.

63. The system of claim 53, wherein the light source comprises a first computing device.

64. The system of any one of claims 53 to 63, wherein the data of the illuminated eye comprises an image of a microfluidic contact lens.

65. The system of any one of claims 53 to 63, wherein detecting data comprises capturing an image of the eye of the subject.

66. The system of claim 65, wherein the image comprises a slit-lamp image, a biomicroscopic image, or both.

67. The system of any one of claims 53 to 66, wherein the light shield is configured to snap-fit to a computing device or couple to the computing device via one or more magnets.

68. The system of any one of claims 53 to 67, further comprising staining the eye prior to illuminating the eye.

69. The system of any one of claims 53 to 68, wherein the computing device is configured to one or more of control or change one or more of an illumination level or color of lights in the light source.

70. The system of any one of claims 53 to 69, wherein the instructions further comprise:(a) activating a flash light function of the computing device; and(b) one or more of controlling or changing at least one setting of the attachable accessory.

71. The system of any one of claims 53 to 70, wherein detecting data comprises:(a) focusing on a first part of the eye;(b) determining a physiological parameter of the first part of the eye;(c) focusing on a second part of the eye;(d) determining a physiological parameter of the second part of the eye;(e) repeating (a) through (d) to determine physiological parameters from all relevant parts of theye; and(f) integrating the physiological parameters of the first and second parts of the eye to determine ahysiological parameter in an entirety of the eye.

72. The system of any one of claims 53 to 71, wherein determining the physiological parameter comprises detecting one or more of corneal diseases, conjunctivitis, cataracts, uveitis, eye trauma, dry eye, or any combination thereof.

73. The system of claim 72, wherein corneal diseases comprise corneal ulcers, corneal inflammation or infection, corneal dystrophies, pseudophakic and aphakic bullous keratopathy, or any combination thereof.

74. The system of claim 72, wherein conjuctivitis comprises allergic, bacterial, viral and other types of conjuctivitis, blepharitis, pterygium, or any combination thereof.

75. The system of claim 72, wherein eye trauma comprises trauma of the cornea, conjunctiva, anterior segments, or any combination thereof.

76. The system of any one of claims 53 to 75, wherein determining the physiological parameter comprises determining an intraocular pressure of the eye.

77. The system of any one of claims 53 to 76, wherein the sensor is disposed in the computing device.

78. The system of any one of claims 53 to 77, further comprising electronically sending instructions from the first computing device to a second computing device disposed in the attachment accessory.

79. The system of claim 78, wherein sending instructions comprises sending instructions to one or more of control or change at least one setting of the attachable accessory.

80. The system of claim 79, wherein sending instructions comprises sending instructions to one or more of control or change one or more of a focus, a sweep rate, a sweep pattern, or any combination thereof.

81. The system of claim 79 or 80, wherein sending instructions comprises sending instructions to one or more of control or change one or more of light intensity, color, wavelength, angle, or other light setting.

82. The system of any one of claims 79 to 81, further comprising adjusting, via the second computing device, at least one setting of a focus actuator, a sweep actuator, a light source, or any combination thereof according to the instructions received from the first computing device.

83. A method of treating an eye condition of a subject, the method comprising: illuminating an eye of the subject via a light source disposed in an attachable accessory configured to couple to a first computing device; detecting a data from the illuminated eye; wherein a physiological parameter of the eye is determined based on the detected data; and treating the eye based on the physiological parameter.

84. The method of claim 83, wherein illuminating the eye comprises forming, via a light shield, a light seal between the light shield and a surface of the subject.

85. The method of claim 83 or 84, wherein detecting data of the illuminated eye comprises detecting data with a sensor.

86. The method of claim 85, wherein detecting data with a sensor comprises detecting data via a sensor disposed in the first computing device.-SO-87. The method of claim 86, wherein the first computing device comprises a smartphone.

88. The method of any one of claims 85 to 87, wherein detecting data comprises capturing an image of the eye.

89. The method of claim 88, wherein capturing an image of the eye comprises capturing a slit-lamp image, a biomicroscopic image, or both.

90. The method of any one of claims 83 to 89, further comprising reflecting light from the light source disposed in the attachment accessory to the eye via a mirror.

91. The method of any one of claims 83 to 90, wherein the eye is stained prior to illuminating the eye.

92. The method of any one of claims 83 to 91, wherein detecting data comprises:(a) focusing on a first part of the eye;(b) determining a physiological parameter of the first part of the eye;(c) focusing on a second part of the eye;(d) determining a physiological parameter of the second part of the eye;(e) repeating (a) through (d) to determine physiological parameters from all relevant parts of the eye; and(f) integrating the physiological parameters of the first and second parts of the eye totermine a physiological parameter in an entirety of the eye.

93. The method of any one of claims 83 to 92, wherein detecting data comprises detecting an intraocular pressure of the eye.

94. The method of any one of claims 83 to 93, wherein detecting data comprises detecting one or more of corneal diseases, conjunctivitis, cataracts, uveitis, eye trauma, dry eye, or any combination thereof.

95. The method of claim 94, wherein corneal diseases comprise corneal ulcers, corneal inflammation or infection, corneal dystrophies, pseudophakic and aphakic bullous keratopathy, or any combination thereof.

96. The method of claim 94, wherein conjuctivitis comprises allergic, bacterial, viral and other types of conjuctivitis, blepharitis, pterygium, or any combination thereof.

97. The method of claim 94, wherein eye trauma comprises trauma of the cornea, conjunctiva, anterior segments, or any combination thereof.

98. The method of any one of claims 83 to 97, further comprising electronically sending instructions from the first computing device to a second computing device disposed in the attachment accessory.

99. The method of claim 98, wherein sending instructions comprises sending instructions to one or more of control or change at least one setting of the attachable accessory.

100. The method of claim 99, wherein sending instructions comprises sending instructions to one or more of control or change one or more of a focus, a sweep rate, a sweep pattern, or any combination thereof.

101. The method of claim 99 or 100, wherein sending instructions comprises sending instructions to one or more of control or change one or more of light intensity, color, wavelength, angle, or other light setting.

102. The method of any one of claims 98 to 101, further comprising adjusting, via the second computing device, at least one setting of a focus actuator, a sweep actuator, a light source, or any combination thereof according to the instructions received from the first computing device.

103. The method of any one of claims 83 to 102, further comprising determining the physiological parameter of the eye of the subject from the data.

104. The method of any one of claims 83 to 103, further comprising sending the data to a medical practitioner and receiving an assessment from the medical practitioner to determine the physiological parameter of the eye.

105. The method of claim 104, further comprising receiving one or more of a drug prescription, a treatment regimen, a drug dosage, a drug dispensing frequency, or any combination thereof from the medical practitioner based on the assessment.

106. The method of claim 105, wherein treating the eye comprises treating the eye according to the one or more of the drug prescription, the treatment regimen, the drug dosage, the drug dispensing frequency, or any combination thereof from the medical practitioner based on the assessment.

107. The method of any one of claims 83 to 106, wherein treating the eye comprises delivering a drug to the illuminated eye when the physiological parameter is outside of a predetermined range.

108. The method of claim 107, wherein delivering the drug comprises delivering the drug as mist or droplets.

109. The method of any one of claims 107 or 108, further comprising determining whether the physiological parameter is within the predetermined range.

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