Wearable wrist band clip for comprehensive cardiac and hemodynamic monitoring

Abstract

A wearable biosensing assembly includes a timepiece and a biosensing attachable accessory. The timepiece includes a strap and a watch coupled to the strap so as to overlie a dorsal side of a wrist of a user when wearing the timepiece. The biosensing attachable accessory is removably coupled to the strap and spaced apart from the watch along the strap. The biosensing attachable accessory is configured to apply pressure to the skin surface of the wrist and measure physiological signals of the user.

Description

WEARABLE WRIST BAND CLIP FOR COMPREHENSIVE CARDIAC AND HEMODYNAMIC MONITORINGCROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This nonprovisional application claims the benefit and priority, under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) and any other applicable laws or statutes, to U.S. Provisional Application No. 63 / 571 ,087 filed on March 28, 2024, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 63 / 721 ,01 1 filed on November 15, 2024, the entire disclosures of both of which are hereby expressly incorporated herein by reference.STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT

[0002] This invention was made with government support under Grant No. EEC- 1648451 awarded by the National Science Foundation. The government has certain rights in the invention.FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE

[0003] The present disclosure relates generally to wearable biosensing assemblies, and more specifically, to wearable biosensing assemblies with biosensing attachable accessories for detecting physiological data.BACKGROUND

[0004] Wearable devices that capture and monitor various health parameters are highly desirable. For instance, a wearable device that is capable of monitoring risk factors of a disease state of a patient can allow people the comfort and ease of performing daily activities with the confidence that their medical state is being observed. However, such devices are sometimes uncomfortable, invasive, and can suffer from inaccurate, interrupted analysis of parameters. Therefore, there exists a need to develop new devices and methods to provide improved and comprehensive quantification of disease risk factors with greater accuracy.SUMMARY

[0005] The present disclosure may comprise one or more of the following features and combinations thereof.

[0006] According to an aspect of the present disclosure, a biosensing attachable accessory designed for use with a wearable timepiece-type device, such as a traditional timepiece, to provide a wearable biosensing assembly is disclosed. The timepiece-type device typically includes a strap that extends at least partially around a wrist of a user and a watch or other wearable device coupled to the strap so as to overlie a dorsal side of the wrist. The biosensing attachable accessory is removably coupled to the strap. The biosensing attachable accessory is spaced apart from the watch along the strap to create an included angle therebetween so as to overlie a volar side of the wrist and a radial or ulnar artery extending through the wrist. The biosensing attachable accessory measures physiological signals of the user. Beyond the traditional timepiece, the biosensing attachable accessory may also be attached to any strap or band, including a strap or a band that extends around an upper arm or a leg.

[0007] These and other features of the present disclosure will become more apparent from the following description of the illustrative embodiments.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0008] Fig. 1 is a perspective view of a wearable biosensing assembly including a timepiece and a biosensing attachable accessory removably coupled to the timepiece and configured to measure physiological signals of the user, the timepiece including a strap and a watch coupled to the strap so that the watch and the biosensing attachable accessory are offset from one another;

[0009] Fig. 2 is an enlarged view of the biosensing attachable accessory of Fig. 1 , the biosensing attachable accessory including a body, a contact chassis extending outwardly from the body to contact the user, and a plurality of strain gauges located inside the body, the body including a proximal arm that houses the plurality of strain gauges and the contact chassis, a distal arm spaced apart from the proximal arm, and a connecting arm interconnecting the proximal arm and the distal arm;

[0010] Fig. 3 is a diagrammatic view of the assembly of Fig. 1 showing that the contact chassis contacts the wrist of the user overlying the radial artery, and furthershowing that the watch and the biosensing attachable accessory form an included angle of about 100 degrees to about 170 degrees when the timepiece is viewed along a central axis of the timepiece;

[0011] Fig. 4 is a top view of the biosensing attachable accessory of Fig. 1 showing that the contact chassis includes a plurality of bridges located within the proximal arm of the body and the plurality of strain gauges are mounted to the plurality of bridges within the proximal arm; and

[0012] Fig. 5 is a diagrammatic view of a printed circuit board of the biosensing attachable accessory of Fig. 1 located in the proximal arm of the body.DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0013] For the purposes of promoting an understanding of the principles of the disclosure, reference will now be made to a number of illustrative embodiments illustrated in the drawings and specific language will be used to describe the same.

[0014] The present disclosure provides a wearable biosensing assembly 10 that is capable of actively monitoring several biomarkers and contact pressure with a skin surface of a user for more robust signal acquisition. The wearable biosensing assembly 10 includes a timepiece 12 and a biosensing attachable accessory 14, as shown in Fig. 1. The timepiece 12 may be referred to as a timepiece-type device 12. The timepiece-type device 12 may be a traditional timepiece, a health band, a fitness band, etc. The timepiece 12 includes a strap 16 that extends at least partially around a wrist 15 of the user and a watch 18 coupled to the strap 16. The biosensing attachable accessory 14 is removably coupled to the strap 16.

[0015] The biosensing attachable accessory 14 is usable with any strap. For example, the biosensing attachable accessory 14 is usable with a wearable strap, a fitness band, a wrist band, a watch band, a smart watch band, an upper arm band, a leg band, or any other suitable band or strap. In this way, the biosensing attachable accessory 14 may be integrated with existing bands or straps and may be moved between different existing bands or straps. The strap may extend around a wrist, an upper arm, a leg, a torso, a chest, or any other body part of the user. The biosensing attachable accessory 14 allows for continuous, noninvasive physiological signal measurement, such as blood pressure, eliminating the need for cumbersome, traditional blood pressure monitoring devices. Unlike traditional devices that eitherembed sensors within the strap or require additional components, the biosensing attachable accessory 14 can seamlessly attach to existing wearables, offering a user- friendly experience.

[0016] The timepiece 12 extends around a central axis 1 1 , as shown in Figs. 1 and 3. The strap 16 extends at least partially around the wrist 15 of the user to couple the watch 18 to the wrist 15 of the user. The watch 18 is coupled to the strap 16 at a 12 o'clock position along the strap 16 when the timepiece 12 is viewed along the central axis 11 , as shown in Fig. 3. The watch 18 may be a traditional watch that simply indicates the time, or the watch 18 may be a smart watch that indicates the time as well as other information based on smart capabilities. Thus, in some embodiments, the watch 18 may not include any biosensors, and in other embodiments, the watch 18 may include at least one biosensor 21 configured to measure physiological signals of the user.

[0017] As shown in Fig. 3, the watch 18 overlies a dorsal side of the wrist 15 of the user while the timepiece 12 is being worn. The dorsal side of the wrist 15 may also be referred to as a back side of the wrist 15 or a top side of the wrist 15.

[0018] The strap 16 defines an inner surface 16I that faces toward the skin surface of the user while the user is wearing the timepiece 12 and an outer surface 160 opposite the inner surface 161, as shown in Figs. 1 and 3. The inner surface 161 of the strap 16 interfaces with the skin surface of the user.

[0019] The biosensing attachable accessory 14 removably couples with the strap 16, as shown in Fig. 1 . The biosensing attachable accessory 14 is spaced apart from the watch 18 along the strap 16 when the timepiece 12 is viewed along the central axis 11 to create an included angle A. Due to the included angle A, the biosensing attachable accessory 14 overlies a volar side of the wrist 15 and a radial artery 17 that extends through the wrist 15. The volar side of the wrist 15 may be referred to as a palmar side of the wrist 15 or an anterior side of the wrist 15. In illustrative embodiments, the biosensing attachable accessory 14 overlies the radial artery 17, as shown in Fig. 3. In some embodiments, the biosensing attachable accessory 14 overlies the ulnar artery 19 that extends through the wrist 15.

[0020] In some embodiments, the included angle A is an obtuse angle (i.e., greater than 90 degrees and less than 180 degrees). In some embodiments, the included angle A is about 100 degrees to about 170 degrees. In some embodiments,the included angle A is about 110 degrees to about 160 degrees. In some embodiments, the included angle A is about 120 degrees to about 160 degrees. In some embodiments, the included angle A is about 130 degrees to about 160 degrees. In some embodiments, the included angle A is about 1 10 degrees to about 150 degrees. In some embodiments, the included angle A is about 1 10 degrees to about 140 degrees. In some embodiments, the included angle A is about 130 degrees to about 150 degrees.

[0021] The biosensing attachable accessory 14 is configured to apply pressure to the skin surface of the wrist 15 and measure physiological signals of the user. The biosensing attachable accessory 14 includes a body 20, a contact chassis 22, and a biosensing unit 24, as shown in Figs. 2 and 3. The body 20 is removably coupled to the strap 16 to support the contact chassis 22 and the biosensing unit 24 relative to the strap 16. The contact chassis 22 contacts and applies the pressure to the skin surface of the wrist 15. The biosensing unit 24 measures the physiological signals of the user.

[0022] The body 20 includes a proximal arm 26, a distal arm 28, and a connecting arm 30, as shown in Fig. 2. The proximal arm 26 and the distal arm 28 are spaced apart from one another. The connecting arm 30 extends between and interconnects terminal ends of the proximal arm 26 and the distal arm 28. In some embodiments, the body 20 is C-shaped.

[0023] The proximal arm 26, the distal arm 28, and the connecting arm 30 cooperate to define a strap-receiving space 32, as shown in Fig. 2. The strap 16 is received in the strap-receiving space 32 to locate the strap 16 between the proximal arm 26 and the distal arm 28. While the biosensing attachable accessory 14 is coupled to the strap 16, the inner surface 161 of the strap 16 is in direct confronting relation to the proximal arm 26. The outer surface 160 of the strap 16 is in direct confronting relation to the distal arm 28.

[0024] As shown in Fig. 3, the proximal arm 26 defines an inner surface 26I and an outer surface 260 opposite the inner surface 26I. The inner surface 26I is in direct confronting relation to the skin surface of the wrist 15, and the outer surface 260 engages the inner surface 16I of the strap 16. The proximal arm 26 defines an interior space 33 therein, as suggested in Fig. 4. The interior space 33 receives the biosensing unit 24 and at least a portion of the contact chassis 22 therein.

[0025] In illustrative embodiments, the body 20 is clip shaped. In other embodiments, the body 20 is not clip shaped. For example, the body 20 may include a protrusion that extends through a hole of the strap 16 to couple the biosensing attachable accessory 14 to the strap 16. As another example, the body 20 may be adhered to the strap 16 via an adhesive. The proximal arm 26 may be referred to as a proximal member 26, the distal arm 28 may be referred to as a distal member 28, and the connecting arm 30 may be referred to as a connecting member 30.

[0026] The contact chassis 22 includes a plurality of pressure applicators 34 and a plurality of bridges 36, as shown in Figs. 2 and 4. The plurality of pressure applicators 34 extends outwardly from the proximal arm 26 and into contact with the skin surface of the wrist 15 of the user. The plurality of bridges 36 is coupled with the plurality of pressure applicators 34.

[0027] The plurality of pressure applicators 34 is partially located within the interior space 33 of the proximal arm 26. The plurality of pressure applicators 34 extends outwardly from the proximal arm 26 beyond the inner surface 26I of the proximal arm 26. The plurality of pressure applicators 34 includes a first pressure applicator 38, a second pressure applicator 40, a third pressure applicator 42, and / or a fourth pressure applicator 44, as shown in Fig. 2. The first pressure applicator 38 and the second pressure applicator 40 are spaced apart from one another along the central axis 1 1 while the biosensing attachable accessory 14 is coupled to the strap 16, as shown in Fig. 1 . In this way, the first pressure applicator 38 and the second pressure applicator 40 are spaced apart from one another along the radial artery 17 extending through the wrist 15 so that both pressure applicators 38, 40 overlie the radial artery 17.

[0028] The third pressure applicator 42 and the fourth pressure applicator 44 are located between the first and second pressure applicators 38, 40, as shown in Fig. 2. The third pressure applicator 42 and the fourth pressure applicator 44 are located axially between the first and second pressure applicators 38, 40 relative to the central axis 1 1 . The third pressure applicator 42 and the fourth pressure applicator 44 are circumferentially spaced apart from one another relative to the central axis 11 while the biosensing attachable accessory 14 is coupled to the strap 16, as shown in Fig. 1 . The third pressure applicator 42 and the fourth pressure applicator 44 may overlie portions of the wrist 15 on each circumferential side of the radial artery 17. Though shown withfour pressure applicators 38, 40, 42, 44, any number of pressure applicators may be included.

[0029] The plurality of bridges 36 is located within the interior space 33 of the proximal arm 26, as shown in Figs. 2 and 4. The plurality of bridges 36 includes a first bridge 46, a second bridge 48, a third bridge 50, and / or a fourth bridge 52. The first bridge 46 is coupled to the first pressure applicator 38. The second bridge 48 is coupled to the second pressure applicator 40. The third bridge 50 is coupled to the third pressure applicator 42, and the fourth bridge 52 is coupled to the fourth pressure applicator 44. Though shown with four bridges 46, 48, 50, 52, any number of bridges may be included.

[0030] The biosensing unit 24 includes a plurality of strain gauges 54, as shown in Fig. 4. The plurality of strain gauges 54 is located in the interior space 33 of the proximal arm 26. The plurality of strain gauges 54 includes a first strain gauge 56, a second strain gauge 58, a third strain gauge 60, and a fourth strain gauge 62. The first strain gauge 56 is mounted to the first bridge 46, and the second strain gauge 58 is mounted to the second bridge 48. The third strain gauge 60 is mounted to the third bridge 50, and the fourth strain gauge 62 is mounted to the fourth bridge 52.

[0031] In some embodiments, the first stain gauge 56 includes four strain gauges 56. In this way, two first strain gauges 56 are mounted to a top surface of the first bridge 46, and two first strain gauges 56 are mounted to a bottom surface of the first bridge 46. In some embodiments, the second stain gauge 58 includes four strain gauges 58. In this way, two second strain gauges 58 are mounted to a top surface of the second bridge 48, and two second strain gauges 58 are mounted to a bottom surface of the second bridge 48.

[0032] In some embodiments, the third stain gauge 60 includes four strain gauges 60. In this way, two third strain gauges 60 are mounted to a top surface of the third bridge 50, and two third strain gauges 60 are mounted to a bottom surface of the third bridge 50. In some embodiments, the fourth stain gauge 62 includes four strain gauges 62. In this way, two fourth strain gauges 62 are mounted to a top surface of the fourth bridge 52, and two fourth strain gauges 62 are mounted to a bottom surface of the fourth bridge 62. Though described as having sixteen strain gauges (four per bridge), any number of strain gauges may be included.

[0033] The first strain gauge 56 and the second strain gauge 58 are configured to measure pressure data suitable for determining physiological signals of the user. The first strain gauge 56 and the second strain gauge 58 are spaced apart axially from one another relative to the central axis 11 . The first strain gauge 56 and the second strain gauge 58 being located over the radial artery 17 allows for enhanced blood pressure reading accuracy.

[0034] The third strain gauge 60 and the fourth strain gauge 62 are configured to measure pressure data suitable for determining the contact pressure developed between the pressure applicators 42, 44 and the skin surface of the user. The third strain gauge 60 and the fourth strain gauge 62 are spaced apart circumferentially from one another relative to the central axis 1 1.

[0035] The first and second strain gauges 56, 58 may be referred to as main strain gauges 56, 58, while the third and fourth strain gauges 60, 62 may be referred to as compensation strain gauges 60, 62 or reference strain gauges 60, 62. The compensation strain gauges 60, 62 compensate for noise, motion artifacts, and variations in the contact pressure that may impact the physiological signals measured by the main strain gauges 56, 58. For example, movement of the wrist 15 of the user may result in noise or motion artifacts in physiological signal data from the main strain gauges 56, 58. Contact pressure data from the compensation strain gauges 60, 62 may be associated or correlated with the physiological signal data to manage irregularities in the physiological signal data. The irregularities may be due to noise, motion artifacts, variations in contact pressure, pressure applicator placement, and / or individual anatomical differences between users. Thus, by associating the contact pressure data with the physiological signal data, the physiological signal data is improved and optimized.

[0036] The biosensing attachable accessory 14 allows for measurements of pulse transient time (PTT), contact pressure, and pulse wave measurements. Traditional devices may measure one of these parameters. Having the biosensing attachable accessory 14 measure all three parameters provides a substantial benefit to the user. For example, using the contact pressure measurements along with the PTT measurements allows for more precise and accurate blood pressure assessments.

[0037] The plurality of strain gauges 54 may be used for the detection of physiological signal data or biomarkers such as, but not limited to, heart rate, heart ratevariability (HRV), respiration rate, blood pressure (BP) (systolic and diastolic), cardiovascular performance, cardiac output, cardiac pulse wave morphology of a radial artery, cardiac pulse wave morphology of an ulnar vein, stroke volume, body systemic pressure, pulse transit time (PTT) as an indicator of arterial stiffness and vascular health, among others. The plurality of strain gauges 54 may monitor cardiovascular parameters during sleep to assess sleep quality and / or detect a sleep disorder, such as, but not limited to, sleep apnea. In some embodiments, the biosensing attachable accessory 14 provides guided breathing exercises based on detected stress levels through blood pressure and heart rate variability measurements.

[0038] In some embodiments, the biosensing attachable accessory 14 is configured to detect an abnormal cardiovascular event, such as, but not limited to, an arrhythmia. In some embodiments, the biosensing attachable accessory 14 is configured to detect a disease, such as, but not limited to, cardiac diseases, heart diseases, cardia arrhythmia, peripheral artery disease, coronary artery disease, atherosclerosis, blood clots, seizures, hypertension, white coat hypertension, and / or masked hypertension.

[0039] In some embodiments, the biosensing attachable accessory 14 is configured to monitor chronic disease progression by continuously analyzing cardiovascular parameters. The chronic disease progression may be diabetes, chronic kidney disease, and / or heart failure, among others.

[0040] In some embodiments, the biosensing unit 24 may further include additional sensor(s) 64, as shown in Fig. 2. The additional sensor(s) may include any one of or any combination of a photoplethysmogram (PPG) sensor, a skin temperature sensor, an ambient temperature sensor, an inertial sensor, an accelerometer, a gyroscope, an electrocardiogram or a single-sided electrocardiogram (ECG), a micro- electro-mechanical system (MEMS) sensor, an air pressure sensor, or any other suitable sensor. The combination of multiple sensor types in the biosensing unit 24 allows for an extensive physiologic assessment of the user. The electrocardiogram (ECG) sensor 64 is configured to measure electrical signals from a heart of the user. The temperature sensor 64 is configured to measure skin temperature of the user and / or ambient temperature of an environment surrounding the user.

[0041] The PPG sensor may be used to measure blood volume changes or blood oxygenation (SpC ) levels of the user. The inertial sensor (i.e., gyroscope oraccelerometer) may be used to measure movement of the strap 16, and thus, the biosensing attachable accessory 14 and the user. The measurements from the inertial sensor may be used to adjust for a relative position of the wrist 15 to the user’s heart for hydrostatic blood pressure adjustments and for noise rejection. The measurements from the inertial sensor may be used to track physical activity and body position changes to provide context to cardiovascular readings.

[0042] The wearable biosensing assembly 10 further includes a controller 66, as shown in Figs. 1 and 3. The controller 66 is in communication with the plurality of strain gauges 54 and / or the additional sensor(s) 64 to receive contact pressure data, physiological signal data, and any other data therefrom. The controller 66 includes a memory 68, a processor 70, and a user interface 72, as shown in Fig. 3. The controller 66 stores the contact pressure data and the physiological signal data from the plurality of strain gauges 54 in the memory 68 thereof. The processor 70 may use the pressure data from the plurality of strain gauges 54 to determine the contact pressure between the pressure applicators 42, 44 and the skin surface of the user and / or the physiological signal data. The processor 70, using instructions stored in the memory 68, associates the contact pressure data regarding the contact pressure between the pressure applicators 42, 44 and the skin surface with the physiological signal data from the plurality of strain gauges 54. The association of the contact pressure data with the physiological signal data allows for the management of motion artifacts and other irregularities in the physiological signal data. In other words, the contact pressure data is used to optimize and improve the physiological signal data.

[0043] For example, the contact pressure data is associated with the physiological signal data to calculate, determine, and / or detect biological parameters and biomarkers within the physiological signal data that determine ailments and relative health states of the user. The contact pressure impacts the morphology of the physiological signal such that the contact pressure data should be associated with and used when interpreting the physiological signal data. Thus, the contact pressure may be used to better show the user’s physiological state. Knowing the contact pressure that is being applied to the skin surface before analyzing a signal is important as the signal may change as a function of the contact pressure.

[0044] The data collected from the plurality of strain gauges 54 may be displayed on the user interface 72. Alerts and notifications may also be displayed onthe user interface 72. For example, if any parameters fall outside pre-defined thresholds (e.g., dangerously high or low blood pressure readings), an alert on the user interface 72 may notify the user.

[0045] In embodiments in which the watch 18 includes the at least one biosensor 21 , the controller 66 may be in communication with the watch 18 and / or the at least one biosensor 21 . The user interface 72 may be the face of the watch 18 or a mobile device wirelessly connected to the watch 18. The data collected from the biosensing attachable accessory 14 may be displayed on the user interface 72 and / or compared to the physiological signals detected by the at least one biosensor 21 .

[0046] In some embodiments, the biosensing attachable accessory 14 includes a printed circuit board 74 located within the proximal arm 26, as shown in Fig. 5. A battery 76, an analog to digital converter 78, a power management unit 80, and a Bluetooth module 82 may be coupled to the printed circuit board 74. The battery 76 may provide power to the Bluetooth module 82 and other components of the biosensing attachable accessory 14. The Bluetooth module 82 allows for the controller 66 to communicate with the watch 18, the mobile device, a computer, the cloud, etc. In this way, the biosensing attachable accessory 14 may be synced with the watch 18 or the mobile device.

[0047] The power management unit 80 may control the battery 76 so that battery life is conserved. For example, monitoring of the user may occur intermittently to conserve battery life. As another example, the power management unit 80 may implement a battery optimization protocol that adjusts a measurement frequency based on an activity level of the user or a detected cardiovascular stability of the user.

[0048] The biosensing attachable accessory 14 leverages strain gauge-based biosensors to continuously measure cardiovascular parameters, specifically cardiac biomarkers, blood pressure, and cardiac output as well as fitness and human performance. The biosensing attachable accessory 14 is designed in a compact clip format that attaches to various wearable straps or wrist bands, fitness bands, or watch bands. The biosensing attachable accessory 14 enables seamless integration with existing accessories over the radial or ulnar artery. The compact design tailored for a watch band, wrist band, fitness band, or strap minimizes discomfort often associated with wearable monitors. The need for comfortable, unobtrusive health monitoring devices is high, particularly for long-term wear. The biosensing attachable accessory14 allows for continuous, noninvasive blood pressure measurement through a wrist band clip, eliminating the need for cumbersome, traditional blood pressure monitoring devices. The design of a clip-on accessory allows for greater versatility. Unlike traditional devices that either embed sensors within the watch band or fitness band or require additional components, this clip can seamlessly attach to existing wristwear, offering a user-friendly experience. This feature is particularly advantageous for continuous health tracking in various settings.

[0049] The biosensing attachable accessory 14 combines pulse transient time (PTT), contact pressure, and pulse wave measurements into a wearable format. Prior methods have utilized these parameters in isolation or limited combinations, typically requiring bulky equipment. Integrating all three distinct measurements within a compact device represents a significant improvement, particularly in utilizing direct pressure measurements. The dual application of PTT and contact pressure measurement contributes to more precise blood pressure assessments in a compact, wearable format. Utilizing multiple pressure applicators (3 to 4) contributes to improved accuracy in blood pressure measurements compared to typical cuffless methods that rely on fewer parameters. The incorporation of contact pressure monitoring compensates for potential variations in sensor placement and individual anatomical differences, enhancing the reliability of readings. The biosensing attachable accessory 14 employs an advanced feedback mechanism that enables automatic recalibration, reducing the need for user intervention.

[0050] The biosensing attachable accessory 14 uses inertial sensors (gyroscope and / or accelerometer) to adjust for a relative position to the user’s heart for hydrostatic blood pressure adjustments and for noise rejection. The biosensing attachable accessory 14 enhances blood pressure reading accuracy by centering the biosensing attachable accessory 14 on the radial artery for pulse wave measurement. Its lower cost of components, energy-efficient design for longer battery life due to the nature of the sensors, and enhanced accessibility, being agnostic to skin tone and obesity, contribute to making effective health monitoring a reality for a broader audience, addressing significant gaps in current healthcare technology solutions.

[0051] There is a need to continuously monitor blood pressure, and traditional blood pressure monitoring methods often require manual measurement with bulky cuffs or equipment that is inconvenient for daily use and have the inability to trulymonitor blood pressure continuously. The biosensing attachable accessory 14 provides continuous, real-time monitoring of blood pressure and cardiac parameters without the need for cumbersome devices, allowing for better management of cardiovascular health over time as well as fitness and human performance. The application of PTT, wave shape, and contact pressure measurement contributes to more precise blood pressure assessments in a compact, wearable format.

[0052] Many existing methods for measuring blood pressure and cardiac output are invasive or semi-invasive, which can be uncomfortable or impractical for regular monitoring. The non-invasive methods are not truly continuous and / or they are unreliable. The biosensing attachable accessory 14 offers a non-invasive alternative, making it more suitable for hospital use (particularly at night as there is no need to wake the patient), daily use, especially for individuals who require frequent monitoring, such as those with hypertension or heart conditions.

[0053] Upon powering on, the biosensing attachable accessory 14 conducts an initial calibration using factory settings and user-specific parameters (age, weight, height). The algorithm calibrates the sensors (i.e. , strain gauges) based on baseline measurements and adjusts for individual physiological differences. The biosensing attachable accessory 14 continuously gathers data from multiple sensors. Pulse wave measurements are captured by strain gauge sensors to determine pulse transient time (PTT). Another set of sensors measures the pressure applied at the skin surface to ensure proper sensor contact. Direct measurements of blood pressure are taken based on differential pressure across the skin over the radial or ulnar artery.

[0054] Each signal is processed using advanced filtering techniques (e.g., Kalman filters, low-pass filters, adaptive filters) to eliminate noise and artifacts from the sensor data. Features are extracted from the filtered signals, such as heart rate, heart rate variability, systolic and diastolic blood pressure readings, and cardiac output values derived from pulse wave analysis.

[0055] The algorithm employs a data fusion technique to combine outputs from the different sensors, using advanced algorithms (e.g., Al / machine learning models) to improve measurement accuracy. An algorithm (such as a regression model or neural network) is used to correlate the multiple inputs (PTT, contact pressure, and pulse wave data) and provide a comprehensive cardiovascular metric. The algorithm analyzes trends over time, detecting variations and potential anomalies in heart rate orblood pressure. The algorithm periodically recalibrates the biosensing attachable accessory 14 using real-time data, adjusting for any discrepancies caused by sensor drift or changes in user conditions. A feedback mechanism adjusts measurements based on the detected contact pressure, ensuring that variations due to improper sensor placement are compensated for.

[0056] If any parameters fall outside pre-defined thresholds (e.g., dangerously high or low blood pressure readings), the algorithm triggers alerts to notify the user through a companion mobile application. The algorithm saves the processed data periodically (e.g., every minute) into local storage and / or synchronizes with the mobile application for historical data analysis. The companion application displays the monitored parameters in real-time dashboards, providing users with insights into their cardiovascular health. The application may include graphical representations over time, allowing users to visualize their health trends and changes.

[0057] Over time, machine learning techniques may be implemented to enhance the algorithm, enabling it to learn from historical data and provide predictive insights for future health events based on user data patterns. Continuous learning could tailor health recommendations based on individual behavior and responses to various factors, leading to personalized health insights.

[0058] The following numbered clauses include embodiments that are contemplated and non-limiting:

[0059] Clause 1 . A wearable biosensing assembly comprising a timepiece that extends around a central axis, the timepiece including a strap and a watch coupled to the strap at a 12 o’clock position along the strap when the timepiece is viewed along the central axis so as to overlie a dorsal side of a wrist of a user when wearing the timepiece; and a biosensing attachable accessory removably coupled to the strap and spaced apart from the watch along the strap when the timepiece is viewed along the central axis to create an included angle of about 100 degrees to about 170 degrees so as to overlie a volar side of the wrist and a radial artery extending through the wrist, the biosensing attachable accessory configured to apply pressure to the skin surface of the wrist and measure physiological signals of the user.

[0060] Clause 2. The wearable biosensing assembly of clause 1 , any other suitable clause, or any other suitable combination of clauses, wherein the strapincludes an inner surface that faces toward the skin surface of the user while the user is wearing the timepiece and an outer surface opposite the inner surface.

[0061] Clause 3. The wearable biosensing assembly of clause 2, any other suitable clause, or any other suitable combination of clauses, wherein the biosensing attachable accessory includes a contact chassis configured to contact the skin surface of the wrist to apply the pressure thereto and a body removably coupled with the strap to support the contact chassis relative to the strap.

[0062] Clause 4. The wearable biosensing assembly of clause 3, any other suitable clause, or any other suitable combination of clauses, wherein the body includes a proximal member located between the inner surface of the strap and the skin surface.

[0063] Clause 5. The wearable biosensing assembly of clause 4, any other suitable clause, or any other suitable combination of clauses, wherein the body further includes a distal member spaced apart from the proximal member and in direct confronting relation with the outer surface of the strap.

[0064] Clause 6. The wearable biosensing assembly of clause 5, any other suitable clause, or any other suitable combination of clauses, wherein the body further includes a connecting member that extends between and interconnects terminal ends of the proximal member and the distal member.

[0065] Clause 7. The wearable biosensing assembly of clause 6, any other suitable clause, or any other suitable combination of clauses, wherein the proximal member, the distal member, and the connecting member cooperate to define a strapreceiving space to receive the strap therein so as to locate the strap between the proximal member and the distal member.

[0066] Clause 8. The wearable biosensing assembly of clause 4, any other suitable clause, or any other suitable combination of clauses, wherein the proximal member is formed to define an interior space to receive at least a portion of the contact chassis therein.

[0067] Clause 9. The wearable biosensing assembly of clause 8, any other suitable clause, or any other suitable combination of clauses, wherein the contact chassis includes a first pressure applicator extending outwardly from the proximal member and into contact with the skin surface and a second pressure applicatorspaced apart axially from the first pressure applicator relative to the central axis and extending outwardly from the proximal member and into contact with the skin surface.

[0068] Clause 10. The wearable biosensing assembly of clause 9, any other suitable clause, or any other suitable combination of clauses, wherein the contact chassis further includes a first bridge coupled to the first pressure applicator and a second bridge coupled to the second pressure applicator, the first bridge and the second bridge located in the interior space of the proximal member.

[0069] Clause 11 . The wearable biosensing assembly of clause 10, any other suitable clause, or any other suitable combination of clauses, wherein the biosensing attachable accessory further includes a first strain gauge configured to measure pressure data suitable for determining physiological signals of the user, the first strain gauge being mounted to the first bridge.

[0070] Clause 12. The wearable biosensing assembly of clause 11 , any other suitable clause, or any other suitable combination of clauses, wherein the biosensing attachable accessory further includes a second strain gauge configured to measure pressure data suitable for determining the physiological signals of the user, the second strain gauge being mounted to the second bridge.

[0071] Clause 13. The wearable biosensing assembly of clause 10, any other suitable clause, or any other suitable combination of clauses, wherein the contact chassis further includes a third pressure applicator extending outwardly from the proximal member and into contact with the skin surface and a fourth pressure applicator spaced apart circumferentially from the third pressure applicator relative to the central axis and extending outwardly from the proximal member and into contact with the skin surface.

[0072] Clause 14. The wearable biosensing assembly of clause 13, any other suitable clause, or any other suitable combination of clauses, wherein the third pressure applicator and the fourth pressure applicator are axially spaced apart from and located between the first pressure applicator and the second pressure applicator.

[0073] Clause 15. The wearable biosensing assembly of clause 13, any other suitable clause, or any other suitable combination of clauses, wherein the contact chassis further includes a third bridge coupled to the third pressure applicator and a fourth bridge coupled to the fourth pressure applicator, the third bridge and the fourth bridge located in the interior space of the proximal member.

[0074] Clause 16. The wearable biosensing assembly of clause 15, any other suitable clause, or any other suitable combination of clauses, wherein the biosensing attachable accessory further includes a third strain gauge configured to measure pressure data suitable for determining a contact pressure developed between the third pressure applicator and the skin surface of the user, the third strain gauge being mounted to the third bridge.

[0075] Clause 17. The wearable biosensing assembly of clause 16, any other suitable clause, or any other suitable combination of clauses, wherein the biosensing attachable accessory further includes a fourth strain gauge configured to measure pressure data suitable for determining a contact pressure developed between the fourth pressure applicator and the skin surface of the user, the fourth strain gauge being mounted to the fourth bridge.

[0076] Clause 18. The wearable biosensing assembly of clause 3, any other suitable clause, or any other suitable combination of clauses, wherein the body is C- shaped.

[0077] Clause 19. The wearable biosensing assembly of clause 1 , any other suitable clause, or any other suitable combination of clauses, wherein the biosensing attachable accessory includes a first strain gauge configured to measure pressure data suitable for determining physiological signals of the user and a second strain gauge configured to measure pressure data suitable for determining a contact pressure applied to the skin surface by the biosensing attachable accessory.

[0078] Clause 20. The wearable biosensing assembly of clause 19, any other suitable clause, or any other suitable combination of clauses, wherein the biosensing attachable accessory further includes a third strain gauge configured to measure pressure data suitable for determining the physiological signals of the user and a fourth strain gauge configured to measure pressure data suitable for determining the contact pressure applied to the skin surface by the biosensing attachable accessory.

[0079] Clause 21 . The wearable biosensing assembly of clause 20, any other suitable clause, or any other suitable combination of clauses, wherein the first strain gauge and the third strain gauge are spaced apart axially from one another relative to the central axis.

[0080] Clause 22. The wearable biosensing assembly of clause 20, any other suitable clause, or any other suitable combination of clauses, wherein the secondstrain gauge and the fourth strain gauge are spaced apart circumferentially from one another relative to the central axis.

[0081] Clause 23. The wearable biosensing assembly of clause 20, any other suitable clause, or any other suitable combination of clauses, wherein the second strain gauge and the fourth strain gauge are axially spaced apart from and located between the first strain gauge and the third strain gauge.

[0082] Clause 24. The wearable biosensing assembly of clause 20, any other suitable clause, or any other suitable combination of clauses, wherein the biosensing attachable accessory further includes a body removably coupled with the strap to support the first, second, third, and fourth strain gauges relative to the strap.

[0083] Clause 25. The wearable biosensing assembly of clause 24, any other suitable clause, or any other suitable combination of clauses, wherein the body includes a proximal member located between the skin surface and an inner surface of the strap that faces toward the skin surface.

[0084] Clause 26. The wearable biosensing assembly of clause 25, any other suitable clause, or any other suitable combination of clauses, wherein the proximal member is formed to define an interior space to receive the first, second, third, and fourth strain gauges therein.

[0085] Clause 27. The wearable biosensing assembly of clause 25, any other suitable clause, or any other suitable combination of clauses, wherein the body further includes a distal member spaced apart from the proximal member to locate the strap between the distal member and the proximal member.

[0086] Clause 28. The wearable biosensing assembly of clause 25, any other suitable clause, or any other suitable combination of clauses, wherein the biosensing attachable accessory further includes a contact chassis configured to contact the skin surface of the wrist to apply the pressure thereto.

[0087] Clause 29. The wearable biosensing assembly of clause 28, any other suitable clause, or any other suitable combination of clauses, wherein the contact chassis includes a first pressure applicator extending outwardly from the proximal member and into contact with the skin surface and a second pressure applicator spaced apart axially from the first pressure applicator relative to the central axis and extending outwardly from the proximal member and into contact with the skin surface.

[0088] Clause 30. The wearable biosensing assembly of clause 29, any other suitable clause, or any other suitable combination of clauses, wherein the contact chassis further includes a first bridge coupled to the first pressure applicator and a second bridge coupled to the second pressure applicator, the first bridge and the second bridge located within the proximal member.

[0089] Clause 31 . The wearable biosensing assembly of clause 30, any other suitable clause, or any other suitable combination of clauses, wherein the first strain gauge is mounted to the first bridge and the third strain gauge is mounted to the second bridge.

[0090] Clause 32. The wearable biosensing assembly of clause 29, any other suitable clause, or any other suitable combination of clauses, wherein the contact chassis further includes a third pressure applicator extending outwardly from the proximal member and into contact with the skin surface and a fourth pressure applicator spaced apart circumferentially from the third pressure applicator relative to the central axis and extending outwardly from the proximal member and into contact with the skin surface.

[0091] Clause 33. The wearable biosensing assembly of clause 32, any other suitable clause, or any other suitable combination of clauses, wherein the third pressure applicator and the fourth pressure applicator are axially spaced apart from and located between the first pressure applicator and the second pressure applicator.

[0092] Clause 34. The wearable biosensing assembly of clause 32, any other suitable clause, or any other suitable combination of clauses, wherein the contact chassis further includes a third bridge coupled to the third pressure applicator and a fourth bridge coupled to the fourth pressure applicator, the third bridge and the fourth bridge located within the proximal member.

[0093] Clause 35. The wearable biosensing assembly of clause 34, any other suitable clause, or any other suitable combination of clauses, wherein the second strain gauge is mounted to the third bridge and the fourth strain gauge is mounted to the fourth bridge.

[0094] Clause 36. The wearable biosensing assembly of clause 19, any other suitable clause, or any other suitable combination of clauses, further comprising a controller in communication with the first strain gauge to receive physiological signaldata therefrom and the second strain gauge to receive contact pressure data therefrom.

[0095] Clause 37. The wearable biosensing assembly of clause 36, any other suitable clause, or any other suitable combination of clauses, wherein the controller is configured to associate the contact pressure data with the physiological signal data to compensate for noise, motion artifacts, and / or variations in the contact pressure thereby optimizing the physiological signal data.

[0096] Clause 38. The wearable biosensing assembly of clause 36, any other suitable clause, or any other suitable combination of clauses, wherein the watch includes at least one biosensor configured to measure physiological signals of the user.

[0097] Clause 39. The wearable biosensing assembly of clause 38, any other suitable clause, or any other suitable combination of clauses, wherein the controller is in communication with the at least one biosensor.

[0098] Clause 40. The wearable biosensing assembly of clause 39, any other suitable clause, or any other suitable combination of clauses, wherein the controller is configured to compare the physiological signal data from the first strain gauge with physiological signal data from the at least one biosensor of the watch.

[0099] Clause 41 . The wearable biosensing assembly of clause 19, any other suitable clause, or any other suitable combination of clauses, wherein the biosensing attachable accessory further includes an inertial sensor configured to measure movement of the strap.

[0100] Clause 42. The wearable biosensing assembly of clause 19, any other suitable clause, or any other suitable combination of clauses, wherein the biosensing attachable accessory further includes a photoplethysmogram (PPG) sensor configured to measure blood volume changes of the user.

[0101] Clause 43. The wearable biosensing assembly of clause 19, any other suitable clause, or any other suitable combination of clauses, wherein the biosensing attachable accessory further includes an electrocardiogram (ECG) sensor configured to measure electrical signals from a heart of the user.

[0102] Clause 44. The wearable biosensing assembly of clause 19, any other suitable clause, or any other suitable combination of clauses, wherein the biosensingattachable accessory further includes a temperature sensor configured to measure skin temperature.

[0103] Clause 45. The wearable biosensing assembly of clause 19, any other suitable clause, or any other suitable combination of clauses, wherein the biosensing attachable accessory further includes a temperature sensor configured to measure ambient temperature.

[0104] Clause 46. The wearable biosensing assembly of clause 1 , any other suitable clause, or any other suitable combination of clauses, wherein the strap of the timepiece is configured to extend around one of the wrist, an upper arm, or a leg.

[0105] Clause 47. The wearable biosensing assembly of clause 1 , any other suitable clause, or any other suitable combination of clauses, wherein the watch includes at least one biosensor configured to measure physiological signals of the user.

[0106] Clause 48. The wearable biosensing assembly of clause 1 , any other suitable clause, or any other suitable combination of clauses, wherein the watch does not include a biosensor.

[0107] Clause 49. A wearable biosensing assembly comprising a biosensing attachable accessory configured to be removably coupled to a strap extending at least partially around a wrist of a user and defining a central axis, the biosensing attachable accessory including a body configured to be removably coupled with the strap and having a proximal arm, a distal arm spaced apart from the proximal arm, and a connecting arm extending between and interconnecting terminal ends of the proximal arm and the distal arm, the proximal arm, the distal arm, and the connecting arm cooperating to form a strap-receiving space to receive the strap therein; a contact chassis supported by the proximal arm of the body and configured to contact a skin surface of the wrist to apply pressure to the skin surface of the wrist; and a biosensing unit coupled to the contact chassis, the biosensing unit including a first strain gauge configured to measure pressure data suitable for determining physiological signals of the user and a second strain gauge configured to measure pressure data suitable for determining a contact pressure applied to the skin surface of the user by the contact chassis.

[0108] Clause 50. The wearable biosensing assembly of clause 49, any other suitable clause, or any other suitable combination of clauses, wherein the proximal armis formed to define an interior space to receive the biosensing unit and at least a portion of the contact chassis therein.

[0109] Clause 51 . The wearable biosensing assembly of clause 49, any other suitable clause, or any other suitable combination of clauses, wherein the biosensing unit further includes a third strain gauge configured to measure pressure data suitable for determining physiological signals of the user and a fourth strain gauge configured to measure pressure data suitable for determining the contact pressure applied to the skin surface of the user by the contact chassis.

[0110] Clause 52. The wearable biosensing assembly of clause 51 , any other suitable clause, or any other suitable combination of clauses, wherein the first strain gauge and the third strain gauge are spaced apart axially from one another relative to the central axis.

[0111] Clause 53. The wearable biosensing assembly of clause 52, any other suitable clause, or any other suitable combination of clauses, wherein the second strain gauge and the fourth strain gauge are spaced apart circumferentially from one another relative to the central axis.

[0112] Clause 54. The wearable biosensing assembly of clause 52, any other suitable clause, or any other suitable combination of clauses, wherein the second strain gauge and the fourth strain gauge are axially spaced apart from and located between the first strain gauge and the third strain gauge.

[0113] Clause 55. The wearable biosensing assembly of clause 51 , any other suitable clause, or any other suitable combination of clauses, wherein the contact chassis includes a first pressure applicator extending outwardly from the proximal arm and into contact with the skin surface and a second pressure applicator spaced apart axially from the first pressure applicator relative to the central axis and extending outwardly from the proximal arm and into contact with the skin surface.

[0114] Clause 56. The wearable biosensing assembly of clause 55, any other suitable clause, or any other suitable combination of clauses, wherein the contact chassis further includes a first bridge coupled to the first pressure applicator and a second bridge coupled to the second pressure applicator, the first bridge and the second bridge located within the proximal arm.

[0115] Clause 57. The wearable biosensing assembly of clause 56, any other suitable clause, or any other suitable combination of clauses, wherein the first straingauge is mounted to the first bridge and the third strain gauge is mounted to the second bridge.

[0116] Clause 58. The wearable biosensing assembly of clause 56, any other suitable clause, or any other suitable combination of clauses, wherein the contact chassis further includes a third pressure applicator extending outwardly from the proximal arm and into contact with the skin surface and a fourth pressure applicator spaced apart circumferentially from the third pressure applicator relative to the central axis and extending outwardly from the proximal arm and into contact with the skin surface.

[0117] Clause 59. The wearable biosensing assembly of clause 58, any other suitable clause, or any other suitable combination of clauses, wherein the third pressure applicator and the fourth pressure applicator are axially spaced apart from and located between the first pressure applicator and the second pressure applicator.

[0118] Clause 60. The wearable biosensing assembly of clause 58, any other suitable clause, or any other suitable combination of clauses, wherein the contact chassis further includes a third bridge coupled to the third pressure applicator and a fourth bridge coupled to the fourth pressure applicator, the third bridge and the fourth bridge located within the proximal arm.

[0119] Clause 61 . The wearable biosensing assembly of clause 60, any other suitable clause, or any other suitable combination of clauses, wherein the second strain gauge is mounted to the third bridge and the fourth strain gauge is mounted to the fourth bridge.

[0120] Clause 62. The wearable biosensing assembly of clause 49, any other suitable clause, or any other suitable combination of clauses, further comprising a controller in communication with the first strain gauge to receive physiological signal data therefrom and the second strain gauge to receive contact pressure data therefrom.

[0121] Clause 63. The wearable biosensing assembly of clause 62, any other suitable clause, or any other suitable combination of clauses, wherein the controller is configured to associate the contact pressure data with the physiological signal data to compensate for noise, motion artifacts, and / or variations in the contact pressure thereby optimizing the physiological signal data.

[0122] Clause 64. The wearable biosensing assembly of clause 49, any other suitable clause, or any other suitable combination of clauses, wherein the biosensing attachable accessory further includes an inertial sensor configured to measure movement of the user.

[0123] Clause 65. The wearable biosensing assembly of clause 49, any other suitable clause, or any other suitable combination of clauses, wherein the biosensing attachable accessory further includes a photoplethysmogram (PPG) sensor configured to measure blood volume changes of the user.

[0124] Clause 66. The wearable biosensing assembly of clause 49, any other suitable clause, or any other suitable combination of clauses, wherein the biosensing attachable accessory further includes an electrocardiogram (ECG) sensor configured to measure electrical signals from a heart of the user.

[0125] Clause 67. The wearable biosensing assembly of clause 49, any other suitable clause, or any other suitable combination of clauses, wherein the biosensing attachable accessory further includes a temperature sensor configured to measure skin temperature.

[0126] Clause 68. The wearable biosensing assembly of clause 49, any other suitable clause, or any other suitable combination of clauses, wherein the biosensing attachable accessory further includes a temperature sensor configured to measure ambient temperature.

[0127] Clause 69. The wearable biosensing assembly of clause 49, any other suitable clause, or any other suitable combination of clauses, wherein the strap is configured to extend around one of the wrist, an upper arm, or a leg.

[0128] Clause 70. The wearable biosensing assembly of clause 49, any other suitable clause, or any other suitable combination of clauses, wherein the body is C- shaped.

[0129] Clause 71 . A method of improving physiological signal data output from a biosensing attachable accessory, the method comprising providing the biosensing attachable accessory and a timepiece that extends around a central axis, the timepiece including a strap and a watch coupled to the strap at a 12 o’clock position along the strap when the timepiece is viewed along the central axis; attaching the biosensing attachable accessory to the strap so that the biosensing attachable accessory is spaced apart from the watch to create an included angle of about 100degrees to about 170 degrees; determining a contact pressure applied to a skin surface of a user by the biosensing attachable accessory via a first strain gauge of the biosensing attachable accessory; measuring physiological signals of the user via a second strain gauge of the biosensing attachable accessory; storing contact pressure data and physiological signal data in a memory of a controller; and associating the contact pressure data with the physiological signal data to manage motion artifacts and other irregularities in the physiological signal data.

[0130] Clause 72. The method of clause 71 , any other suitable clause, or any other suitable combination of clauses, further comprising removing the biosensing attachable accessory from the strap.

[0131] Clause 73. The method of clause 71 , any other suitable clause, or any other suitable combination of clauses, wherein the step of attaching includes locating the strap between a proximal arm and a distal arm of a body of the biosensing attachable accessory.

[0132] Clause 74. The method of clause 71 , any other suitable clause, or any other suitable combination of clauses, further comprising locating the biosensing attachable accessory over a radial artery extending through the wrist.

[0133] Clause 75. The method of clause 71 , any other suitable clause, or any other suitable combination of clauses, further comprising measuring blood volume changes of the user via a photoplethysmogram (PPG) sensor of the biosensing attachable accessory.

[0134] Clause 76. The method of clause 71 , any other suitable clause, or any other suitable combination of clauses, further comprising measuring electrical signals from a heart of the user via an electrocardiogram (ECG) sensor of the biosensing attachable accessory.

[0135] Clause 77. The method of clause 71 , any other suitable clause, or any other suitable combination of clauses, further comprising measuring skin temperature of the user via a temperature sensor of the biosensing attachable accessory.

[0136] Clause 78. The method of clause 71 , any other suitable clause, or any other suitable combination of clauses, further comprising measuring an ambient temperature of an environment of the user via an ambient temperature sensor of the biosensing attachable accessory.

[0137] Clause 79. The method of clause 71 , any other suitable clause, or any other suitable combination of clauses, further comprising coupling the strap to one of a wrist, an upper arm, or a leg of the user.

[0138] Clause 80. The method of clause 71 , any other suitable clause, or any other suitable combination of clauses, further comprising measuring movement of the user via an inertial sensor of the biosensing attachable accessory.

[0139] Clause 81 . The method of clause 71 , any other suitable clause, or any other suitable combination of clauses, further comprising measuring physiological signals of the user via a biosensor of the watch.

[0140] Clause 82. The method of clause 81 , any other suitable clause, or any other suitable combination of clauses, further comprising comparing the physiological signal data from the biosensing attachable accessory with physiological signal data from the watch.

[0141] While the disclosure has been illustrated and described in detail in the foregoing drawings and description, the same is to be considered as exemplary and not restrictive in character, it being understood that only illustrative embodiments thereof have been shown and described and that all changes and modifications that come within the spirit of the disclosure are desired to be protected.

Claims

WHAT IS CLAIMED IS:1 . A wearable biosensing assembly comprising a timepiece that extends around a central axis, the timepiece including a strap and a watch coupled to the strap at a 12 o’clock position along the strap when the timepiece is viewed along the central axis so as to overlie a dorsal side of a wrist of a user when wearing the timepiece, and a biosensing attachable accessory removably coupled to the strap and spaced apart from the watch along the strap when the timepiece is viewed along the central axis to create an included angle of about 100 degrees to about 170 degrees so as to overlie a volar side of the wrist and a radial artery extending through the wrist, the biosensing attachable accessory configured to apply pressure to the skin surface of the wrist and measure physiological signals of the user.

2. The wearable biosensing assembly of claim 1 , any other suitable claim, or any other suitable combination of claims, wherein the strap includes an inner surface that faces toward the skin surface of the user while the user is wearing the timepiece and an outer surface opposite the inner surface.

3. The wearable biosensing assembly of claim 2, any other suitable claim, or any other suitable combination of claims, wherein the biosensing attachable accessory includes a contact chassis configured to contact the skin surface of the wrist to apply the pressure thereto and a body removably coupled with the strap to support the contact chassis relative to the strap.

4. The wearable biosensing assembly of claim 3, any other suitable claim, or any other suitable combination of claims, wherein the body includes a proximal member located between the inner surface of the strap and the skin surface.

5. The wearable biosensing assembly of claim 4, any other suitable claim, or any other suitable combination of claims, wherein the body further includes a distal member spaced apart from the proximal member and in direct confronting relation with the outer surface of the strap.

6. The wearable biosensing assembly of claim 5, any other suitable claim, or any other suitable combination of claims, wherein the body further includes a connecting member that extends between and interconnects terminal ends of the proximal member and the distal member.

7. The wearable biosensing assembly of claim 6, any other suitable claim, or any other suitable combination of claims, wherein the proximal member, the distal member, and the connecting member cooperate to define a strap-receiving space to receive the strap therein so as to locate the strap between the proximal member and the distal member.

8. The wearable biosensing assembly of claim 4, any other suitable claim, or any other suitable combination of claims, wherein the proximal member is formed to define an interior space to receive at least a portion of the contact chassis therein.

9. The wearable biosensing assembly of claim 8, any other suitable claim, or any other suitable combination of claims, wherein the contact chassis includes a first pressure applicator extending outwardly from the proximal member and into contact with the skin surface and a second pressure applicator spaced apart axially from the first pressure applicator relative to the central axis and extending outwardly from the proximal member and into contact with the skin surface.

10. The wearable biosensing assembly of claim 9, any other suitable claim, or any other suitable combination of claims, wherein the contact chassis further includes a first bridge coupled to the first pressure applicator and a second bridge coupled to the second pressure applicator, the first bridge and the second bridge located in the interior space of the proximal member.1 1 . The wearable biosensing assembly of claim 10, any other suitable claim, or any other suitable combination of claims, wherein the biosensing attachable accessory further includes a first strain gauge configured to measure pressure data suitable for determining physiological signals of the user, the first strain gauge being mounted to the first bridge.

12. The wearable biosensing assembly of claim 11 , any other suitable claim, or any other suitable combination of claims, wherein the biosensing attachable accessory further includes a second strain gauge configured to measure pressure data suitable for determining the physiological signals of the user, the second strain gauge being mounted to the second bridge.

13. The wearable biosensing assembly of claim 10, any other suitable claim, or any other suitable combination of claims, wherein the contact chassis further includes a third pressure applicator extending outwardly from the proximal memberand into contact with the skin surface and a fourth pressure applicator spaced apart circumferentially from the third pressure applicator relative to the central axis and extending outwardly from the proximal member and into contact with the skin surface.

14. The wearable biosensing assembly of claim 13, any other suitable claim, or any other suitable combination of claims, wherein the third pressure applicator and the fourth pressure applicator are axially spaced apart from and located between the first pressure applicator and the second pressure applicator.

15. The wearable biosensing assembly of claim 13, any other suitable claim, or any other suitable combination of claims, wherein the contact chassis further includes a third bridge coupled to the third pressure applicator and a fourth bridge coupled to the fourth pressure applicator, the third bridge and the fourth bridge located in the interior space of the proximal member.

16. The wearable biosensing assembly of claim 15, any other suitable claim, or any other suitable combination of claims, wherein the biosensing attachable accessory further includes a third strain gauge configured to measure pressure data suitable for determining a contact pressure developed between the third pressure applicator and the skin surface of the user, the third strain gauge being mounted to the third bridge.

17. The wearable biosensing assembly of claim 16, any other suitable claim, or any other suitable combination of claims, wherein the biosensing attachable accessory further includes a fourth strain gauge configured to measure pressure data suitable for determining a contact pressure developed between the fourth pressure applicator and the skin surface of the user, the fourth strain gauge being mounted to the fourth bridge.

18. The wearable biosensing assembly of claim 3, any other suitable claim, or any other suitable combination of claims, wherein the body is C-shaped.

19. The wearable biosensing assembly of claim 1 , any other suitable claim, or any other suitable combination of claims, wherein the biosensing attachable accessory includes a first strain gauge configured to measure pressure data suitable for determining physiological signals of the user and a second strain gauge configured to measure pressure data suitable for determining a contact pressure applied to the skin surface by the biosensing attachable accessory.

20. The wearable biosensing assembly of claim 19, any other suitable claim, or any other suitable combination of claims, wherein the biosensing attachable accessory further includes a third strain gauge configured to measure pressure data suitable for determining the physiological signals of the user and a fourth strain gauge configured to measure pressure data suitable for determining the contact pressure applied to the skin surface by the biosensing attachable accessory.21 . The wearable biosensing assembly of claim 20, any other suitable claim, or any other suitable combination of claims, wherein the first strain gauge and the third strain gauge are spaced apart axially from one another relative to the central axis.

22. The wearable biosensing assembly of claim 20, any other suitable claim, or any other suitable combination of claims, wherein the second strain gauge and the fourth strain gauge are spaced apart circumferentially from one another relative to the central axis.

23. The wearable biosensing assembly of claim 20, any other suitable claim, or any other suitable combination of claims, wherein the second strain gauge and the fourth strain gauge are axially spaced apart from and located between the first strain gauge and the third strain gauge.

24. The wearable biosensing assembly of claim 20, any other suitable claim, or any other suitable combination of claims, wherein the biosensing attachable accessory further includes a body removably coupled with the strap to support the first, second, third, and fourth strain gauges relative to the strap.

25. The wearable biosensing assembly of claim 24, any other suitable claim, or any other suitable combination of claims, wherein the body includes a proximal member located between the skin surface and an inner surface of the strap that faces toward the skin surface.

26. The wearable biosensing assembly of claim 25, any other suitable claim, or any other suitable combination of claims, wherein the proximal member is formed to define an interior space to receive the first, second, third, and fourth strain gauges therein.

27. The wearable biosensing assembly of claim 25, any other suitable claim, or any other suitable combination of claims, wherein the body further includes adistal member spaced apart from the proximal member to locate the strap between the distal member and the proximal member.

28. The wearable biosensing assembly of claim 25, any other suitable claim, or any other suitable combination of claims, wherein the biosensing attachable accessory further includes a contact chassis configured to contact the skin surface of the wrist to apply the pressure thereto.

29. The wearable biosensing assembly of claim 28, any other suitable claim, or any other suitable combination of claims, wherein the contact chassis includes a first pressure applicator extending outwardly from the proximal member and into contact with the skin surface and a second pressure applicator spaced apart axially from the first pressure applicator relative to the central axis and extending outwardly from the proximal member and into contact with the skin surface.

30. The wearable biosensing assembly of claim 29, any other suitable claim, or any other suitable combination of claims, wherein the contact chassis further includes a first bridge coupled to the first pressure applicator and a second bridge coupled to the second pressure applicator, the first bridge and the second bridge located within the proximal member.31 . The wearable biosensing assembly of claim 30, any other suitable claim, or any other suitable combination of claims, wherein the first strain gauge is mounted to the first bridge and the third strain gauge is mounted to the second bridge.

32. The wearable biosensing assembly of claim 29, any other suitable claim, or any other suitable combination of claims, wherein the contact chassis further includes a third pressure applicator extending outwardly from the proximal member and into contact with the skin surface and a fourth pressure applicator spaced apart circumferentially from the third pressure applicator relative to the central axis and extending outwardly from the proximal member and into contact with the skin surface.

33. The wearable biosensing assembly of claim 32, any other suitable claim, or any other suitable combination of claims, wherein the third pressure applicator and the fourth pressure applicator are axially spaced apart from and located between the first pressure applicator and the second pressure applicator.

34. The wearable biosensing assembly of claim 32, any other suitable claim, or any other suitable combination of claims, wherein the contact chassis further includes a third bridge coupled to the third pressure applicator and a fourth bridgecoupled to the fourth pressure applicator, the third bridge and the fourth bridge located within the proximal member.

35. The wearable biosensing assembly of claim 34, any other suitable claim, or any other suitable combination of claims, wherein the second strain gauge is mounted to the third bridge and the fourth strain gauge is mounted to the fourth bridge.

36. The wearable biosensing assembly of claim 19, any other suitable claim, or any other suitable combination of claims, further comprising a controller in communication with the first strain gauge to receive physiological signal data therefrom and the second strain gauge to receive contact pressure data therefrom.

37. The wearable biosensing assembly of claim 36, any other suitable claim, or any other suitable combination of claims, wherein the controller is configured to associate the contact pressure data with the physiological signal data to compensate for noise, motion artifacts, and / or variations in the contact pressure thereby optimizing the physiological signal data.

38. The wearable biosensing assembly of claim 36, any other suitable claim, or any other suitable combination of claims, wherein the watch includes at least one biosensor configured to measure physiological signals of the user.

39. The wearable biosensing assembly of claim 38, any other suitable claim, or any other suitable combination of claims, wherein the controller is in communication with the at least one biosensor.

40. The wearable biosensing assembly of claim 39, any other suitable claim, or any other suitable combination of claims, wherein the controller is configured to compare the physiological signal data from the first strain gauge with physiological signal data from the at least one biosensor of the watch.41 . The wearable biosensing assembly of claim 19, any other suitable claim, or any other suitable combination of claims, wherein the biosensing attachable accessory further includes an inertial sensor configured to measure movement of the strap.

42. The wearable biosensing assembly of claim 19, any other suitable claim, or any other suitable combination of claims, wherein the biosensing attachable accessory further includes a photoplethysmogram (PPG) sensor configured to measure blood volume changes of the user.

43. The wearable biosensing assembly of claim 19, any other suitable claim, or any other suitable combination of claims, wherein the biosensing attachable accessory further includes an electrocardiogram (ECG) sensor configured to measure electrical signals from a heart of the user.

44. The wearable biosensing assembly of claim 19, any other suitable claim, or any other suitable combination of claims, wherein the biosensing attachable accessory further includes a temperature sensor configured to measure skin temperature.

45. The wearable biosensing assembly of claim 19, any other suitable claim, or any other suitable combination of claims, wherein the biosensing attachable accessory further includes a temperature sensor configured to measure ambient temperature.

46. The wearable biosensing assembly of claim 1 , any other suitable claim, or any other suitable combination of claims, wherein the strap of the timepiece is configured to extend around one of the wrist, an upper arm, or a leg.

47. The wearable biosensing assembly of claim 1 , any other suitable claim, or any other suitable combination of claims, wherein the watch includes at least one biosensor configured to measure physiological signals of the user.

48. The wearable biosensing assembly of claim 1 , any other suitable claim, or any other suitable combination of claims, wherein the watch does not include a biosensor.

49. A wearable biosensing assembly comprising a biosensing attachable accessory configured to be removably coupled to a strap extending at least partially around a wrist of a user and defining a central axis, the biosensing attachable accessory including a body configured to be removably coupled with the strap and having a proximal arm, a distal arm spaced apart from the proximal arm, and a connecting arm extending between and interconnecting terminal ends of the proximal arm and the distal arm, the proximal arm, the distal arm, and the connecting arm cooperating to form a strap-receiving space to receive the strap therein,a contact chassis supported by the proximal arm of the body and configured to contact a skin surface of the wrist to apply pressure to the skin surface of the wrist, and a biosensing unit coupled to the contact chassis, the biosensing unit including a first strain gauge configured to measure pressure data suitable for determining physiological signals of the user and a second strain gauge configured to measure pressure data suitable for determining a contact pressure applied to the skin surface of the user by the contact chassis.

50. The wearable biosensing assembly of claim 49, any other suitable claim, or any other suitable combination of claims, wherein the proximal arm is formed to define an interior space to receive the biosensing unit and at least a portion of the contact chassis therein.51 . The wearable biosensing assembly of claim 49, any other suitable claim, or any other suitable combination of claims, wherein the biosensing unit further includes a third strain gauge configured to measure pressure data suitable for determining physiological signals of the user and a fourth strain gauge configured to measure pressure data suitable for determining the contact pressure applied to the skin surface of the user by the contact chassis.

52. The wearable biosensing assembly of claim 51 , any other suitable claim, or any other suitable combination of claims, wherein the first strain gauge and the third strain gauge are spaced apart axially from one another relative to the central axis.

53. The wearable biosensing assembly of claim 52, any other suitable claim, or any other suitable combination of claims, wherein the second strain gauge and the fourth strain gauge are spaced apart circumferentially from one another relative to the central axis.

54. The wearable biosensing assembly of claim 52, any other suitable claim, or any other suitable combination of claims, wherein the second strain gauge and the fourth strain gauge are axially spaced apart from and located between the first strain gauge and the third strain gauge.

55. The wearable biosensing assembly of claim 51 , any other suitable claim, or any other suitable combination of claims, wherein the contact chassis includes a first pressure applicator extending outwardly from the proximal arm and intocontact with the skin surface and a second pressure applicator spaced apart axially from the first pressure applicator relative to the central axis and extending outwardly from the proximal arm and into contact with the skin surface.

56. The wearable biosensing assembly of claim 55, any other suitable claim, or any other suitable combination of claims, wherein the contact chassis further includes a first bridge coupled to the first pressure applicator and a second bridge coupled to the second pressure applicator, the first bridge and the second bridge located within the proximal arm.

57. The wearable biosensing assembly of claim 56, any other suitable claim, or any other suitable combination of claims, wherein the first strain gauge is mounted to the first bridge and the third strain gauge is mounted to the second bridge.

58. The wearable biosensing assembly of claim 56, any other suitable claim, or any other suitable combination of claims, wherein the contact chassis further includes a third pressure applicator extending outwardly from the proximal arm and into contact with the skin surface and a fourth pressure applicator spaced apart circumferentially from the third pressure applicator relative to the central axis and extending outwardly from the proximal arm and into contact with the skin surface.

59. The wearable biosensing assembly of claim 58, any other suitable claim, or any other suitable combination of claims, wherein the third pressure applicator and the fourth pressure applicator are axially spaced apart from and located between the first pressure applicator and the second pressure applicator.

60. The wearable biosensing assembly of claim 58, any other suitable claim, or any other suitable combination of claims, wherein the contact chassis further includes a third bridge coupled to the third pressure applicator and a fourth bridge coupled to the fourth pressure applicator, the third bridge and the fourth bridge located within the proximal arm.61 . The wearable biosensing assembly of claim 60, any other suitable claim, or any other suitable combination of claims, wherein the second strain gauge is mounted to the third bridge and the fourth strain gauge is mounted to the fourth bridge.

62. The wearable biosensing assembly of claim 49, any other suitable claim, or any other suitable combination of claims, further comprising a controller in communication with the first strain gauge to receive physiological signal data therefrom and the second strain gauge to receive contact pressure data therefrom.

63. The wearable biosensing assembly of claim 62, any other suitable claim, or any other suitable combination of claims, wherein the controller is configured to associate the contact pressure data with the physiological signal data to compensate for noise, motion artifacts, and / or variations in the contact pressure thereby optimizing the physiological signal data.

64. The wearable biosensing assembly of claim 49, any other suitable claim, or any other suitable combination of claims, wherein the biosensing attachable accessory further includes an inertial sensor configured to measure movement of the user.

65. The wearable biosensing assembly of claim 49, any other suitable claim, or any other suitable combination of claims, wherein the biosensing attachable accessory further includes a photoplethysmogram (PPG) sensor configured to measure blood volume changes of the user.

66. The wearable biosensing assembly of claim 49, any other suitable claim, or any other suitable combination of claims, wherein the biosensing attachable accessory further includes an electrocardiogram (ECG) sensor configured to measure electrical signals from a heart of the user.

67. The wearable biosensing assembly of claim 49, any other suitable claim, or any other suitable combination of claims, wherein the biosensing attachable accessory further includes a temperature sensor configured to measure skin temperature.

68. The wearable biosensing assembly of claim 49, any other suitable claim, or any other suitable combination of claims, wherein the biosensing attachable accessory further includes a temperature sensor configured to measure ambient temperature.

69. The wearable biosensing assembly of claim 49, any other suitable claim, or any other suitable combination of claims, wherein the strap is configured to extend around one of the wrist, an upper arm, or a leg.

70. The wearable biosensing assembly of claim 49, any other suitable claim, or any other suitable combination of claims, wherein the body is C-shaped.71 . A method of improving physiological signal data output from a biosensing attachable accessory, the method comprisingproviding the biosensing attachable accessory and a timepiece that extends around a central axis, the timepiece including a strap and a watch coupled to the strap at a 12 o’clock position along the strap when the timepiece is viewed along the central axis, attaching the biosensing attachable accessory to the strap so that the biosensing attachable accessory is spaced apart from the watch to create an included angle of about 100 degrees to about 170 degrees, determining a contact pressure applied to a skin surface of a user by the biosensing attachable accessory via a first strain gauge of the biosensing attachable accessory, measuring physiological signals of the user via a second strain gauge of the biosensing attachable accessory, storing contact pressure data and physiological signal data in a memory of a controller, and associating the contact pressure data with the physiological signal data to manage motion artifacts and other irregularities in the physiological signal data.

72. The method of claim 71 , any other suitable claim, or any other suitable combination of claims, further comprising removing the biosensing attachable accessory from the strap.

73. The method of claim 71 , any other suitable claim, or any other suitable combination of claims, wherein the step of attaching includes locating the strap between a proximal arm and a distal arm of a body of the biosensing attachable accessory.

74. The method of claim 71 , any other suitable claim, or any other suitable combination of claims, further comprising locating the biosensing attachable accessory over a radial artery extending through the wrist.

75. The method of claim 71 , any other suitable claim, or any other suitable combination of claims, further comprising measuring blood volume changes of the user via a photoplethysmogram (PPG) sensor of the biosensing attachable accessory.

76. The method of claim 71 , any other suitable claim, or any other suitable combination of claims, further comprising measuring electrical signals from aheart of the user via an electrocardiogram (ECG) sensor of the biosensing attachable accessory.

77. The method of claim 71 , any other suitable claim, or any other suitable combination of claims, further comprising measuring skin temperature of the user via a temperature sensor of the biosensing attachable accessory.

78. The method of claim 71 , any other suitable claim, or any other suitable combination of claims, further comprising measuring an ambient temperature of an environment of the user via an ambient temperature sensor of the biosensing attachable accessory.

79. The method of claim 71 , any other suitable claim, or any other suitable combination of claims, further comprising coupling the strap to one of a wrist, an upper arm, or a leg of the user.

80. The method of claim 71 , any other suitable claim, or any other suitable combination of claims, further comprising measuring movement of the user via an inertial sensor of the biosensing attachable accessory.81 . The method of claim 71 , any other suitable claim, or any other suitable combination of claims, further comprising measuring physiological signals of the user via a biosensor of the watch.

82. The method of claim 81 , any other suitable claim, or any other suitable combination of claims, further comprising comparing the physiological signal data from the biosensing attachable accessory with physiological signal data from the watch.

Images