Solar cell and preparation method therefor, electric device, and power generation device

Abstract

The present application discloses a solar cell and a preparation method therefor, an electric device, and a power generation device. The solar cell comprises a passivation material, and the passivation material comprises cations and anions; the cations comprise ammonium ions, and the anions comprise acid radical ions; and the ammonium ions comprise substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbyl ammonium ions, and the acid radical ions comprise any one of organic acid radical ions and inorganic acid radical ions. The cations in the passivation material can enter a perovskite lattice to form two-dimensional perovskite, so that the effect of protecting a light absorption layer is achieved; the electron clouds on the anions have high density, and can act with excessive lead iodide in perovskite, so that the lead iodide octahedral framework can be stabilized; and in this way, the passivation material can passivate the defects of a perovskite layer, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of the solar cell device.

Description

Solar cell, preparation method thereof, power consumption equipment and power generation equipment

[0001] Cross-reference to Related Applications

[0002] This application claims priority to Chinese Patent Application No. 202410411237.2, filed on April 7, 2024, entitled "Solar cell, preparation method thereof, power consumption equipment and power generation equipment", the content of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. TECHNICAL FIELD

[0003] The present application relates to the field of new energy technology, in particular to a solar cell, a preparation method thereof, a power consumption equipment and a power generation equipment. BACKGROUND

[0004] As an important technology in the field of new energy technology, solar cells have entered many fields such as industry, commerce, agriculture, communication, household appliances and public facilities from the military field and the aerospace field. Perovskite solar cells are one of the most promising and potential solar cells at present, which have the characteristics of high efficiency, environmental protection and low cost.

[0005] However, the photoelectric conversion efficiency of perovskite solar cells is currently far below the theoretical limit, and the stability also fails to meet the use standard, which is caused by the high-density defects on the perovskite interface. The above statements are only used to provide background technical information related to the present application, and do not necessarily constitute the prior art. SUMMARY

[0006] The technical problem solved by the present application is to provide a solar cell, a preparation method thereof, a power consumption equipment and a power generation equipment, which can passivate defects of a light absorption layer, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of the solar cell.

[0007] To solve the above technical problem, one technical solution adopted by the present application is to provide a solar cell, which comprises a passivation material, the passivation material comprising cations and anions; the cations comprising ammonium ions, and the anions comprising acid ions; the ammonium ions comprising substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbon ammonium ions, and the acid ions comprising any one of organic acid ions and inorganic acid ions.

[0008] The cations of the passivation material can enter the perovskite lattice to form a two-dimensional perovskite, which plays a role in protecting the light absorption layer, and the electron cloud density on the anions is high, which can interact with excess lead iodide in the perovskite to stabilize the lead iodide octahedral framework. Therefore, the passivation material can passivate the defects of the perovskite light absorption layer, and improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of the solar cell device.

[0009] In an embodiment, the chemical formula of the passivation material is (A n+) m (B m- ) n wherein A n+ is an ammonium ion, B m- is an acid ion, and m and n are independently 1-5.

[0010] A n+ in the passivation material can enter the perovskite lattice to form a two-dimensional perovskite, thereby protecting the light absorption layer, and B m- has a high electron cloud density and can interact with excess lead iodide in the perovskite to stabilize the lead iodide octahedral framework. Therefore, the passivation material can passivate defects in the perovskite light absorption layer, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of the solar cell device.

[0011] In an embodiment, the total number of atoms in the ammonium ion, excluding hydrogen, is less than or equal to 30. And / or the total number of atoms in the acid ion, excluding hydrogen, is less than or equal to 30. By such arrangement, the molecular volume of the passivation material is small, which can reduce the negative impact of the passivation material on the conductivity of the solar cell.

[0012] In an embodiment, the organic acid ion includes any one of a substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbyl carboxylate ion, a substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbyl borate ion, a substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbyl sulfonate ion, a substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbyl phosphate ion, a substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbyl hypophosphite ion, and a substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbyl phosphite ion; and / or the inorganic acid ion includes any one of a thiocyanate ion, a carbonate ion, a borate ion, a phosphate ion, a hypophosphite ion, a phosphite ion, a chloride ion, a bromide ion, an iodide ion, a sulfate ion, a nitrate ion, a perchlorate ion, and a permanganate ion. The electron cloud density of the above-mentioned organic acid ion and inorganic acid ion is high, which can easily interact with excess lead iodide to stabilize the lead iodide framework.

[0013] In an embodiment, the substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbyl ammonium ion is formed by removing a proton from part or all of the amino groups in a substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbyl amine; the substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbyl amine includes any one of a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl amine, a substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl amine, a substituted or unsubstituted alicyclic hydrocarbyl amine, and a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic amine. The hydrocarbyl ammonium ion belongs to a cationic functional group, which can passivate A-site defects in the perovskite layer ABX3 or A2CDX6, stabilize the perovskite lattice, form a two-dimensional perovskite, and improve the water and oxygen barrier properties of the perovskite layer.

[0014] In an embodiment, the substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbon-based amine includes any one of guanidine, methylamine, piperazine, piperidine, ethylenediamine, oleylamine, decylamine, benzylamine, phenethylamine, diphenyl ethylamine, 2,7-diaminonaphthalene, 2-aminanthracene, 2,6-diaminoanthracene, triphenylen-1,5,9-triamine, dibenzo[g,p]chrysene-3,6,11,14-tetraamine, benzene-1,2,4-triazyltriamine, 1,2,4,5-benzene tetramine, piperazine, piperidine, 3,5-diaminopyridine, 3,4,5-triaminopyridine, 2,7-naphthylpyridine-4-amine. Some or all of the amines in the above hydrocarbon-based amines can form hydrocarbon-based ammonium ions by losing one proton.

[0015] In an embodiment, the passivation material includes any one of methylamine butyrate, guanidine acrylate, methylamine benzoate, phenethylamine benzoate, phenethylamine sulfate, guanidine sulfate, piperazine hydroiodide, guanidine iodide, piperazine sulfate, ethylenediamine dihydroiodide, oleylamine iodine, decylamine benzene sulfonic acid. The passivation material includes both cations and anions, the cations can enter the perovskite lattice to form two-dimensional perovskite, which protects the light absorption layer, and the electron cloud density of the anions is high, which can interact with the excess lead iodide in the perovskite to stabilize the lead iodide octahedral framework. Therefore, the passivation material can passivate the defects of the perovskite light absorption layer, and improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of the solar cell device.

[0016] In an embodiment, the solar cell includes a light absorption layer and a passivation layer located on at least one side surface of the light absorption layer, and the passivation layer includes at least one passivation material. The passivation layer passivates the defects of the light absorption layer, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of the solar cell.

[0017] In an embodiment, the solar cell includes a light absorption layer, and the light absorption layer includes at least one passivation material. The passivation material passivates the defects of the light absorption layer, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of the solar cell.

[0018] In an embodiment, the thickness of the passivation layer is 0.1 nm-20 nm. The thickness of the passivation layer in this range is beneficial to improve the transport performance of the carriers, and at the same time, the passivation effect is good.

[0019] In an embodiment, the solar cell includes a light absorption layer, and the light absorption layer includes a light absorption material and at least one passivation material. The passivation material passivates the defects of the light absorption layer, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of the solar cell.

[0020] In an embodiment, the light absorption layer includes a perovskite material. The perovskite material applied to the light absorption layer has the advantages of high photoelectric conversion efficiency, low cost, and wide spectral absorption range.

[0021] In an embodiment, the solar cell comprises a first electrode, a first transport layer, a light absorption layer, a second transport layer and a second electrode which are sequentially stacked, and further comprises a passivation layer in which a passivation material is distributed, the passivation layer being located between the second transport layer and the light absorption layer. The passivation layer can passivate defects at the interface of the light absorption layer, and improve the carrier transport performance.

[0022] In an embodiment, the first electrode, the first transport layer, the light absorption layer, the second transport layer and the second electrode are sequentially arranged from the light-incident surface of the base layer, the first transport layer is a hole transport layer, the second transport layer is an electron transport layer, the light absorption layer comprises a perovskite material, and the passivation layer is located between the electron transport layer and the light absorption layer. The carrier transport performance of the solar cell is improved, and the energy conversion efficiency and stability are improved.

[0023] To solve the above technical problems, another technical solution adopted by the present application is to provide a preparation method of a solar cell, the preparation method comprising: providing an intermediate piece comprising a first electrode and a first transport layer; forming a light functional layer on the first transport layer, the light functional layer comprising a light absorption material and a passivation material, the passivation material comprising cations and anions, the cations comprising ammonium ions, and the anions comprising acid ions; forming a second transport layer and a second electrode on the functional layer to obtain a solar cell. The carrier transport performance of the prepared solar cell is improved, and the energy conversion efficiency and stability are improved.

[0024] In an embodiment, forming the light functional layer on the first transport layer comprises: forming a light absorption layer on the first transport layer, the light absorption layer comprising a light absorption material; and forming a passivation layer on the surface of the light absorption layer away from the first transport layer, the passivation layer comprising a passivation material. The passivation layer can passivate defects at the interface of the light absorption layer, and improve the carrier transport performance.

[0025] In an embodiment, forming the light functional layer on the first transport layer comprises: coating a slurry containing a light absorption material and a passivation material on the first transport layer to form a light absorption layer, the light absorption layer comprising the light absorption material and the passivation material. The carrier transport performance of the prepared solar cell is improved, and the energy conversion efficiency and stability are improved.

[0026] In an embodiment, the mass ratio of the passivation material to the light absorption layer is 0.01% to 10%. The content of the passivation material in this range is beneficial to improve the conductivity of the light absorption layer, and at the same time, the passivation effect is good.

[0027] To solve the above technical problems, another technical solution adopted by the present application is to provide a power consuming device comprising the solar cell. The power consuming device has at least the same advantages as the solar cell.

[0028] To solve the above technical problems, another technical solution adopted by the present application is to provide a power generating device comprising the solar cell. The power generating device has at least the same advantages as the solar cell.

[0029] The above description is only a summary of the technical solutions of the present application. In order to enable one of ordinary skill in the art to better understand the technical means of the present application and implement it according to the contents of the description, and in order to make the above and other purposes, features and advantages of the present application more apparent and easy to understand, the following specific embodiments of the present application are described. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

[0030] In order to more clearly illustrate the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present application, the following will briefly introduce the drawings needed to be used in the embodiments description. Obviously, the drawings in the following description are only some embodiments of the present application, and for those skilled in the art, other drawings can also be obtained without creative labor.

[0031] Fig. 1 is a structural schematic diagram of a solar cell according to one or more embodiments;

[0032] Fig. 2 is a structural schematic diagram of a power consuming device according to some embodiments of the present application;

[0033] Fig. 3 is a structural schematic diagram of a power generating device according to some embodiments of the present application.

[0034] In the drawings: 100, solar cell; 11, first electrode; 13, second electrode; 21, hole transport layer; 23, electron transport layer; 30, light absorption layer; 40, passivation layer; 1000, power consuming device; 2000, power generating device. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0035] The embodiments of the technical solutions of the present application will be described in detail below with reference to the drawings. The following embodiments are only used to more clearly illustrate the technical solutions of the present application, and therefore only serve as examples, but cannot limit the protection scope of the present application.

[0036] Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which the present application belongs; the terms used herein are only for the purpose of describing specific embodiments and are not intended to limit the present application; the terms "include" and "have" and any variations thereof in the specification and claims of the present application and the above description of drawings are intended to cover non-exclusive inclusion.

[0037] In the description of the embodiments of the present application, the technical terms "first", "second" and the like are only used to distinguish different objects, and cannot be understood as indicating or implying relative importance or implicitly indicating the number, specific order or primary and secondary relationship of the indicated technical features. In the description of the embodiments of the present application, the meaning of "a plurality of" is two or more, unless otherwise explicitly and specifically limited.

[0038] Reference herein to "an embodiment" means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment can be included in at least one embodiment of the application. The appearance of the phrase in various places in the specification does not necessarily all refer to the same embodiment, nor is it necessarily independent or alternative embodiments to other embodiments. It is explicitly and implicitly understood by those skilled in the art that the embodiments described herein can be combined with other embodiments.

[0039] In the description of the embodiments of the present application, the term "and / or" is only a description of the association relationship of the associated objects, which means that there can be three relationships, for example, A and / or B, which can represent the three cases of A alone, A and B together, and B alone. In addition, the character " / " in this paper generally represents that the front and rear associated objects are a "or" relationship.

[0040] In the description of the embodiments of the present application, the term "a plurality of" refers to two or more (including two), and similarly, "a plurality of groups" refers to two or more groups (including two groups), and "a plurality of pieces" refers to two or more pieces (including two pieces).

[0041] Perovskite solar cells have become a promising solar cell and a research hotspot due to their high photoelectric conversion efficiency, low cost, and simple production. Perovskite solar cells can be applied to lunar rovers, satellite sails, various sensors, detectors, wearable electronic products, automotive power supplies, and other consumer products. Perovskite solar cells have become consumer power sources in many ways. With the continuous expansion of the application field of perovskite solar cells, and the flexibility and folding of perovskite solar cells, the market demand for perovskite solar cells is also increasing.

[0042] Currently, the highest efficiency value of single-junction perovskite solar cells is still far below the theoretical calculated Sockley-Queisser limit efficiency of 30.5%, and there is still considerable room for improvement. At the same time, the stability of perovskite solar cells under various environmental conditions still does not meet the standard for commercial use. The photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of perovskite solar cells are closely related to the nonradiative recombination (NRR) process of carriers inside and at the interface of the device. Reducing NRR loss can effectively improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability. In-depth studies have shown that NRR in perovskite solar cells is mainly due to the presence of various types of defects at the perovskite interface, mainly including shallow level defects and deep level defects. Among them, deep level defects can capture electrons or holes, causing them to be annihilated by oppositely charged carriers, resulting in the loss of charge carriers in the perovskite material; shallow level defects can migrate to the interface under the action of an electric field, affecting the photovoltaic performance of perovskite solar cells.

[0043] Studies have found that the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of perovskite solar cells can be effectively improved by introducing suitable materials for surface passivation at the perovskite interface to repair defects at the interface, and the above-mentioned materials are referred to as passivation materials.

[0044] The present application provides a solar cell, the solar cell comprising a passivation material, the passivation material comprising cations and anions; the cations comprising ammonium ions, and the anions comprising acid ions; the ammonium ions comprising substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbon ammonium ions, and the acid ions comprising any one of organic acid ions and inorganic acid ions.

[0045] The solar cell realizes a photoelectric conversion function through a light absorption layer, and the light absorption material in the light absorption layer absorbs photons of sunlight to generate excitation, and the electrons in the excited valence band generate photoelectron-hole pairs. The binding energy of the electron-hole pair is small, and it is easy to dissociate under the action of the built-in electric field, and then separate into free electrons and free holes, i.e. carriers.

[0046] In some embodiments, the material of the light absorption layer includes but is not limited to perovskite. The chemical composition of the perovskite includes any one of ABX3 or A2CDX6, wherein A is any one of inorganic cations, organic cations, and organic-inorganic hybrid cations, which can be at least one of methylammonium ions (CH3NH3 + , MA + ), n-butylammonium ions (HC(NH2)2 + , FA + ), and cesium ions (Cs + ); B is any one of inorganic cations, organic cations, and organic-inorganic hybrid cations, which can be at least one of lead ions (Pb 2+at least one of tin ions (Sn 2+ ) and silver ions (Ag + ); D is any one of inorganic cations, organic cations, and organic-inorganic hybrid cations, and can be at least one of bismuth cations (Bi 3+ ), antimony cations (Sb 3+ ), and indium cations (In 3+ ); and X is any one of inorganic anions, organic anions, and organic-inorganic hybrid anions, and can be at least one of bromide ions (Br - ) and iodide ions (I - ).

[0047] The light absorption layer in a solar cell usually undergoes a heating annealing process in the preparation process, in which the A-site cations in the perovskite material of the light absorption layer will be partially lost, vacancy defects are generated, and a small amount of compounds composed of B-site and X-site (or C-site, D-site, and X-site) exist on the surface of the perovskite, such as lead iodide (PbI2).

[0048] When the above passivation material is included in the solar cell, the cations and anions in the passivation material can be divided into two layers, the cations can enter the perovskite lattice, effectively passivate the vacancy defects, form a two-dimensional perovskite, and can protect the perovskite light absorption layer and improve the water and oxygen blocking performance of the perovskite light absorption layer; the electron cloud density of the anions is high, and can interact with the excess PbI2 in the perovskite to stabilize the lead-iodine octahedral framework. Finally, an interface bonding layer is formed at the interface of the perovskite light absorption layer. Therefore, the passivation material can passivate the defects of the perovskite light absorption layer, improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of the solar cell device.

[0049] In an embodiment, the chemical formula of the passivation material is (A n+ ) m (B m- ) n , wherein A n+ is an ammonium ion, B m- is an acid ion, and m and n are each 1-5.

[0050] In the passivation material (A n+ ) m (B m- ) n , A n+ is an ammonium ion, B m- is an acid ion, and m and n are each 1-5; A n+ includes any one of substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbon ammonium ions, and B m-Any one of an organic acid ion and an inorganic acid ion is included. The passivation material satisfying the above composition requirement has a better passivation effect on the light absorption layer.

[0051] In an embodiment, the total number of atoms other than hydrogen in the ammonium ion is less than or equal to 30. In this case, the passivation material has a smaller molecular volume and a smaller molecular weight, and the negative effect of the passivation material on the conductivity of the solar cell can be reduced.

[0052] In an embodiment, the total number of atoms other than hydrogen in the acid ion is less than or equal to 30. In this case, the passivation material has a smaller molecular volume and a smaller molecular weight, and the negative effect of the passivation material on the conductivity of the solar cell can be reduced.

[0053] In an embodiment, the organic acid ion includes any one of a substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbyl carboxylate ion, a substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbyl borate ion, a substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbyl sulfonate ion, a substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbyl phosphate ion, a substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbyl hypophosphite ion, and a substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbyl phosphite ion; or the inorganic acid ion includes any one of a thiocyanate ion (SCN - ), a carbonate ion (CO3 2- ), a borate ion (B4O7 2- ), a phosphate ion (PO4 3- ), a hypophosphite ion (H2PO2 2- ), a phosphite ion (HPO3 2- ), a chloride ion (Cl - ), a bromide ion (Br - ), an iodide ion (I - ), a sulfate ion (SO4 2- ), a nitrate ion (NO3 - ), a perchlorate ion (ClO4 - ), and a permanganate ion (MnO4 - ).

[0054] In the above embodiment, the structure of the organic acid ion can be represented as R-N, wherein R represents a substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbyl group, the hydrocarbyl group can include an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, an alkynyl group, an aryl group, etc., and the substitution refers to functional group substitution, and the functional group can be a carboxyl group, etc. N represents a carboxylate ion (COO - ), a borate ion (B4O7 2- ), a sulfonate ion (SO3 2- ), a phosphate ion (PO4 3- ), a hypophosphite ion (H2PO2 2- ), and a phosphite ion (HPO3 2-Any one of the above-mentioned organic or inorganic acid ions. The inorganic acid ions can be weak or strong acid ions. The organic and inorganic acid ions include, but are not limited to, the above-mentioned ion species. They have high electron cloud density and are easy to react with excess lead iodide, thereby stabilizing the lead iodine framework.

[0055] In an embodiment, the substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbyl ammonium ion is formed by removing one proton from each of some or all of the amino groups in a substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbyl amine. The substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbyl amine includes any one of a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl amine, a substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl amine, a substituted or unsubstituted alicyclic hydrocarbyl amine, and a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic amine. The substitution refers to functional group substitution, and the functional group can be imine group, etc.

[0056] The substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbyl ammonium ion includes , etc. The ammonium ion belongs to the cationic functional group, can passivate the vacancy defects at the A site of the perovskite layer ABX3or A2CDX6, stabilize the perovskite lattice, form a two-dimensional perovskite, and improve the water and oxygen barrier performance of the perovskite layer.

[0057] In an embodiment, the substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbyl amine includes guanidine Methylamine Piperazine Piperidine Ethylenediamine Oleylamine Decylamine Benzyamine Phenethylamine Biphenyl ethylamine 2,7-Diaminonaphthalene 2-Aminoanthracene 2,6-Diaminoanthracene Triphenylen-1,5,9-triamine Dibenzo[g,p]chrysene-3,6,11,14-tetraamine Benzene-1,2,4-triazyltriamine 1,2,4,5-Benzenetetramine 3,5-Diaminopyridine 3,4,5-Triaminopyridine 2,7-Naphthylpyridin-4-amine Any one of the above-mentioned hydrocarbyl amines. The types of hydrocarbyl amines include, but are not limited to, the above-mentioned chemical substances.

[0058] Some or all of the amino groups in the above-mentioned hydrocarbyl amines can form the hydrocarbyl ammonium ion by removing one proton from each of the amino groups. For example, the hydrocarbyl ammonium ion can be , etc.

[0059] In an embodiment, the passivation material comprises methylamine butyrate guanidine acrylate methylamine benzoate phenethylamine benzoate phenethylamine sulfate guanidine sulfate piperazine hydroiodide guanidine iodide piperazine sulfate ethylenediamine dihydroiodide oleylamine iodine decylamine benzenesulfonate any one of the above.

[0060] The passivation material comprises both cations and anions. The cations and anions in the passivation material can be separated into two layers. The cations can enter the perovskite lattice and effectively passivate the vacancy defects, forming a two-dimensional perovskite, which can protect the perovskite light absorption layer and improve the water and oxygen barrier properties of the perovskite light absorption layer. The electron cloud density of the anions is high, which can interact with the excess PbI2 in the perovskite to stabilize the lead-iodine octahedral framework. Finally, an interface bonding layer is formed at the interface of the perovskite light absorption layer. Therefore, the passivation material can passivate the defects of the perovskite light absorption layer, improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of the solar cell device.

[0061] In an embodiment, the solar cell comprises a first electrode, a first transport layer, a light absorption layer, a second transport layer and a second electrode which are sequentially and layerwisely arranged. The solar cell further comprises a passivation layer, and the passivation material is distributed in the passivation layer. The passivation layer is located between the second transport layer and the light absorption layer. The passivation layer can passivate the defects at the interface of the light absorption layer and improve the carrier transport performance.

[0062] In an embodiment, the first electrode, the first transport layer, the light absorption layer, the second transport layer and the second electrode are sequentially and layerwisely arranged from the light-incident surface of the base layer. The first transport layer is a hole transport layer, the second transport layer is an electron transport layer, the light absorption layer comprises a perovskite material, and the passivation layer is located between the electron transport layer and the light absorption layer. The carrier transport performance of the solar cell is improved, and the energy conversion efficiency and stability are improved.

[0063] In an embodiment, the solar cell comprises a light absorption layer and a passivation layer located on at least one side surface of the light absorption layer. Please refer to FIG. 1, which is a schematic structural diagram of a solar cell according to one or more embodiments. In an embodiment, the solar cell 100 is a reverse structure solar cell, which comprises a base layer (not shown in the figure), a first electrode 11, a hole transport layer 21, a light absorption layer 30, a passivation layer 40, an electron transport layer 23 and a second electrode 13 which are sequentially and layerwisely arranged.

[0064] The base layer is a transparent base layer. The material of the base layer includes glass and / or polymer; optionally, the polymer includes one or more of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyimide (PI), polyethylene naphthalate glycol (PEN), and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). In some embodiments, the base layer can also not be provided.

[0065] The first electrode 11 is a transparent conductive substrate with high conductivity and high visible light transmittance, and has the function of collecting electric charges. In some embodiments, the material of the first electrode 11 is selected from transparent conductive oxide materials, including any one of fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO), indium tin oxide (ITO), aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO), boron-doped zinc oxide (BZO), and indium-doped zinc oxide (IZO).

[0066] The hole transport layer 21 is used to transport free holes to the corresponding electrode and prevent free holes from diffusing in the opposite direction.

[0067] In some embodiments, the material of the hole transport layer 21 includes one or more of metal oxide materials, polymer materials, organic small molecule self-assembled molecular materials, and derivatives thereof and materials obtained by doping or passivation thereof. For example, but not limited to, metal oxide materials such as: nickel oxide (NiO x2 , 1.5≥x2≥1), molybdenum oxide (MoO x3 , 3≥x3≥2.5), tungsten oxide (WO x4 , 3≥x4≥2.5); polymer materials such as: poly[bis(4-phenyl)(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)amine] (PTAA), poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(styrenesulfonic acid) (PEDOT:PSS); organic small molecule self-assembled molecular materials such as: carbazole or triphenylamine materials containing phosphoric acid or carboxylic acid groups, etc.

[0068] In some embodiments, the solar cell 100 can also not include the hole transport layer 21.

[0069] The light absorbing layer 30 is used to absorb light and directly convert light energy into electrical energy through photoelectric effect or photochemical effect.

[0070] The light absorbing layer 30 includes a light absorbing material, has a photoelectric conversion function, and the light absorbing material absorbs photons of sunlight to produce excitation, and the excited electrons in the valence band produce photoelectron-hole pairs. The binding energy of the electron-hole pair is small, and it is easy to dissociate under the action of the built-in electric field, and then separated into free electrons and free holes, i.e. carriers.

[0071] In some embodiments, the material of the light absorption layer 30 includes, but is not limited to, perovskite. The chemical composition of perovskite includes any one of ABX3or A2CDX6, wherein A is any one of inorganic cation, organic cation, organic-inorganic hybrid cation, which can be at least one of methylammonium ion (CH3NH3 + , MA + ), n-butylammonium ion (HC(NH2)2 + , FA + ), cesium ion (Cs + ); B is any one of inorganic cation, organic cation, organic-inorganic hybrid cation, which can be at least one of lead ion (Pb 2+ ), tin ion (Sn 2+ ); C is any one of inorganic cation, organic cation, organic-inorganic hybrid cation, which can be silver ion (Ag + ); D is any one of inorganic cation, organic cation, organic-inorganic hybrid cation, which can be at least one of bismuth ion (Bi 3+ ), antimony ion (Sb 3+ ), indium ion (In 3+ ); X is any one of inorganic anion, organic anion, organic-inorganic hybrid anion, which can be at least one of bromide ion (Br - ) or iodide ion (I - ). Perovskite material applied to the light absorption layer has the advantages of high photoelectric conversion efficiency, low cost, and wide spectral absorption range.

[0072] The passivation layer 40 includes a passivation material, which includes cations and anions; the cations include ammonium ions, and the anions include acid ions; the ammonium ions include any one of hydrocarbyl ammonium ions and strong bases, and the acid ions include any one of organic acid ions and inorganic acid ions. The passivation layer plays a role of passivating defects of the light absorption layer, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of the solar cell.

[0073] The electron transport layer 23 functions to efficiently transport free electrons generated by the light absorption layer 30, effectively block the passage of free holes, and form an ohmic contact at the interface with the light absorption active layer.

[0074] In some embodiments, the material of the electron transport layer 23 is at least one of the following materials, derivatives thereof, and materials obtained by doping or passivation thereof, and the electron transport material includes, but is not limited to, at least one of an imide compound, a quinone compound, a fullerene and a derivative thereof, a metal oxide, a semiconductor material oxide, a titanate, a fluoride. The imide compound includes at least one of perylene imide and a derivative thereof, naphthalene imide and a derivative thereof, phthalimide, succinimide, N-bromosuccinimide, glutarimide, or maleimide. The quinone compound includes at least one of benzoquinone, naphthoquinone, phenanthraquinone, or anthraquinone. The fullerene and the derivative thereof include at least one of [6,6]-phenyl C 61 methyl butyrate (PC 61 BM), [6,6]-phenyl C 71 methyl butyrate (PC 71 BM), fullerene C 60 (C 60 ), fullerene C 70 (C 70 ). The metal element in the metal oxide includes at least one of magnesium (Mg), cadmium (Cd), zinc (Zn), indium (In), lead (Pb), tungsten (W), antimony (Sb), bismuth (Bi), mercury (Hg), titanium (Ti), silver (Ag), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), vanadium (V), tin (Sn), zirconium (Zr), strontium (Sr), gallium (Ga), and chromium (Cr). The semiconductor material oxide includes silicon oxide. The titanate includes at least one of strontium titanate and calcium titanate, and the fluoride includes at least one of lithium fluoride and calcium fluoride.

[0075] In some embodiments, the solar cell 100 can also not include the electron transport layer 23.

[0076] The second electrode 13 has a function of collecting free charges. In some embodiments, the electrode material of the second electrode 13 includes one or more of an organic conductive material, an inorganic conductive material, an organic-inorganic hybrid conductive material, including silver (Ag), copper (Cu), carbon (C), gold (Au), aluminum (Al), indium tin oxide (ITO), aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO), boron-doped zinc oxide (BZO), indium-doped zinc oxide (IZO), and the like.

[0077] In an embodiment, the solar cell provided by the present application can further comprise a barrier layer between the electron transport layer 23 and the second electrode 13. The barrier layer is used to block the second electrode 13 from reacting with the perovskite, to improve the device efficiency caused by the Schottky contact between the electron transport layer and the electrode, and to have a regulating effect on the energy level. The barrier layer has a low valence band energy level, which is much lower than the valence band energy level of the perovskite layer, and can effectively prevent the injection of holes. Therefore, the energy and charge loss caused by the interface charge recombination can be reduced, thereby improving the energy conversion efficiency of the device.

[0078] Further, the material of the barrier layer comprises one or more of 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (BCP), tin dioxide (SnO2), zinc oxide (ZnO), cerium oxide (CeO x1 , 1.5≤x1≤2) and has a thickness of 0.5-20 nm.

[0079] In an embodiment, the present application further provides a solar cell with a formal structure, comprising a substrate layer, a first electrode, an electron transport layer, a light absorbing layer, a passivation layer, a hole transport layer and a second electrode which are sequentially stacked.

[0080] In an embodiment, the solar cell comprises a light absorbing layer comprising at least one passivation material. The passivation material plays a role of passivating the defects of the light absorbing layer, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of the solar cell. Specifically, the passivation material can be directly doped in the light absorbing layer.

[0081] In the above embodiments, the passivation material can be doped in the light absorbing layer, or can be an independent passivation layer arranged between the light absorbing layer and the electron transport layer; or can be doped in the light absorbing layer and arranged between the light absorbing layer and the electron transport layer at the same time.

[0082] In an embodiment, the passivation layer has a thickness of 0.1-20 nm. It can be 0.1 nm, 0.5 nm, 1 nm, 1.5 nm, 2 nm, 5 nm, 10 nm, 15 nm, 20 nm, etc., or a range formed by any two of the above values, for example, 0.1-2 nm, 1.5-2 nm, 5-10 nm, 15-20 nm, etc. Increasing the thickness of the passivation layer can enhance the passivation effect, but since the conductivity of the passivation material is low, a passivation layer with too large thickness will limit the current transmission. Therefore, the thickness of the passivation layer is in the range of 0.1-20 nm, which can achieve the passivation effect without affecting the current transmission, and reduce the non-radiative recombination loss of the carriers.

[0083] The application also provides a preparation method of a solar cell, which comprises the following steps: providing an intermediate part comprising a first electrode and a first transport layer; forming a light functional layer on the first transport layer, wherein the light functional layer comprises a light absorbing material and a passivation material, the passivation material comprises cations and anions, the cations comprise ammonium ions, and the anions comprise acid ions; forming a second transport layer and a second electrode on the functional layer to obtain the solar cell. The prepared solar cell has improved carrier transport performance, and the energy conversion efficiency and stability are improved.

[0084] In an embodiment, the forming of the light functional layer on the first transport layer comprises: forming a light absorbing layer on the first transport layer, wherein the light absorbing layer comprises the light absorbing material; and forming a passivation layer on a surface of the light absorbing layer away from the first transport layer, wherein the passivation layer comprises the passivation material. The passivation layer can passivate defects at the interface of the light absorbing layer, thereby improving the carrier transport performance.

[0085] In an embodiment, the forming of the light functional layer on the first transport layer comprises: coating a slurry containing the light absorbing material and the passivation material on the first transport layer to form a light absorbing layer, wherein the light absorbing layer comprises the light absorbing material and the passivation material. The prepared solar cell has improved carrier transport performance, and the energy conversion efficiency and stability are improved.

[0086] In an embodiment, the preparation method of the solar cell comprises the following steps:

[0087] Step 1: cleaning a first electrode substrate and blowing dry for standby;

[0088] Step 2: preparing a hole transport layer / electron transport layer on the surface of the first electrode substrate for standby;

[0089] Step 3: preparing a perovskite light absorbing layer on the hole transport layer / electron transport layer for standby;

[0090] Step 4: preparing a passivation layer on the perovskite light absorbing layer for standby;

[0091] Step 5: preparing an electron transport layer / hole transport layer on the passivation layer;

[0092] Step 6: preparing a barrier layer;

[0093] Step 7: edge cleaning and preparing a second electrode layer.

[0094] In an embodiment, the mass ratio of the passivation material to the light absorbing layer is 0.01%-10%. It can be 0.01%, 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 2.5%, 3%, 5%, 8%, 10%, or a range between any two of the above values, for example, 0.01%-0.05%, 0.1%-0.5%, 2.5%-3%, 5%-10%, etc. The passivation material content in this range is conducive to improving the conductivity of the light absorbing layer, while achieving good passivation effect.

[0095] Referring to FIG. 2, the application further provides a power consuming device 1000 comprising the solar cell 100 or the solar cell prepared by the preparation method of the solar cell.

[0096] In the application, the solar cell 100 serves as a power supply for the power consuming device 1000, or the solar cell 100 can serve as an energy storage unit of the power consuming device 1000. As an example, the power consuming device 1000 can be a lighting element, a display element, or a car, etc.

[0097] Referring to FIG. 3, the application further provides a power generation device 2000 comprising the solar cell 100 or the solar cell prepared by the preparation method of the solar cell. The power generation device 2000 can be used for power generation and at least comprises the solar cell 100.

[0098] The beneficial effects of the application will be further illustrated by the following examples.

[0099] In order to make the technical problems, technical solutions and beneficial effects solved by the embodiments of the application clearer, the following will be further described in detail in combination with the embodiments and the drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the application, rather than all the embodiments. The following description of at least one exemplary embodiment is actually only illustrative, but not as any limitation on the application and its application. Based on the embodiments in the application, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without creative labor are within the scope of protection of the application.

[0100] I. Solar cell device fabrication:

[0101] Example 1:

[0102] (1) FTO conductive glass cleaning

[0103] Take a group of specifications for 2.0 cm x 2.0 cm FTO conductive glass, both ends by laser etching each remove 0.35 cm FTO, expose the glass substrate; with soap water, deionized water, ethanol ultrasonic cleaning etched FTO conductive glass several times; FTO conductive glass in nitrogen gun under the solvent, put into the ultraviolet ozone machine further cleaning.

[0104] (2) Preparation of NiO hole transport layer

[0105] After ultraviolet ozone treatment on the FTO substrate, spin-coat 10 mg / mL of nickel oxide nanoparticles (water solution as solvent) at a speed of 4000 rpm, and then anneal on a 100℃ hot stage for 30 min to obtain a hole transport layer with a thickness of 20 nm.

[0106] (3) Cs 0.05 (FA 0.83 MA 0.17 ) 0.95 Preparation of PbI3 perovskite layer

[0107] Weigh lead iodide, formamidinium iodide, cesium iodide, and methylamine iodide, and dissolve them in an organic solvent, where the solvent is a mixed solvent of DMF / DMSO = 4:1 (volume ratio), and the concentration of the prepared perovskite precursor solution is 1.3 mol / L. The perovskite components are Cs 0.05 (FA 0.83 MA 0.17 ) 0.95 PbI3, and the precursor solution is stirred for 3 h and filtered with a 0.22 μm organic filter membrane to obtain a perovskite precursor solution. Spin-coat the perovskite precursor solution on the obtained hole transport layer at 3000 rpm, and add dropwise the anti-solvent diethyl ether at the 20th second. Anneal at 100℃ for 30 min, and cool to room temperature to obtain a perovskite layer with a thickness of 500 nm, where the active substance of the perovskite absorption layer is the CsFAMA system.

[0108] (4) Preparation of passivation layer

[0109] Dissolve 1 mg of methylamine butyrate in 1 mL of isopropanol, filter with a 0.22 μm organic filter membrane to obtain a methylamine butyrate isopropanol solution, and spin-coat the methylamine butyrate isopropanol solution on the perovskite layer at 3000 rpm. Anneal at 100℃ for 1 min to obtain a passivation layer with a thickness of 5 nm.

[0110] (5) Preparation of PCBM electron transport layer and BCP insertion layer

[0111] An electron transport layer PCBM (20 mg / mL solution in chlorobenzene) was spin-coated on the passivation layer at 1500 rpm, and annealed at 100°C for 10 min. After cooling to room temperature, a barrier layer BCP (0.5 mg / mL solution in isopropanol) was spin-coated at 5000 rpm to obtain an electron transport layer with a thickness of 60 nm and a BCP layer with a thickness of 3 nm.

[0112] (5) Preparation of Cu electrode

[0113] Edge cleaning, select the appropriate mask, and place the obtained wafer into the evaporation machine to evaporate the metal electrode Cu with a thickness of 80 nm to obtain a battery device marked as Cell 1.

[0114] Example 2-12:

[0115] On the basis of Example 1, the type of passivation material was changed, and in step (4), methylamine butyrate was replaced with guanidine acrylate, methylamine benzoate, phenethylamine benzoate, phenethylamine sulfate, guanidine sulfate, piperazine hydroiodide, guanidine iodide, piperazine sulfate, ethylenediamine dihydroiodide, oleylamine iodine, and decylamine benzene sulfonate, respectively, to obtain a battery device marked as Cell 2-12.

[0116] Example 13:

[0117] On the basis of Example 1, step (4) was removed, and in step (3), 1 mg of methylamine butyrate was mixed with the prepared perovskite precursor solution, followed by spin coating, to obtain a perovskite layer doped with a passivation material, and the obtained battery device was marked as Cell 13.

[0118] Comparative Example 1:

[0119] On the basis of Example 1, step (4) was removed to obtain a battery device marked as Cell 14.

[0120] Comparative Example 2:

[0121] On the basis of Example 1, the type of passivation material was changed, and in step (4), methylamine butyrate was replaced with phenethylamine to obtain a battery device marked as Cell 15.

[0122] II. Device performance characterization:

[0123] The perovskite solar cells of the examples and comparative examples were measured in an atmospheric environment, and a solar light simulation light source was used AM1.5G standard light source. A four-channel digital source table (Keithley 2440) was used to measure the volt-ampere characteristic curve of the cell under light source irradiation to obtain the open-circuit voltage V oc , short-circuit current density J scFill Factor, FF, the light conversion efficiency E of the perovskite solar cells of the examples and the comparative examples at the 1st day, the 10th day and the 30th day, respectively ff (Efficiency).

[0124] The light conversion efficiency is calculated by the following formula: E ff = Pout / Popt = V oc × J sc × (V mpp × J mpp ) / (V oc × J sc ) = V oc × J sc × FF

[0125] wherein Pout represents the working output power of the cell, Popt represents the incident light power, V mpp represents the maximum power point voltage of the cell, J mpp represents the maximum power point current.

[0126] The final test results are shown in Table 1.

[0127] Table 1: Parameter table of each example and comparative example

[0128] III. Analysis of the performance test results of the solar cell devices

[0129] As shown in Table 1, compared with Comparative Example 1 without adding the passivation material and Comparative Example 2 with adding other non-ionic passivation materials, the passivation materials in Examples 1-12 of the present application all improve the performance of the perovskite solar cell devices, the initial efficiency is between 20.88% and 21.89%, which is better than 19.38% without adding the interface passivation material and 19.29% with adding other non-ionic passivation materials; the efficiency after 10 days is between 21.03% and 22.01%, which is better than 16.23% without adding the interface passivation material and 18.33% with adding other non-ionic passivation materials; the efficiency after 30 days is between 21.11% and 22.10%, which is better than 13.33% without adding the interface passivation material and 16.29% with adding other non-ionic passivation materials.

[0130] In addition, the passivation materials in the examples of the present application all improve the stability of the perovskite solar cell devices, the energy conversion efficiency increases after 10 days and 30 days of storage, because the perovskite solar cell devices have a certain self-repairing effect; while the energy conversion efficiency of Cell 13 and Cell 14 in the comparative examples decreases.

[0131] The above merely describes the embodiments of the present application, and does not limit the patent scope of the present application. Any equivalent structure or equivalent process transformation, or direct or indirect application in other related technical fields, which is made according to the content of the present application specification and drawings, is also included in the patent protection scope of the present application.

Claims

1. A solar cell, wherein: The solar cell includes a passivation material, wherein the passivation material includes cations and anions; The cations include ammonium ions, and the anions include acid ions; The ammonium ions include substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbon ammonium ions, and the acid ions include any one of organic acid ions and inorganic acid ions.

2. The solar cell according to claim 1, wherein The chemical formula of the passivation material is (A n+ ) m (B m- ) n , where A n+ is ammonium ion, B m- It is an acid radical ion, and the values ​​of m and n are 1-5 respectively.

3. The solar cell according to claim 1 or 2, wherein: The total number of atoms in the ammonium ion, excluding hydrogen atoms, is less than or equal to 30; and / or The total number of atoms in the acid radical ions, excluding hydrogen atoms, is less than or equal to 30.

4. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein: The organic acid ion includes any one of substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbyl carboxylate ion, substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbyl borate ion, substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbyl sulfonate ion, substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbyl phosphate ion, substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbyl hypophosphite ion, substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbyl phosphite ion; and / or The inorganic acid ions include any one of thiocyanate ion, carbonate ion, borate ion, phosphate ion, hypophosphite ion, phosphite ion, chloride ion, bromide ion, iodide ion, sulfate ion, nitrate ion, perchlorate ion and permanganate ion.

5. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein: The substituted or unsubstituted alkyl ammonium ion is formed by some or all of the amino groups in the substituted or unsubstituted alkyl amine obtaining a proton; The substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbon amine includes any one of substituted or unsubstituted alkylamine, substituted or unsubstituted alkenylamine, substituted or unsubstituted alicyclic hydrocarbon amine, and substituted or unsubstituted aromatic amine.

6. The solar cell according to claim 5, wherein The substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbon amine includes any one of guanidine, methylamine, piperazine, piperidine, ethylenediamine, oleylamine, decylamine, benzylamine, phenylethylamine, diphenylethylamine, 2,7-diaminonaphthalene, 2-aminoanthracene, 2,6-diaminoanthracene, benzophenone-1,5,9-triamine, dibenzo[g,p]chrysanthene-3,6,11,14-tetramine, benzene-1,2,4-triyltriamine, 1,2,4,5-phenyltetramine, 3,5-diaminopyridine, 3,4,5-triaminopyridine, and 2,7-naphthypyridine-4-amine.

7. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein: The passivation material includes any one of methylamine butyrate, guanidine acrylate, methylamine benzoate, phenylethylamine benzoate, phenylethylamine sulfate, guanidine sulfate, piperazine hydroiodide, guanidine iodide, piperazine sulfate, ethylenediamine dihydroiodide, oleylamine iodide, and decylamine benzenesulfonate.

8. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein: The solar cell includes a light absorbing layer and a passivation layer located on at least one side of the light absorbing layer, and the passivation layer includes at least one of the passivation materials.

9. The solar cell according to claim 8, wherein The thickness of the passivation layer is 0.1 nm-20 nm.

10. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein: The solar cell includes a light absorbing layer, and the light absorbing layer includes a light absorbing material and at least one of the passivation materials.

11. The solar cell according to any one of claims 8 to 10, wherein: The light absorbing layer includes a perovskite material.

12. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 11, wherein: The solar cell includes a first electrode, a first transmission layer, a light absorption layer, a second transmission layer and a second electrode stacked in sequence. The solar cell also includes a passivation layer, the passivation material is distributed in the passivation layer, and the passivation layer is located between the second transmission layer and the light absorption layer.

13. The solar cell according to claim 12, wherein The first electrode, the first transport layer, the light absorption layer, the second transport layer and the second electrode are arranged in sequence from bottom to top from the light incident surface of the substrate layer, the first transport layer is a hole transport layer, the second transport layer is an electron transport layer, the light absorption layer includes a perovskite material, and the passivation layer is located between the electron transport layer and the light absorption layer.

14. A method for preparing a solar cell, wherein: include: providing an intermediate member including a first electrode and a first transmission layer; forming a light-functional layer on the first transmission layer, the light-functional layer comprising a light-absorbing material and a passivation material, the passivation material comprising cations and anions, the cations comprising ammonium ions, the anions comprising acid ions; the ammonium ions comprising substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbon ammonium ions, the acid ions comprising any one of organic acid ions and inorganic acid ions; A second transmission layer and a second electrode are formed on the light function layer to obtain a solar cell.

15. The method for preparing a solar cell according to claim 14, wherein: Forming a light functional layer on the first transmission layer includes: forming a light absorbing layer on the first transmission layer, wherein the light absorbing layer comprises the light absorbing material; A passivation layer is formed on a surface of the light absorbing layer away from the first transmission layer, wherein the passivation layer includes the passivation material.

16. The method for preparing a solar cell according to claim 14, wherein: Forming a light functional layer on the first transmission layer includes: A slurry containing the light absorbing material and the passivation material is coated on the first transmission layer to form a light absorbing layer, wherein the light absorbing layer includes the light absorbing material and the passivation material.

17. The method for preparing a solar cell according to any one of claims 15 to 16, wherein: The mass ratio of the passivation material to the light absorbing layer is 0.01%-10%.

18. An electrical device, wherein: A solar cell comprising the solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 13, or a solar cell prepared by the method for preparing a solar cell according to any one of claims 14 to 17.

19. A power generation device, wherein: A solar cell comprising the solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 13, or a solar cell prepared by the method for preparing a solar cell according to any one of claims 14 to 17.

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