Chip, microfluidic cell culture device including the same, and method for cell culture using the same
The microfluidic cell culture device with trench electrodes facilitates non-invasive, real-time electrochemical impedance spectroscopy under an air-liquid interface, addressing electrode interference and enabling efficient cellular analysis.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2025/093387
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2024-05-09
- Filing Date
- 2025-05-08
- Publication Date
- 2025-11-13
AI Technical Summary
Existing organ-on-chip systems face challenges in conducting electrochemical impedance spectroscopy under an air-liquid interface due to electrode interference, requiring invasive methods or disrupting the interface during sensing.
A microfluidic cell culture device with electrodes disposed on trenches of a chip, allowing for electrochemical impedance spectroscopy under an air-liquid interface without disrupting the environment.
Enables non-invasive, real-time, and long-term measurements of cellular changes, overcoming previous limitations by maintaining a stable culture environment and reducing measurement time from hours to minutes.
Smart Images

Figure CN2025093387_13112025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
CHIP, MICROFLUIDIC CELL CULTURE DEVICE INCLUDING THE SAME, AND METHOD FOR CELL CULTURE USING THE SAME
[0001] CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
[0002] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 63 / 644,517, filed on May 9th, 2024. The content of the application is incorporated herein by reference.BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION1. FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0003] The present disclosure relates to a chip and a microfluidic cell culture device including the chip, and particularly to a chip and a microfluidic cell culture device including the chip for providing a cell culture environment with an air-liquid interface, and mimicking the microphysiological functions of the cell in vitro.
[0004] 2. DESCRIPTION OF THE PRIOR ART
[0005] Organ-on-chip (OoC) is a system including engineered / natural miniature tissues or specific organs cultured inside a chip with a microfluidic structure, providing a cell culture environment for mimicking the microphysiological functions of the engineered / natural miniature tissues or specific organs in vitro.
[0006] OoC is a promising alternative to animal experiments for pushing the process of advanced drug discovery and development forward. The air-liquid interface (ALI) of the chip, creating an environment where an air layer and a liquid layer co-exist, is important for cell culturing. For instance, lung epithelial cells grown in the chip with the air-liquid interface may differentiate periciliary liquid layer (PCL) and secrete the mucus layer (ML) to reproduce mucociliary clearance (MCC) . Furthermore, previous studies have shown that there is a higher expression of the tight junction (serving as an epithelial barrier to prevent harmful or infectious substances in the air from entering the body) of the lung epithelial cells in the chip with the air-liquid interface than in the conventional cell culture environment.
[0007] In the chip with the air-liquid interface, particulates such as particulate matter and aerosol may be able to maintain the natural patterns of transportation, deposition, and penetration in the air among lung tissues, preventing the concentration of particulates from being diluted or affected by the medium within the chip.
[0008] Traditionally, OoC analysis has relied on invasive endpoint analysis, e.g., large precision instruments, expensive antibodies, and cumbersome labeling, lacking essential features, such as in situ, miniaturization, and real-time and long-term measurements; and failing to observe cellular changes continually. Therefore, there is a need in the art to provide a long-term, non-invasive, label-free, real-time, and time-dependent sensing method for analyzing the changes in cell proliferation, tight junction formation, cilia differentiation, mucus secretion, cell layer permeability, or cell density of the cell grown in the system of OoC.
[0009] The use of electrical signal measurements may overcome the aforementioned needs. Specifically, the electrodes are disposed in the top and bottom microfluidic channel of the OoC system, and the resistance value is obtained by applying an electric current through the cells under the conventional trans epithelial electric resistance (TEER) measurement; however, the electrodes are unable to detect the cells within due to the air layer of the air-liquid interface blocking the electric current (since a substrate is needed for the current transmission in electrode sensing) .
[0010] Recently, electrochemical cell impedance spectroscopy (ECIS) has been proposed to avoid the influence of the air by contacting the cells with the electrodes directly. However, most of the studies using ECIS to detect cells are either performed by immersing the electrodes in the cell culture medium or by requiring a short suspension of the ALI state during the sensing process.
[0011] In view of the foregoing, there is an unmet need in the art to provide a novel OoC system of a microfluidic cell culture device capable of conducting electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) sensing under the ALI environment to overcome the drawbacks faced by existing prior art.SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0012] Other aspects of the present disclosure will be set forth in the description which follows, and in part will be obvious to one of ordinary skill in the art after perusing the following content. One of ordinary skill in the art may also conceive the content thereof from the implementation of the present disclosure. The advantages disclosed herein may be realized and obtained as particularly pointed out in the appended claims.
[0013] To solve the aforementioned problems, the present disclosure provides a chip including: a first substrate; a second substrate coupled with the first substrate; and a membrane disposed between the first substrate and the second substrate. The first substrate may include a first channel; a first trench extended from the first channel and having a first opening formed on the edge of the first substrate; a second trench extended from the first channel and having a second opening formed on the edge of the first substrate; and a third trench extended from the first channel and having a third opening formed on the edge of the first substrate. The second substrate may include a second channel corresponding to the first channel.
[0014] The present disclosure further provides a microfluidic cell culture device, including: a chip; an incubator accommodating the chip to provide a medium flow in the second channel; and a potentiostat coupled with the first electrode, the second electrode, and the third electrode to record electrochemical impedance spectra of a cell. The chip may include a first substrate; a second substrate coupled with the first substrate; and a membrane disposed between the first substrate and the second substrate. The first substrate may include a first channel; a first trench extended from the first channel and having a first opening formed on the edge of the first substrate; a second trench extended from the first channel and having a second opening formed on the edge of the first substrate; a third trench extended from the first channel and having a third opening formed on the edge of the first substrate; a first electrode partially disposed on the first trench; a second electrode partially disposed on the second trench; and a third electrode partially disposed on the third trench. The second substrate may include a second channel corresponding to the first channel.
[0015] The present disclosure further provides a method for culturing a cell, including: providing the microfluidic cell culture device; introducing the cell to the membrane.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0016] The objectives of the present disclosure will no doubt become understandable to those of ordinary skill in the art after reading the following detailed description of the embodiments that are illustrated in the various figures and drawings.
[0017] The upper left panel of FIG. 1A is a schematic diagram of the top view of a first substrate of a microfluidic cell culture device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0018] The lower left panel of FIG. 1A is a schematic diagram of the front view of a first substrate of a microfluidic cell culture device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0019] The right panel of FIG. 1A is a schematic diagram of the side view of a first substrate of a microfluidic cell culture device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0020] The upper left panel of FIG. 1B is a schematic diagram of the top view of a second substrate of a microfluidic cell culture device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0021] The lower left panel of FIG. 1B is a schematic diagram of the front view of a second substrate of a microfluidic cell culture device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0022] The right panel of FIG. 1B is a schematic diagram of the side view of a second substrate of a microfluidic cell culture device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0023] FIG. 2 is an image of the top view of a first substrate of a microfluidic cell culture device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0024] FIG. 3 is an image of the top view of a chip of a microfluidic cell culture device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0025] FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of the exploded view of a chip of a microfluidic cell culture device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0026] FIG. 5A is a schematic diagram of the side view of a chip of a microfluidic cell culture device with a submerged environment under an electrochemical impedance measurement according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0027] FIG. 5B is a schematic diagram of the side view of a chip of a microfluidic cell culture device with an ALI environment under an electrochemical impedance measurement according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0028] FIG. 6 is a curve graph of an equivalent circuit model and a fitting result of the measured electrochemical impedance spectra of a cell according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0029] FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of a microfluidic cell culture device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0030] The left panel of FIG. 8A is an image of an arrangement of a first electrode and a second electrode in a chip without cells according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0031] The middle panel of FIG. 8A is an image of an arrangement of a first electrode and a second electrode in a chip without cells according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0032] The right panel of FIG. 8A is an image of an arrangement of a first electrode and a second electrode in a chip without cells according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0033] FIG. 8B is a curve graph illustrating an electrochemical impedance spectra measurement under different arrangements of a first electrode and a second electrode in a chip according to an embodiment of the present disclosure ( “Z” indicates impedance; and “freq” indicates frequency) .
[0034] FIG. 9 is a curve graph illustrating an electrochemical impedance spectra measurement under different environmental arrangement of a first channel and a second channel of a chip according to an embodiment of the present disclosure ( “Z” indicates impedance; “freq” indicates frequency; “Chip_1” indicates a chip including a first channel with an air layer and a second channel with a liquid layer; “Chip_2” indicates a chip including a first channel with an air layer and a second channel with an air layer; “Chip_3” indicates a chip including a first channel with an liquid layer and a second channel with a liquid layer; “Chip_4” indicates a chip including a first channel with an liquid layer and a second channel with an air layer) .
[0035] The upper panel of FIG. 10 is a bright-field image of cells cultured in a chip under ALI environment according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0036] The lower panel of FIG. 10 is a curve graph illustrating an electrochemical impedance spectra measurement under ALI or submerged environment according to an embodiment of the present disclosure ( “Z” indicates impedance; “freq” indicates frequency; “ALI” indicates air-liquid interface; and “neg. Phase / 0” indicates the phase difference between the input signal and output signal) .DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0037] The following descriptions of the embodiments illustrate implementations of the present disclosure, and those skilled in the art of the present disclosure can readily understand the advantages and effects of the present disclosure in accordance with the contents herein. However, the embodiments of the present disclosure are not intended to limit the scope of the present disclosure. The present disclosure can be practiced or applied by other alternative embodiments, and every detail included in the present disclosure can be changed or modified in accordance with different aspects and applications without departing from the essentiality of the present disclosure.
[0038] The features such as a ratio, structure, and dimension, shown in drawings accompanied with the present disclosure, are simply used to cooperate with the contents disclosed herein for those skilled in the art to read and understand the present disclosure, rather than to limit the scope of implementation of the present disclosure. Thus, in the case that does not affect the purpose of the present disclosure and the effect brought by the present disclosure, any change in proportional relationships, structural modification, or dimensional adjustment should fall within the scope of the technical contents disclosed herein.
[0039] As used herein, “comprising” (and any variant or conjugation thereof, such as “comprise” or “comprises” ) , “including” (and any variant or conjugation thereof, such as “include” or “includes” ) , or “having” (and any variant or conjugation thereof, such as “have” or “has” ) a specific element, unless otherwise specified, may include other elements such as components, structures, regions, portions, devices, systems, or connection relationships rather than exclude those elements.
[0040] The terms “on, ” “upper, ” ” lower “, “top, ” “side, ” “front, ” “between, ” and “in” described herein are simply used to clarify the embodiments of the present disclosure, rather than used to limit the scope of implementation of the present disclosure. Adjustments, interchanges, and alterations of relative positions and relationships thereof should be considered within the scope of implementation of the present disclosure if the technical contents of the present disclosure are not substantially changed.
[0041] The terms “first, ” “second, ” “third, ” etc., used herein are simply used to describe or distinguish elements such as components, structures, elements, portions, devices, or systems, rather than used to limit the scope of implementation of the present disclosure or to limit the spatial order of the elements. In addition, unless otherwise specified, the singular forms “a” and “the” used herein also include plural forms, and the terms “or” and “and / or” used herein are interchangeable.
[0042] Unless otherwise specified, the terms “layer” and “phase” used herein are interchangeable.
[0043] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, a first electrode, a second electrode, and a third electrode are inserted on the side of a chip of the present disclosure for detecting a cell grown within the chip of the present disclosure via the electrochemical cell impedance spectroscopy (ECIS) under an environment with an air-liquid interface.
[0044] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, a microfluidic cell culture device of the present disclosure may distinguish different tissue layers, e.g., a mucus layer, a cilia layer, and a cell layer, under a non-invasive and a non-marking condition. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, an air-liquid interface of a microfluidic cell culture device of the present disclosure may introduce aerosolized drugs for real-time monitoring different tissue layers.
[0045] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is required to assist in the analysis of time-dependent mechanisms when analyzing cell-related electrical signal changes, since the electrode-electrolyte interface is a series of continuous processes (e.g., mass-transfer and charge-transfer processes) occurring at different time points. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the impedance of an electrochemical system is calculated by applying an alternating current (AC) potential at different frequencies to the system and measuring the AC signal. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the electrochemical reaction at the electrode interface of the system is expressed through an equivalent circuit composed of circuit elements.
[0046] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, a microfluidic cell culture device of the present disclosure provides a non-invasive impedance sensing cell technique under a two-phase environment, i.e., an environment with an air-liquid interface.
[0047] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, a microfluidic cell culture device of the present disclosure is suitable for any cellular tissue that requires an environment with an air-liquid interface.
[0048] The relatively simple process overcomes the previous bottleneck of cellular electrical impedance measurement in the air-liquid interface while maintaining a stable culture environment in the microfluidic channel without harming the cells. Through electrical signal analysis, the previous end-point analysis method, which often takes hours or even more than a day, may be reduced to a few minutes, ultimately achieving non-invasive, real-time, and long-term reproducible measurements.
[0049] In at least one embodiment of the present disclosure, the first channel may be coated with an extracellular matrix.
[0050] In at least one embodiment of the present disclosure, the first substrate and / or the second substrate may include polycarbonate and / or polydimethylsiloxane.
[0051] In at least one embodiment of the present disclosure, the chip may further include: a first electrode partially disposed on the first trench; a second electrode partially disposed on the second trench; and a third electrode partially disposed on the third trench.
[0052] In at least one embodiment of the present disclosure, at least a portion of the first electrode may be disposed on the first trench through the first opening; at least a portion of the second electrode may be disposed on the second trench through the second opening; and at least a portion of the third electrode may be disposed on the third trench through the third opening.
[0053] In at least one embodiment of the present disclosure, the membrane may be porous and include polyethylene terephthalate.
[0054] In at least one embodiment of the present disclosure, the chip may further include a first medium disposed on the first channel and / or the second channel. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the first medium may be selected from the group consisting of an EX plus medium, airway epithelial cell basal medium, airway epithelial cell growth medium, bronchial epithelial cell growth medium, F12K medium, Eagle’s minimum essential medium, Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium, and any combination thereof. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the second medium may be selected from the group consisting of PneumaCultTM-ALI Medium, StemCell; Air-Liquid Interface Medium, Promocell; or S-ALITM Small Airway Air-Liquid Interface Medium BulletKitTM, LONZA, and any combination thereof.
[0055] In at least one embodiment of the present disclosure, the chip may further include: a second medium filling the second channel; an air layer forming in the first channel; and an air-liquid-interface forming between the second medium and the air layer.
[0056] In at least one embodiment of the present disclosure, the membrane may be disposed between the air-liquid-interface and the second medium in the second channel.
[0057] In at least one embodiment of the present disclosure, the first electrode, the second electrode, and / or the third electrode may contact a region between the air-liquid-interface and the membrane.
[0058] In at least one embodiment of the present disclosure, the first electrode may be a reference electrode, the second electrode may be a working electrode, and the third electrode may be a counter electrode; or the first electrode may be the working electrode, the second electrode may be the reference electrode, and the third electrode may be the counter electrode.
[0059] In at least one embodiment of the present disclosure, the reference electrode, the working electrode, and / or the counter electrode may include Au, Ag / AgCl, poly (3, 4-ethylenedioxythiophene) , poly (styrene sulfonate) , poly (3, 4-ethylenedioxythiophene) , Pt, C, graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide, and / or annealed graphene oxide.
[0060] In at least one embodiment of the present disclosure, the microfluidic cell culture device may further include a particulate distributed in the first channel and / or the second channel.
[0061] In at least one embodiment of the present disclosure, the cell may be at least one selected from the group consisting of a primary human small airway epithelial cell, primary human small airway epithelial cell -chronic obstructive pulmonary disease cell, NuLi-1 cell, CuFi-1 cell, Calu-3 epithelial cell, A549 cell, and human intestinal epithelial cell.
[0062] In at least one embodiment of the present disclosure, the method may further include providing the microfluidic cell culture device; introducing the cell and a first medium to the membrane; and replacing the first medium with a second medium.
[0063] In at least one embodiment of the present disclosure, the method may further include introducing a first medium to fill the first channel and / or the second channel.
[0064] In at least one embodiment of the present disclosure, the method may further include replacing the first medium with a second medium. The second medium may fill the second channel; an air layer may form in the first channel; and an air-liquid-interface may form between the second medium and the air layer.
[0065] In at least one embodiment of the present disclosure, the membrane may be disposed between the air-liquid-interface and the second medium in the second channel.
[0066] In at least one embodiment of the present disclosure, the method may further include measuring electrochemical impedance spectra of the cell.
[0067] In at least one embodiment of the present disclosure, the method may further include determining a cellular physiology of the cell based on the electrochemical impedance spectra.
[0068] The upper left, lower left, and right panels of FIG. 1A show a schematic diagram of a first substrate 100 of a microfluidic cell culture device 1 according to an embodiment of the present disclosure, including a first channel 1000, a first trench 1001 extended from the first channel 1000 and having a first opening 1011 formed on the edge of the first substrate 100, second trench 1002 extended from the first channel 1000 and having a second opening 1012 formed on the edge of the first substrate 100, and a third trench 1003 extended from the first channel 1000 and having a third opening 1013 formed on the edge of the first substrate 100. It should be noted that the quantity and connection of each of the parts are exemplary and can be increased, decreased, or altered according to actual needs. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the first substrate 100 may be, but not limited to, a polycarbonate substrate and / or polydimethylsiloxane substrates. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the length of the first substrate 100 may range from 20 mm to 128 mm; the width of the first substrate 100 may range from 16 mm to 86 mm; and the height of the first substrate 100 may range from 2 mm to 15 mm, but the present disclosure is not limited thereto.
[0069] The upper left, lower left, and right panels of FIG. 1B show a schematic diagram of a second substrate 101 of a microfluidic cell culture device 1 according to an embodiment of the present disclosure, including a second channel 1010. It should be noted that the quantity and connection of each of the parts are exemplary and can be increased, decreased, or altered according to actual needs. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the second substrate 101 may be, but not limited to, a polycarbonate substrate and / or polydimethylsiloxane substrate.
[0070] FIG. 2 shows an image of the top view of a first substrate 100 according to an embodiment of the present disclosure, including a first channel 1000, a first electrode 104, a second electrode 105, and a third electrode 106. It should be noted that the quantity and connection of each of the parts are exemplary and can be increased, decreased, or altered according to actual needs. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the first substrate 100 may be, but not limited to, a polycarbonate substrate and / or polydimethylsiloxane substrate. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the first electrode 104 may be a reference electrode and may be used for contacting a cell; the second electrode 105 may be a working electrode and may be used for contacting a cell; and the third electrode 106 may be a counter electrode and may be used for contacting a cell. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the first electrode 104 may be a working electrode and may be used for contacting a cell; the second electrode 105 may be a reference electrode and may be used for contacting a cell; and the third electrode 106 may be a counter electrode and may be used for contacting a cell.
[0071] FIG. 3 shows an image of the top view of a chip 10 of a microfluidic cell culture device 1 according to an embodiment of the present disclosure, including a first substrate 100, a second substrate 101, a first channel 1000, a second channel 1010, a first electrode 104, a second electrode 105, and a third electrode 106. It should be noted that the quantity and connection of each of the parts are exemplary and can be increased, decreased, or altered according to actual needs. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the first substrate 100 and the second substrate 101 may be, but not limited to, polycarbonate substrates and / or polydimethylsiloxane substrate. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the first electrode 104 may be a reference electrode and may be used for contacting a cell; the second electrode 105 may be a working electrode and may be used for contacting a cell; and the third electrode 106 may be a counter electrode and may be used for contacting a cell. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the first electrode 104 may be a working electrode and may be used for contacting a cell; the second electrode 105 may be a reference electrode and may be used for contacting a cell; and the third electrode 106 may be a counter electrode and may be used for contacting a cell.
[0072] FIG. 4 shows a schematic diagram of the exploded view of a chip 10 of a microfluidic cell culture device 1 according to an embodiment of the present disclosure, including a first substrate 100, a first trench 1001, a second trench 1002, a third trench 1003, a first opening 1011, a second opening 1012, a third opening 1013, a second substrate 101, a first channel 1000, a second channel 1010, a first electrode 104, a second electrode 105, a third electrode 106, and a membrane 102. It should be noted that the quantity and connection of each of the parts are exemplary and can be increased, decreased, or altered according to actual needs. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the first substrate 100 and the second substrate 101 may be, but not limited to, polycarbonate substrates and / or polydimethylsiloxane substrates. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the first electrode 104 may be a reference electrode and may be used for contacting a cell; the second electrode 105 may be a working electrode and may be used for contacting a cell; and the third electrode 106 may be a counter electrode and may be used for contacting a cell. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the first electrode 104 may be a working electrode and may be used for contacting a cell; the second electrode 105 may be a reference electrode and may be used for contacting a cell; and the third electrode 106 may be a counter electrode and may be used for contacting a cell. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the membrane 102 may be, but not limited to, a porous polyethylene terephthalate membrane.
[0073] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, a chip 10 of a microfluidic cell culture device 1 of the present disclosure is designed using computer-aided design software SolidWorks (Dassault Systemes SA, France) and fabricated with polycarbonate (PC) injection molding, containing two parallel channels, i.e., a first channel 1000, and a second channel 1010 (1,000 μm wide × 200 μm high) . In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the width of the first channel 1000 of the chip 10 may range from 0.1 mm to 2 mm; and the height of the first channel 1000 of the chip 10 may range from 0.1 mm to 2 mm, but the present disclosure is not limited thereto.
[0074] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, a chip 10 of a microfluidic cell culture device 1 of the present disclosure is fabricated using a replica molding approach with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) .
[0075] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, a first trench 1001, a second trench 1002, and a third trench 1003 accommodating a first electrode 104, a second electrode 105, and a third electrode 106, respectively, may be cut after the injection molding process. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the length of the first trench 1001, the second trench 1002, and the third trench 1003 may range from 7.5 mm to 42.5 mm; the width of the first trench 1001, the second trench 1002, and the third trench 1003 may range from 0.1 mm to 1 mm; and the height of the first trench 1001, the second trench 1002, and the third trench 1003 may range from 0.1 mm to 1 mm, but the present disclosure is not limited thereto.
[0076] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, a membrane 102, e.g., a porous polyethylene terephthalate (PET) membrane, separates the first channel 1000 and the second channel 1010, forming a small airway and a microvascular channel, respectively. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the diameter of the pore of the membrane 102 may range from 0.4 μm to 8 μm, but the present disclosure is not limited thereto.
[0077] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the first substrate 100 (i.e., PC) , a second substrate 101 (i.e., PC) , a membrane 102 are assembled by solvent bonding; in brief, the first substrate 100 (i.e., PC) , a second substrate 101 (i.e., PC) , a membrane 102 first undergo an activation in an oxygen plasma (60 W, 500 mTorr) for 2 min; the first substrate 100 (i.e., PC) and the second substrate 101 (i.e., PC) are immersed in a 3% (v / v) 95%ethanol solution of (3-Glycidyloxypropyl) trimethoxysilane (Glymo) (Sigma, USA) for 1 h; and the membrane 102 is immersed in a 3% (v / v) isopropanol (IPA) solution of (3-Aminopropyl) triethoxysilane (APTES) (Sigma, USA) for 30 min. The membrane 102 is then rinsed with 100%IPA solution and dried in the oven at 80 ℃ for 30 min before being sandwiched between the aligned a first channel 1000 of the first substrate 100 (i.e., PC) and a second channel 1010 of the second substrate 101 (i.e., PC) ; and a compressive force of 0.9 N / m is applied to the assembled chip 10 of a microfluidic cell culture device 1 of the present disclosure at 80 ℃ for an hour to complete the solvent bonding process.
[0078] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the first substrate 100 (i.e., PDMS) , a second substrate 101 (i.e., PDMS) , a membrane 102 are assembled by solvent bonding; in brief, the first substrate 100 (i.e., PDMS) , a second substrate 101 (i.e., PDMS) , a membrane 102 first undergo an activation in an oxygen plasma (60 W, 500 mTorr) for 2 min, and membrane 102 is immersed in a 3%(v / v) isopropanol (IPA) solution of (3-Aminopropyl) triethoxysilane (APTES) (Sigma, USA) for 30 min. The membrane 102 is then rinsed with 100%IPA solution and dried in the oven at 80 ℃ for 30 min before being sandwiched between the aligned a first channel 1000 of the first substrate 100 (i.e., PDMS) and a second channel 1010 of the second substrate 101 (i.e., PDMS) ; and a compressive force of 0.9 N / m is applied to the assembled chip 10 of a microfluidic cell culture device 1 of the present disclosure at 60 ℃ overnight to complete the solvent bonding process.
[0079] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, an extracellular matrix (ECM) coating solution, such as but not limited to the apical solution, is applied to the first channel 1000 to coat the ECM for promoting cell adhesion on the surface of the membrane 102; the chip 10 is incubated at 4℃ overnight inside the petri dish to start solidifying; the ECM coating solution is removed and the first channel 1000 and the second channel 1010 are washed gently with DPBS before introducing the cell 107 and a first medium 108; the cell 107, e.g., the primary human small airway epithelial cells (HSAECs) (ATCC, PCS-301-010) or A549 cells (ATCC, CCL-185) are trypsinized and then seeded at a concentration of 2.5×106 cells / mL with the first medium 108, followed by incubation at 37 ℃ with 5 %CO2 for 4 to 6 hours under static conditions to boost the cell attachment; the apical medium of the first medium 108 is replenished daily to remove unattached cells; and the cell cultures are maintained in a submerged state until the cell cultures are fully confluent.
[0080] FIG. 5A and FIG. 5B show schematic diagrams of the side view of a chip 10 of a microfluidic cell culture device 1 under an electrochemical impedance measurement according to an embodiment of the present disclosure, before and after replacing the first medium 108 with the second medium 109, respectively. The chip 10 may include a first substrate 100, a first channel 1000, a second channel 1010, a second substrate 101, a first electrode 104, a second electrode 105, a third electrode 106, an air-liquid interface 111, a cell 107, a membrane 102, a first medium 108, and / or a second medium 109. Referring to FIG. 5A, the cells 107 are introduced to the membrane 102, and the first medium 108 is introduced to fill the first channel 1000 and / or the second channel 1010. The first medium 108 in the first channel 1000 or the second channel 1010 may be removed and / or replaced with the second medium 109. The first electrode 104, the second electrode 105, and / or the third electrode 106 may contact the cell 107 to measure electrochemical impedance spectra of the cell 107, and the cellular physiology of the cell 107 may be determined based on the measured electrochemical impedance spectra of the cells 107. After the medium replacement, referring to FIG. 5B, the second medium 109 fills the second channel 1010 and may contact the cell 107 through the porous membrane 102. In the first channel 1000, the air layer forms above the cell 107 cultivated on membrane 102, and the air-liquid interface 111 forms between the air layer and the second medium 109 contacting the cell 107 on the membrane 102. The membrane 102 is disposed between the air-liquid-interface 111 and the second medium 109 in the second channel. The first electrode 104, the second electrode 105, and / or the third electrode 106 may contact a region between the air-liquid-interface and the membrane and may contact the cell 107 to measure electrochemical impedance spectra of the cell 107. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, an air-liquid interface (ALI) 111 is established to induce mucociliary differentiation of the cell 107 by removing the first medium 108 from the first channel 1000 and / or the second channel 1010 and replacing the first medium 108 (e.g., EX Plus medium) with the second medium 109 (e.g., PneumaCultTM-ALI Medium, StemCell; Air-Liquid Interface Medium, Promocell, C-21080; or S-ALITM Small Airway Air-Liquid Interface Medium BulletKitTM, LONZA) in the second channel 1010 approximately 3 to 5 days after seeding, where the second medium 109 fills the second channel 1010; the apical surface of the cell 107 (e.g., HSAECs) is washed with DPBS once a week to remove debris and mucus, while the second channel 1010 is continuously perfused with a constant medium flow of the second medium 109 maintained at 120 μL / h and 37℃in a 5%CO2 incubator 11 throughout the 4-week cell culturing; and the flow issues and the cellular morphology are monitored for every 3 days. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the electrochemical impedance spectra of the cell under a submerged condition (FIG. 5A) with both the first channel 1000 and the second channel 1010 filled with the first medium 108 is measured and illustrated in FIG. 9 (Chip_3) and FIG. 10 (submerge (Z) and submerge (phase) ) . In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the electrochemical impedance spectra of the cell under an ALI condition (FIG. 5B) with the first channel 1000 having an air layer and the second channel 1010 filled with the second medium 109 is measured and illustrated in FIG. 9 (Chip_1) and FIG. 10 (ALI (Z) and ALI (phase) ) . In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the first substrate 100 and the second substrate 101 may be, but not limited to, polycarbonate substrates and / or polydimethylsiloxane substrates. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the first electrode 104 may be a reference electrode and may be used for contacting a cell; the second electrode 105 may be a working electrode and may be used for contacting a cell; and the third electrode 106 may be a counter electrode and may be used for contacting a cell. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the first electrode 104 may be a working electrode and may be used for contacting a cell; the second electrode 105 may be a reference electrode and may be used for contacting a cell; and the third electrode 106 may be a counter electrode and may be used for contacting a cell. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the cell 107 may be, but not limited to, a primary human small airway epithelial cell, primary human small airway epithelial cell -chronic obstructive pulmonary disease cell, NuLi-1 cell, CuFi-1 cell, Calu-3 epithelial cell, A549 cell, and / or human intestinal epithelial cell, but the present disclosure is not limited thereto. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the membrane 102 may be, but not limited to, a porous polyethylene terephthalate membrane. It should be noted that the quantity and connection of each of the parts mentioned above are exemplary and can be increased, decreased, or altered according to actual needs.
[0081] FIG. 6 is a curve graph of an equivalent circuit model and a fitting result of the measured electrochemical impedance spectra of a cell according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, a first electrode 104, a second electrode 105, and a third electrode 106 are inserted from the side of the first channel 1000 to contact the cell layer directly and allow current flow to across the cell barrier. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, a potentiostat 12 from PalmSens BV (PalmSens4) is used to record the electrochemical impedance spectra; three-point impedance measurements are carried out by applying a 10 mV sinusoidal excitation signal with the frequency range from 1 Hz to 1 MHz periodically throughout the cell culture under an environment with the air-liquid interface; and the measured electrochemical impedance spectra are fitted to an equivalent circuit model, allowing to extract both impedance and cell capacitance values effectively.
[0082] FIG. 7 shows a microfluidic cell culture device 1, including: a chip 10, an incubator 11, and a potentiostat 12. The chip 10 is placed in the incubator 11, while the potentiostat 12 is placed outside the incubator 11. The incubator 11 and the potentiostat 12 are connected to the chip 10. The incubator 11 is used for providing a medium flow in the second channel of the chip, and providing a stable cell culturing environment with a constant temperature and humidity; and a potentiostat is used for recording electrochemical impedance spectra of the cell cultured in the chip. Moreover, the chip 10 is connected to the peristaltic pump of the incubator 11. It should be noted that the quantity and connection of each of the parts are exemplary and can be increased, decreased, or altered according to actual needs.
[0083] The left, middle, and right panels of FIG. 8A illustrate the different arrangement of a working electrode and a reference electrode in a microfluidic cell culture device without cells. Accordingly, tip of the working electrode and tip of the reference electrode are disposed in a first channel of the microfluidic cell culture device entirely (the left panel of FIG. 8A; 1 (Top Exposed) ) ; the half of the tip of the working electrode and the tip of the reference electrode are disposed in a first channel of the microfluidic cell culture device (the middle panel of FIG. 8A; 0.5 (Middle) ) ; or the tip of the working electrode and the tip of the reference electrode are not be disposed in a first channel of the microfluidic cell culture device (the right panel of FIG. 8A; 0 (Flat) ) . In addition, an electrochemical impedance measurement is conducted under different arrangements of a working electrode and a reference electrode in a microfluidic cell culture device (FIG. 8B) . Referring to FIG. 8B, the measured electrochemical impedance is related to the distance between the tip of the working electrode and the tip of the reference electrode. The closer the tip of the working electrode and the tip of the reference electrode are, the lower the measured electrochemical impedance is.
[0084] FIG. 9 illustrates a difference of an electrochemical cell impedance measurement under distinct environmental arrangement of a first channel and a second channel of a chip; and four arrangements are provided, including “Chip_1” (a chip including a first channel with an air layer and a second channel with a liquid layer) (referring to FIG. 5B) ; “Chip_2” (a chip including a first channel with an air layer and a second channel with an air layer) ; “Chip_3” (a chip including a first channel with an liquid layer and a second channel with a liquid layer) (referring to FIG. 5A) ; and “Chip_4” (a chip including a first channel with an liquid layer and a second channel with an air layer) .
[0085] Referring to FIG. 9, the measured electrochemical cell impedance is affected by the environmental conditions significantly, since the working electrode and the reference electrode are disposed in the first channel of the chip. The measured electrochemical cell impedance of Chip_1 and Chip_2, both having an air layer in the first channel, are higher than that of Chip_3 and Chip_4, both having a liquid layer in the first channel, due to the resistance of the medium (i.e., the liquid layer) is much lower than the resistance of the cells. In addition, according to Ohm’s Law, current is inversely proportional to resistance. Therefore, when an environment is filled with medium (i.e., the liquid layer) (Chip_3 and Chip_4) , the medium (i.e., the liquid layer) instead of the cells will be the main path for current, resulting in a lower measured electrochemical cell impedance result. On the other hand, the environmental arrangement of Chip_1 and Chip_2, both having an air layer in the first channel, may reduce the difference of the measurement caused by the medium, leading to a more accurate result. In Chip_2, having air layers in both the first channel and the second channel, the potential effect of the medium is completely removed, confirming that the signal measured by the microfluidic cell culture device indeed flows through the cell layer and reaches the electrode at the other end.
[0086] The upper panel of FIG. 10 shows the bright-field image of cells cultured in a first channel of a chip under the ALI environment (referring to FIG. 5B) . The arrangement of the chip for further measurement of electrochemical cell impedance includes tip of a first electrode (e.g., working electrode or reference electrode) and tip of a second electrode (e.g., working electrode or reference electrode) not disposing in the first channel; and half of the tip of a third electrode (e.g., counter electrode) disposing in the first channel, but the present disclosure is not limited thereto.
[0087] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the arrangement of the chip for further measurement of electrochemical cell impedance includes half or entire of a tip of a first electrode (e.g., working electrode or reference electrode) ; half or entire of a tip of a second electrode (e.g., working electrode or reference electrode) disposing in the first channel; and half or entire of the tip of a third electrode (e.g., counter electrode) disposing in the first channel.
[0088] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the arrangement of the chip for further measurement of electrochemical cell impedance includes half or entire of a tip of a first electrode (e.g., working electrode or reference electrode) ; half or entire of a tip of a second electrode (e.g., working electrode or reference electrode) disposing in the first channel; and the tip of a third electrode (e.g., counter electrode) not disposing in the first channel.
[0089] Referring to the lower panel of FIG. 10, the electrochemical cell impedance and phase measurement results show that the microfluidic cell culture device may detect the cell signals under ALI environment (referring to FIG. 5B) with the results significantly different from those of under submerged environment (referring to FIG. 5A) , confirming the applicability of the microfluidic cell culture device.
[0090] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the higher the cell density culturing in the microfluidic cell culture device is, the higher the measured electrochemical impedance is.
[0091] Those skilled in the art will readily observe that numerous modifications and alterations of the embodiments may be made while retaining the teachings of the invention. Accordingly, the above disclosure should be construed as limited only by the metes and bounds of the appended claims.
Claims
1.A chip comprising:a first substrate comprising:a first channel;a first trench extended from the first channel and having a first opening formed on the edge of the first substrate;a second trench extended from the first channel and having a second opening formed on the edge of the first substrate; anda third trench extended from the first channel and having a third opening formed on the edge of the first substrate;a second substrate coupled with the first substrate, comprising:a second channel corresponding to the first channel; anda membrane disposed between the first substrate and the second substrate.2.The chip of claim 1, wherein the first channel is coated with an extracellular matrix .3.The chip of claim 1, further comprises:a first electrode partially disposed on the first trench;a second electrode partially disposed on the second trench; anda third electrode partially disposed on the third trench.4.The chip of claim 1, whereinat least a portion of the first electrode is disposed on the first trench through the first opening;at least a portion of the second electrode is disposed on the second trench through the second opening; andat least a portion of the third electrode is disposed on the third trench through the third opening.5.The chip of claim 1, wherein the membrane is porous and comprises polyethylene terephthalate.6.A microfluidic cell culture device, comprising:a chip, comprising:a first substrate comprising:a first channel;a first trench extended from the first channel and having a first opening formed on the edge of the first substrate;a second trench extended from the first channel and having a second opening formed on the edge of the first substrate;a third trench extended from the first channel and having a third opening formed on the edge of the first substrate;a first electrode partially disposed on the first trench;a second electrode partially disposed on the second trench; anda third electrode partially disposed on the third trench;a second substrate coupled with the first substrate, comprising:a second channel corresponding to the first channel; anda membrane disposed between the first substrate and the second substrate;an incubator accommodating the chip to provide a medium flow in the second channel; anda potentiostat coupled with the first electrode, the second electrode, and the third electrode to record electrochemical impedance spectra of a cell.7.The device of claim 6, whereinat least a portion of the first electrode is disposed on the first trench through the first opening;at least a portion of the second electrode is disposed on the second trench through the second opening; andat least a portion of the third electrode is disposed on the third trench through the third opening.8.The device of claim 6, wherein the chip further comprises a first medium disposed on the first channel and / or the second channel.9.The device of claim 6, wherein the chip further comprises:a second medium filling the second channel;an air layer forming in the first channel; andan air-liquid-interface forming between the second medium and the air layer.10.The device of claim 9, wherein the membrane is disposed between the air-liquid-interface and the second medium in the second channel.11.The device of claim 10, wherein the first electrode, the second electrode, and / or the third electrode contact a region between the air-liquid-interface and the membrane.12.The device of claim 11, wherein the first electrode is a reference electrode, the second electrode is a working electrode, and the third electrode is a counter electrode; or wherein the first electrode is the working electrode, the second electrode is the reference electrode, and the third electrode is the counter electrode.13.A method for culturing a cell, comprising:providing the microfluidic cell culture device of claim 6; andintroducing the cell to the membrane.14.The method of claim 13, further comprising introducing a first medium to fill the first channel and / or the second channel.15.The method of claim 14, further comprising replacing the first medium with a second medium, wherein:the second medium filling the second channel;an air layer forming in the first channel; andan air-liquid-interface forming between the second medium and the air layer.16.The method of claim 15, wherein the membrane is disposed between the air-liquid-interface and the second medium in the second channel.17.The method of claim 16, wherein the first electrode, the second electrode, and / or the third electrode contact a region between the air-liquid-interface and the membrane.18.The method of claim 13, wherein the cell is at least one selected from the group consisting of a primary human small airway epithelial cell, primary human small airway epithelial cell -chronic obstructive pulmonary disease cell, NuLi-1 cell, CuFi-1 cell, Calu-3 epithelial cell, A549 cell, and human intestinal epithelial cell.19.The method of claim 13, further comprising measuring electrochemical impedance spectra of the cell.20.The method of claim 19, further comprising determining a cellular physiology of the cell based on the electrochemical impedance spectra.
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