Battery charging method and device

Abstract

A battery charging method includes: obtaining a functional relationship of a charge amount or a differential value of a state of charge (SOC) relative to a voltage of a battery based on a voltage or a state of charge (SOC); determining a charging step for charging the battery by analyzing the functional relationship; and generating a charging profile, the charging profile including a charging current for each charging step to charge the battery.

Description

[0001] CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0002] This application claims the benefit of Korean Patent Application No. 10-2017-0183621 filed on December 29, 2017, in the Korean Intellectual Property Office, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein in its entirety for all purposes. Technical Field

[0003] The following description relates to techniques for charging a battery. Background Art

[0004] The battery is used as a power source for, for example, a mobile device or an electric vehicle (EV), and various schemes for charging the battery are provided. Generally, a constant current-constant voltage (CC-CV) charging scheme may be used. In the CC-CV charging scheme, the battery is charged with a constant current (CC) until the battery voltage reaches a predetermined voltage, and then charged with a constant voltage (CV) until the battery current reaches a low preset current. Alternatively, a multi-step charging scheme in which the battery is charged with CC in multiple steps (from high current to low current) and / or a pulse charging scheme in which a pulse current is repeatedly applied in a short time unit may be used.

[0005] Since a relatively large amount of time is required under CV conditions in the CC-CV charging scheme, the CC-CV charging scheme is not suitable for fast charging. In the multi-step charging scheme and the pulse charging scheme, the battery is deteriorated due to fast charging. Moreover, regardless of the internal state of the battery, the charging scheme based on experience is limited in controlling battery degradation, and the effect of shortening the charging time is limited. As the number of users using mobile devices or EVs including batteries increases, fast charging becomes more beneficial. Summary of the invention

[0006] This summary is provided to introduce some concepts in a simplified form, which are further described in the detailed description below. This summary is not intended to identify key features or essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to be used as an aid in determining the scope of the claimed subject matter.

[0007] In one general aspect, a battery charging method includes: obtaining a functional relationship of a charge amount or a differential value of a state of charge (SOC) relative to a voltage of a battery based on a voltage or a state of charge (SOC); determining a charging step for charging the battery by analyzing the functional relationship; and generating a charging profile, the charging profile including a charging current for each charging step to charge the battery.

[0008] The functional relationship may represent a corresponding relationship between a voltage or SOC that increases in response to a battery being charged and a differential value that changes in response to a battery being charged.

[0009] The horizontal axis of the functional relationship may represent a voltage that increases in response to the battery being charged or an SOC mapped to a voltage that increases in response to the battery being charged, and the vertical axis of the functional relationship may represent a differential value that changes in response to the battery charging.

[0010] Determining the charging steps may include: segmenting the functional relationship according to changes in the main electrochemical reaction in response to battery charging; and determining the charging steps based on the regions into which the functional relationship is segmented, and the main electrochemical reaction is determined based on many electrochemical reactions occurring in response to battery charging.

[0011] Determining the charging step may include segmenting the functional relationship based on a range in which the differential value changes from increasing to decreasing; and determining the charging step according to the range.

[0012] Determining the charging step may include detecting at least one peak on the functional relationship; and determining the charging step based on the detected peak.

[0013] Determining the charging step based on the detected peak value may include determining a first SOC or a first voltage corresponding to the start of a first charging step based on a first negative peak value on a functional relationship; and determining a second SOC or a second voltage corresponding to the end of the first charging step and the start of a second charging step based on a second negative peak value detected after the first negative peak value, and the first negative peak value and the second negative peak value are points where the differential value changes from decreasing to increasing.

[0014] Determining the charging step based on the detected peak value may include determining the number of charging steps based on the detected peak value; and determining the charging step corresponding to the number of charging steps.

[0015] The generating of the charging profile may include: determining a charging current ratio for each charging step based on electrochemical characteristics corresponding to the charging steps; and determining a charging current for each charging step based on the charging current ratio.

[0016] Determining the charging current ratio may include acquiring an impedance for each charging step based on a main electrochemical reaction corresponding to the charging step; and determining the charging current ratio for each charging step based on the impedance.

[0017] Determining the charge current ratio may include setting the charge current ratio to decrease in response to the impedance increasing.

[0018] The acquisition of impedance may include at least one of: estimating impedance by performing electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) analysis for each charging step; estimating impedance based on a direct current internal resistance (DCIR) corresponding to the charging step.

[0019] Determining the charging current includes: obtaining charging conditions, the charging conditions including a required charging time, a required charging amount, and at least one internal state restriction condition; and determining the charging current for each charging step from an electrochemical model based on the charging conditions and the charging current ratio.

[0020] Determining the charging current from an electrochemical model may include: determining an initial charging current for each charging step corresponding to a charging current ratio based on a desired charging time and a desired charging amount; using the electrochemical model, for each charging step, estimating at least one internal state of the battery to which the initial charging current is applied; and adjusting the initial charging current and determining the charging current for each charging step based on whether the estimated internal state meets at least one internal state constraint for each charging step.

[0021] Determining the charge current from the electrochemical model may include adjusting a range for each charge step based on the charge conditions and the charge current ratio.

[0022] The internal state limiting conditions may include any one or any combination of any two or more of an anode overpotential condition, a cathode overpotential condition, an anode active material surface lithium ion concentration condition, a cathode active material surface lithium ion concentration condition, a battery cell voltage condition, and an SOC condition.

[0023] Acquiring the functional relationship may include acquiring at least one of a temperature and a state of health (SOH) of the battery; and acquiring the functional relationship based on at least one of the acquired temperature and the acquired SOH.

[0024] In another general aspect, a battery charging method includes: determining a charging step change for each main electrochemical reaction in response to the battery being charged; determining a charging current ratio for each charging step based on electrochemical characteristics corresponding to the charging step; and generating a charging profile based on the charging current ratio, the charging profile including a charging current for each charging step.

[0025] A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium may store instructions that, when executed by a processor, cause the processor to perform a battery charging method.

[0026] In another general aspect, a battery charging device includes: a processor configured to: obtain a functional relationship of a charge amount or a differential value of a state of charge (SOC) relative to a voltage of a battery based on a voltage or a state of charge (SOC); determine a charging step for charging the battery by analyzing the functional relationship; and generate a charging profile, the charging profile including a charging current for each charging step to charge the battery.

[0027] In another general aspect, a battery charging device includes a processor configured to: determine a charging step for each main electrochemical reaction that changes in response to the battery being charged; determine a charging current ratio for each charging step based on electrochemical characteristics corresponding to the charging step; and generate a charging profile including a charging current for each charging step based on the charging current ratio.

[0028] In another general aspect, a battery charging method includes: obtaining a functional relationship of a charge amount or a differential value of the SOC relative to a voltage of a battery based on a voltage or a state of charge (SOC); determining a charging step for charging the battery by analyzing the functional relationship; setting a charging time; and generating a charging profile based on the charging time and the charge amount to manage the battery.

[0029] The charging time may be set by user input.

[0030] The charging time can be determined and set by the battery's charging system.

[0031] The charging time may correspond to a fast charging mode of the battery.

[0032] The charge level may represent the estimated internal state of the battery.

[0033] The amount of charge can represent the SOC.

[0034] The charging profile may include a charging current for each charging step to charge the battery.

[0035] The battery charging device may determine whether charging within the charging time is sufficient to charge the battery based on the charge amount.

[0036] When the battery is insufficiently charged, the battery charging device may generate a charging profile and charge the battery.

[0037] When the required charging time decreases, the charging current in the charging profile may be increased, and when the required charging time increases, the charging current in the charging profile may be decreased.

[0038] Other features and aspects will be apparent from the following detailed description, drawings, and claims. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0039] Figure 1 An example of a battery charging method is shown.

[0040] Figure 2 is a flowchart illustrating an example of a battery charging method.

[0041] Figure 3 An example of an operation of generating a charging profile is shown.

[0042] Figure 4A and 4B An example of an operation of determining a charging step is shown.

[0043] Figure 5 , 6A , 6B, 7 and 8 show examples of the operation of generating a charging profile.

[0044] Fig. 9 is a flowchart illustrating an example of a battery charging method.

[0045] Fig.10 An example of a charging profile and the internal state of a battery is shown.

[0046] Fig.11 An example of the operation of the battery charging device is shown.

[0047] Fig.12 is a block diagram showing an example of the configuration of a battery charging device.

[0048] Throughout the drawings and detailed description, unless otherwise described or specified, the same reference numerals will be understood to refer to the same elements, features, and structures. The drawings may not be drawn to scale, and the relative sizes, proportions, and depictions of the elements in the drawings may be exaggerated for clarity, illustration, and convenience. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0049] The following detailed description is provided to help the reader obtain a comprehensive understanding of the method, device and / or system described herein. However, after understanding the disclosure of the present application, various changes, modifications and equivalents of the method, device and / or system described herein will be apparent. For example, the sequence of operations described herein is merely an example and is not limited to those set forth herein, but can be changed except that it must be in a certain order, which becomes apparent after understanding the disclosure of the present application. Moreover, in order to increase clarity and simplicity, the description of features known in the art may be omitted.

[0050] The features described herein may be embodied in different forms and should not be construed as being limited to the examples described herein. Rather, the examples described herein are provided only to illustrate some of the many possible ways to implement the methods, devices and / or systems described herein, which will be apparent after understanding the disclosure of the present application.

[0051] The following specific structural or functional descriptions are exemplary and are only used to describe examples, and the scope of the examples is not limited to the descriptions provided in this specification.

[0052] Although the terms "first" or "second" are used to explain various components, the components are not limited to these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one component from another. For example, according to the concept of the present disclosure, a "first" component may be referred to as a "second" component, or similarly, and a "second" component may be referred to as a "first" component within the correct scope.

[0053] It will be understood that when a component is referred to as being “connected to” another component, the component may be directly connected or coupled to the other component or intervening components may be present.

[0054] The terms used herein are only used to describe various examples and are not intended to limit the present disclosure. Unless the context clearly indicates otherwise, the articles "a", "an" and "the" are also intended to include plural forms. The terms "include", "comprise" and "have" specify the presence of the features, numbers, operations, members, elements and / or combinations thereof, but do not exclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, numbers, operations, members, elements and / or combinations thereof.

[0055] Unless otherwise defined herein, all terms (including technical or scientific terms) used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by those of ordinary skill in the art and in view of the disclosure of this application. Terms defined in commonly used dictionaries should be interpreted as having a meaning that matches the contextual meaning in the relevant field and the disclosure of this application, and unless otherwise defined herein, should not be interpreted as an ideal or excessive form of meaning.

[0056] Hereinafter, examples will be described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings, and the same reference numerals refer to the same elements throughout.

[0057] According to an example, a battery charging device generates a charging profile based on an electrochemical reaction that occurs in response to a battery being charged. The battery charging device can use the generated charging profile to quickly charge the battery while preventing battery degradation. In order to minimize battery degradation due to rapid charging during battery charging within a given charging time, the battery charging device can generate a charging profile based on the electrochemical reaction and the electrochemical characteristics of the battery. A charging profile is a strategy for providing current for battery charging and is expressed as a C-rate sequence for charging. The C-rate will be defined below. The battery charging device can charge the battery based on the generated charging profile. Here, it should be noted that the use of the term "may" with respect to examples or embodiments, such as with respect to what an example or embodiment may include or implement, means that there is at least one example or embodiment that includes such a feature, and all examples and embodiments are not limited thereto.

[0058] The battery charging device can determine the charging steps of each main electrochemical reaction when the battery is charged. The electrochemical reaction includes the electrochemical reactions that occur during battery charging. For example, electrochemical reactions may occur due to electrons and lithium ions moving between the anode and cathode of the battery, and different types of electrochemical reactions may occur within the battery in a complex manner. The pattern of the electrochemical reaction is affected by, for example, the current, voltage, temperature, state of charge (SOC), and state of health (SOH) of the battery. SOC and SOH will be defined below. The type of electrochemical reaction can be determined based on the anode, cathode, electrolyte, or separator of the battery.

[0059] For example, the main electrochemical reaction among the electrochemical reactions that occur in response to the battery being charged changes in response to the battery being charged. In this example, the main electrochemical reaction is referred to as the "main electrochemical reaction". Whether the electrochemical reaction is dominant is determined based on, for example, the number of reactions or the physicochemical quantity of the battery. The number of reactions or the physicochemical quantity of the battery defined as the main electrochemical reaction can be determined based on, for example, the number of reactions or the physicochemical quantity being greater than a predetermined threshold. For example, the SOC or voltage changes when the battery is charged, and the main electrochemical reaction corresponding to the changed SOC or voltage is determined by the differential value of the charge amount or SOC relative to the voltage. The battery charging device can classify the SOC or voltage range based on the main electrochemical reaction that changes in response to the battery being charged, and determine the charging step corresponding to the classified SOC or voltage range.

[0060] The battery charging device may determine a charging current ratio for each charging step based on the electrochemical characteristics corresponding to the charging step. The battery charging device may identify the electrochemical characteristics corresponding to the charging step determined for each main electrochemical reaction. The charging steps determined based on the electrochemical reactions have different electrochemical characteristics that affect the charging of the battery. For example, the electrochemical characteristics corresponding to the charging step are represented by an impedance corresponding to the charging step, which is based on the main electrochemical reaction corresponding to the charging step. The battery charging device may determine the charging current ratio based on the electrochemical characteristics identified for each charging step. The battery charging device may generate a charging profile including a charging current for each charging step based on the charging current ratio.

[0061] The battery charging device can estimate the internal state of the battery based on the electrochemical model, and control the charging of the battery based on the estimated internal state. When the user's desired charging time is input, the battery charging device can determine whether charging within the input charging time is possible based on the required charging amount. The required charging amount is the charging amount required for charging, and is represented by, for example, SOC. The battery charging device derives a charging profile with excellent battery life characteristics while satisfying the charging time input by the user based on the estimated internal state of the battery and boundary conditions. In the following description, the given charging time is referred to as the "required charging time", and the boundary conditions are referred to as "internal state constraint conditions".

[0062] The required charging time may be input or set by a user or an administrator. Also, the required charging time may be automatically set by the charging system of the battery or may be preset based on various examples. For example, the required charging time corresponding to the fast charging mode of the battery is preset as the time to complete charging, and the battery charging device may determine whether the battery can be charged within the automatically set time in response to the fast charging mode, or generate a charging profile and charge the battery. Figure 1 and Figure 2 Provides a general description of the battery charging method. Figure 3 A description of the generation of a charging profile is provided. Figure 4A and 4B A description of the operation of determining the charging step is provided. Figure 5 , 6A 6B provide a description of the operation of determining the charging current. Figure 7 A description of the information used to generate a charging profile is provided. Figure 8 An example of a method for generating a charging profile is described below. Fig. 9 An example of a battery charging method is described below. Fig.10 Provides a description of the internal state of the battery. Fig.11 Describe the application example of battery charging method and refer to Fig.12 An example of a configuration of a battery charging device is described.

[0063] Figure 1 is a diagram showing an example of a battery charging method. Figure 2 is a flowchart illustrating an example of a battery charging method.

[0064] See also Figure 1 and Figure 2In operation 201, the battery charging device acquires a functional relationship or curve 101 based on the voltage or SOC, and the curve 101 represents the differential value of the charge amount or SOC relative to the voltage of the battery. Here, although these curves will be referenced, these references should be understood to also refer to alternative functional relationships that represent similar or identical information in other forms or formats through various examples. Acquiring the curve 101 includes, for example, generating a curve based on the provided information, or acquiring or receiving the curve from a server or memory, which can be located inside or outside the battery charging device as a database. The database is implemented as a memory included in the battery charging device, and / or an external or remote device (such as a server) that is connected to the battery charging device wirelessly or via a wire or network. The curve 101 is not necessarily represented by a graph having a curve, and may partially include discontinuous points, non-differentiable points, or areas with a constant slope through experimental measurement or simulation estimation.

[0065] SOC is a parameter indicating the state of charge of a battery. SOC represents the energy level stored in the battery, and the amount of SOC can be expressed as a percentage unit between 0 and 100%. For example, 0% represents a fully discharged state, and 100% represents a fully charged state, which can be variously modified and defined in various examples. Various schemes can be adopted to estimate or measure SOC.

[0066] Curve 101 shows the correspondence between the SOC or voltage V that increases in response to the battery being charged and the differential value dSOC / dV that changes in response to the battery being charged. The differential value is replaced by, for example, a differential value dQ / dV of the charge amount relative to the voltage. In the example, the horizontal axis of curve 101 represents the voltage that increases in response to the battery being charged, or the SOC mapped to the voltage that increases in response to the battery being charged. The vertical axis of curve 101 represents the differential value dSOC / dV or dQ / dV that changes in response to the battery being charged. In the following, an example is described in which the horizontal axis of curve 101 represents the SOC or voltage and the vertical axis of curve 101 represents dSOC / dV or dQ / dV, however, various schemes may be used to define or design a curve representing an electrochemical reaction that changes in response to the battery being charged.

[0067] The battery charging device may acquire a curve corresponding to the battery to be charged from a stored curve based on the SOH, the temperature and / or characteristics of the battery, or generate a curve by simulation or directly charge the battery. The battery charging device may charge the battery using a preset constant current (CC) to measure or estimate the change in SOC based on the change in voltage, and generate a curve corresponding to the battery. Various schemes may be used to acquire a curve representing dSOC / dV or dQ / dV corresponding to the battery.

[0068] SOH is a parameter that quantitatively represents a change in battery characteristics due to aging effects (i.e., a degradation phenomenon), and represents the degree of capacity degradation of the battery. Various schemes can be used to estimate or measure SOH. When the SOH of the battery changes, the curve 101 also changes.

[0069] The battery charging device is a device configured to process information associated with battery charging, and may be implemented as, for example, hardware and software instructions, hardware modules, or a combination thereof. For example, the battery charging device is implemented by a battery management system (BMS). The BMS is a system configured to manage a battery, and may, for example, monitor the state of the battery, maintain optimal conditions for the operation of the battery, predict the replacement time of the battery, detect a failure of the battery, generate a control signal or command signal related to the battery, and control the state or operation of the battery.

[0070] The battery includes a charger or a storage battery configured to store power by charging, and the device including the battery supplies power from the battery to the load. The load is an entity that consumes power and may consume power supplied from the outside. The load includes, for example, an electric heater, an electric lamp, and a motor of an electric vehicle (EV), which consumes power using a circuit in which current flows at a predetermined voltage.

[0071] In operation 202, the battery charging device determines a charging step for charging the battery by analyzing the curve 101, for example, Figure 1 The battery charging device divides or segments the curve 101 based on the shape of the curve 101, and determines the charging steps #S1 to #S3 based on the area in which the curve 101 is divided. The battery charging device detects peaks on the curve 101, and determines the charging steps #S1 to #S3 based on the peaks detected over a predetermined time period or voltage. The battery charging device determines the number of charging steps based on the number of detected peaks, and determines the charging steps #S1 to #S3 corresponding to the determined number of charging steps. An example of determining the charging steps #S1 to #S3 will be further described below.

[0072] In operation 203, the battery charging device generates a charging profile 102, which includes a charging current for each charging step. The charging profile 102 is represented as a charging current sequence for each charging step #S1 to #S3, and the charging steps #S1 to #S3 are respectively represented by a range based on SOC or voltage. For example, the charging profile 102 is represented by an operation sequence of charging the battery with a current I1 in the SOC or a voltage ranging from "0" to "A" in the charging step #S1. In the charging step #S2, the battery is charged with a current I2 in the SOC or voltage ranging from "A" to "B", and in the charging step #S3, the battery is charged with a current I3 in the SOC or voltage ranging from "B" to "C". In this example, the charging current is variously represented in amperes (A), milliamperes (mA), or C-rate. The C-rate is a battery-related characteristic that represents the current rate of battery charging and discharging based on the rated capacity of the battery. For example, when the capacity of the battery is 1,000 milliampere hours (mAh), that is, the amount of current for 1 hour, and when the current of charging and discharging is 1A, the C rate is represented by "1C = 1A / 1,000mAh". Therefore, the charging profile 102 is represented as a C rate sequence for each charging step #S1 to #S3. An example of generating the charging profile 102 will be further described below.

[0073] Figure 3 An example of an operation of generating a charging profile is shown.

[0074] See also Figure 3 , the battery charging device analyzes the curve 301 and determines charging steps, for example, charging steps #S1, #S2, #S3, #S4, #S5, and #S6. Figure 3 , the horizontal axis of the curve 301 represents SOC, and the vertical axis of the curve 301 represents dSOC / dV. The information included in the curve 301 is represented by a function or a corresponding relationship between SOC and dSOC / dV, which changes in response to charging of the battery.

[0075] The battery charging device divides the curve 301 based on the main electrochemical reaction that changes in response to the battery being charged. For example, when the battery is charged, the electrochemical reaction occurs in a complex manner. In this example, the battery charging device determines the SOC range corresponding to the main electrochemical reaction from the electrochemical reaction of the curve 301 based on the shape of the curve 301. As described above, the main chemical reaction is the main electrochemical reaction among the electrochemical reactions that occur in response to the battery charging. The main electrochemical reaction is represented by a predetermined pattern on the curve 301. The pattern of the main electrochemical reaction on the curve 301 is obtained by experiment or by simulation. The battery charging device can obtain the pattern of the main electrochemical reaction on the curve 301 and identify the portion of the curve 301 corresponding to the main electrochemical reaction.

[0076] The battery charging device identifies the SOC range corresponding to the main electrochemical reaction on the curve 301, and divides the curve 301 based on the identified SOC range. The battery charging device determines charging steps #S1 to #S6 based on the identified SOC range to divide the curve 301. Figure 4A and 4B An example of the analysis curve 301 is described.

[0077] The battery charging device determines the charging current ratio of each charging step #S1 to #S6 based on the electrochemical characteristics corresponding to the charging steps #S1 to #S6. For example, the electrochemical characteristics corresponding to the predetermined charging step are represented by the impedance of the main electrochemical reaction corresponding to the charging step.

[0078] The battery charging device acquires the impedance of each charging step #S1 to #S6 based on the main electrochemical reaction corresponding to the charging steps #S1 to #S6. The battery charging device determines the charging current ratio of each charging step #S1 to #S6 based on the acquired impedance.

[0079] In an example, the battery charging device estimates the impedance by performing an electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) analysis for each charging step #S1 to #S6. In another example, the battery charging device estimates the impedance of each charging step #S1 to #S6 based on a direct current internal resistance (DCIR) corresponding to the charging steps #S1 to #S6. Figure 3 , the battery charging device acquires DCIR 302 corresponding to the charging steps #S1 to #S6, and the impedance of each charging step #S1 to #S6 is represented by DCIR 302.

[0080] The battery charging device determines the charging current ratio of each charging step #S1 to #S6 based on the impedance of each charging step #S1 to #S6. For example, the battery charging device sets the charging current ratio to decrease in response to an increase in impedance, and determines the charging current ratio of each charging step #S1 to #S6. The battery charging device determines the charging current ratio using electrochemical characteristics (e.g., impedance) corresponding to the charging steps #S1 to #S6, and thus can prevent battery degradation while shortening the battery charging time.

[0081] The battery charging device determines the charging current of each charging step #S1 to #S6 based on the charging current ratio of each charging step #S1 to #S6, and generates charging profiles 303 and 304. The battery charging device acquires charging conditions including a required charging time, a required charging amount, and at least one internal state restriction condition. The battery charging device initializes the charging current of each charging step #S1 to #S6 based on the required charging amount and the required charging time.

[0082] The battery charging device adjusts the initialization charging current based on the charging current ratio of each of the charging steps #S1 to #S6. For example, the battery charging device obtains the representative DCIR corresponding to the charging steps #S1 to #S6, and sets the charging current ratio to decrease in response to the increase of the representative DCIR to adjust the charging current. The representative DCIR is calculated by various statistical techniques, for example, a representative value or an average value of the DCIR corresponding to the SOC range. The battery charging device optimizes the charging current of each charging step #S1 to #S6 based on the internal state constraint condition. The battery charging device generates charging profiles 303 and 304 including the optimized charging current. An example of the operation of optimizing the charging current based on the internal state constraint condition will be described below.

[0083] Although the horizontal axis and vertical axis of the curve 301 represent SOC and dSOC / dV, respectively, Figure 3 As shown, examples are not limited thereto. For example, the horizontal axis and the vertical axis represent voltage V and dQ / dV, respectively, as described above.

[0084] Figure 4A An example of an operation of determining a charging step is shown.

[0085] See also Figure 4A , the main electrochemical reaction among the electrochemical reactions that occur in response to battery charging is represented as the SOC or voltage range corresponding to the convex portion of the curve representing dSOC / dV. Because the main electrochemical reactions correspond to the convex portions of the curve representing dSOC / dV, respectively, the electrochemical characteristics vary based on the corresponding SOC or voltage range. The battery charging device identifies the SOC or voltage range corresponding to the convex portion of the curve representing dSOC / dV, and divides the curve based on the identified SOC or voltage range. For example, the battery charging device identifies regions M1 and M2 where dSOC / dV changes from increasing to decreasing, and divides the profile based on the SOC or voltage ranges d1 and d2 corresponding to the identified regions M1 and M2. The battery charging device determines the charging steps for each SOC or voltage range d1 and d2.

[0086] See also Figure 4A , the battery charging device identifies regions (e.g., M1 and M2) where dSOC / dV changes from an increasing slope to a decreasing slope, and determines the number of charging steps based on the number of the identified regions. The battery charging device determines the charging step corresponding to the number of charging steps. The battery charging device determines the number of charging steps by analyzing the curve, initializes a range corresponding to the charging step, and adjusts the range based on the internal state of the battery.

[0087] Figure 4B Another example of the operation of determining the charging step is shown.

[0088] See also Figure 4B The main electrochemical reaction in the electrochemical reaction that occurs in response to battery charging is based on the peak value (e.g., peak P 1 , P 2 , P 3 , P 4 and P 5 dSOC / dV changes from an increasing slope to a decreasing slope. 2 and P 4 is a positive peak, and dSOC / dV changes from a decreasing slope to a peak value of an increasing slope P 1 , P 3 and P 5 The battery charging device detects the peak value on the curve and determines the charging step based on the detected peak value. For example, the battery charging device determines the charging step based on the negative peak value P 1 , P 3 and P 5 Divide the curve and based on SOC or voltage range d 13 and d 35 The charging steps are determined for the division of the curve. The battery charging device detects the negative peak value P 1 , P 3 and P 5 , and based on the detected negative peak P 1 , P 3 and P 5 The SOC or voltage corresponding to the start and end of the charging step is determined. The battery charging device determines the SOC or voltage range corresponding to the charging step based on the determined SOC or voltage.

[0089] See also Figure 4B The battery charging device is based on the detected peak value (e.g., the peak P of the curve 1 , P 2 , P 3 , P 4 and P 5 ) or the number of peaks on the curve. The battery charging device determines the charging step corresponding to the number of charging steps. For example, the battery charging device determines the number of charging steps based on a plurality of negative peaks. The battery charging device determines the number of charging steps, initializes a range corresponding to the charging step, and adjusts the range based on the internal state of the battery.

[0090] However, the scheme of identifying the main electrochemical reaction by analyzing the curve is not limited to Figure 4A and 4B As an example, various schemes can be applied. Figure 4A and 4B The vertical axis of each curve represents dQ / dV.

[0091] Figure 5 An example of an operation of generating a charging profile is shown.

[0092] See also Figure 5 , the battery charging device is based on the charging step #S 1 To #S N The corresponding charging current ratio 501 generates charging profiles 502 and 503. The battery charging device determines whether charging corresponding to the required charging amount can be completed within the required charging time. When it is determined that charging is completed, the battery charging device generates charging profiles 502 and 503.

[0093] The battery charging device generates charging profiles 502 and 503 corresponding to the charging current ratio 501 based on the required charging time and the required charging amount. As described above, the battery charging device initializes the charging current based on the required charging time and the required charging amount, and generates the charging profiles 502 and 503 based on the initialized charging current and the charging current ratio 501. The charging current in the charging profile increases when the required charging time decreases, and decreases when the required charging time increases. Moreover, when the required charging amount decreases, the charging current decreases, and when the required charging amount increases, the charging current increases. The battery charging device generates the charging profiles 502 and 503 based on the required charging time and the required charging amount and the charging current ratio 501, and therefore, the C rate of the charging profile 503 is determined to be greater than the C rate of the charging profile 502.

[0094] Fig. 6A Another example of the operation of generating a charging profile is shown.

[0095] The battery charging device acquires charging conditions including a required charging time, a required charging amount, and at least one internal state restriction condition, and determines a charging current for each charging step from an electrochemical model based on a charging current ratio and the charging conditions.

[0096] The battery includes an electrolyte, a separator, a collector, and two electrodes (e.g., an anode and a cathode). Lithium ions (Li+) are embedded in or deintercalated from the two electrodes. The electrolyte is a medium for the movement of lithium ions (Li+). The separator physically separates the cathode from the anode to prevent electrons from flowing directly and allows ions to pass through. The collector collects electrons generated by the electrochemical reaction or provides electrons for the electrochemical reaction. Each of the cathode and the anode includes an active material. For example, lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2) is used as the active material of the cathode, and graphite (C6) is used as the active material of the anode. During battery charging, lithium ions (Li+) move from the cathode to the anode. During battery discharge, lithium ions (Li+) move from the anode to the cathode. Therefore, the concentration of lithium ions (Li+) contained in the cathode active material and the concentration of lithium ions (Li+) contained in the anode active material vary according to charging and discharging.

[0097] In order to represent the internal state of the battery, various schemes are used to utilize electrochemical models. For example, various application models including a single particle model (SPM) are used as electrochemical models. Moreover, according to various examples, the parameters defining the electrochemical model are modified differently. The internal state constraints are derived from the electrochemical model of the battery or are derived experimentally or heuristically. Various schemes are used to define the internal state constraints.

[0098] The internal state constraint condition is defined from an electrochemical model based on at least one internal state that affects battery degradation. The internal state constraint condition includes, for example, any one or any combination of the anode overpotential condition, the cathode overpotential condition, the anode active material surface lithium ion concentration condition, the cathode active material surface lithium ion concentration condition, the battery cell voltage condition, and the SOC condition. The overpotential is the difference between the electrode potential that changes when current flows and the equilibrium potential associated with the insertion / deinsertion reaction at each electrode of the battery. The lithium ion concentration is the concentration of lithium ions (Li+) used as the material in the active material of each electrode of the battery, and materials other than lithium ions are used as the material in the active material.

[0099] When the internal state of the battery reaches one of the internal state limit conditions in response to the battery being charged, the battery may deteriorate. The battery charging device controls the charging of the battery or generates a charging profile based on the internal state limit condition. For example, when the battery is determined to be deteriorated when the anode overpotential of the battery is lower than 0.05V, the anode overpotential condition is defined by an overpotential value based on 0.05V. However, the internal state limit condition is not limited to the above example, and various expressions that quantify the internal state that has an impact on battery degradation can be used.

[0100] The battery charging device initializes the charging current for each charging step corresponding to the charging current ratio based on the required charging time and the required charging amount. The initialized charging current is referred to as the "initial charging current". For each charging step, the battery charging device estimates at least one internal state of the battery to which the initial charging current is applied using an electrochemical model.

[0101] The battery charging device adjusts the initial charging current based on whether the estimated internal state meets at least one internal state restriction condition of each charging step, and determines the charging current of each charging step. In order to prevent battery degradation while completing battery charging with a required charge amount within a required charging time, the battery charging device repeatedly adjusts and optimizes the charging current corresponding to the charging current ratio according to the internal state restriction condition.

[0102] The battery charging device estimates at least one internal state of the battery to which an initial charging current is applied for each charging step based on an electrochemical model. The battery charging device determines whether the internal state estimated for each charging step reaches an internal state restriction condition, and optimizes the initial charging current based on the determination result.

[0103] See also Fig. 6A The battery charging device optimizes the charging profile 601 including the initial charging current by adjusting the initial charging current, and generates a charging profile 602 based on the optimization result. The battery charging device determines the charging profile corresponding to the charging step #S N The internal state of the battery reaches the internal state limit condition, and the corresponding charging step #S is reduced based on the determination result. N In order to complete the charging of the battery with the required charging amount within the required charging time, the battery charging device increases the current corresponding to the charging step #S N The initial charging current of the different second charging steps is increased until the internal state corresponding to the second charging reaches the internal state limit condition.

[0104] Figure 6B Another example of the operation of generating a charging profile is shown.

[0105] See also Figure 6B The battery charging device adjusts the range of each charging step based on the charging condition. The battery charging device optimizes the charging profile 603 by adjusting the range of each charging step, and generates a charging profile 604 based on the optimization result. The battery charging device determines the charging profile corresponding to the charging step #S N The internal state reaches the internal state limit condition, and based on the determination result, the charging step #S is reduced. N In order to complete the charging of the battery with the required charge capacity within the required charging time, the battery charging device increases the range corresponding to the charging step #S NThe range of different second charging steps is until the internal state corresponding to the second charging step reaches the internal state limit condition.

[0106] Figure 7 Another example of the operation of generating a charging profile is shown.

[0107] See also Figure 7 A curve 701 representing the differential value of the SOC or charge relative to the battery voltage based on the voltage (or SOC) is mapped to the SOH and temperature of the battery to construct a database. The battery charging device obtains a curve 702 corresponding to the battery to be charged in the curve 701 corresponding to the SOH and temperature.

[0108] The battery charging device acquires the SOH and temperature of the battery to be charged. The battery charging device estimates or measures the SOH and temperature of the battery, and may use various schemes to estimate or measure the SOH and temperature of the battery. The battery charging device acquires a curve 702 based on the acquired SOH and the acquired temperature. The battery charging device acquires the current and voltage of the battery to be charged, and acquires a curve 702 corresponding to the battery based on the acquired current and the acquired voltage. The battery charging device generates a charging profile based on the curve 702.

[0109] Figure 8 Another example of the operation of generating a charging profile is shown.

[0110] See also Figure 8 , a charging current ratio set 801 for generating a charging profile of a battery is mapped to the SOH and temperature of the battery to construct a database. According to the analysis result of a curve representing the SOC (or charge) based on the battery voltage relative to the differential value of the battery voltage, the charging current ratio set 801 is mapped to the SOH and temperature of the battery. The battery charging device obtains a charging current ratio set 802 corresponding to the battery to be charged from the charging current ratio set 801 corresponding to the battery SOH and temperature.

[0111] For example, the battery charging device acquires the SOH and temperature of the battery to be charged. The battery charging device acquires the charging current ratio set 802 based on the acquired SOH and the acquired temperature. The battery charging device acquires the current and voltage of the battery, and acquires the charging current ratio set 802 corresponding to the battery based on the acquired current and the acquired voltage. The battery charging device generates a charging profile 803 based on the charging current ratio set 802.

[0112] Fig. 9 is a flowchart illustrating another example of a battery charging method.

[0113] See also Fig. 9In operation 901, the battery charging device obtains a differential value of SOC relative to the voltage of the battery (or a differential value of the charge relative to SOC). The battery charging device obtains dQ / dV or dSOC / dV as the above curve or the above corresponding relationship.

[0114] The battery charging device determines the number of charging steps based on the acquired information in operation 902. As described above, the battery charging device analyzes the curve and determines a range corresponding to the charging step or the number of charging steps.

[0115] In operation 903, the battery charging device acquires a DCIR for each charging step. In operation 904, the battery charging device acquires a charging current ratio for each charging step based on the DCIR acquired for each charging step. In operation 905, the battery charging device acquires charging conditions including a required charging time, a required charging amount, and at least one internal state restriction condition. In operation 906, the battery charging device generates a charging profile from an electrochemical model.

[0116] In operation 907, the battery charging device determines whether the generated charging profile satisfies the charging condition. The battery charging device determines whether the internal state of each charging step reaches the internal state limit condition based on the generated charging profile. The battery charging device determines whether the battery can be charged with the required amount of electricity within the required charging time based on the generated charging profile.

[0117] In one example, when it is determined that the generated charging profile satisfies the charging condition, the battery charging device charges the battery based on the generated charging profile in operation 908. The battery charging device estimates the internal state of the battery using an electrochemical model in response to the battery charging, and adjusts the charging current or a range corresponding to the charging step based on the estimated internal state and the internal state constraint condition.

[0118] In another example, when it is determined that the generated charging profile does not satisfy the charging condition, in operation 909, the battery charging device charges the battery with a maximum charge amount within the required charging time. In this example, the battery is charged with a charge amount less than the required charge amount. For example, the battery charging device sends a request to re-enter at least one of the required charging time and the required charge amount. The battery charging device repeats the operation of generating the charging profile according to the required charging time received based on the request, and determines whether the generated charging profile satisfies the charging condition.

[0119] In operation 910, the battery charging apparatus estimates a change ΔSOH in SOH of a battery by charging the battery. The battery charging apparatus estimates an internal state of the battery and the SOH of the battery during charging of the battery.

[0120] In operation 911, the battery charging apparatus determines whether the variation ΔSOH is greater than SOH1. When it is determined that the variation ΔSOH is greater than SOH1, the battery charging apparatus updates the internal state of the battery in operation 912. SOH1 is a threshold value used as a reference value for updating the internal state of the battery. The updated internal state is used to generate a charging profile of the battery.

[0121] Fig.10 An example of a charging profile and the internal state of a battery is shown.

[0122] See also Fig.10 The battery charging device charges the battery using the charging profile based on the above method, and estimates the internal state of the battery based on the charging of the battery. For example, the battery charging device estimates the voltage, overpotential, SOC, anode lithium ion concentration, and cathode lithium ion concentration of the battery. The battery charging device controls the charging of the battery based on the estimated internal state and charging restriction conditions.

[0123] Fig.11 An example of the operation of the battery charging device 1101 is shown.

[0124] See also Fig.11 , the battery charging device 1101 includes one or more processors configured to control the charging of the battery 1102 of the vehicle. The battery charging device 1101 estimates the state of the battery 1102 using the estimator 1103, and controls the charging of the battery 1102 using the BMS 1104. The battery charging device 1101 provides a user interface for charging the battery 1102 using the display 1105. For example, the battery charging device 1101 obtains the required charging time based on the input through the user interface. The battery charging device 1101 displays information associated with the charging of the battery 1102 using the display 1105.

[0125] Fig.12 An example of the configuration of the battery charging device 1201 is shown.

[0126] See also Fig.12 The battery charging device 1201 includes a processor 1202 and a memory 1203. The processor 1202 may include a Figures 1 to 11 One or more of the devices described in, or can perform Figures 1 to 11 The memory 1203 stores a program in which the battery charging method is implemented, and information for generating a charging profile. The memory 1203 is, for example, a volatile memory or a non-volatile memory.

[0127] The processor 1202 executes a program and controls the battery charging apparatus 1201. The code of the program executed by the processor 1202 is stored in the memory 1203. The battery charging apparatus 1201 can be connected to an external device, such as a personal computer (PC) or a network, through an input / output (I / O) device (not shown), and can exchange data.

[0128] Here about Figure 1-12The described battery charging device 1101, estimator 1103, BMS1104, display 1105, device 1201, processor 1202 and memory 1203 can be implemented by hardware components, which are configured to perform the operations described in this application performed by the hardware components. Examples of hardware components that can be used to perform the operations described in this application include controllers, sensors, generators, drivers, memories, comparators, arithmetic logic units, adders, subtractors, multipliers, dividers, integrators, and any other electronic components configured to perform the operations described in this application. In other examples, one or more hardware components that perform the operations described in this application are implemented by computing hardware, for example, by one or more processors or computers. A processor or computer can be implemented by one or more processing elements, such as a logic gate array, a controller and an arithmetic logic unit, a digital signal processor, a microcomputer, a programmable logic controller, a field programmable gate array, a programmable logic array, a microprocessor, or any other device or combination of devices that are configured to respond to and execute instructions in a defined manner to achieve the desired results. In one example, a processor or computer includes or is connected to one or more memories storing instructions or software executed by the processor or computer. A hardware component implemented by a processor or computer can execute instructions or software, such as an operating system (OS) and one or more software applications running on the OS, to perform the operations described in this application. The hardware component can also access, manipulate, process, create and store data in response to the execution of instructions or software. For simplicity, the singular term "processor" or "computer" can be used in the description of the examples described in this application, but in other examples, multiple processors or computers can be used, or the processor or computer can include multiple processing elements, or multiple types of processing elements, or both. For example, a single hardware component or two or more hardware components can be implemented by a single processor, or two or more processors, or a processor and a controller. One or more hardware components can be implemented by one or more processors or a processor and a controller, and one or more other hardware components can be implemented by one or more other processors or another processor and another controller. One or more processors or a processor and a controller can implement a single hardware component, or two or more hardware components. The hardware components may have any one or more of different processing configurations, examples of which include a single processor, independent processors, parallel processors, single instruction single data (SISD) multiprocessing, single instruction multiple data (SIMD) multiprocessing, multiple instruction single data (MISD) multiprocessing, and multiple instruction multiple data (MIMD) multiprocessing.

[0129] Figure 1-10The methods for performing the operations described in the present application shown in the are performed by computing hardware, for example, by one or more processors or computers, implementing execution instructions or software as described above to perform the operations performed by the method. For example, a single operation or two or more operations may be performed by a single processor, or two or more processors, or a processor and a controller. One or more operations may be performed by one or more processors or a processor and a controller, and one or more other operations may be performed by one or more other processors or another processor and another controller. One or more processors or a processor and a controller may perform a single operation, or two or more operations.

[0130] Instructions or software for controlling computing hardware (e.g., one or more processors or computers) to implement hardware components and perform methods as described above may be written as computer programs, code segments, instructions, or any combination thereof, for individually or collectively instructing or configuring one or more processors or computers to operate as a machine or special-purpose computer to perform operations performed by hardware components and methods as described above. In one example, the instructions or software include machine code directly executed by one or more processors or computers, such as machine code generated by a compiler. In another example, the instructions or software include higher-level codes executed by one or more processors or computers using an interpreter. Instructions or software may be written using any programming language based on the block diagrams and flow charts shown in the accompanying drawings and the corresponding descriptions in the specification, which disclose algorithms for performing operations performed by hardware components and methods as described above.

[0131] Instructions or software for controlling computing hardware (e.g., one or more processors or computers) to implement hardware components and perform the methods described above, as well as any associated data, data files, and data structures, may be recorded, stored, or fixed in or on one or more non-transitory computer-readable storage media. Examples of non-transitory computer-readable storage media include read-only memory (ROM), random access programmable read-only memory (PROM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), random access memory (RAM), dynamic random access memory (DRAM), static random access memory (SRAM), flash memory, non-volatile memory, CD-ROM, CD-R, CD+R, CD-RW, CD+RW, DVD-ROM, DVD-R, DVD+R, DVD-RW, DVD+RW, DVD-RAM, BD-ROM, BD-R, BD-R LTH, BD-RE, Blu-ray or optical disk storage, hard disk drive (HDD), solid state drive (SSD), flash memory, card-type memory such as multimedia card micro, or card (e.g., secure digital (SD) or extreme digital (XD)), magnetic tape, floppy disk, magneto-optical data storage device, optical data storage device, hard disk, solid state disk, and configured to store instructions or software and any related data, data files and data structures in a non-temporary manner and provide instructions or software and any related data, data files and data structures to one or more processors or computers so that one or more processors or computers can execute the instructions. In one example, the instructions or software and any associated data, data files and data structures are distributed on a network-coupled computer system so that the instructions and software and any associated data, data files and data structures are stored, accessed and executed in a distributed manner by one or more processors or computers.

[0132] Although the present disclosure includes specific examples, it will be apparent after understanding the disclosure of the present application that various changes in form and detail may be made in these examples without departing from the spirit and scope of the claims and their equivalents. The examples described herein are considered to be illustrative only and not for limiting purposes. The description of the features or aspects in each example is considered to be applicable to similar features or aspects in other examples. If the described techniques are performed in a different order, and / or if the components in the described systems, architectures, devices, or circuits are combined in different ways, and / or replaced or supplemented by other components or other components, suitable results may be achieved. Therefore, the scope of the present disclosure is not limited by the detailed description, but by the claims and their equivalents, and all changes within the scope of the claims and their equivalents should be interpreted as included in the present disclosure.

Claims

1. A processor-implemented battery charging method, comprising: Obtaining a functional relationship of a battery charge capacity or a differential value of SOC relative to voltage based on voltage or state of charge SOC; Determine the charging steps for charging the battery by analyzing the functional relationship; determining a charging current ratio, including acquiring an impedance for each charging step based on a main electrochemical reaction corresponding to the charging step and determining the charging current ratio for each charging step based on the acquired impedance; and generating a charging profile based on the charging current ratio, the charging profile including a charging current for each charging step to charge the battery, wherein the functional relationship represents a corresponding relationship between a voltage or SOC that increases in response to a battery being charged and a differential value that changes in response to the battery being charged, and a horizontal axis of the functional relationship represents a voltage that increases in response to a battery being charged or an SOC that is mapped to a voltage that increases in response to a battery being charged, and a vertical axis of the functional relationship represents a differential value that changes in response to a battery being charged, and Wherein, determining the charging steps includes: Segmenting the functional relationship based on changes in response to a primary electrochemical reaction when the battery is charged; and The charging step is determined based on the regions into which the functional relationship is segmented, and the main electrochemical reaction is determined based on a plurality of electrochemical reactions occurring in response to the battery being charged.

2. The battery charging method according to claim 1, wherein: Determine the charging steps include: segmenting the functional relationship based on a range in which the differential value changes from increasing to decreasing; and The charging step is determined based on the range.

3. The battery charging method according to claim 1, wherein: Determine the charging steps include: detecting at least one peak in the functional relationship; and The charging step is determined based on the detected peak value.

4. The battery charging method according to claim 3, wherein: The charging steps based on the detected peak value include: determining a first SOC or a first voltage corresponding to the start of a first charging step based on a first negative peak value on the functional relationship; and determining a second SOC or a second voltage corresponding to the end of the first charging step and the start of the second charging step based on a second negative peak detected after the first negative peak, and The first negative peak value and the second negative peak value are points where the differential value changes from decreasing to increasing.

5. The battery charging method according to claim 3, wherein: The charging steps based on the detected peak value include: determining a number of charging steps based on the detected peak value; and A charging step corresponding to the number of charging steps is determined.

6. The battery charging method according to claim 1, wherein: The charge current ratio for each charge step is determined based on the electrochemical characteristics corresponding to the charge step.

7. The battery charging method according to claim 1, wherein: Determining the charging current ratio also includes setting the charging current ratio to decrease in response to an increase in impedance.

8. The battery charging method according to claim 1, wherein: Acquiring impedance includes at least one of the following: Estimating impedance by performing electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) analysis for each charging step; and The impedance is estimated based on the direct current internal resistance (DCIR) corresponding to the charging step.

9. The battery charging method according to claim 1, wherein: The charging current is determined by: acquiring charging conditions, the charging conditions including a required charging time, a required charging amount, and at least one internal state restriction condition; and The charging current for each charging step is determined from the electrochemical model based on the charging conditions and the charging current ratio.

10. The battery charging method according to claim 9, wherein: Determining the charge current from the electrochemical model involves: determining an initial charging current for each charging step corresponding to the charging current ratio based on a desired charging time and a desired charging amount; Using the electrochemical model, for each charging step, estimating at least one internal state of the battery to which an initial charging current is applied; and The initial charging current is adjusted and the charging current of each charging step is determined according to whether the estimated internal state meets at least one internal state limit condition of each charging step.

11. The battery charging method according to claim 9, wherein: Determining the charge current from the electrochemical model includes adjusting the range of each charge step based on the charging conditions and the charge current ratio.

12. The battery charging method of claim 9, wherein the internal state limiting condition comprises any one or any combination of any two or more of an anode overpotential condition, a cathode overpotential condition, a lithium ion concentration condition on the surface of an anode active material, a lithium ion concentration condition on the surface of a cathode active material, a battery cell voltage condition, and an SOC condition.

13. The battery charging method according to claim 1, wherein: Obtaining functional relationships includes: obtaining at least one of a temperature and a state of health (SOH) of a battery; and The functional relationship is acquired based on at least one of the acquired temperature and the acquired SOH.

14. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium storing instructions, which, when executed by a processor, cause the processor to perform the battery charging method of claim 1.

15. A battery charging device comprising: The processor is configured as: Obtaining a functional relationship of a battery charge capacity or a differential value of SOC relative to voltage based on voltage or state of charge SOC; Determine the charging steps for charging the battery by analyzing the functional relationship; determining a charging current ratio, including acquiring an impedance for each charging step based on a main electrochemical reaction corresponding to the charging step and determining the charging current ratio for each charging step based on the acquired impedance; and generating a charging profile based on the charging current ratio, the charging profile including a charging current for each charging step to charge the battery, wherein the functional relationship represents a corresponding relationship between a voltage or SOC that increases in response to a battery being charged and a differential value that changes in response to the battery being charged, and a horizontal axis of the functional relationship represents a voltage that increases in response to a battery being charged or an SOC that is mapped to a voltage that increases in response to a battery being charged, and a vertical axis of the functional relationship represents a differential value that changes in response to a battery being charged, and Wherein, determining the charging steps includes: Segmenting the functional relationship based on changes in response to a primary electrochemical reaction when the battery is charged; and The charging step is determined based on the regions into which the functional relationship is segmented, and the main electrochemical reaction is determined based on a plurality of electrochemical reactions occurring in response to the battery being charged.

16. A processor-implemented battery charging method, comprising: Obtaining a functional relationship of a battery charge amount relative to a differential value of a voltage based on a voltage or a state of charge SOC; Determine the charging steps for charging the battery by analyzing the functional relationship; determining a charging current ratio, including acquiring an impedance for each charging step based on a main electrochemical reaction corresponding to the charging step and determining the charging current ratio for each charging step based on the acquired impedance; Set charging time; and Generate a charging profile based on charging time, charging current ratio and charging amount to manage the battery, wherein the functional relationship represents a corresponding relationship between a voltage or SOC that increases in response to a battery being charged and a differential value that changes in response to the battery being charged, and a horizontal axis of the functional relationship represents a voltage that increases in response to a battery being charged or an SOC that is mapped to a voltage that increases in response to a battery being charged, and a vertical axis of the functional relationship represents a differential value that changes in response to a battery being charged, and Wherein, determining the charging steps includes: Segmenting the functional relationship based on changes in response to a primary electrochemical reaction when the battery is charged; and The charging step is determined based on the regions into which the functional relationship is segmented, and the main electrochemical reaction is determined based on a plurality of electrochemical reactions occurring in response to the battery being charged.

17. The battery charging method according to claim 16, wherein: The charging time is set by user input.

18. The battery charging method according to claim 16, wherein: The charging time is determined and set by the battery's charging system.

19. The battery charging method according to claim 18, wherein: The charging time corresponds to the fast charging mode of the battery.

20. The battery charging method of claim 17, wherein the charge level represents an estimated internal state of the battery.

21. The battery charging method of claim 20, wherein the charge amount represents the SOC.

22. The battery charging method according to claim 17, wherein: The charging profile includes a charging current for each charging step of charging the battery.

23. The battery charging method according to claim 22, wherein: The battery charging device determines whether charging within the charging time is sufficient to charge the battery based on the charge amount.

24. The battery charging method according to claim 23, wherein: When the battery is insufficiently charged, the battery charging device generates a charging profile and charges the battery.

25. The battery charging method according to claim 22, wherein: The charging current in the charging profile increases when the required charging time decreases, and decreases when the required charging time increases.

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