Makeup-removing skin makeup base

By incorporating a combination of acrylate film-forming agents, HLB10-16 hydrophilic nonionic surfactants, polyols, and cationic surfactants into foundation cosmetics, the contradiction between the long-lasting wear and easy makeup removal of foundation cosmetics is resolved, achieving the effect of effectively removing makeup without the use of professional makeup removers.

CN111000756BActive Publication Date: 2026-08-25SHISEIDO CO LTD
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Patent Information

Application Number
CN201911376574.8
Authority / Receiving Office
CN · China
Patent Type
Patents(China)
Current Assignee / Owner
Filing Date
2019-12-27
Publication Date
2026-08-25
Estimated Expiration
2039-12-27

AI Technical Summary

Technical Problem

Existing foundation cosmetics present a contradiction between staying power and ease of removal. They are difficult to remove effectively without the use of professional makeup removers, and their insufficient staying power makes them prone to smudging due to sweat or warm water.

Method used

By adding specific amounts of acrylate film-forming agents, HLB10-16 hydrophilic nonionic surfactants, polyols, and cationic surfactants to skin-based base cosmetics, a base film with good makeup-holding properties can be formed that can be easily removed when using ordinary facial cleansers.

Benefits of technology

It achieves excellent makeup retention without being affected by sweat, tears, or warm water, and can be easily removed with ordinary facial cleansers, resolving the contradiction between makeup retention and easy makeup removal, and improving sweat resistance, water resistance, and cleansing power.

✦ Generated by Eureka AI based on patent content.

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Abstract

The present invention provides a skin primer cosmetic that is easily removed, which is a skin primer cosmetic applied to the skin before applying a foundation or the like, and which can be easily removed from the skin together with makeup using only a general facial cleanser without using a professional makeup remover. The skin primer cosmetic of the present invention is a skin primer cosmetic applied to the skin before applying a skin makeup cosmetic, characterized by containing: (a) a film-forming agent selected from acrylates at 1 to 15%, (b) a hydrophilic nonionic surfactant selected from those having an HLB of 10 to 16 at 0.2 to 5%, (c) a polyol at 2 to 8%, and (d) a cationic surfactant at 0.2 to 0.8%.
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Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to skin-priming cosmetics, and more particularly to skin-priming cosmetics that can be easily removed from the skin along with makeup using only a regular facial cleanser, without the need for professional makeup removers. Background Technology

[0002] Foundation and other makeup products typically contain a large amount of oil or other oily ingredients, so they usually require a makeup remover specifically designed for makeup to remove them completely. In addition, so-called long-lasting or waterproof foundations, which have significantly improved water resistance, sebum resistance, and staying power, are formulas that are difficult to remove with ordinary makeup removers or facial cleansers, and therefore require the use of dedicated makeup removers.

[0003] Using dedicated makeup removers or facial cleansers can be a burden in terms of time and money for users. In addition, some users are worried about the irritation that dedicated makeup removers or facial cleansers may cause to their eyes or skin, so they do not use dedicated makeup removers.

[0004] Therefore, if a product can be developed that can easily remove makeup without the need for special makeup removers or facial cleansers, it can reduce the burden or worries of users and greatly facilitate them.

[0005] In recent years, our company has developed cosmetics that can be removed with warm water. For example, Patent Document 1 (CN1048533740B) describes a skin-based base cosmetic that can be removed with warm water. However, such cosmetics have the following main problems: First, their makeup-holding power is insufficient. Sometimes, due to exercise or high ambient temperature, excessive sweating can cause makeup to smudge or fade. Second, consumers generally believe that it is unreliable for makeup to be completely removed with just warm water, and they doubt the cleansing power of products that can be removed with just warm water, usually still using makeup remover.

[0006] Existing technical documents

[0007] Patent documents

[0008] Patent Document 1: CN1048533740B Invention Summary

[0009] The problem that the invention aims to solve

[0010] For consumers, the staying power and ease of removal of makeup primers (foundation) are important. People need primers that are sweat-resistant, water-resistant, have strong staying power, are not prone to smudging or fading, and can be easily removed with ordinary facial cleansers. This invention was made in view of the aforementioned background technology, and its purpose is to provide a skin primer that is applied to the skin before applying foundation, etc. This skin primer will not be smudged or removed by sweat, tears, or warm water, and can be easily removed from the skin along with makeup using only ordinary facial cleansers. It significantly improves sweat resistance, water resistance, warm water resistance, and staying power, is not prone to smudging or fading, and can be easily and cleanly removed with ordinary facial cleansers, providing thorough cleansing.

[0011] Technical means to solve the problem

[0012] To address the aforementioned issues, the inventors conducted in-depth research and discovered that by using a specific combination of (a) a film-forming agent selected from acrylates, (b) a hydrophilic nonionic surfactant selected from HLB10-16, (c) a polyol, and (d) a cationic surfactant in a base cosmetic, a skin base cosmetic with good makeup retention and easy removal with ordinary facial cleansers can be obtained, thus completing the present invention.

[0013] This invention relates to:

[0014] 1. A skin primer cosmetic that is easy to remove, which is applied to the skin before applying skin-use makeup cosmetics, characterized in that, by weight percentage, it contains:

[0015] (a) Film-forming agents selected from acrylates, 1%-15%,

[0016] (b) 0.2%-5% of a hydrophilic nonionic surfactant selected from HLB10-16.

[0017] (c) Polyols 2%-8%,

[0018] (d) Cationic surfactant 0.2%-0.8%.

[0019] 2. The skin-based base cosmetic that is easy to remove makeup according to item 1, characterized in that the film-forming agent is selected from at least one of 5000AS and 5000sty.

[0020] 3. The skin-priming cosmetic that is easy to remove makeup according to any one of items 1 or 2, characterized in that the hydrophilic nonionic surfactant is selected from sucrose fatty acid esters.

[0021] 4. The skin-based base cosmetic that is easy to remove makeup as described in item 3, characterized in that the hydrophilic nonionic surfactant is selected from sucrose stearate.

[0022] 5. The skin-priming cosmetic product for easy makeup removal according to any one of items 1-4, characterized in that the polyol is selected from one or more of dipropylene glycol, propylene glycol, 1,3-butanediol, and polyethylene glycol.

[0023] 6. The skin-based base cosmetic that is easy to remove makeup as described in item 5, characterized in that the polyol is selected from dipropylene glycol.

[0024] 7. The skin-based base cosmetic that is easy to remove makeup from any one of items 1-6, characterized in that the cationic surfactant is selected from at least one of distearate dimethylammonium chloride (DSV), imidazoline-type cationic surfactants, and quaternary ammonium salt-33.

[0025] 8. A makeup method, characterized by comprising the following steps:

[0026] The steps for applying any of the above-mentioned easy-to-remove skin-priming cosmetics to the skin before applying skin-use makeup cosmetics are as follows:

[0027] The steps involve using a regular facial cleanser to remove the aforementioned makeup products, thereby removing the makeup products along with the base makeup.

[0028] Invention Effects

[0029] According to the present invention, a skin-based makeup primer that is easy to remove is provided. It is not smudged or removed by sweat, tears, or warm water, and can be easily removed from the skin along with makeup when cleansed with ordinary facial cleanser. It exhibits significantly improved sweat resistance, water resistance, warm water resistance, and makeup retention, making it less prone to smudging or fading, and provides thorough cleansing.

[0030] The base film formed by applying the easy-to-remove skin primer of this invention to the skin exhibits excellent makeup-holding properties. Further application of makeup products onto this base film ensures long-lasting wear and prevents makeup from fading or smudging due to exercise, sweating in hot environments, or tearing, demonstrating exceptional makeup-holding ability. Furthermore, the easy-to-remove skin primer of this invention allows the base film to dissolve evenly when cleansing the skin with a regular facial cleanser, easily removing it along with any makeup adhering to it. In short, the skin primer of this invention achieves excellent performance in both makeup-holding capacity and cleansing power. Detailed Implementation

[0031] Long-lasting makeup and easy makeup removal are two opposing properties. Cosmetics with excellent long-lasting properties are often difficult to remove easily, requiring specific makeup removers, which is inconvenient. Conversely, cosmetics that are easy to remove easily often have poor long-lasting properties, fading after a period of time or smudging due to sweating during exercise or in warm environments. Therefore, achieving both excellent long-lasting makeup and easy makeup removal is difficult. The inventors conducted in-depth research and discovered that by including specific amounts of (a) a film-forming agent selected from acrylates, (b) a hydrophilic nonionic surfactant selected from HLB10-16, (c) a polyol, and (d) a cationic surfactant in cosmetics, their synergistic effect allows for the achievement of excellent long-lasting makeup and easy makeup removal in base cosmetics, thus completing this invention.

[0032] The components are explained in detail below.

[0033] (a) Film-forming agents

[0034] The easy-to-remove makeup base cosmetic of the present invention selects to use a specific film-forming agent, namely an acrylate film-forming agent.

[0035] The acrylic film-forming agent is a water-soluble polymer selected from one or a combination of acrylic (ester) polymers, styrene / acrylate (ester) copolymers, etc. Examples include acrylate polymer 5000AS (Daito Kasei), styrene / acrylate polymer 5000-STY (Daito Kasei), and acrylate polymer Yodosol GH34F.

[0036] The inventors have discovered that by selecting such specific film-forming agents and using them in combination with specific polyols, cationic surfactants, and hydrophilic nonionic surfactants, makeup retention can be improved, and the makeup can be easily removed with ordinary facial cleansers, exhibiting excellent cleansing power.

[0037] In the skin-based base cosmetic of the present invention, the acrylic film-forming agent comprises 1 to 15% by weight, preferably 2 to 7%, and more preferably 5% to 6%. When the acrylic film-forming agent is contained in the skin-based base cosmetic within the above range, it can simultaneously achieve excellent makeup-holding properties and easy makeup removal. If the content of the acrylic film-forming agent is too low, film formation may be poor, resulting in poor makeup-holding properties when applied on it. On the other hand, if the content of the acrylic film-forming agent is too high, it will lead to poor spreadability and poor makeup removal properties of the base cosmetic.

[0038] (b) Hydrophilic nonionic surfactants

[0039] The hydrophilic nonionic surfactant used in the easy-to-remove skin base cosmetic of the present invention shall be a hydrophilic nonionic surfactant selected from HLB10-16.

[0040] Examples of hydrophilic nonionic surfactants of HLB10-16 include POE dehydrated sorbitol fatty acid esters, POE sorbitol fatty acid esters, sucrose fatty acid esters, glycerol or polyglycerol fatty acid esters, alicyclic alcohol polyoxyethylene ethers, propylene glycol fatty acid esters, POE glycerol fatty acid esters, POE fatty acid esters, POE alkyl ethers, POE alkylphenyl ethers, POE·POP alkyl ethers, POE castor oil or POE hydrogenated castor oil derivatives, POE beeswax-lanolin derivatives, alkanolamides, POE propylene glycol fatty acid esters, POE alkylamines, POE fatty acid amides, alkylamide amines, etc. One or more of these can be combined and blended, with polysorbate-60, sucrose stearate, PEG-20 glycerol isostearate, PEG-60 glycerol isostearate, and polyglycerol hexaester being particularly preferred.

[0041] Using hydrophilic nonionic surfactants with HLB values ​​not between 10 and 16 will not achieve the excellent temperature and water resistance and makeup retention properties of this invention.

[0042] (b) There is no particular limitation on the amount of hydrophilic nonionic surfactant used in the base makeup of the present invention, preferably 0.2-5% by mass, more preferably 1-5% by mass, and even more preferably 1.5-4.5% by mass. When the hydrophilic nonionic surfactant is not within the above range, the skin base makeup of the present invention cannot achieve the simultaneous excellent effects of water resistance, makeup holding power and easy makeup removal.

[0043] (c) Polyols

[0044] The polyols used in this invention are water-soluble saturated aliphatic alcohols (which may contain ether bonds) having two or more hydroxyl groups, preferably two to six, within the molecule. They can be ingredients commonly used in cosmetics and the like.

[0045] Polyols can include trihydric alcohols (e.g., glycerol, trimethylolpropane, etc.), tetrahydric alcohols (e.g., diglycerol, erythritol, pentaerythritol, etc.), penthydric alcohols (e.g., xylitol, triglycerides, etc.), hexahydric alcohols (e.g., sorbitol, mannitol, etc.), and their polymers (e.g., diglycerides, triglycerides, tetraglycerides, polyglycerol, etc.), but preferred examples of polyols include diols (alcohols with two hydroxyl groups in the molecule). Examples of diols include ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, tetraethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, propylene glycol, 1,3-propanediol, dipropylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, 1,3-butanediol, 1,2-butanediol, 1,4-butanediol, 2,3-butanediol, etc.

[0046] Among them, dipropylene glycol, propylene glycol, 1,3-butanediol, and polyethylene glycol (e.g., with a molecular weight of less than 500) are particularly preferred.

[0047] In the skin-based base cosmetic of the present invention, (c) the content of polyol is 2-8% by mass. The presence of the specific polyol within the above range, in synergy with the above-mentioned acrylate film-forming agent, nonionic surfactant, and cationic surfactant described later, can achieve the excellent simultaneous effects of water resistance, makeup longevity, and easy makeup removal in the skin-based base cosmetic of the present invention.

[0048] (d) Cationic surfactants

[0049] In its previous invention of a base makeup cosmetic that can be removed with warm water (see Patent Document 1), the applicant clearly stated that ionic surfactants would affect the effect of the invention. Therefore, it is preferable to suppress the amount of ionic surfactants mixed in as much as possible, and it is preferable not to mix in ionic surfactants at all.

[0050] However, the inventors of this invention unexpectedly discovered that by including a specific cationic surfactant in the base cosmetic of this invention along with a specific film-forming agent, a hydrophilic nonionic surfactant, and a polyol, better makeup retention can be achieved, preventing makeup from fading or smudging caused by sweat, tears, or warm water. Moreover, while achieving excellent makeup retention, it can be easily removed with ordinary facial cleansers, and its cleansing power is also excellent.

[0051] Cationic surfactants that can be used for easy makeup removal in this invention include, for example, distearate dimethylammonium chloride (DSV), imidazoline-type cationic surfactants, quaternary ammonium salt-33, etc.

[0052] In the skin-based base cosmetic of the present invention, (d) the content of cationic surfactant is 0.2%-0.8% by mass percentage, more preferably 0.4%-0.6%. When the content of cationic surfactant is greater than 0.8%, it will result in insufficient cleansing power and difficulty in rinsing off completely. When the content is less than 0.2%, its resistance to hot water deteriorates, and it is easy for makeup to smudge or fade due to sweat or tears, resulting in poor makeup staying power.

[0053] Other ingredients

[0054] In addition to the essential components mentioned above, this invention may also incorporate ingredients commonly used in cosmetics, without impairing the effectiveness of the invention. Other components include, for example, water, and other additives such as skin conditioning agents, liquid oils, hydrocarbon oils, ester oils, waxes, silicone oils, organosilicones, water-soluble thickeners, other surfactants, moisturizers, preservatives, metal ion masking agents, powder components, pigments, pH adjusters, skin nutrients, vitamins, fragrances, etc.

[0055] water

[0056] The water used in this invention can be distilled water, deionized water, or purified water.

[0057] Other additives

[0058] Skin conditioning agents: such as ethanol.

[0059] Liquid oils: palm oil, palm kernel oil, flaxseed oil, camellia oil, macadamia nut oil, corn oil, mink oil, olive oil, avocado oil, camellia oil, castor oil, safflower oil, jojoba oil, sunflower oil, almond oil, rapeseed oil, sesame oil, soybean oil, peanut oil, diglycerides, tricaprylic acid glycerides, triisopalmitoyl glycerides, etc.

[0060] Hydrocarbon oils: Liquid paraffin, squalane, squalene, isoparaffins, petrolatum, hydrogenated polydecene, etc. can be used.

[0061] Ester oils: Cetyl octanoate, Hexyl laurate, Isopropyl myristate, Octyl palmitate, Isoceryl stearate, Isopropyl isostearate, Octyl isopalmitate, Isodecyl oleate, Cetyl ethylhexanoate, Tri-2-ethylhexanoate, Pentaerythritol tetra-2-ethylhexanoate, 2-ethylhexyl succinate, Diethyl sebacate, etc.

[0062] Wax: paraffin wax, ceresin wax, microcrystalline wax, etc.

[0063] Silicone oils: polydimethylsiloxane, methylphenylpolysiloxane, etc.

[0064] Organosilicon: Chain organosilicones such as methylhydropolysiloxane, forming organosilicon resins and silicone rubbers with three-dimensional network structures.

[0065] Water-soluble thickening ingredients include: plant-based polymers such as gum arabic, tragacanth, galactan, guar gum, carrageenan, pectin, marmelo seed extract, and brown algae powder; microbial polymers such as xanthan gum, dextran, pullulan, and succinosaccharide; animal-based polymers such as collagen, casein, albumin, and gelatin; starches such as carboxymethyl starch and methyl hydroxy starch; celluloses such as methyl cellulose, nitrocellulose, ethyl cellulose, methyl hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, cellulose sulfate, hydroxypropyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, crystalline cellulose, and cellulose powder; vinyl polymers such as polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl methyl ether, polyvinylpyrrolidone, and carboxyvinyl polymers; acrylic polymers such as polyacrylamide and dimethacrylamide / sodium acryloyl dimethyl taurate cross-linked polymers; and glycyrrhizic acid, alginic acid, and their salts.

[0066] Other surfactants: Surfactants other than hydrophilic nonionic surfactants, such as sorbitan stearate, etc.

[0067] Moisturizers: Sodium hyaluronate, squalene, etc.

[0068] Preservatives: sodium dehydroacetate, phenoxyethanol, etc.

[0069] Metal ion masking agents: EDTA 2Na, EDTA 3Na, etc.

[0070] Powder ingredients, pigments, pH adjusters, skin nutrients, vitamins, fragrances, etc.

[0071] The skin-applying primer of the present invention is a substance applied to the skin before foundation or other color makeup, and is not a primer for eyelashes or eyebrows. Furthermore, while color makeup products such as foundation typically contain a large amount of coloring materials, the present invention, being a skin-applying primer, contains almost no coloring materials. In the skin-applying primer of the present invention, the total amount of coloring materials (colored pigments, white pigments, extender pigments, pigments, etc.) is less than 3% by mass, preferably less than 1% by mass. On the other hand, the skin-applying color makeup products applied over the skin-applying primer of the present invention may contain a total of 1% or more, or even 3% or more, of coloring materials (colored pigments, white pigments, extender pigments, pigments, etc.). Examples of skin-applying color makeup products applied after the skin-applying primer of the present invention include liquid foundation, cream foundation, powder foundation, blush, powder, eyeshadow, concealer, lipstick, lip gloss, etc.

[0072] The skin-applying primer of this invention is applied to the skin before applying foundation or other skin-applying makeup. This primer exhibits good resistance to warm water and will not be removed or disintegrate even when wetted by sweat, tears, or warm water. Furthermore, when cleansing the skin with a regular facial cleanser, the polyol components in the cleanser, together with the polyols in the primer, dissolve the film-forming agent in the primer, thereby dissolving both the primer and any makeup adhering to the primer film. This allows the user to easily remove both the primer and makeup.

[0073] Example

[0074] The following specific examples further illustrate the invention, but the invention is not limited to these specific examples. Unless otherwise specified, the mixing amount refers to mass percentage.

[0075] The preparation method of the product in this example is as follows:

[0076] a) Add the components belonging to the oil phase to the oil phase pot, heat to 80-85℃, and ensure that the solid components are completely dissolved and homogenized to form a homogeneous oil phase mixture.

[0077] b) Add the components belonging to the aqueous phase to the oil phase pot, heat to 75-85℃, and ensure that the solid components are completely dissolved and homogenized to form a homogeneous aqueous phase mixture.

[0078] c) The oil phase and water phase mixture are separately drawn into a vacuum emulsifying pot, and then homogenized at 7000 rpm and 80-85℃ until the emulsion is uniform. Then the speed is reduced to 2000-3000 rpm and the temperature is lowered to 40-50℃. Film-forming agent, anti-toxic agent and other ingredients are added, and the mixture is stirred at 5000 rpm and 40-50℃ until uniform before being discharged.

[0079] Furthermore, the following methods were used to evaluate the makeup-holding properties, warm water resistance, and cleansing power of the base makeup product of the present invention:

[0080] (a) Water resistance and cleaning power test

[0081] 1. Apply sample

[0082] The base cosmetic material obtained in the example was applied in three circular motions from the inside out to spread it widely on the skin surface of the inner upper arm. Application area: 4cm × 4cm; Application amount: 32mg (2mg / cm²). 2 Then, use your fingers to make 5 horizontal and 5 vertical taps, completing one cycle. Do 3 cycles in total. Wait 10 minutes to allow it to dry.

[0083] 2. Apply foundation

[0084] Apply a commercially available foundation over the base makeup product, using the same amount and technique as in section 1 above. Wait 10 minutes for it to dry.

[0085] 3. Cleaning

[0086] Warm water wash: In a constant temperature water bath (40℃ in this case), use your hands to take water and gently rub your arms 50 times.

[0087] Wash with facial cleanser: Use room temperature water (25℃) and facial cleanser, then use your hands to gently rub your arms with the water 50 times.

[0088] 4. Evaluation

[0089] Take photos for comparison to determine the effects of makeup retention, resistance to warm water, and cleansing power.

[0090]

[0091]

[0092] (II) Makeup holding test

[0093] At around 25℃ and relative humidity of around 50%, a makeup hold test was conducted on the face. After 8 hours of wear, the makeup effect was observed and photographed.

[0094]

[0095] Example 1

[0096]

[0097]

[0098] The results above show that Examples 1-2, lacking acrylic film-forming agents, have inferior heat resistance and makeup retention compared to base cosmetics containing acrylic film-forming agents. Examples 1-3, lacking polyols, have poor cleansing power; Examples 1-4, lacking cationic surfactants, have poor heat resistance; and Examples 1-5, lacking nonionic hydrophilic surfactants with HLB values ​​of 10-16, have poor cleansing power. Therefore, only base cosmetics containing a film-forming agent selected from acrylics, a hydrophilic nonionic surfactant selected from HLB 10-16, a polyol, and a cationic surfactant exhibit excellent cleansing power, heat resistance, and makeup retention.

[0099] Example 2

[0100]

[0101]

[0102] In Example 2, experiments were conducted by changing the type and amount of the film-forming agent. This demonstrates that the amount of film-forming agent used within the scope of this invention can achieve good results. Acrylic polymer 1 5000AS, styrene / acrylate polymer 5000STY, and acrylate polymer 2 Yodosol GH34F, all used as acrylic film-forming agents, exhibit excellent cleansing power, warm water resistance, and makeup retention. Trimethylethoxysilicate (Shin-Etsu Chemical, trade name SSD-R2-ID), a film-forming agent not within the scope of this invention, has poor cleansing power and cannot achieve the effects of this invention.

[0103] Example 3

[0104]

[0105]

[0106] In Example 3, the types and amounts of polyols were changed and experiments were conducted. It can be seen that the types and amounts of polyols can achieve good results within the scope of this invention, among which dipropylene glycol has the best effect.

[0107] Example 4

[0108]

[0109]

[0110] In Example 4, the type and amount of hydrophilic nonionic surfactant were changed and an experiment was conducted. It can be seen that the amount of hydrophilic nonionic surfactant selected from HLB10-16 can achieve good results within the scope of the present invention. PEG-30 soybean sterol (HLB 18) is not within the HLB10-16 range specified in the present invention, so its resistance to warm water is very poor and its cleaning power is not ideal.

[0111] Example 5

[0112]

[0113]

[0114] In Example 5, the type and amount of cationic surfactant were changed and an experiment was conducted. It can be seen that the type and amount of cationic surfactant can achieve good results within the scope of this invention.

Claims

1. A skin primer cosmetic that is easy to remove, which is applied to the skin before applying skin-use makeup cosmetics, characterized in that, contain: (a) 5%-6% of at least one film-forming agent selected from acrylate polymer 5000AS and styrene / acrylate polymer 5000sty (b) Sucrose stearate, as a hydrophilic nonionic surfactant, 1.5%-2.5%, (c) 2%-5% of dipropylene glycol as a polyol (d) 0.4%-0.6% of a cationic surfactant, wherein the cationic surfactant is a distearate dimethyl ammonium chloride or an imidazoline-type cationic surfactant.

2. A makeup method, characterized in that, It includes the following steps: The step of applying the easy-to-remove skin primer cosmetic as described in claim 1 to the skin before applying skin-use cosmetic products. The steps involve using a regular facial cleanser to remove the aforementioned makeup products, thereby removing the makeup products along with the base makeup.

Citation Information

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