A long-span conventional high-speed maglev bridge split structure

Abstract

The present invention relates to a long-span conventional high-speed maglev bridge split structure, comprising a long-span beam, a split bearing beam, a beam across the beam, N split beams, and a chain rod articulation system for synchronously pushing the N split beams to move in the same direction as the long-span beam; the movable end of the long-span beam is provided with a first step portion, the fixed end of the split bearing beam is provided with a second step portion, and the fixed end and the movable end of the beam across the beam are respectively arranged on the first step portion and the second step portion; the N split beams are sequentially arranged on the horizontal plane of the second step portion along the bridge direction and are located between the vertical plane of the second step portion and the beam across the beam; the chain rod articulation system is arranged on the split bearing beam, and one end thereof is connected to the movable end of the long-span beam, and the other end is respectively connected to the N split beams. The present invention can improve the smoothness of the bridge deck, actually realize the theoretical synchronous driving split, improve the driving comfort of the maglev train, and improve the safety and stability of high-speed driving.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The invention belongs to the technical field of beam joint devices for long-span conventional high-speed maglev bridges, and in particular relates to a beam joint structure for long-span conventional high-speed maglev bridges. Background Art

[0002] The requirements for the smoothness of the long spindle track of the Changdao high-speed maglev are extremely high. Relevant research shows that the maglev bow frame is greatly affected by the gap change and the beam end angle when passing through the pier top, and the electromagnet vibrates greatly. The main reason is the track unevenness caused by it, which is the bottleneck restricting the operation of high-speed trains. Therefore, reducing the change in the gap between the beams and reducing the unevenness of the protrusion at the beam end angle are very important for improving the operation of the Changdao high-speed maglev train. In particular, the wide expansion joints of large-span bridges have become a limiting bottleneck.

[0003] The Chinese patent with the authorization publication number CN202298456U discloses a large displacement bridge expansion device suitable for high-speed maglev transportation engineering. Although it is a clever design and theoretically has the characteristics of uniform and synchronous expansion and contraction of dispersed small gaps, it is the same as other types of gap devices, in which the driving force is initiated from the telescopic active end to the other end, and is finally transmitted to all the gaps after gradually overcoming the friction force. In other words, their synchronization is "theoretically" synchronous; in addition, in the patent with the authorization publication number CN202298456U, the expansion device is placed on a non-plane with flexural deformation. In this way, during operation, the connecting rod system in the device will be subjected to bending from outside the deformation plane. Therefore, the connecting rod system is prone to mechanical "locking" phenomenon and causes temporary failure, affecting the reliability and durability of the device, which is a potential safety hazard for maglev transportation. Summary of the invention

[0004] In order to overcome the deficiencies of the above-mentioned prior art, the purpose of the present invention is to provide a large-span conventional high-speed maglev bridge joint structure, which can improve the smoothness of the bridge deck, actually realize the theoretical synchronous drive joint, improve the riding comfort of the maglev train, and improve the safety and stability of high-speed driving.

[0005] To achieve the above-mentioned purpose, the technical solution of the present invention is a long-span conventional high-speed maglev bridge split structure, comprising a long-span beam, a split bearing beam, a beam across the beam, N split beams and a chain rod articulation system for synchronously pushing the N split beams to move in the same direction as the long-span beam, N≥1; the movable end of the long-span beam is provided with a first step portion that is recessed downward, the fixed end of the split bearing beam is provided with a second step portion that is recessed downward, and the fixed end and the movable end of the beam across the beam are respectively arranged on the horizontal plane of the first step portion and the horizontal plane of the second step portion; the N split beams are arranged in sequence on the horizontal plane of the second step portion along the bridge direction and are all located between the vertical plane of the second step portion and the beam across the beam; the chain rod articulation system is arranged on the split bearing beam, and one end of the chain rod articulation system is connected to the movable end of the long-span beam, and the other end is respectively connected to the N split beams.

[0006] Furthermore, a large beam gap is provided between the movable end of the large-span beam and the fixed end of the split-span load-bearing beam; small beam gaps are provided between the split-span small beam and the vertical surface of the second step portion, between the split-span small beams, and between the split-span small beams and the small beams spanning the large beam gap, and the expansion and contraction amount of each small beam gap is the expansion and contraction amount of the large beam gap.

[0007] Further, the link articulation system includes a first horizontal driving link, a first displacement reverse link, a second horizontal driving link and N second displacement reverse links; one end of the first horizontal driving link is connected to the movable end of the large-span beam through a fixed hinge, and the other end is connected to one end of the first displacement reverse link through a movable hinge; the other end of the first displacement reverse link is connected to the second horizontal driving link through a movable hinge; one end of the N second displacement reverse link is respectively connected to the N split beams through movable hinges, and the other end is respectively connected to the second horizontal driving link through movable hinges; the first displacement reverse link and the N second displacement reverse link are respectively connected to the split bearing beam through fixed hinges.

[0008] Furthermore, the distances between the fixed hinge on the first displacement reverse link and the movable hinges at both ends of the first displacement reverse link are equal.

[0009] Furthermore, along the direction from the vertical surface of the second step portion to the cross beam seam, the ratios of the distance between the fixed hinge on each second displacement reverse link and the corresponding movable hinge at the end of the split beam to the distance between the fixed hinge and the corresponding movable hinge on the second horizontal driving link are respectively

[0010] Furthermore, a compression spring seat is fixed on each of the split beams, and the compression spring seat has a cavity opening upward, in which a compression spring and a compression rod are installed, one end of the compression rod is inserted into the cavity and connected to the compression spring seat through a compression spring, and the other end of the compression rod is connected to the corresponding second displacement reverse link rod through a movable hinge.

[0011] Furthermore, a slideway is provided on the horizontal surface of the second step portion, and a sliding support is provided on the bottom surface of each of the split beams, and the sliding support is slidably connected to the slideway.

[0012] Furthermore, the fixed end of the small beam across the main beam seam is arranged on the first step portion through a longitudinal fixed support, and the movable end of the small beam across the main beam seam is arranged on the second step portion through a longitudinal movable support.

[0013] Furthermore, the bottom surface of the small beam across the main beam seam is connected to the horizontal surface of the first step portion through a tension spring.

[0014] Furthermore, it also includes small and medium span beams, and the split load-bearing beam is arranged between the small and medium span beams and the large span beam; and the movable end of the large span beam and the fixed end of the split load-bearing beam are respectively arranged on the side pier through a longitudinal movable support and a longitudinal fixed support, and the movable end of the split load-bearing beam and the end of the small and medium span beam are respectively arranged on the pier through a longitudinal movable support and a longitudinal fixed support.

[0015] Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following beneficial effects:

[0016] (1) The present invention effectively avoids the influence of beam end corner and beam body flexural deformation by means of small beams across the large beam seams, thereby improving the smoothness of the bridge deck. At the same time, the chain rod articulation system is used to synchronously push the small beams of each seam, thereby dispersing the large expansion joints that cannot be crossed by conventional maglev trains into small expansion joints that meet technical requirements, thereby reducing the vibration of the electromagnet, improving the driving comfort of the maglev train, and improving the safety and stability of high-speed driving;

[0017] (2) The present invention transfers the same large expansion amount to each small beam of the split seam in a predetermined proportional relationship by designing the proportion of the second displacement reverse link rod parts above and below the fixed hinge on the second displacement reverse link rod connected to each small beam of the split seam, so that when the expansion amount of the large beam seam is T, the expansion amounts of the N small beam seams are all T / N, thereby achieving equal and synchronous distribution of a large amount of expansion amount, and in fact achieving theoretical synchronous driving of the split seam, avoiding the situation of gradually pushing from one end to the other end;

[0018] (3) The present invention applies pressure to the split beam by means of a compression spring, thereby preventing the split beam from "jumping" due to its light weight when subjected to electromagnetic force, thereby facilitating the safety and stability of high-speed driving and meeting the rotation requirements of the second displacement reverse link 17. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0019] In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the drawings required for use in the embodiments or the description of the prior art will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the drawings described below are only some embodiments of the present invention. For ordinary technicians in this field, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without paying creative work.

[0020] Figure 1 A three-dimensional diagram of the split structure of a large-span conventional high-speed maglev bridge provided by an embodiment of the present invention;

[0021] Figure 2 A plan view of the split structure of a large-span conventional high-speed maglev bridge provided by an embodiment of the present invention;

[0022] Figure 3 for Figure 1 AA view;

[0023] Figure 4 for Figure 1 BB view;

[0024] Figure 5 for Figure 1 CC view;

[0025] Figure 6 for Figure 1 DD view;

[0026] In the figure: 1. large-span beam; 2. split-span load-bearing beam; 3. small and medium-span beam; 4. small beam across the large beam gap; 5. split-span small beam; 6. sliding bearing; 7. longitudinal fixed bearing; 8. longitudinal movable bearing; 9. side pier; 10. bridge pier; 11. fixed hinge; 12. movable hinge; 13. compression spring; 14. first horizontal drive chain rod; 15. first displacement reverse chain rod; 16. second horizontal drive chain rod; 17. second displacement reverse chain rod; 18. large beam gap; 19. small beam gap; 20. tension spring; 21. slideway. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0027] The following will be combined with the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention to clearly and completely describe the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention. Obviously, the described embodiments are only part of the embodiments of the present invention, not all of the embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by ordinary technicians in this field without creative work are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0028] In the description of the present invention, it should be understood that the terms "center", "up", "down", "front", "back", "left", "right", "vertical", "horizontal", "top", "bottom", "inside", "outside", etc., indicating the orientation or position relationship are based on the orientation or position relationship shown in the drawings, and are only for the convenience of describing the present invention and simplifying the description, rather than indicating or implying that the device or element referred to must have a specific orientation, be constructed and operated in a specific orientation, and therefore cannot be understood as a limitation on the present invention.

[0029] The terms "first" and "second" are used for descriptive purposes only and should not be understood as indicating or implying relative importance or implicitly indicating the number of the indicated technical features. Therefore, the features defined as "first" and "second" may explicitly or implicitly include one or more of the features; in the description of the present invention, unless otherwise specified, "plurality" means two or more.

[0030] like Figure 1-Figure 2 As shown, this embodiment provides a long-span conventional high-speed maglev bridge split structure, including a long-span beam 1, a split bearing beam 2, a beam 4 across the beam, N split beams 5 and a chain rod articulation system for synchronously pushing the N split beams 5 to move in the same direction as the long-span beam 1, N ≥ 1; the movable end of the long-span beam 1 is provided with a first step portion that is recessed downward, the fixed end of the split bearing beam 2 is provided with a second step portion that is recessed downward, and the fixed end and the movable end of the beam 4 across the beam are respectively arranged on the horizontal plane of the first step portion and the horizontal plane of the second step portion; the N split beams 5 are sequentially arranged on the horizontal plane of the second step portion along the bridge direction and are all located between the vertical plane of the second step portion and the beam 4 across the beam; the chain rod articulation system is arranged on the split bearing beam 2, and one end of the chain rod articulation system is connected to the movable end of the long-span beam 1, and the other end is respectively connected to the N split beams 5. This embodiment avoids the influence of the corner area of ​​the beam end by using the small beam 4 across the large beam seam, and also improves the smoothness of the bridge deck, which is beneficial to the stability of high-speed driving; at the same time, with the help of the chain rod articulation system, each small beam 5 is pushed synchronously to achieve the dispersion of the expansion and contraction of the large-span beam 1 to each small beam 5, and the chain rod articulation system is placed on a very flat surface through the seam load-bearing beam 2, providing it with reliable protection and avoiding the "locking" phenomenon.

[0031] Furthermore, a large beam seam 18 is provided between the movable end of the large-span beam 1 and the fixed end of the split-span load-bearing beam 2; small beam seams 19 are provided between the split-span small beams 5 and the vertical surface of the second step portion, between the split-span small beams 5, and between the split-span small beams 5 and the large-span small beams 4, and the expansion and contraction amount of each small beam seam 19 is the expansion and contraction amount of the large beam seam 18.

[0032] Furthermore, the link articulation system includes a first horizontal driving link 14, a first displacement reverse link 15, a second horizontal driving link 16 and N second displacement reverse links 17; one end of the first horizontal driving link 14 is connected to the movable end of the large-span beam 1 through a fixed hinge 11, and the other end is connected to one end of the first displacement reverse link 15 through a movable hinge 12; the other end of the first displacement reverse link 15 is connected to the second horizontal driving link 16 through a movable hinge 12; one end of the N second displacement reverse link 17 is respectively connected to the N split beams 5 through movable hinges 12, and the other end is respectively connected to the second horizontal driving link 16 through movable hinges 12; the first displacement reverse link 15 and the N second displacement reverse link 17 are respectively connected to the split bearing beam 2 through fixed hinges 11. In this embodiment, when the large-span beam 1 moves, the entire chain rod articulation system is driven by the first horizontal driving chain rod 14 connected to the movable end of the large-span beam 1, and the first horizontal driving chain rod 14, the first displacement reverse chain rod 15, the second horizontal driving chain rod 16 and the second displacement reverse chain rod 17 are used to realize the same direction movement of the split beam 5 and the large-span beam 1, and each split beam 5 is connected to the same second horizontal driving chain rod 16 through the second displacement reverse chain rod 17, thereby ensuring the synchronous movement of each split beam 5.

[0033] Furthermore, the distances between the fixed hinge 11 on the first displacement reverse link 15 and the movable hinges 12 at both ends of the first displacement reverse link 15 are equal. Figure 1 As shown, in this embodiment, the fixed hinge 11 on the first displacement reverse link 15 is located at the center of the length direction of the first displacement reverse link 15, thereby transmitting the beam telescopic force T in the opposite direction to the second horizontal driving link 16 in equal amounts.

[0034] Furthermore, along the direction from the vertical surface of the second step portion to the cross beam 4, the ratio of the distance between the fixed hinge 11 on each second displacement reverse link 17 and the corresponding movable hinge 12 at the end of the split beam to the distance between the fixed hinge 11 and the corresponding movable hinge 12 on the second horizontal driving link 16 is: like Figure 1 As shown, in this embodiment, by designing the position of the fixed hinge 11 on each second displacement reverse link 17, that is, the length ratio of the second displacement reverse link 17 above and below the fixed hinge 11, the displacement amount -T of the second horizontal driving link 16 is proportionally reversely transmitted to the split beam 5, so that the expansion and contraction amounts of the five beam seams 19 are equal and are all the expansion and contraction amounts of the beam seam 18. Achieve equal synchronization and evenly distribute a large amount of expansion.

[0035] In this embodiment, the number N of the split beams 5 is determined according to the split requirements, and N≥1; now, taking the setting of 4 split beams 5 as an example, the principle of the present invention is described in detail:

[0036] like Figure 1-Figure 6 As shown, when four split beams 5 are arranged on the horizontal plane of the second step portion of the split bearing beam 2, there are a total of five beam seams 19 between the split beams 5 and the vertical plane of the second step portion, between the split beams 5, and between the split beams 5 and the cross beam seam beam 4; along the direction from the vertical plane of the second step portion to the cross beam seam beam 4, that is, from left to right, the length ratios of the second displacement reverse link rods 17 above and below the fixed hinges 11 on each second displacement reverse link rod 17 are 1 / 5, 2 / 5, 3 / 5, and 4 / 5 respectively;

[0037] When the system heats up, the large-span beam 1 pushes a displacement T to the left, and transmits an equal and opposite -T to the second horizontal driving chain rod 16 through the first horizontal driving chain rod 14 and the first displacement reverse chain rod 15, and then -T is proportionally transmitted to the split beam 5 in the opposite direction through the second displacement reverse chain rod 17. According to the different positions of the fixed hinge 11 on the second displacement reverse chain rod 17, from left to right, each split beam 5 generates a displacement in the same direction as the large-span beam 1, and the magnitudes are T1=T / 5, T2=2T / 5, T3=3T / 5, T4=4T / 5 respectively. The beam 4 across the large beam seam moves directly to the left with the large-span beam 1 by T5=5T / 5 due to the longitudinal fixed support 7 at its right end. In this way, when the large-span beam 1 pushes a displacement T to the left, each split beam 5 is also pushed to the left at the same time, and the expansion and contraction of each beam seam 19 is kept at T / 5, thereby achieving equal and synchronous distribution of a large amount of expansion and contraction.

[0038] In this embodiment, the lengths of the second displacement reverse link rods 17 can be equal or unequal, as long as the length ratio of the second displacement reverse link rods 17 above and below the fixed hinge 11 on each second displacement reverse link rod 17 meets the above requirements.

[0039] Furthermore, each of the split beams 5 is fixed with a compression spring seat, the compression spring seat having a cavity opening upward, a compression spring 13 and a compression rod installed in the cavity, one end of the compression rod is inserted into the cavity and connected to the compression spring seat through the compression spring 13, and the other end of the compression rod is connected to the corresponding second displacement reverse link 17 through a movable hinge 12. Figure 3-6 As shown, in this embodiment, both ends of the axis of the movable hinge 12 on the second displacement reverse chain rod 17 for connecting with the split beam 5 are connected with pressure rods, and the pressure rods are respectively inserted into the cavities of the corresponding compression spring seats on the split beam 5 and connected to the bottom surface of the cavity through the compression springs 13. The compression springs 13 apply pressure to the split beam 5, and at the same time adapt to the rotation of the second displacement reverse chain rod 17.

[0040] Furthermore, a slideway 21 is provided on the horizontal surface of the second step portion, and a sliding support 6 is provided on the bottom surface of each of the split beams 5, and the sliding support 6 is slidably connected to the slideway 21. In this embodiment, the slideway 21 corresponds to the sliding support 6 one by one, and the split beam 5 slides with the slideway 21 provided on the horizontal surface of the second step portion through the sliding support 6 installed on its bottom surface, so that each split beam 5 slides on the horizontal surface of the second step portion, and the compression spring 13 is used to prevent the split beam 5 from jumping off the slideway 21. Since high-speed maglev has very high requirements for the smoothness of the track system, the slideway 21 can also use a special guide rail device.

[0041] Furthermore, the fixed end of the cross-beam seam small beam 4 is arranged on the first step portion through a longitudinal fixed support 7, and the movable end of the cross-beam seam small beam 4 is arranged on the second step portion through a longitudinal movable support 8.

[0042] Furthermore, the bottom surface of the cross-beam seam small beam 4 is connected to the horizontal surface of the first step portion through a tension spring 20. In this embodiment, the cross-beam seam small beam 4 can be appropriately made long and heavy, which is conducive to improving the smoothness; and the bottom surface of the cross-beam seam small beam 4 is connected to the large-span beam 1 through a tension spring 20 to resist the bounce caused by vibration, so that the cross-beam seam small beam 4 is sufficiently stable.

[0043] Furthermore, it also includes small and medium span beams 3, and the joint load-bearing beam 2 is arranged between the small and medium span beams 3 and the large span beam 1; and the movable end of the large span beam 1 and the fixed end of the joint load-bearing beam 2 are respectively arranged on the side pier 9 through the longitudinal movable support 8 and the longitudinal fixed support 7, and the movable end of the joint load-bearing beam 2 and the end of the small and medium span beam 3 are respectively arranged on the pier 10 through the longitudinal movable support 8 and the longitudinal fixed support 7.

[0044] In this embodiment, functional components are installed on both sides of the split beam 5 along the bridge direction. The length of the split beam 5 is 3.096 meters long for one functional component, and the length of the cross-beam beam 4 is an integral multiple of the functional component length of 3.096 meters.

[0045] While ensuring the realization of the split, the present invention flattens the protruding sharp points produced by the corner deformation of the beam end through the small beam 4 across the large beam seam, thereby reducing the unevenness of the bridge deck (i.e., the track surface) to facilitate the stability of high-speed driving. The split bearing beam 2 with greater rigidity is also used to place the link rod articulation system and the split beam sliding system on a very flat surface to provide reliable protection for them; at the same time, by setting the fixed hinge position of the second displacement reverse link 17 in proportion, the same large expansion amount is transmitted to each split small beam 5 in a predetermined proportional relationship, thereby achieving the goal of complete synchronization. Compared with the prior art, the present invention is more reliable in the processing of the large-span expansion joint device of the conventional high-speed maglev railway, and is of great practical significance for the high-speed maglev railway to achieve the speed target of 600km / h and above.

[0046] The above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention and is not intended to limit the present invention. Any modifications, equivalent substitutions, improvements, etc. made within the spirit and principle of the present invention should be included in the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. A long-span high-speed maglev bridge split structure, characterized in that: It comprises a long-span beam, a split-joint bearing beam, a beam-spanning beam, N split-joint beams and a chain-rod articulated system for synchronously pushing the N split-joint beams to move in the same direction as the long-span beam, N ≥ 1; the movable end of the long-span beam is provided with a first step portion that is recessed downward, the fixed end of the split-joint bearing beam is provided with a second step portion that is recessed downward, the fixed end and the movable end of the beam-spanning beam are respectively arranged on the horizontal plane of the first step portion and the horizontal plane of the second step portion; the N split-joint beams are sequentially arranged on the horizontal plane of the second step portion along the bridge direction and are all located between the vertical plane of the second step portion and the beam-spanning beam; the chain-rod articulated system is arranged on the split-joint bearing beam, and one end of the chain-rod articulated system is connected to the The movable end is connected, and the other end is respectively connected to N split beams; the chain rod articulation system includes a first horizontal driving chain rod, a first displacement reverse chain rod, a second horizontal driving chain rod and N second displacement reverse chain rods; one end of the first horizontal driving chain rod is connected to the movable end of the large-span beam through a fixed hinge, and the other end is connected to one end of the first displacement reverse chain rod through a movable hinge; the other end of the first displacement reverse chain rod is connected to the second horizontal driving chain rod through a movable hinge; one end of the N second displacement reverse chain rods is respectively connected to the N split beams through movable hinges, and the other end is respectively connected to the second horizontal driving chain rod through movable hinges; the first displacement reverse chain rod and the N second displacement reverse chain rods are respectively connected to the split bearing beam through fixed hinges.

2. A long-span high-speed maglev bridge split structure as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that: There is a large beam gap between the movable end of the large span beam and the fixed end of the split bearing beam; there are small beam gaps between the split small beam and the vertical surface of the second step portion, between the split small beams, and between the split small beams and the large span small beams, and the expansion and contraction amount of each small beam gap is the expansion and contraction amount of the large beam gap.

3. The long-span high-speed maglev bridge split structure according to claim 1, characterized in that: The distances between the fixed hinge on the first displacement reverse link and the movable hinges at both ends of the first displacement reverse link are equal.

4. A long-span high-speed maglev bridge split structure as claimed in claim 3, characterized in that: Along the direction from the vertical surface of the second step portion to the cross beam seam, the ratio of the distance between the fixed hinge on each second displacement reverse link and the corresponding movable hinge at the end of the split beam to the distance between the fixed hinge and the corresponding movable hinge on the second horizontal driving link is:

5. The long-span high-speed maglev bridge joint structure according to claim 1, characterized in that: A compression spring seat is fixed on each of the split beams, and the compression spring seat has a cavity opening upward, in which a compression spring and a compression rod are installed, one end of the compression rod is inserted into the cavity and connected to the compression spring seat through a compression spring, and the other end of the compression rod is connected to the corresponding second displacement reverse link rod through a movable hinge.

6. The long-span high-speed maglev bridge joint structure according to claim 1, characterized in that: A slideway is provided on the horizontal surface of the second step portion, and a sliding support is provided on the bottom surface of each of the split beams, and the sliding support is slidably connected to the slideway.

7. The long-span high-speed maglev bridge split structure according to claim 1, characterized in that: The fixed end of the small beam across the main beam seam is arranged on the first step portion through a longitudinal fixed support, and the movable end of the small beam across the main beam seam is arranged on the second step portion through a longitudinal movable support.

8. A long-span high-speed maglev bridge split structure as claimed in claim 7, characterized in that: The bottom surface of the small beam across the main beam seam is connected to the horizontal surface of the first step portion through a tension spring.

9. The long-span high-speed maglev bridge split structure according to claim 1, characterized in that: It also includes small and medium span beams, and the split load-bearing beam is arranged between the small and medium span beams and the large span beam; and the movable end of the large span beam and the fixed end of the split load-bearing beam are respectively arranged on the side pier through a longitudinal movable support and a longitudinal fixed support, and the movable end of the split load-bearing beam and the end of the small and medium span beam are respectively arranged on the pier through a longitudinal movable support and a longitudinal fixed support.

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