Capacitor-assisted battery modules and systems

Abstract

The capacitor-assisted battery module includes a housing, a positive terminal, a negative terminal, one or more capacitor-assisted battery cells, and one or more first switches. The one or more capacitor-assisted battery cells are disposed in the housing and include one or more battery terminals and one or more capacitor terminals. The one or more battery terminals are connected to battery electrodes. The one or more capacitor terminals are connected to capacitor electrodes. At least one of the one or more battery terminals and capacitor terminals is connected to the negative terminal. The one or more first switches are configured to connect the one or more capacitor terminals to the positive terminal. The total voltage of the capacitor-assisted battery module is measured across the positive terminal and the negative terminal.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The information provided in this section is for the purpose of generally presenting the background of the present disclosure. The work of the presently designated inventors, to the extent it is described in this section and aspects of this specification that would not otherwise qualify as prior art at the time of filing, is neither explicitly nor implicitly admitted to be prior art to the present disclosure.

[0002] The present disclosure relates to vehicles, and more particularly to battery systems for vehicles. Background Art

[0003] Conventional vehicles include an internal combustion engine that generates propulsion torque. Hybrid vehicles can include both an internal combustion engine and one or more electric motors for propulsion. The one or more electric motors are used to improve fuel efficiency. The electric motor and internal combustion engine can be used in combination to achieve greater torque output than using only the internal combustion engine.

[0004] Exemplary types of hybrid vehicles are parallel hybrid vehicles and series hybrid vehicles or a mix of parallel and series modes. In a parallel hybrid vehicle, the electric motor can operate in parallel with the engine to combine the power and driving range advantages of the engine with the regenerative braking advantages of the electric motor. In a series hybrid vehicle, the engine drives a generator to generate electricity for the electric motor, which drives the transmission. This allows the electric motor to take on some of the power responsibility of the engine, which in turn allows a smaller, more fuel-efficient engine to be used. Summary of the invention

[0005] This section provides a general summary of the disclosure, and is not a comprehensive disclosure of its full scope or all of its features.

[0006] A capacitor-assisted battery module is provided and includes a housing, a positive terminal, a negative terminal, one or more capacitor-assisted battery cells, and one or more first switches. The one or more capacitor-assisted battery cells are disposed in the housing and include one or more battery terminals and one or more capacitor terminals. The one or more battery terminals are connected to battery electrodes. The one or more capacitor terminals are connected to capacitor electrodes. At least one of the one or more battery terminals and the capacitor terminals is connected to the negative terminal. The one or more first switches are configured to connect the one or more capacitor terminals to the positive terminal. A total voltage of the capacitor-assisted battery module is measured across the positive terminal and the negative terminal.

[0007] In other features, the one or more capacitor-assisted battery cells include: a lithium-ion battery cathode terminal; a lithium-ion capacitor cathode terminal; a lithium-ion battery anode terminal; and a lithium-ion capacitor anode terminal. The one or more battery terminals include a lithium-ion battery cathode terminal and a lithium-ion battery anode terminal. The one or more capacitor terminals include a lithium-ion capacitor cathode terminal and a lithium-ion capacitor anode terminal. The one or more first switches include a first switch and a second switch. The first switch is configured to connect the lithium-ion battery cathode terminal to the positive terminal. The second switch is configured to connect the lithium-ion capacitor cathode terminal to the positive terminal.

[0008] In other features, the one or more capacitor assisted battery cells include capacitor assisted battery cells connected in series.

[0009] In other features, the one or more capacitor-assisted battery cells include: a second lithium ion battery cathode terminal; a second lithium ion capacitor cathode terminal; a second lithium ion battery anode terminal; and a second lithium ion capacitor anode terminal. The one or more battery terminals include a second lithium ion battery cathode terminal and a second lithium ion battery anode terminal. The one or more capacitor terminals include a second lithium ion capacitor cathode terminal and a lithium ion capacitor anode terminal. The one or more first switches include a third switch and a fourth switch. The third switch is configured to connect the second lithium ion battery cathode terminal to the positive terminal. The fourth switch is configured to connect the second lithium ion capacitor cathode terminal to the positive terminal.

[0010] In other features, the one or more capacitor-assisted battery cells include: a lithium-ion battery cathode terminal; a lithium-ion capacitor cathode terminal; the one or more battery terminals include a lithium-ion battery cathode terminal; the one or more capacitor terminals include a lithium-ion capacitor cathode terminal; the one or more first switches include a first switch; and the first switch is configured to connect the lithium-ion capacitor cathode terminal to the positive terminal.

[0011] In other features, the one or more capacitor-assisted battery cells include: a second lithium ion battery cathode terminal; a second lithium ion capacitor cathode terminal; the one or more battery terminals include a second lithium ion battery cathode terminal; the one or more capacitor terminals include a second lithium ion capacitor cathode terminal; the one or more first switches include a second switch; and the second switch is configured to connect the second lithium ion capacitor cathode terminal to the positive terminal.

[0012] In other features, each of the one or more capacitor-assisted battery cells includes an anode terminal shared by a battery anode electrode and a capacitor anode electrode of the capacitor-assisted battery cell.

[0013] In other features, each of the one or more capacitor-assisted battery cells includes only a single anode terminal.

[0014] In other features, the one or more capacitor-assisted battery cells include a liquid organic electrolyte.

[0015] In other features, the one or more capacitor-assisted battery cells include solid-state battery cells. The solid-state battery cells include a solid-state electrolyte.

[0016] In other features, the one or more capacitor-assisted battery cells include a hybrid cell. The hybrid cell includes a semi-liquid electrolyte.

[0017] In other features, the capacitor assisted battery module also includes one or more non-capacitor assisted battery cells.

[0018] In other features, the capacitor-assisted battery module further comprises a capacitor-assisted battery terminal. The one or more battery terminals and the one or more capacitor cavity terminals are cathode terminals. The one or more battery terminals and the capacitor-assisted battery terminal are on a first side of the housing. The one or more capacitor terminals are on a second side of the housing opposite the first side.

[0019] In other features, the one or more capacitor-assisted battery cells include electrodes connected to capacitor-assisted battery terminals. The electrodes connected to the capacitor-assisted battery terminals include metal oxides and graphene.

[0020] In other features, the capacitor-assisted battery module further includes a capacitor-assisted battery terminal. The one or more battery terminals and the one or more capacitor terminals are cathode terminals. The one or more battery terminals and the one or more capacitor terminals are on a first side of the housing. The capacitor-assisted battery terminal is on a second side of the housing.

[0021] In other features, the one or more capacitor-assisted battery cells include electrodes connected to capacitor-assisted battery terminals. The electrodes connected to the capacitor-assisted battery terminals include metal oxides and graphene.

[0022] In other features, a modular dynamically allocated capacity storage system includes: one or more battery modules including a capacitor-assisted battery module; one or more source terminals that supply power at a first voltage potential to a first load; and one or more second switches. The one or more battery modules are configured to supply power to the one or more source terminals based on one or more states of the one or more second switches.

[0023] In other features, the modular dynamically allocated capacity storage system also includes one or more battery modules, a first source terminal and a second source terminal. The one or more battery modules include a first series of battery modules and a second series of battery modules. The first series of battery modules includes a capacitor-assisted battery module. The first source terminal supplies power at a first voltage potential to a first load. The second source terminal supplies power at a second voltage potential to a second load. The one or more second switches include a first switch and a second switch. The first series of battery modules is configured to supply power to the first source terminal based on the state of the first switch. The second series of battery modules is configured to supply power to the second source terminal based on the state of the second switch.

[0024] In other features, the modular dynamically allocated capacity storage system also includes: a sensing module, the sensing module is configured to determine parameters of the capacitor-assisted battery module and generate a status signal; and a control module, the control module is configured to receive a power request signal and adjust the state of at least one of the one or more second switches based on the power request signal, parameters and operating mode.

[0025] In other features, the one or more battery modules include capacitor-assisted battery modules and non-capacitor-assisted battery modules.

[0026] Further areas of applicability will become apparent from the description provided herein.The description and specific examples in this summary are intended for purposes of illustration only and are not intended to limit the scope of the present disclosure. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0027] The drawings described herein are for illustrative purposes only of selected embodiments and not all possible implementations, and are not intended to limit the scope of the present disclosure.

[0028] Figure 1 is an example graph showing start lighting ignition (SLI) cold cranking voltage reduction over time at -30°C for a lithium ion battery (LIB) cell and a capacitor assisted battery (CAB) cell after 3060 cycles at 55°C.

[0029] Figure 2 is a graph showing the capacity retention of LIB cells and CAB cells after 3060 cycles at 55°C.

[0030] Figure 3 is a graph showing the volume expansion ratio of LIB cells and CAB cells after 3060 cycles at 55°C.

[0031] Figure 4 It is a graph of the expansion ratio of the CAB battery cell at 45°C versus the storage voltage.

[0032] Figure 5 is a functional block diagram of an exemplary vehicle control system including a modular dynamically allocated capacity storage system (MODACS).

[0033] Figure 6 is a functional block diagram of an exemplary MODACS.

[0034] FIG. 7A to FIG. 7B is a schematic diagram of an exemplary embodiment including MODACS.

[0035] Figure 8 is a functional block diagram of another example of a vehicle control system.

[0036] Fig. 9 is a functional block diagram of a vehicle including MODACS.

[0037] Fig.10 is a functional block diagram of an exemplary MODACS for use with a 12V starter and starter generator unit.

[0038] Fig.11 is a functional block diagram of an exemplary MODACS for use with a 48V starter and starter generator unit.

[0039] Fig.12 is a functional block diagram of an example of a CAB module including a LIB switch and a lithium-ion capacitor (LIC) switch.

[0040] Fig.13 is a functional block diagram of an example of a CAB module including a LIB switch and a LIC switch.

[0041] Fig.14 is a functional block diagram of an example of a CAB module including a LIC switch.

[0042] Fig.15 is a functional block diagram of an example of a CAB module including a CAB cell having a LIB switch and a LIC switch and implemented as a solid-state battery CAB cell.

[0043] Fig.16 is a functional block diagram of an example of a CAB module including a single CAB cell having a LIB switch, a LIC switch, and a single CAB anode and implemented as a solid-state battery CAB cell.

[0044] Fig.17 is a functional block diagram of an example of a CAB module including dual CAB cells implemented as solid-state battery CAB cells.

[0045] Fig.18 is a functional block diagram of a CAB cell showing corresponding types of electrodes.

[0046] Fig.19 is a functional block diagram of a CAB cell including a single CAB anode terminal on the same side as the LIB cathode terminal.

[0047] Fig. 20 is a functional block diagram of a CAB cell including a single CAB anode terminal on a different side from the LIB and lithium ion capacitor (LIC) cathode terminals.

[0048] Fig.21 is a functional block diagram of a CAB cell including a single CAB cathode terminal on the same side as the LIB anode terminal.

[0049] Fig. 22 is a functional block diagram of a CAB cell including a single CAB cathode terminal on a different side from the LIB and LIC anode terminals.

[0050] Fig.23 is a functional block diagram of an exemplary battery monitoring (or management) system (BMS) module for a battery pack.

[0051] Fig.24 is a schematic diagram of an exemplary MODACS circuit.

[0052] Fig.25 is a schematic block diagram of an example electrode architecture of a CAB cell.

[0053] Corresponding reference numerals indicate corresponding parts throughout the several views of the drawings. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0054] To minimize the use of lead in vehicles, lead-acid batteries can be replaced by other types of batteries, such as lithium-ion batteries and / or capacitor-assisted batteries (CABs). Capacitor-assisted batteries can include lithium-ion battery (LIB) electrodes and lithium-ion capacitor (LIC) electrodes. Fig.25 An example of a CAB cell is shown in . Some CABs include a LIB cathode formed of lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC), a LIB formed of graphite and a LIC anode, a LIC cathode formed of activated carbon (AC), a separator, and an electrolyte with a liquid solvent and a lithium salt. When the CAB is set under the hood of a vehicle with an internal combustion engine, the CAB can experience temperatures of, for example, 45-75°C. At these temperatures, the volume of the CAB cell may increase (referred to as "swelling"), the charge capacity of the cell may decrease, and the durability of the cell may degrade due to side reactions between the AC electrode and the electrolyte solvent.

[0055] Figure 1An example graph of SLI cold crank voltage reduction at -30°C over time for LIB cells and CAB cells after 3060 cycles at 55°C is shown. The x-axis is time and the y-axis is cold crank voltage. During each cycle, both the LIB cells and CAB cells are charged from 60% state of charge (SOC) to 80% state of charge, and discharged from 80% SOC to 60% SOC. The CAB cells include an NMC cathode. Figure 2 A graph showing the capacity retention (y-axis) of LIB cells and CAB cells after 3060 cycles at 55°C shows that CAB cells have lower capacity retention than LIB cells due to swelling and degradation. Figure 3 A graph showing the volume expansion ratio (y-axis) of LIB cells and CAB cells after 3060 cycles at 55° C. shows that CAB cells undergo more expansion than LIB cells. The expansion ratio is determined based on the initial cell volume and the cell volume after a predetermined number of cycles.

[0056] Figure 4 A graph of the expansion ratio (y-axis) versus the storage voltage (x-axis) for a CAB module at 45°C is shown. The data in the graph is after storage at 45°C for 48 hours. As can be seen from the graph, the higher the storage voltage, the higher the expansion ratio and the greater the expansion. For storage voltages greater than 3.9V, the amount of expansion increases significantly. At high cell voltages (voltages greater than 3.9V), the LIC cathode formed of activated carbon can undergo accelerated side reactions with the solvent, which results in expansion, increased DC resistance, and a lack of effective electrolyte in the LIC.

[0057] To address these issues, various battery arrangements have been tested, including NMC-based CAB cells with expensive AC materials. These battery arrangements have limited functionality and complex electrolyte formulations with multiple additives. For at least these reasons, the use of the battery arrangements in under-the-hood applications has been limited.

[0058] The examples described herein include a CAB module with a low voltage architecture that provides high power output. System control techniques are also described for individually adjusting the operating voltage and output power distribution of the battery cells and capacitor cells of the CAB module based on the vehicle operating mode. These examples enable the use of CAB cells in under-the-hood applications and other applications of the vehicle while allowing the battery and capacitor electrodes to be formed of a variety of different chemical compositions including NMC, lithium nickel manganese oxide (LNMO), lithium manganese oxide (LMO), lithium titanium oxide (LTO), graphite, activated carbon, and other composites and / or elements. In high temperature applications (e.g., temperatures greater than 45°C), the CAB module experiences minimal expansion and has improved state of charge and capacity retention and enhanced durability.

[0059] The disclosed examples provide improved fuel economy, for example, by providing electrical boost power during boost mode to quickly increase engine speed. The examples are also applicable to vehicle low-voltage stop-start systems and micro battery assist systems (μBAS), and help reduce warranty costs due to increased cell high temperature durability.

[0060] Modular dynamically allocated capacity storage systems (MODACS) MODACS and corresponding operations are disclosed herein. Each of the MODACS includes one or more CAB modules and may include one or more non-CAB modules, wherein each of the CAB modules includes a capacitor electrode and each of the non-CAB modules does not include a capacitor electrode. The MODACS can be implemented as a single battery having a corresponding housing having a negative (or ground reference) terminal and a plurality of source terminals. Each of the source terminals of the MODACS can have a preset direct current (DC) voltage (e.g., 12 volts (V), 24V, 36V, 48V, etc.) and can supply (or release) current or receive current during charging. As an example, the MODACS may include a single 48V source terminal, a first 12V source terminal, and a second 12V source terminal.

[0061] Each of the MODACS includes one or more CAB cells and may include one or more non-CAB cells and a MODACS control module. The MODACS control module may be attached to the housing of the MODACS, implemented in the housing of the MODACS or connected to the housing of the MODACS from the outside. The MODACS control module may be implemented partially or fully at a housing or a remote location. As an example, the MODACS control module may be implemented as a control module within a vehicle and / or as part of a vehicle control module.

[0062] The housing may include switches and a battery monitoring (or management) system (BMS) module. The switches and BMS modules may be connected to CAB and non-CAB cells (hereinafter referred to as "cells") and / or implemented separately from CAB and non-CAB cells. The MODACS control module controls the operating state of the switch based on information from the BMS to connect selected cells in the cells to the source terminals. Any number of cells, CAB modules, and non-CAB modules may be selected and connected to each of the source terminals. The same or different cells, CAB modules, and non-CAB modules may be connected to each of the source terminals at any time. As further described below, cells, CAB modules, and non-CAB modules may be connected as follows: in series and / or in parallel; in different connection configurations; and may be organized into blocks, packs, and / or groups. Each block may include one or more cells, which may be connected in series and / or in parallel. Each pack may include one or more blocks, which may be connected in series and / or in parallel. Each group may include one or more packs, which may be connected in series and / or in parallel. Groups may be connected in series and / or in parallel. Each of the BMS modules may be assigned to one or more cells, one or more blocks, one or more packs, and / or one or more groups, and monitor corresponding parameters such as voltage, temperature, current level, SOX, instantaneous power and / or current limit, short-term power and / or current limit, and / or continuous power and / or current limit.

[0063] The acronym "SOX" refers to State of Charge (SOC), State of Health (SOH), and / or State of Functionality (SOF). The SOC of a cell, CAB module, and / or non-CAB module may refer to the amount of voltage, current, and / or available power stored in the cell, CAB module, and / or non-CAB module. The SOH of a cell, CAB module, and / or non-CAB module may refer to: lifetime (or operating hours); presence or absence of a short circuit; temperature, voltage, and / or current levels supplied to or derived from a cell, CAB module, and / or non-CAB module under certain operating conditions; and / or other parameters describing the health of a cell, CAB module, and / or non-CAB module. The SOF of a cell, CAB module, and / or non-CAB module may refer to the current temperature, voltage, and / or current levels supplied to or derived from a cell, CAB module, and / or non-CAB module, and / or other parameters describing the current functional state of a cell, CAB module, and / or non-CAB module.

[0064] Instantaneous power and current limits may refer to power and current limits for short periods of time (e.g., less than 2 seconds). Short-term power and current limits may refer to power and current limits for intermediate lengths of time (e.g., 2-3 seconds). Continuous power and current limits refer to power and current limits for longer periods of time (e.g., periods greater than 3 seconds).

[0065] The MODACS control module controls the state of the switch to connect the battery cell to the source terminal while meeting the target and / or requested voltage, current and power capacity. The MODACS control module and / or the vehicle control module can set the target and / or requested voltage, current and power capacity based on the operating mode, for example. As described below, MODACS can operate in different operating modes corresponding to the vehicle operating mode. The MODACS operating mode may include, for example, a regeneration mode, a boost mode, an automatic start mode or other MODACS charging or discharging modes. The vehicle operating mode may include an electric vehicle starting mode, an engine starting mode, an engine assist mode, an opportunity charging mode, a deceleration fuel cut-off (DFCO) regeneration mode, an electric vehicle regeneration mode (e.g., a generator DFCO regeneration mode or a brake regeneration mode), an electric vehicle cruise mode and / or other vehicle operating modes. Additional vehicle operating modes are described below. Each of the vehicle operating modes corresponds to one of the MODACS modes. The mode is further described below.

[0066] The embodiments disclosed herein may be applied to all-electric vehicles, battery electric vehicles (BEVs), hybrid electric vehicles including plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), partially or fully autonomous vehicles, and other types of vehicles.

[0067] Example embodiments will now be described more fully with reference to the accompanying drawings.

[0068] Reference now Figure 5 , presents a functional block diagram of an exemplary powertrain system 100. The powertrain system 100 of a vehicle includes an engine 102 that combusts an air / fuel mixture to produce torque. The vehicle may be non-automatic, partially automated, or fully automated.

[0069] Air is drawn into the engine 102 through an intake system 108 . The intake system 108 may include an intake manifold 110 and a throttle valve 112 . For example only, the throttle valve 112 may include a butterfly valve having a rotatable blade. An engine (or vehicle) control module (ECM) 114 controls a throttle actuator module 116 , and the throttle actuator module 116 regulates opening of the throttle valve 112 to control air flow into the intake manifold 110 .

[0070] Air from the intake manifold 110 is drawn into cylinders of the engine 102. While the engine 102 may include any number of cylinders, for illustration purposes a single representative cylinder 118 is shown. Under some conditions, the ECM 114 may instruct a cylinder actuator module 120 to selectively deactivate some of the cylinders, which may improve fuel efficiency.

[0071] The engine 102 can be operated using a four-stroke cycle or another suitable engine cycle. The four strokes of the four-stroke cycle described below are referred to as an intake stroke, a compression stroke, a combustion stroke, and an exhaust stroke. During each revolution of a crankshaft (not shown), two of the four strokes occur in the cylinder 118. Therefore, two crankshaft revolutions are required for the cylinder 118 to experience all four strokes. For a four-stroke engine, one engine cycle may correspond to two crankshaft revolutions.

[0072] When the cylinder 118 is activated, air from the intake manifold 110 is drawn into the cylinder 118 through an intake valve 122 during the intake stroke. The ECM 114 controls a fuel actuator module 124, which regulates fuel injection to achieve a desired air / fuel ratio. Fuel may be injected into the intake manifold 110 at a central location or at multiple locations, such as near the intake valve 122 of each cylinder. In various implementations (not shown), fuel may be injected directly into the cylinder or into a mixing chamber / port associated with the cylinder. The fuel actuator module 124 may stop injecting fuel to deactivated cylinders.

[0073] The injected fuel mixes with the air and forms an air / fuel mixture in the cylinder 118. During the compression stroke, a piston (not shown) within the cylinder 118 compresses the air / fuel mixture. The engine 102 may be a compression-ignition engine, in which case compression causes ignition of the air / fuel mixture. Alternatively, the engine 102 may be a spark-ignition engine, in which case a spark actuator module 126 energizes a spark plug 128 in the cylinder 118 based on a signal from the ECM 114, thereby igniting the air / fuel mixture. The engine 102 may be a homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engine, which performs both compression ignition and spark ignition. The timing of the spark may be specified relative to the time when the piston is at its highest position, which will be referred to as top dead center (TDC).

[0074] The spark actuator module 126 may be controlled by a timing signal that specifies how long before or after TDC to generate the spark. Because the piston position is directly related to crankshaft rotation, operation of the spark actuator module 126 may be synchronized with the position of the crankshaft. The spark actuator module 126 may disable or provide spark to deactivated cylinders.

[0075] During the combustion stroke, the combustion of the air / fuel mixture drives the piston downward, thereby driving the crankshaft. The combustion stroke may be defined as the time between when the piston reaches TDC and when the piston returns to a bottom-most position, which may be referred to as bottom dead center (BDC). During the exhaust stroke, the piston moves upward from BDC and expels the byproducts of combustion through an exhaust valve 130. The byproducts of combustion are exhausted from the vehicle via an exhaust system 134.

[0076] The intake valve 122 may be controlled by an intake camshaft 140 , while the exhaust valve 130 may be controlled by an exhaust camshaft 142 . In various implementations, multiple intake camshafts (including the intake camshaft 140 ) may control multiple intake valves (including the intake valve 122 ) of the cylinder 118 and / or may control the intake valves (including the intake valve 122 ) of multiple banks of cylinders (including the cylinder 118 ). Similarly, multiple exhaust camshafts (including the exhaust camshaft 142 ) may control multiple exhaust valves of the cylinder 118 and / or may control the exhaust valves (including the exhaust valve 130 ) of multiple banks of cylinders (including the cylinder 118 ). Although camshaft-based valve actuation is shown and discussed, a camless valve actuator may be implemented. Although separate intake and exhaust camshafts are shown, one camshaft having lobes for both the intake and exhaust valves may be used.

[0077] The cylinder actuator module 120 may deactivate the cylinder 118 by disabling opening of the intake valve 122 and / or the exhaust valve 130. The time at which the intake valve 122 is opened may be varied relative to piston TDC via an intake cam phaser 148. The time at which the exhaust valve 130 is opened may be varied relative to piston TDC via an exhaust cam phaser 150. A phaser actuator module 158 may control the intake cam phaser 148 and the exhaust cam phaser 150 based on signals from the ECM 114. In various implementations, cam phase adjustment may be omitted. Variable valve lift (not shown) may also be controlled by the phaser actuator module 158. In various other implementations, the intake valve 122 and / or the exhaust valve 130 may be controlled by actuators other than camshafts, such as electromechanical actuators, electrohydraulic actuators, electromagnetic actuators, and the like.

[0078] The engine 102 may include zero, one, or more than one supercharging device that provides compressed air to the intake manifold 110. For example, Figure 5 A turbocharger is shown including a turbocharger turbine 160-1 driven by exhaust gas flowing through the exhaust system 134. A supercharger is another type of boosting device.

[0079] The turbocharger also includes a turbocharger compressor 160-2, which is driven by the turbocharger turbine 160-1 and compresses the air introduced into the throttle valve 112. A wastegate (WG) 162 controls the exhaust flow through and bypassing the turbocharger turbine 160-1. The wastegate can also be called a (turbocharger) turbine bypass valve. The wastegate 162 can allow exhaust to bypass the turbocharger turbine 160-1 to reduce the intake compression provided by the turbocharger. The ECM 114 can control the turbocharger via a wastegate actuator module 164. The wastegate actuator module 164 can adjust the boost of the turbocharger by controlling the opening of the wastegate 162.

[0080] A cooler (e.g., a charge air cooler or an intercooler) may dissipate some of the heat contained in the compressed air charge, which may be generated as the air is compressed. Although shown separately for purposes of illustration, the turbocharger turbine 160-1 and the turbocharger compressor 160-2 may be mechanically coupled to each other, thereby placing intake air in close proximity to hot exhaust gas. The compressed air charge may absorb heat from components of the exhaust system 134.

[0081] The engine 102 may include an exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) valve 170 that selectively redirects exhaust gas back to the intake manifold 110 . The EGR valve 170 may receive exhaust gas upstream of the turbocharger turbine 160 - 1 in the exhaust system 134 . The EGR valve 170 may be controlled by an EGR actuator module 172 .

[0082] The crankshaft position may be measured using a crankshaft position sensor 180. The engine speed may be determined based on the crankshaft position measured using the crankshaft position sensor 180. The temperature of the engine coolant may be measured using an engine coolant temperature (ECT) sensor 182. The ECT sensor 182 may be located within the engine 102 or at other locations where the coolant is circulated, such as a radiator (not shown).

[0083] The pressure within the intake manifold 110 may be measured using a manifold absolute pressure (MAP) sensor 184. In various implementations, engine vacuum may be measured, which is the difference between ambient air pressure and the pressure within the intake manifold 110. The mass flow rate of air flowing into the intake manifold 110 may be measured using a mass air flow (MAF) sensor 186. In various implementations, the MAF sensor 186 may be located in a housing that also includes the throttle valve 112.

[0084] The position of the throttle 112 may be measured using one or more throttle position sensors (TPS) 190. The temperature of air being drawn into the engine 102 may be measured using an intake air temperature (IAT) sensor 192. One or more other sensors 193 may also be implemented. The other sensors 193 include an accelerator pedal position (APP) sensor, a brake pedal position (BPP) sensor, may include a clutch pedal position (CPP) sensor (e.g., in the case of a manual transmission), and may include one or more other types of sensors. The APP sensor measures the position of the accelerator pedal within the passenger compartment of the vehicle. The BPP sensor measures the position of the brake pedal within the passenger compartment of the vehicle. The CPP sensor measures the position of the clutch pedal within the passenger compartment of the vehicle. The other sensors 193 may also include one or more acceleration sensors that measure the longitudinal (e.g., front / rear) acceleration of the vehicle and the lateral acceleration of the vehicle. An accelerometer is an exemplary type of acceleration sensor, but other types of acceleration sensors may be used. The ECM 114 may use signals from the sensors to make control decisions for the engine 102.

[0085] The ECM 114 may communicate with a transmission control module 194, for example, to coordinate shifting in a transmission 195 with engine operation. The ECM 114 may communicate with a hybrid control module 196, for example, to coordinate operation of the engine 102 and an electric motor 198. Although an example of an electric motor is provided, multiple electric motors may be implemented. The electric motor 198 may be a permanent magnet electric motor or another suitable type of electric motor that outputs a voltage based on back electromagnetic force (EMF) when free spinning, such as a direct current (DC) electric motor or a synchronous electric motor. In various implementations, various functions of the ECM 114, the transmission control module 194, and the hybrid control module 196 may be integrated into one or more modules.

[0086] Each system that changes an engine parameter may be referred to as an engine actuator. Each engine actuator has an associated actuator value. For example, the throttle actuator module 116 may be referred to as an engine actuator, and the throttle opening area may be referred to as an actuator value. Figure 5 In the example of , the throttle actuator module 116 achieves the throttle opening area by adjusting the angle of the blade of the throttle valve 112 .

[0087] The spark actuator module 126 may also be referred to as an engine actuator, and the corresponding actuator value may be the amount of spark advance relative to cylinder TDC. Other engine actuators may include the cylinder actuator module 120, the fuel actuator module 124, the phaser actuator module 158, the wastegate actuator module 164, and the EGR actuator module 172. For these engine actuators, the actuator values ​​may correspond to cylinder activation / deactivation sequences, fueling rates, intake and exhaust cam phaser angles, target wastegate openings, and EGR valve openings, respectively.

[0088] The ECM 114 may control actuator values ​​to cause the engine 102 to output torque based on a torque request. The ECM 114 may determine the torque request, for example, based on one or more driver inputs, such as APP, BPP, CPP, and / or one or more other suitable driver inputs. The ECM 114 may determine the torque request, for example, by using one or more functions or lookup tables that relate the driver inputs to the torque request.

[0089] Under some circumstances, the hybrid control module 196 controls the electric motor 198 to output torque, for example to supplement the engine torque output. The hybrid control module 196 may also control the electric motor 198 to output torque for vehicle propulsion when the engine 102 is shut down.

[0090] The hybrid control module 196 applies the electric power from the MODACS 208 to the electric motor 198, causing the electric motor 198 to output positive torque. The MODACS 208 is further described below. The electric motor 198 can output torque to, for example, an input shaft of the transmission 195, to an output shaft of the transmission 195, or to another component. The clutch 200 can be implemented to couple the electric motor 198 to the transmission 195 and to decouple the electric motor 198 from the transmission 195. One or more transmissions can be implemented between the output of the electric motor 198 and the input of the transmission 195 to provide one or more predetermined gear ratios between the rotation of the electric motor 198 and the rotation of the input of the transmission 195. In various embodiments, the electric motor 198 can be omitted.

[0091] The ECM 114 starts the engine 102 via the starter motor 202. The ECM 114 or another suitable module of the vehicle engages the starter motor 202 with the engine 102 to perform an engine start event. For example only, when a key ON command is received, the ECM 114 may engage the starter motor 202 with the engine 102. The driver may input the key ON command, for example, via actuation of one or more ignition keys, buttons, and / or switches of a vehicle or a key fob of the vehicle. The starter motor 202 may engage a flywheel coupled to a crankshaft or one or more other suitable components that drive the rotation of the crankshaft.

[0092] The ECM 114 may also start the engine in response to an autostart command during an autostop / start event or in response to an engine start command for a cruise event. An autostop / start event includes shutting down the engine 102 while the vehicle is stopped, the driver has depressed the brake pedal, and the driver has not input a key OFF command. For example, when the driver releases the brake pedal and / or depresses the accelerator pedal, an autostart command may be generated while shutting down the engine 102 for an autostop / start event.

[0093] The navigation event may include the ECM 114 shutting down the engine 102 when the vehicle is moving (e.g., the vehicle speed is greater than a predetermined speed, such as 50 miles per hour), the driver has not actuated the accelerator pedal, and the driver has not input a key OFF command. For example, when the driver depresses the accelerator pedal, an engine start command may be generated while shutting down the engine 102 for the navigation event. As described above, the driver may input a key OFF command, for example, via actuation of one or more ignition keys, buttons, and / or switches.

[0094] A starter motor actuator (such as a solenoid) can actuate the starter motor 202 to engage it with the engine 102. For example only, the starter motor actuator can engage the starter pinion with a flywheel coupled to the crankshaft. In various embodiments, the starter pinion can be coupled to the starter motor 202 via a drive shaft and a one-way clutch. The starter actuator module 204 controls the starter motor actuator and the starter motor 202 based on a signal from the starter control module, as discussed further below. In various embodiments, the starter motor 202 can be maintained in engagement with the engine 102.

[0095] In response to a command to start the engine 102 (e.g., an autostart command, an engine start command for an end of a cruise event, or when a key ON command is received), the starter actuator module 204 supplies current to the starter motor 202 to start the engine 102. The starter actuator module 204 may also actuate the starter motor actuator to engage the starter motor 202 with the engine 102. The starter actuator module 204 may supply current to the starter motor 202 after engaging the starter motor 202 with the engine 102, for example, to allow teeth to mesh.

[0096] Application of current to the starter motor 202 drives rotation of the starter motor 202 , and the starter motor 202 drives rotation of the crankshaft (eg, via a flywheel). The period during which the starter motor 202 drives the crankshaft to start the engine 102 may be referred to as engine starting.

[0097] The starter motor 202 draws power from the MODACS 208 to start the engine 102. Once the engine 102 is running after the engine start event, the starter motor 202 is disengaged or disconnected from the engine 102, and current flowing to the starter motor 202 may be stopped. For example, the engine 102 may be considered to be running when the engine speed exceeds a predetermined speed, such as a predetermined idle speed. For example only, the predetermined idle speed may be approximately 700 revolutions per minute (rpm) or another suitable speed. When the engine 102 is running, it may be said that the engine start has been completed.

[0098] The generator 206 converts the mechanical energy of the engine 102 into alternating current (AC) power. For example, the generator 206 may be coupled to the crankshaft (e.g., via a gear or a belt) and convert the mechanical energy of the engine 102 into AC power by applying a load to the crankshaft. The generator 206 rectifies the AC power into DC power and stores the DC power in the MODACS 208. Alternatively, a rectifier external to the generator 206 may be implemented to convert the AC power into DC power. The generator 206 may be, for example, an alternator. In various implementations, such as in the case of a belt alternator starter (BAS), the starter motor 202 and the generator 206 may be implemented together.

[0099] Figure 62 is a functional block diagram of a MODACS 208. The MODACS 208 may be implemented as a single battery with multiple source terminals. Three exemplary source terminals 210, 214, 216 are shown, but any number of source terminals may be included. The source terminal, which may be referred to as a positive output terminal, provides a corresponding direct current (DC) operating voltage. The MODACS may include only one negative terminal, or may include a negative terminal for each source terminal. By way of example only, the MODACS 208 may have a first positive (e.g., 48 volts (V)) terminal 210, a first negative terminal 212, a second positive (e.g., first 12V) terminal 214, a third positive (e.g., second 12V) terminal 216, and a second negative terminal 220. Although an example of a MODACS 208 having a 48V operating voltage and two 12V operating voltages is provided, the MODACS 208 may have one or more other operating voltages, such as only two 12V operating voltages, only two 48V operating voltages, an operating voltage of 12V and two 48V operating voltages, or a combination of two or more other suitable operating voltages. As another example, the operating voltage may be in the range of 12V-144V.

[0100] The MODACS 208 includes cells and / or blocks of cells, such as a first block 224-1 to an Nth block 224-N ("blocks 224"), where N is an integer greater than or equal to 2. Each of the blocks 224 may include one or more CAB cells and / or one or more non-CAB cells. Each CAB cell includes a LIB electrode and a LIC electrode. In each of the CAB cells, the number of LIC electrodes may be less than the number of LIB electrodes. As an example, in a CAB cell, 4% of the electrodes may be LIC electrodes and 96% of the electrodes may be LIB electrodes. Each block may be implemented as a CAB module or a non-CAB module. In one embodiment, each CAB module and non-CAB module has an output voltage that is an integer multiple of 12V. Each block may also be individually replaceable within the MODACS 208. By way of example only, each of the blocks 224 may be a separately housed 12V DC battery. The ability to replace the blocks 224 individually can enable the MODACS 208 to include a shorter warranty period and have lower warranty costs. For example, in the event of a failure in a block, the blocks 224 are also individually isolatable. In various embodiments, the MODACS 208 can have a form factor of a standard automotive grade 12V battery.

[0101] Each of the blocks 224 has its own individual capacity (e.g., in ampere hours Ah). MODACS 208 includes switches, such as first switches 232-1 to 232-N (collectively referred to as "switches 232"). Switches 232 enable blocks 224 to be connected in series, parallel, or a combination of series and parallel to provide a desired output voltage and capacity at the output terminal.

[0102] The MODACS control module 240 controls the switch 232 to provide a desired output voltage and capacity at the source terminals. The MODACS control module 240 controls the switch 232 to vary the capacity provided at the source terminals based on the current operating mode of the vehicle, as discussed further below.

[0103] Figure 7A-7B A vehicle electrical system 300 is shown that includes an exemplary embodiment of a MODACS 208. The MODACS 208 includes source terminals 210, 214, 216, corresponding power rails 301, 302, 303, a MODACS control module 240, and a power control circuit 305 that can be connected to the MODACS control module 240 and a vehicle control module (VCM) and / or BCM 306. The VCM and / or BCM 306 can be similar to Figure 5 The ECM 114 operates, includes and / or is implemented as Figure 5 ECM 114. Power rail 303 may be a redundant power rail and / or used for a different load than power rail 302. MODACS control module 240, power control circuit 305, and VCM and / or BCM 306 may communicate with each other via a controller area network (CAN), a local interconnect network (LIN), a serial network, wireless, and / or another suitable network and / or interface. MODACS control module 240 may communicate directly with VCM and / or BCM 306 or indirectly with VCM and / or BCM 306 via power control circuit 305 as shown.

[0104] exist Fig. 7AIn the example of , a group of 4 of the blocks 224 (e.g., 12V blocks) may be connected in series (via several of the switches 232) to the first positive terminal 210 and the first negative terminal 212 to provide a first output voltage (e.g., 48V). An individual of the blocks 224 may be connected (via several of the switches 232) to the second positive terminal 214 or the third positive terminal 216 and the second negative terminal 220 to provide a second output voltage (e.g., 12V) at the second positive terminal 214 and the third positive terminal 216. How many of the blocks 224 are connected to the first positive terminal 210, the second positive terminal 214, and the third positive terminal 216 indicates the portion of the total capacity of the MODACS 208 that is available at each positive terminal. Any number of blocks may be connected in series, and any number of series groups may be connected in parallel. Fig. 7A In the example of , the group blocks 224 are shown as CAB modules and non-CAB modules. The CAB modules are labeled "CAB" and the non-CAB modules are shown with a battery symbol. The example includes two series that include only CAB modules, one series that includes both CAB modules and non-CAB modules, and three series that include only non-CAB modules. The number of series that have only CAB modules, the number of series that have both CAB and non-CAB modules, and the number of series that have only non-CAB modules can be adjusted. Moreover, the number of CAB modules and the number of non-CAB modules in each series can be adjusted and can be different. Figures 12 to 22 An example of a CAB module and a CAB cell that can be implemented in the CAB module is shown in FIG.

[0105] As in Figure 7B As shown in , the first group of vehicle electrical components operates using one of the two or more operating voltages of the MODACS 208. For example, the first group of vehicle electrical components can be connected to the second positive terminal 214 and the third positive terminal 216. Some of the first group of vehicle electrical components can be connected to the second positive terminal 214, and some of the first group of vehicle electrical components can be connected to the third positive terminal 216. The first group of vehicle electrical components can include, for example but not limited to, VCM and / or BCM 306 and other control modules of the vehicle, starter motor 202, and / or other electrical loads, such as first 12V load 307, second 12V load 308, other control modules 312, third 12V load 316, and fourth 12V load 320. In various embodiments, the switching device 324 can be connected to both the first positive terminal and the second positive terminal 214. The switching device 324 can connect the other control modules 312 and the third 12V load 316 to the second positive terminal 214 or the third positive terminal 216.

[0106] As in Fig. 7AAs shown in , the second set of vehicle electrical components operates using another operating voltage of the two or more operating voltages of the MODACS 208. For example, the second set of vehicle electrical components can be connected to the first positive terminal 210. The second set of vehicle electrical components can include, for example, but not limited to, the generator 206 and various electrical loads, such as the 48V load 328. The generator 206 can be controlled to recharge the MODACS 208.

[0107] Each of the switches 232 may be an insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT), a field effect transistor (FET) such as a metal oxide semiconductor FET (MOSFET), or another suitable type of switch.

[0108] Figure 8 An example of another vehicle control system 400 that can be applied to the MODACS disclosed herein is shown. The vehicle control system 400 includes a MODACS 402, a vehicle control module 404, an internal combustion engine (ICE) 406, a high voltage load 408, and a low voltage load 410. The high voltage load 408 can include an electric motor, a compressor, and / or other high voltage loads. The low voltage loads can include lights, seat heaters, electric fans, audio systems, video systems, power window motors, power door lock motors, electronic circuits, etc. The MODACS 402 has a housing 420 and includes a MODACS control module 422, a first source terminal 424, a second source terminal 426, and a negative (or reference ground) terminal 428. The MODACS 402 can have any number of source terminals.

[0109] The ICE 406 can drive the water pump 430 via pulleys 431, 432 and a belt 434. The ICE 406 can drive a main gear 436, which drives clutches C1, C2 and a transmission 438 to drive wheels 440 via a differential 442. The first clutch C1 can be used to engage pulleys 444, 446 and a belt 448, which drive a motor generator unit (MGU) 450. The second clutch C2 can be used to engage the transmission 438. The AC to DC converter 452 converts alternating current (AC) power from the MGU 450 into DC electric power, which is used to charge the battery cells of the MODACS 402. When the ICE 406 is started, the main gear 436 can be rotated by the second gear 454 via a starter 456.

[0110] Fig. 9 A vehicle 500 is shown illustrating another exemplary embodiment of a MODACS that may be substituted for and / or used in conjunction with Figures 5 to 9The MODACS 208 and 402 of the vehicle 500 operate similarly. The vehicle 500 may include a MODACS 502 having a MODACS control module 503, a vehicle control module 504, an infotainment module 506, and other control modules 508. The modules 503, 504, 506, 508 may communicate with each other via a controller area network (CAN) bus 510 and / or other suitable interfaces. The vehicle control module 504 may control the operation of the vehicle system. The vehicle control module 504 may include a mode selection module 512, a parameter adjustment module 514, and other modules. The mode selection module 512 may select a vehicle operating mode, such as one of the above-mentioned vehicle operating modes. The parameter adjustment module 514 may be used to adjust the parameters of the vehicle 500.

[0111] The vehicle 500 may also include: memory 518; display 520; audio system 522; one or more transceivers 523 including sensors 526; and navigation system 527, which includes a global positioning system (GPS) receiver 528. The sensors 526 may include sensors, cameras, object detection sensors, temperature sensors, accelerometers, vehicle speed sensors, and / or other sensors. The GPS receiver 528 may provide the speed of the vehicle and / or the direction (or heading) of the vehicle and / or global clock timing information.

[0112] The memory 518 may store sensor data 530 and / or vehicle parameters 532, MODACS parameters 534, and applications 536. The applications 536 may include applications executed by the modules 503, 504, 506, 508. Although the memory 518 and the vehicle control module 504 are shown as separate devices, the memory 518 and the vehicle control module 504 may be implemented as a single device.

[0113] The vehicle control module 504 may control the engine 540, converter / generator 542, transmission 544, window / door system 550, lighting system 552, seat system 554, mirror system 556, brake system 558, electric motor 560, and / or steering system 562 according to the parameters set by the modules 503, 504, 506, 508. The vehicle control module 504 may set some parameters based on signals received from the sensor 526. The vehicle control module 504 may receive power from the MODACS 502, which may be provided to the engine 540, converter / generator 542, transmission 544, window / door system 550, lighting system 552, seat system 554, mirror system 556, brake system 558, electric motor 560, and / or steering system 562, among others. Some vehicle control operations may include unlocking the doors of the window / door system 550, enabling fuel and spark to the engine 540, starting the electric motor 560, providing power to any of the systems 550, 552, 554, 556, 558, 562, and / or performing other operations as further described herein.

[0114] The engine 540 , converter / generator 542 , transmission 544 , window / door system 550 , lighting system 552 , seat system 554 , mirror system 556 , brake system 558 , electric motor 260 , and / or steering system 562 may include actuators controlled by the vehicle control module 504 to, for example, adjust fuel, spark, air flow, steering wheel angle, throttle position, pedal position, door locks, window position, seat angle, etc. This control may be based on the output of sensors 526 , navigation system 527 , GPS 528 , and the above data and information stored in memory 518 .

[0115] The vehicle control module 504 may determine various parameters including vehicle speed, engine speed, engine torque, gear state, accelerometer position, brake pedal position, amount of regenerative (charging) power, amount of boost (discharging) power, amount of auto start / stop discharge power, and / or other information such as the priority of the source terminals of the MODACS 502, the power, current, and voltage requirements of each source terminal, etc. The vehicle control module 504 may share this information and the vehicle operating mode with the MODACS control module 503. The MODACS control module 503 may determine other parameters such as: the amount of charging power at each source terminal; the amount of discharging power at each source terminal; the maximum and minimum voltage at the source terminals; the maximum and minimum voltage at the power rails, cells, blocks, packs, and / or groups; the SOX values ​​of the cells, blocks, packs, and / or groups; the temperatures of the cells, blocks, packs, and / or groups; the current values ​​of the cells, blocks, packs, and / or groups; the power values ​​of the cells, blocks, packs, and / or groups, etc. The MODACS control module 503 may determine the connection configuration of the cells and corresponding switch states as described herein based on parameters determined by the vehicle control module 504 and / or the MODACS control module 503 .

[0116] Fig.10 A MODACS 600 is shown, which includes a negative (or ground reference) terminal 602, source terminals 604, 606, 608, and a MODACS control module 610. Although three source terminals are shown, the MODACS 600 may include any number of source terminals. Negative terminal 602 is connected to negative terminal 612. Source terminals 604, 606, 608 supply and / or receive power at corresponding voltages. In the example shown, source terminals 604, 606, 608 are 48V, 12V, 12V terminals. In one embodiment, terminals 606, 608 are referred to as 12VA and 12VB terminals. Source terminal 604 may be connected to a starter generator unit (SGU) 620 and a 48V load 622. The 48V load may include, for example, a motor, a compressor, and / or other high voltage loads. SGU 620 is shown as an example. In one embodiment, one or more 48V starters, one or more 48V generators, and / or 48V SGUs are included. The source terminals 606 , 608 may be connected to a 12V starter 630 and a 12V load 632 .

[0117] Fig.11A MODACS 700 is shown, which includes a negative (or ground reference) terminal 702, source terminals 704, 706, 708, and a MODACS control module 710. Although three source terminals are shown, the MODACS 700 may include any number of source terminals. The negative terminal 702 may be connected to a ground reference terminal 712. The source terminals 704, 706, 708 supply and / or receive power at corresponding voltages. In the example shown, the source terminals 704, 706, 708 are 48V, 12V, 12V terminals. Terminals 706, 708 may be referred to as 12VA and 12VB terminals. The source terminal 704 may be connected to a starter generator unit (SGU) 720, a 48V load 722, and a 48V starter 724. The source terminals 706, 708 may be connected to a 12V load 730.

[0118] Based on the vehicle operating mode and the MODACS operating mode, the above SGU, 48V starter and / or 12V starter can be used for hot starting when the temperature of the corresponding engine is higher than a predetermined temperature. As an example, when operating in pure electric mode (engine off) and the SGU provides power to drive the vehicle, a 12V starter or a 48V starter can be used to start the engine. When the temperature of the corresponding engine is lower than a predetermined temperature, a 48V starter or a 12V starter can be used for cold starting. Figure 10 to Figure 11 is implemented without using a DC to DC converter.

[0119] Fig.12 A CAB module 1200 is shown including a CAB cell 1202, which may have any number of battery electrodes and capacitor electrodes as disclosed herein. The battery electrodes referred to herein have a cathode layer and an anode layer of a battery material. As an example, the cathode layer may be formed of LMO, LFP, NMC, LNMO, and / or other suitable battery cathode materials. The anode layer may be formed of silicon oxide (SiOx), LTO, graphite, and / or other suitable battery anode materials. The capacitor electrodes referred to herein have cathode and anode layers of capacitor materials. The capacitor cathode material may include activated carbon and / or other suitable capacitor cathode materials. The capacitor anode material may include graphite, lithiated graphite, lithiated SiOx, LTO, and / or other suitable capacitor anode materials. The CAB cell may include a predetermined number of battery cathode electrodes connected in parallel with the LIB+ terminal 1204, a predetermined number of battery anode electrodes connected in parallel with the LIB- terminal 1206, a predetermined number of capacitor cathode electrodes connected in parallel with the LIC+ terminal 1208, and a predetermined number of capacitor anode electrodes connected in parallel with the LIC- terminal 1210.

[0120] The LIB battery electrodes of the CAB cells 1202 are connected in series via a conductive element (e.g., wire) 1212. The LIC capacitor electrodes of the CAB cells 1202 are connected in series via a conductive element (e.g., wire) 1214. The LIB+ and LIC+ terminals of the first CAB cell are connected to respective switches 1220, 1222 via conductive elements 1218, 1219. The switches 1220, 1222 are connected to a positive terminal 1224. The LIB- and LIC- terminals of the last CAB cell are connected to a negative terminal 1228 via a conductive element 1226. Each of the CAB cells 1202 includes 4 terminals (or tabs).

[0121] The switches 1220, 1222 (referred to as LIB and LIC switches) are controlled via the MODACS control module 240. The MODACS control module 240 can be turned on (or the switches are turned to the ON state) and off (or the switches are turned to the OFF state) based on the operating mode. Table 1 provides exemplary operating modes and corresponding states of the LIB and LIC switches. For the example of Table 1, all LIB switches can be ON or OFF, and all LIC switches can be ON or OFF, and the CAB cell 1202 includes: a LIB cathode formed of NMC; a LIB and LIC anode formed of graphite; and a LIC cathode formed of activated carbon (AC).

[0122]

[0123] The MODACS module 240 can monitor the voltage across the LIB terminal and the LIC terminal of each CAB cell and, based on the voltage, turn on or off the switches 1220, 1222. The CAB cell voltage refers to the voltage provided by the CAB cell and can include the voltage across the LIB terminal, the LIC terminal, and / or a parallel-connected combination of the LIB terminal and the LIC terminal. Fig.12 In an example, when the CAB cell voltage and / or the voltage across the LIC terminal of each of one or more of the CAB cells is greater than or equal to 3.9 V, the MODACS control module 240 opens the switch 1222 to disconnect the LIC electrode. This allows the battery electrode to charge to a voltage greater than 3.9 while preventing the LIC electrode from charging beyond 3.9 V. As an example, the MODACS control module 240 may maintain the CAB cell voltage and / or the voltage across the LIB terminal to be less than or equal to 5 V.

[0124] The total voltage of the CAB module 1200 across the terminals 1224 and 1228 can be adjusted by the number of CAB cells included and connected in series. The total voltage of the CAB module 1200 can be, for example, 12V, 24V, 36V, 48V, etc. In one embodiment, the CAB cell 1202 and the switches 1220, 1222 are disposed in a single housing. In another embodiment, the switches 1220, 1222 are disposed in the housing of the first CAB cell.

[0125] One or more of the CAB cells 1202 and / or other CAB cells disclosed herein may be replaced with one or more non-CAB cells. The non-CAB cells do not include LIC terminals and / or electrodes. As an example, if one of the CAB cells 1202 is replaced with a non-CAB cell, the connections would be similar except that the LIC terminals of three CAB cells would be connected in series and the LIB terminals of four cells would be connected in series.

[0126] Fig.13 A CAB module 1300 is shown that includes CAB cells 1302. The CAB cells 1302 include: a LIB cathode formed of NMC, LIB and LIC anodes formed of graphite, and a LIC cathode formed of AC. Each CAB cell 1302 includes LIB terminals 1304, 1305 and LIC terminals 1306, 1307 and corresponding LIB switches 1308 and LIC switches 1310. The switches 1308, 1310 allow and corresponding conductive elements shown allow the LIB electrodes and LIC electrodes of each CAB cell to be selectively connected to the CAB module terminals 1320, 1322. The MODACS control module 240 can control the switches based on the operating mode. Table 2 shows exemplary operating modes and corresponding states of the switches 1308, 1310.

[0127]

[0128] The MODACS module 240 can selectively turn on (or connect) the LIB terminal of one or more of the CAB cells 1302, and selectively turn on the LIC terminal of one or more of the CAB cells 1302. This can be based on the voltage across the LIB terminal and the voltage across the LIC terminal of each CAB cell 1302 and / or the operating mode. Table 2 provides an example, where the LIC terminal of one or more of the CAB cells is turned on for cold start, boost, and auto start modes, and the LIC terminals of all CAB cells are disconnected or turned on for other modes. In one embodiment, the CAB cells 1302 and the switches 1308, 1310 are disposed in a single housing. In another embodiment, the switches 1308, 1310 are disposed in corresponding housings of the CAB cells 1302.

[0129] Fig.14 A CAB module 1400 including CAB cells 1402 is shown. The CAB cells 1402 include: a LIB cathode formed of NMC; a LIB and LIC anodes formed of graphite; and a LIC cathode formed of AC. Each CAB cell 1402 includes a LIB+ terminal 1404, a LIC+ terminal 1406, and a CAB- terminal 1408 (also referred to as a LIB and LIC shared anode terminal). The CAB module 1400 includes a LIC switch 1410 that connects the LIC+ terminal to the LIB+ terminal. Thus, the LIC+ terminal can be selectively connected by the MODACS module 240. The CAB cells 1402 are connected in series by a conductive element 1412 that connects the CAB- terminal of the CAB cell to the LIB+ terminal of the next CAB cell. The first LIB+ terminal and the last CAB- terminal are connected to the positive terminal 1420 and the negative terminal 1422 of the CAB module 1400, respectively. The MODACS control module 240 can control the switch based on the operation mode. Table 3 shows exemplary operating modes and corresponding states of switch 1410 .

[0130]

[0131] The MODACS module 240 can selectively turn on the LIC terminals of one or more of the CAB cells 1402. This can be based on the voltage across the LIB+ and CAB- terminals of each CAB cell 1402 and / or the voltage across the LIC+ and CAB- terminals and / or the operating mode. Table 3 provides an example, where for cold start and boost modes, the LIC terminals of one or more of the CAB cells are turned on, while for other modes, the LIC terminals of all CAB cells are turned off or turned on. In one embodiment, the CAB cells 1402 and the switch 1410 are disposed in a single housing. In another embodiment, the switch 1410 is disposed in the respective housing of the CAB cells 1402.

[0132] Fig.15 A CAB module 1500 is shown, which includes a single CAB cell 1502 having LIB terminals 1504, 1506 and LIC terminals 1508, 1510. The LIB+ terminal 1504 and the LIC+ terminal 1508 are connected to a positive terminal 1512 via respective switches 1514, 1516. The LIB- terminal 1506 and the LIC- terminal 1510 are connected to a negative terminal 1518. The CAB cell 1502 is implemented as a solid electrolyte (e.g., a ceramic-based lithium lanthanum zirconium oxide Li7La3Zr2O 12(LLZO)). CAB module 1500 is similar to CAB module 1200, but includes a single CAB cell with a solid electrolyte. The bipolar LIB and LIC electrodes of the solid-state battery cell can be such that for a current collector foil, one surface is coated with a cathode material such as NMC and the other surface is coated with an anode material such as graphite. The electrodes and the solid electrolyte layer between the electrodes of CAB cell 1502 can be filled with a solid electrolyte material. This is different from CAB cells that include a liquid or semi-liquid electrolyte. Figure 12 to Figure 14 The CAB cell may include, for example, a liquid electrolyte or may be a hybrid type and include a semi-liquid electrolyte. The electrolyte of each CAB cell fills the micropores of the electrodes and the separator between the electrodes in each CAB cell.

[0133] MODACS control module 240 ( Fig.15 (not shown) the states of switches 1514, 1516 may be controlled based on the LIB, LIC voltages and the total voltage of CAB cell 1502 and the operating mode. Exemplary states of switches 1514, 1516 for different operating modes are shown in Table 4.

[0134]

[0135] In one embodiment, the CAB cell 1502 and the switches 1514, 1516 are disposed in a single housing. In another embodiment, the switches 1514, 1516 are disposed in the housing of the CAB cell 1502. Like other CAB cells disclosed herein, the CAB cell 1502 has a bipolar architecture. The voltage of the CAB module 1500 can be adjusted by adjusting the size, material, spacing, etc. of the battery electrodes and capacitor electrodes included in the CAB cell 1502.

[0136] Fig.16 A CAB module 1600 is shown including a single CAB cell 1602 having a LIB+ terminal 1604, a LIC+ terminal 1606, and a CAB- terminal 1608. The terminals 1604, 1608 are connected to a positive terminal 1610 via respective switches 1612, 1614. The CAB- terminal 1608 is connected to a negative terminal 1616. The CAB cell 1602 may be implemented as an SSB cell. The CAB module 1600 is similar to the CAB module 1300, but includes a single CAB cell and a solid electrolyte.

[0137] MODACS control module 240 ( Fig.16(not shown) the states of switches 1612, 1614 may be controlled based on the LIB, LIC voltages and the total voltage of CAB cell 1602 and the operating mode. Exemplary states of switches 1612, 1614 for different operating modes are shown in Table 4.

[0138] Fig.17 A CAB module 1700 is shown including a dual CAB cell 1702 having LIB terminals 1704, 1706 and LIC terminals 1708, 1710. The LIB+ terminal 1704 and the LIC+ terminal 1708 of the first CAB cell are connected to a positive terminal 1712 via respective switches 1714, 1716. The LIB- terminal 1706 and the LIC- terminal 1710 of the second CAB cell are connected to a negative terminal 1718. The CAB cells 1702 are connected in series via conductive elements 1720.

[0139] CAB cell 1702 is implemented as a solid electrolyte (eg, ceramic = sulfide-based lithium germanium phosphosulfide Li 10 GeP2S 12 , (LGPS)) solid-state battery (SSB) cells. CAB module 1700 is similar to Fig.15 CAB module 1500 of the present invention but including two CAB cells. As an example, CAB cells 1702 can each provide 6V for the combined 12V at terminals 1712, 1718. Fig.15 The CAB cell 1502 of the CAB module 1500 can provide 12 V. The total voltage of the CAB module 1700 can be adjusted by adjusting the number of CAB cells connected in series and / or by adjusting the size, material, spacing, etc. of the battery electrodes and capacitor electrodes included in the CAB cell 1702.

[0140] MODACS control module 240 (in Fig.17 (not shown) the states of switches 1714, 1716 may be controlled based on the LIB, LIC and total voltages of CAB cells 1702 and the operating mode. Example states of switches 1714, 1716 for different operating modes are shown in Table 4.

[0141] In one embodiment, the CAB cell 1702 and the switches 1714, 1716 are disposed in a single housing. In another embodiment, the switches 1714, 1716 are disposed in the housing of the CAB cell 1702. The CAB cell 1702 has a bipolar architecture. The voltage of the CAB module 1700 can be adjusted based on, for example, the number of CAB cells included in the CAB module 1700.

[0142] Fig.18A CAB cell 1800 is shown having LIB terminals 1802, 1804 and LIC terminals 1806, 1808. Fig.18 , a sample cell architecture for a CAB cell 1800 is shown having three different types of electrodes: a LIB cathode electrode 1810 (one of which is shown), a LIC cathode electrode 1812 (one of which is shown), and an anode electrode 1814 (three of which are shown). A CAB cell with four terminals disclosed herein can have the composition of the CAB cell 1800. The CAB cell 1800 can have various quantities of each of the three types of electrodes. In one embodiment, a predetermined percentage (e.g., less than or equal to 4%) of the total number of LIB and LIC electrodes are LIC electrodes. Although in Fig.18 A specific number of each type of electrodes 1810, 1812, 1814 are shown, but any number of each type of electrode may be included.

[0143] In one embodiment, the LIB cathode electrode 1810 is formed of NMC, the anode electrode 1814 is formed of graphite, and the voltage can be 2.7V when the LIB side of the CAB cell 1800 is fully discharged (e.g., 60% charged), and can be 4.2V when fully charged (e.g., 80% charged). The voltage on the LIC side can be 2.7V-3.9V, and the LIC cathode and anode electrodes can be formed of activated carbon. The LIC anode electrode can be formed of graphite. As another example, if the LIB cathode electrode 1810 is formed of LNMO, the voltage range from fully discharged to fully charged can be 3-5V. If the LIB cathode electrode 1810 is formed of LFP, the voltage range from fully discharged to fully charged can be 2-3.65V.

[0144] the following Figures 19 to 22 Various exemplary cell terminal architectures are shown. Fig.19 A CAB cell 1900 is shown that includes a single CAB anode 1902 on the same side 1904 of the CAB cell 1900 as a LIB cathode 1906. The CAB cell 1900 includes a LIC cathode 1908 on an opposite side of the CAB cell 1900. Fig. 20 A CAB cell 2000 is shown that includes a single CAB anode 2002 on a different side of the CAB cell than the LIB and LIC cathodes 2004, 2006. As an example, Figure 19 to Figure 20 The material of the LIC cathode electrode of the CAB cells 1900 and 2000 may be formed of activated carbon, and the LIB anode electrode may be formed of NMC. The CAB anode electrode may be formed of graphite.

[0145] Fig.21A CAB cell 2100 is shown including a single CAB cathode 2102 on the same side as a LIB anode 2104. A LIC anode 2106 is on the side opposite the terminals 2102, 2104. Fig. 22 A CAB cell 2200 is shown that includes a single CAB cathode 2202 on a different side from the LIB and LIC anodes 2204 , 2206 .

[0146] As an example, Figure 21 to Figure 22 The material of the CAB cathode electrode of the CAB cells 2100 and 2200 may be formed of NMC. The LIC anode electrode may be formed of a metal oxide such as ruthenium oxide (RuO2) and graphene. The LIB anode electrode may be formed of graphite.

[0147] The CAB cell format of the CAB cell disclosed herein can be prismatic and / or capsule-shaped. For example, it can be included in, for example Fig. 7A The CAB cell type in the CAB module and / or other CAB modules disclosed herein may be based on a liquid electrolyte, a SSB type with a solid electrolyte, and / or may be a hybrid type including a semi-liquid electrolyte. The semi-liquid electrolyte may include, for example, (i) a liquid and a polymer, (ii) a liquid and ceramic particles, and / or (iii) other semi-liquid electrolytes. The total voltage of the CAB module series, non-CAB module series, CAB module and non-CAB module series, and CAB modules disclosed herein may all be approximately 12-150V.

[0148] Fig.23 An exemplary battery monitoring (or management) system (BMS) module 2300 for a battery pack 2302 having any number of blocks, modules, and cells is shown. In the example shown, the BMS module 2300 monitors the voltage, temperature, and current levels of the corresponding one or more cells of the block or pack 2302 and determines certain parameters. The parameters may include instantaneous charge and discharge power and current limits, short-term charge and discharge power and current limits, and continuous charge and discharge power and current limits. The parameters may also include minimum and maximum voltages, minimum and maximum operating temperatures, and SOX limits and / or values. The parameters output by the BMS module 2300 may be determined based on the monitored voltage, temperature, and / or current levels. The charge and discharge power and current capabilities of a 12V block or pack are affected by the minimum and maximum voltages, minimum and maximum operating temperatures, and SOX limits and / or values ​​of the corresponding cells. The BMS module 2300 may monitor individual cell voltages, temperatures, and current levels and determine the parameters based on this information. Parameters output by the BMS module 2300 are shown as arrows leaving the BMS module 2300. Parameters received by the BMS module 2300 are shown as arrows pointing toward the BMS module 2300.

[0149] As an example, the BMS module 2300 may include and / or be connected to sensors, such as a current sensor 2304 and a temperature sensor 2306, which may be used to detect the current level of the cells passing through the block or pack 2302 and the temperature of the block or pack 2302. As an example, the voltage across the block or pack may be detected as shown. In an embodiment, one or more voltage sensors may be included to detect the voltage of the block or pack 2302. The current sensor 2304 may be connected, for example, between the block or pack 2302 and a source terminal 2308, which may be connected to a load 2310. The temperature, voltage, and current levels are reported to the BMS module 2300 as some of the parameters received by the BMS module 2300.

[0150] Fig.24 A MODACS circuit 2400 including one or more source terminals is shown. The MODACS circuit 2400 may include multifunctional solid-state switches, switch drive circuits, current and voltage sensing circuits arranged in a minimum switch count topology to achieve on-demand capacity allocation to source terminals with similar or dissimilar preset (or target) voltages. The MODACS circuit 2400 is flexible, modular, and has minimal size, complexity, weight, and component count. For at least these reasons, the MODACS circuit 2400 minimizes manufacturing difficulty.

[0151] As shown, the MODACS circuit 2400 includes blocks, wherein each block includes one or more cells, 4 or more switches, a BMS module, and a source terminal with a corresponding power rail. An exemplary block 2402 is outlined and includes one or more cells 2404, 4 switches 2406, and a BMS module 2408. The cells can be CAB cells or non-CAB cells. CAB cells are shown as CAB blocks, and non-CAB cells are shown using battery symbols. Three of the switches 2406 connect the cells 2404 to the source terminals, respectively (e.g., 48V, 12VA, and 12VB source terminals are shown). The fourth of the four switches 2406 connects the cell 2404 to the ground reference (or negative terminal) 2412.

[0152] As shown, the blocks can be arranged in an array with rows and columns. Each block can be configured identically except for one in the row closest to the ground reference. In this row, each block includes three switches instead of four switches. Therefore, as shown, the corresponding cell is connected to the ground reference without using a switch.

[0153] As can be seen, the cells of each block can be connected to each source terminal. Any cell can be connected to any one or more of the source terminals. The first switch in the blocks in a row (or the first row) can be connected to the first source terminal (48V source terminal). The first switch in the blocks in one or more intermediate rows (for example, the second and third rows) can be connected to the cells in the previous row. This allows the cells in the blocks in each column to be connected in series. Under certain conditions, the blocks in the column are connected in series to form two or more block series, and multiple block series are connected in parallel to maximize the power to the first source terminal.

[0154] The MODACS circuit 2400 also includes a MODACS control module 2420 that controls the state of the group block. The MODACS control module 2420 receives a BMS signal from the BMS module and a system capacity request signal from the vehicle control module. Based on the priority, parameters of the voltage source terminals, and the power and current requirements indicated by the system capacity request signal, the MODACS control module 2420 determines the connection configuration and sets the state of the switch of the group block. The parameters may include the voltage, power level, current level, and temperature indicated in the BMS signal. The MODACS control module 2420 generates an actual capacity allocation signal indicating the capacity allocation for the source terminal. Depending on the following, the actual capacity allocation may not match the requested capacity allocation: the state of the MODACS (including whether there are any faults or short circuits); and the SOH of the battery cell. The actual capacity allocation signal can be transmitted from the MODACS control module 2420 to the vehicle control module.

[0155] The MODACS circuit 2400 includes a 12V switch matrix, architecture, and switch control to enable the elimination of 12V stabilization by using a DC to DC converter, such as a 48V to 12V DC to DC buck or boost converter, and / or the elimination of 12V and / or 48V redundant backup power supplies. The MODACS circuit 2400 has a minimum circuit, block, and switch configuration for one high-power high-voltage (e.g., V1 greater than or equal to 24V) source terminal and at least two low-power low-voltage (e.g., two 12V) source terminals. The switch can be a solid-state switch for fast and noiseless reconfiguration. The switch can be configured for bidirectional voltage and current blocking capabilities to prevent short circuits between the high-voltage source terminal and the low-voltage source terminal. Switches configured for unidirectional voltage and current blocking can be used to selectively minimize losses.

[0156] The switches can be implemented in a single chip or multi-chip package. The switches can include enhanced mode metal silicon oxide semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFETs), gallium nitride (GaN) FETs, silicon carbide (SiC) MOSFETs, insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs), and / or other switches. For impedance matching purposes, the switches can be in an ON state, an OFF state, or a linear operating state. The switches can be integrated with drivers and interlock logic to prevent short circuits between blocks, between different source terminals, and between source terminals and ground references. Based on vehicle control module requirements and status updates in the form of feedback signals from the BMS module of the block, the switches are controlled to achieve the desired capacity at each source terminal.

[0157] In one embodiment, the battery cell is a lithium battery cell, but it can be other types of battery cells. Fig.24 An example is provided to illustrate a minimalist architecture with a minimum number of blocks and a minimum number of switches per block to provide 48V, 12VA, and 12VB outputs without a DC-to-DC converter.

[0158] Fig.25 The electrode architecture of an exemplary CAB cell 2500 is shown. CAB cell 2500 includes battery electrodes (some of which are labeled 2502) and capacitor electrodes (some of which are labeled 2504) connected in a parallel combination. LIB anode electrode 2506 and LIC anode electrode 2508 are connected to the same terminal 2510. LIB cathode electrode 2512 and LIC cathode electrode 2514 are connected to the same terminal 2516. Each of electrodes 2506, 2508, and 2514 may include a cathode material layer or an anode material layer attached to a centrally disposed collector foil 2520 as described. A separator layer (not shown) may be disposed between adjacent electrode pairs. Fig.25 Provided as an example of a CAB cell. The CAB cells disclosed herein may have a similar architecture or a different architecture. For example, the CAB cell 2500 is shown as having two terminals, but may have three or more terminals and corresponding battery and capacitor electrodes.

[0159] Exemplary embodiments are provided so that the present disclosure will be thorough and the scope will be fully conveyed to those skilled in the art. Many specific details, such as examples of specific compositions, components, devices, and methods, are set forth to provide a thorough understanding of the embodiments of the present disclosure. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that specific details need not be employed, and that exemplary embodiments may be implemented in many different forms, and none should be construed as limiting the scope of the present disclosure. In some exemplary embodiments, well-known processes, well-known device structures, and well-known techniques are not described in detail.

[0160] Although the term first, second, third etc. can be used in this article to describe various steps, elements, components, regions, layers and / or sections, unless otherwise indicated, these steps, elements, components, regions, layers and / or sections should not be limited by these terms. These terms can only be used to distinguish a step, element, component, region, layer or section from another step, element, component, region, layer or section. Unless clearly indicated by context, terms such as "first", "second" and other numerical terms do not mean sequence or order when used in this article. Therefore, without departing from the teaching of exemplary embodiments, the first step, element, component, region, layer or section discussed hereinafter can be referred to as the second step, element, component, region, layer or section.

[0161] For ease of description, spatial or temporal relative terms, such as "before," "after," "inside," "outside," "under," "below," "lower," "above," "upper," etc., may be used herein to describe the relationship of one element or feature to another element or feature as shown in the drawings. The spatial or temporal relative terms may also be intended to encompass different orientations of the device or system in use or operation in addition to the orientation depicted in the drawings.

[0162] The foregoing description is merely illustrative in nature and is in no way intended to limit the present disclosure, its application or use. The broad teachings of the present disclosure can be implemented in a variety of forms. Therefore, although the present disclosure includes specific examples, the true scope of the present disclosure should not be limited thereto, because other modifications will become apparent after studying the drawings, the specification and the appended claims. It should be understood that one or more steps within the method can be performed in a different order (or simultaneously) without changing the principles of the present disclosure. In addition, although each embodiment is described above as having certain features, any one or more of those features described with respect to any embodiment of the present disclosure can be implemented in any other embodiment and / or implemented in combination with the features of any other embodiment, even if the combination is not explicitly described. In other words, the described embodiments are not mutually exclusive, and the arrangement of one or more embodiments with respect to each other is still within the scope of the present disclosure.

[0163] Various terms are used to describe the spatial and functional relationships between elements (e.g., between modules, circuit elements, semiconductor layers, etc.), including "connected," "engaged," "coupled," "adjacent," "near," "above," "above," "below," and "disposed." Unless explicitly described as "direct," when a relationship between a first element and a second element is described in the above disclosure, the relationship may be a direct relationship in which no other intermediate elements exist between the first element and the second element, but may also be an indirect relationship in which one or more intermediate elements exist (either spatially or functionally) between the first element and the second element. As used herein, the phrase at least one of A, B, and C should be interpreted to mean a logical (A OR B OR C) using a non-exclusive logical OR, and should not be interpreted to mean "at least one of A, at least one of B, and at least one of C."

[0164] In the drawings, the direction of the arrows, as shown by the arrowheads, generally demonstrates the flow of information (such as data or instructions) that the diagram is concerned with. For example, when element A and element B exchange various information, but the information transmitted from element A to element B is relevant to the diagram, the arrow may point from element A to element B. This unidirectional arrow does not mean that no other information is transmitted from element B to element A. In addition, for information sent from element A to element B, element B may send a request for the information or a receipt confirmation to element A.

[0165] In this application including the following definitions, the term "module" or the term "controller" may be replaced by the term "circuit". The term "module" may refer to, be part of, or include: an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC); a digital, analog, or mixed analog / digital discrete circuit; a digital, analog, or mixed analog / digital integrated circuit; a combinational logic circuit; a field programmable gate array (FPGA); a processor circuit (shared, dedicated, or group) that executes code; a storage circuit (shared, dedicated, or group) that stores code executed by the processor circuit; other suitable hardware components that provide the described functionality; or a combination of some or all of the above, such as in a system-on-chip.

[0166] The module may include one or more interface circuits. In some examples, the interface circuit may include a wired or wireless interface connected to a local area network (LAN), the Internet, a wide area network (WAN), or a combination thereof. The functionality of any given module of the present disclosure may be distributed among multiple modules connected via interface circuits. For example, multiple modules may allow for load balancing. In yet another example, a server (also referred to as a remote or cloud) module may perform certain functions on behalf of a client module.

[0167] The term "code" as used above may include software, firmware and / or microcode, and may refer to a program, a routine, a function, a class, a data structure and / or an object. The term "shared processor circuit" includes a single processor circuit that executes some or all of the code from multiple modules. The term "group processor circuit" includes such a processor circuit, which is combined with additional processor circuits to execute some or all of the code from one or more modules. References to multiple processor circuits include multiple processor circuits on discrete dies, multiple processor circuits on a single die, multiple cores of a single processor circuit, multiple threads of a single processor circuit, or a combination of the above. The term "shared memory circuit" includes a single memory circuit that stores some or all of the code from multiple modules. The term "group memory circuit" includes a memory circuit that is combined with additional memory to store part or all of the code from one or more modules.

[0168] The term "storage circuit" is a subset of the term "computer-readable medium". As used herein, the term "computer-readable medium" does not include transient electrical or electromagnetic signals propagated through the medium (such as on a carrier wave); the term "computer-readable medium" may therefore be considered to be tangible and non-transient. Non-limiting examples of non-transient tangible computer-readable media are non-volatile storage circuits (e.g., flash memory circuits, erasable programmable read-only memory circuits, or masked read-only memory circuits), volatile storage circuits (such as static random access memory circuits or dynamic random access memory circuits), magnetic storage media (such as analog or digital magnetic tapes or hard drives), and optical storage media (such as CDs, DVDs, or Blu-ray discs).

[0169] The apparatus and methods described in this application may be implemented partially or completely by a special purpose computer, which is produced by configuring a general purpose computer to perform one or more specific functions implemented in a computer program. The above-mentioned function blocks, flow chart components and other elements are used as software specifications, which can be converted into a computer program through routine work of a technician or programmer.

[0170] The computer program includes processor executable instructions stored on at least one non-transitory tangible computer readable medium. The computer program may also include or rely on stored data. The computer program may include a basic input / output system (BIOS) that interacts with the hardware of the special-purpose computer, device drivers that interact with specific devices of the special-purpose computer, one or more operating systems, user applications, background services, background applications, etc.

[0171] A computer program may include: (i) descriptive text to be parsed, such as HTML (Hypertext Markup Language), XML (Extensible Markup Language), or JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) (ii) assembly code, (iii) object code generated from source code by a compiler, (iv) source code for execution by a compiler, (v) source code for compilation and execution by a just-in-time compiler, etc. By way of example only, the source code may be written using syntax from languages ​​including: C, C++, C#, Objective C, Swift, Haskell, Go, SQL, R, Lisp, Java®, Fortran, Perl, Pascal, Curl, OCaml, Javascript®, HTML5 (Hypertext Markup Language Fifth Edition), Ada, ASP (Active Server Pages), PHP (PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor), Scala, Eiffel, Smalltalk, Erlang, Ruby, Flash®, Visual Basic®, Lua, MATLAB, SIMULINK, and Python®.

Claims

1. A capacitor-assisted battery module, comprising: case; Positive terminal; Negative terminal; A plurality of capacitor-assisted battery cells disposed in the housing, each capacitor-assisted battery cell comprising: a battery cathode terminal, a capacitor cathode terminal, a battery anode terminal, and a capacitor anode terminal; a plurality of first switches; and A plurality of second switches, wherein a total voltage of the capacitor-assisted battery module is measured across the positive terminal and the negative terminal; and The battery cathode terminal and the battery anode terminal of each capacitor-assisted battery cell are arranged on a first side of the capacitor-assisted battery cell, the capacitor cathode terminal and the capacitor anode terminal are arranged on an opposite second side of the capacitor-assisted battery cell, the battery cathode terminal of a first capacitor-assisted battery cell among the plurality of capacitor-assisted battery cells is connected to the positive terminal via a first switch, the capacitor cathode terminal of a first capacitor-assisted battery cell among the plurality of capacitor-assisted battery cells is connected to the positive terminal via a second switch, the battery cathode terminal of an intermediate capacitor-assisted battery cell among the plurality of capacitor-assisted battery cells is connected to the battery anode terminal of a previous capacitor-assisted battery cell and the capacitor anode terminal via the first switch, and the plurality of capacitor-assisted battery cells are connected to the positive terminal via a second switch. A capacitor cathode terminal of a middle capacitor-assisted battery cell in the cell is connected to a battery anode terminal and a capacitor anode terminal of a previous capacitor-assisted battery cell via a second switch, a battery cathode terminal of a last capacitor-assisted battery cell among the plurality of capacitor-assisted battery cells is connected to a battery anode terminal and a capacitor anode terminal of a previous capacitor-assisted battery cell via a first switch, a capacitor cathode terminal of the last capacitor-assisted battery cell among the plurality of capacitor-assisted battery cells is connected to a battery anode terminal and a capacitor anode terminal of a previous capacitor-assisted battery cell via a second switch, and a battery anode terminal and a capacitor anode terminal of the last capacitor-assisted battery cell among the plurality of capacitor-assisted battery cells are connected to the negative terminal.

2. The capacitor-assisted battery module according to claim 1, wherein: The plurality of capacitor-assisted battery cells include a liquid organic electrolyte.

3. The capacitor-assisted battery module of claim 1, wherein: The plurality of capacitor-assisted battery cells include solid-state battery cells; and The solid-state battery cell includes a solid-state electrolyte.

4. The capacitor-assisted battery module of claim 1, wherein: The plurality of capacitor-assisted battery cells include hybrid cells; and The hybrid battery cell includes a semi-liquid electrolyte.

5. A modular dynamic capacity allocation storage system, comprising: One or more battery modules, comprising a capacitor-assisted battery module according to any one of claims 1 to 4; one or more source terminals that supply power at a first voltage potential to a first load; as well as one or more third switches, The one or more battery modules are configured to supply power to the one or more source terminals based on one or more states of the one or more third switches.

6. A capacitor-assisted battery module comprising: case; Positive terminal; Negative terminal; a plurality of capacitor-assisted battery cells disposed in the housing, each capacitor-assisted battery cell comprising: a battery cathode terminal, a capacitor cathode terminal, and a shared anode terminal; and a plurality of first switches configured to connect a battery cathode terminal of each capacitor-assisted battery cell and a capacitor cathode terminal; wherein a total voltage of the capacitor-assisted battery module is measured across the positive terminal and the negative terminal; and The battery cathode terminal and the shared anode terminal of each capacitor-assisted battery cell are arranged on a first side of the capacitor-assisted battery cell, the capacitor cathode terminal is arranged on an opposite second side of the capacitor-assisted battery cell, the battery cathode terminal of a first capacitor-assisted battery cell among the plurality of capacitor-assisted battery cells is connected to the positive terminal, the battery cathode terminal of an intermediate capacitor-assisted battery cell among the plurality of capacitor-assisted battery cells is connected to the shared anode terminal of a previous capacitor-assisted battery cell through a conductive element, the battery cathode terminal of a last capacitor-assisted battery cell among the plurality of capacitor-assisted battery cells is connected to the shared anode terminal of the previous capacitor-assisted battery cell through a conductive element, and the shared anode terminal of the last capacitor-assisted battery cell among the plurality of capacitor-assisted battery cells is connected to the negative terminal.

7. The capacitor-assisted battery module according to claim 6, wherein: The plurality of capacitor-assisted battery cells include a liquid organic electrolyte.

8. The capacitor-assisted battery module of claim 6, wherein: The plurality of capacitor-assisted battery cells include solid-state battery cells; and The solid-state battery cell includes a solid-state electrolyte.

9. The capacitor-assisted battery module of claim 6, wherein: The plurality of capacitor-assisted battery cells include hybrid cells; and The hybrid battery cell includes a semi-liquid electrolyte.

10. A modular dynamic capacity allocation storage system, comprising: One or more battery modules, comprising a capacitor-assisted battery module according to any one of claims 6 to 9; one or more source terminals that supply power at a first voltage potential to a first load; as well as one or more second switches, Wherein, the one or more battery modules are configured to supply power to the one or more source terminals based on one or more states of the one or more second switches.

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