Quantum computer architecture based on multi-qubit gates

Abstract

The present disclosure describes various aspects of practical implementations of a multi-qubit gate architecture. A method is described, which includes enabling ions with three energy levels in an ion trap; enabling a slow-heating motion mode (e.g., a sawtooth mode) in the ground state of motion of the ions in the ion trap; and performing a CZ protocol using the slow-heating motion mode as the motion state of the CZ protocol and one of the energy levels as the auxiliary state of the CZ protocol, wherein performing the CZ protocol includes implementing a multi-qubit gate. The method also includes using a multi-qubit gate to execute one or more algorithms, including Grover's algorithm, Shor's factorization algorithm, quantum approximate optimization algorithm (QAOA), error correction algorithms, and quantum simulation and Hamiltonian simulation. A corresponding system that supports the implementation of the multi-qubit gate architecture is also described.

Description

[0001] CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0002] This patent application claims priority to U.S. Non-Provisional Application No. 16 / 708,025, filed on December 9, 2019, entitled “QUANTUM COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE BASED ON MULTI-QUBIT GATES,” and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62 / 789,875, filed on January 8, 2019, entitled “QUANTUM COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE BASED ON MULTI-QUBIT GATES,” the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. Technical Field

[0003] Aspects of the present disclosure relate generally to quantum systems, and more particularly to practical implementations of multi-qubit gate architectures in trapped ion systems for performing quantum operations. Background Art

[0004] Conventional quantum computer architectures that can be considered for practical implementation are based on the execution of a basic universal set of gates, usually defined by single-qubit gates and two-qubit gates. This mainly stems from the fact that multi-qubit gates (or multi-qubit gates) are difficult to implement reliably in practice. In trapped ion systems, direct implementations of multi-qubit gates have been proposed and even demonstrated in experiments, albeit of very low quality. Multi-qubit gates assembled from several single-qubit gates and two-qubit gates perform better and have been the preferred approach so far. Due to the difficulties of practical implementation, there is a lack of systematic design efforts to build computing machines with this approach.

[0005] The great advantage of operating a quantum computer based on arbitrary multi-qubit gates stems from the efficient way in which different algorithms can be decomposed into the native instruction set of a quantum computer or quantum information processing (QIP) system. For example, the controlled-n-controlled-NOT gate (e.g., a three-qubit gate also known as a Tofffoli gate) is fundamental to many quantum algorithms (such as arithmetic circuits, optimization algorithms, and Grover's algorithm), and typically requires that it be decomposed into six (6) two-qubit gates (e.g., CNOT gates) in order to be practically implementable. Therefore, rather than having to use a single multi-qubit gate and decompose it into many smaller local operations (e.g., a two-qubit gate), being able to execute multiple such multi-qubit gates as their own single local operation can allow for a more efficient implementation of various quantum algorithms in a quantum computer or QIP system.

[0006] Therefore, there is a need for techniques that allow practical implementation of flexible multi-qubit gates for quantum computing, including implementation in trapped-ion qubit chains. Summary of the invention

[0007] The following provides a simplified summary of one or more aspects to provide a basic understanding of these aspects. This summary is not an extensive overview of all contemplated aspects, and is neither intended to identify key or essential elements of all aspects, nor to delineate the scope of any or all aspects. Its purpose is to present some concepts of one or more aspects in a simplified form as a prelude to a more detailed description that is presented later.

[0008] This disclosure describes techniques for practical implementation of multi-qubit gate architectures in trapped ion systems for quantum computing. In addition, this disclosure describes various application circuits that can be implemented in such architectures to achieve performance gains.

[0009] In one aspect of the present disclosure, a method for implementing a multi-qubit gate using an ion trap is described, the method comprising enabling ions in the ion trap, the ions comprising three energy levels, enabling a low-heating rate motion mode in a motion ground state of the ions in the ion trap, and executing a Cirac and Zoller (CZ) protocol using the low-heating rate motion mode as a motion state of the CZ protocol and one of the energy levels as an auxiliary state of the CZ protocol, wherein executing the CZ protocol comprises implementing the multi-qubit gate using at least a subset of the ions in the ion trap.

[0010] In another aspect of the present disclosure, a system for implementing a multi-qubit gate in an ion trap is described, the system comprising an ion trap having a plurality of ions including three energy levels, an optical controller configured to control the ions in the ion trap, and a configuration component, wherein the configuration component is configured to enable a slow-rate heating-up motion mode in a motion ground state of the ions in the ion trap, and to execute a CZ protocol using at least the slow-rate heating-up motion mode as a motion state of the CZ protocol and one energy level as an auxiliary state of the CZ protocol through the optical controller, wherein the CZ protocol uses at least a subset of the ions in the ion trap to implement the multi-qubit gate.

[0011] Described herein are methods, apparatus, and computer-readable storage media for various aspects associated with implementation of multi-qubit gate architectures in trapped ion systems and application circuits for such architectures. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0012] The drawings depict only some embodiments and therefore should not be considered limiting in scope.

[0013] Figure 1 An example of a general description of a protocol for implementing a multi-qubit gate according to aspects of the present disclosure is illustrated.

[0014] Figure 2A A diagram illustrating the trapping of atomic ions in a linear crystal according to aspects of the present disclosure.

[0015] Figure 2B An example of a zigzag pattern of trapped atomic ions according to aspects of the present disclosure is illustrated.

[0016] Figure 3 An example of an optical addressing scheme for implementing a multi-qubit gate using trapped atomic ions according to aspects of the present disclosure is illustrated.

[0017] Figure 4 is a diagram illustrating an example of a computer device according to aspects of the present disclosure.

[0018] Figure 5 is a flow chart illustrating an example of a method according to aspects of the present disclosure.

[0019] Fig. 6A is a block diagram illustrating an example of a quantum information processing (QIP) system according to aspects of the present disclosure.

[0020] Figure 6B is a diagram illustrating an aspect of the present disclosure Fig. 6A A block diagram of an example of algorithmic components of a QIP system. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0021] The detailed description set forth below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings is intended as a description of various configurations and is not intended to represent the only configuration in which the concepts described herein can be practiced. The detailed description includes specific details for providing a thorough understanding of the various concepts. However, it is apparent to those skilled in the art that these concepts can be practiced without these specific details. In some cases, well-known components are shown in block diagram form to avoid confusing these concepts.

[0022] In their original work, Cirac and Zoller (CZ) described a protocol for realizing or implementing multi-qubit gates or multi-controlled gates, such as the n-controlled Z gate (CZ). n-Z gate (see, e.g., Quantum Computations with Cold Trapped Ions, Phys. Rev. Lett. 74, 4091, published May 15, 1995). An example of using an n-time controlled Z gate is a controlled-controlled-NOT gate (CCNOT), which uses two controls (CC-Z, plus two Hadamard gates), also known as a Toffoli gate. The Toffoli gate is a 3-qubit gate and is a universal gate for quantum computing. The n-time controlled Z gate can be used for a larger number of qubits (e.g., more than three qubits for the Tofffoli gate). For example, with a set of 4 qubits in states x1, x3, x4, and x6 (e.g., a subset of qubits 1, 3, 4, and 6 from a larger set of qubits), if control qubits 1, 3, and 4 are in state "1" and qubit 6 is also in state "1", then the sign of qubit 6 flips, otherwise the sign of qubit 6 does not flip, i.e., qubit 6 remains unchanged. In this example, changing the sign of qubit 6 effectively changes the sign of the overall quantum state of the four qubits involved. Since the n-times controlled Z-gate essentially flips the sign of the overall state of the qubits involved if and only if all qubits are in the "1" state, the "target" is not specially specified. When qubit 6 is supplemented with two Hadamard gates before and after applying the n-times controlled Z-gate, this is an example of a controlled-controlled-controlled-not gate with three controls (CCCNOT), where qubits 1, 3, and 4 are the controls. In general, an n-times controlled Z-gate can be turned into an n-times controlled not gate by applying two Hadamard gates on both sides to a "special" qubit, thereby transforming that qubit into a target qubit. The n-times controlled Z-gate is a very special gate, and the protocol described by Cirac and Zoller, while theoretically possible, is challenging to implement with high fidelity in real life.

[0023] In 1999, and A two-qubit gate (hereafter referred to as the MS gate) for quantum computing is proposed. The gate is found to be more practical than the gate proposed using the Cirac and Zoller (CZ) protocol. The MS gate overcomes many practical challenges and non-idealities of gates based on the CZ protocol or CZ gates, such as sensitivity to thermal motion of ions. High-fidelity implementation of the CZ gate requires cooling and maintaining the ion motion to the quantum mechanical ground state, which adds experimentally challenging requirements. As a result, little attention is paid to the CZ protocol today because it is difficult to implement and there is a viable alternative. Therefore, current architectures for building quantum computers or quantum information processing (QIP) systems are based on the use of MS gates.

[0024] However, CZ gates are desirable because certain multi-qubit gates can be implemented directly using them, and they are flexible, allowing any n qubits to be picked or selected from a larger set of qubits to implement a multi-qubit gate, making CZ gates superior to MS gates for efficiently executing some important quantum algorithms. While MS gates can be used to implement multi-qubit gates, they are typically limited to a uniform combination of pairwise (two-qubit) interactions between all possible pairs in the qubit set, rather than multi-qubit interactions as are possible with CZ gates, making the use of MS gates less efficient than CZ gates in many algorithmic implementations. An example of this approach is described in U.S. Patent Application No. 16 / 234,112, filed December 27, 2018, entitled “USE OF GLOBAL INTERACTIONS IN EFFICIENT QUANTUM CIRCUIT CONSTRUCTIONS,” the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.

[0025] Current QIP systems based on trapped ion technology (e.g., using ion traps, also called surface traps) can provide a framework in which CZ gates can be implemented by circumventing the problems and challenges originally found in their implementation. This will allow various types of algorithms to be decomposed into more efficient ways using CZ gates. Certain problems naturally decompose into so-called primitive gates. If these primitive gates can be implemented in a quantum computer or QIP system, then the respective problem can be solved very efficiently. For example, a CZ gate implemented with two qubit gates 4 -Z gates may require as many as 15 or 16 MS gates. Therefore, many two-qubit gates may be needed to factor C n -Z gates, which in turn can be implemented using a single multi-qubit gate (e.g., a CZ gate). In another example, the typical number of two-qubit gates (e.g., CNOT gates) required to implement n controlled NOT gates scales linearly with n (~An, where A is a constant, approximately 12). While in principle one can take a multi-qubit gate and decompose it into pairs of gates (e.g., two-qubit MS gates), this approach is not very efficient because many MS gates are required in most cases. Furthermore, if the system is restricted to applying two-qubit gates to nearest neighbors (or other constraints), the general gate count may increase further due to these constraints, depending on the distribution of the n+1 qubits participating in the gates in the rest of the qubit system.

[0026] This disclosure describes how various aspects of a CZ gate can be efficiently implemented using trapped ion technology, and once implemented, how the CZ gate can be utilized in a very efficient manner to perform various algorithms and / or calculations.

[0027] First, to implement a CZ gate using trapped ion technology, it may be necessary to use three (3) separate energy levels within a single atom or ion. These energy levels may be referred to as |0> and |1> for the qubit states, with |a> being some form of auxiliary state available (see, e.g., Figure 1 ). Therefore, each atom or ion in an ion trap or surface trap used as part of ion trap technology will have this configuration. In current trapped ion systems, people focus on exploiting only two energy levels in an atom or ion.

[0028] Second, once the charged atoms are loaded into the trap, they all interact due to Coulomb interactions (mutual repulsion due to charge), which results in coupled motions of the positions of the ions in the chain, called states of motion. That is, if any one ion is shaken, then all of them will be shaken. If there are k ions, then there will be 3k normal modes of motion or states of motion (k normal modes in each of the x, y, and z directions). Focusing on one of the directions (e.g., one of the two transverse modes in the ion chain), a non-trivial one of these modes of motion is the center-of-mass (CoM) mode, in which all the charged atoms (ions or atom-ions) move together. Another of these modes of motion is the zigzag mode, in which neighboring ions move in opposite directions (see e.g., Figure 2B ). As mentioned above, for a CZ gate, a mode where all ions are coupled is ideal to allow many-body interactions. CoM and zigzag modes are examples of such modes, where if one of the ions is hit (e.g., motion is stimulated), the motion of all other ions is stimulated. The condition for achieving a CZ gate is to pick or choose a mode where all ions are well coupled to their motion states.

[0029] The mode to be used is the CoM mode, as proposed by Cirac and Zoller. This brings its own set of challenges, which is why the original protocol implementing the CZ gate has not been widely used, and the MS gate has become the preferred method.

[0030] Figure 1 A diagram 100 is shown, which illustrates a general description of the original protocol for implementing a multi-qubit gate proposed by Cirac and Zoller. As part of the original protocol, the state of motion, i.e., the CoM mode, needs to be reduced to the ground state of motion (e.g., |0> m ). That is, the motion state needs to be cooled by removing all the quanta of motion and then leaving the motion state in a quantum mechanical ground state of motion for the duration of the gate. This is not normally easy to do, but current ion trap technology is now able to bring the motion state to and keep it in the ground state of motion.

[0031] There may be multiple states to consider, shown in diagram 100 as x1, x2, x3, ..., x n , corresponding to the qubits (e.g., ions) used to implement the multi-qubit gate. It should be understood that these states are provided by way of illustration and that the protocol has the flexibility to use the states of any set or subset of ions in the trap. As part of the protocol, the first state x1 first interacts with the motion state as a CoM mode (operation 1), then the next state x2 interacts with the motion state (operation 2), then the next state x3 interacts with the motion state (operation 3), and this continues until the last state x n Interact with the state of motion (operation n). Lasers or light beams can be used to excite various states to interact with the state of motion.

[0032] Once this part of the protocol is complete, the protocol continues by going back and having the states interact with the motion state in reverse order. For example, state x3 interacts with the motion state (operation 2n-3), state x2 interacts with the motion state (operation 2n-2), and finally state x1 interacts with the motion state (operation 2n-1). Thus, the entire protocol brings the state up when interacting with the motion state, and then brings the state down when interacting with the motion state again, with the interactions involving separate energy levels and the motion state, in this case the CoM state. At the end of the protocol, the result is a very specific multi-qubit gate.

[0033] Use the above combination Figure 1 One of the challenges of the approach outlined in the diagram 100 in is that after bringing the motional state to the motional ground state and performing the various operations of the protocol, the motional state will be in a specific (entangled and superposition) state of the ground state and an excited state with only one excitation, and cannot be changed from that specific motional state, otherwise the protocol will not work and the multi-qubit gate will not operate as expected. But there is always some natural or induced heating that occurs in the motional state. For example, some electric field fluctuations present in the well that holds the ions (e.g., qubits) can cause the motional state to be excited and cause it to break away from the specific motional state produced during the gate process. In other words, heating can transform the motional state from a specific state (consisting of only the ground state and an excited state with only one excitation) to a hot state, causing the protocol / multi-qubit gate to perform poorly. Because the CoM mode is difficult to keep cold all the time, the original CZ protocol used to implement multi-qubit gates is difficult to implement with high fidelity in practice.

[0034] The present disclosure proposes a different approach. Instead of using CoM modes as motion states, it is proposed to use slow heating modes (e.g., motion modes with high spatial frequencies) to implement multi-qubit gates. In addition, the present disclosure proposes to use Zeeman levels or D levels (e.g., metastable excited states) as auxiliary states, where various methods can be used to improve the coherence time of these states (e.g., using ytterbium (Yb) and barium (Ba) schemes). Other features proposed in the present disclosure include an optical addressing scheme for implementing the system, a gate design that uses amplitude modulation / frequency modulation (AM / FM)-like techniques to make it robust to mode frequency drift, the use of compensated pulse techniques to make red-sideband pi (π) and 2pi (2π) pulses robust to laser intensity drift, and considerations of spin and motion phases and how to robustly control them.

[0035] For the motion state, one approach is to use a sawtooth pattern or a near sawtooth pattern for the slow ramp mode. Figure 2A A diagram 200a of the trapping of atomic ions 220 in a linear crystal 210 is shown, where the atomic ions 220 (eg, qubits) can be excited into a zigzag pattern, such as Figure 2B The linear crystal 210 can be formed in a vacuum chamber that houses the electrodes as part of an ion trap (see, e.g. Fig. 6A An ion trap 670 in the apparatus is provided to confine the atomic ions 220.

[0036] Return to reference Figure 2A As shown in diagram 200a in FIG. 2 , atomic ions 220 trapped and forming a linear crystal 210 can be used to implement quantum information processing, and thus implement the multi-qubit gates required for such processing. Atom-based qubits can be used as different types of devices, including but not limited to quantum memories, quantum gates in quantum computers and simulators, and nodes in quantum communication networks. Qubits based on trapped atomic ions have very good coherence properties, can be prepared and measured with an efficiency close to 100%, and can be easily entangled with each other by modulating their Coulomb interactions with a suitable external control field (e.g., a light field or a microwave field). As used in this disclosure, the terms "atomic ions," "atoms," and "ions" can be used interchangeably to describe particles that will be confined or actually confined in a trap to form a crystal or similar arrangement or configuration.

[0037] A typical ion trap geometry or structure used for quantum information and metrology purposes is a linear radio frequency (RF) Paul trap (also called RF trap, surface trap or simply Paul trap), in which nearby electrodes maintain static and dynamic potentials, resulting in effective inhomogeneous harmonic confinement of ions. An RF Paul trap is a trap that uses an electric field to trap or confine charged particles to a specific area, position or location. When atomic ions are laser-cooled to very low temperatures in such a trap, the atomic ions form a stable qubit crystal (e.g., a structured arrangement of qubits) with Coulomb repulsion balancing the external confinement forces. To obtain sufficient trap anisotropy, the ions can form a linear crystal along the weak confinement direction, which is a commonly used arrangement in quantum information and metrology applications. As described above, electric field fluctuations that may be induced by nearby electrodes in the trap can heat the motion state from the ground state or zero mode or state to a hot state.

[0038] In the example shown in diagram 200a, ytterbium ions (e.g., 171 Yb + ions) are cooled to almost stillness by laser. The number of trapped atomic ions 220 is configurable. In this example, as shown by fluorescence, the atomic ions 220 are separated from each other by a distance 215 of about 5 micrometers (μm). The separation of atomic ions depends on the balance between external restraining forces and Coulomb repulsion.

[0039] Strong fluorescence of individual trapped atomic ions depends on efficient recycling of photons, so the atomic structure of the ions must have strong closed optical transitions that allow laser cooling motion, qubit state initialization, and efficient qubit readout. This may rule out many atomic ion species, except for simple atomic ions with isolated outer electrons, such as alkaline earth metals (Be + Mg + ,Ca + ,Sr + ,Ba + ) and certain transition metals (Zn + ,Hg + ,Cd + and Yb + ). In these atomic ions, a qubit can be represented by two stable electronic energy levels, often characterized by an effective spin with two states |↑> and |↓> or equivalently |1> and |0>.

[0040] For coherent transitions between qubit energy levels, there may be single-qubit rotation operations and entangled multi-qubit operations. Single-qubit rotation operations may also be called single-qubit operations or simply qubit flips. Regarding entangled multi-qubit operations, the motions of many trapped ions are coupled via Coulomb interactions, much like an array of pendulums connected by springs. A natural way to implement entangled quantum logic gates between atomic ions in a crystal is to use motion as an intermediary.

[0041] Back to reference Figure 2B Diagram 200b in , shows an example in which several atomic ions 220 are arranged in a zigzag pattern, with adjacent ions moving in opposite directions as indicated by the arrows. The pattern has a well-defined frequency based in part on the spacing 215 between the atomic ions 220. Due to its high spatial frequency, it turns out that this mode does not heat up well (e.g., it is a slow heating mode). That is, once the zigzag pattern cools to its motional ground state, a method of exciting this mode out of its motional ground state is to make the electric field noise or fluctuations, for example, generated by the electrodes in the trap, have a spatial pattern or contour that closely matches the spatial contour of the zigzag pattern. Given that the atomic ions 220 are approximately 5 μm apart from each other, it is unlikely that any existing low-noise electric field fluctuations will match the spatial pattern or contour of the zigzag pattern. Therefore, the zigzag mode will typically stay in its motional ground state, which is desirable if the zigzag mode is used as a motion state of the CZ protocol to implement a multi-qubit gate.

[0042] Another requirement for the efficient implementation of CZ gates using trapped ion technology is to have three (3) separate energy levels. Figure 1 100 is shown as |0>, |1>, and auxiliary state |a>. As described above, the present disclosure proposes to use the Zeeman level or D level (e.g., metastable excited state) as the auxiliary state |a>. To achieve this, the operating environment needs to be quite stable, for example, by good magnetic field shielding (or other forms of shielding) to protect the atomic ion 220.

[0043] exist Figure 3An optical scheme that can be used as part of a quantum computer or QIP system to enable the implementation and use of multi-qubit gates is described in diagram 300 in , where a single broad beam 310 is applied to all atomic ions 220 from one direction, and then each atomic ion 220 is individually addressed (e.g., individually controlled) with a dedicated beam 320 from another direction. In this example, the two beams drive Raman transitions between different qubit energy levels (typically in the ground state). The directions of the beams 310 and 320 can be 180 degrees to each other (e.g., in opposite directions) or 90 degrees to each other (e.g., in perpendicular or normal directions). By placing the beams in this configuration, and by using appropriate polarization, the qubit states and auxiliary states of individual atomic ions 220 can be addressed. When the D energy level is desired, a frequency-stabilized laser beam focused on each ion can be used to drive the transition to the D energy level.

[0044] Another aspect related to the implementation and use of multi-qubit gates based on trapped ion technology is that the trapping potential of the confined ions may fluctuate over time, which can cause the frequency of the motion state (e.g., the mode frequency) to drift a little. Although this mode frequency drift can be stabilized in principle, it does drift in practical situations, and the system needs to be able to handle frequency changes as they occur. When implementing multi-qubit gates and interacting with them, it is important to know exactly what the frequency of the mode is so that techniques can be used to make the interaction robust to drift. For example, by performing amplitude modulation (AM) and / or frequency modulation (FM) on the laser or light beam involved in the interaction (e.g., by using an acousto-optic modulator (AOM)), the pulse or pulse sequence provided by the laser beam can be adjusted and / or designed to be more robust to frequency drift. That is, the pulse or pulse sequence can be made less sensitive to frequency drift and / or compensated for by AM and / or FM modulation.

[0045] Another aspect related to the implementation and use of multi-qubit gates based on trapped ion technology is the situation where there is a laser or light beam used to interact with the multi-qubit gate and the intensity of the laser beam varies or drifts. Although the intensity of the laser beam can be adjusted directly, this may not be sufficient to obtain the desired level of precision (e.g., an accuracy of 10 -4 ). One approach that can be used in this case is to apply a compensation pulse or compensation sequence technique, where instead of a pulse shining on the multi-qubit gate, a pulse sequence with varying phase is used to produce an overall stable laser beam intensity. Similar approaches have been used for nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and can be adapted for multi-qubit gates.

[0046] As described above, the present disclosure proposes to use high-order modes for motion states (e.g., sawtooth modes, slow heating modes, high spatial frequency modes) and use the internal states of atoms as auxiliary states (e.g., Zeeman levels or D levels) to implement the CZ protocol while overcoming the problems and challenges that initially made the CZ protocol difficult to implement. This then allows the direct implementation of multi-qubit gates (e.g., n-times controlled Z gates or CZ gates). n -Z gate), without having to use a two-qubit gate (e.g., an MS gate) to decompose the gate into a large number of pairwise interactions.

[0047] With the ability to implement multi-qubit gates or multi-control gates using various modifications of the CZ protocol described above using trapped ion technology, and the added ability to maintain the quality of these types of gates over the long times required to perform a given quantum computation by using, for example, individual optical addressing, mode frequency drift compensation, and / or laser beam intensity drift compensation, a variety of algorithms can now be executed more efficiently.

[0048] The first such algorithm was Grover’s algorithm, an algorithm for solving the satisfiability problem, where the implementation of multi-qubit gates allowed for efficient circuit-level implementations of oracles or similar functions.

[0049] Grover's algorithm can be used for various types of search problems, including unsorted database searches, whereby searches performed from a quantum computing approach can be performed in an optimal manner, achieving quadratic speed improvements over the best classical computing approach. For example, when looking through a phone book organized by last name and provided with a person's number, in order to find out whose number is the number provided, in a classical computing approach, every entry in that phone book would have to be looked through until a match for that number is found, because the phone book is not sorted by phone number, except for the special case where the phone number is associated with a person's last name. So if there are m entries, it would take m looks in the worst case, or m / 2 on average, to find a name that matches the number provided. In contrast, if the phone book is stored in a quantum database, what can be done is to create an oracle, which is a construct or function of the predicate to be searched. So while the oracle can identify the answer, it is not configured to find the answer.

[0050] Typically, an oracle can be constructed to receive a single input and return a "1" or similar / equivalent indicator as an output if that input is the correct answer, otherwise return a "0" or similar / equivalent indicator as an output if the input is not the correct answer. Thus, an oracle allows for a query to be provided as input, much like looking up a number in a phone book database. Traditionally, only one query can be made at a time. Classic oracles return an output of either "0" or "1" depending on whether the provided input satisfies a pre-assigned condition.

[0051] The quantum version of the oracle used in Grover's algorithm can use a superposition of all states as input at the same time. For all input items that meet the pre-assigned conditions, the quantum oracle will "mark" these entries (in parallel, if there is more than one). Each iteration of the Grover operator (which consists of the oracle and the "inversion about the mean" operation) will amplify the probability of detecting the correct answer when measured. Repeated applications of the Grover operator will quickly evolve the initial state into a state where the measurement produces the correct answer with very high probability. In Grover's algorithm, the quantum oracle can run The probability of finding the answer is about 1 (~100%). Unlike the m-times sequential search in the classical case, in the quantum method, it only takes Sequential search.

[0052] If the quantum oracle is a Boolean function, then the quantum oracle can be an n-times controlled Z-gate or C n -Z gate. In a simple implementation of Grover's algorithm, C n The implementation of the -Z gate is a quantum oracle. If the quantum oracle is implemented using pairwise interactions with a two-qubit gate (such as an MS gate), then depending on the number of qubits, this decomposition can end up being very difficult to accomplish, resulting in a very complex circuit. Instead, it is much more efficient to implement a quantum oracle using a single multi-qubit gate.

[0053] Similar methods described above in relation to Grover's algorithm can be used to solve problems with the Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA). QAOA provides a heuristic approach to solving certain optimization problems that takes into account conditions that need to be satisfied and some Boolean clauses. For example, suppose a given graph consists of m vertices or points and edges connecting arbitrary pairs of vertices, and the goal is to bipartition the given graph. QAOA can be used to determine how best to perform edge removal to achieve a bipartition split. Therefore, QAOA is a technique for solving search problems that can be used to solve optimization problems such as the Traveling Salesman Problem.

[0054] Typically, QAOA attempts to determine whether these Boolean clauses have been satisfied. To do this, it may be necessary to implement multi-control operations, because such operations applied in a quantum computer or QIP only include operations on the target qubit when all control qubits are in one state (e.g., "0" is not satisfied, "1" is satisfied). Therefore, multi-control NOT or multi-control Z gates can be used to easily implement the above-mentioned satisfiability checking step in a quantum computer. No matter how large the quantum computer is (or the size of the satisfiability condition), each condition that needs to be satisfied can be implemented as a single multi-qubit gate. This is very powerful in a quantum environment because every single pattern can be loaded simultaneously in a quantum computer to try all patterns simultaneously and find the pattern that satisfies the pre-specified conditions.

[0055] For example, in some trapped ion systems, there may be 50 or more qubits in an ion trap, and there may be 50 or more bits containing the conditions for each clause. In these cases, the number of bits involved in the clause determines the size of the multi-qubit gate to be used. Therefore, each clause used can be turned into an n-times controlled-not gate, where n can be greater than 50, and these gates can be used to implement the conditions of the QAOA.

[0056] It will be appreciated from this disclosure that being able to implement a multi-qubit or multi-control gate as a local operation is more efficient than having to decompose the gate into smaller local operation units. Furthermore, the methods described herein for implementing a multi-qubit or multi-control gate using modifications to the CZ protocol can be applied to any number of controls (e.g., two or more controls) and can be more flexible than other methods that use smaller units as local operations but have a limited number of controls.

[0057] There may be additional benefits to implementing the techniques described herein compared to a fully coupled ion trap processor. If a pattern like a zigzag pattern is used, where all ions are coupled, then any number of controlled Z-gates can be implemented with a cost (or resource) that is nearly "flat" because while the cost of executing a gate increases as a function of n, the methods described in this disclosure are nearly independent of the distribution of those n+1 qubits within a quantum computer or quantum information processing system.

[0058] Moreover, a quantum computer or quantum information processing system can be modular, i.e., there can be multiple qubit modules. Examples of such modular systems are described in U.S. Patent Application No. 16 / 199,993, entitled “Software-Defined Quantum Computer,” filed on November 26, 2018, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. When the scale of the problem or application to be performed is larger than the number of qubits that can be processed within a single module, some qubits can be “transferred” between modules, and as long as the size of the “clause” is smaller than the number of qubits in the module (and thus can be implemented using n-controlled NOT gates or n-controlled Z gates), the algorithm can be implemented efficiently.

[0059] In addition to the algorithms described above, other applications involve the use of arithmetic, such as addition or multiplication. Integer arithmetic is done very well by classical computers. However, in some cases, arithmetic needs to be performed in a quantum computer to solve, for example, the discrete logarithm problem, which is a generalization of the famous Shor's factorization algorithm. In Shor's factorization algorithm, there are many arithmetic operations that need to be performed in advance before the results are applied to the quantum Fourier transform (QFT) operation. The arithmetic operations of Shor's factorization algorithm need to be performed using quantum methods, and such quantum arithmetic circuits typically involve NOT gates, controlled-NOT gates, and controlled-controlled-NOT gates.

[0060] As used in this disclosure, the controlled-controlled-NOT gate and the controlled-controlled-Z gate may be considered similar or equivalent gates (within two Hadamard gates applied to the target), and as mentioned above, the controlled-controlled-NOT gate is often referred to as a Tofffoli gate. One of the aspects of the Toffoli gate is that it can be used to write any classical algorithm because it is a universal gate in reversible classical computing. Therefore, the Tofffoli gate tends to be used in quantum computing environments where a portion of the quantum circuit is driven by and / or based on reversible classical operations. Therefore, at least a portion of a quantum circuit based on reversible classical operations will have these types of multi-qubit gates. Some examples of these reversible circuits include reversible logic circuits, especially the Reed-Muller type, which can be applied to minimization or mapping problems.

[0061] In addition to using multi-qubit gates in quantum arithmetic circuits, these types of gates can also be used in quantum error correction codes and their distillation circuits.

[0062] Another application of the multi-qubit gates described in this disclosure includes quantum simulations, such as those used to model or simulate various properties of materials. Since some material simulations involve modeling strong correlations between quantum particles (e.g., effective forces in nuclear physics), multi-qubit gates can be used as part of an algorithm that simulates interactions between multiple particles.

[0063] Yet another application of the multi-qubit gates described in this disclosure includes Select-V gates, which are typically used for Hamiltonian simulations using linear combinations of unitary or quantum signal processing algorithms. They are asymptotically optimal simulation algorithms, and they can also be used to directly implement Toeplitz and Hankel matrices or circulant matrices and their variants for visual tracking. Select-V gate implementations require the use of multi-qubit or multi-control gates. However, most of these algorithms assume fault tolerance.

[0064] Figure 4 An example of a computer device 400 is shown, which is configured to implement multi-qubit gates using a modified version of the CZ protocol as described above and execute one or more algorithms using multi-qubit gates. In one example, the computer device 400 may include a processor 410 for performing processing functions associated with one or more features described herein. The processor 410 may include a single or multiple groups of processors or a multi-core processor. In addition, the processor 410 may be implemented as an integrated processing system and / or a distributed processing system. The processor 410 may include a central processing unit (CPU), a quantum processing unit (QPU), a graphics processing unit (GPU), or a combination of these types of processors. On the one hand, the processor 410 may refer to a general-purpose processor of the computer device 400, which may also include additional processors 410 to perform more specific functions, such as functions for implementing multi-qubit gates and executing various algorithms using such gates.

[0065] In one example, the computer device 400 may include a memory 420 for storing instructions executable by the processor 410 to perform the functions described herein. For example, in one embodiment, the memory 420 may correspond to a computer-readable storage medium storing code or instructions to perform one or more functions or operations described herein. In one example, the memory 420 may include instructions for performing the following combined Figure 5 Instructions for various aspects of the described method 500. As with the processor 410, the memory 420 may refer to a general memory of the computer device 400, which may also include additional memory 420 to store instructions and / or data for more specific functions, such as instructions and / or data for implementing multi-qubit gates, maintaining the operation of these gates, and / or executing algorithms based on these gates.

[0066] In addition, the computer device 400 may include a communication component 430 for establishing and maintaining communications with one or more parties using hardware, software, and services. The communication component 430 may carry communications between components on the computer device 400, as well as communications between the computer device 400 and external devices, such as devices located on a communication network and / or devices connected serially or locally to the computer device 400. For example, the communication component 430 may include one or more buses, and may also include a transmit chain component and a receive chain component associated with a transmitter and a receiver, respectively, which are operable to interface with external devices.

[0067] In addition, computer device 400 may include data storage 440, which may be any suitable combination of hardware and / or software that provides mass storage of information, databases, and programs used in conjunction with the implementations described herein. For example, data storage 440 may be a data repository for operating system 460 (e.g., a classical OS or a quantum OS). In one implementation, data storage 440 may include memory 420.

[0068] The computer device 400 may also include a user interface component 450 that is operable to receive input from a user of the computer device 400 and further operable to generate output (directly or indirectly) for presentation to the user or provision to a different system. The user interface component 450 may include one or more input devices, including but not limited to a keyboard, a numeric keypad, a mouse, a touch-sensitive display, a digitizer, navigation keys, function keys, a microphone, a voice recognition component, any other mechanism capable of receiving input from a user, or any combination thereof. In addition, the user interface component 450 may include one or more output devices, including but not limited to a display, a speaker, a tactile feedback mechanism, a printer, any other mechanism capable of presenting output to a user, or any combination thereof.

[0069] In one embodiment, user interface component 450 may send and / or receive messages corresponding to the operation of operating system 460. In addition, processor 410 may execute operating system 460 and / or applications, programs or algorithms, and memory 420 or data storage 440 may store them.

[0070] When the computer device 400 is implemented as part of a cloud-based infrastructure solution, the user interface component 450 may be used to allow a user of the cloud-based infrastructure solution to interact with the computer device 400 remotely.

[0071] Figure 5is a flow chart illustrating an example of a method 500 for implementing a multi-qubit gate using an ion trap. In one aspect, the method 500 can be performed in a computer system, such as the computer system 400 described above, where, for example, the processor 410, the memory 420, the data storage 440, and / or the operating system 460 can be used to perform the functions of the method 500. Similarly, the functions of the method 500 can be performed by one or more components of a QIP system, such as the QIP system 605 and its components (e.g., the configuration component 615, the light controller 620, the ion trap 670, and / or the algorithm component 610 and its subcomponents).

[0072] At 510 , method 500 includes enabling an ion (eg, atomic ion 220 ) in an ion trap that includes three energy levels (eg, qubit states |0>, |1>, and an auxiliary state |a>).

[0073] At 520, method 500 includes enabling a slow ramp motion mode (eg, Figure 2B 200b).

[0074] At 530, method 500 includes performing a CZ protocol using the slow ramp motion mode as a motion state of the CZ protocol and one of the energy levels as an auxiliary state of the CZ protocol (e.g., a modified version of the CZ protocol for actual implementation). Performing the CZ protocol includes implementing a multi-qubit gate. For example, the multi-qubit gate can be implemented using at least a subset of the ions in the ion trap.

[0075] In one aspect of method 500, the multi-qubit gate is a single machine gate operation. The multi-qubit gate can be a multi-controlled qubit gate. The multi-qubit gate can be an n-times controlled Z-gate or a C n -Z-gate.

[0076] In another aspect of method 500, the slow ramping motion pattern is a sawtooth pattern. The slow ramping motion pattern can be a pattern in which all ions in the trapped ion system are strongly coupled, and the slow ramping motion pattern can have a spatial frequency profile that is different from the spatial frequency profile of the background electric field noise. In such an example, the all-to-all connectivity provided by this pattern allows one to implement n-controlled Z (or n-controlled NOT) gates between any set of qubits in the chain.

[0077] In an alternative approach, implementing the multi-qubit gates described in this section in a particular set of qubits might exploit different modes of motion that effectively couple all qubits in the gate, but exclude other qubits not participating in the gate. That is, the mode of motion picked or chosen depends on the set of ions to which the gate is applied. For example, if the gate involves ions 1, 3, 16, and 17 in a chain of 17 ions, a "rocking" mode could be used in which these four ions couple strongly, but some of the ions couple less well. This would help manage or minimize the excitation of other ions not participating in the gate. While this choice of mode is not universal for any set of ions, the point here is that different modes can be used depending on the set of ions involved in the gate.

[0078] In another aspect of method 500, method 500 can include selecting a slow ramping motion pattern based on the ions on which the gate is applied. For example, the slow ramping motion pattern selected can be a rocking pattern or a sawtooth pattern, depending on which ions in the chain or crystal are used for the gate being implemented.

[0079] In another aspect of method 500, the auxiliary state is one of a Zeeman ground state (eg, a Zeeman level) or a metastable excited state (eg, a D level).

[0080] Other aspects of the method 500 include implementing a multi-qubit gate using at least a subset of ions in an ion trap, controlling the subset of ions using an optical addressing scheme involving a single broad beam in a first direction and a separate beam for each ion in the subset of ions in a second direction. The first and second directions are opposite directions (180 degrees) or the first and second directions are perpendicular or normal directions (90 degrees).

[0081] Other aspects of method 500 include implementing a multi-qubit gate using at least a subset of ions in an ion trap by modulating a beam applied to the subset of ions to compensate for frequency drift in a motion pattern. The modulation may be amplitude modulation (AM), frequency modulation (FM), phase modulation (PM), or any combination of the three. Furthermore, the modulation may be performed by one or more AOMs (e.g., AOM 645).

[0082] Other aspects of method 500 include implementing a multi-qubit gate using at least a subset of ions in an ion trap by using or applying an optical beam to control the subset of ions and applying or performing pulse compensation on the intensity of the optical beam to reduce intensity drift.

[0083] The method 500 may also include executing one or more algorithms using multi-qubit gates. The one or more algorithms may include a Grover algorithm, and one or more oracles of the Grover algorithm are implemented using multi-qubit gates. The one or more algorithms may include a QAOA, and one or more Boolean clause conditions of the QAOA are implemented using multi-qubit gates. The one or more algorithms may include a Shor factorization algorithm, and one or more arithmetic circuits of the Shor factorization algorithm are implemented using multi-qubit gates, wherein the multi-qubit gate may be one of a NOT gate, a controlled NOT gate, or a controlled-controlled-NOT gate. The one or more algorithms may include an error correction algorithm, and a distillation circuit of the error correction algorithm is implemented using multi-qubit gates. The one or more algorithms include a quantum simulation (e.g., a material simulation), and at least one of the multi-body interactions performed as part of the quantum simulation is performed using a multi-qubit gate. The one or more algorithms may include a Hamiltonian simulation, and a Select-V gate of the Hamiltonian simulation is implemented using a multi-qubit gate.

[0084] Fig. 6A 600 is a diagram illustrating an example of a QIP system 605 according to aspects of the present disclosure. The QIP system 605 may also be referred to as a quantum computing system, a quantum computer, a computer device, etc. In one aspect, the QIP system 605 may correspond to Figure 4 The computing device 400 in the quantum computer implementation is a portion of the quantum computer.

[0085] The QIP system 605 may include a source 660 that provides atomic species (e.g., a flux of neutral atoms) to a chamber 650 having an ion trap 670 that captures the atomic species after they have been ionized (e.g., photoionized) by the optical controller 620. In some embodiments, the source 660 is internal to the chamber 650. The ion trap 670 may be used to capture ions in a linear crystal (e.g., Figure 2A 200a in FIG. 200b). The light source 630 in the optical controller 620 may include one or more lasers or beam sources that may be used for ionization of atomic species, control of atomic ions (e.g., phase control), fluorescence of atomic ions may be monitored and tracked by image processing algorithms operating in an imaging system 640 in the optical controller 620, and / or optical control functions associated with implementing the multi-qubit gate 675 using modifications of the CZ protocol and other interactions with the multi-qubit gate 675 (e.g., those described above). In one aspect, the light source 630 may be implemented separately from the optical controller 620.

[0086] Imaging system 640 may include a high resolution imager (e.g., a CCD camera) for monitoring atomic ions as they are provided to the ion trap or after they have been provided to ion trap 670. In one aspect, imaging system 640 may be implemented separately from optical controller 620, however, using image processing algorithms to detect, identify, and label atomic ions using fluorescence may require coordination with optical controller 620.

[0087] The acousto-optic modulator AOM 645 may be used to modulate the laser or light beam produced by the light source 630. The modulation may include AM, FM, PM, or any combination of the three, and may be used, at least in part, to cancel or compensate for the drift of the mode frequency, as described above.

[0088] The QIP system 605 may also include an algorithm component 610 that may operate with other portions of the QIP system 605 (not shown) to perform quantum algorithms or quantum operations, including single-qubit operations or multi-qubit operations and extended quantum computations. Thus, the algorithm component 610 may provide instructions to various components of the QIP system 605 (e.g., to the light controller 620) to enable implementation of the quantum algorithms or quantum operations, and thus implement the various techniques described herein.

[0089] The QIP system 605 may also include a configuration component 615 that may provide appropriate instructions, commands, and / or information to other portions of the QIP system 605 to enable appropriate motion states and other conditions necessary to implement multi-qubit gates using a modified version of the CZ protocol, and then use the multi-qubit gates implemented in this manner in various algorithms. Thus, the configuration component 615 may communicate with the algorithm component 610 to identify which algorithm is to be implemented and which type of multi-qubit gate is to be implemented for the algorithm, with the optical controller 620 for operations to be performed using a modified version of the CZ protocol and for optical addressing schemes and techniques for performing processing mode frequency and / or intensity shifts, and with the chamber 650 / ion trap 670 to enable appropriate conditions for establishing motion states and performing interactions with the motion states. In some implementations, the configuration component 615 need not be a separate component and may be at least partially integrated into other components of the QIP system 605. In some implementations, the configuration component 615 may be implemented as a hardware processor that performs the various functions described above using executable instructions.

[0090] Figure 6BAt least a portion of an algorithm component 610 is shown. In this example, the algorithm component 610 may include different subcomponents to support the operation of different algorithms. Each of these subcomponents may receive, store and / or access information related to the execution of a specified algorithm in the QIP system 605, including information related to the type of multi-qubit gate implemented to execute the specified algorithm. In one embodiment, the algorithm component 610 may include a Grover algorithm component 611 having information for executing the Grover algorithm as described above. In one embodiment, the algorithm component 610 may include a QAOA component 612 having information for executing the QAOA as described above. In one embodiment, the algorithm component 610 may include a Shor factorization algorithm component 613 having information for executing the Shor factorization algorithm as described above. In one embodiment, the algorithm component 610 may include an error correction component 614 having information for executing an error correction code as described above. In one embodiment, the algorithm component 610 may include an n-body interaction quantum dynamics simulation component 615 having information for performing a quantum simulation as described above. In one embodiment, the algorithm component 610 can include a Hamiltonian simulation component 616 having information for performing a Hamiltonian simulation as described above.

[0091] Although the present disclosure has been provided according to the illustrated embodiments, those skilled in the art will readily recognize that modifications may be made to the embodiments and that those modifications will be within the scope of the present disclosure. Therefore, those skilled in the art may make many modifications without departing from the scope of the appended claims.

Claims

1. A method for implementing a multi-qubit gate using an ion trap, the method comprising: providing ions in an ion trap, each serving as a separate qubit, each ion having three energy levels; causing a motion mode of ions in the ion trap to be a ground state of motion, the motion mode being different from a center of mass CoM mode and having a spatial frequency distribution based on the spacing of ions in the ion trap causing the motion mode to be a slow temperature increase; performing the Cirac and Zoller protocol using the motion pattern as a motion state of the Cirac and Zoller protocol and one of the energy levels as an auxiliary state of the Cirac and Zoller protocol, and After executing the Cirac and Zoller protocol, the multi-qubit gate having three or more qubits is directly implemented as a single local operation using ions prepared in an ion trap.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the multi-qubit gate is implemented using at least a subset of the ions in the ion trap.

3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the multi-qubit gate is a multi-control qubit gate.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein the multi-qubit gate is an n-controlled Z-gate or a C n -Z-gate. The method of claim 1 , wherein the motion pattern is a zigzag pattern. The method of claim 1 , wherein the motion pattern is a rocking pattern or a zigzag pattern.

7. The method of claim 1, wherein the motion pattern is one in which all ions in the ion trap are coupled, and a spatial frequency distribution of the motion pattern is different from a spatial frequency distribution of background electric field noise. The method of claim 1 , wherein the auxiliary state is one of a Zeeman state or a metastable excited state.

9. The method of claim 2, wherein implementing the multi-qubit gate using at least a subset of ions in the ion trap comprises controlling the subset of ions using an optical addressing scheme involving a single broad beam in a first direction and a separate beam for each ion in the subset of ions in a second direction.

10. The method of claim 9, wherein the first and second directions are opposite directions, or the first and second directions are perpendicular or normal directions.

11. The method of claim 2, wherein implementing the multi-qubit gate using at least a subset of ions in the ion trap comprises modulating a light beam applied to the subset of ions to compensate for frequency drift in a motion pattern.

12. The method of claim 11, wherein the modulation comprises amplitude modulation, frequency modulation, phase modulation, or any combination of the three.

13. The method of claim 11, wherein the modulation is performed by one or more acousto-optic modulators (AOMs).

14. The method of claim 1, wherein implementing the multi-qubit gate using at least a subset of ions in the ion trap comprises using an optical beam to control the subset of ions and applying pulse compensation to the intensity of the optical beam to reduce intensity drift.

15. The method of claim 1 further comprising using the multi-qubit gates to perform one or more algorithms, wherein the one or more algorithms include a Grover's algorithm and using the multi-qubit gates to implement one or more oracles of the Grover's algorithm.

16. The method of claim 1 , further comprising using the multi-qubit gate to execute one or more algorithms, wherein the one or more algorithms include a quantum approximate optimization algorithm (QAOA), and one or more Boolean clause conditions of the QAOA are implemented using the multi-qubit gate.

17. The method of claim 1 further comprising using the multi-qubit gates to perform one or more algorithms, wherein the one or more algorithms include a Shor factorization algorithm and one or more arithmetic circuits of the Shor factorization algorithm are implemented using the multi-qubit gates.

18. The method of claim 17, wherein the multi-qubit gate is a controlled-controlled-not gate or an n-th controlled-not gate. n -NOT one of the doors.

19. The method of claim 1, further comprising using the multi-qubit gate to execute one or more algorithms, wherein: The one or more algorithms include an error correction algorithm, and a distillation circuit for the error correction algorithm is implemented using the multi-qubit gates.

20. The method of claim 1 further comprising using the multi-qubit gate to perform one or more algorithms, wherein the one or more algorithms include a quantum simulation and using the multi-qubit gate to perform at least one of the many-body interactions performed as part of the quantum simulation.

21. The method of claim 1 further comprising using the multi-qubit gate to execute one or more algorithms, wherein the one or more algorithms include a Hamiltonian simulation, and using the multi-qubit gate to implement a Select-V gate of the Hamiltonian simulation.

22. A system for implementing a multi-qubit gate in an ion trap, comprising: an ion trap with multiple ions, each acting as a separate qubit, with each ion having three energy levels; an optical controller configured to control ions in the ion trap; a configuration component, wherein the configuration component is configured to provide instructions to the ion trap and the optical controller to: causing a motion mode of ions in the ion trap to be a ground state of motion, the motion mode being different from a center-of-mass CoM mode and having a spatial frequency distribution based on the spacing of ions in the ion trap causing the motion mode to be a slow temperature increase; and performing the Cirac and Zoller protocol using the motion pattern as a motion state of the Cirac and Zoller protocol and one of the energy levels as an auxiliary state of the Cirac and Zoller protocol, and After executing the Cirac and Zoller protocol, the multi-qubit gate is directly implemented as a single local operation using at least a subset of the ions in the ion trap, the multi-qubit gate having three or more qubits.

23. The system of claim 22, wherein the multi-qubit gate is an n-controlled Z-gate or a C n -Z-gate.

24. The system of claim 22, wherein the motion pattern is a zigzag pattern.

25. The system of claim 22, wherein the motion pattern is one in which all ions in the ion trap are coupled, and a spatial frequency distribution of the motion pattern is different from a spatial frequency distribution of background electric field noise.

26. The system of claim 22, wherein the auxiliary state is one of a Zeeman state or a metastable excited state.

27. The system of claim 22, further comprising an algorithm component configured to execute one or more algorithms using the multi-qubit gates, wherein the algorithm component is configured to provide instructions to perform one or more of: Grover algorithm, and one or more oracles of Grover algorithm are implemented using multi-qubit gates, A quantum approximate optimization algorithm QAOA, wherein one or more Boolean clause conditions of the QAOA are implemented using multi-qubit gates, Shor's factorization algorithm, and one or more circuits for implementing the Shor's factorization algorithm using multi-qubit gates, Error correction algorithm, the distillation circuit of the error correction algorithm is implemented using multi-qubit gates, A quantum simulation, and at least one of the many-body interactions performed as part of the quantum simulation is performed using a multi-qubit gate, or Hamiltonian simulation, and Select-V gates that implement Hamiltonian simulation using multi-qubit gates.

28. The system of claim 22, wherein the system is a quantum information processing (QIP) system.

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