A long stringer flipping tool for aircraft panel structure and a co-curing molding method

Abstract

The present invention relates to a long-string flipping tool for aircraft wall panel structures and a co-curing molding method, which belong to the field of aviation manufacturing technology. The long-string flipping tool comprises: a flipping platform, provided with: a laying tool limiting device, used for limiting and constraining the long-string laying tool transfer process; a laying tool connecting device, used for connecting and positioning the long-string laying tool on the flipping platform; a laying tool positioning device, used for positioning and constraining the ends of the long-string laying tool on the flipping platform; a wall panel molding tool docking device, used for docking and positioning between the flipping platform and the wall panel molding tool after the flipping platform is flipped as a whole; a first / second bracket, provided at both ends of the flipping platform, respectively connected to the flipping platform through a bracket connecting device. The long-string flipping tool and the matching positioning device have the characteristics of simple structure and easy operation, and can meet the requirements of process stability and production efficiency in the co-curing molding process of aircraft wall panel parts.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention belongs to the field of aviation manufacturing technology, and specifically relates to a long stringer flipping tool and a co-curing molding method for an aircraft wall panel structure, and more specifically, relates to a long stringer flipping tool and a co-curing molding method for the co-curing molding process of an aircraft composite material wing wall panel. Background Art

[0002] Composite wing panel structures are increasingly used in primary and secondary load-bearing components of modern aircraft. Common composite wing panel structures typically consist of a panel skin and a combination of stringers of various shapes, including U-, T-, and I-shaped. Composite autoclave molding processes include co-curing, co-bonding, and secondary bonding. Co-curing, however, only requires a single autoclave process, offering significant manufacturing cost advantages.

[0003] The co-curing process for composite panel structures begins with the use of a stringer layup tool to create a preformed stringer layup. Several stringer layups are then individually assembled and positioned, flipped 180°, and transferred to the panel forming tool for secondary assembly and alignment with the skin layer. The resulting structure is then vacuum-sealed and placed in an autoclave for curing. Compared to co-bonding or secondary bonding processes, the co-curing process uses uncured wet prepreg during both assembly and alignment steps, significantly increasing the technical complexity of controlling stringer axis and web thickness tolerances.

[0004] The design of common aircraft composite wing panel forming tooling primarily involves the stringer layup tooling (preforming process) and the panel forming tooling (overall assembly and curing process). This process often involves manually assembling and positioning several stringer layups and their preformed units, performing a 180° flip in mid-air, and then reassembling and positioning them with the skin layup. This process is labor-intensive and can lead to significant deviations in stringer axis and web thickness. Especially for large-scale wing panel structures, the stringer layup tooling is heavy and has high rotational inertia, posing significant safety risks during on-site operation. Summary of the Invention

[0005] To effectively address the aforementioned process quality control difficulties and safety hazards inherent in existing technologies, it is necessary to develop a set of aircraft wing composite panel long stringer flipping fixtures and a co-curing molding method suitable for the long stringer layup assembly positioning and overall flipping process. The long stringer flipping fixture and accompanying positioning device feature a simple structure and easy operation, meeting the requirements for process stability and production efficiency during the co-curing molding of aircraft panel parts.

[0006] According to the technical solution of the present invention, a long stringer flipping tool for aircraft panel structures is provided, characterized in that the long stringer flipping tool is used to realize the flipping and positioning of the long stringer layup assembly and the overall flipping process, and cooperates with the long stringer laying tool and the panel forming tool to realize the co-curing molding of the composite material panel structure. The long stringer flipping tool includes:

[0007] The turning platform is provided with:

[0008] The paving tooling limit device is used to limit the transfer process of the long-beam paving tooling;

[0009] A paving tool connection device, used for connecting and positioning the long-beam paving tool on the turning platform;

[0010] A paving tool positioning device, used for positioning and constraining the ends of the long girder paving tool on the turning platform;

[0011] A wall panel forming tool docking device, used for docking and positioning the wall panel forming tool after the turning platform is turned over as a whole;

[0012] The first / second bracket is arranged at both ends of the flip platform and is connected to the flip platform through a bracket connecting device respectively.

[0013] Furthermore, the flip platform includes a frame and a panel held on the frame, and the paving tool limiting device, the paving tool connecting device, the paving tool positioning device and the wall panel forming tool docking device are arranged on the panel.

[0014] Furthermore, the paving tool limiting device includes:

[0015] The long stringer side positioning plate is set on the longitudinal side of the turning platform to limit the position of the long stringer laying tooling in the corresponding area;

[0016] The long stringer end positioning plates are arranged on the longitudinal ends of the turning platform and are used to limit the two ends of each long stringer paving tooling.

[0017] Furthermore, the paving tool connection device includes:

[0018] Multiple long-beam connecting slide rails, which are arranged approximately perpendicular to the direction of the long-beam laying tooling, and are used for sliding multiple groups of long-beam laying tooling along the slide rails to assemble the long-beams as a whole while achieving precise control of the long-beam laying thickness tolerance;

[0019] A plurality of slide rail connecting blocks are arranged on the long girder connecting slide rails, corresponding one by one to the connecting grooves at the bottom of the long girder paving tooling, and are used for connecting and positioning the long girder paving tooling on the turning platform.

[0020] Furthermore, the long truss connecting slide rail uses a slide rail guide limit block to achieve its directional limited sliding on the flip platform. One end of the long truss connecting slide rail passes through the long truss side positioning plate, and a slide rail locking pin is provided at the end to achieve the connection and disconnection between the long truss connecting slide rail and the flip platform.

[0021] Furthermore, when the long girder laying tooling is connected and positioned with the flip platform, the slide rail locking pin is in a locked state; when the long girder assembly completes a 180° flip and is docked and positioned with the wall panel forming tooling, the slide rail locking pin is in an open state to achieve separation from the flip platform.

[0022] Furthermore, the paving tool positioning device is a plurality of long stringer end positioning pins.

[0023] Furthermore, a positioning connection groove is provided at the bottom of the long girder paving tool, and end positioning holes are provided on both sides of the long girder paving tool;

[0024] The positioning connection grooves are distributed along the longitudinal direction of the long stringer and are connected and positioned one by one correspondingly with the multiple slide rail connection blocks in the paving tool connection device;

[0025] The end positioning holes are through holes distributed at the ends of both sides of the long stringer paving tool, and are connected and positioned one by one correspondingly with multiple end positioning pins in multiple paving tool positioning devices.

[0026] Furthermore, the end positioning hole is an elliptical hole along the direction of the long-truss connecting slide rail on one side of the long-truss paving tooling, and is a circular hole on the other side of the long-truss paving tooling; the positioning connection groove is an irregular square groove along the direction of the long-truss connecting slide rail, which is used to provide the long-truss paving tooling with moving space along the direction of the long-truss connecting slide rail.

[0027] Furthermore, the wall panel forming tool docking device includes a plurality of wall panel docking positioning pins arranged longitudinally along the long stringer on the turning platform.

[0028] Furthermore, a wall panel positioning docking structure is provided on the wall panel forming tooling, and the wall panel positioning docking structure is arranged longitudinally along the long girder on the wall panel forming tooling, and is connected and positioned one by one with several wall panel docking positioning pins of the wall panel forming tooling docking device.

[0029] Furthermore, the first / second bracket are both equipped with a rotating shaft and a reducer.

[0030] Furthermore, the bracket connecting device includes a connecting bearing and a connecting flange.

[0031] Furthermore, the rotation axis of the first / second bracket is connected to both ends of the flip platform through connecting bearings and connecting flanges.

[0032] According to a second aspect of the present invention, a method for co-curing and molding an aircraft panel structure is provided, characterized in that the method uses the long string flipping tool according to any of the above aspects to realize the flipping and positioning of the long string layer assembly and the overall flipping process, and cooperates with the long string laying tool and the panel molding tool to realize the co-curing molding of the composite material panel structure, and the method comprises:

[0033] 1) The prepreg is preformed into a long stringer layup blank on the long stringer layup tooling;

[0034] 2) The long-string ply assembly, consisting of the long-string paving tool and the long-string ply blanks it carries, is transferred to the long-string flip tool. The overall assembly of multiple long-string plies and ply thickness control, as well as the overall positioning between the long-string paving tool and the long-string flip tool, are achieved through the paving tool limit device, the paving tool connection device, and the paving tool positioning device.

[0035] 3) The turning tool is used to achieve a 180-degree aerial turning of the long stringer layup blank and the long stringer laying tool assembly, and the overall positioning and docking with the wall panel forming tool is achieved through the wall panel forming tool docking device;

[0036] 4) Using the slide rail locking pins in the paving fixture connection device and the end positioning pins in the paving fixture positioning device, the main body of the long-beam paving fixture and the ends on both sides of the long-beam paving fixture are completely separated from the turning platform;

[0037] 5) Use auxiliary materials to complete the vacuum packaging of the wall panels and push them into the autoclave for heating and curing.

[0038] The beneficial effects of the present invention are as follows: the aircraft wall panel structure long stringer flipping tooling and the co-curing molding method thereof proposed in the present invention can be applicable to the co-curing molding process of long stringer wall panel structures with different configurations such as "U" type, "T" type and "I" type, wherein the design of the long stringer flipping tooling and its corresponding long stringer laying limiting device, long stringer laying tooling connection device, long stringer laying tooling positioning device and wall panel molding tooling docking device can solve the process quality control difficulties and operational safety hazards in the long stringer flipping process in the prior art while keeping the main structures of the long stringer laying tooling and the wall panel molding tooling unchanged, can greatly reduce the labor intensity of the operating workers, has the characteristics of simple structure, easy operation and accurate long stringer positioning, and can meet the requirements of the co-curing molding process of aircraft wall panel composite material parts for process stability and production efficiency. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0039] In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the following briefly introduces the drawings required for use in the embodiments or the description of the prior art. Obviously, the drawings described below are only some embodiments of the present invention. For ordinary technicians in this field, other drawings can be obtained based on the structures shown in these drawings without paying any creative work.

[0040] Figure 1 Schematic diagram of a long stringer turning tool according to the present invention;

[0041] Figure 2 The local correspondence relationship of the long stringer turning tool according to the present invention;

[0042] Figure 3 According to the present invention Figure 2 Schematic diagram of a local part 1;

[0043] Figure 4 According to the present invention Figure 2 Schematic diagram of local 2;

[0044] Figure 5 According to the present invention Figure 2 Schematic diagram of the local part 3;

[0045] Figure 6 Schematic diagram of the rotating shaft and connecting flange according to the present invention;

[0046] Figure 7 A detailed view of the connecting slide rails of the long stringer according to the present invention;

[0047] Figure 8 Schematic diagram of the wall panel docking positioning pin structure according to the present invention;

[0048] Figure 9 Schematic diagram of the locating pin structure at the end of the stringer according to the present invention;

[0049] Figure 10 Schematic diagram of the structure of the slide rail locking pin according to the present invention;

[0050] Figure 11 Schematic diagram of the structure of the slide rail connecting block according to the present invention;

[0051] Figure 12 Schematic diagram of the long stringer paving tooling according to the present invention;

[0052] Figure 13 is a schematic diagram of a wall panel forming tool according to the present invention;

[0053] Figure 14 A schematic diagram of the docking between the long stringer turning tool and the wall panel forming tool according to the present invention;

[0054] Figure 15 Schematic diagram of a docking device between a long stringer turning tool and a wall panel forming tool according to the present invention;

[0055] The purpose, features and advantages of the present invention will be further described with reference to the accompanying drawings and in conjunction with the embodiments. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0056] Exemplary embodiments will be described in detail herein, with examples illustrated in the accompanying drawings. In the following description, when referring to the drawings, identical numerals in different figures represent identical or similar elements, unless otherwise indicated. The embodiments described in the following exemplary embodiments are not intended to represent all possible embodiments consistent with the present disclosure. Rather, they are merely examples of apparatus and methods consistent with certain aspects of the present disclosure, as detailed in the appended claims.

[0057] The terms "first," "second," and the like in the description and claims of the present disclosure are used to distinguish similar objects and are not necessarily used to describe a particular order or precedence. It should be understood that the terms used in this manner are interchangeable where appropriate, such that the embodiments of the present disclosure described herein can, for example, be implemented in orders other than those illustrated or described herein.

[0058] In addition, the terms "comprises" and "having" and any variations thereof are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion. For example, a process, method, system, product or apparatus that includes a series of steps or elements is not necessarily limited to those steps or elements expressly listed but may include other steps or elements not expressly listed or inherent to such process, method, product or apparatus.

[0059] Multiple includes two or more.

[0060] It should be understood that the term "and / or" as used in this disclosure simply describes an association between related objects, indicating that three possible relationships exist. For example, "A and / or B" can represent: A alone, A and B simultaneously, or B alone.

[0061] The present invention relates to a long girder flipping tool for a composite material wall panel structure, which is characterized by comprising a flipping platform, a left bracket and a right bracket, wherein a rotating shaft and a reducer are respectively installed on the left and right brackets, and the rotating shaft is connected to both ends of the flipping platform 1 through connecting bearings and connecting flanges.

[0062] The flip platform is welded by the frame and the panel, and is connected to the long-beam paving tooling (such as the long-beam side positioning plate, long-beam end positioning plate, long-beam end positioning pin, long-beam connecting slide rail, slide rail locking pin and slide rail connecting block) through the corresponding devices. Figure 12The connection and positioning between them (as shown) can realize the clearance matching control, overall combination positioning and flipping of multiple (no less than 8) long-beam paving tooling at one time.

[0063] The long stringer laying tooling is a rigid male mold structure, and the prepreg is pre-formed on the laying tooling. It is equipped with end positioning holes and a connection groove at the bottom.

[0064] The length of the side positioning plates of the long stringer and the positioning plates at the ends of the long stringer on both sides depends on the external dimensions of the wall panel structure and is used to limit the transfer process of the long stringer laying tooling.

[0065] The long-string connecting slide rails are arranged approximately perpendicular to the long-string direction, and are used for the long-string laying tooling to slide along the slide rail direction to assemble the long-string as a whole while achieving precise control of the long-string laying layer thickness tolerance.

[0066] The long stringer connecting slide rails are provided with slide rail connecting blocks, which correspond one by one to the connecting grooves at the bottom of the long stringer paving tooling, and are used for connecting and positioning the long stringer paving tooling on the turning platform.

[0067] The stringer end locating pins correspond to the end locating holes of the stringer paving fixture and are used to position and constrain the ends of the stringer paving fixture on the turning platform. The rail locking pins connect and disconnect the stringer rails from the turning platform. When the stringer paving fixture is connected and positioned on the turning platform, the rail locking pins are locked. When the stringer assembly completes a 180° rotation and docks with the panel forming fixture, the rail locking pins are released, allowing the corresponding components of the stringer forming fixture to be disconnected.

[0068] The wall panel forming tooling includes a wall panel forming panel, a welding frame and its platform, a bracket at the bottom of the platform, a pulley at the bottom of the bracket, a wall panel positioning and docking structure on the platform, and the wall panel positioning and docking structure is arranged longitudinally along the long girder on the wall panel forming tooling.

[0069] Several wall panel docking positioning pins are arranged along the longitudinal direction of the long girder on the flip platform, and are connected with the wall panel forming tooling (such as Figure 13 As shown) the upper positioning docking structure corresponds one by one (as shown Figure 15 As shown in the figure), it is used for docking and positioning the turning platform with the wall panel tooling after the turning platform is turned 180 degrees.

[0070] Example

[0071] The present embodiment provides a long-string layup flipping tool and a matching positioning device suitable for the co-curing molding process of aircraft wing panel structures, wherein the long-string flipping tool mainly comprises: a flipping platform 1, a left bracket 2, a right bracket 3, a rotating shaft 4, a reducer 5, a connecting bearing 6, a connecting flange 7, a long-string side positioning plate 8, a long-string end positioning plate 9, a long-string end positioning pin 10, a long-string connecting slide rail 11, a slide rail locking pin 12, a slide rail connecting block 13, a slide rail guide limit block 18 and a panel docking positioning pin 14, which can meet the functions of long-string combined positioning during the molding process of large-size composite material panel and combined positioning with the panel molding tool after flipping 180° in the air.

[0072] 1) Long girder turning tool

[0073] like Figure 1 As shown, it includes a flip platform 1, a left bracket 2 and a right bracket 3. The left and right brackets are respectively equipped with a rotating shaft 4 and a reducer 5. The rotating shaft is connected to both ends of the flip platform 1 through connecting bearings 6 and connecting flanges 7.

[0074] The turning platform 1 is welded by a frame and a panel, and is connected to the long-beam paving tooling (such as the long-beam side positioning plate 8, the long-beam end positioning plate 9, the long-beam end positioning pin 10, the long-beam connecting slide 11, the slide rail locking pin 12, the slide rail connecting block 13 and the slide rail guide limit block 18 and other corresponding devices. Figure 12 The connection and positioning between the two rails (shown) allows for simultaneous clearance control, overall assembly positioning, and flipping of multiple (no less than eight) stringer laying fixtures. The lengths of the stringer side positioning plates 8 and the stringer end positioning plates 9 on either side are determined by the overall dimensions of the wall panel structure and serve to constrain the transfer of individual stringer laying fixtures. Multiple stringer connecting rails 11 are arranged approximately perpendicular to the stringer direction and secured to the flip platform via rail guide stoppers 18. These rails allow multiple sets of stringer laying fixtures to slide along the rails for overall stringer assembly while precisely controlling the stringer ply thickness tolerance. The rail guide stoppers 18 enable the stringer connecting rails 11 to slide in a directional, limited manner on the flip platform. Rail connection blocks 13 are arranged on the stringer connecting rails 11, corresponding to the positioning connection slots 15 on the bottom of the stringer laying fixtures. These blocks are used to connect and position the stringer laying fixtures on the flip platform 1. The rail connection blocks 13 include a butt joint and a clamping portion connected below the butt joint. The stringer end positioning pins 10 correspond to the end positioning holes 16 of the stringer paving fixture, and are used to position and constrain the ends of the stringer paving fixture on the turning platform 1. The rail locking pins 12 connect and disconnect the stringer connecting rails 11 from the turning platform 1. When the stringer paving fixture is connected and positioned with the turning platform 1, the rail locking pins 12 are locked. When the stringer assembly completes a 180° rotation and docks with the wall panel forming fixture, the rail locking pins 12 are released, allowing the corresponding components of the stringer forming fixture to be disconnected.

[0075] A plurality of wall panel docking positioning pins 14 are arranged longitudinally along the long girder on the flip platform, and are connected with the wall panel forming tooling (such as Figure 13 As shown) the upper positioning docking structure 17 corresponds one by one (as shown Figure 15 As shown in the figure), it is used for docking and positioning the turning platform with the wall panel tooling after the turning platform is turned 180 degrees.

[0076] 2) Corresponding positioning device on the long beam paving tooling

[0077] like Figure 12 As shown, the corresponding connection and positioning structure on the long-beam laying tooling includes a positioning connection groove 15 provided at the bottom of the long-beam laying tooling and end positioning holes 16 provided on both sides of the long-beam laying tooling. The positioning connection grooves 15 are distributed along the longitudinal direction of the long-beam and are connected and positioned one by one with the slide rail connection blocks 13 in the long-beam flip tooling. The positioning connection grooves 15 are irregular square grooves along the direction of the long-beam connection slide rail, consisting of two parts: a docking groove and a snap-in groove. After the docking portion of the slide rail connection block 13 docks and fits into the docking groove of the positioning connection groove 15, the snap-in portion snaps into the snap-in groove to achieve the connection and positioning between the two.

[0078] The girder end positioning holes are distributed at the ends on both sides of the paving tooling, and are connected and positioned one by one with the girder end positioning pins 10 in the girder flipping tooling.

[0079] 3) Corresponding positioning device on the wall panel forming tooling

[0080] like Figure 13 As shown, the corresponding connection and positioning structure on the wall panel forming tool is the wall panel positioning docking structure 17. The positioning docking structure 17 is arranged longitudinally along the long stringer on the wall panel forming tool, and is connected and positioned one by one with the wall panel docking positioning pins 14 in the long stringer flip tool.

[0081] It can be seen that the present invention relates to a long-string flipping tool and a positioning device for the co-curing molding process of an aircraft wing panel structure, which can effectively improve the process quality control difficulties and safety hazards in the co-curing molding process of large wing panels, and can meet the requirements of the co-curing molding process of aircraft structure wing composite material panel structures for process stability and production efficiency. The present invention belongs to the field of aviation manufacturing technology.

[0082] The embodiments of the present invention are described above in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, but the present invention is not limited to the above-mentioned specific implementation methods. The above-mentioned specific implementation methods are merely illustrative and not restrictive. Under the guidance of the present invention, ordinary technicians in this field can also make many forms without departing from the scope of protection of the present invention and the claims, all of which are protected by the present invention.

Claims

1. A co-curing molding method for an aircraft panel structure, characterized in that: The method adopts a long stringer flipping tool to realize the flipping and positioning of the long stringer ply assembly and the overall flipping process, and cooperates with the long stringer laying tool and the wall panel forming tool to realize the co-curing and forming of the composite material wall panel structure; The long stringer turning tool is used to realize the turning and positioning of the long stringer ply assembly and the overall turning process, and cooperates with the long stringer laying tool and the wall panel forming tool to realize the co-curing and forming of the composite wall panel structure. The long stringer turning tool includes: The turning platform is provided with: The paving tooling limiting device is used for limiting the position of the long-beam paving tooling during the transfer process, including: a long-beam side positioning plate, which is set on one longitudinal side of the turning platform and is used to limit the position of the long-beam paving tooling in the corresponding area; a long-beam end positioning plate, which is set on both longitudinal ends of the turning platform and is used to limit the two ends of each long-beam paving tooling; A paving tool connection device, used for connecting and positioning the long-beam paving tool on the flip platform while achieving precise control of the long-beam ply thickness tolerance, comprising: a plurality of long-beam connection slide rails, the long-beam connection slide rails being arranged perpendicular to the direction of the long-beam paving tool, and used for sliding multiple groups of long-beam paving tooling along the slide rails to assemble the long-beam as a whole while achieving precise control of the long-beam ply thickness tolerance; a plurality of slide rail connection blocks, provided on the long-beam connection slide rails, corresponding one by one to the connection grooves at the bottom of the long-beam paving tooling, and used for connecting and positioning the long-beam paving tooling on the flip platform; The long stringer connecting slide rail is used to realize its directional limited sliding on the flip platform with the help of the slide rail guide limit block. One end of the long stringer connecting slide rail passes through the long stringer side positioning plate, and a slide rail locking pin is provided at the end thereof for realizing the connection and separation between the long stringer connecting slide rail and the flip platform.

7. The swiftly and minutely adjusting device for a wood-planer working table as claimed in claim 1, wherein said linking rod and said adjusting base are pivotally connected to each other with a bolt, and said bolt has a round shank to contact with said linking rod. said linking rod having a check valve in said linking rod and a check valve in said linking rod. A wall panel forming tool docking device is used for docking and positioning the wall panel forming tool after the flip platform is flipped as a whole; the wall panel forming tool docking device includes a plurality of wall panel docking positioning pins arranged longitudinally along the long stringer on the flip platform; the wall panel forming tool is provided with a wall panel positioning docking structure, which is arranged longitudinally along the long stringer on the wall panel forming tool and is connected and positioned one by one with the plurality of wall panel docking positioning pins of the wall panel forming tool docking device; The first / second bracket is provided at both ends of the flip platform and is connected to the flip platform via bracket connecting devices respectively; The method comprises: 1) The prepreg is preformed into a long stringer layup blank on the long stringer layup tooling; 2) The long-string ply assembly, consisting of the long-string paving tool and the long-string ply blanks it carries, is transferred to the long-string flip tool. The overall assembly of multiple long-string plies and ply thickness control, as well as the overall positioning between the long-string paving tool and the long-string flip tool, are achieved through the paving tool limit device, the paving tool connection device, and the paving tool positioning device. 3) The turning tool is used to achieve a 180-degree aerial turning of the long stringer layup blank and the long stringer laying tool assembly, and the overall positioning and docking with the wall panel forming tool is achieved through the wall panel forming tool docking device; 4) The main body of the long-beam paving tool and the ends on both sides of the long-beam paving tool are separated from the turning platform by means of the slide rail locking pin in the paving tool connection device and the end positioning pin in the paving tool positioning device; 5) Use auxiliary materials to complete the vacuum packaging of the wall panels and push them into the autoclave for heating and curing.

2. The aircraft panel structure co-curing molding method according to claim 1, characterized in that: The flip platform includes a frame and a panel held on the frame, and the paving tool limiting device, the paving tool connecting device, the paving tool positioning device and the wall panel forming tool docking device are arranged on the panel.

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