Heat transfer fluids for cryocooler applications

Abstract

The present invention relates to compositions for refrigeration and heat transfer applications (eg, heat transfer fluids). The compositions of the present invention can be used in methods of refrigeration and heating and methods of replacing refrigerants, as well as in refrigeration equipment, air conditioning equipment and heat pump equipment.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to compositions for refrigeration and heat transfer applications (eg, heat transfer fluids). The compositions of the present invention can be used in methods of refrigeration and heating and methods of replacing refrigerants, as well as in refrigeration equipment, air conditioning equipment and heat pump equipment. Background Art

[0002] Many current semiconductor manufacturing processes, power electronics, power avionics, and computing data centers require advanced heat transfer fluids to maintain optimal performance over extended periods of time. Perfluorocarbons (PFCs) have been successfully used in heat transfer applications due to their combination of good safety and health attributes, dielectric properties, and a wide operating temperature range. However, PFCs have an atmospheric lifetime ranging from a few hundred to more than 10,000 years and are powerful greenhouse gases with an exemplary GWP of greater than 8,600. Summary of the invention

[0003] The present application provides, inter alia, a composition comprising:

[0004] (i) a compound selected from the group consisting of an alkyl perfluoroolefin ether and a first hydrofluoroether; and

[0005] (ii) a compound selected from the group consisting of a second hydrofluoroether, a perfluorocarbon, and a perfluoropolyether.

[0006] The present application also provides a method for refrigeration, which comprises condensing the composition provided herein and then evaporating the composition in the vicinity of an object to be cooled.

[0007] The present application also provides a method of using the composition provided herein as a heat transfer fluid, wherein the heat transfer fluid is a working fluid that removes heat from the vicinity of an object to be cooled, adds heat to the vicinity of an object to be cooled, or maintains the temperature of the vicinity of an object to be cooled.

[0008] The present application also provides a method for replacing a heat transfer fluid in a cooling fluid distribution unit, a refrigeration system or a heat pump system, the method comprising providing the composition provided herein as a replacement for the heat transfer fluid.

[0009] The present application also provides a refrigeration system (eg, an ultra-low temperature refrigeration system or a chiller system) comprising the composition provided herein.

[0010] Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which the invention belongs. Methods and materials for use in the present invention are described herein; in addition, suitable methods and materials known in the art may also be used. The materials, methods, and examples are exemplary only and are not intended to be limiting. All publications, patent applications, patents, sequences, database entries, and other references mentioned herein are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. In the event of a conflict, the present specification and the definitions included therein shall prevail. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0011] Figure 1 The calculated solid-liquid equilibrium for a blend of 70 wt % MPHE / 30 wt % HFE-7200 is shown over the entire composition range of the mixture.

[0012] Figure 2 A comparison of the absolute viscosities of pure MPHE and a blend of 70 wt % MPHE / 30 wt % HFE-7200 is shown.

[0013] Figure 3 It shows that over the entire composition range, MPHE and Vertrel TM Calculated solid-liquid equilibrium of blends of XF.

[0014] Figure 4 The calculated solid-liquid equilibrium for blends of MPHE and DR CFX70 over the entire composition range is shown.

[0015] Figure 5 The calculated solid-liquid equilibrium for a blend of HFE-7500 / HFE-7000 is shown over the entire composition range of the mixture. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0016] Recent environmental issues and government regulations focus on mitigating global warming (global treaties, EU / Canada F-gas regulations, and the U.S. SNAP ruling.) In response to global market demand, methyl perfluoroheptene ether (MPHE) was developed and exhibits a low GPW (100-yr ITH) of 2.5 and zero ODP. MPHE exhibits application characteristics similar to PFCs but with significantly lower GPW.

[0017] The cooler heat transfer fluid (HFT) or circulating fluid can pass through the refrigeration circuit of the cooler to remove heat, add heat or maintain temperature. Recent advanced cooler development has turned to operation at ultra-low temperatures for mold processing in the automotive, energy, chemical processing and semiconductor manufacturing industries. For ultra-low temperature coolers, the operating temperature can be, for example, between -80°C and +60°C. In such ultra-low temperature systems, it may also be necessary for the heat transfer fluid to be pumpable (e.g., with a viscosity of about 10 cSt or less) at a temperature below -95°C (e.g., maintaining a consistent temperature at -80°C) while maintaining heat transfer properties, dielectric properties and fluid properties.

[0018] Although the extrapolated freezing point of MPHE is estimated to be at -94°C, experimental data indicate that the first "solid" of MPHE begins to appear at -87°. Other data also indicate that when the chiller refrigerant temperature set point is below -85°C, MPHE appears to "freeze" and degrades its heat transfer characteristics, making it unusable as a single-phase chiller heat transfer fluid. Alternative heat transfer fluids (such as 3M TM Novec TM HFE-7200 (boiling point: 76°C) may cause excessive fluid loss due to its low boiling point since the cooler is expected to operate over a wide temperature range (≥70°C).

[0019] In an exemplary ultra-low temperature refrigeration loop, the refrigeration cycle of the chiller starts with a low-pressure liquid entering the evaporator / heat exchanger. In the evaporator, the heat from the heat transfer fluid boils the refrigerant, which changes the refrigerant from a low-pressure liquid to a low-pressure gas, and the low-pressure gas enters the compressor, where it is compressed to a high-pressure gas. The high-pressure gas enters the condenser, where ambient air or cooling water removes heat to cool the high-pressure gas to a high-pressure liquid. When the heat transfer fluid temperature rises above the set temperature, the high-pressure liquid travels to the expansion valve, which will open to introduce the refrigerant at a lower temperature into the heat exchanger. In this way, the heat transfer fluid will be cooled to the desired temperature. Ultra-low temperature refrigeration loops may be useful, for example, in the following applications:

[0020] Semiconductor Manufacturing - Used to maintain temperatures in etching, lithography, cleaning, slicing, coating and / or testing equipment.

[0021] Medical applications - used for temperature maintenance of medical imaging equipment (e.g., X-ray imaging, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), etc.) and / or blood or other biological sample or tissue storage equipment.

[0022] Processing mold application-used to maintain the temperature of wire cutting, plasma welding, laser processing, etc.

[0023] Analytical equipment applications - used to maintain the temperature of electron microscopes (e.g., scanning electron microscopes, transmission electron microscopes, etc.), gas chromatographs (GC), X-ray analysis instruments, etc.

[0024] The present application provides novel compositions that can be used as heat transfer fluids over a wide temperature range and may be particularly suitable for ultra-low temperature refrigeration applications as described herein.

[0025] Definitions and Abbreviations

[0026] As used herein, the terms "comprises," "including," "having," or any other variations thereof are intended to encompass non-exclusive inclusions. For example, a process, method, article, or device that includes a list of elements need not be limited to only those elements, but may include other elements that are not explicitly listed or that are inherent to such process, method, article, or device. In addition, unless expressly indicated to the contrary, "or" refers to an inclusive or and not an exclusive or. For example, a condition A or B satisfies one of the following conditions: A is true (or exists) and B is false (or does not exist), A is false (or does not exist) and B is true (or exists), and both A and B are true (or exist).

[0027] As used herein, the term "consists essentially of" is used to define a composition, method that includes materials, steps, features, components, or elements in addition to those disclosed in the literature, provided that these additional included materials, steps, features, components, or elements do not significantly affect one or more of the basic and novel features of the claimed invention, especially the mode of action to achieve any desired result in the method of the invention. The term "consists essentially of" or "consisting essentially of" occupies an intermediate position between "comprising" and "consisting of".

[0028] In addition, the use of "a" or "an" is used to describe elements and components described herein. This is for convenience only and to give a general sense of the scope of the invention. The description should be understood to include one or at least one, and the singular also includes the plural, unless it is obvious that there is another meaning.

[0029] As used herein, the term "about" is intended to account for variations due to experimental error (e.g., plus or minus approximately 10% of the indicated value). Unless expressly stated otherwise, all measurements reported herein are understood to be modified by the term "about", whether or not the term is expressly used.

[0030] When an amount, concentration or other value or parameter is given as a range, a preferred range or a preferred upper value and / or a preferred lower value, it should be understood to specifically disclose all ranges formed by any pair of any upper range limit or preferred value and any lower range limit or preferred value, whether or not the range is disclosed separately. Where a certain numerical range is given in this article, the range is intended to include its endpoints, as well as all integers and fractions within the range, unless otherwise indicated.

[0031] The Global Warming Potential (GWP) is a measure used to estimate the relative global warming contribution caused by the emission of one kilogram of a particular greenhouse gas into the atmosphere, compared to the emission of one kilogram of carbon dioxide. The GWP can be calculated for different time horizons, showing the impact for a given gas's atmospheric lifetime. The GWP for a 100-year time horizon is usually a reference value.

[0032] As used herein, the term "ozone depletion potential" (ODP) is defined in "Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion, 2002, a Report of the Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Program of the World Meteorological Association", Section 1.4.4, pages 1.28 to 1.31 (see the first paragraph of this section). ODP represents the extent of stratospheric ozone depletion expected from a compound on a mass basis relative to trichlorofluoromethane (CFC-11).

[0033] Refrigeration capacity (sometimes referred to as cooling capacity) is a term that defines the enthalpy change of the refrigerant or working fluid in the evaporator per unit mass of circulating refrigerant or working fluid. Volumetric cooling capacity refers to the heat removed by the refrigerant or working fluid in the evaporator per unit volume of refrigerant vapor leaving the evaporator. Refrigeration capacity is a measure of the ability of a refrigerant, working fluid, or heat transfer composition to produce cooling. Therefore, the higher the volumetric cooling capacity of the working fluid, the greater the cooling rate that can be produced at the evaporator with the maximum volume flow rate achievable by a given compressor. Cooling rate refers to the heat removed by the refrigerant in the evaporator per unit time.

[0034] Similarly, volumetric heating capacity is a term that defines the amount of heat supplied by the refrigerant or working fluid in the condenser per unit volume of refrigerant or working fluid vapor entering the compressor. The higher the volumetric heating capacity of the refrigerant or working fluid, the greater the rate of heating produced at the condenser at the maximum volume flow rate achievable with a given compressor.

[0035] The coefficient of performance (COP) is the heat removed from the evaporator divided by the energy required to run the compressor. The higher the COP, the higher the energy efficiency. COP is positively correlated to the energy efficiency ratio (EER), which is a rating of the efficiency of a refrigeration or air conditioning unit at a specific set of inside and outside temperatures.

[0036] As used herein, heat transfer composition media includes compositions used to carry heat from a heat source to a heat sink. For example, heat from a body to be cooled to a cooler evaporator or from a cooler condenser to a cooling tower or other configuration where heat can be discharged to the environment.

[0037] As used herein, a working fluid or refrigerant comprises a compound or mixture of compounds (eg, a composition provided herein) that is used to transfer heat in a cycle where the working fluid undergoes a phase change from liquid to gas and back to liquid in a repeated cycle.

[0038] Subcooling is the temperature of a liquid lowered below the saturation point of the liquid at a given pressure. The saturation point is the temperature at which a vapor composition completely condenses into a liquid (also known as the bubble point). However, at a given pressure, subcooling continues to cool the liquid to a lower temperature liquid. By cooling the liquid below the saturation temperature, the net refrigeration capacity can be increased. Subcooling thereby improves the refrigeration capacity and energy efficiency of the system. Subcooling is the amount of cooling below the saturation temperature (in degrees) or the degree to which a liquid composition is cooled below its saturation temperature.

[0039] The term "superheat" defines the degree to which a vapor composition is heated above the saturated vapor temperature of the vapor composition. If the vapor composition is cooled, the saturated vapor temperature is the temperature at which the first drop of liquid forms, also known as the "dew point."

[0040] As used herein, the term "substantially free" means less than about 1%, for example, less than about 0.5%, less than about 0.25%, less than about 0.1%, less than about 0.01%, less than about 0.001%, less than about 0.0001%, less than about 0.00001%, etc.

[0041] Chemicals, Abbreviations and Acronyms

[0042] CAP: Cooling (or heating) capacity

[0043] COP: Coefficient of Performance

[0044] cSt (or CSt): centistokes

[0045] DR CFX70: Tetradecafluoroheptene (boiling point: 71.5°C; MW: 350 g / mol) FC77 or Fluorinert TM Electronic Liquid FC-77: A thermally stable, fully fluorinated liquid (primarily a compound with 8 carbons; commercially available from 3M).

[0046] GWP: Global Warming Potential

[0047] HFE: Hydrofluoroether

[0048] HFE-7000: 1-Methoxyheptafluoropropane

[0049] HFE-7100: A mixture of methyl nonafluorobutyl ether and methyl nonafluoroisobutyl ether

[0050] HFE-7200 or HFE-569mccc: a mixture of 1-ethoxyperfluorobutane and 1-ethoxyperfluoroisobutane

[0051] HFE-7500: 2-(Trifluoromethyl)-3-ethoxy dodecafluorohexane

[0052] HFT: Heat Transfer Fluid

[0053] HT110 or HT-110: 1-Propylene 1,1,2,3,3,3-hexafluoro-, oxidation, polymerization.

[0054] MPHE: Methyl perfluoroheptene ether

[0055] ODP: Ozone Depletion Potential

[0056] PFC: Perfluorocarbon

[0057] PFPE: Perfluoropolyether

[0058] Vertrel TM XF or HFC-43-10mee: 1,1,1,2,2,3,4,5,5,5-decafluoropentane

[0059] wt%: weight%

[0060] Composition

[0061] The present application provides a composition comprising:

[0062] (i) a compound selected from the group consisting of an alkyl perfluoroolefin ether and a first hydrofluoroether; and

[0063] (ii) a compound selected from the group consisting of a second hydrofluoroether, a perfluorocarbon, and a perfluoropolyether.

[0064] In some embodiments, the composition exhibits a maximum kinematic viscosity of about 10 cSt or less, such as about 9 cSt or less, about 8 cSt or less, about 7 cSt or less, about 6 cSt or less, about 5 cSt or less, about 4 cSt or less, about 3 cSt or less, about 2 cSt or less, or about 1 cSt or less. In some embodiments, the composition exhibits a maximum kinematic viscosity of about 6 cSt or less.

[0065] In some embodiments, the composition exhibits a maximum kinematic viscosity of about 10 cSt or less at a temperature of about -90°C to about -100°C, such as about 8 cSt or less, about 6 cSt or less, about 4 cSt or less, about 2 cSt or less, or about 1 cSt or less at a temperature of about -90°C to about -100°C. In some embodiments, the composition exhibits a maximum kinematic viscosity of about 6 cSt or less at a temperature of about -90°C to about -100°C.

[0066] In some embodiments, the composition exhibits a maximum kinematic viscosity of about 0.1 cSt to about 10 cSt, e.g., about 0.1 cSt to about 8 cSt, about 0.1 cSt to about 6 cSt, about 0.1 cSt to about 4 cSt, about 0.1 cSt to about 2 cSt, about 0.1 cSt to about 1 cSt, about 1 cSt to about 10 cSt, about 1 cSt to about 8 cSt, about 1 cSt to about 6 cSt, about 1 cSt to about 4 cSt, about 1 cSt to about 2 cSt, about 2 cSt to about 10 cSt, about 2 cSt to about 8 cSt, about 2 cSt to about 6 cSt, about 2 cSt to about 4 cSt, about 4 cSt to about 10 cSt, about 4 cSt to about 8 cSt, about 4 cSt to about 6 cSt, about 6 cSt to about 10 cSt, about 6 cSt to about 8 cSt, or about 8 cSt to about 10 cSt.

[0067] In some embodiments, the composition exhibits a maximum kinematic viscosity of about 0.1 cSt to about 10 cSt at a temperature of about -90°C to about -100°C, for example, about 0.1 cSt to about 8 cSt, about 0.1 cSt to about 6 cSt, about 0.1 cSt to about 4 cSt, about 0.1 cSt to about 2 cSt, about 0.1 cSt to about 1 cSt, about 1 cSt to about 10 cSt, about 1 cSt to about 8 cSt, about 1 cSt to about 6 cSt, about 1 cSt to about 4 cSt, about 1 cSt to about 2 cSt, about 2 cSt to about 10 cSt, about 2 cSt to about 8 cSt, about 2 cSt to about 6 cSt, about 2 cSt to about 4 cSt, about 4 cSt to about 10 cSt, about 4 cSt to about 8 cSt, about 4 cSt to about 6 cSt, about 6 cSt to about 10 cSt, about 6 cSt to about 8 cSt, or about 8 cSt to about 10 cSt at a temperature of about -90°C to about -100°C.

[0068] In some embodiments, the composition is non-flammable.

[0069] In some embodiments, the composition comprises from about 15% to about 95% by weight of the alkyl perfluoroalkene ether, for example, from about 15% to about 90% by weight, from about 15% to about 80% by weight, from about 15% to about 70% by weight, from about 15% to about 60% by weight, from about 15% to about 50% by weight, from about 15% to about 40% by weight, from about 15% to about 30% by weight, from about 15% to about 20% by weight, from about 20% to about 95% by weight, from about 20 wt % to about 90 wt %, about 20 wt % to about 80 wt %, about 20 wt % to about 70 wt %, about 20 wt % to about 60 wt %, about 20 wt % to about 50 wt %, about 20 wt % to about 40 wt %, about 20 wt % to about 30 wt %, about 30 wt % to about 95 wt %, about 30 wt % to about 90 wt %, about 30 wt % to about 80 wt %, about 30 wt % to about 70 wt %, about 30 wt % to about 60 wt % %, about 30% to about 50% by weight, about 30% to about 40% by weight, about 40% to about 95% by weight, about 40% to about 90% by weight, about 40% to about 80% by weight, about 40% to about 70% by weight, about 40% to about 60% by weight, about 40% to about 50% by weight, about 50% to about 95% by weight, about 50% to about 90% by weight, about 50% to about 80% by weight, about 50% to about 70% by weight, about 40% to about 60% by weight, about 40% to about 50% by weight, about 50% to about 95% by weight, about 50% to about 90% by weight, about 50% to about 80% by weight, about 50% to about 70% by weight %, about 50% by weight to about 60% by weight, about 60% by weight to about 95% by weight, about 60% by weight to about 90% by weight, about 60% by weight to about 80% by weight, about 60% by weight to about 70% by weight, about 70% by weight to about 95% by weight, about 70% by weight to about 90% by weight, about 70% by weight to about 80% by weight, about 80% by weight to about 95% by weight, about 80% by weight to about 90% by weight or about 90% by weight to about 95% by weight of alkyl perfluoroolefin ether. In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 60% by weight to about 90% by weight of alkyl perfluoroolefin ether. In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 60% by weight to about 80% by weight of alkyl perfluoroolefin ether. In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 65% by weight to about 75% by weight of alkyl perfluoroolefin ether. In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 70% by weight of alkyl perfluoroolefin ether. In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 5% by weight to about 15% by weight of alkyl perfluoroolefin ether. In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 10% by weight of the alkyl perfluoroolefin ether.

[0070] In some embodiments, the alkyl perfluoroalkene ether is methyl perfluoroheptene ether. In some embodiments, the methyl perfluoroheptene ether comprises a mixture of two or more structural and / or stereoisomers.

[0071] In some embodiments, the methyl perfluoroheptene ether comprises a mixture of about 48 wt % to about 52 wt % 5-methoxyperfluoro-3-heptene, about 18 wt % to about 22 wt % 3-methoxyperfluoro-3-heptene, about 18 wt % to about 22 wt % 4-methoxyperfluoro-2-heptene, and about 6 wt % to about 10 wt % 4-methoxyperfluoro-3-heptene.

[0072] In some embodiments, the methyl perfluoroheptene ether comprises a mixture of about 50 weight percent 5-methoxyperfluoro-3-heptene, about 20 weight percent 3-methoxyperfluoro-3-heptene, about 20 weight percent 4-methoxyperfluoro-2-heptene, and about 8 weight percent 4-methoxyperfluoro-3-heptene.

[0073] In some embodiments, the methyl perfluoroheptene ether comprises a mixture of about 48 wt % to about 52 wt % 5-methoxy(E)-perfluoro-3-heptene, about 12 wt % to about 16 wt % 3-methoxy(E)-perfluoro-3-heptene, about 4 wt % to about 8 wt % 3-methoxy(Z)-perfluoro-3-heptene, about 18 wt % to about 22 wt % 4-methoxy(E)-perfluoro-2-heptene, about 1 wt % to about 3 wt % 4-methoxy(Z)-perfluoro-3-heptene, and about 4 wt % to about 8 wt % 4-methoxy(E)-perfluoro-3-heptene.

[0074] In some embodiments, the methyl perfluoroheptene ether comprises a mixture of about 50 weight percent 5-methoxy(E)-perfluoro-3-heptene, about 14 weight percent 3-methoxy(E)-perfluoro-3-heptene, about 6 weight percent 3-methoxy(Z)-perfluoro-3-heptene, about 20 weight percent 4-methoxy(E)-perfluoro-2-heptene, about 2 weight percent 4-methoxy(Z)-perfluoro-3-heptene, and about 6 weight percent 4-methoxy(E)-perfluoro-3-heptene.

[0075] In some embodiments, the composition comprises:

[0076] (i) alkyl perfluoroolefin ethers; and

[0077] (ii) a compound selected from the group consisting of a second hydrofluoroether, a perfluorocarbon, and a perfluoropolyether.

[0078] In some embodiments, the composition comprises an alkyl perfluoroalkene ether and a second hydrofluoroether. In some embodiments, the composition comprises a methyl perfluoroheptene ether and a second hydrofluoroether.

[0079] In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 5 wt % to about 85 wt % of the second hydrofluoroether. For example, about 5 wt % to about 80 wt %, about 5 wt % to about 70 wt %, about 5 wt % to about 60 wt %, about 5 wt % to about 50 wt %, about 5 wt % to about 40 wt %, about 5 wt % to about 30 wt %, about 5 wt % to about 20 wt %, about 5 wt % to about 10 wt %, about 10 wt % to about 85 wt %, about 10 wt % to about 8 0 wt %, about 10 wt % to about 70 wt %, about 10 wt % to about 60 wt %, about 10 wt % to about 50 wt %, about 10 wt % to about 40 wt %, about 10 wt % to about 30 wt %, about 10 wt % to about 20 wt %, about 20 wt % to about 85 wt %, about 20 wt % to about 80 wt %, about 20 wt % to about 70 wt %, about 20 wt % to about 60 wt %, about 20 wt % to about 50 wt %, about 20 % to about 40 wt %, about 20 wt % to about 30 wt %, about 30 wt % to about 85 wt %, about 30 wt % to about 80 wt %, about 30 wt % to about 70 wt %, about 30 wt % to about 60 wt %, about 30 wt % to about 50 wt %, about 30 wt % to about 40 wt %, about 40 wt % to about 85 wt %, about 40 wt % to about 80 wt %, about 40 wt % to about 70 wt %, about 40 wt % to about 60 wt %, %, about 40 wt % to about 50 wt %, about 50 wt % to about 85 wt %, about 50 wt % to about 80 wt %, about 50 wt % to about 70 wt %, about 50 wt % to about 60 wt %, about 60 wt % to about 85 wt %, about 60 wt % to about 80 wt %, about 60 wt % to about 70 wt %, about 70 wt % to about 85 wt %, about 70 wt % to about 80 wt %, or about 80 wt % to about 85 wt % of the second hydrofluoroether.

[0080] In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 10% to about 40% by weight of the second hydrofluoroether. In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 20% to about 40% by weight of the second hydrofluoroether. In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 25% to about 35% by weight of the second hydrofluoroether. In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 30% by weight of the second hydrofluoroether.

[0081] In some embodiments, the second hydrofluoroether is selected from HFE-7000, HFE-7100, HFE-7200, and HFE-7500. In some embodiments, the second hydrofluoroether is HFE-7000. In some embodiments, the second hydrofluoroether is HFE-7100. In some embodiments, the second hydrofluoroether is HFE-7200. In some embodiments, the second hydrofluoroether is HFE-7500.

[0082] In some embodiments, the composition comprises methyl perfluoroheptene ether and HFE-7200. In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 60% to about 80% by weight of methyl perfluoroheptene ether and about 40% to about 20% by weight of HFE-7200. In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 65% to about 75% by weight of methyl perfluoroheptene ether and about 35% to about 25% by weight of HFE-7200. In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 70% by weight of methyl perfluoroheptene ether and about 30% by weight of HFE-7200.

[0083] In some embodiments, the composition comprises an alkyl perfluoroalkene ether and a perfluorocarbon. In some embodiments, the composition comprises a methyl perfluoroheptene ether and a perfluorocarbon.

[0084] In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 15% to about 5% by weight of a perfluorocarbon, such as about 15% to about 10% by weight or about 10% to about 5% by weight of a perfluorocarbon. In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 10% by weight of a perfluorocarbon. In some embodiments, the perfluorocarbon is FC77.

[0085] As used herein, "FC77" refers to Fluorinert TM Electronic liquid FC-77, which is commercially available from 3M and will be readily understood by the skilled person. The physical properties of FC77 are provided below. Additional information can be found, for example, in product information sheets from 3M, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

[0086]

[0087]

[0088] In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 85 wt % to about 95 wt % methyl perfluoroheptene ether and about 15 wt % to about 5 wt % FC77. In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 90 wt % methyl perfluoroheptene ether and about 10 wt % FC77.

[0089] In some embodiments, the composition comprises an alkyl perfluoroolefin ether and a perfluoropolyether. In some embodiments, the composition comprises a methyl perfluoroheptene ether and a perfluoropolyether.

[0090] In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 15% to about 5% by weight of a perfluoropolyether, such as about 15% to about 10% by weight or about 10% to about 5% by weight of a perfluoropolyether. In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 10% by weight of a perfluoropolyether. In some embodiments, the perfluoropolyether is HT110.

[0091] As used herein, "HT110" refers to HT-110 (1-propylene 1,1,2,3,3,3-hexafluoro-, oxidized, polymerized), which is commercially available from Solvay and will be readily understood by the skilled artisan. The physical properties of HT110 are provided below.

[0092]

[0093]

[0094] In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 85% to about 95% by weight of methyl perfluoroheptene ether and about 15% to about 5% by weight of HT110. In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 90% by weight of methyl perfluoroheptene ether and about 10% by weight of HT110.

[0095] In some embodiments, the composition comprises:

[0096] (i) a first hydrofluoroether; and

[0097] (ii) A second hydrofluoroether.

[0098] In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 70% to about 90% by weight of the first hydrofluoroether, such as about 70% to about 85%, about 70% to about 80%, about 70% to about 75%, about 75% to about 90%, about 75% to about 85%, about 75% to about 80%, about 80% to about 90%, about 80% to about 85%, or about 85% to about 90% by weight of the first hydrofluoroether. In some embodiments, the first hydrofluoroether is HFE-7500.

[0099] In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 30 wt % to about 10 wt % of the second hydrofluoroether, e.g., about 30 wt % to about 15 wt %, about 30 wt % to about 20 wt %, about 30 wt % to about 25 wt %, about 25 wt % to about 10 wt %, about 25 wt % to about 15 wt %, about 25 wt % to about 20 wt %, about 20 wt % to about 10 wt %, about 20 wt % to about 15 wt %, or about 15 wt % to about 10 wt % of the second hydrofluoroether.

[0100] In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 70 wt % to about 90 wt % of the first hydrofluoroether and about 30 wt % to about 10 wt % of the second hydrofluoroether. In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 80 wt % of the first hydrofluoroether and about 20 wt % of the second hydrofluoroether.

[0101] In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 70 wt % to about 90 wt % HFE-7500 and about 30 wt % to about 10 wt % of the second hydrofluoroether. In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 80 wt % HFE-7500 and about 20 wt % of the second hydrofluoroether.

[0102] In some embodiments, the second hydrofluoroether is selected from HFE-7000, HFE-7100, and HFE-7200. In some embodiments, the second hydrofluoroether is HFE-7000. In some embodiments, the second hydrofluoroether is HFE-7100. In some embodiments, the second hydrofluoroether is HFE-7200.

[0103] How to use

[0104] The composition provided herein can be used as a working fluid for transporting heat from a heat source to a radiator. Such heat transfer compositions can also be used as refrigerants in a cycle, in which a phase change occurs in the fluid; that is, from liquid to gas and back to liquid, or vice versa, or as a single-phase working fluid (e.g., as a cooler heat transfer fluid (HFT) or circulating fluid). Examples of heat transfer systems include, but are not limited to, air conditioners, freezers, refrigerators, heat pumps, water coolers, full-liquid evaporator coolers, direct expansion coolers, walk-in coolers, high-temperature heat pumps, mobile refrigerators, mobile air conditioning units, immersion cooling systems, data center cooling systems, and combinations thereof. It should be understood that exemplary heat transfer systems may include components that can be used for single-phase heat transfer. Therefore, the application provides a heat transfer system (e.g., heat transfer equipment) as described herein, which includes a composition provided herein. In some embodiments, the composition provided herein can be used as a working fluid or heat transfer fluid (e.g., a working fluid for refrigeration or heating applications) in a heat transfer system. In some embodiments, the compositions provided herein can be used in equipment or systems including high temperature heat pumps (e.g., heat pumps including heat exchangers operating at a temperature greater than about 50°C). In some embodiments, the high temperature heat pump includes a centrifugal compressor. In some embodiments, the compositions provided herein can be used in equipment or systems including chiller equipment. In some embodiments, the compositions provided herein can be used in equipment or systems including centrifugal chiller equipment. In some embodiments, the compositions provided herein can be used in centrifugal high temperature heat pumps.

[0105] In some embodiments, the provided composition can be used as a heat transfer fluid (e.g., a cooler heat transfer fluid or a circulating fluid). As used herein, a heat transfer fluid (HFT) or a circulating fluid is a working fluid that can pass through the vicinity of an object to be cooled (e.g., a refrigeration circuit of a cooler), remove heat, add heat, or maintain temperature. In an exemplary heat transfer system, a pumping system circulates a cold heat transfer fluid from a cooler to the process (or, for example, a semiconductor manufacturing tool). The heat transfer fluid removes heat from the process, and the warm heat transfer fluid returns to the tank of the cooler via a heat exchanger. The heat transfer fluid is recooled at the heat exchanger and circulated back to the process side, where it will acquire heat again. The process requires temperature control, and the circulating fluid is required to remain in a single phase over the entire process temperature range. In a system using a single-phase heat transfer fluid, the properties of the fluid (e.g., viscosity, boiling point, etc.) must remain relatively constant. In some embodiments, the composition provided herein can be used as a heat transfer fluid, wherein the composition maintains a single phase (e.g., liquid) within the operating temperature range of the heat transfer system (e.g., about -140°C to about 120°C).

[0106] Mechanical vapor compression refrigeration systems, air conditioning systems, and heat pump systems include an evaporator, a compressor, a condenser, and an expansion device. The refrigeration cycle reuses the refrigerant in multiple steps, thereby producing a cooling effect in one step and a heating effect in a different step. A multiphase cycle (e.g., condensation / evaporation) can be described as follows: a liquid refrigerant enters the evaporator through an expansion device, and the liquid refrigerant boils at a low temperature in the evaporator to form a gas and refrigerate by extracting heat from the environment. Typically, air or a heat transfer fluid flows over or around the evaporator to transfer the cooling effect caused by the evaporation of the refrigerant in the evaporator to the object to be cooled. The low-pressure gas enters the compressor, where the gas is compressed to increase its pressure and temperature. Then, the high-pressure (compressed) gas refrigerant enters the condenser, where the refrigerant condenses and discharges its heat to the environment. The refrigerant returns to the expansion device, through which the liquid expands from the higher pressure level in the condenser to the low pressure level in the evaporator, thereby repeating the cycle.

[0107] The object to be cooled or heated may be defined as any space, location, object or object for which cooling or heating is desired. Examples include spaces (open or enclosed) that require air conditioning, cooling or heating, such as rooms, apartments or buildings, such as apartment buildings, university dormitories, townhouses or other contiguous or single-family homes, hospitals, office buildings, supermarkets, college or university classrooms or administrative buildings, and automobile or truck passenger compartments. In addition, the object to be cooled may include electronic devices, such as computer equipment, central processing units (CPUs), data centers, server banks, and personal computers, among others.

[0108] By "near..." it is meant that the evaporator of the system containing the refrigerant is located within or adjacent to the object to be cooled, so that air moving over the evaporator will move into or around the object to be cooled. In the method for heating, "near..." means that the condenser of the system containing the refrigerant is located within or adjacent to the object to be heated, so that air moving over the evaporator will move into or around the object to be heated. In some embodiments, in terms of heat transfer, "near..." can, for example, mean that the object to be cooled is directly immersed in the heat transfer composition, or that a tube containing the heat transfer composition extends around the interior and into and out of the electronic equipment.

[0109] Exemplary refrigeration systems include, but are not limited to, equipment comprising the following: commercial, industrial or residential refrigerators and freezers, ice machines, self-contained coolers and freezers, vending machines, full-liquid evaporator coolers, direct expansion coolers, water coolers, centrifugal coolers, walk-in and reach-in coolers and freezers and combined systems. In some embodiments, the composition provided herein can be used in supermarket refrigeration systems. In addition, fixed applications can utilize secondary loop systems, which use primary refrigerants to refrigerate in one position, which are transferred to a remote location via a second heat transfer fluid.

[0110] In some embodiments, the compositions provided herein can be used in single-phase cooler systems (e.g., coolers capable of operating using single-phase heat transfer compositions). In some embodiments, single-phase cooler systems include single-phase semiconductor coolers. In some embodiments, the compositions provided herein are useful in a wide range of temperatures for cooling applications and heating applications. For example, the compositions provided herein can be suitable as heat transfer devices at temperatures between about -140°C and about 120°C, for example, between about -140°C and about 110°C, between about -140°C and about 100°C, between about -140°C and about 50°C, between about -140°C and about 25°C, between about -140°C and about 0°C, between about -140°C and about -25°C, between about -140°C and about -50°C, between about -140°C and about -100°C, between about -140°C and about -120°C, between about -120°C and about 120°C, between about -120°C and about 110°C, between about -120°C and about 1 00°C, about -120°C to about 50°C, about -120°C to about 25°C, about -120°C to about 0°C, about -120°C to about -25°C, about -120°C to about -50°C, about -120°C to about -100°C, about -100°C to about 120°C, about -100°C to about 110°C, about -100°C to about 100°C, about -100°C to about 50°C, about -100°C to about 25°C, about -100°C to about 0°C, about -100°C to about -25°C, about -100°C to about -50°C, about -75°C to about 120°C, about -75°C to about 110°C, about -75°C to about 100°C, about -75°C to about 50°C, about -75°C to about 25°C, about -75°C to about 0°C, about -75°C to about -25°C, about -50°C to about 120°C, about -50°C to about 110°C, about -50°C to about 100°C, about -50°C to about 50°C, about -50°C to about 25°C, about -50°C to about 0°C, about -25°C to about 120°C, about -25°C to about 110°C, about -25°C to about 100°C, about -25°C to about About 50°C, about -25°C to about 25°C, about 0°C to about 120°C, about 0°C to about 110°C, about 0°C to about 100°C, about 0°C to about 50°C, about 0°C to about 25°C, about 25°C to about 120°C, about 25°C to about 110°C, about 25°C to about 100°C, about 25°C to about 50°C, about 50°C to about 120°C, about 50°C to about 110°C, about 50°C to about 100°C, about 100°C to about 120°C, about 100°C to about 110°C, or about 110°C to about 120°C. In some embodiments, the compositions provided herein may be suitable as working fluids at temperatures of -135°C to about 110°C. In some embodiments, the compositions provided herein may be suitable as working fluids at temperatures of -95°C to about 100°C. In some embodiments, the compositions provided herein may be suitable as working fluids at temperatures of -70°C to about 60°C.

[0111] In some embodiments, the compositions provided herein can be used in mobile heat transfer systems, including refrigeration systems, air conditioning systems, or heat pump systems or devices. In some embodiments, the compositions can be used in stationary heat transfer systems, including refrigeration systems, air conditioning systems, or heat pump systems or devices.

[0112] As used herein, a mobile refrigeration system, air conditioning system or heat pump system refers to any refrigeration equipment, air conditioner equipment or heat pump equipment incorporated into a road, rail, sea or air transport unit. Mobile air conditioning systems or heat pump systems can be used for automobiles, trucks, rail cars or other transport systems. Mobile refrigeration can include transport refrigeration in trucks, airplanes or rail cars. In addition, equipment that is intended to provide refrigeration for a system that is independent of any mobile carrier (referred to as a "combined transport" system) is included in the present invention. Such combined systems include "containers" (sea / land combined transport) and "foldable cargo boxes" (road and rail combined transport).

[0113] As used herein, a fixed air conditioning system or heat pump system is a system that is fixed in one location during operation. A fixed air conditioning system or heat pump system may be connected or attached to any variety of buildings. These fixed applications may be fixed air conditioners and heat pumps, including but not limited to chillers, heat pumps (including residential and high temperature heat pumps), residential, commercial or industrial air conditioning systems, and include window, ductless, ducted, integral terminals, and those that are outside the building but connected to the building, such as rooftop systems.

[0114] Stationary heat transfer may refer to systems used to cool electronic devices, such as immersion cooling systems, immersion cooling systems, phase change cooling systems, data center cooling systems, or simple liquid cooling systems.

[0115] In some embodiments, a method of using the composition of the present invention as a heat transfer fluid is provided. The method comprises transferring the composition from a heat source to a heat sink.

[0116] In some embodiments, a method for producing cooling is provided, the method comprising evaporating any of the compounds or compositions of the present invention in the vicinity of an object to be cooled, and then condensing the composition.

[0117] In some embodiments, a method for producing heating is provided, the method comprising condensing any of the compositions of the present invention in the vicinity of an object to be heated, and then evaporating the composition.

[0118] In some embodiments, the compositions are used in heat transfer, where the working fluid is the heat transfer component.

[0119] In some embodiments, the compositions of the present invention are used in refrigeration or air conditioning.

[0120] In some embodiments, the compositions of the present invention can be used to reduce or eliminate the flammability of flammable refrigerants provided herein. In some embodiments, the present application provided herein is a method for reducing the flammability of a flammable refrigerant, the method comprising adding a composition comprising a composition as disclosed herein to a flammable refrigerant.

[0121] The compositions provided herein can be used as substitutes for currently used ("existing") refrigerants or oils. As used herein, the term "existing refrigerant" or "existing oil" should be understood to mean that the heat transfer system is designed for the refrigerant or oil to operate, or the refrigerant or oil residing in the heat transfer system. In some embodiments, the compositions provided herein can be used as substitutes for existing refrigerants selected from perfluorocarbons, perfluoropolyethers, silicone oils, hydrocarbon oils and ethylene glycol aqueous solutions. In some embodiments, compared with heat transfer fluids, alternative compositions (i.e., compositions provided herein) increase the operating temperature range of refrigeration systems or heat pump systems (e.g., increasing the operating temperature to a temperature of about -140°C to about 120°C, as described herein).

[0122] In general, a replacement refrigerant is most useful if it can be used in the original refrigeration equipment designed for a different refrigerant, for example, with minimal or no system modification. In many applications, some embodiments of the disclosed compositions can be used as refrigerants and at least provide cooling performance (meaning cooling capacity) comparable to that of the refrigerant being replaced.

[0123] In some embodiments, the high temperature heat pump comprises a condenser that operates at a temperature greater than about 50° C. In some embodiments, the high temperature heat pump comprises a condenser that operates at a temperature greater than about 100° C. In some embodiments, the high temperature heat pump comprises a condenser that operates at a temperature greater than about 120° C. In some embodiments, the high temperature heat pump comprises a condenser that operates at a temperature greater than about 150° C.

[0124] In some embodiments, the present application provides a method for improving the energy efficiency of a heat transfer system or device comprising an existing refrigerant, the method comprising substantially replacing the existing refrigerant with an alternative refrigerant composition provided herein, thereby improving the efficiency of the heat transfer system. In some embodiments, the heat transfer system is a chiller system or chiller device provided herein.

[0125] In some embodiments, a method for operating a heat transfer system or for transferring heat is provided, the method being designed to operate with an existing refrigerant by charging the composition of the present invention into an empty system, or substantially replacing the existing refrigerant with the composition of the present invention.

[0126] As used herein, the term "substantially replace" should be understood to mean allowing the existing refrigerant to drain from the system, or pumping the existing refrigerant from the system, and then charging the system with the composition of the present invention. The system may be flushed with one or more amounts of the replacement refrigerant before charging the replacement refrigerant. It should be understood that in some embodiments, some small amount of the existing refrigerant may be present in the system after the composition of the present invention has been charged to the system.

[0127] In another embodiment, a method for refilling a heat transfer system containing an existing refrigerant and a lubricant is provided, the method comprising substantially removing the existing refrigerant from the heat transfer system while retaining a substantial portion of the lubricant in the system and introducing one of the compositions of the present invention into the heat transfer system. In some embodiments, the lubricant in the system is partially replaced.

[0128] In some embodiments, the compositions of the present invention can be used to supplement the refrigerant charge in a chiller. For example, if a chiller using an existing refrigerant is experiencing performance degradation due to refrigerant leakage, the compositions disclosed herein can be added to bring the performance back up to specification.

[0129] In some embodiments, a heat exchange system containing any of the compositions disclosed herein is provided, wherein the system is selected from the group consisting of an air conditioner, a freezer, a refrigeration machine, a heat pump, a water chiller, a flooded evaporator chiller, a direct expansion chiller, a walk-in cooler, a heat pump, a mobile refrigeration machine, a mobile air conditioning unit, and a system having a combination thereof. In addition, the compositions provided herein can be used in secondary loop systems, wherein these compositions are used as primary refrigerants, thereby providing cooling for a secondary heat transfer fluid, thereby cooling a remote location.

[0130] In some embodiments, the systems described herein can work more efficiently if the heat exchanger operates in a counterflow mode or a cross-flow mode with a counterflow tendency. The counterflow tendency means that the closer the heat exchanger is to a counterflow mode, the more efficient the heat transfer is. Therefore, air conditioning heat exchangers, particularly evaporators, are designed to provide some aspects of the counterflow tendency.

[0131] In some embodiments, the present application provides an air conditioning system or a heat pump system, wherein the system includes one or more heat exchangers (evaporator, condenser, or both) operating in a countercurrent mode or a crosscurrent mode with a countercurrent trend.

[0132] In some embodiments, provided herein are refrigeration systems, wherein the system comprises one or more heat exchangers (evaporator, condenser, or both) operating in a countercurrent mode or a crosscurrent mode with a countercurrent trend.

[0133] In some embodiments, the refrigeration system, air conditioning system or heat pump system is a stationary refrigeration system, air conditioning system or heat pump system. In some embodiments, the refrigeration system, air conditioning system or heat pump system is a mobile refrigeration system, air conditioning system or heat pump system.

[0134] Additionally, in some embodiments, the disclosed compositions can act as a primary refrigerant in a secondary loop system that provides cooling to a remote location by using a secondary heat transfer fluid, which can include water, a brine solution (e.g., calcium chloride), a glycol, carbon dioxide, or a fluorinated hydrocarbon fluid (meaning HFCs, HCFCs, hydrofluoroolefins ("HFOs"), hydrochlorofluoroolefins ("HCFOs"), chlorofluoroolefins ("CFOs"), or perfluorocarbons ("PFCs")). In this case, the secondary heat transfer fluid is the object to be cooled when it is adjacent to the evaporator, and is cooled before moving to a second remote object to be cooled. In some embodiments, the disclosed compositions can act as a secondary heat transfer fluid, thereby transferring or providing cooling (or heating) to a remote location.

[0135] In some embodiments, the compositions provided herein also comprise one or more non-refrigerant components (also referred to herein as additives) selected from the group consisting of lubricants, dyes (including UV dyes), solubilizers, extenders, stabilizers, tracers, antiwear agents, extreme pressure agents, corrosion inhibitors and oxidation inhibitors, polymerization inhibitors, metal surface energy reducers, metal surface deactivators, free radical scavengers, foam control agents, viscosity index improvers, pour point depressants, detergents, viscosity modifiers, and mixtures thereof. In fact, many of these optional non-refrigerant components fit one or more of these categories and may have qualities that enable them to achieve one or more performance characteristics themselves.

[0136] In some embodiments, one or more non-refrigerant components exist in a relatively small amount relative to the overall composition. In some embodiments, the amount of additive concentration in the disclosed composition is less than about 0.1 % by weight to as much as about 5 % by weight of the total composition. In some embodiments of the invention, additive is present in the disclosed composition with the amount of the total composition between about 0.1 % by weight to about 5 % by weight or with the amount between about 0.1 % by weight to about 3.5 % by weight. The additive component selected for the disclosed composition is selected based on practicality and / or each equipment component or system requirements.

[0137] In one embodiment, the lubricant is selected from the group consisting of mineral oils, alkylbenzenes, polyol esters, polyalkylene glycols, polyvinyl ethers, polycarbonates, silicones, silicates, phosphate esters, paraffins, cycloalkanes, poly-alpha-olefins, and combinations thereof.

[0138] The lubricant disclosed herein may be a commercially available lubricant. For example, the lubricant may be a paraffinic mineral oil sold by BVA Oils as BVM 100N; 1GS, 3GS and Cycloparaffinic mineral oil sold by 5GS; marketed by Pennzoil under the trademark 372LT, a naphthenic mineral oil sold by Calumet Lubricants under the trademark RO-30 is a naphthenic mineral oil sold by Shrieve Chemicals under the trademark 75. 150 and 500; and branched alkylbenzenes sold by Nippon Oil as HAB 22; and by Castrol in the United Kingdom under the trademark 100 commercially available polyol esters (POE); polyalkylene glycols (PAGs) such as RL-488A and mixtures thereof available from Dow (Dow Chemical, Midland, Michigan, USA).

[0139] Despite the weight ratios of the compositions disclosed herein, it will be appreciated that in some heat transfer systems, where the compositions are used, additional lubricant may be obtained from one or more equipment components of such heat transfer systems. For example, in some refrigeration systems, air conditioning systems, and heat pump systems, lubricants may be loaded into the compressor and / or compressor lubricant sump. Such lubricants will be present in the refrigerant of such systems, except for any lubricant additives. In use, when in the compressor, the refrigerant may obtain an amount of equipment lubricant to change the refrigerant-lubricant composition from the starting ratio.

[0140] The non-refrigerant component used with the composition of the present invention may include at least one dye. The dye may be at least one ultraviolet (UV) dye. As used herein, "ultraviolet" dyes are defined as UV fluorescent or phosphorescent compositions that absorb light in the ultraviolet or "near" ultraviolet region of the electromagnetic spectrum. Fluorescence produced by UV fluorescent dyes under UV light irradiation can be detected, and the UV light emits at least some radiation in the wavelength range of 10 nanometers to about 775 nanometers.

[0141] UV dyes are useful components for detecting leaks of compositions by allowing observation of fluorescence of the dye at or near a leak point in an equipment (e.g., a refrigeration unit, air conditioner, or heat pump). UV emission, e.g., fluorescence of the dye can be observed under ultraviolet light. Thus, if a composition containing such a UV dye leaks from a given point in the equipment, the fluorescence can be detected at or near the leak point.

[0142] In some embodiments, the UV dye can be a fluorescent dye. In some embodiments, the fluorescent dye is selected from the group consisting of naphthalimides, perylenes, coumarins, anthracenes, phenanthrenes, xanthenes, thioxanthenes, naphthoxanthenes, fluoresceins, and derivatives of said dyes, and combinations thereof.

[0143] Another non-refrigerant component that can be used with the composition of the present invention can include at least one solubilizing agent, which is selected to improve the solubility of one or more dyes in the disclosed composition. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of dye to solubilizing agent ranges from about 99:1 to about 1:1. The solubilizing agent includes at least one compound selected from the group consisting of hydrocarbons, hydrocarbon ethers, polyoxyalkylene glycol ethers (such as dipropylene glycol dimethyl ether), amides, nitriles, ketones, chlorocarbons (such as methylene chloride, trichloroethylene, chloroform or mixtures thereof), esters, lactones, aromatic ethers, fluoroethers and 1,1,1-trifluoroalkanes and mixtures thereof.

[0144] In some embodiments, the non-refrigerant component comprises at least one compatibilizer to improve the compatibility of one or more lubricants with the disclosed composition. The compatibilizer can be selected from hydrocarbons, hydrocarbon ethers, polyoxyalkylene glycol ethers (such as dipropylene glycol dimethyl ether), amides, nitriles, ketones, chlorocarbons (such as methylene chloride, trichloroethylene, chloroform or mixtures thereof), esters, lactones, aromatic ethers, fluoroethers, 1,1,1-trifluoroalkanes and mixtures thereof (meaning mixtures of any compatibilizer disclosed in this paragraph).

[0145] The solubilizer and / or compatibilizer may be selected from hydrocarbon ethers consisting of ethers containing only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, such as dimethyl ether (DME) and mixtures thereof (meaning mixtures of any hydrocarbon ether disclosed in this paragraph).

[0146] The compatibilizer may be a linear or cyclic aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon compatibilizer containing 3 to 15 carbon atoms. The compatibilizer may be at least one hydrocarbon, which may be selected from at least one of propane (including propylene and propane), butane (including normal butane and isobutylene), pentane (including normal pentane, isopentane, neopentane and cyclopentane), hexane, octane, nonane and decane, etc. Commercially available hydrocarbon compatibilizers include, but are not limited to, those sold under the trademark H those sold by Exxon Chemical (USA), undecane (C11 ) and dodecane (C 12 ) mixture (high purity C 11 To C 12 Isoparaffins), Aromatic 150 (C9 to C 11 Aromatic), Aromatic200 (C9 to C 15 Aromatic) and Naptha 140 (C5 to C 11 mixtures of paraffinic, cycloparaffinic and aromatic hydrocarbons) and mixtures thereof (meaning mixtures of any of the hydrocarbons disclosed in this paragraph).

[0147] The compatibilizer may alternatively be at least one polymeric compatibilizer. The polymeric compatibilizer may be a random copolymer of fluorinated and non-fluorinated acrylates, wherein the polymer comprises at least one 1 )CO2R 2 、CH2=C(R 3 )C6H4R 4 and CH2=C(R 5 )C6H4XR 6 The repeating unit of the monomer represented by wherein X is oxygen or sulfur; R 1 , R 3 and R 5 are independently selected from the group consisting of: H and a C1-C4 alkyl group; and R 2 , R 4 and R 6 Independently selected from the group consisting of carbon chain-based groups containing C and F, and which groups may also contain H, Cl, ether oxygen, or sulfur in the form of thioether, sulfoxide or sulfone groups and mixtures thereof. Examples of such polymeric compatibilizers include those available under the trademark PHS were those commercially available from EI du Pont deNemours and Company (Wilmington, DE, 19898, USA). PHS is prepared by making 40 wt% CH2=C(CH3)CO2CH2CH2(CF2CF2) m F (also known as Fluoromethacrylate or ZFM) (wherein m is 1 to 12, mainly 2 to 8) and 60% by weight of lauryl methacrylate (CH2=C(CH3)CO2(CH2) 11 CH3, also known as LMA) random copolymer prepared by polymerization.

[0148] In some embodiments, the compatibilizer component comprises about 0.01 wt % to 30 wt % (based on the total amount of compatibilizer) of an additive that reduces the surface energy of metallic copper, aluminum, steel or other metals and their metal alloys present in the heat exchanger in a manner that reduces the adhesion of the lubricant to the metal. Examples of additives that reduce the metal surface energy include those sold under the trademark FSA, FSP and FSJ Those commercially available from DuPont.

[0149] Another non-refrigerant component that can be used with the composition of the present invention can be a metal surface deactivator. The metal surface deactivator is selected from the group consisting of oxalylbis(benzylidene)hydrazide (CAS Registry No. 6629-10-3), N,N'-bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyhydrocinnamic hydrazide (CAS Registry No. 32687-78-8), 2,2,'-oxalamidobis-ethyl-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyhydrocinnamate (CAS Registry No. 70331-94-1), N,N'-(disalicylidene)-1,2-diaminopropane (CAS Registry No. 94-91-7) and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (CAS Registry No. 60-00-4) and its salts and mixtures thereof (meaning mixtures of any metal surface deactivators disclosed in this paragraph).

[0150] The non-refrigeration agent component used together with the composition of the present invention can alternatively be a stabilizer selected from the group consisting of hindered phenols, thiophosphates, butylated triphenyl thiophosphates, organic phosphates, organic phosphites, aryl alkyl ethers, terpenes, terpenoids, epoxides, fluorinated epoxides, oxetanes, ascorbic acid, mercaptans, lactones, thioethers, amines, nitromethane, alkylsilanes, benzophenone derivatives, aryl sulfides, divinyl terephthalic acid, diphenyl terephthalic acid, hydrazones (e.g. acetaldehyde dimethylhydrazone), ionic liquids and mixtures thereof. Terpenes or terpenoid stabilizers can include farnesene. Phosphite stabilizers can include diphenyl phosphites.

[0151] In some embodiments, the stabilizer is selected from the group consisting of tocopherol, hydroquinone, tert-butylhydroquinone, monothiophosphates and dithiophosphates, marketed under the trademark 63 was commercially available from Ciba Specialty Chemicals (hereinafter referred to as "Ciba") in Basel, Switzerland; dialkylthiophosphates, each sold under the trademark 353 and 350 is commercially available from Ciba; butylated triphenyl thiophosphate, sold under the trademark 232 is commercially available from Ciba; amine phosphate, sold under the trademark 349 (Ciba) was commercially available from Ciba; hindered phosphite, as 168 is commercially available from Ciba, and tris-(di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphite, sold under the trademark OPH is commercially available from Ciba; (di-n-octyl phosphite); and isodecyl diphenyl phosphite, sold under the trademark DDPP is commercially available from Ciba; trialkyl phosphates such as trimethyl phosphate, triethyl phosphate, tributyl phosphate, trioctyl phosphate, and tri(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate; triaryl phosphates including triphenyl phosphate, tricresyl phosphate, and trixylene phosphate; and mixed alkyl-aryl phosphates including isopropylphenyl phosphate (IPPP) and bis(tert-butylphenyl)phenyl phosphate (TBPP); butylated triphenyl phosphate such as sold under the trademark Syn- Those commercially available include 8784; Triphenyl phosphate, tert-butylated, such as those sold under the trademark Those commercially available; isopropylated triphenyl phosphate, such as that sold under the trademark 220 and Those commercially available; anisole; 1,4-dimethoxybenzene; 1,4-diethoxybenzene; 1,3,5-trimethoxybenzene; myrcene, alloocimene, limonene (particularly d-limonene); retinal; pinene (alpha or beta); menthol; geraniol; farnesol; phytol; vitamin A; terpinene; delta-3-carene; terpinolene; phellandrene; fenchene; dipentene; carotenoids such as lycopene, beta-carotene, and xanthophylls such as zeaxanthin; retinoids such as heparin and isotretinoin; camphane; 1,2-propylene oxide; 1,2-butylene oxide; n-butyl glycidyl ether; trifluoromethyl oxirane; 1,1-bis(trifluoromethyl)oxirane; 3-ethyl-3-hydroxymethyl-oxetane, such as OXT-101 (Toagosei Co., Ltd); 3-ethyl-3-((phenoxy)methyl)-oxetane, such as OXT-211 (Toagosei Co., Ltd); 3-ethyl-3-((2-ethyl-hexyloxy)methyl)-oxetane, such as OXT-212 (Toagosei Co., Ltd); ascorbic acid; methyl mercaptan (methyl mercaptan); ethyl mercaptan (ethyl mercaptan); coenzyme A; dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA); citronellol ((R)-2-(4-methylcyclohex-3-enyl) propane-2-thiol); cysteine ​​((R)-2-amino-3-sulfonyl-propionic acid); lipoamide (1,2-dithiolane-3-pentanamide); 5,7-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-3-[2,3(or 3,4)-dimethylphenyl]-2(3H)-benzofuranone, sold under the trademark HP-136 is commercially available from Ciba; benzyl phenyl sulfide; diphenyl sulfide; diisopropylamine; dioctadecyl 3,3′-thiodipropionate, sold under the trademark PS 802 (Ciba) was commercially available from Ciba; didodecyl 3,3′-thiopropionate was commercially available under the trademark PS 800 is commercially available from Ciba; di-(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidinyl) sebacate is available under the trademark 770 is commercially available from Ciba; poly-(N-hydroxyethyl-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-hydroxy-piperidinyl) succinate, sold under the trademark 622LD (Ciba) is commercially available from Ciba; methyl bistallow amine; bistallow amine; phenol- -naphthylamine; bis(dimethylamino)methylsilane (DMAMS); tris(trimethylsilyl)silane (TTMSS); vinyltriethoxysilane; vinyltrimethoxysilane; 2,5-difluorobenzophenone; 2',5'-dihydroxyacetophenone; 2-aminobenzophenone; 2-chlorobenzophenone; benzyl phenyl sulfide; diphenyl sulfide; dibenzyl sulfide; ionic liquids; and mixtures and combinations thereof.

[0152] In some embodiments, the compositions provided herein further comprise an ionic liquid stabilizer. The ionic liquid stabilizer can be selected from the group consisting of: organic salts that are liquid at room temperature (about 25° C.), those salts comprising cations selected from the group consisting of: pyridinium, pyridazinium, pyrimidinium, pyrazinium, imidazolium, pyrazolium, thiazolium, oxazolium and triazolium and mixtures thereof; and anions selected from the group consisting of: [BF4] - , [PF6] - , [SbF6] - , [CF3SO3] - 、[HCF2CF2SO3] - , [CF3HFCCF2SO3] - 、[HCClFCF2SO3] - 、[(CF3SO2)2N] - 、[(CF3CF2SO2)2N] - ,[(CF3SO2)3C] - , [CF3CO2] - and F -In some embodiments, the ionic liquid stabilizer is selected from the group consisting of: emim BF4 (1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate); bmim BF4 (1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetraborate); emim PF6 (1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate); and bmim PF6 (1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate), all of which are purchased from Fluka (Sigma-Aldrich).

[0153] In some embodiments, the stabilizer can be a hindered phenol, which is any substituted phenol compound, including phenols containing one or more substituted or cyclic, linear, or branched aliphatic substituents, such as alkylated monophenols, including 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol; 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-ethylphenol; 2,4-dimethyl-6-tert-butylphenol; tocopherol; etc.; hydroquinone and alkylated hydroquinones, including tert-butylhydroquinone, other derivatives of hydroquinone; etc.; hydroxylated thiodiphenyl ethers, including 4, 4'-Thio-bis(2-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol); 4,4'-thio-bis(3-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol); 2,2'-thio-bis(4-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol); etc.; alkylidene-bisphenols, including: 4,4'-methylenebis(2,6-di-tert-butylphenol); 4,4'-bis(2,6-di-tert-butylphenol); derivatives of 2,2'- or 4,4-biphenol diol; 2,2'-methylenebis(4-ethyl-6-tert-butylphenol); 2,2'-methylenebis(4- methyl-6-tert-butylphenol); 4,4-butylenebis(3-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol); 4,4-isopropylidenebis(2,6-di-tert-butylphenol); 2,2'-methylenebis(4-methyl-6-nonylphenol); 2,2'-isobutylidenebis(4,6-dimethylphenol; 2,2'-methylenebis(4-methyl-6-cyclohexylphenol, 2,2- or 4,4-biphenylene glycol, including 2,2'-methylenebis(4-ethyl-6-tert-butylphenol); butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT, or 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol), bisphenols containing heteroatoms, including 2,6-di-tert-α-dimethylamino-p-cresol, 4,4-thiobis(6-tert-butyl-m-cresol); and the like; acylaminophenols; 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4(N,N'-dimethylaminomethylphenol); including thioethers; bis(3-methyl-4-hydroxy-5-tert-butylbenzyl) sulfide; bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl) sulfide and mixtures thereof (meaning mixtures of any phenol disclosed in this paragraph).

[0154] In some embodiments, the compositions provided herein also include tracers. The tracer may be two or more tracer compounds from the same class of compounds or from different classes of compounds. In some embodiments, the tracer is present in the composition at a total concentration of about 50 parts per million weight parts (ppm) to about 1000ppm based on the weight of the total composition. In some embodiments, the tracer is present at a total concentration of about 50ppm to about 500ppm. Alternatively, the tracer is present at a total concentration of about 100ppm to about 300ppm.

[0155] The tracer can be selected from the group consisting of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), deuterated hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons (e.g., additional perfluorocarbons), fluorinated ethers, brominated compounds, iodinated compounds, alcohols, aldehydes and ketones, nitrous oxide, and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the tracer can be selected from the group consisting of trifluoromethane (HFC-23), fluoroethane (HFC-161), 1,1,1,2,2,3,3-heptafluoropropane (HFC-227ca), 1,1,1,2,2,3-hexafluoropropane (HFC-236cb), 1,1,1,2,3,3-hexafluoropropane (HFC-236ea), 1,1,1,2,2-pentafluoropropane (HFC-245cb), 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoropropane (HFC-254cb), 1 , 1,1,2-tetrafluoropropane (HFC-254eb), 1,1,1-trifluoropropane (HFC-263fb), 2,2-difluoropropane (HFC-272ca), 2-fluoropropane (HFC-281ea), 1-fluoropropane (HFC-281fa), 1,1,1,2,2,3,3,4-nonafluorobutane (HFC-329p), 1,1,1-trifluoro-2-methylpropane (HFC-329mmz), 1,1,1,2,2,4,4,4-octafluorobutane (HFC-338mf ), 1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4-octafluorobutane (HFC-338pcc), 1,1,1,2,2,3,3-heptafluorobutane (HFC-347s), hexafluoroethane (perfluoroethane, PFC-116), perfluorocyclopropane (PFC-C216), perfluoropropane (PFC-218), perfluorocyclobutane (PFC-C318), perfluorobutane (PFC-31-10mc), perfluoro-2-methylpropane (CF3CF(CF3)2), perfluoro-1,3-dimethylcyclobutane (PFC- The tracer is a hydrofluorocarbon or a mixture thereof. The tracer is a hydrofluorocarbon or a mixture thereof. The tracer is a hydrofluorocarbon or a mixture thereof. The tracer is a hydrofluorocarbon or a mixture thereof. The tracer is a hydrofluorocarbon or a mixture thereof.

[0156] Tracers may be added to the compositions of the invention in predetermined amounts to allow detection of any dilution, contamination or otherwise altered compositions.

[0157] The additive that can be used with the composition of the present invention may alternatively be a perfluoropolyether, as described in US 2007-0284555, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

[0158] It will be appreciated that certain additives mentioned above as applicable to non-refrigerant components have been identified as potential refrigerants. However, according to the present invention, when these additives are used, they are not present in amounts that would affect the novel and essential characteristics of the refrigerant mixtures of the present invention.

[0159] In some embodiments, the refrigerant compositions disclosed herein can be prepared by any convenient method to combine the desired amounts of the individual components as standard in the art. A preferred method is to weigh the desired amounts of the components and then combine the components in an appropriate container. Stirring can be used if desired.

[0160] Example

[0161] The present invention will be described in more detail by specific examples. The following examples are provided for illustrative purposes and are not intended to limit the present invention in any way. Those skilled in the art will readily recognize that various non-critical parameters can be changed or modified to produce substantially the same results.

[0162] Example 1: MPHE and Novec TM Solid-liquid equilibrium of HFE-7200 blends

[0163] Freezing point measurement

[0164] A TA Instrument RDA III rheometer with 50 mm parallel plates was used to measure MPHE and Novec TM Viscosity variation of HFE-7200 blends from 25°C to -150°C at 1 Hz. A nitrogen purge was maintained around the blends during the measurements. For the MPHE / HFE-7200 (70 wt% / 30 wt%) blends, Figure 2 The viscosity characteristics of the liquid as a function of temperature are shown in FIG.

[0165] Boiling point measurement

[0166] The atmospheric boiling points of the mixtures described in Table 1 were measured using an ebulliometer with a three-necked round bottom flask (with a condenser on top) and further equipped with a thermocouple thermometer probe. About 14 g of MPHE was charged into the ebulliometer and heated to the atmospheric boiling point. A measured, small increment of HFE-7200 was added and the temperature was recorded. A representative list of boiling points for MPHE / HFE-7200 blends is shown in Table 1 below.

[0167] Table 1.

[0168]

[0169]

[0170] Figure 1 A representative computer simulation of the solid-liquid equilibrium of an MPHE / HFE-7200 blend is shown over the entire composition range of the mixture. Figure 1 As shown, in the case of 70 wt% MPHE (boiling point: 110°C) and 30 wt% HFE-7200 (boiling point: 76°C), the first solid of the mixture is expected to appear at -95°C, and the last liquid is expected to become solid at -116°C, with an average freezing point of about -106°C. The boiling point of the 70 / 30 mixture is 88.3°C, and for single-phase heat transfer fluid applications, the operating temperature of the mixture is expected to be between -95°C and 69°C.

[0171] Example 2. Comparative Example of Solid-Liquid Equilibrium of MPHE and Low-Boiling-Point Fluorinated Fluid Blends

[0172] Figure 3 The MPHE and lower boiling point fluorinated fluid Vertrel TM Results of computer simulations of solid-liquid equilibrium performed over the entire composition interval of a blend of MPHE / XF (boiling point: 55°C). The first solid of the binary mixture is expected to appear at -91.5°C, and the last liquid is expected to become solid at -92.5°C, with an average freezing point of about -92°C. The boiling point of the MPHE / XF mixture is 74.3°C, and the expected operating temperature range is -91.5°C to 54°C.

[0173] Figure 4 The results of computer simulations of solid-liquid equilibria performed over the entire composition range of blends of MPHE and a lower boiling fluorinated fluid DR CFX70 (boiling point: 71.5° C.) are shown. Figure 3 As shown, the binary mixture does not extend the operating temperature limit when compared to pure MPHE at any composition ratio.

[0174] Example 3. Solid-Liquid Equilibrium of HFE-7000 and HFE-7500 Blends

[0175] Freezing point and boiling point measurements were performed according to the general procedure described in Example 1. Figure 5 A representative computer simulation of the solid-liquid equilibrium of HFE-7000 / HFE-7500 blends is shown over the entire composition range of the mixture. A representative listing of the boiling and freezing points of HFE-7000 / HFE-7500 blends is shown in Table 2 below.

[0176] Table 2

[0177] HFE-7500 (weight %) HFE-7000 (weight %) Boiling point(℃) Freezing point(℃) 95 5 90 -65 90 10 54.1 -70 80 20 51.1 -90 70 30 49.2 -105

[0178] Example 4. Liquid phase density and dynamic viscosity analysis

[0179] Table 3 shows the calculated liquid phase density and dynamic viscosity for blends of MPHE and HFE-7200 (70 wt% / 30 wt%), and Table 4 shows the calculated dynamic viscosity as a function of temperature for pure MPHE. Computer simulations were used to determine the density and dynamic viscosity values.

[0180] Table 3

[0181]

[0182]

[0183] Table 4

[0184]

[0185]

[0186] Example 5. Comparison of fluid freezing points

[0187] A TA Instrument RDA III rheometer and 50 mm parallel plates were used to measure the viscosity change of the samples from 25°C to -150°C at a frequency of 1 Hz. A nitrogen purge was maintained around the blend during the measurement. The freezing point of the heat transfer fluid was extrapolated based on the viscosity profile as a function of temperature.

[0188] Table 5 shows a comparison of the calculated fluid freezing points for pure MPHE, pure HFE-7200, a blend of 70 wt % MPHE / 30 wt % HFE-7200, and a blend of 75 wt % HFE-7500 / 25 wt % HFE-7000.

[0189] Table 5

[0190]

[0191]

[0192] Other Implementations

[0193] 1. In some embodiments, the present application provides a composition comprising:

[0194] (i) a compound selected from the group consisting of an alkyl perfluoroolefin ether and a first hydrofluoroether; and

[0195] (ii) a compound selected from the group consisting of a second hydrofluoroether, a perfluorocarbon, and a perfluoropolyether.

[0196] 2. The composition according to embodiment 1, wherein the composition comprises:

[0197] (i) alkyl perfluoroolefin ethers; and

[0198] (ii) a compound selected from the group consisting of a second hydrofluoroether, a perfluorocarbon, and a perfluoropolyether.

[0199] 3. The composition according to embodiment 1 or 2, wherein the alkyl perfluoroalkene ether is methyl perfluoroheptene ether.

[0200] 4. A composition according to embodiment 3, wherein the methyl perfluoroheptene ether comprises a mixture of about 50 weight percent 5-methoxyperfluoro-3-heptene, about 20 weight percent 3-methoxyperfluoro-3-heptene, about 20 weight percent 4-methoxyperfluoro-2-heptene, and about 8 weight percent 4-methoxyperfluoro-3-heptene.

[0201] 5. The composition of embodiment 3, wherein the composition comprises about 60% to about 80% by weight of methyl perfluoroheptene ether.

[0202] 6. The composition of any one of embodiments 3 to 5, wherein the composition comprises methyl perfluoroheptene ether and a second hydrofluoroether.

[0203] 7. The composition of any one of embodiments 1 to 6, wherein the second hydrofluoroether is selected from HFE-7000, HFE-7100, HFE-7200 and HFE-7500.

[0204] 8. The composition of any one of embodiments 1 to 6, wherein the second hydrofluoroether is HFE-7200.

[0205] 9. The composition of embodiment 8, wherein the composition comprises from about 40 wt % to about 20 wt % HFE-7200.

[0206] 10. The composition of any one of embodiments 1 to 9, wherein the composition comprises methyl perfluoroheptene ether and HFE-7200.

[0207] 11. The composition of any one of embodiments 1 to 10, wherein the composition comprises from about 60 wt% to about 80 wt% of methyl perfluoroheptene ether and from about 40 wt% to about 20 wt% of HFE-7200.

[0208] 12. The composition of any one of embodiments 1 to 11, wherein the composition comprises about 70 wt% methyl perfluoroheptene ether and about 30 wt% HFE-7200.

[0209] 13. The composition of any one of embodiments 1 to 5, wherein the composition comprises methyl perfluoroheptene ether and a perfluorocarbon.

[0210] 14. The composition of any one of embodiments 1 to 5 and 13, wherein the perfluorocarbon is FC77.

[0211] 15. The composition of any one of embodiments 1 to 5, 13 and 14, wherein the composition comprises from about 85 wt% to about 95 wt% methyl perfluoroheptene ether and from about 15 wt% to about 5 wt% FC77.

[0212] 16. The composition of any one of embodiments 1 to 5, wherein the composition comprises methyl perfluoroheptene ether and a perfluoropolyether.

[0213] 17. The composition of any one of embodiments 1 to 5 and 16, wherein the perfluoropolyether is HT110.

[0214] 18. The composition of any one of embodiments 1 to 5, 16 and 17, wherein the composition comprises from about 85% to about 95% by weight of methyl perfluoroheptene ether and from about 15% to about 5% by weight of HT110.

[0215] 19. The composition according to embodiment 1, wherein the composition comprises:

[0216] (i) a first hydrofluoroether; and

[0217] (ii) A second hydrofluoroether.

[0218] 20. The composition of embodiment 1 or 19, wherein the first hydrofluoroether is HFE-7500.

[0219] 21. The composition of any one of embodiments 1, 19 and 20, wherein the second hydrofluoroether is selected from HFE-7000, HFE-7100 and HFE-7200.

[0220] 22. The composition of any one of embodiments 1 and 19 to 21, wherein the composition comprises about 70 wt % to about 90 wt % HFE-7500 and about 30 wt % to about 10 wt % of the second hydrofluoroether.

[0221] 23. The composition of any one of embodiments 1 to 22, wherein the composition exhibits a maximum kinematic viscosity of about 10 cSt or less.

[0222] 24. The composition of any one of embodiments 1 to 23, wherein the composition exhibits a maximum kinematic viscosity of about 6 cSt or less at a temperature of about -90°C to about -100°C.

[0223] 25. The composition of any one of embodiments 1 to 24, wherein the composition is non-flammable.

[0224] 26. In some embodiments, the present application also provides a method for refrigeration, the method comprising condensing the composition according to any one of embodiments 1 to 25, and then evaporating the composition near an object to be cooled.

[0225] 27. A method for refrigeration, the method comprising circulating a heat transfer fluid comprising a composition according to any one of embodiments 1 to 25 in the vicinity of an object to be cooled, wherein the heat transfer fluid is a working fluid that removes heat from the vicinity of the object to be cooled, adds heat to the vicinity of the object to be cooled, or maintains the temperature in the vicinity of the object to be cooled.

[0226] 28. In some embodiments, the present application also provides a method for replacing a heat transfer fluid in a cooling fluid distribution unit, a refrigeration system, or a heat pump system, the method comprising providing a composition according to any one of embodiments 1 to 25 as a substitute for the heat transfer fluid.

[0227] 29. The method of embodiment 28, wherein the heat transfer fluid is selected from the group consisting of perfluorocarbons, perfluoropolyethers, silicone oils, hydrocarbon oils, and aqueous ethylene glycol solutions.

[0228] 30. The method of embodiment 28 or 29, wherein the replacement composition increases the operating temperature range of the refrigeration system or heat pump system compared to the heat transfer fluid.

[0229] 31. In some embodiments, the present application also provides a refrigeration system, which comprises the composition according to any one of embodiments 1 to 25.

[0230] 32. A refrigeration system according to embodiment 31, wherein the composition is suitable for use as a working fluid in the system.

[0231] 33. The refrigeration system of embodiment 31 or 32, wherein the composition is suitable for use as a working fluid at a temperature of about -135°C to about 110°C.

[0232] 34. The refrigeration system of any one of embodiments 31 to 33, wherein the composition is suitable for use as a working fluid at a temperature of about -95°C to about 100°C.

[0233] 35. The refrigeration system of any one of embodiments 31 to 34, wherein the composition is suitable for use as a working fluid at a temperature of about -70°C to about 60°C.

[0234] 36. A refrigeration system according to any one of embodiments 31 to 35, wherein the system comprises a chiller comprising the composition.

[0235] 37. A refrigeration system according to any one of embodiments 31 to 36, wherein the cooler is a single-phase cooler.

[0236] 38. A refrigeration system according to any one of embodiments 31 to 37, wherein the cooler is a single-phase semiconductor cooler.

[0237] It should be understood that although the invention has been described in conjunction with the detailed description of the invention, the foregoing description is intended to illustrate rather than limit the scope of the invention, which is defined by the scope of the appended claims. Other aspects, advantages, and modifications are within the scope of the following claims. A person of ordinary skill in the art to which the invention relates should understand that any feature described herein with respect to any particular aspect and / or embodiment of the invention may be combined with one or more of any other features of any other aspect and / or embodiment of the invention described herein, with modifications made where appropriate to ensure compatibility of the combination. Such combinations are considered to be part of the invention contemplated by the present disclosure.

Claims

1. A composition comprising: (i) a compound selected from the group consisting of methyl perfluoroheptene ether and a first hydrofluoroether; and (ii) a compound selected from a second hydrofluoroether; wherein when present the composition comprises 60% to 80% by weight of methyl perfluoroheptene ether; wherein the first hydrofluoroether is HFE-7500; wherein the second hydrofluoroether is selected from HFE-7000, HFE-7100 and HFE-7200; and When the first hydrofluoroether is HFE-7500, the second hydrofluoroether is not HFE-7100 or HFE-7200.

2. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition comprises methyl perfluoroheptene ether and HFE-7200.

3. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition is non-flammable.

4. A method for refrigeration, the method comprising condensing a composition according to claim 1 and then evaporating the composition in the vicinity of an object to be cooled.

5. A method for refrigeration, the method comprising circulating a heat transfer fluid comprising the composition according to claim 1 in the vicinity of an object to be cooled, wherein the heat transfer fluid is a working fluid that removes heat from the vicinity of the object to be cooled, adds heat to the vicinity of the object to be cooled, or maintains the temperature in the vicinity of the object to be cooled.

6. A method of replacing a heat transfer fluid in a cooling fluid distribution unit, a refrigeration system or a heat pump system, the method comprising providing a composition according to claim 1 as a replacement for the heat transfer fluid.

7. The method of claim 6, wherein the replacement composition increases the operating temperature range of the refrigeration system or heat pump system compared to the heat transfer fluid.

8. A refrigeration system comprising the composition according to claim 1.

9. The refrigeration system of claim 8, wherein the composition is suitable for use as a working fluid at a temperature of -135°C to 110°C.

10. The refrigeration system of claim 9, wherein the system comprises a chiller, the chiller containing the composition.

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