Method for forming a curved glass article

Abstract

Embodiments of a method of cold forming a glass article are disclosed. In one or more embodiments, the method includes bending a glass sheet over a chuck such that a first major surface of the glass sheet conforms to a bending surface of the chuck. In one or more embodiments, the method includes adhering a frame to the second major surface of the glass sheet such that at least one spacer is positioned between the glass sheet and the frame.

Description

[0001] CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0002] This application claims the benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C. §119 to U.S. Provisional Application Serial No. 62 / 980,796, filed on February 24, 2020, and U.S. Provisional Application Serial No. 62 / 927,352, filed on October 29, 2019, the contents of which are the basis of this application and are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. Background Art

[0003] The present disclosure relates to methods for forming curved glass articles and systems for forming curved glass articles, and more particularly to such articles for use in vehicle interior systems where the glass is cold formed.

[0004] Vehicle interiors include curved surfaces and displays may be incorporated into such curved surfaces. Materials used to form such curved surfaces are generally limited to polymers, which do not exhibit the same durability and optical properties as glass. Therefore, curved glass sheets are desirable, particularly when used as a cover for a display. Existing methods of forming such curved glass sheets, such as thermoforming, have disadvantages including high cost, optical distortion, and surface marking. Applicants have therefore identified a need for a vehicle interior system that can incorporate curved glass articles in a cost-effective manner and without the problems typically associated with glass thermoforming processes. Summary of the invention

[0005] According to one aspect, embodiments of the present disclosure relate to a method for cold forming a glass article. In one or more embodiments of the method, a chuck is provided, the chuck having a bending surface with a first area having a first radius of curvature. In one or more embodiments, a glass sheet having a first major surface and a second major surface is provided. The second major surface is opposite to the first major surface. In one or more embodiments of the method, the glass sheet is bent over the chuck so that the first major surface conforms to the bending surface and includes a first area having a first radius of curvature. In one or more embodiments, a frame is provided, the frame having a curved surface and disposed on the second major surface of the glass article, the curved surface having a second area having a second radius of curvature. After the frame is disposed on the second major surface of the glass article, the second radius of curvature matches the first radius of curvature and is within 10% of the first radius of curvature. In one or more embodiments, at least one spacer is positioned in the first area on the second major surface of the glass sheet or in the second area on the curved surface of the frame. In one or more embodiments of the method, the method includes: adhering the curved surface of the frame to the second major surface of the glass article such that the spacer is disposed between the glass article and the frame. In one or more embodiments, adhering the curved surface of the frame to the second major surface of the glass article includes: curing an adhesive disposed on one or both of the second major surface of the glass sheet and the curved surface of the frame. Adhering the curved surface of the frame to the second major surface of the glass sheet using the adhesive such that the spacer is disposed between the glass sheet and the frame, and applying a force to hold the glass sheet on at least one of the chuck or the frame until the adhesive is fully cured.

[0006] According to another aspect, embodiments of the present disclosure relate to a method for cold forming a glass article. In one or more embodiments of the method, the method includes bending a glass sheet over a bending surface, the bending surface including a first area having a first radius of curvature. The glass sheet includes a first major surface and a second major surface opposite to the first major surface. In one or more embodiments of the method, the method includes bending the glass sheet so that the first major surface conforms to the first radius of curvature of the bending surface. In one or more embodiments, the method includes applying an adhesive to the second major surface of the glass article or the curved surface of the frame, and curing for a first curing time. In one or more embodiments, the first curing time is performed at standard pressure and temperature and low humidity. In one or more embodiments, the method includes providing a frame having a curved surface on the second major surface, the curved surface including a second area having a second radius of curvature, wherein the second radius of curvature matches the first radius of curvature to within 10% and within 10% of the first major surface. In one or more embodiments, the method includes: using the adhesive to adhere the curved surface of the frame to the second major surface of the glass sheet, and using an accelerator to cure the adhesive for a second curing time. In one or more embodiments, the second curing time is less than half of the first curing time.

[0007] According to another aspect, embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to a system for manufacturing a glass article comprising a cold-formed glass sheet adhered to a curved frame. In one or more embodiments, the system comprises: a chuck having a bending surface, the bending surface comprising a first region having a first curvature; and a set of clamps configured to clamp the glass sheet to the bending surface of the chuck. In one or more embodiments, the clamps are movable between a first position in which the clamps do not apply clamping pressure to the glass sheet and a second position in which the clamps apply clamping pressure to the glass sheet.

[0008] According to yet another aspect, embodiments of the present disclosure relate to a system for manufacturing a glass article, the glass article comprising a cold-formed glass sheet adhered to a bending frame. In one or more embodiments, the system comprises: a chuck having a bending surface with a first region having a first curvature; a heating element configured to accelerate a curing process of an adhesive adhering the glass sheet to the bending frame.

[0009] According to another aspect, embodiments of the present disclosure relate to a glass article comprising a glass sheet and a frame. In one or more embodiments, the glass sheet comprises a first major surface and a second major surface opposite the first major surface, the first major surface comprising a radius of curvature of 10,000 mm or less; and a frame adhered to the second major surface of the glass sheet using an adhesive. In one or more embodiments, the frame comprises a radius of curvature within 10% of the radius of curvature of the glass sheet and a border extending at least partially around the perimeter of the glass sheet, the border having a width of 10 mm or less. In one or more embodiments, the glass article comprises at least one mechanical retainer attached to the glass sheet and the frame. In one or more embodiments, the at least one mechanical retainer is configured to apply compressive stress to the first major surface of the glass sheet. In one or more embodiments, the adhesive has a tensile strength, and tensile stress exists in the adhesive due to holding the glass sheet at the radius of curvature. In one or more embodiments, the compressive stress from the at least one mechanical retainer maintains a ratio of the tensile strength to the tensile stress of at least 3.0 over a temperature range of -40°C to 95°C.

[0010] Additional features and advantages will be set forth in the detailed description which follows, and in part will be apparent to those skilled in the art from that description or recognized by practicing the embodiments as described herein (including the following detailed description), the claims, and the accompanying drawings.

[0011] It should be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are merely exemplary and are intended to provide an overview or framework for understanding the nature and character of the claims. The accompanying drawings are included to provide a further understanding and are incorporated into and constitute a part of this specification. The drawings illustrate one or more embodiments and, together with the description, serve to explain the principles and operation of the various embodiments. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0012] Figure 1 is a perspective view of a vehicle interior with a vehicle interior system according to an exemplary embodiment.

[0013] Figure 2 Depicted is a cross-sectional view of a curved glass article according to an exemplary embodiment.

[0014] Figure 3 An exploded view of a bent glass article and a chuck is depicted according to an exemplary embodiment.

[0015] Figure 4 Diagram depicting V-bent glazing and the stresses on the glass sheet in the area between display zones.

[0016] FIG. 5A to FIG. 5D Depicting the stresses on a C-bent glass article.

[0017] Figure 6 A flow chart depicts a first method of forming a curved glass article according to an exemplary embodiment.

[0018] Fig. 7A and Figure 7B The positions of spacers for a glazing having a V-shaped portion and a glazing having a C-shaped portion are depicted, respectively, according to exemplary embodiments.

[0019] Fig. 8A and Figure 8B Depicted are clamping locations for a glass article having a V-shaped portion and a glass article having a C-shaped portion for off-line curing according to exemplary embodiments.

[0020] Fig. 9 A flow chart depicts a second method of forming a curved glass article according to an exemplary embodiment.

[0021] FIG. 10A to FIG. 10C Various chuck fixtures for holding a curved glass article on a chuck during curing are depicted according to exemplary embodiments.

[0022] Fig.11A and Fig. 11B The clamping positions of the chuck fixture for a glass article having a V-shaped portion and a glass article having a C-shaped portion are respectively depicted according to exemplary embodiments.

[0023] FIG. 12A to FIG. 12C Depicted is a clamp for controlling tensile and compressive stresses on a glass sheet during curing according to an exemplary embodiment.

[0024] Fig.13 A flow chart depicts a third method of forming a curved glass article according to an exemplary embodiment.

[0025] FIG. 14A to FIG. 14C Depicted is heater placement for heating a chuck according to an exemplary embodiment.

[0026] Fig.15 A chuck including a radiation source for accelerating curing is depicted according to an exemplary embodiment.

[0027] Fig.16 Depicted is a vapor chamber disposed above a chuck to accelerate curing according to an exemplary embodiment.

[0028] Fig.17 A cold-formed glazing having a tight radius of curvature and a small frame width is depicted, wherein a mechanical retainer presses the glass sheet to the frame, according to an exemplary embodiment.

[0029] Fig.18 is a graph of the tensile and shear stresses in the adhesive between the frame and the glass sheet of a glazing at room temperature and at two temperature extremes.

[0030] Fig.19 yes Fig.18 A graph of the tensile strength and shear strength of the adhesives considered in the figure versus the ratio of tensile stress to shear stress.

[0031] Fig. 20 Depicted is a glass article having a mechanical retainer that applies compressive stress to a surface of a glass sheet to counteract tensile and shear stresses generated in an adhesive, according to example embodiments.

[0032] Fig.21 A glass sheet with exemplary dimensions is depicted according to exemplary embodiments. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0033] Reference will now be made in detail to various embodiments of curved glass articles and methods of forming the same, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. Generally speaking, vehicle interior systems may include a variety of different curved surfaces designed to be transparent, such as curved display surfaces and curved non-display glass cover panels, and the present disclosure provides articles and methods for forming these curved surfaces from glass materials. Forming curved vehicle surfaces from glass materials provides many advantages over typical curved plastic panels commonly found in vehicle interiors. For example, glass is generally considered to provide enhanced functionality and user experience in many curved cover material applications, such as display applications and touch screen applications, compared to plastic cover materials.

[0034] Thus, as will be discussed in greater detail below, Applicants have developed a curved glass article and related manufacturing process that provide an efficient and cost-effective way to form curved glass articles, such as displays for vehicle interior systems that utilize cold-formed glass sheets.

[0035] In certain embodiments, bent glass articles are formed via a process that reduces the cycle time of the glass article during the cold forming process, thereby increasing the output on the processing line. Typically, cold formed glass articles are formed and cured on a vacuum chuck by bending a glass sheet over a chuck and adhering the bent glass sheet to a frame. During curing, it is important not to move the glass article until the handling strength of the adhesive is reached. In particular, the adhesive must cure to a strength that can handle the stresses imposed by the stiffness of the glass, which tends to pull the glass sheet away from the frame. For some adhesives, curing to handling strength may take about an hour, which makes the chuck unusable for cold forming other glass articles. In accordance with the present disclosure, various methods are provided for curing glass articles online or offline in a more rapid manner.

[0036] In one embodiment, the glass product is formed on a chuck, the glass sheet and the frame are clamped together and removed from the chuck, and the glass product is allowed to solidify offline. In another embodiment, the glass product is formed on a chuck, clamped on the chuck, and the chuck is moved offline to allow solidification, while another chuck is used to form other glass products. In another embodiment, the glass product is formed on a chuck, and the curing process of the adhesive is accelerated (e.g., thermal or chemical acceleration), while still online to reduce the time of the chuck for any one glass product. Using any of these technologies will eliminate or reduce the processing bottleneck associated with conventional online curing processes. Each of these embodiments and other embodiments will be described in more detail below, and these descriptions are intended to be exemplary rather than restrictive. In addition, various other aspects and advantages of curved glass products and their forming methods will be described in conjunction with the exemplary embodiments described herein and shown in the figures.

[0037] Figure 1 An exemplary vehicle interior 1000 is shown including three different embodiments of vehicle interior systems 100, 200, 300. Vehicle interior system 100 includes a frame shown as a central control base 110 having a curved surface 120 including a curved display 130. Vehicle interior system 200 includes a frame shown as a dashboard base 210 having a curved surface 220 including a curved display 230. Dashboard base 210 generally includes a dashboard 215, which may also include a curved display. Vehicle interior system 300 includes a frame shown as a steering wheel base 310 having a curved surface 320 and a curved display 330. In one or more embodiments, the vehicle interior system includes a frame that is an armrest, a pillar, a seat back, a floor, a headrest, a door panel, or any portion of the interior of a vehicle that includes a curved surface. In other embodiments, the frame is a portion of a housing for a free-standing display (i.e., a display that is not permanently attached to a portion of the vehicle). In an embodiment, the display 130, 230, 330 may be at least one of a light emitting diode display, an organic light emitting diode display, a plasma display, or a liquid crystal display bonded (e.g., using an optically clear adhesive) to the rear surface of the curved glass article 10 disclosed herein. In addition, any display or non-display curved cover glass article may be provided with touch functionality.

[0038] Embodiments of the curved glass articles described herein may be used in each of the vehicle interior systems 100, 200, and 300. In addition, the curved glass articles discussed herein may be used as curved cover glass for any of the embodiments discussed herein including curved displays for use in the vehicle interior systems 100, 200, and / or 300. In embodiments, the glass material may be selected based on its weight, aesthetic appearance, etc., and may be provided with a coating (ink or pigment coating) having a pattern (e.g., a brushed metal look, a wood grain look, a leather look, a colored look, etc.) that visually matches the glass component to an adjacent non-glass component. In certain embodiments, such an ink or pigment coating may have a level of transparency that provides a dead front or color matching function.

[0039] Figure 2 A curved glass article 10 is depicted according to an exemplary embodiment, such as a cover glass for a curved display 130, 230, 330. It should be understood that although the curved display 130, 230, 330 is described in terms of forming Figure 2 ,but Figure 2 The bent glass article 10 may be used in any suitable bent glass application, including Figure 1 Any curved glass component of any of the vehicle interior systems or other curved glass surfaces of the vehicle interior 1000. Such a curved glass component can be a display area or a non-display area, such as a flat panel display area and a curved non-display area, a curved display, a curved display area, and a curved non-display area.

[0040] like Figure 2 As shown, the curved glass article 10 includes a curved glass sheet 12, which is bonded to a frame 14 by an adhesive layer 16. The glass sheet 12 has a first major surface 18 and a second major surface 20 opposite the first major surface 18. The distance between the first major surface 18 and the second major surface 20 defines a thickness T1 therebetween. In addition, the first major surface 18 and the second major surface 20 are connected by a minor surface 22 extending around the perimeter of the glass sheet 12.

[0041] The glass sheet 12 has a curved shape such that the first major surface 18 and the second major surface 20 each include at least one curved region having a radius of curvature R1. In various embodiments, R1 of the glass sheet 12 is about 30 mm or greater. In an embodiment, R1 is between 30 mm and 5 mm. For example, R1 may be between about 30 mm and about 10,000 mm, about 50 mm and about 10,000 mm, about 70 mm and about 10,000 mm, about 90 mm and about 10,000 mm, about 110 mm and about 10,000 mm, about 150 mm and about 10,000 mm, about 200 mm and about 10,000 mm, about 250 mm and about 10,000 mm, about 300 mm and about 10,000 mm, about 350 mm and about 10,000 mm, about 400 mm and about 10,000 mm, about 450 mm and about 10,000 mm, about 500 mm and about 10,000 mm. 0,000mm, about 550mm to about 10,000mm, about 600mm to about 10,000mm, about 650mm to about 10,000mm, about 700mm to about 10,000mm, about 750mm to about 10,000mm, about 800mm to about 10,000mm, about 850mm to about 10,000mm, about 900mm to about 10,000mm, about 950mm to about 10,000mm, about 1000mm to about 10,000mm, about 1500mm to about 10,000mm, about 2000mm to about 10,000mm, about 2 500mm to about 10,000mm, about 3000mm to about 10,000mm, about 3500mm to about 10,000mm, about 4000mm to about 10,000mm, about 4500mm to about 10,000mm, about 30mm to about 9,000mm, about 30mm to about 8,000mm, about 30mm to about 7,000mm, about 30mm to about 6,000mm, about 30mm to about 5,000mm, about 30mm to about 4500mm, about 30mm to about 4000mm, about 30mm to about 3500mm, about 30mm to about 3000mm In some embodiments, R1 is within the range of about 30 mm to about 2500 mm, about 30 mm to about 2000 mm, about 30 mm to about 1500 mm, about 30 mm to about 1000 mm, about 30 mm to about 950 mm, about 30 mm to about 900 mm, about 30 mm to about 850 mm, about 30 mm to about 800 mm, about 30 mm to about 750 mm, about 30 mm to about 700 mm, about 30 mm to about 650 mm, about 30 mm to about 600 mm, about 30 mm to about 550 mm, about 30 mm to about 500 mm, about 30 mm to about 450 mm, or about 30 mm to about 400 mm. In other embodiments, R1 falls within any one of the exact numerical ranges set forth in this paragraph.

[0042] refer to Fig.21 , additional structural details of the glass sheet 12 are shown and described. As described above, the glass sheet 12 has a substantially constant thickness T1 and is defined as the distance between the first major surface 18 and the second major surface 20. In various embodiments, T1 may refer to the average thickness or the maximum thickness of the glass sheet. In addition, the glass sheet 12 includes a width W1 and a length L1, wherein the width W1 is defined as a first maximum dimension of one of the first major surface 18 or the second major surface 20 that is orthogonal to the thickness T1, and the length L1 is defined as a second maximum dimension of one of the first major surface 18 or the second major surface 20 that is perpendicular to both the thickness and the width. In other embodiments, W1 and L1 may be the average width and average length of the glass sheet 12, respectively.

[0043] In addition, in an embodiment, the thickness T1 of the glass sheet 12 is in the range of 0.05 mm to 2 mm. In a specific embodiment, T1 is less than or equal to 1.5 mm, and in a more specific embodiment, T1 is in the range of about 0.3 mm to 1.5 mm, about 0.4 mm to 1.3 mm, or about 0.5 mm to about 1.5 mm. In various embodiments, the thickness T1 may be about 0.1 mm to about 1.5 mm, about 0.15 mm to about 1.5 mm, about 0.2 mm to about 1.5 mm, about 0.25 mm to about 1.5 mm, about 0.3 mm to about 1.5 mm, about 0.35 mm to about 1.5 mm, about 0.4 mm to about 1.5 mm, about 0.45 mm to about 1.5 mm, about 0.5 mm to about 1.5 mm, about 0.55 mm to about 1.5 mm, about 0.6 mm to about 1.5 mm, about 0.65 mm to about 1.5 mm, about 0.7 mm to about 1.5 mm, about 0.1 mm to about 1.4 mm, about 0.1 mm to about 1.3 mm. , about 0.1mm to about 1.2mm, about 0.1mm to about 1.1mm, about 0.1mm to about 1.05mm, about 0.1mm to about 1mm, about 0.1mm to about 0.95mm, about 0.1mm to about 0.9mm, about 0.1mm to about 0.85mm, about 0.1mm to about 0.8mm, about 0.1mm to about 0.75mm, about 0.1mm to about 0.7mm, about 0.1mm to about 0.65mm, about 0.1mm to about 0.6mm, about 0.1mm to about 0.55mm, about 0.1mm to about 0.5mm, about 0.1mm to about 0.4mm or about 0.3mm to about 0.7mm. In other embodiments, T1 falls within any one of the exact numerical ranges set forth in this paragraph.

[0044] In various embodiments, the width W1 is between 5 cm and 250 cm, about 10 cm to about 250 cm, about 15 cm to about 250 cm, about 20 cm to about 250 cm, about 25 cm to about 250 cm, about 30 cm to about 250 cm, about 35 cm to about 250 cm, about 40 cm to about 250 cm, about 45 cm to about 250 cm, about 50 cm to about 250 cm, about 55 cm to about 250 cm, about 60 cm to about 250 cm, about 65 cm to about 250 cm, about 70 cm to about 250 cm, about 75 cm to about 250 cm, about 80 cm to about 250 cm, about 85 cm to about 250 cm, about 90 cm to about 250 cm, about 95 cm to about 250 cm, about 100 cm to about 250 cm, about 110 cm to about 250 cm, In some embodiments, W1 is in the range of about 120cm to about 250cm, about 130cm to about 250cm, about 140cm to about 250cm, about 150cm to about 250cm, about 5cm to about 240cm, about 5cm to about 230cm, about 5cm to about 220cm, about 5cm to about 210cm, about 5cm to about 200cm, about 5cm to about 190cm, about 5cm to about 180cm, about 5cm to about 170cm, about 5cm to about 160cm, about 5cm to about 150cm, about 5cm to about 140cm, about 5cm to about 130cm, about 5cm to about 120cm, about 5cm to about 110cm, about 5cm to about 110cm, about 5cm to about 100cm, about 5cm to about 90cm, about 5cm to about 80cm or about 5cm to about 75cm. In other embodiments, W1 falls within any one of the exact numerical ranges set forth in this paragraph.

[0045] In various embodiments, the length L1 is between about 5 cm and about 1500 cm, about 50 cm and about 1500 cm, about 100 cm and about 1500 cm, about 150 cm and about 1500 cm, about 200 cm and about 1500 cm, about 250 cm and about 1500 cm, about 300 cm and about 1500 cm, about 350 cm and about 1500 cm, about 400 cm and about 1500 cm, about 450 cm and about 1500 cm, about 500 cm and about 1500 cm, about 550 cm and about 1500 cm, about 600 cm and about 1500 cm, about 650 cm and about 1500 cm, about 650 cm and about 1500 cm, about 70 .... In some embodiments, L1 is in the range of about 500cm to about 1500cm, about 750cm to about 1500cm, about 800cm to about 1500cm, about 850cm to about 1500cm, about 900cm to about 1500cm, about 950cm to about 1500cm, about 1000cm to about 1500cm, about 1050cm to about 1500cm, about 1100cm to about 1500cm, about 1150cm to about 1500cm, about 1200cm to about 1500cm, about 1250cm to about 1500cm, about 1300cm to about 1500cm, about 1350cm to about 1500cm, about 1400cm to about 1500cm or about 1450cm to about 1500cm. In other embodiments, L1 falls within any one of the exact numerical ranges set forth in this paragraph.

[0046] In various embodiments, the R1 of the glass sheet 12 (in Figure 2For example, R1 may be about 30 mm to about 10,000 mm, about 50 mm to about 10,000 mm, about 70 mm to about 10,000 mm, about 90 mm to about 10,000 mm, about 110 mm to about 10,000 mm, about 150 mm to about 10,000 mm, about 200 mm to about 10,000 mm, about 250 mm to about 10,000 mm, about 300 mm to about 10,000 mm, about 350 mm to about 10,000 mm, about 400 mm to about 10,000 mm, about 450 mm to about 10,000 mm, about 500 mm to about 10,000 mm, about 600 mm to about 10,000 mm, about 700 mm to about 10,000 mm, about 800 mm to about 10,000 mm, about 900 mm to about 10,000 mm, about 110 mm to about 10,000 mm, about 150 mm to about 10,000 mm, about 200 mm to about 10,000 mm, about 250 mm to about 10,000 mm, about 300 mm to about 10,000 mm, about 350 mm to about 10,000 mm, about 400 mm to about 10,000 mm, about 450 mm to about 10,000 mm, about 500 mm to about 10,000 mm, about 0,000mm, about 550mm to about 10,000mm, about 600mm to about 10,000mm, about 650mm to about 10,000mm, about 700mm to about 10,000mm, about 750mm to about 10,000mm, about 800mm to about 10,000mm, about 850mm to about 10,000mm, about 900mm to about 10,000mm, about 950mm to about 10,000mm, about 1000mm to about 10,000mm, about 1500mm to about 10,000mm, about 2000mm to about 10,000mm, about 2 500mm to about 10,000mm, about 3000mm to about 10,000mm, about 3500mm to about 10,000mm, about 4000mm to about 10,000mm, about 4500mm to about 10,000mm, about 30mm to about 9,000mm, about 30mm to about 8,000mm, about 30mm to about 7,000mm, about 30mm to about 6,000mm, about 30mm to about 5,000mm, about 30mm to about 4500mm, about 30mm to about 4000mm, about 30mm to about 3500mm, about 30mm to about 3000mm In some embodiments, R1 is within the range of about 30 mm to about 2500 mm, about 30 mm to about 2000 mm, about 30 mm to about 1500 mm, about 30 mm to about 1000 mm, about 30 mm to about 950 mm, about 30 mm to about 900 mm, about 30 mm to about 850 mm, about 30 mm to about 800 mm, about 30 mm to about 750 mm, about 30 mm to about 700 mm, about 30 mm to about 650 mm, about 30 mm to about 600 mm, about 30 mm to about 550 mm, about 30 mm to about 500 mm, about 30 mm to about 450 mm, or about 30 mm to about 400 mm. In other embodiments, R1 falls within any one of the exact numerical ranges set forth in this paragraph.

[0047] Applicants have discovered that such thin glass sheets can be cold formed into a variety of curved shapes (including relatively tight radii of curvature discussed herein) using cold forming without breaking, while providing a high quality cover for a variety of automotive interior applications. In addition, such thin glass sheets 12 may be more easily deformed, potentially compensating for shape mismatches and gaps that may exist relative to the frame 14.

[0048] In various embodiments, glass sheet 12 is formed of a strengthened glass sheet (e.g., a heat-strengthened glass material, a chemically-strengthened glass sheet, etc.). In such embodiments, when glass sheet 12 is formed of a strengthened glass material, first major surface 18 and second major surface 20 are under compressive stress, and thus second major surface 20 can withstand greater tensile stress during bending into a convex shape without risk of fracture. This allows strengthened glass sheet 12 to conform to tighter curved surfaces.

[0049] Once glass sheet 12 has been bent into a curved shape, cold-formed glass sheet 12 is characterized by an asymmetric surface compressive stress between first major surface 18 and second major surface 20. In such embodiments, prior to the cold forming process or being cold formed, the respective compressive stresses in first major surface 18 and second major surface 20 of glass sheet 12 are substantially equal. After cold forming, the compressive stress on concave first major surface 18 increases, such that the compressive stress on first major surface 18 is greater after cold forming than before cold forming. In contrast, convex second major surface 20 is subjected to tensile stress during bending, resulting in a net decrease in surface compressive stress on second major surface 20, such that the compressive stress in second major surface 20 after bending is less than the compressive stress in second major surface 20 when the glass sheet is flat.

[0050] In addition to providing processing advantages such as eliminating expensive and / or slow heating steps, it is believed that the cold forming processes discussed herein produce bent glass articles having multiple properties superior to hot formed glass articles, particularly for use in vehicle interior or display cover glass applications. For example, Applicants believe that, for at least some glass materials, heating during hot forming can damage or degrade the optical properties of the bent glass sheet, and therefore, the bent glass sheets formed using the cold bending processes / systems discussed herein provide both a bent glass shape and improved optical quality that is not achievable with hot bending processes.

[0051] Additionally, many glass surface treatments (e.g., anti-glare coatings, anti-reflective coatings, tactile coatings, easy-to-clean coatings, etc.) are applied by deposition processes, such as sputtering processes, which are generally not suitable for coating curved glass articles. Furthermore, many surface treatments (e.g., anti-glare coatings, anti-reflective coatings, tactile coatings, easy-to-clean coatings, etc.) also cannot withstand the high temperatures associated with hot bending processes. Therefore, in certain embodiments discussed herein, one or more surface treatments are applied to the first major surface 18 and / or the second major surface 20 of the glass sheet 12 prior to cold bending, and the glass sheet 12 including the surface treatments is bent into a curved shape as discussed herein. Therefore, Applicants believe that, in contrast to typical hot forming processes, the processes and systems discussed herein allow for glass bending after one or more coating materials have been applied to the glass.

[0052] In various embodiments, the first major surface 18 and / or the second major surface 20 of the glass sheet 12 include one or more surface treatments or layers. The surface treatment may cover at least a portion of the first major surface 18 and / or the second major surface 20. Exemplary surface treatments include anti-glare surfaces / coatings, anti-reflective surfaces / coatings, tactile surfaces / coatings, and easy-to-clean surface coatings / treatments. In one or more embodiments, at least a portion of the first major surface 18 and / or the second major surface 20 may include any one, any two, any three, or all four of an anti-glare surface, an anti-reflective surface, a tactile surface, and an easy-to-clean coating / treatment. In one example, the first major surface 18 includes an anti-reflective coating. In another example, the first major surface 18 may include an anti-glare surface and the second major surface 20 may include an anti-reflective surface. In another example, the first major surface 18 includes an anti-reflective surface and the second major surface 20 includes an anti-glare surface. In yet another example, the second major surface 20 includes any one or both of an anti-glare surface and an anti-reflective surface, and the first major surface 18 includes an easy-to-clean coating. In one or more embodiments, first major surface 18 includes an anti-reflective coating disposed on the first major surface and an easy-to-clean coating on the anti-reflective coating.

[0053] In an embodiment, the glass sheet 12 may also include a decorative layer on the first major surface 18 and / or the second major surface 20. The decorative layer may include any aesthetic design formed by, for example, pigments, dyes, inks, paints, etc., and may include wood grain designs, brushed metal designs, graphic designs, portraits, or logos. The decorative layer may be printed onto the glass sheet. In one or more embodiments, the anti-glare surface includes an etched surface. In one or more embodiments, the anti-reflective surface includes a multi-layer coating.

[0054] Generally, the glass sheet 12 is cold formed into a desired curved shape by applying a bending force to the glass sheet 12 and attaching the cold-formed glass sheet to a support structure such as a frame 14. In an embodiment, the cold forming process is performed at a temperature below the glass softening point or glass transition temperature of the glass sheet 12. In particular, the cold forming process may be performed at room temperature (e.g., about 20°C) or a slightly elevated temperature (e.g., at 200°C or less, 150°C or less, 100°C or less, or 50°C or less). In various embodiments, the cold-formed glass sheet 12 may be cold-formed to have a compound curve including a major radius and a transverse curvature. The complex curved cold-formed glass sheet 12 may have different radii of curvature in two independent directions. According to one or more embodiments, the complex curved cold-formed glass sheet 12 may therefore be characterized as having a "transverse curvature", wherein the cold-formed glass sheet 12 is bent along an axis parallel to a given dimension (i.e., a first axis) and is also bent along an axis perpendicular to the same dimension (i.e., a second axis). When a significant minimum radius is combined with a significant lateral curvature and / or bend depth, the curvature of the cold-formed glass sheet and curved display can be even more complex. In various embodiments, the glass sheet 12 can have more than two curved regions with the same or different curved shapes. In some embodiments, the glass sheet 12 can have one or more regions with a curved shape with a variable radius of curvature.

[0055] like Figure 2 As shown, the adhesive layer 16 is disposed on the second major surface 20 of the glass sheet 12. In an embodiment, the adhesive layer 16 includes a first adhesive 24 and a second adhesive 26. The first adhesive 24 bonds the frame 14 to the second major surface 20 of the glass sheet 12, and the second adhesive 26 bonds one or more displays 28 to the second major surface 20 of the glass sheet 12. In the depicted embodiment, the glass article 10 includes two displays 28 bonded to the second major surface 20 of the glass sheet 12, wherein the frame 14 surrounds the displays 28. In particular, the frame 14 includes an opening configured to accommodate the displays 28. In an embodiment, the first adhesive 24 is a structural adhesive, and the second adhesive 26 is an optically transparent adhesive. Various methods of cold forming the glass article 10 are discussed below primarily with respect to the glass sheet 12, the first adhesive 24, and the frame 14. It should be noted that the displays 28 can be bonded to the second major surface 20 of the glass sheet 12 using the second optically transparent adhesive 26 before or after the cold forming process described herein. However, it will be apparent that, based on the particular method disclosed, it may be more appropriate to bond display 28 to glass sheet 12 before or after cold forming (e.g., use of steam or elevated temperatures to accelerate curing may dictate whether the display is bonded to glass sheet 12 after the cold forming process).

[0056] In an embodiment, the first adhesive 24 provides long-term strength after curing at standard pressure and temperature and 0% humidity over the course of, for example, about one hour. In an embodiment, exemplary adhesives for the first adhesive 24 include toughened epoxies, flexible epoxies, acrylics, silicones, polyurethanes, and silane-modified polymers. In a particular embodiment, the first adhesive 24 includes one or more toughened epoxies, such as EP21TDCHT-LO (available from Hackensack, New Jersey). )、3M TM Scotch-Weld TM Epoxy DP460 Off-White (available from 3M in St. Paul, Minnesota). In other embodiments, the first adhesive 24 includes one or more flexible epoxies, such as Masterbond EP21TDC-2LO (available from 3M in Hackensack, New Jersey). )、3M TM Scotch-Weld TM Epoxy 2216B / A Gray (available from 3M in St. Paul, Minnesota) and 3M TM Scotch-Weld TM EpoxyDP125. In other embodiments, the first adhesive 24 includes one or more acrylic resins, such as Adhesive 410 / Accelerator 19w / AP 134primer, Adhesive Accelerator 25GB (both available from LORD Corporation in Cary, North Carolina), DELO PUR SJ9356 (available from DELO Industrial Adhesives in Windach, Germany), AA4800, HF8000. MS 9399 and MS 647-2C (the latter four are available from Henkel AG & Co. KGaA in Düsseldorf, Germany), etc. In other embodiments, the first adhesive 24 includes one or more polyurethanes, such as DOW BetaSeal x2500, 3M TM Scotch-Weld TM Urethane DP640 Brown and 3M TM Scotch-Weld TMUrethane DP604, and in still other embodiments, the first adhesive 24 includes one or more silicones, such as Dow 995 (available from Dow Corning Corporation of Midland, Michigan).

[0057] In the depicted embodiment, the glass article 10 includes a V-shaped portion having two flat sections 32 disposed on either side of a bend region 34. In other embodiments, the glass article 10 may be, for example, C-shaped (a continuously curved bend region 34 between the lateral ends of the curved glass article 10), J-shaped (one flat section 32 and one bend region 34), or S-shaped (two bend regions 34 with opposite curvatures), among other possible configurations. Each display 28 may be any of a variety of suitable display types, such as a liquid crystal display (LCD), a light emitting diode (LED), an organic LED (OLED), or a plasma display. Additionally, each display 28 may be a flat panel display or a curved display. Thus, the display 28 may be disposed on either the flat section 32 or the bend region 34 of the glass article 10. Figure 2 In the embodiment of the present invention, two displays 28 are each disposed in the flat section 32 of the glass article 10 having the V-shaped portion. It should be understood that a single display or more than two displays may be used. In one or more embodiments, a touch panel may be used instead of a display or in addition to a display. In some embodiments, one or more displays used may have touch functionality.

[0058] Figure 3 An exploded view of a glass article 10 is depicted, the glass article having a V-shaped portion located on a chuck 36 for cold forming the glass article 10. According to one or more embodiments, the glass article 10 is formed by cold forming a glass sheet 12 by pressing the first major surface 18 against the bending surface 38 of the chuck 36. Thereafter, embodiments of the method include applying a first adhesive 24 over the second major surface 20 of the glass sheet 12, and pressing the frame 14 against the first adhesive 24. Thus, the bending surface 38 initially defines a first radius of curvature of the glass sheet 12. The frame 14 includes a curved surface having a second radius of curvature. In embodiments, the second radius of curvature of the curved surface of the frame 14 substantially matches the first radius of curvature of the curved surface, for example, the first radius of curvature is within 10%, within 5%, or even within 2% of the second radius of curvature. Thereafter, the attached frame 14 and glass sheet 12 can be removed from the bending surface 38 of the chuck 36 to provide the glass article 10.

[0059] In one or more embodiments, the frame 14 is made of a rigid material such as metal, ceramic, composite material, or plastic, and the curved surface of the rigid frame 14 maintains the curvature of the glass sheet 12 after the first adhesive 24 is applied and the frame 14 is pressed against the glass sheet 12.

[0060] Figure 4 Depicted are stresses on a glass sheet 12 of a glass article 10 having a V-shaped portion. Starting at the edge of the display area, the stress is slightly compressive and increases in compression until a distance of about 5 mm is reached. Thereafter, the stress compresses less and at about 9 mm, the stress turns into a tensile stress that increases until reaching a peak at a distance of about 15 mm to 17 mm from the edge of the display area. After the peak, the tensile stress decreases as the distance from the display area increases toward the center of the glass article 10. According to embodiments of the present disclosure, various ways of holding the glass sheet 12 in place in a high tensile stress region during cold forming of a glass article 10 having a V-shaped portion are provided.

[0061] FIG. 5A to FIG. 5D The maximum stress on the surface of the glass sheet 12 of the glass article 10 having the C-shaped portion is depicted. Figure 5A The areas of tensile stress on the glass sheet 12 are generally identified (circles). Figure 5B Depicts stress diagrams for various traces along the surface of glass sheet 12. Figure 5C As can be seen in Figure 2, the stresses in the traces of Path 3 and Path 4 are compressive over their entire distances, but Figure 5D As can be seen in the Graph 1, the stresses of the traces of Path 1 and Path 2 on the interior of the glass sheet 12 are almost entirely in tension. In particular, Path 1 exhibits a peak stress at about 20 mm from the edge (normalized distance of about 0.1). Various ways of holding the glass sheet 12 in place in a high tensile stress region during cold forming of a C-shaped glass article 10 are also provided in accordance with the present disclosure.

[0062] Figure 6 A flow chart depicting a first method 40 of forming a glass article that reduces the time that the glass article 10 must spend on the chuck 36 during cold forming. According to a first step 41 of the method 40, the glass sheet 12 is cold formed on the chuck 36 by pressing the glass sheet 12 against the bending surface 38 of the chuck 36. The glass sheet 12 may be held against the bending surface 38 by vacuum pressure. In embodiments, the vacuum between the first major surface 18 and the bending surface 38 is formed using a port to the bending surface 38 that draws air from between the first major surface 18 and the bending surface 38, and in other embodiments, a vacuum bag may be placed around the chuck 36, frame 14, and glass sheet 12 to hold the glass sheet 12 in the cold formed shape.

[0063] In a second step 42, one or more spacers 48 (such as Figure 2 , Fig. 7A and Figure 7B ) is applied to the glass sheet 12 or the frame 14 so that in the glass article 10, the spacer 48 is located between the glass sheet 12 and the frame 14. Fig. 7A and Figure 7B, each spacer 48 is applied at the edge of the bending region 34 of the glass article 10. In particular, the spacers 48 are positioned at locations where bond line compression may occur and is desired to be prevented. The spacers 48 are selected to have a higher modulus or stiffness than the surrounding first adhesive 24 before full cure (after the first adhesive 24 has been fully cured, the spacers 48 may have a modulus or stiffness equal to or even less than the first adhesive 24). For example, in an embodiment, the spacers 48 have an elastic modulus of at least 4 MPa, at least 10 MPa, or at least 20 MPa, and the first adhesive 24 has an elastic modulus of about 5 MPa or less, 2 MPa or less, or 1 MPa or less. In one or more embodiments, the spacer 48 has a pressure between about 4 MPa and about 50 MPa, about 5 MPa and about 50 MPa, about 6 MPa and about 50 MPa, about 8 MPa and about 50 MPa, about 10 MPa and about 50 MPa, about 12 MPa and about 50 MPa, about 14 MPa and about 50 MPa, about 15 MPa and about 50 MPa, about 16 MPa and about 50 MPa, about 18 MPa and about 50 MPa, about 20 MPa and about 50 MPa, about 22 MPa and about 50 MPa, about 24 MPa and about 50 MPa, about 25 MPa and about 50 MPa, about 26 MPa and about 50 MPa. An elastic modulus in the range of about 50 MPa, about 28 MPa to about 50 MPa, about 30 MPa to about 50 MPa, about 32 MPa to about 50 MPa, about 34 MPa to about 50 MPa, about 35 MPa to about 50 MPa, about 36 MPa to about 50 MPa, about 38 MPa to about 50 MPa, about 40 MPa to about 50 MPa, about 5 MPa to about 45 MPa, about 5 MPa to about 40 MPa, about 5 MPa to about 35 MPa, about 5 MPa to about 30 MPa, about 5 MPa to about 25 MPa, about 5 MPa to about 20 MPa, or about 5 MPa to about 15 MPa. In one or more embodiments, the adhesive 24 has a pressure of about 0.1 MPa to about 5 MPa, about 0.2 MPa to about 5 MPa, about 0.25 MPa to about 5 MPa, about 0.5 MPa to about 5 MPa, about 0.75 MPa to about 5 MPa, about 1 MPa to about 5 MPa, about 1.5 MPa to about 5 MPa, about 2 MPa to about 5 MPa, about 2.5 MPa to about 5 MPa, about 3 MPa to about 5 MPa, about 3.5 MPa to about 5 MPa, about 4 MPa to about 5 MPa, about 5 MPa to about 5 MPa, about 6 MPa to about 5 MPa, about 7 MPa to about 5 MPa, about 8 MPa to about 5 MPa, about 9 MPa to about 10 MPa, about 11 MPa to about 12 MPa, about 13 MPa to about 14 MPa, about 15 MPa to about 16 MPa, about 17 MPa to about 18 MPa, about 19 MPa to about 19 MPa An elastic modulus in the range of about 5 MPa, about 4 MPa to about 5 MPa, about 0.1 MPa to about 4.5 MPa, about 0.1 MPa to about 4 MPa, about 0.1 MPa to about 3.5 MPa, about 0.1 MPa to about 3 MPa, about 0.1 MPa to about 2.5 MPa, about 0.1 MPa to about 2 MPa, about 0.1 MPa to about 1.5 MPa, about 0.1 MPa to about 1 MPa, or about 0.1 MPa to about 0.5 MPa.

[0064] In one or more embodiments, the spacer 48 can be a tacky material or non-tacky. In one embodiment, the spacer is a pressure sensitive adhesive tape (e.g., 3M VHB tape) or an elastomeric material. In another embodiment, the frame 14 is molded or formed with a protrusion or ridge that serves as the spacer 48.

[0065] for Fig. 7A In the illustrated glass article 10 having a V-shaped portion, the spacers 48 are positioned proximal to each transition between the flat section 32 and the bent region 34 toward the center of the glass article 10, and for Figure 7B In the illustrated glass article 10 having a C-shaped portion, the spacers 48 are positioned toward the edge of the glass article 10 due to the continuous curvature of the glass sheet 12 spanning substantially the entire length of the glass sheet 12. In an embodiment, the spacers 48 have a thickness substantially equal to the thickness of the remainder of the adhesive layer 16, such as about 1.0 mm to about 4.0 mm, and particularly about 2.0 mm. In addition, the spacers 48 are selected to be relatively thin, particularly where they do not provide bonding between the glass sheet 12 and the frame 14, and in an embodiment, each spacer 48 has a width of 1.0 mm to 10.0 mm.

[0066] After positioning the spacers 48 on the frame 14 or glass sheet 12, the first adhesive 24 is applied to the glass sheet 12 or frame 14 in a third step 43. In a fourth step 44, the frame 14 is pressed onto the glass sheet 12, and in a fifth step 45, the first adhesive 24 is allowed to cure on the chuck 36. In an embodiment, the first adhesive 24 is allowed to cure only partially, for example, for no more than about 5 minutes (more specifically, no more than 1 minute).

[0067] After allowing the first adhesive 24 to partially cure, the glass article 10 is removed from the chuck 36 in a sixth step 46 .

[0068] According to one or more embodiments, in the seventh step 47, the glass article 10 is clamped to hold the glass sheet 12 on the frame 14, and the clamped glass article 10 is allowed to cure to a handling strength. In an embodiment, the glass sheet 12 can be clamped to the frame 14 while both are still on the chuck 36, and then the clamped glass article 10 is removed from the chuck 26 to complete the curing. In an embodiment, the curing time to reach the handling strength at standard temperature and pressure (about 20° C. and 1 atm) and low humidity (e.g., less than about 20% or less than about 10% humidity) is about 45 minutes to about 1 hour.

[0069] Fig. 8A and Figure 8BA clamped glass article 10 having a V-shaped portion and a glass article 10 having a C-shaped portion are depicted respectively. Fig. 8A As shown, the glass article 10 has a clamp 49 that is positioned on the glass sheet 12. Figure 4 The high tensile stress region is shown in FIG. Figure 8B As shown, the glass article 10 having a C-shaped portion is clamped by a clamp 49 as shown in FIG. Figure 5D In the high tensile stress region shown. Fig. 8A and Figure 8B In the embodiment depicted in FIG. 4 , the clamp 49 is a single-sided C-shaped clamp, but in other embodiments, the clamp 49 may be double-sided. For example, in an embodiment, the clamp 49 may be a rectangular rod clamp fixed at each end. In addition, for the purpose of illustration and to show the high tensile stress area to be covered by the clamp 49, the clamp 49 is depicted as being relatively thin compared to the width of the glass article 10, but in other embodiments, the clamp 49 may be wider as long as the clamp 49 is positioned to apply force to the high tensile stress area. That is, the clamp 49 does not have to provide clamping pressure only to the high tensile stress area. Clamping the glass article 10 helps ensure that the glass piece 12 does not separate from the frame 14 when it is cured and separated from the chuck 36. Advantageously, by only partially curing and then removing from the chuck 36, the chuck 36 can be vacated to form another glass article 10, thereby reducing the cycle time of the glass article 10 on the chuck 36 and increasing production.

[0070] Fig. 9 Another embodiment of a method 50 for forming a bent glass article 10 is depicted. In a first step 51 of the method 50, the glass sheet 12 is cold formed against the chuck 36 (e.g., using vacuum forming as described above). In a second step 52, the spacer 48 is positioned on the glass sheet 12 or the frame 14 as described above (e.g., at the end of the bending region 34 for a glass article having a V-shaped portion or a glass article having a C-shaped portion). In a third step 53, the first adhesive 24 is applied to the glass sheet 12 or the frame 14, and in a fourth step 54, the frame 14 is pressed onto the glass sheet 12. In a fifth step 55, the glass sheet 12 is held to the chuck 36 using vacuum pressure as described above to allow the first adhesive 24 to partially cure. In an embodiment, the glass sheet 12 is held to the chuck 36 using vacuum pressure for no more than five minutes (more specifically, no more than one minute).

[0071] In this regard, the method 50 is similar to the previously described method 40, but differs in a sixth step 56 in which the glass article 10 is clamped to the chuck 36. According to the method 50, the chuck 36 is provided with one or more types of chuck fixtures 58, such as FIG. 10A to FIG. 10C. In a sixth step 56, the chuck clamp 58 is moved from a first position where no clamping pressure is applied to the glass article 10 to a second position where the chuck clamp 58 applies clamping pressure to at least the glass sheet 12 to maintain the glass sheet 12 in contact with the bending surface 38 of the chuck 36 in the absence of vacuum pressure. In a seventh step 57, the chuck 36 with the glass article 10 clamped thereon is removed from the processing line so that the first adhesive 24 can be cured to a handling strength, for example, within about 45 minutes to 1 hour. Advantageously, since the chuck 36 no longer requires vacuum pressure, the entire chuck 36 can be removed from the processing line to allow the glass article 10 time to cure, and the chuck 36 with the glass article 10 clamped thereon can be replaced with another chuck 36 on which another glass article 10 can be formed. Likewise, by curing the glass article 10 off-line, cycle time is reduced and production is increased.

[0072] FIG. 10A to FIG. 10C An embodiment of a chuck fixture 58 is depicted. Fig. 10A In the embodiment shown in FIG. 1 , the chuck clamp 58 extends through or adjacent the bent surface 38 of the chuck 36 and is capable of translating between a first position and a second position. Fig. 10A The chuck fixture 58 includes a post 59 and a depending flange 60. The post 59 extends a distance above the bending surface 38 so that the depending flange 60 is at a height corresponding to the thickness T1 of the glass sheet 12. Fig. 10A As indicated by the double-ended arrow in , the post 59 translates laterally between the first position and the second position. In addition, in an embodiment, the post 59 translates vertically to adjust the height of the overhanging flange 60 to accommodate glass sheets 12 of different thicknesses T1.

[0073] Fig. 10B Another embodiment of a chuck fixture 58 is depicted in which a post 59 is rotatable between a first position and a second position. In an embodiment, the post 59 extends through or adjacent to the bending surface 38 of the chuck 36, and the post 59 extends a distance above the bending surface 38 such that the depending flange 60 is at a height corresponding to the thickness T1 of the glass sheet 12. In an embodiment, the post 59 can be screwed into the chuck 36 so that the depending flange 60 can be tightened down against the glass sheet 12 by rotating the post 59 into the chuck 36 to apply clamping pressure against the glass sheet 12.

[0074] Fig. 10C Another embodiment of the chuck fixture 58 is depicted in which the tapered edge surface 61 is in sliding engagement with the glass sheet 12. Fig. 10C In the embodiment of the chuck fixture 58 shown, the chuck fixture 58 can be translated relative to the chuck 36 by sliding over the bending surface 38 to engage the glass sheet 12. Fig. 10CAs can be seen in the chuck clamp 58, the clamping pressure applied by the chuck clamp 58 can vary depending on the force applied laterally on the chuck clamp 58. Due to the tapered edge surface 61, the lateral force on the chuck clamp 58 is converted into a downward clamping pressure applied to the glass sheet 12 against the bending surface 38 of the chuck 36. In addition, the tapered edge surface 61 allows the chuck clamp 58 to accommodate glass sheets 12 having a variety of different thicknesses T1. That is, a relatively thicker glass sheet 12 will engage the chuck clamp 58 higher on the tapered edge surface 61 than a relatively thinner glass sheet 12.

[0075] FIG. 10A to FIG. 10C Any of the chuck fixtures 58 depicted in the drawings may be automatically positioned or manually positioned. For example, Fig. 10A and Fig. 10C The translatable embodiment of the chuck clamp 58 shown in FIG. 1 can be spring loaded so that when the glass sheet 12 is pressed against the chuck 36, the chuck clamp 58 moves away from the glass sheet 12 to an extent that allows the glass sheet 12 to contact the bending surface 38 of the chuck 36. Thereafter, the spring force can cause the chuck clamp 58 to move back to a position where the depending flange 60 or wedge-shaped edge surface 61 is located (at least partially) above the glass sheet 12.

[0076] Fig.11A and Fig. 11B Depicted are exemplary positions 62 of the chuck fixture 58 on the chuck 36 for a glass article 10 having a V-shaped portion and a glass article 10 having a C-shaped portion. Fig.11A , for a glass article 10 having a V-shaped portion, four chuck clamp locations 62 are depicted at the edges of the bend region 34. Fig. 11B In FIG. 1 , for a chuck 36 configured to form a glass article 10 having a C-shaped portion, six chuck clamping locations 62 are depicted, three at each of the lateral edges or ends of the bending surface 38 of the chuck 36. Figure 5D As shown, the tensile stress not only reaches a peak at the longitudinal edge (path 3), but also increases steadily as it moves along the transverse edge (path 4) of the glass sheet 12 toward the midline of the transverse edge. Therefore, in an embodiment, an additional set of chuck clamps 58 is provided at the midline position of the transverse edge of the chuck 36.

[0077] FIG. 12A to FIG. 12C Various embodiments of a clamp 64 configured to relieve tensile stress or compressive stress at various locations of the glass article 10 during the curing of the first adhesive 24 are depicted. The clamp 64 may be used in conjunction with the clamp 48 discussed with respect to the method 40 or the chuck clamp 58 discussed with respect to the method 50. Fig. 12AIn the first embodiment shown, the clip 64 is attached to the frame 14 and prevents compression of the bond line in the region where the compressive force is higher than that required during cold forming and curing. Therefore, the clip 64 has a foot 66 that applies pressure against the second major surface 20 of the glass sheet 12 in order to generate tensile stress to counteract the undesirable compressive stress. Fig. 12B Another embodiment of a clip 64 configured to generate compressive stress to counteract undesirable tensile stress is depicted. The clip 64 is attached to the frame 14 and the footing 66 is configured to engage the first major surface 18 of the glass sheet 12, pulling the glass sheet 12 against the frame 14. Fig. 12C Another embodiment of a clip 64 that prevents undesirable tensile and compressive stresses is depicted. Fig. 12C In the embodiment of the present invention, the clip 64 is attached to the frame 14, and the slot arm is positioned at a specific distance of the glass piece 12 relative to the frame 14. The slot arm includes a slot 68 into which the glass piece 12 is inserted. In this way, any compressive or tensile stress that deviates the glass piece 12 from the specific distance relative to the frame 14 is offset by the slot arm, which applies pressure against the first major surface 18 or the second major surface 20, as may be required to offset undesirable stress.

[0078] Fig.13 A flow chart depicting another method 70 for reducing the cycle time of a glass article 10 in a processing line. In the method 70, the cure time of the first adhesive 24 is accelerated (at least locally) to reduce the time taken to achieve full cure before removing the glass article 10 from the chuck 36. In a first step 71 of the method 70, a glass sheet 12 is cold formed against a bending surface 38 of the chuck 36 (e.g., using vacuum pressure to hold the glass sheet 12 on the chuck 36). In a second step 72, the first adhesive 24 is applied to the glass sheet 12 or the frame 14, and in a third step 73, the frame 14 is pressed against the glass sheet 12. In a fourth step 74, the cure time of the first adhesive 24 is accelerated at least in localized areas where tensile stresses are expected to be high in pulling the glass sheet 12 away from the frame 14. In an embodiment, the curing of the first adhesive 15 is accelerated (at least partially) so that the curing time is 50% or less, 25% or less, or 10% or less of the non-accelerated curing time (i.e., the curing time at standard temperature and pressure and 0% humidity). Thus, in other described embodiments where the curing time at standard temperature and pressure and 0% humidity is about one hour, the accelerated curing time of step four 74 of method 70 is thirty minutes or less, fifteen minutes or less, or even six minutes or less. In the fifth step 75 of method 70, the glass article 10 is removed from the chuck 36. According to method 70, the accelerated curing time reduces cycle time and increases throughput by allowing the chuck 36 to cycle at least twice faster than a conventional cold forming process.

[0079] In various embodiments described herein, the curing of the first adhesive 24 can be accelerated in various ways. For example, the curing reaction can be accelerated thermally or chemically. FIG. 14A to FIG. 14C Various embodiments of heated chuck 36 are depicted. Fig.14A In the illustrated embodiment, the chuck 36 includes a heater 76 around the perimeter of the chuck 36. In an embodiment, the heater is one or more of a band heater (e.g., a tape heater) or a cartridge heater. The heating around the perimeter can be continuous or discontinuous. For example, the heating around the perimeter can be interrupted by an air gap or a water cooling area. Fig. 14B and Fig. 14C In the illustrated embodiment, the heating is localized to the area where high tensile or compressive stress is expected to occur. Thus, for example, Fig. 14B As shown, for a glass article 10 having a C-shaped portion, the heater 76 is disposed along the lateral edge of the chuck 36 and as shown in FIG. Fig. 14C As shown, heater 76 is disposed at the edge of bend region 34. When heat is used to accelerate the curing time, the first adhesive that can be cured in an accelerated manner using heat must be carefully selected. Generally speaking, most two-component adhesives can be accelerated by heat. Exemplary first adhesives 24 that can be accelerated to cure include BETASEAL TM X2500 Plus polyurethane adhesive (available from The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan) or Scotch-Weld TM DP604 epoxy adhesive (available from 3M, St. Paul, MN).

[0080] In another embodiment, curing is accelerated by preheating the glass sheet 12, frame 14, and / or chuck 36 prior to cold forming, using heat without using a heated chuck 36. In another embodiment, curing is accelerated by heating the entire glass article 10 and / or chuck 36, such as in an oven or tunnel furnace, after forming during the curing process. In another embodiment, curing is accelerated by heating the first adhesive 24 as it is dispensed (e.g., using a heated dispenser on a robotic arm).

[0081] exist Fig.15In another embodiment schematically depicted in FIG, curing is accelerated using a radiation source 78. For example, the first adhesive is selected to cure under the influence of specific radiation such as ultraviolet, infrared or microwave radiation. In an embodiment, the radiation source 78 passes through or around the chuck 36 (e.g., along a path 79 around the chuck 36) to provide targeted radiation to accelerate the curing of the first adhesive 24. In other embodiments, the radiation source 78 may be embedded in the bending surface 38 of the chuck 36, disposed around the chuck 36 or directed toward the first adhesive layer 24. For example, in one embodiment, the radiation source 78 is an infrared or ultraviolet light diffusing fiber, and the adhesive embedded in the bending surface 38 of the chuck 36 will be applied to the area of ​​the glass sheet 12. In addition, in an embodiment, the radiation source 78 is only locally disposed in the area where the tensile stress or compressive stress is expected to be relatively high. Further, the radiation source 78 may be continuous or discontinuous in the area where the curing is accelerated. In addition, the radiation source 78 may be closed / opened in certain areas using a shutter or by shielding a section of the glass article 10. By discontinuous curing, shrinkage can be prevented during accelerated curing. That is, in embodiments, discontinuous curing spot welds or staples the glass sheets in place to prevent shrinkage that may occur during accelerated curing.

[0082] Fig.16 An embodiment is depicted in which a steam chamber 80 is used to accelerate the curing of the first adhesive 24 to catalyze the curing reaction. In an exemplary embodiment, the glass article 10 is formed on the chuck 36 and then the steam chamber 80 is lowered above the chuck 36, or the chuck 36 is transferred to the steam chamber 80 on the processing line. The steam chamber 80 is filled with steam that catalyzes the curing reaction. The above paragraphs and FIG. 14A to FIG. 16 Each of the devices for accelerating curing shown may be used alone or in combination with one or more of the other devices to achieve a desired curing result according to the invention. Fig.13 The method 70 is shown to accelerate the curing of the first adhesive 24 .

[0083] After the glazing 10 is formed and cured, the first adhesive 24 generally keeps the glass piece 12 bonded to the frame 14. However, for tight curvatures (e.g., having a bend radius of 10,000 mm or less) and small bezel widths, the glazing 10 may include one or more mechanical retainers 90 to provide compressive stress on the first major surface 18 of the glazing 10 to prevent the glass piece 12 from delaminating from the frame 14 under extreme operating temperatures.

[0084] Fig.17An embodiment of a glass article 10 having a tight radius of curvature and a thin border of a frame 14 is depicted. As used herein, a "border" is a portion of the frame 14 that contacts the second major surface 20 of the glass sheet 12. Thus, the border defines a bonding area between the glass sheet 12 and the frame 14. Additionally, as used herein, a "thin border" is a border having a maximum width B of 10 mm. In an embodiment, the width B of the border is 5 mm or less, particularly 3 mm or less. At a radius of curvature R1 (as described herein), and in some instances where R1 is about 250 mm or less and the border is thin, the first adhesive may be at a tensile strength and / or shear strength of about 60% or more of the tensile strength and / or shear strength of the respective first adhesives. In this case, when the glass article is exposed to further tensile stresses and / or shear stresses caused by temperature extremes, the glass sheet may be delaminated from the frame.

[0085] Fig.18 A graph depicting tensile stress and shear stress of a first adhesive 24 after cold forming at a temperature of -40°C and a temperature of 95°C. The temperature extremes represent extreme cold and heat such as might be experienced in certain climate regions (e.g., extreme northern or southern geographic locations or deserts) or during winter and summer, respectively. For the particular first adhesive under consideration, the tensile strength at room temperature was 3.8 MPa and the shear strength at room temperature was 4.3 MPa. From Fig.18 As can be seen in Figure 1, the residual tensile stress in the glass article (from the first adhesive holding the cold-formed glass sheet in a bent configuration) is already 2.8 MPa, which is more than 70% of the tensile strength of the first adhesive. Therefore, there is not much margin to explain the additional stress associated with exposure to temperature extremes.

[0086] Fig.19 A graph showing the ratio of tensile and shear strength to tensile and shear stresses experienced in a glass article at room temperature and at temperature extremes of -40°C and 95°C is depicted. In order to provide adequate margin against delamination, applicants have determined that the ratio of tensile and shear strength to tensile and shear stresses should be maintained below 3.0 over the operating temperature range. In particular, in an embodiment, the ratio of tensile and shear strength to tensile and shear stresses associated with cold forming (i.e., not taking into account thermally induced stresses) is preferably maintained below 5.0 in the glass article. However, as Fig.19It can be seen that for certain tight bend radii less than 250 mm and bezel widths of 10 mm or less, particularly 5 mm or less, the ratio of tensile strength to tensile stress can be less than 2.0 over the operating temperature range. In fact, at 95°C, the ratio of tensile strength to tensile stress for such glass articles is less than 1.0, indicating that the tensile stress exceeds the tensile strength and delamination may occur. In addition, at 95°C, the ratio of shear strength to shear stress also drops below the desired ratio of 3.0, particularly below 2.0.

[0087] Therefore, if Fig. 20 As shown, the glass article 10 is provided with a mechanical retainer 90 to provide additional compressive stress on the first major surface 18 of the glass piece 12 to offset the residual and thermal tensile stresses and shear stresses. In the depicted embodiment, the mechanical retainer 90 is a clip having a first leg 92, a second leg 94, and a cross member 96 connecting the first leg 92 to the second leg 94. The mechanical retainer 90 in the form of a clip is made of an elastic material so that the first leg 92 exerts pressure on the first major surface 18 of the glass piece 12. The second leg 94 is connected to the frame 14 to provide an anchor point for the mechanical retainer 90. In an embodiment, the mechanical retainer 90 is made of metal, plastic, or a composite material.

[0088] In embodiments, the mechanical retainer 90 may extend around the entire perimeter of the glass article 10 or only a portion of the perimeter of the glass article 10. For example, in embodiments, the mechanical retainer 90 may extend only over the bending region 34 of the glass article 10 and not over the flat section 32. Additionally, in embodiments, multiple mechanical retainers 90 may be used around the perimeter of the glass article 10 in the bending region 34 and / or the flat section 32. In embodiments, the multiple mechanical retainers 90 may be periodically spaced at regular or irregular intervals.

[0089] Various embodiments of the vehicle interior system may be incorporated into vehicles such as trains, automobiles (e.g., cars, trucks, buses, etc.), marine vehicles (ships, ships, submarines, etc.), and aircraft (e.g., drones, airplanes, jets, helicopters, etc.).

[0090] Tempered glass properties

[0091] As described above, the glass sheet 12 can be strengthened. In one or more embodiments, the glass sheet 12 can be strengthened to include a compressive stress extending from the surface to a depth of compression (DOC). The compressive stress region is balanced by a central portion that exhibits tensile stress. At the DOC, the stress transitions from a positive (compressive) stress to a negative (tensile) stress.

[0092] In various embodiments, the glass sheet 12 can be mechanically strengthened by exploiting the mismatch in thermal expansion coefficients between portions of the article to create regions of compressive stress and a central region exhibiting tensile stress. In some embodiments, the glass sheet can be thermally strengthened by heating the glass to a temperature above the glass transition point and then rapidly quenching.

[0093] In various embodiments, the glass sheet 12 can be chemically strengthened by ion exchange. In the ion exchange process, ions at or near the surface of the glass sheet are replaced or exchanged with larger ions of the same valence or oxidation state. In those embodiments in which the glass sheet comprises an alkali aluminosilicate glass, the ions in the surface layer of the article and the larger ions are monovalent alkali metal cations, such as Li + 、Na + , K + , Rb + and Cs + Alternatively, the monovalent cations in the surface layer may be replaced with monovalent cations other than alkali metal cations such as Ag. + Etc. In such embodiments, the monovalent ions (or cations) exchanged into the glass sheet create stress.

[0094] The ion exchange process is typically performed by immersing the glass sheet in a molten salt bath (or two or more molten salt baths) containing larger ions to be exchanged with smaller ions in the glass sheet. It should be noted that aqueous salt baths may also be used. In addition, the composition of one or more baths may include more than one type of larger ions (e.g., Na+ and K+) or a single larger ion. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the parameters for the ion exchange process, including but not limited to bath composition and temperature, immersion time, number of immersions of the glass sheet in the salt bath (or multiple baths), use of multiple salt baths, additional steps such as annealing, washing, etc., are typically determined by the composition of the glass sheet (including the structure of the article and any crystalline phases present) and the desired DOC and CS of the glass sheet produced by strengthening. Exemplary molten bath compositions may include nitrates, sulfates, and chlorides of larger alkali metal ions. Typical nitrates include KNO3, NaNO3, LiNO3, NaSO4, and combinations thereof. The temperature of the molten salt bath is generally in the range of about 380° C. to about 450° C., and the immersion time is in the range of about 15 minutes to about 100 hours, depending on the glass sheet thickness, bath temperature, and glass (or monovalent ion) diffusivity. However, temperatures and immersion times different from those described above may also be used.

[0095] In one or more embodiments, the glass piece may be immersed in a molten salt bath of 100% NaNO3, 100% KNO3, or a combination of NaNO3 and KNO3 having a temperature of about 370°C to about 480°C. In some embodiments, the glass piece may be immersed in a molten mixed salt bath containing about 5% to about 90% KNO3 and about 10% to about 95% NaNO3. In one or more embodiments, the glass piece may be immersed in a second bath after being immersed in the first bath. The first bath and the second bath may have different compositions and / or temperatures from each other. The immersion times in the first bath and the second bath may be different. For example, the immersion time in the first bath may be longer than the immersion time in the second bath.

[0096] In one or more embodiments, the glass sheet may be immersed in a molten mixed salt bath containing NaNO3 and KNO3 (e.g., 49% / 51%, 50% / 50%, 51% / 49%) having a temperature below about 420°C (e.g., about 400°C or about 380°C) for less than about 5 hours, or even about 4 hours or less.

[0097] The ion exchange conditions can be adjusted to provide a "spike" or increase the slope of the stress profile at or near the surface of the resulting glass sheet. The spike can result in a greater surface CS value. Due to the unique characteristics of the glass compositions used in the glass sheets described herein, such a spike can be achieved by a single bath or multiple baths, where one or more baths have a single composition or a mixed composition.

[0098] In one or more embodiments, where more than one monovalent ion is exchanged into the glass sheet, different monovalent ions may be exchanged to different depths within the glass sheet (and produce different amounts of stress at different depths within the glass sheet). The resulting relative depths of the stress-producing ions may be determined and result in different characteristics of the stress distribution.

[0099] CS is measured using methods known in the art, such as by a surface stress meter (FSM) using commercially available instruments such as the FSM-6000 manufactured by Orihara Industrial Co., Ltd (Japan). Surface stress measurements rely on accurate measurement of the stress optical coefficient (SOC), which is related to the birefringence of the glass. SOC is in turn measured by methods known in the art, such as the optical fiber and four-point bending method and the bulk cylinder method, both of which are described in ASTM standard C770-98 (2013) entitled "Standard Test Method for Measurement of Glass Stress-Optical Coefficient", the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. As used herein, CS can be the "maximum compressive stress", which is the highest compressive stress value measured within the compressive stress layer. In some embodiments, the maximum compressive stress is located at the surface of the glass sheet. In other embodiments, the maximum compressive stress may occur at a depth below the surface, giving the compression profile the appearance of a "buried peak".

[0100] DOC can be measured by FSM or scattered light polariscope (SCALP) (such as SCALP-04 scattered light polariscope available from Glasstress Ltd. in Tallinn, Estonia), depending on the strengthening method and conditions. When the glass sheet is chemically strengthened by ion exchange treatment, FSM or SCALP can be used, depending on the type of ions exchanged into the glass sheet. In the case where the stress in the glass sheet is generated by exchanging potassium ions into the glass sheet, FSM is used to measure DOC. In the case where the stress is generated by exchanging sodium ions into the glass sheet, SCALP is used to measure DOC. If the stress in the glass sheet is generated by exchanging potassium ions and sodium ions into the glass, DOC is measured by SCALP, because it is believed that the exchange depth of sodium indicates DOC, and the exchange depth of potassium ions indicates the change in the magnitude of compressive stress (but not the change in stress from compression to tension); the exchange depth of potassium ions in such glass sheets is measured by FSM. Central tension or CT is the maximum tensile stress and is measured by SCALP.

[0101] In one or more embodiments, the glass sheet may be strengthened to exhibit a DOC (as described herein) described as a fraction of the glass sheet thickness T1. For example, in one or more embodiments, the DOC may be equal to or greater than about 0.05T1, equal to or greater than about 0.1T1, equal to or greater than about 0.11T1, equal to or greater than about 0.12T1, equal to or greater than about 0.13T1, equal to or greater than about 0.14T1, equal to or greater than about 0.15T1, equal to or greater than about 0.16T1, equal to or greater than about 0.17T1, equal to or greater than about 0.18T1, equal to or greater than about 0.19T1, equal to or greater than about 0.2T1, equal to or greater than about 0.21T1. In some embodiments, the DOC may be about 0.08T1 to about 0.25T1, about 0.09T1 to about 0.25T1, about 0.18T1 to about 0.25T1, about 0.11T1 to about 0.25T1, about 0.12T1 to about 0.25T1, about 0.13T1 to about 0.25T1, about 0.14T1 to about 0.25T1, about 0.15T1 to about 0.25T1, about 0.08T1 to about 0. In some cases, the DOC may be about 20 μm or less. In one or more embodiments, the DOC may be about 40 μm or greater (e.g., about 40 μm to about 300 μm, about 50 μm to about 300 μm, about 60 μm to about 300 μm, about 70 μm to about 300 μm, about 80 μm to about 300 μm, about 90 μm to about 300 μm, about 100 μm to about 300 μm, about 110 μm to about 300 μm, about 120 μm to about 300 μm, about 140 μm to about 300 μm, about 150 μm to about 300 μm, about 40 μm to about 290 μm, about 40 μm to about 280 μm, about 40 μm to about 260 μm). , about 40 μm to about 250 μm, about 40 μm to about 240 μm, about 40 μm to about 230 μm, about 40 μm to about 220 μm, about 40 μm to about 210 μm, about 40 μm to about 200 μm, about 40 μm to about 180 μm, about 40 μm to about 160 μm, about 40 μm to about 150 μm, about 40 μm to about 140 μm, about 40 μm to about 130 μm, about 40 μm to about 120 μm, about 40 μm to about 110 μm, or about 40 μm to about 100 μm. In other embodiments, the DOC falls within any one of the exact numerical ranges set forth in this paragraph.

[0102] In one or more embodiments, the strengthened glass piece may have a CS of about 200 MPa or greater, 300 MPa or greater, 400 MPa or greater, about 500 MPa or greater, about 600 MPa or greater, about 700 MPa or greater, about 800 MPa or greater, about 900 MPa or greater, about 930 MPa or greater, about 1000 MPa or greater, or about 1050 MPa or greater (which may be present at the surface of the glass piece or at a certain depth within the glass piece).

[0103] In one or more embodiments, the strengthened glass sheet may have a maximum tensile stress or central tension (CT) of about 20 MPa or more, about 30 MPa or more, about 40 MPa or more, about 45 MPa or more, about 50 MPa or more, about 60 MPa or more, about 70 MPa or more, about 75 MPa or more, about 80 MPa or more, or about 85 MPa or more. In some embodiments, the maximum tensile stress or central tension (CT) may be in the range of about 40 MPa to about 100 MPa. In other embodiments, the CS falls within the exact numerical ranges set forth in this paragraph.

[0104] Glass composition

[0105] Suitable glass compositions for the glass sheet 12 include soda-lime glass, aluminosilicate glass, borosilicate glass, boroaluminosilicate glass, alkali-containing aluminosilicate glass, alkali-containing borosilicate glass, and alkali-containing boroaluminosilicate glass.

[0106] Unless otherwise indicated, the glass compositions disclosed herein are described in terms of mole percent (mol %) based on oxide analysis.

[0107] In one or more embodiments, the glass composition may include SiO in an amount within a range from about 66 mol% to about 80 mol%, about 67 mol% to about 80 mol%, about 68 mol% to about 80 mol%, about 69 mol% to about 80 mol%, about 70 mol% to about 80 mol%, about 72 mol% to about 80 mol%, about 65 mol% to about 78 mol%, about 65 mol% to about 76 mol%, about 65 mol% to about 75 mol%, about 65 mol% to about 74 mol%, about 65 mol% to about 72 mol%, or about 65 mol% to about 70 mol%, and all ranges and sub-ranges therebetween.

[0108] In one or more embodiments, the glass composition includes Al2O3 in an amount greater than about 4 mol% or greater than about 5 mol%. In one or more embodiments, the glass composition includes Al2O3 in a range of greater than about 7 mol% to about 15 mol%, greater than about 7 mol% to about 14 mol%, about 7 mol% to about 13 mol%, about 4 mol% to about 12 mol%, about 7 mol% to about 11 mol%, about 8 mol% to about 15 mol%, about 9 mol% to about 15 mol%, about 10 mol% to about 15 mol%, about 11 mol% to about 15 mol%, or about 12 mol% to about 15 mol%, and all ranges and sub-ranges therebetween. In one or more embodiments, the upper limit of Al2O3 may be about 14 mol%, 14.2 mol%, 14.4 mol%, 14.6 mol%, or 14.8 mol%.

[0109] In one or more embodiments, a glass article is described as an aluminosilicate glass article or comprises an aluminosilicate glass composition. In such embodiments, the glass composition or article formed from the aluminosilicate comprises SiO3 and Al2O3 and is not a soda-lime silicate glass. In this regard, the glass composition or article formed from the aluminosilicate comprises Al2O3 in an amount of about 2 mol% or greater, 2.25 mol% or greater, 2.5 mol% or greater, about 2.75 mol% or greater, about 3 mol% or greater.

[0110] In one or more embodiments, the glass composition includes B2O3 (e.g., about 0.01 mol% or more). In one or more embodiments, the glass composition includes B2O3 in an amount in the range of about 0 mol% to about 5 mol%, about 0 mol% to about 4 mol%, about 0 mol% to about 3 mol%, about 0 mol% to about 2 mol%, about 0 mol% to about 1 mol%, about 0 mol% to about 0.5 mol%, about 0.1 mol% to about 5 mol%, about 0.1 mol% to about 4 mol%, about 0.1 mol% to about 3 mol%, about 0.1 mol% to about 2 mol%, about 0.1 mol% to about 1 mol%, about 0.1 mol% to about 0.5 mol%, and all ranges and sub-ranges therebetween. In one or more embodiments, the glass composition is substantially free of B2O3.

[0111] As used herein, the phrase "substantially free" with respect to a component of a composition means that the component is not actively or intentionally added to the composition during initial batching, but may be present as an impurity in an amount less than about 0.001 mol%.

[0112] In one or more embodiments, the glass composition optionally includes P2O5 (e.g., about 0.01 mol% or greater). In one or more embodiments, the glass composition includes a non-zero amount of P2O5, up to and including 2 mol%, 1.5 mol%, 1 mol%, or 0.5 mol%. In one or more embodiments, the glass composition is substantially free of P2O5.

[0113] In one or more embodiments, the glass composition may include a total amount of R2O (which is the total amount of alkali metal oxides such as Li2O, Na2O, K2O, Rb2O, and C2O) greater than or equal to about 8 mol%, greater than or equal to about 10 mol%, or greater than or equal to about 12 mol%. In some embodiments, the glass composition includes a total amount of R2O in a range of about 8 mol% to about 20 mol%, about 8 mol% to about 18 mol%, about 8 mol% to about 16 mol%, about 8 mol% to about 14 mol%, about 8 mol% to about 12 mol%, about 9 mol% to about 20 mol%, about 10 mol% to about 20 mol%, about 11 mol% to about 20 mol%, about 12 mol% to about 20 mol%, about 13 mol% to about 20 mol%, about 10 mol% to about 14 mol%, or 11 mol% to about 13 mol%, and all ranges and sub-ranges therebetween. In one or more embodiments, the glass composition may be substantially free of Rb2O, C2O, or both Rb2O and C2O. In one or more embodiments, R2O may include only the total amount of Li2O, Na2O, and K2O. In one or more embodiments, the glass composition may include at least one alkali metal oxide selected from Li2O, Na2O, and K2O, wherein the alkali metal oxide is present in an amount greater than about 8 mol% or more.

[0114] In one or more embodiments, the glass composition includes Na2O in an amount greater than or equal to about 8 mol%, greater than or equal to about 10 mol%, or greater than or equal to about 12 mol%. In one or more embodiments, the composition includes Na2O in a range from about 8 mol% to about 20 mol%, about 8 mol% to about 18 mol%, about 8 mol% to about 16 mol%, about 8 mol% to about 14 mol%, about 8 mol% to about 12 mol%, about 9 mol% to about 20 mol%, about 10 mol% to about 20 mol%, about 11 mol% to about 20 mol%, about 12 mol% to about 20 mol%, about 13 mol% to about 20 mol%, about 10 mol% to about 14 mol%, or 11 mol% to about 16 mol%, and all ranges and sub-ranges therebetween.

[0115] In one or more embodiments, the glass composition includes less than about 4 mol % K 2 O, less than about 3 mol % K 2 O, or less than about 1 mol % K 2 O. In some cases, the glass composition may include K2O in an amount in a range from about 0 mol% to about 4 mol%, about 0 mol% to about 3.5 mol%, about 0 mol% to about 3 mol%, about 0 mol% to about 2.5 mol%, about 0 mol% to about 2 mol%, about 0 mol% to about 1.5 mol%, about 0 mol% to about 1 mol%, about 0 mol% to about 0.5 mol%, about 0 mol% to about 0.2 mol%, about 0 mol% to about 0.1 mol%, about 0.5 mol% to about 4 mol%, about 0.5 mol% to about 3.5 mol%, about 0.5 mol% to about 3 mol%, about 0.5 mol% to about 2.5 mol%, about 0.5 mol% to about 2 mol%, about 0.5 mol% to about 1.5 mol%, or about 0.5 mol% to about 1 mol%, and all ranges and sub-ranges therebetween. In one or more embodiments, the glass composition may be substantially free of K2O.

[0116] In one or more embodiments, the glass composition is substantially free of Li2O.

[0117] In one or more embodiments, the amount of Na2O in the composition may be greater than the amount of Li2O. In some cases, the amount of Na2O may be greater than the combined amount of Li2O and K2O. In one or more alternative embodiments, the amount of Li2O in the composition may be greater than the amount of Na2O or the combined amount of Na2O and K2O.

[0118] In one or more embodiments, the glass composition may include a total amount of RO (which is the total amount of alkaline earth metal oxides such as CaO, MgO, BaO, ZnO, and SrO) in the range of about 0 mol% to about 2 mol%. In some embodiments, the glass composition includes a non-zero amount of RO in an amount of up to about 2 mol%. In one or more embodiments, the glass composition includes an amount of RO in the range of about 0 mol% to about 1.8 mol%, about 0 mol% to about 1.6 mol%, about 0 mol% to about 1.5 mol%, about 0 mol% to about 1.4 mol%, about 0 mol% to about 1.2 mol%, about 0 mol% to about 1 mol%, about 0 mol% to about 0.8 mol%, about 0 mol% to about 0.5 mol%, and all ranges and sub-ranges therebetween.

[0119] In one or more embodiments, the glass composition includes CaO in an amount less than about 1 mol%, less than about 0.8 mol%, or less than about 0.5 mol%. In one or more embodiments, the glass composition is substantially free of CaO.

[0120] In some embodiments, the glass composition includes MgO in an amount in a range from about 0 mol% to about 7 mol%, about 0 mol% to about 6 mol%, about 0 mol% to about 5 mol%, about 0 mol% to about 4 mol%, about 0.1 mol% to about 7 mol%, about 0.1 mol% to about 6 mol%, about 0.1 mol% to about 5 mol%, about 0.1 mol% to about 4 mol%, about 1 mol% to about 7 mol%, about 2 mol% to about 6 mol%, or about 3 mol% to about 6 mol%, and all ranges and sub-ranges therebetween.

[0121] In one or more embodiments, the glass composition includes ZrO in an amount equal to or less than about 0.2 mol%, less than about 0.18 mol%, less than about 0.16 mol%, less than about 0.15 mol%, less than about 0.14 mol%, less than about 0.12 mol%. In one or more embodiments, the glass composition includes ZrO in a range from about 0.01 mol% to about 0.2 mol%, about 0.01 mol% to about 0.18 mol%, about 0.01 mol% to about 0.16 mol%, about 0.01 mol% to about 0.15 mol%, about 0.01 mol% to about 0.14 mol%, about 0.01 mol% to about 0.12 mol%, or about 0.01 mol% to about 0.10 mol%, and all ranges and sub-ranges therebetween.

[0122] In one or more embodiments, the glass composition includes SnO in an amount equal to or less than about 0.2 mol%, less than about 0.18 mol%, less than about 0.16 mol%, less than about 0.15 mol%, less than about 0.14 mol%, less than about 0.12 mol%. In one or more embodiments, the glass composition includes SnO in a range of about 0.01 mol% to about 0.2 mol%, about 0.01 mol% to about 0.18 mol%, about 0.01 mol% to about 0.16 mol%, about 0.01 mol% to about 0.15 mol%, about 0.01 mol% to about 0.14 mol%, about 0.01 mol% to about 0.12 mol%, or about 0.01 mol% to about 0.10 mol%, and all ranges and sub-ranges therebetween.

[0123] In one or more embodiments, the glass composition may include an oxide that imparts color or hue to the glass article. In some embodiments, the glass composition includes an oxide that prevents the glass article from discoloring when the glass article is exposed to ultraviolet radiation. Examples of such oxides include, but are not limited to, the following oxides: Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Ce, W, and Mo.

[0124] In one or more embodiments, the glass composition comprises Fe expressed as Fe2O3, wherein Fe is present in an amount up to (and including) about 1 mol%. In some embodiments, the glass composition is substantially free of Fe. In one or more embodiments, the glass composition comprises Fe2O3 in an amount equal to or less than about 0.2 mol%, less than about 0.18 mol%, less than about 0.16 mol%, less than about 0.15 mol%, less than about 0.14 mol%, less than about 0.12 mol%. In one or more embodiments, the glass composition comprises Fe2O3 in a range of about 0.01 mol% to about 0.2 mol%, about 0.01 mol% to about 0.18 mol%, about 0.01 mol% to about 0.16 mol%, about 0.01 mol% to about 0.15 mol%, about 0.01 mol% to about 0.14 mol%, about 0.01 mol% to about 0.12 mol%, or about 0.01 mol% to about 0.10 mol%, and all ranges and sub-ranges therebetween.

[0125] In the case where the glass composition includes TiO2, TiO2 may be present in an amount of about 5 mol% or less, about 2.5 mol% or less, about 2 mol% or less, or about 1 mol% or less. In one or more embodiments, the glass composition may be substantially free of TiO2.

[0126] The exemplary glass composition includes SiO2 in an amount ranging from about 65 mol% to about 75 mol%, Al2O3 in an amount ranging from about 8 mol% to about 14 mol%, Na2O in an amount ranging from about 12 mol% to about 17 mol%, K2O in an amount ranging from about 0 mol% to about 0.2 mol%, and MgO in an amount ranging from about 1.5 mol% to about 6 mol%. Optionally, SnO2 can be included in an amount otherwise disclosed herein. It should be understood that while the preceding glass composition paragraphs express approximate ranges, in other embodiments, the glass sheet 12 can be made of any glass component falling within any of the exact numerical ranges discussed above.

[0127] Aspect (1) of the present disclosure relates to a method for cold forming a glass product, the method comprising the following steps: bending a glass sheet including a first major surface and a second major surface opposite to the first major surface over a bending surface of a chuck so that the first major surface of the glass sheet conforms to the bending surface of the chuck and includes a first area having a first radius of curvature; disposing a frame on the second major surface, the frame having a curved surface, the curved surface including a second area with a second radius of curvature, the second radius of curvature matching within 10% of the first radius of curvature; positioning at least one spacer in the first area of ​​the glass sheet product or in a second area on the curved surface of the frame; and adhering the curved surface of the frame to the second major surface of the glass sheet product so that the spacer is disposed between the glass sheet product and the frame.

[0128] Aspect (2) of the present disclosure relates to the method of aspect (1), wherein adhering the curved surface of the frame to the second major surface of the glass sheet includes: curing an adhesive disposed on either or both of the second major surface of the glass sheet and the curved surface of the frame.

[0129] Aspect (3) of the present disclosure relates to the method described in aspect (1) or aspect (2), wherein the bending surface includes a first flat section, a second flat section, and a curved section between the first flat section and the second flat section, wherein the curved section includes the first curvature of the bending surface, wherein the at least one spacer includes a first spacer and a second spacer, and wherein the first spacer is positioned at a first end of the curved section adjacent to the first flat section, and the second spacer is positioned at a second end of the curved section adjacent to the second flat section.

[0130] Aspect (4) of the present disclosure relates to the method described in aspect (1) or aspect (2), wherein the bending surface comprises a continuous curve having the first radius of curvature, wherein the continuous curve spans between a first end of the glass sheet and a second end of the glass sheet, wherein the at least one spacer comprises a first spacer and a second spacer, and wherein the first spacer is positioned at the first end of the glass sheet and the second spacer is positioned at the second end of the glass sheet.

[0131] Aspect (5) of the present disclosure relates to the method of any one of aspects (2) to (4), wherein curing the adhesive comprises: applying a force to hold the glass piece on at least one of the chuck or the frame until the adhesive is fully cured.

[0132] Aspect (6) of the present disclosure relates to the method of aspect (5), wherein curing the adhesive further comprises: allowing the adhesive to partially cure on the chuck for no more than five minutes prior to the step of applying the force.

[0133] Aspect (7) of the present disclosure relates to the method of aspect (6), further comprising the step of removing the glass sheet and the frame from the chuck after the step of allowing the adhesive to partially cure, and wherein the step of applying force comprises: clamping the glass sheet to the frame.

[0134] Aspect (8) of the present disclosure relates to the method of any one of aspects (1) to (7), wherein the curved surface comprises a V-shaped surface comprising a curved section disposed between a first flat section and a second flat section.

[0135] Aspect (9) of the present disclosure relates to the method of aspect (8), wherein the step of applying force further comprises: clamping the glass sheet to the frame in a first position in the curved section proximate to the first flat section and in a second position in the curved section proximate to the second flat section.

[0136] Aspect (10) of the present disclosure relates to the method of any one of aspects (1) to (7), wherein the curved surface comprises a C-shaped curvature, the curved surface comprising a continuous curve between the first end of the frame and the second end of the frame.

[0137] Aspect (11) of the present disclosure relates to the method of aspect (10), wherein the step of applying a force further comprises: clamping the glass sheet to the frame proximate the first end and proximate the second end.

[0138] Aspect (12) of the present disclosure relates to the method of aspect (11), further comprising: clamping the glass sheet to the frame proximate a center point between the first end and the second end.

[0139] Aspect (13) of the present disclosure relates to the method of any one of aspects (6) to (12), further comprising the step of applying vacuum pressure between the glass sheet and the chuck during the step of allowing the adhesive to partially cure.

[0140] Aspect (14) of the present disclosure relates to the method of aspect (13), wherein the chuck comprises a set of rotatable clamps, and wherein the step of applying force further comprises: rotating the set of rotatable clamps to clamp the glass sheet to the chuck.

[0141] Aspect (15) of the present disclosure relates to the method of aspect (13), wherein the chuck comprises a set of translatable clamps, and wherein the step of applying force further comprises: laterally translating the set of translatable clamps to clamp the glass sheet to the chuck.

[0142] Aspect (16) of the present disclosure relates to the method of aspect (14) or aspect (15), wherein the rotatable or translatable clamp is configured to apply clamping pressure at an end of the first region having the first curvature.

[0143] Aspect (17) of the present disclosure relates to the method of any one of aspects (1) to (16), the method further comprising the step of attaching a plurality of clips to the frame, the clips preventing at least one of compression or tension of the adhesive between the frame and the glass sheet.

[0144] Aspect (18) of the present disclosure relates to a method for cold-forming a glass product, the method comprising the following steps: bending a glass sheet over a bending surface, wherein the bending surface includes a first area with a first radius of curvature, wherein the glass sheet includes a first major surface and a second major surface opposite to the first major surface, and wherein bending the glass sheet causes the first major surface to conform to the first radius of curvature of the bending surface; applying an adhesive to the second major surface of the glass sheet or the curved surface of the frame, and curing the adhesive for a first curvature time; placing a frame on the adhesive, the frame having a curved surface, the curved surface including a second area with a second radius of curvature, the second radius of curvature being within 10% of the first radius of curvature; using the adhesive to adhere the curved surface of the frame to the second major surface of the glass sheet; and using an accelerator to cure at least a portion of the adhesive for a second curvature time, the second curvature time being less than half of the first curvature time.

[0145] Aspect (19) of the present disclosure relates to the method of aspect (18), wherein the accelerator is heat, wherein the bending surface includes a heater configured to apply localized heat to the adhesive, and wherein the curing step further includes: heating the adhesive to accelerate curing.

[0146] Aspect (20) of the present disclosure relates to the method of aspect (19), wherein the localized heat is applied in the first region having the first radius of curvature.

[0147] Aspect (21) of the present disclosure relates to the method of any one of aspects (18) to (20), wherein the bending surface includes a V-shaped surface, the V-shaped surface includes a curved section arranged between a first flat section and a second flat section, and wherein the heating step further includes: heating the glass sheet located in a first position of the curved section close to the first flat section and in a second position of the curved section close to the second flat section.

[0148] Aspect (22) of the present disclosure relates to the method described in any one of aspects (18) to (20), wherein the bending surface includes a C-shaped surface, the C-shaped surface includes a continuous curve between a first end of the bending surface and a second end of the bending surface, and wherein the heating step further includes: heating the glass sheet near the first end and near the second end.

[0149] Aspect (23) of the present disclosure relates to the method described in any one of aspects (18) to (22), wherein the heating step further includes heating the longitudinal side of the bending surface perpendicular to the first end and the second end so as to heat the periphery of the bending surface.

[0150] Aspect (24) of the present disclosure relates to the method of any one of aspects (19) to (23), wherein the heater comprises a radiation source configured to move on the bending surface.

[0151] Aspect (25) of the present disclosure relates to the method of aspect (24), wherein the heating step further comprises: moving the radiation source along at least one edge of the bending surface.

[0152] Aspect (26) of the present disclosure relates to the method of aspect (25), further comprising the step of continuously heating the at least one edge.

[0153] Aspect (27) of the present disclosure relates to the method of aspect (25), further comprising the step of discontinuously heating the at least one edge.

[0154] Aspect (28) of the present disclosure relates to the method of any one of aspects (18) to (27), wherein the accelerator is steam, and wherein the method further comprises: exposing the glass sheet, adhesive, and frame to the steam to accelerate curing.

[0155] Aspect (29) of the present disclosure relates to the method of any one of aspects (18) to (28), wherein the accelerator is heat, and wherein the method further comprises: preheating at least one of the glass sheet or the frame prior to the step of applying the adhesive.

[0156] Aspect (30) relates to a system for manufacturing a glass product, the glass product comprising a cold-formed glass sheet adhered to a bending frame, the system comprising: a chuck having a bending surface, the bending surface comprising a first area with a first radius of curvature; and a set of clamps, the set of clamps being used to clamp the glass sheet to the bending surface of the chuck; wherein the clamps are capable of moving between a first position in which the clamps do not apply clamping pressure to the glass sheet and a second position in which the clamps apply clamping pressure to the glass sheet.

[0157] Aspect (31) of the present disclosure relates to the system of aspect (30), wherein the clamp is rotatable between the first position and the second position.

[0158] Aspect (32) of the present disclosure relates to the system of aspect (31), wherein the clamp is capable of translating laterally between the first position and the second position.

[0159] Aspect (33) of the present disclosure relates to the system described in any one of aspects (30) to (32), further comprising a plurality of clips configured to be attached to the frame, wherein the plurality of clips prevent at least one of compression or tension on the adhesive between the bending frame and the cold-formed glass sheet during curing.

[0160] Aspect (34) of the present disclosure relates to the system described in any one of aspects (30) to (33), wherein the bending surface is a V-shaped surface, the V-shaped surface includes a curved segment disposed between a first flat segment and a second flat segment, and wherein the set of clamps is constructed to hold the glass sheet on the bending surface of the curved segment.

[0161] Aspect (35) of the present disclosure relates to the system described in any one of aspects (30) to (34), wherein the bending surface is a C-shaped surface, the C-shaped surface comprising a continuous curve between a first end of the chuck and a second end of the chuck, and wherein the set of clamps is constructed to hold the glass sheet on the bending surface at the first end and the second end.

[0162] Aspect (36) of the present disclosure relates to a system for manufacturing a glass product, the glass product comprising a cold-formed glass sheet adhered to a curved frame, the system comprising: a chuck having a bending surface, the bending surface comprising a first area having a first curvature; and a heating element configured to accelerate a curing process of an adhesive adhering the glass sheet to the curved frame.

[0163] Aspect (37) of the present disclosure relates to the system of aspect (36), wherein the heating element comprises a cartridge heater embedded in the region of the first curvature.

[0164] Aspect (38) of the present disclosure relates to the system of aspect (36), wherein the heating element comprises a strip heater disposed on the at least one edge of the bent surface or in the first region having the first curvature.

[0165] Aspect (39) of the present disclosure relates to the system described in any one of aspects (36) to (38), wherein the bent surface is a V-shaped surface, the V-shaped surface includes a bent section disposed between a first flat section and a second flat section, and wherein the heating element is disposed in the bent section.

[0166] Aspect (40) of the present disclosure relates to the system described in any one of aspects (36) to (38), wherein the bending surface is a C-shaped surface, the C-shaped surface comprising a continuous curve between a first end of the chuck and a second end of the chuck, and wherein the heating element is disposed at the first end and the second end.

[0167] Aspect (41) of the present disclosure relates to the system of aspect (40), wherein the heating element is further arranged along a longitudinal side of the bending surface perpendicular to the first end and the second end so that the periphery of the glass sheet is heated.

[0168] Aspect (42) of the present disclosure relates to the system of any one of aspects (36) to (41), wherein the heater comprises a radiation source configured to move on the chuck.

[0169] Aspect (43) of the present disclosure relates to the system of any one of aspects (36) to (42), wherein the heating element comprises a steam source.

[0170] Aspect (44) of the present disclosure relates to a glass article comprising: a glass sheet comprising a first major surface and a second major surface opposite the first major surface, the first major surface comprising a radius of curvature of 10,000 mm or less; a frame adhered to the second major surface of the glass sheet using an adhesive, the frame comprising a curved surface, the curved surface comprising a radius of curvature within 10% of the radius of curvature of the glass sheet, and comprising a border at least partially surrounding the perimeter of the glass sheet, the border having a width of 10 mm or less; at least one mechanical retainer attached to the glass sheet and the frame, the at least one mechanical retainer being configured to apply a compressive stress to the first major surface of the glass sheet; wherein the adhesive comprises a tensile strength; wherein a tensile stress is present in the adhesive due to holding the glass sheet at the radius of curvature; and wherein the compressive stress from the at least one mechanical retainer maintains a ratio of the tensile strength to the tensile stress of at least 3.0 over a temperature range of -40°C to 95°C.

[0171] Aspect (45) of the present disclosure relates to the glass article of aspect (44), wherein the adhesive further comprises shear strength, wherein shear stress is also present in the adhesive that holds the glass sheet at the radius of curvature, and wherein the compressive stress from the mechanical retainer maintains a ratio of the shear strength to the shear stress of at least 3.0 over a temperature range of -40°C to 95°C.

[0172] Aspect (46) of the present disclosure relates to the glass article of aspect (44) or aspect (45), wherein at room temperature, the tensile stress present in the adhesive due to holding the glass sheet at the radius of curvature is less than 1 / 5 of the tensile strength.

[0173] Aspect (47) of the present disclosure relates to the glass article described in any one of aspects (44) to (46), wherein the at least one mechanical retainer comprises a clip having a first leg in contact with the first major surface of the glass sheet, a second leg connected to the frame, and a cross member connecting the first leg to the second leg.

[0174] Aspect (48) of the present disclosure relates to the glass article of aspect (47), wherein the clip comprises metal, plastic, or a composite material.

[0175] Aspect (49) of the present disclosure relates to the glass article described in any one of aspects (44) to (47), wherein the border is 5 mm or less.

[0176] Aspect (50) of the present disclosure relates to the glass article described in any one of aspects (44) to (48), wherein the radius of curvature is located in a bending region of the glass sheet, and wherein the at least one mechanical retainer is disposed in the bending region on the glass sheet.

[0177] Aspect (51) of the present disclosure relates to the glass article of aspect (50), wherein the frame defines a flat section adjacent to the bend region, and wherein no mechanical retainer is disposed in the flat section.

[0178] Aspect (52) of the present disclosure relates to the glass article of any one of aspects (44) to (51), wherein the first major surface and the second major surface define a thickness of the glass sheet and wherein the thickness is 1.5 mm or less.

[0179] Aspect (53) of the present disclosure relates to the glass article described in any one of aspects (44) to (52), wherein the glass sheet comprises at least one of soda-lime glass, aluminosilicate glass, borosilicate glass, boroaluminosilicate glass, alkali-containing aluminosilicate glass, alkali-containing borosilicate glass, and alkali-containing boroaluminosilicate glass.

[0180] Aspect (54) of the present disclosure relates to the glass article of any one of aspects (44) to (53), further comprising at least one of a display or a touch panel bonded to the second major surface of the glass sheet.

[0181] Aspect (55) of the present disclosure relates to the glass article of aspect (54), wherein the display comprises at least one of a liquid crystal display (LCD), a light emitting diode (LED) display, an organic LED (OLED) display, or a plasma display.

[0182] Aspect (56) of the present disclosure relates to the glass article of any one of aspects (44) to (55), wherein at least one of the first major surface or the second major surface comprises a surface treatment.

[0183] Aspect (57) of the present disclosure relates to the glass article of aspect (56), wherein the surface treatment comprises at least one of an anti-glare surface treatment, an anti-reflective surface treatment, a tactile feedback, or an easy-to-clean surface treatment.

[0184] Unless otherwise expressly stated, it is not intended that any method described herein be construed as requiring that its steps be performed in a specific order. Therefore, in the event that a method claim does not actually recite the order in which its steps are to be followed or that the steps are not otherwise specifically stated in the claim or description to be limited to a specific order, no specific order is intended to be inferred. Furthermore, as used herein, the articles "a" and "an" are intended to include one or more than one component or element and are not intended to be construed as meaning only one.

[0185] It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations may be made without departing from the spirit or scope of the disclosed embodiments. Since modifications, combinations, sub-combinations, and variations of the disclosed embodiments that incorporate the spirit and substance of the embodiments may be conceived by those skilled in the art, the disclosed embodiments should be interpreted as including all contents within the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents.

Claims

1. A method for cold forming a glass product, the method comprising the following steps: bending a glass sheet including a first major surface and a second major surface opposite the first major surface over a bending surface of a chuck such that the first major surface of a first region of the glass sheet conforms to the bending surface of the chuck, wherein the bending surface includes a first radius of curvature; disposing a frame on the second major surface, the frame having a curved surface including a second region having a second radius of curvature, wherein the second radius of curvature is within 10% of the first radius of curvature; positioning at least one spacer in the first region of the glass sheet or in the second region on the curved surface of the frame; as well as adhering the curved surface of the frame to the second major surface of the glass piece such that the spacer is disposed between the glass piece and the frame, Wherein adhering the curved surface of the frame to the second major surface of the glass sheet comprises: curing an adhesive disposed on either or both of the second major surface of the glass sheet and the curved surface of the frame, wherein curing the adhesive comprises: applying a force to hold the glass sheet on at least one of the chuck or the frame until the adhesive is fully cured.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one spacer prevents compression of a bond line formed by the adhesive.

3. A method as claimed in claim 1 or 2, wherein the bending surface includes a first flat section, a second flat section, and a curved section between the first flat section and the second flat section, wherein the curved section includes the first radius of curvature, wherein the at least one spacer includes a first spacer and a second spacer, and wherein the first spacer is positioned at a first end of the curved section adjacent to the first flat section, and the second spacer is positioned at a second end of the curved section adjacent to the second flat section.

4. The method of claim 1 or 2, wherein the bending surface comprises a continuous curve having the first radius of curvature, wherein the continuous curve spans between a first end of the glass sheet and a second end of the glass sheet, wherein the at least one spacer comprises a first spacer and a second spacer, and wherein the first spacer is positioned at the first end of the glass sheet and the second spacer is positioned at the second end of the glass sheet.

5. The method of claim 1 or 2, wherein the at least one spacer comprises a higher elastic modulus than the adhesive before the adhesive is fully cured.

6. The method of claim 5, wherein curing the adhesive further comprises: Prior to the step of applying a force, the adhesive is allowed to partially cure on the chuck for no more than five minutes.

7. The method of claim 6, further comprising the step of removing the glass sheet and the frame from the chuck after the step of allowing the adhesive to partially cure, and wherein the step of applying a force comprises: The glass sheet is clamped to the frame.

8. The method of claim 1, wherein the curved surface comprises a V-shaped surface including a curved section disposed between a first flat section and a second flat section.

9. The method of claim 8, wherein the step of applying a force further comprises: The glass sheet is clamped to the frame in a first position in the curved section close to the first flat section and in a second position in the curved section close to the second flat section.

10. The method of claim 1, wherein the curved surface comprises a C-shaped curvature comprising a continuous curve between a first end of the frame and a second end of the frame.

11. The method of claim 10, wherein the step of applying a force further comprises: The glass sheet is clamped to the frame proximate the first end and proximate the second end.

12. The method of claim 11, further comprising: The glass sheet is clamped to the frame proximate a center point between the first end and the second end.

13. The method of claim 6, further comprising the step of applying vacuum pressure between the glass sheet and the chuck during the step of allowing the adhesive to partially cure.

14. The method of claim 13, wherein the chuck comprises a set of rotatable clamps, and wherein the step of applying a force further comprises: The set of rotatable clamps is rotated to clamp the glass sheet to the chuck.

15. The method of claim 13, wherein the chuck comprises a set of translatable jaws, and wherein the step of applying a force further comprises: The set of translatable clamps is translated laterally to clamp the glass sheet to the chuck.

16. The method of claim 14, wherein the rotatable clamp is configured to apply clamping pressure at an end of the first region.

17. The method of any of claims 1-2, further comprising the step of attaching a plurality of clips to the frame, the clips preventing at least one of compression or tension of an adhesive between the frame and the glass sheet.

18. A method of cold forming a glass product, the method comprising the steps of: bending a glass sheet over a bending surface, wherein the bending surface includes a first region having a first radius of curvature, wherein the glass sheet includes a first major surface and a second major surface opposite the first major surface, and wherein bending the glass sheet causes the first major surface to conform to the first radius of curvature of the bending surface; applying an adhesive to the second major surface of the glass sheet or the curved surface of the frame, the curved surface including a second region with a second radius of curvature, wherein the second radius of curvature is within 10% of the first radius of curvature; adhering the curved surface of the frame to the second major surface of the glass sheet using the adhesive; and An accelerator is used to locally cure a portion of the adhesive.

19. The method of claim 18, wherein the accelerator is heat, wherein the bending surface comprises a heater configured to apply localized heat to the adhesive, and wherein the step of locally curing the portion of the adhesive using the accelerator further comprises: The adhesive is heated to accelerate curing.

20. The method of claim 19, wherein the localized heat is applied in the first region having the first radius of curvature.

21. The method of any one of claims 19-20, wherein the bent surface comprises a V-shaped surface comprising a curved section disposed between a first flat section and a second flat section, and wherein the heating step further comprises: The glass sheet is heated in a first position of the curved section proximate to the first planar section and in a second position of the curved section proximate to the second planar section.

22. The method of any one of claims 19-20, wherein the bending surface comprises a C-shaped surface comprising a continuous curve between a first end of the bending surface and a second end of the bending surface, and wherein the heating step further comprises: The glass sheet is heated proximate the first end and proximate the second end.

23. The method of claim 22, wherein the heating step further comprises heating a longitudinal side of the bending surface perpendicular to the first end and the second end such that a perimeter of the bending surface is heated.

24. The method of any of claims 19-20, wherein the heater comprises a radiation source configured to move over the bending surface.

25. The method of claim 24, wherein the heating step further comprises: The radiation source is moved along at least one edge of the bending surface.

26. The method of claim 25, further comprising the step of continuously heating the at least one edge.

27. The method of claim 25, further comprising the step of discontinuously heating the at least one edge.

28. The method of claim 18, wherein the accelerator is steam, and wherein the method further comprises: The glass sheets, adhesive and frame are exposed to the steam to accelerate curing.

29. The method of any one of claims 19-20, wherein the method further comprises: At least one of the glass sheet or the frame is preheated prior to the step of applying the adhesive.

30. A system for making a glass article comprising a cold-formed glass sheet adhered to a curved frame, the system comprising: a chuck having a bent surface including a first region having a first curvature; a set of clamps configured to clamp the glass sheet to the bending surface of the chuck at a region of high tensile stress, wherein the clamps are movable between a first position in which the clamps do not apply clamping pressure to the glass sheet and a second position in which the clamps apply clamping pressure to the glass sheet; and A heating element is configured to accelerate a curing process of an adhesive adhering the glass sheet to the curved frame.

31. The system of claim 30, wherein the heating element comprises a cartridge heater embedded in the region of the first curvature.

32. The system of claim 30, wherein the heating element comprises a band heater disposed on at least one edge of the curved surface or in the first region having the first curvature.

33. The system of any one of claims 30-32, wherein the curved surface is a V-shaped surface comprising a curved section disposed between a first flat section and a second flat section, and wherein the heating element is disposed in the curved section.

34. The system of any one of claims 30-32, wherein the bent surface is a C-shaped surface comprising a continuous curve between a first end of the chuck and a second end of the chuck, and wherein the heating element is disposed at the first end and the second end.

35. The system of claim 34, wherein the heating element is further disposed along a longitudinal side of the bending surface perpendicular to the first end and the second end such that a perimeter of the glass sheet is heated.

36. The system of claim 30, wherein the heating element comprises a radiation source configured to move over the chuck.

37. The system of claim 30, wherein the heating element comprises a steam source.

38. A glass product, comprising: a glass sheet comprising a first major surface and a second major surface opposite the first major surface, the first major surface comprising a radius of curvature of 10,000 mm or less; a frame adhered to the second major surface of the glass sheet using an adhesive, the frame including a curved surface including a radius of curvature within 10% of the radius of curvature of the glass sheet and including a border at least partially surrounding a perimeter of the glass sheet, the border having a width of 10 mm or less; at least one mechanical retainer attached to the glass sheet and the frame, the at least one mechanical retainer configured to apply a compressive stress to the first major surface of the glass sheet; wherein the adhesive comprises tensile strength; wherein tensile stress exists in the adhesive due to holding the glass sheet at the radius of curvature of the frame; and wherein said compressive stress from said at least one mechanical retainer maintains a ratio of said tensile strength to said tensile stress of at least 3.0 over a temperature range of -40°C to 95°C.

39. The glass article of claim 38, wherein the adhesive further comprises shear strength, wherein shear stress is also present in the adhesive holding the glass piece at the radius of curvature of the frame, and wherein the compressive stress from the mechanical retainer maintains a ratio of the shear strength to the shear stress of at least 3.0 over a temperature range of -40°C to 95°C.

40. The glass article of claim 38 or 39, wherein at room temperature, the tensile stress present in the adhesive due to holding the glass sheet at the radius of curvature of the frame is less than 1 / 5 of the tensile strength.

41. The glass article of one of claims 38-39, wherein the at least one mechanical retainer comprises a clip having a first leg in contact with the first major surface of the glass sheet, a second leg connected to the frame, and a cross member connecting the first leg to the second leg.

42. The glass article of claim 41, wherein the clip comprises metal, plastic, or a composite material.

43. The glass article of any one of claims 38-39, wherein the border is 5 mm or less.

44. The glass article of any one of claims 38-39, wherein the radius of curvature of the glass sheet is located in a bend region of the glass sheet, and wherein the at least one mechanical retainer is disposed in the bend region on the glass sheet.

45. The glass article of claim 44, wherein the frame defines a planar section adjacent the bend region, and wherein no mechanical retainer is disposed in the planar section.

46. ​​The glass article of any one of claims 38-39, wherein the first major surface and the second major surface define a thickness of the glass sheet and wherein the thickness is 1.5 mm or less.

47. The glass article of any one of claims 38-39, wherein the glass sheet comprises at least one of soda-lime glass, aluminosilicate glass, borosilicate glass, boroaluminosilicate glass, alkali-containing aluminosilicate glass, alkali-containing borosilicate glass, and alkali-containing boroaluminosilicate glass.

48. The glass article of any one of claims 38-39, further comprising at least one of a display or a touch panel bonded to the second major surface of the glass sheet.

49. The glass article of claim 48, wherein the display comprises at least one of a liquid crystal display (LCD), a light emitting diode (LED) display, an organic LED (OLED) display, or a plasma display.

50. The glass article of any one of claims 38-39, wherein at least one of the first major surface or the second major surface comprises a surface treatment.

51. The glass article of claim 50, wherein the surface treatment comprises at least one of an anti-glare surface treatment, an anti-reflective surface treatment, a tactile feedback, or an easy-to-clean surface treatment.

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