Electronic devices and methods for estimating battery state

Abstract

An electronic device for estimating the state of a battery and a method of operating the same are disclosed. The electronic device includes: a temperature sensor configured to measure the temperature of the battery; a current sensor configured to measure the current of the battery; a voltage sensor configured to measure the voltage of the battery; and a processor configured to: estimate a temperature distribution of the battery based on the battery temperature, the battery current, and a battery model; determine an overvoltage distribution of the battery based on the temperature distribution; correct the overvoltage distribution based on the battery's current state of charge (SOC) and the battery voltage; and estimate the unusable SOC of the battery based on the corrected overvoltage distribution and the battery's open-circuit voltage (OCV) distribution.

Description

[0001] This application claims the benefit of Korean Patent Application No. 10-2021-0119543, filed on September 8, 2021, with the Korean Intellectual Property Office, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference for all purposes. Technical Field

[0002] The following description relates to an electronic device and method for estimating the state of a battery. Background Technology

[0003] For optimal battery management, various methods can be used to estimate the battery's state. For example, the battery's state can be estimated by integrating the battery's current or by using a battery model (e.g., a circuit model or an electrochemical model). Summary of the Invention

[0004] The present invention is provided in a simplified form to introduce the choice of concepts further described in the following detailed embodiments. This summary is not intended to identify key or essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to be used as an aid in determining the scope of the claimed subject matter.

[0005] In one general aspect, an electronic device is provided, comprising: a temperature sensor configured to measure the temperature of a battery; a current sensor configured to measure the current of the battery; a voltage sensor configured to measure the voltage of the battery; and a processor configured to: estimate a temperature distribution of the battery based on the battery temperature, the battery current, and a battery model; determine an overvoltage distribution of the battery based on the temperature distribution; correct the overvoltage distribution based on the current state of charge (SOC) of the battery and the battery voltage; and estimate an unusable SOC of the battery based on the corrected overvoltage distribution and the open-circuit voltage (OCV) distribution of the battery.

[0006] The processor can be configured to determine the overvoltage distribution by moving the temperature distribution so that the starting point of the overvoltage distribution has a predetermined value.

[0007] The processor can be configured to correct the overvoltage distribution based on the current overvoltage obtained by subtracting the battery voltage from the OCV corresponding to the battery's current SOC.

[0008] The processor can be configured to correct the overvoltage distribution by scaling the overvoltage distribution that is determined to have the current overvoltage at the current SOC.

[0009] The processor can be configured to estimate the voltage distribution by subtracting the corrected overvoltage distribution from the OCV distribution, and to estimate the unusable SOC corresponding to the discharge end voltage (EDV) in the voltage distribution.

[0010] The battery model may include a simplified model of an electrochemical model stored in the memory of an electronic device, or a model identical to the electrochemical model, wherein the simplified model is configured to estimate the temperature distribution of the battery using parameters of the electrochemical model.

[0011] The simplified model can be configured to estimate the temperature distribution of the battery based on the constant ion concentration distribution inside the battery.

[0012] The processor can be configured to estimate the unavailable state of charge (SOC) of the battery based on any one or any combination of a predetermined time period and a change in at least one of the battery's temperature or current.

[0013] The processor can be configured to: estimate a portion of the temperature distribution based on the battery temperature, the battery current, and the battery model; estimate the next portion of the temperature distribution in response to incomplete estimation of the entire temperature distribution; and determine the overvoltage distribution based on the temperature distribution in response to complete estimation of the entire temperature distribution.

[0014] In response to the battery reaching EDV as the battery discharges due to current output from the battery, the unavailable SOC can be corresponding to SOC.

[0015] The processor can be configured to estimate the relative state of charge (RSOC) of the battery based on the unavailable SOC and the current SOC.

[0016] The processor can be configured to estimate the current state of charge of the battery based on an electrochemical model stored in the memory of the electronic device.

[0017] The processor can be configured to: determine the available capacity of the battery based on the difference between the unavailable SOC and the current SOC; determine the remaining usage time by dividing the available capacity by the battery current; and determine the remaining range of the electronic device by multiplying the remaining usage time by the moving speed of the electronic device.

[0018] In another general aspect, an electronic device is provided, comprising: a battery; and a processor configured to: estimate a temperature distribution of the battery based on the battery's temperature, the battery's current, and a battery model; determine an overvoltage distribution of the battery based on the temperature distribution; correct the overvoltage distribution based on the battery's current state of charge (SOC) and the battery's voltage; and estimate an unusable SOC of the battery based on the corrected overvoltage distribution and the battery's open-circuit voltage (OCV) distribution.

[0019] In another general aspect, a method for implementing an operating electronic device using a processor is provided, the method comprising: estimating a temperature distribution of a battery based on a battery temperature, a battery current, and a battery model corresponding to the battery; determining an overvoltage distribution of the battery based on the temperature distribution; correcting the overvoltage distribution based on the battery's current state of charge (SOC) and battery voltage; and estimating an unusable SOC of the battery based on the corrected overvoltage distribution and the battery's open-circuit voltage (OCV) distribution.

[0020] The steps for determining the overvoltage distribution may include: determining the overvoltage distribution by shifting the temperature distribution so that the starting point of the overvoltage distribution has a predetermined value.

[0021] The steps for correcting overvoltage distribution may include: correcting the overvoltage distribution based on the current overvoltage obtained by subtracting the battery voltage from the OCV corresponding to the battery's current SOC.

[0022] The steps for estimating the unusable SOC of a battery may include: estimating the voltage distribution by subtracting the corrected overvoltage distribution from the OCV distribution, and estimating the unusable SOC corresponding to the end-of-discharge voltage (EDV) in the voltage distribution.

[0023] The battery model may include a simplified model of the electrochemical model or the same model as the electrochemical model, wherein the simplified model is configured to estimate the temperature distribution of the battery using the parameters of the electrochemical model.

[0024] In another general aspect, a vehicle is provided, comprising: a battery configured to supply power to the vehicle; a processor configured to: estimate a temperature distribution of the battery based on the battery temperature, the battery current, and a battery model; determine an overvoltage distribution of the battery based on the temperature distribution; correct the overvoltage distribution based on the battery's current state of charge (SOC) and the battery voltage; estimate an unavailable SOC of the battery based on the corrected overvoltage distribution and the battery's open-circuit voltage (OCV) distribution; determine the available capacity of the battery based on the difference between the unavailable SOC and the current SOC; and transmit the available capacity of the battery to a vehicle control unit (VCU) of the vehicle, wherein the VCU is configured to output the remaining capacity of the battery via a display of the vehicle.

[0025] The processor can be configured to determine the remaining battery range by dividing the available capacity by the current, and the VCU can be configured to output the remaining range.

[0026] The battery module may include a simplified model based on an electrochemical model that assumes a constant ion concentration distribution inside the battery.

[0027] The processor can be configured to estimate the temperature distribution of the battery based on concatenation of the estimated local temperature distributions for each of the N sub-intervals of the temperature distribution.

[0028] Other features and aspects will become clear from the following detailed description, drawings, and claims. Attached Figure Description

[0029] Figures 1 to 4 An example of a battery system is shown.

[0030] Figures 5 to 9 An example of the operation for estimating the unavailable state of charge (SOC) is shown.

[0031] Figure 10 and Figure 11 An example of estimating the relative state of charge (RSOC) is shown.

[0032] Figure 12 An example of how an electronic device operates is shown.

[0033] Figure 13 An example of an electronic device is shown.

[0034] Figure 14 An example of a mobile device is shown.

[0035] Figure 15 and Figure 16 An example of a vehicle is shown.

[0036] Throughout the accompanying drawings and detailed embodiments, unless otherwise described or provided, the same reference numerals will be understood to denote the same elements, features, and structures. The drawings may not be to scale, and for clarity, illustration, and convenience, the relative sizes, proportions, and depictions of elements in the drawings may be exaggerated. Detailed Implementation

[0037] The following detailed embodiments are provided to aid the reader in gaining a comprehensive understanding of the methods, apparatus, and / or systems described herein. However, after understanding the disclosure of this application, various changes, modifications, and equivalents of the methods, apparatus, and / or systems described herein will become apparent. For example, the order of operations described herein is merely illustrative and is not limited to those orders set forth herein, but may be changed as will become clear after understanding the disclosure of this application, except for operations that must occur in a specific order.

[0038] The features described herein may be implemented in different forms and should not be construed as limited to the examples described herein. Rather, only the examples described herein have been provided to illustrate some of the many feasible ways of implementing the methods, apparatus, and / or systems described herein, which will become clear upon understanding the disclosure of this application.

[0039] Although terms such as “first,” “second,” and “third,” A, B, C, (a), (b), (c), etc., may be used herein to describe various components, assemblies, regions, layers, or parts, these components, assemblies, regions, layers, or parts should not be limited by these terms. Rather, these terms are used only to distinguish one component, assembly, region, layer, or part from another. Thus, without departing from the teaching of the examples described herein, the first component, first assembly, first region, first layer, or first part referred to as the first component, first assembly, first region, first layer, or first part may also be referred to as the second component, second assembly, second region, second layer, or second part.

[0040] Throughout the specification, when a component is described as "connected to" or "bonded to" another component, it may be directly "connected to" or directly "bonded to" another component, or there may be one or more other components in between. Conversely, when an element is described as "directly connected to" or "directly bonded to" another element, there may be no other elements in between.

[0041] As used herein, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise, the singular form is intended to include the plural form as well. As used herein, the term "and / or" includes any one and any combination of any two or more of the associated listed items. As used herein, the terms "comprising," "including," and "having" indicate the presence of the features, quantities, operations, elements, components, and / or combinations thereof stated, but do not exclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, quantities, operations, elements, components, and / or combinations thereof.

[0042] Unless otherwise defined, all terms used herein (including technical and scientific terms) shall have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this disclosure pertains. Unless expressly defined herein, terms (such as those defined in a general dictionary) shall be interpreted as having a meaning consistent with their meaning in the context of the relevant field and shall not be interpreted in an idealized or overly formalized sense.

[0043] The use of the term "may" in relation to examples or embodiments (e.g., what an example or embodiment may include or implement) indicates that there exists at least one example or embodiment that includes or implements such a feature, but not all examples are limited thereto.

[0044] In the following description, exemplary embodiments will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. When describing exemplary embodiments with reference to the accompanying drawings, the same reference numerals denote the same components, and repeated descriptions associated with the same reference numerals will be omitted.

[0045] Reference Figure 1The battery system 100 includes a battery 110 and a battery state estimation device 120.

[0046] Battery 110 can be one or more of battery cells, battery modules, and battery packs.

[0047] The battery state estimation device 120 can use one or more sensors to measure the battery 110. In other words, the battery state estimation device 120 can collect measurement data of the battery 110. For example, the measurement data may include voltage data, current data, and / or temperature data.

[0048] The battery state estimation device 120 can estimate the state information of the battery 110 based on measurement data and can output the results. The state information may include, for example, state of charge (SOC), relative state of charge (RSOC), state of health (SOH), and / or abnormal state information. In one embodiment, the battery model used to estimate the state information is a reference... Figure 4 The described electrochemical thermal (ECT) model.

[0049] Reference Figure 2 This shows an example describing SOC and RSOC.

[0050] SOC can represent the currently available capacity of a battery based on its open-circuit voltage (OCV) design, and can be expressed by Equation 1 shown below. It can be based on... Figure 2 The OCV curve shown in the figure is used to determine the SOC. Refer to... Figure 2 V max It can represent the full charge voltage, which is the voltage of the battery when it is fully charged, in V. min This can represent the end-of-discharge voltage (EDV), which is the voltage at which a discharge is complete, based on the initial discharge voltage (OCV). For example, V min It can indicate the voltage at which the battery stops discharging, as set by the manufacturer.

[0051] [Equation 1]

[0052]

[0053] In equation 1, Q max This can represent the design capacity, which is the total capacity of the battery based on the OCV design, and Q. passed It can indicate the currently used battery capacity. Therefore, "Q" max -Q passed "SOC can represent the current available capacity based on OCV. Since SOC indicates the absolute SOC regardless of the discharge current, it can be called absolute SOC (ASOC). Furthermore, since SOC indicates the SOC of the battery in the current state, it can be called current SOC."

[0054] The battery can be discharged by applying current to the connected load. In practical applications, RSOC based on under-load voltage can be used instead of SOC based on OCV. RSOC can represent the current available capacity out of the total available capacity based on the voltage at which current is applied, and can represent the total available capacity from the user's perspective. RSOC can be based on... Figure 2 The load curve is determined by Equation 2 shown below.

[0055] [Equation 2]

[0056]

[0057] In equation 2, Q usable This can represent Full Charge Capacity (FCC), which is the total available capacity based on the voltage when current is applied while a load is connected to the battery. Q usable It can be accessed via "Q" max- Q unusable "Confirmed." Q unusable This can represent the unavailable capacity where further discharge is limited when the battery connected to the load reaches its EDV. Q unusable It can vary depending on the battery's current intensity, temperature, and / or aging condition.

[0058] For example, when the load is connected to the battery and current is being drawn from the battery, the battery's output voltage may be lower than the OCV. Therefore, Figure 2 The load curve can have a lower value than the OCV curve. In other words, as the current output from the battery increases, the gap between the load curve and the OCV curve can increase. As the current output from the battery increases, Q... unusable It can be enlarged.

[0059] Accurate prediction of Q is required usable and Q passed To accurately predict the battery's RSOC. However, as mentioned above, due to Q usable Based on Q unusable (Q unusable Since the value of RSOC can vary based on current intensity and temperature, accurate prediction can be difficult. Therefore, RSOC can be determined by using the equation for SOC instead of the equation for Q (e.g., Equation 2). RSOC can be based on SOC and SOC. unusable It is determined. In this case, SOC can represent the current SOC determined by Equation 1, and SOC (SOC) is not available. unusableThe SOC (State of Charge) can represent the state of charge (SOC) of a battery when it reaches its initial discharge value (EDV) due to the application of current. The unavailable SOC represents the SOC within the EDV and can vary based on the battery's current intensity, temperature, and / or aging condition. The unavailable SOC may be referred to as SOCEDV.

[0060] The intensity of the battery's output current can vary based on the type of operation of the device in which the battery is installed. For example, the intensity of the output current can vary based on different types of operation (such as playing games, playing videos, and playing music on a smartphone), and the RSOC based on the unavailable SOC can also vary as the unavailable SOC changes. When playing videos, the available operating time of the device can be shorter compared to playing music. The unavailable SOC can correspond to predicting future states from the current state by estimating the SOC (the SOC at which the battery reaches its EDV when discharging at the same current intensity as the currently applied current). The operation of estimating the unavailable SOC and further estimating the RSOC is further described below.

[0061] Reference Figure 3 The electronic device 300 can estimate the current SOC and unavailable SOC of the battery by using the electrochemical model 310 and the battery model 320.

[0062] Electronic device 300 may use electrochemical model 310 to estimate the current state of charge (SOC). For example, electronic device 300 may use the voltage difference between a measured voltage and an estimated voltage of the battery to determine a change in the battery state (e.g., ΔSOC), which may be used to update the internal state of electrochemical model 310 (e.g., lithium-ion concentration distribution), and the updated electrochemical model 310 may be used to estimate the current SOC of the battery. The estimated voltage may be the battery voltage estimated by electrochemical model 310. The operation of estimating the current SOC based on electrochemical model 310 is disclosed in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2021 / 0116510, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.

[0063] Electronic device 300 can use battery model 320 to estimate unavailable state of charge (SOC). For example, battery model 320 can be a simplified model of electrochemical model 310 and can be a lumped model based on the assumption that the ion concentration distribution inside the battery is constant. This lumped model can use the parameters of electrochemical model 310 to estimate the battery's temperature profile (or curve). Electronic device 300 can effectively reduce computational load by using a lumped model obtained by simplifying electrochemical model 310 to estimate the temperature profile. In another example, battery model 320 can be the same as electrochemical model 310. Electronic device 300 can estimate the battery's temperature profile, which will be described below using electrochemical model 310. Since electrochemical model 310 can be a model not based on the assumption of a constant ion concentration distribution inside the battery, a large amount of computation may be required to estimate the battery's temperature profile. However, the accuracy of the temperature profile estimation can be high. However, examples of battery model 320 are not limited to this, and various battery models can be applied without limitation.

[0064] The electronic device 300 can convert the temperature profile into an overvoltage profile, correct or modify the converted overvoltage profile using the battery voltage and the current state of charge (SOC), and determine the unusable SOC by determining the voltage profile based on the modified overvoltage profile.

[0065] When current is applied to a battery, the battery temperature can increase due to various resistive factors, and the temperature distribution can represent the battery temperature from the start to the end of discharge. Furthermore, when current is applied to a battery, the battery voltage can decrease due to various resistive factors within the battery. The difference between the OCV and the measured voltage can be called overvoltage, and the overvoltage distribution can represent the battery overvoltage changing during discharge. The voltage distribution can represent the voltage changing during battery discharge, and for example, can represent the voltage change over time from the start to the end of discharge.

[0066] Electronic device 300 can effectively reduce computational costs by estimating temperature instead of directly estimating voltage, which requires extensive calculations, using the similarity between the patterns of temperature distribution and overvoltage distribution. This is because when current is applied to the battery, the battery temperature can increase and overvoltage can occur due to various resistive factors, so temperature patterns and overvoltage patterns can be similar to each other. Furthermore, the similarity between temperature patterns and overvoltage patterns can be described because temperature and overvoltage are influenced by OCV characteristics related to the rate of change of open-circuit potential (OCP) according to temperature, characteristics related to electrode reactions and the solid electrolyte interface (SEI), and electrolyte-related characteristics.

[0067] Even if errors occur in the measured temperature of the battery, the electronic device 300 can robustly estimate the unavailable SOC with high accuracy in low-temperature regions by using corrections based on a feedback method using the current state (such as the measured voltage of the battery or the current SOC of the battery). Furthermore, the electronic device 300 effectively reduces computational costs by obtaining the unavailable SOC through estimating the temperature distribution, which requires relatively low computational cost, rather than through directly estimating the voltage distribution, which requires considerable computational cost.

[0068] Reference Figures 5 to 9 The procedure for identifying an unavailable SOC is further described.

[0069] Reference Figure 4 Electrochemical models can estimate the remaining capacity of a battery by modeling its internal physical phenomena, such as ion concentration and potential. In other words, electrochemical models can be expressed by physical conservation equations associated with electrochemical reactions occurring at the electrode / electrolyte interface, electrode / electrolyte concentrations, and charge conservation. For this purpose, various model parameters (such as shape (e.g., thickness, radius, etc.), OCP, and physical property values ​​(e.g., conductivity, ionic conductivity, diffusion coefficient, etc.) are used.

[0070] In the electrochemical model, various state variables (such as concentration and potential) can be coupled together. The estimated voltage 410 estimated by the electrochemical model can be the potential difference between the cathode and anode. As indicated by arrow 420, the potential information of each of the cathode and anode can be affected by the ion concentration distribution of each of the cathode and anode. The SOC 430 estimated by the electrochemical model is the average ion concentration of the cathode and anode.

[0071] Here, the ion concentration distribution can be either the ion concentration distribution 440 in the electrode or the ion concentration distribution 450 in the active material particles present at a location within the electrode. The ion concentration distribution 440 in the electrode can be the surface ion concentration distribution or average ion concentration distribution of the active material particles located in the electrode direction, and the electrode direction can be the direction connecting one end of the electrode (e.g., the boundary adjacent to the current collector) to the other end of the electrode (e.g., the boundary adjacent to the diaphragm). Furthermore, the ion concentration distribution 450 in the active material particles can be the ion concentration distribution within the active material particles according to the center direction of the active material particles, and the center direction of the active material particles can be the direction connecting the center of the active material particles to the surface of the active material particles.

[0072] To reduce the voltage difference between the measured and estimated voltages of a battery, the ion concentration distribution in each of the cathode and anode can be shifted while maintaining the physical conservation associated with concentration. Potential information for each of the cathode and anode can be derived based on the shifted concentration distribution, and the voltage can be calculated based on this derived potential information. The current state of charge (SOC) of the battery can be ultimately determined by deriving the amount of internal state shift that brings the voltage difference to "0".

[0073] Figures 5 to 9 An example of an operation that estimates an unavailable SOC is shown.

[0074] Reference Figure 5 The electronic device can estimate the temperature distribution using a battery model. Based on the battery model, the electronic device can perform a discharge temperature simulation regarding the battery's temperature and current corresponding to the current input conditions. For example, the current input to the battery model can be a moving average, arithmetic mean, or weighted average of the battery's current over a period of time, or the currently applied current. The temperature input to the battery model can be a measured temperature (e.g., the measured temperature T0 at the start of discharge). The discharge temperature simulation can be performed based on Equations 3 and 4 shown below. However, it should be understood that Equations 3 and 4 are merely exemplary, and the discharge temperature simulation of the present invention is not limited thereto; other simulation schemes can be used.

[0075] [Equation 3]

[0076]

[0077]

[0078] In equation 3, T n T can represent the estimated temperature at the current time step. n-1 It can represent the estimated temperature in the previous time step. It can represent the rate of change of temperature over time, and dt can represent the time interval during the calculation. Furthermore, Q... gen It can represent the heat generation rate, h c It can represent the convective heat transfer coefficient, and T ∞ "m" can represent the measured temperature of the battery surface, and "m" can represent the mass of a single battery cell. It can represent the specific heat capacity of a single battery cell.

[0079] [Equation 4]

[0080]

[0081] In equation 4, Q reversibleQ can represent the reversible heat generation rate. irreversible Q can represent the irreversible rate of heat generation, and Q ohmic It can represent the ohmic heat generation rate. I can represent current, T can represent temperature, and Vol n Vol can represent the volume of the anode portion. p It can represent the volume of the cathode portion. It can represent the entropic thermal coefficient of the anode, and The entropic thermal coefficient of the cathode can be represented by R, F can be represented by Faraday's constant, and j can be represented by F. p This can represent the local current density of the cathode, j o，p This can represent the exchange current density of the cathode, j n This can represent the local current density at the anode, and j o，n This can represent the exchange current density at the anode. R f，p R can represent the thin-film resistance of the cathode. f，n The thin-film resistance of the anode, K p K can represent the effective electrolyte conductivity in the cathode section. n This can represent the effective electrolyte conductivity in the anode section, and α can represent the ohmic thermal correlation term omitted due to its small size. In Equation 4, Vol n Vol p R f，p and R f，n It can correspond to the parameters of an electrochemical model, and j p j o，p j n and j o，n It can correspond to the state variables calculated by electrochemical calculation.

[0082] Figure 3 The parameters of the electrochemical model 310 shown can be applied to the parameters of equations 3 and 4 above. In other words, electronic devices can perform discharge temperature simulations by applying the parameters of the electrochemical model to the battery model.

[0083] The electronic device can simulate the discharge temperature from the start to the end of battery discharge, and can measure the initial temperature T0 of the battery, which is the battery temperature at the start of discharge, using a temperature sensor. An example of the temperature distribution estimated by the electronic device can be compared with... Figure 5 The curves shown are the same.

[0084] Reference Figure 6The electronic device can determine the overvoltage distribution of a battery based on a temperature distribution. For example, the electronic device can determine the overvoltage distribution by shifting the temperature distribution so that the starting point of the overvoltage distribution has a predetermined value (e.g., "0"). At the start of discharge, since the battery voltage is equal to OCV, the overvoltage can be "0". Therefore, since the starting point of the overvoltage distribution is "0", the overvoltage distribution can be determined by shifting the temperature distribution in parallel to make the starting point of the temperature distribution "0" using the similarity of the patterns between the temperature distribution and the overvoltage distribution as described above. The operation of determining the overvoltage distribution from the temperature distribution can be performed as shown in Equation 5 below.

[0085] [Equation 5]

[0086] η n =T n -T0

[0087] In equation 5, T n This can represent the temperature distribution as a function of time, where T0 represents the initial value of the temperature distribution, and η... n It can represent the overvoltage distribution as over time.

[0088] Reference Figure 7 The electronic device can convert the time axis of the overvoltage distribution to the SOC axis and can use the battery voltage and the current SOC to correct or adjust the overvoltage distribution. The electronic device can calculate the current overvoltage η by subtracting the battery voltage from the OCV corresponding to the battery's current SOC. real For example, it can be achieved through Figure 3 An electrochemical model 310 is used to estimate the current state of charge (SOC), and the battery voltage can be measured using a voltage sensor. The OCV can be derived from the value corresponding to the current SOC in a preset OCV distribution. Figure 6 From the determined overvoltage distribution, the overvoltage distribution can be corrected to remove the current overvoltage η. real With the overvoltage η corresponding to the current SOC i The difference between them. (Refer to...) Figure 8 The process will be described further.

[0089] Reference Figure 8 The electronic device can correct or adjust the overvoltage distribution based on the battery's current SOC and current. As mentioned above, the electronic device can calculate the current overvoltage η based on the current SOC and the measured voltage. real And the current overvoltage η can be used real Perform the correction as shown in Equation 6 below.

[0090] [Equation 6]

[0091]

[0092] In equation 6, η n * This can represent the corrected overvoltage distribution. By correcting the overvoltage distribution based on the current SOC and the measured voltage, the accuracy of estimating the unavailable SOC can be effectively enhanced by using a feedback method to reflect the current state of the battery.

[0093] Reference Figure 9 The electronic device can estimate the unusable state of charge (SOC) of the battery based on the OCV distribution 910 and the corrected overvoltage distribution 920. The OCV distribution 910 can represent parameters of the electrochemical model indicating the change in OCV caused by the SOC, and can be determined based on battery specifications. The corrected overvoltage distribution 920 can show the change of overvoltage over time under conditions reflecting the current conditions of the battery (e.g., temperature, current, etc.).

[0094] The electronic device can estimate the voltage distribution 930 by subtracting the corrected overvoltage distribution 920 from the OCV distribution 910, which can be expressed by Equation 7 shown below.

[0095] [Equation 7]

[0096] V n =OCV n -η n *

[0097] In equation 7, V n It can represent voltage distribution 930, OCV n It can represent the OCV distribution 910, and η n * It can represent the corrected voltage distribution.

[0098] The electronic device can estimate the unavailable SOC (e.g., 0.25) corresponding to the EDV (e.g., 3.4V) in voltage distribution 930. Furthermore, the electronic device can estimate the battery's RSOC by applying the estimated unavailable SOC and the current SOC to Equation 2.

[0099] By reflecting the measured voltage and current SOC as information of the battery's current state when estimating the unavailable SOC, the accuracy of estimating the unavailable SOC and RSOC can be enhanced, and robustness to measurement errors from the temperature sensor can be improved. Furthermore, the characteristics of the temperature distribution can be shown in the RSOC distribution, which is determined by estimating the unavailable SOC based on the temperature distribution.

[0100] Figure 10 and Figure 11 An example of estimating RSOC is shown.

[0101] Reference Figure 10 This illustrates an example of an electronic device estimating the unavailable SOC and estimating the RSOC based on the unavailable SOC and the current SOC. Figure 10 The operations can be performed in the order and manner shown, but some operations may be changed or omitted without departing from the spirit and scope of the illustrative examples described. Figure 10 Many of the operations shown can be performed in parallel or simultaneously. Figure 10 One or more boxes and combinations of boxes can be implemented by a computer based on dedicated hardware (such as a processor) or a combination of dedicated hardware and computer instructions to perform a specific function. In one example, operations 1001 to 1010 can be performed by at least one component of an electronic device (e.g., a processor, a sensor, etc.). In addition to the following... Figure 10 In addition to the description, Figures 1 to 9 The description also applies to Figure 10 And it is included here by reference. Therefore, the above description need not be repeated here.

[0102] In operation 1001, the electronic device senses the battery state. For example, the battery state may include the battery's temperature, current, and voltage. The electronic device may store the battery state obtained through sensing in its memory.

[0103] In operation 1002, the electronic device can estimate the current SOC of the battery based on the battery state using an electrochemical model.

[0104] In operation 1003, the electronic device can determine whether an estimation condition for an unusable SOC has been met. For example, the estimation condition for an unusable SOC may include whether a predetermined time period and / or the battery temperature and / or current changes. For example, the electronic device can determine that the estimation condition for an unusable SOC has been met at each predetermined time period (e.g., 10 seconds), or every predetermined time period (e.g., 10 seconds), meaning the electronic device can re-estimate the unusable SOC every predetermined time period (e.g., 10 seconds). Furthermore, whenever at least one of the battery temperature and current changes, the electronic device can determine that the estimation condition for an unusable SOC has been met. If both the battery temperature and current remain unchanged, the electronic device can determine that the unusable SOC also remains unchanged, and it may not need to re-estimate the unusable SOC.

[0105] In response to determining that the estimation condition for an unusable SOC has not yet been met, operation 1004 can be performed. In another example, in response to determining that the estimation condition for an unusable SOC has been met, operation 1005 can be performed.

[0106] In operation 1004, since the estimation conditions for unavailable SOC have not yet been met, the electronic device may not re-estimate the unavailable SOC and may recall a previously unavailable SOC stored in memory.

[0107] In operation 1005, the electronic device can estimate the temperature distribution of the battery based on the battery's temperature and current, as well as a battery model. For example, the battery model can be a simplified version of an electrochemical model to use the parameters of the electrochemical model to estimate the battery's temperature distribution, or it can be the same model as the electrochemical model. The simplified model can estimate the battery's temperature distribution based on the assumption that the distribution of ion concentration (e.g., average ion concentration) within the battery is constant.

[0108] In operation 1006, the electronic device can determine the overvoltage distribution of the battery based on the temperature distribution. For example, the electronic device can determine the overvoltage distribution by moving the temperature distribution so that the starting point of the overvoltage distribution has a predetermined value.

[0109] In operation 1007, the electronic device can correct or modify a determined overvoltage distribution based on the battery's current state of charge (SOC) and voltage. For example, the electronic device can correct or modify the determined overvoltage distribution based on a current overvoltage obtained by subtracting the battery voltage from the overvoltage value (OCV) corresponding to the current SOC. The electronic device can correct or modify the determined overvoltage distribution by scaling the determined overvoltage distribution, which is determined to have a current overvoltage at the current SOC.

[0110] In operation 1008, the unusable state of the battery can be estimated based on the corrected overvoltage distribution and the battery's OCV distribution. For example, the electronic device can estimate the voltage distribution by subtracting the corrected overvoltage distribution from the OCV distribution, and can estimate the unusable state of the battery corresponding to the EDV in the voltage distribution.

[0111] In operation 1009, the electronic device can estimate the RSOC based on the current SOC and the unavailable SOC. In one example, Equation 2 can be used to estimate the RSOC.

[0112] In operation 1010, the electronic device can determine whether the termination condition for monitoring the battery has been met. For example, if the predetermined monitoring period has not ended, the electronic device can determine that the termination condition for monitoring has not been met, and can perform operations 1001 to 1009 for the next monitoring period. In another example, the operation of the electronic device can be terminated when the predetermined monitoring period has ended.

[0113] Reference Figure 11 This example shows an estimate of the unavailable SOC and an estimate of the RSOC based on the unavailable SOC and the current SOC. Figure 11The operations can be performed in the order and manner shown, but some operations may be changed or omitted without departing from the spirit and scope of the illustrative examples described. Figure 11 Many of the operations shown can be performed in parallel or simultaneously. Figure 11 One or more boxes and combinations of boxes can be implemented by a computer based on dedicated hardware (such as a processor) or a combination of dedicated hardware and computer instructions to perform specific functions. In one example, operations 1101 to 1112 can be performed by at least one component of an electronic device (e.g., a processor, a sensor, etc.). In addition to the following... Figure 11 In addition to the description, Figures 1 to 10 The description also applies to Figure 11 And it is included here by reference. Therefore, the above description need not be repeated here.

[0114] Estimating the temperature distribution for estimating unavailable SOC can involve considerable computational costs. Given the limited resources of electronic devices, it may be difficult to efficiently calculate the temperature change from the start to the end of battery discharge. The computational cost can be amortized by dividing the total estimation interval into N sub-intervals and then calculating the temperature change of only one sub-interval at a time, instead of performing the computationally expensive operation of estimating the temperature distribution all at once. This process allows for accurate estimation of unavailable SOC with a low computational load. Operations 1105 to 1107 can be added. Figure 10 The operations described herein are used to allocate computational costs.

[0115] In operation 1105, the electronic device can determine whether the estimation of the overall temperature distribution is complete. For example, the electronic device can determine whether the estimation of the temperature distribution of N sub-intervals is complete. When the estimation of the overall temperature distribution is not yet complete, operation 1106 can be executed. In one example, when the estimation of the overall temperature distribution is complete, operation 1107 can be executed.

[0116] In operation 1106, the electronic device may perform a local temperature distribution estimation for one of the remaining sub-intervals that has not yet been estimated. Since the total temperature distribution has not yet been estimated, operation 1104 may invoke a previously unavailable System of Cores (SOC) stored in memory.

[0117] In operation 1107, the electronic device can estimate the total temperature distribution using the local temperature distributions estimated for N sub-intervals. For example, by connecting the local temperature distributions of the N sub-intervals, the electronic device can determine the total temperature distribution.

[0118] Reference Figure 10 The descriptions provided are applicable to operations 1101 to 1104 and 1108 to 1112, and are therefore included here by reference. For the sake of brevity, the above descriptions will not be repeated here.

[0119] Figure 12 An example of how an electronic device is operated is shown. Figure 12 The operations can be performed in the order and manner shown, but some operations may be changed or omitted without departing from the spirit and scope of the illustrative examples described. Figure 12 Many of the operations shown can be performed in parallel or simultaneously. Figure 12 One or more boxes and combinations of boxes can be implemented by a computer based on special-purpose hardware (such as a processor) or a combination of special-purpose hardware and computer instructions that perform specific functions. In addition to the following... Figure 12 In addition to the description, Figures 1 to 11 The description also applies to Figure 12 And it is included here by reference. Therefore, the above description need not be repeated here.

[0120] In operation 1210, the electronic device can estimate the temperature distribution of the battery based on the battery's temperature and current and a corresponding battery model. The battery model can be a simplified version of an electrochemical model, using the parameters of the electrochemical model to estimate the battery's temperature distribution, or it can be the same model as the electrochemical model. Furthermore, the simplified model can estimate the battery's temperature distribution based on the assumption that the ion concentration distribution inside the battery is constant.

[0121] In operation 1220, the electronic device can determine the overvoltage distribution of the battery based on the temperature distribution. In one example, the electronic device can determine the overvoltage distribution by moving the temperature distribution so that the starting point of the overvoltage distribution has a predetermined value.

[0122] In operation 1230, the electronic device can correct the determined overvoltage distribution based on the battery's current SOC and voltage. The electronic device can correct the determined overvoltage distribution based on the current overvoltage obtained by subtracting the battery voltage from the OCV corresponding to the battery's current SOC. The electronic device can correct the determined overvoltage distribution by scaling the determined overvoltage distribution, which is determined to have a current overvoltage at the current SOC.

[0123] In operation 1240, the unusable SOC of the battery can be estimated based on the corrected overvoltage distribution and OCV distribution. The electronic device can estimate the voltage distribution by subtracting the corrected overvoltage distribution from the OCV distribution, and can estimate the unusable SOC corresponding to the EDV in the voltage distribution. The unusable SOC can be represented as the SOC when the battery has reached the EDV due to discharge caused by current from the battery output.

[0124] Electronic devices can estimate the battery's RSOC based on the unavailable SOC and the current SOC.

[0125] Figure 13 An example of an electronic device is shown.

[0126] Reference Figure 13 The electronic device 1300 may include a memory 1310, a processor 1320, and a sensor 1330. The memory 1310, processor 1320, and sensor 1330 may communicate with each other via a bus, PCIe (Peripheral Component Interconnect), and Network on Chip (NoC).

[0127] Memory 1310 may store computer-readable instructions. Memory 1310 may store parameters of an electrochemical model corresponding to the battery. Furthermore, memory 1310 may store an electrochemical model corresponding to the battery and a battery model. The stored model may indicate information about the relationships between the parameters of the stored model. Memory 1310 may include any one or any combination of volatile memory and non-volatile memory.

[0128] Volatile memory devices can be implemented as dynamic random access memory (DRAM), static random access memory (SRAM), thyristor RAM (T-RAM), zero-capacitor RAM (Z-RAM), or dual-transistor RAM (TTRAM).

[0129] Non-volatile memory devices can be implemented as electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), flash memory, magnetic RAM (MRAM), spin-transfer torque (STT)-MRAM, conductive bridged RAM (CBRAM), ferroelectric RAM (FeRAM), phase-change RAM (PRAM), resistive RAM (RRAM), nanotube RRAM, polymer RAM (PoRAM), nanofloating gate memory (NFGM), holographic memory, molecular electronic memory devices, or insulator resistance-changing memory. Further details regarding memory 1310 are provided below.

[0130] When instructions stored in memory 1310 are executed by processor 1320, processor 1320 can perform the aforementioned operations. Processor 1320 may be a device that executes instructions or programs or controls electronic device 1300. Processor 1320 may estimate the battery discharge temperature distribution based on the battery temperature, battery current, and battery model; may determine the battery overvoltage distribution based on the discharge temperature distribution; may correct the determined overvoltage distribution based on the battery's current SOC and battery voltage; and may estimate the battery's unusable SOC based on the corrected overvoltage distribution and the battery's OCV distribution.

[0131] The processor 1320 may be a data processing device implemented in hardware, comprising circuitry having a physical structure for performing the desired operation. For example, the desired operation may include code or instructions contained in a program.

[0132] Hardware-implemented data processing devices may include, for example, a main processor (e.g., a central processing unit (CPU), a field-programmable gate array (FPGA), or an application processor (AP)) or an auxiliary processor (e.g., a graphics processing unit (GPU), a neural processing unit (NPU), an image signal processor (ISP), a sensor hub processor, or a communication processor (CP)) that may operate independently of or in conjunction with the main processor. Further details regarding processor 1320 are provided below.

[0133] Sensor 1330 may include any one or any combination of a temperature sensor, a current sensor, and a voltage sensor for measuring the current state of the battery. Data measured by sensor 1330 may be stored in memory 1310 and / or sent to processor 1320.

[0134] Electronic device 1300 may include a battery management system (BMS) that estimates any one or any combination of the current SOC, unavailable SOC, and RSOC of a single secondary battery cell or a device using the battery, and includes, for example, various computing devices (such as mobile phones, smartphones, tablet PCs, laptops, PCs, or e-book devices), various wearable devices (such as smartwatches, smart glasses, head-mounted displays (HMDs), or smart clothing), various home appliances (such as smart speakers, smart TVs (TVs), and smart refrigerators), and other devices (such as smart vehicles, smart kiosks, Internet of Things (IoT) devices, walking aids (WADs), drones, robots, etc.). Furthermore, electronic device 1300 can be implemented in a low-specification device (e.g., a power management integrated circuit (PMIC)) by effectively reducing computational costs through estimating the unavailable SOC via a lumped model-based estimation of temperature distribution. Additionally, electronic device 1300 can be applied to fast charging via battery state estimation, automatic aging updates based on electrochemical models, prediction of internal short circuits in the battery, and battery fuel metering, etc.

[0135] In addition, the electronic device 1300 can handle the above operations.

[0136] Figure 14 An example of a mobile device is shown.

[0137] Reference Figure 14Mobile device 1400 may include battery 1410. Mobile device 1400 may be a device that uses battery 1410 as a power source. Mobile device 1400 may be a portable terminal (e.g., a smartphone). Although for ease of description, Figure 14 The mobile device 1400 shown is a smartphone, but various terminals (such as laptop computers, tablet PCs, and wearable devices (such as smartwatches)) can be used without limitation. Battery 1410 includes a BMS and individual battery cells (or battery modules).

[0138] Mobile device 1400 may include battery state estimation device 1420. Battery state estimation device 1420 may perform an operation to estimate any one or any combination of the current SOC, unavailable SOC, and RSOC of battery 1410.

[0139] Reference Figures 1 to 13 The provided description is applicable Figure 14 The description has been omitted, therefore, a detailed description has been omitted.

[0140] Figure 15 and Figure 16 An example of a vehicle is shown.

[0141] Reference Figure 15 The vehicle 1500 may include a battery 1510 and a BMS 1520. The vehicle 1500 may use the battery 1510 as a power source. The vehicle 1500 may be, for example, an electric vehicle or a hybrid vehicle.

[0142] Battery 1510 may include multiple battery modules. A battery module may include multiple battery cells.

[0143] BMS 1520 can monitor whether battery 1510 is exhibiting abnormal behavior and prevent battery 1510 from being overcharged or over-discharged. Furthermore, BMS 1520 can perform thermal control on battery 1510 when the temperature of battery 1510 exceeds a first temperature (e.g., 40°C) or falls below a second temperature (e.g., -10°C). Additionally, BMS 1520 can balance the state of charge of the battery cells included in battery 1510 by performing cell balancing.

[0144] BMS 1520 can perform the battery state estimation operation as described above. BMS 1520 can determine the maximum, minimum, or average value of the state information of the individual battery cells as the state information of battery 1510.

[0145] The BMS 1520 can send the status information of the battery 1510 to the electronic control unit (ECU) or vehicle control unit (VCU) of the vehicle 1500. The ECU or VCU of the vehicle 1500 can output the status information of the battery 1510 through the display of the vehicle 1500.

[0146] Furthermore, the BMS 1520 can calculate the remaining range based on the battery's current SOC and unavailable SOC. For example, the BMS 1520 can determine the available SOC by the difference between the current SOC and the unavailable SOC. Additionally, the BMS 1520 can determine the available battery capacity by multiplying the available SOC by the total battery capacity, and can determine the remaining driving time or remaining usage time by dividing the available battery capacity by the current current. Furthermore, the BMS 1520 can determine the remaining range by multiplying the remaining driving time or remaining usage time by the current speed.

[0147] As Figure 16 For example, the ECU or VCU can display the status information of the battery 1510 on the dashboard 1610 in vehicle 1500. In another example, the ECU or VCU can display the remaining mileage determined based on the estimated status information on the dashboard 1610. Although not in Figure 16 As shown in the diagram, however, the ECU or VCU can display the status information and remaining mileage of the battery 1510 on the head-up display in the vehicle 1500.

[0148] Reference Figures 1 to 13 The provided description is applicable Figure 15 and Figure 16 Therefore, for the sake of brevity, its detailed description has been omitted.

[0149] Regarding Figure 1 and Figure 14The described battery system 100, battery state estimation device 120, battery state estimation device 1420, and other devices, apparatuses, units, modules, and components are implemented via hardware components. Examples of hardware components that can be used to perform the operations described in this application include, where appropriate, controllers, sensors, generators, drivers, memories, comparators, arithmetic logic units, adders, subtractors, multipliers, dividers, integrators, and any other electronic components configured to perform the operations described in this application. In other examples, one or more of the hardware components performing the operations described in this application are implemented via computing hardware (e.g., via one or more processors or computers). The processor or computer may be implemented via one or more processing elements, such as logic gate arrays, controllers and arithmetic logic units, digital signal processors, microcomputers, programmable logic controllers, field-programmable gate arrays, programmable logic arrays, microprocessors, or any other means or combination of means configured to respond to and execute instructions in a defined manner to achieve a desired result. In one example, the processor or computer includes or is connected to one or more memories storing instructions or software executed by the processor or computer. Hardware components implemented by a processor or computer can execute instructions or software (such as an operating system (OS) and one or more software applications running on the OS) for performing the operations described in this application. The hardware components can also access, manipulate, process, create, and store data in response to the execution of instructions or software. For simplicity, the singular terms "processor" or "computer" may be used in the description of the examples described in this application; however, in other examples, multiple processors or computers may be used, or a processor or computer may include multiple processing elements, or multiple types of processing elements, or both. For example, a single hardware component, or two or more hardware components, may be implemented by a single processor, or two or more processors, or a processor and a controller. One or more hardware components may be implemented by one or more processors, or a processor and a controller, and one or more other hardware components may be implemented by one or more other processors, or additional processors and additional controllers. One or more processors, or processors and controllers, may implement a single hardware component, or two or more hardware components.The hardware components may be any one or more with different processing configurations. Examples of different processing configurations include a single processor, a standalone processor, a parallel processor, a single instruction single data (SISD) multiprocessor, a single instruction multiple data (SIMD) multiprocessor, a multiple instruction single data (MISD) multiprocessor, a multiple instruction majority (MIMD) multiprocessor, a controller and arithmetic logic unit (ALU), a digital signal processor (DSP), a microcomputer, an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field-programmable gate array (FPGA), a programmable logic unit (PLU), a central processing unit (CPU), a graphics processing unit (GPU), a neural processing unit (NPU), or any other device capable of responding to and executing instructions in a defined manner.

[0150] The methods for performing the operations described in this application are executed by computing hardware (e.g., one or more processors or a computer), which is implemented to execute instructions or software as described above to perform the operations performed by the methods described in this application. For example, a single operation, or two or more operations, may be performed by a single processor, or two or more processors, or a processor and a controller. One or more operations may be performed by one or more processors, or a processor and a controller, and one or more other operations may be performed by one or more other processors, or additional processors and additional controllers. One or more processors, or a processor and a controller, may perform a single operation, or two or more operations.

[0151] Instructions or software for controlling a processor or computer to implement hardware components and perform the methods described above are written as computer programs, code segments, instructions, or any combination thereof to individually or collectively instruct or configure the processor or computer to operate as a machine or special-purpose computer to perform operations performed by the hardware components and methods described above. In one example, the instructions or software include machine code (such as machine code generated by an interpreter) that is executed directly by the processor and computer. In another example, the instructions or software include high-level code that is executed by the processor or computer using an interpreter. In one example, the instructions or software include at least one of an applet, a dynamic link library (DLL), middleware, firmware, a device driver, or an application of methods for storing and operating electronic devices. Programmers of ordinary skill in the art can readily write instructions or software based on the block diagrams and flowcharts shown in the accompanying drawings and the corresponding descriptions in the specification, which disclose algorithms for performing operations performed by the hardware components and methods described above.

[0152] Instructions or software used to control a processor or computer to implement hardware components and perform the methods described above, along with any associated data, data files, and data structures, are recorded, stored, or fixed in, or on, one or more non-transitory computer-readable storage media. Examples of non-transitory computer-readable storage media include: read-only memory (ROM), random access programmable read-only memory (PROM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), random access memory (RAM), magnetic RAM (MRAM), spin-transfer torque (STT)-MRAM, static random access memory (SRAM), thyristor RAM (T-RAM), zero-capacitor RAM (Z-RAM), dual-transistor RAM (TTRAM), conductive bridged RAM (CBRAM), ferroelectric RAM (FeRAM), and phase-change RAM (PRRAM). AM), Resistive RAM (RRAM), Nanotube RRAM, Polymer RAM (PoRAM), Nanofloating Gate Memory (NFGM), Holographic Memory, Molecular Electronic Memory Devices, Insulator Resistance Variation Memory, Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM), Static Random Access Memory (SRAM), Flash Memory, Non-Volatile Memory, CD-ROM, CD-R, CD+R, CD-RW, CD+RW, DVD-ROM, DVD-R, DVD+R, DVD-RW, DVD+RW, DVD-RAM, BD-ROM, BD-R, BD-R LTH, BD-RE, Blu-ray or optical disc storage devices, hard disk drives (HDDs), solid-state drives (SSDs), flash memory, card-type storage devices (such as multimedia cards or microcards (e.g., Secure Digital (SD) or Extreme Digital (XD))), magnetic tape, floppy disks, magneto-optical data storage devices, optical data storage devices, hard disks, solid-state drives, and any other devices configured to store instructions or software and any associated data, data files, and data structures in a non-transitory manner and to provide said instructions or software and any associated data, data files, and data structures to a processor or computer so that the processor or computer can execute the instructions. In one example, the instructions or software and any associated data, data files, and data structures are distributed across a networked computer system, such that the instructions and software and any associated data, data files, and data structures are stored, accessed, and executed in a distributed manner by one or more processors or computers.

[0153] While this disclosure includes specific examples, it will be clear upon understanding this disclosure that various changes in form and detail may be made in these examples without departing from the spirit and scope of the claims and their equivalents. The examples described herein are to be considered descriptive only and not for limiting purposes. The description of features or aspects in each example will be considered applicable to similar features or aspects in other examples. Suitable results may be achieved if the described techniques are performed in a different order, and / or if components in the described system, architecture, apparatus, or circuit are combined in a different manner, and / or replaced or supplemented by other components or their equivalents.

[0154] Therefore, the scope of the disclosure is not limited by the specific embodiments, but by the claims and their equivalents, and all variations within the scope of the claims and their equivalents should be interpreted as included in the disclosure.

Claims

1. An electronic device comprising: a temperature sensor configured to measure a temperature of a battery; a current sensor configured to measure a current of the battery; a voltage sensor configured to measure a voltage of the battery; and a processor configured to: estimate a temperature profile of the battery based on the temperature of the battery, the current of the battery, and a battery model, determine an overvoltage profile of the battery based on the temperature profile, correct the overvoltage profile based on a current state of charge of the battery and the voltage of the battery, and estimate an unusable state of charge of the battery based on the corrected overvoltage profile and an open-circuit voltage profile of the battery. The processor is further configured to determine the overvoltage profile by shifting the temperature profile so that a starting point of the overvoltage profile has a predetermined value. 2.The electronic device of claim 1, wherein, The processor is further configured to correct the determined overvoltage profile based on a current overvoltage obtained by subtracting the voltage of the battery from an open-circuit voltage corresponding to the current state of charge of the battery. 3.The electronic device of claim 1, wherein The processor is further configured to correct the determined overvoltage profile by scaling the determined overvoltage profile so that the corrected overvoltage profile has the current overvoltage at the current state of charge. 4.The electronic device of claim 3, wherein, The processor is further configured to estimate the voltage profile by subtracting the corrected overvoltage profile from the open-circuit voltage profile, and estimate the unusable state of charge corresponding to a discharge end voltage in the voltage profile. 5.The electronic device of claim 1, wherein The battery model includes a simplified model of an electrochemical model stored in a memory of the electronic device or a model identical to the electrochemical model, the simplified model being configured to estimate the temperature profile of the battery using parameters of the electrochemical model. 6.The electronic device of claim 1, wherein The simplified model is configured to estimate the temperature profile of the battery based on a constant ion concentration profile inside the battery. 7.The electronic device of claim 6, wherein The processor is further configured to estimate the unusable state of charge of the battery based on a predetermined period and / or in response to a change in at least one of the temperature of the battery and the current of the battery.

8. The electronic device according to any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein The processor is further configured to: 9.The electronic device of claim 1, wherein estimate a portion of the temperature profile based on the temperature of the battery, the current of the battery, and the battery model, estimate a next portion of the temperature profile in response to an incomplete estimation of all portions of the temperature profile, and determine the overvoltage profile based on the temperature profile in response to a completion of the estimation of all portions of the temperature profile. The unusable state of charge corresponds to a state of charge in response to the battery reaching a discharge end voltage as the battery is discharged due to the current being output from the battery. 10.The electronic device of claim 1, wherein, The processor is further configured to estimate a relative state of charge of the battery based on the unusable state of charge and the current state of charge. 11.The electronic device of claim 1, wherein The processor is further configured to estimate the current state of charge of the battery based on an electrochemical model stored in a memory of the electronic device. 12.The electronic device of claim 1, wherein, The processor is further configured to: 13.The electronic device of claim 1, wherein, determine an available capacity of the battery based on a difference between the unusable state of charge and the current state of charge, determine a remaining use time by dividing the available capacity by the current of the battery, and determine a remaining range of the electronic device by multiplying the remaining use time by a moving speed of the electronic device. 14.An electronic device comprising: a battery; and a processor configured to: estimate a temperature profile of the battery based on a temperature of the battery, a current of the battery, and a battery model, determine an overvoltage profile of the battery based on the temperature profile, ​ ​ correcting the overvoltage profile based on a current state of charge of the battery and a voltage of the battery, and estimating an unusable state of charge of the battery based on the corrected overvoltage profile and an open-circuit voltage profile of the battery.

15. A processor-implemented method for estimating a state of a battery, the method comprising: estimating a temperature profile of the battery based on a temperature of the battery, a current of the battery, and a battery model corresponding to the battery; determining an overvoltage profile of the battery based on the temperature profile; correcting the overvoltage profile based on a current state of charge of the battery and a voltage of the battery; and estimating an unusable state of charge of the battery based on the corrected overvoltage profile and an open-circuit voltage profile of the battery. The step of determining the overvoltage profile includes determining the overvoltage profile by shifting the temperature profile so that a starting point of the overvoltage profile has a predetermined value.

16. The method of claim 15, wherein, The step of correcting the overvoltage profile includes correcting the overvoltage profile based on a current overvoltage obtained by subtracting the voltage of the battery from an open-circuit voltage corresponding to the current state of charge of the battery.

17. The method of claim 15, wherein, The step of estimating the unusable state of charge of the battery includes estimating a voltage profile by subtracting the corrected overvoltage profile from the open-circuit voltage profile, and estimating the unusable state of charge corresponding to a discharge end voltage in the voltage profile.

18. The method of claim 15, wherein, The battery model includes a simplified model of an electrochemical model or a same model as the electrochemical model, the simplified model being configured to estimate the temperature profile of the battery using parameters of the electrochemical model.

19. The method of claim 15, wherein, 20. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium storing instructions that, when executed by a processor, cause the processor to perform the method according to any one of claims 15 to 19. ​

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